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[
"Oxford Delegacy"
] | hard | Which employer did Thomas Lionel Hodgkin work for in Aug 1948? | /wiki/Thomas_Lionel_Hodgkin#P108#0 | Thomas Lionel Hodgkin Thomas Lionel Hodgkin ( 3 April 1910 – 25 March 1982 ) was an English Marxist historian of Africa who did more than anyone to establish the serious study of African history in the UK . He was married to the Nobel Prize-winning scientist Dorothy Hodgkin . Early life . Thomas Lionel Hodgkin was born at Mendip House , Headington Hill , near Oxford . Named after his grandfather , the historian Thomas Hodgkin , he was the son of Robert Howard Hodgkin , Provost of Queens College , Oxford , and Dorothy Forster Smith , daughter of the historian Alfred Lionel Smith . Hodgkin was an exhibitioner at Winchester and from 1928 to 1932 a classics scholar at Balliol College , Oxford , where he also held a Higgs Memorial scholarship in English . He obtained a Second in Classical Moderations in 1930 and a First in Literae Humaniores or Greats ( philosophy and ancient history ) in 1932 . Palestine and the WEA . A senior demyship at Magdalen College , Oxford , 1932–33 , enabled him to travel ; he spent the years on John Garstangs archaeological dig at Jericho . From 1934 to 1936 Hodgkin was in the Palestine civil service , for some time being a personal secretary to High Commissioner Wauchope . There , Hodgkin started to become critical of British imperialism . Resigning from the colonial service after the April 1936 Arab uprising , he hoped to stay in Palestine but was ordered to leave by the British administration . Returning to London , where he stayed with his fathers cousin Margery Fry and joined the Communist Party , Hodgkin briefly tried training as a schoolteacher , before entering adult education . He met and married Dorothy Crowfoot in 1937 . In 1939 , declared ineligible for military service on medical grounds ( he suffered from narcolepsy ) , Hodgkin became a Workers Educational Association tutor in north Staffordshire . In September 1945 he became Secretary of the Oxford Delegacy for Extra-Mural Studies , and a Balliol fellow . Travels in Africa . He first visited the Gold Coast in 1947 , and became interested in African history as well as the contemporary problems of African nationalism . Befriending Kwame Nkrumah in 1951 , he published a pamphlet for the Union of Democratic Control supporting independence for the Gold Coast . In 1952 Hodgkin left his Oxford job and travelled in Africa . After publishing Nationalism in Colonial Africa ( 1956 ) , he became interested in Africas Islamic history . Northwestern , McGill , Legon and Balliol . He took part-time appointments at Northwestern University ( Illinois ) and McGill University ( Montreal ) , was joint secretary of a commission on reform of Ghanas universities , and in 1962 returned to Ghana for three years to head the new Institute of African Studies at the University of Ghana . From 1965 until his 1970 retirement he was Lecturer in the Government of New States at Oxford University . Works . - Hating Italy , Red Rags : Essays of Hate from Oxford , ed . R . C . Carr , London : Chapman & Hall , 1933 , 161–176 - Nationalism in Colonial Africa ( Frederick Muller , 1956 . 2nd edn , 1957 . E-Book 2008 ) - ( ed. ) Nigerian Perspectives ( Oxford University Press , 1960 . 2nd edn , 1975 ) - African Political Parties ( Penguin Books , 1961 ) - Vietnam : the Revolutionary Path ( Macmillan , 1981 ) Sources . - C . Allen and R . W . Johnson , eds. , African Perspectives : papers in the history , politics and economics of Africa presented to Thomas Hodgkin ( Cambridge University Press , 1970 ) - Michael Wolfers , Thomas Hodgkin : Wandering Scholar - A Biography ( Merlin Press , 2007 ) - E . C . Hodgkin ( ed. ) , Thomas Hodgkin . Letters from Palestine , 1932-36 ( Quartet Books , 1986 ) - Michael Wolfers & Elizabeth Hodgkin ( eds ) , Thomas Hodgkin : Letters from Africa , 1947-56 ( HAAN Publishing , 2000 ) |
[
"Institute of African Studies at the University of Ghana"
] | hard | Which employer did Thomas Lionel Hodgkin work for in Dec 1964? | /wiki/Thomas_Lionel_Hodgkin#P108#1 | Thomas Lionel Hodgkin Thomas Lionel Hodgkin ( 3 April 1910 – 25 March 1982 ) was an English Marxist historian of Africa who did more than anyone to establish the serious study of African history in the UK . He was married to the Nobel Prize-winning scientist Dorothy Hodgkin . Early life . Thomas Lionel Hodgkin was born at Mendip House , Headington Hill , near Oxford . Named after his grandfather , the historian Thomas Hodgkin , he was the son of Robert Howard Hodgkin , Provost of Queens College , Oxford , and Dorothy Forster Smith , daughter of the historian Alfred Lionel Smith . Hodgkin was an exhibitioner at Winchester and from 1928 to 1932 a classics scholar at Balliol College , Oxford , where he also held a Higgs Memorial scholarship in English . He obtained a Second in Classical Moderations in 1930 and a First in Literae Humaniores or Greats ( philosophy and ancient history ) in 1932 . Palestine and the WEA . A senior demyship at Magdalen College , Oxford , 1932–33 , enabled him to travel ; he spent the years on John Garstangs archaeological dig at Jericho . From 1934 to 1936 Hodgkin was in the Palestine civil service , for some time being a personal secretary to High Commissioner Wauchope . There , Hodgkin started to become critical of British imperialism . Resigning from the colonial service after the April 1936 Arab uprising , he hoped to stay in Palestine but was ordered to leave by the British administration . Returning to London , where he stayed with his fathers cousin Margery Fry and joined the Communist Party , Hodgkin briefly tried training as a schoolteacher , before entering adult education . He met and married Dorothy Crowfoot in 1937 . In 1939 , declared ineligible for military service on medical grounds ( he suffered from narcolepsy ) , Hodgkin became a Workers Educational Association tutor in north Staffordshire . In September 1945 he became Secretary of the Oxford Delegacy for Extra-Mural Studies , and a Balliol fellow . Travels in Africa . He first visited the Gold Coast in 1947 , and became interested in African history as well as the contemporary problems of African nationalism . Befriending Kwame Nkrumah in 1951 , he published a pamphlet for the Union of Democratic Control supporting independence for the Gold Coast . In 1952 Hodgkin left his Oxford job and travelled in Africa . After publishing Nationalism in Colonial Africa ( 1956 ) , he became interested in Africas Islamic history . Northwestern , McGill , Legon and Balliol . He took part-time appointments at Northwestern University ( Illinois ) and McGill University ( Montreal ) , was joint secretary of a commission on reform of Ghanas universities , and in 1962 returned to Ghana for three years to head the new Institute of African Studies at the University of Ghana . From 1965 until his 1970 retirement he was Lecturer in the Government of New States at Oxford University . Works . - Hating Italy , Red Rags : Essays of Hate from Oxford , ed . R . C . Carr , London : Chapman & Hall , 1933 , 161–176 - Nationalism in Colonial Africa ( Frederick Muller , 1956 . 2nd edn , 1957 . E-Book 2008 ) - ( ed. ) Nigerian Perspectives ( Oxford University Press , 1960 . 2nd edn , 1975 ) - African Political Parties ( Penguin Books , 1961 ) - Vietnam : the Revolutionary Path ( Macmillan , 1981 ) Sources . - C . Allen and R . W . Johnson , eds. , African Perspectives : papers in the history , politics and economics of Africa presented to Thomas Hodgkin ( Cambridge University Press , 1970 ) - Michael Wolfers , Thomas Hodgkin : Wandering Scholar - A Biography ( Merlin Press , 2007 ) - E . C . Hodgkin ( ed. ) , Thomas Hodgkin . Letters from Palestine , 1932-36 ( Quartet Books , 1986 ) - Michael Wolfers & Elizabeth Hodgkin ( eds ) , Thomas Hodgkin : Letters from Africa , 1947-56 ( HAAN Publishing , 2000 ) |
[
"Oxford University"
] | hard | Which employer did Thomas Lionel Hodgkin work for between Aug 1968 and Dec 1968? | /wiki/Thomas_Lionel_Hodgkin#P108#2 | Thomas Lionel Hodgkin Thomas Lionel Hodgkin ( 3 April 1910 – 25 March 1982 ) was an English Marxist historian of Africa who did more than anyone to establish the serious study of African history in the UK . He was married to the Nobel Prize-winning scientist Dorothy Hodgkin . Early life . Thomas Lionel Hodgkin was born at Mendip House , Headington Hill , near Oxford . Named after his grandfather , the historian Thomas Hodgkin , he was the son of Robert Howard Hodgkin , Provost of Queens College , Oxford , and Dorothy Forster Smith , daughter of the historian Alfred Lionel Smith . Hodgkin was an exhibitioner at Winchester and from 1928 to 1932 a classics scholar at Balliol College , Oxford , where he also held a Higgs Memorial scholarship in English . He obtained a Second in Classical Moderations in 1930 and a First in Literae Humaniores or Greats ( philosophy and ancient history ) in 1932 . Palestine and the WEA . A senior demyship at Magdalen College , Oxford , 1932–33 , enabled him to travel ; he spent the years on John Garstangs archaeological dig at Jericho . From 1934 to 1936 Hodgkin was in the Palestine civil service , for some time being a personal secretary to High Commissioner Wauchope . There , Hodgkin started to become critical of British imperialism . Resigning from the colonial service after the April 1936 Arab uprising , he hoped to stay in Palestine but was ordered to leave by the British administration . Returning to London , where he stayed with his fathers cousin Margery Fry and joined the Communist Party , Hodgkin briefly tried training as a schoolteacher , before entering adult education . He met and married Dorothy Crowfoot in 1937 . In 1939 , declared ineligible for military service on medical grounds ( he suffered from narcolepsy ) , Hodgkin became a Workers Educational Association tutor in north Staffordshire . In September 1945 he became Secretary of the Oxford Delegacy for Extra-Mural Studies , and a Balliol fellow . Travels in Africa . He first visited the Gold Coast in 1947 , and became interested in African history as well as the contemporary problems of African nationalism . Befriending Kwame Nkrumah in 1951 , he published a pamphlet for the Union of Democratic Control supporting independence for the Gold Coast . In 1952 Hodgkin left his Oxford job and travelled in Africa . After publishing Nationalism in Colonial Africa ( 1956 ) , he became interested in Africas Islamic history . Northwestern , McGill , Legon and Balliol . He took part-time appointments at Northwestern University ( Illinois ) and McGill University ( Montreal ) , was joint secretary of a commission on reform of Ghanas universities , and in 1962 returned to Ghana for three years to head the new Institute of African Studies at the University of Ghana . From 1965 until his 1970 retirement he was Lecturer in the Government of New States at Oxford University . Works . - Hating Italy , Red Rags : Essays of Hate from Oxford , ed . R . C . Carr , London : Chapman & Hall , 1933 , 161–176 - Nationalism in Colonial Africa ( Frederick Muller , 1956 . 2nd edn , 1957 . E-Book 2008 ) - ( ed. ) Nigerian Perspectives ( Oxford University Press , 1960 . 2nd edn , 1975 ) - African Political Parties ( Penguin Books , 1961 ) - Vietnam : the Revolutionary Path ( Macmillan , 1981 ) Sources . - C . Allen and R . W . Johnson , eds. , African Perspectives : papers in the history , politics and economics of Africa presented to Thomas Hodgkin ( Cambridge University Press , 1970 ) - Michael Wolfers , Thomas Hodgkin : Wandering Scholar - A Biography ( Merlin Press , 2007 ) - E . C . Hodgkin ( ed. ) , Thomas Hodgkin . Letters from Palestine , 1932-36 ( Quartet Books , 1986 ) - Michael Wolfers & Elizabeth Hodgkin ( eds ) , Thomas Hodgkin : Letters from Africa , 1947-56 ( HAAN Publishing , 2000 ) |
[
"AIS"
] | hard | Isaka Cernak played for which team between Aug 2007 and Dec 2007? | /wiki/Isaka_Cernak#P54#0 | Isaka Cernak Isaka Aongor Čerňák-Okanya ( born 9 April 1989 ) is an Australian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Olympic FC . Club career . Youth career . In his youth football playing days , Cernak played for the Peninsula Power , Westside FC , Brisbane City , QAS and the AIS football teams . Brisbane Roar . In 2008 Isaka Cernak joined A-League team Brisbane Roar ( then called Queensland Roar ) , making 15 appearances and scoring a goal in his two seasons with the club . On 24 January 2009 , Cernak made his senior debut as a substitute for Brisbane Roar against Perth Glory in a 4–2 win . In 2010 , he left the Roar to join state rivals the North Queensland Fury North Queensland Fury . In June 2010 , Isaka signed a deal with North Queensland Fury to become their 15th signed player for their upcoming season . He made 14 appearances for the Fury , scoring one goal in his season with the Fury . Unfortunately for Cernak , the Fury were unable to extend his contract due to FFA ownership of the club . Melbourne Victory . During the 2010–11 season Melbourne Victory signed Cernak for the following season and Asian Champions League campaign as a replacement for departing striker Robbie Kruse to Bundesliga 2 club Fortuna Düsseldorf , with Fury unable to extend his contract due to FFA ownership of the club . Wellington Phoenix . After being released by Melbourne during the January transfer window Cernak signed with Wellington Phoenix until the end of the season , having already agreeing to terms with Perth Glory for the following season . Perth Glory . Just a few months after signing with Wellington Phoenix , Cernak signed with Perth Glory . Central Coast Mariners . In February 2014 Isaka signed for reigning A-League champions Central Coast Mariners . Isaka stated upon signing : Being able to have one-and-a-half years to learn as a footballer off Mossy ( Phil Moss ) and the players at Central Coast Mariners is really exciting for me . He was released from the Mariners in 2015 after the club opted against renewing his contract . SuperSport United . He joined South African side SuperSport United in June 2015 on a 3-year deal . However , Isaka struggled to make an impact and made just 7 league appearances before he sustained a knee injury that required surgery , ruling him out for the rest of the season . He subsequently agreed to a contract termination . Sisaket . Isaka next joined Thai League club Sisaket where he made 14 appearances and scored 1 goal . Home United . His signing for Singapore Premier League side Home United was announced on 13 July 2018 , coming in to fill the vacant slot for foreign players left by Sirina Camara ( whose season had been prematurely cut short by an ACL injury ) . He made his debut for the Protectors in a Singapore Cup loss against Tampines Rovers where he was introduced as a substitute . He followed up his debut by scoring his first goal for the club in the AFC Cup ASEAN Zone Finals a week later , scoring the goal that earned his team a 1–1 draw in the first-leg . International career . Cernak has represented Australia at U-20 and U-23 level . He has 19 caps and five goals at U-20 level and he currently has 7 caps and zero goals at U-23 level . He has won the Weifang Cup U-18 competition for Australia in 2007 and the International Cor Groenewegen Tournament at U-20 level in 2009 . Personal life . Cernak was born in Galiwinku , Northern Territory . His father is Ugandan , and his mother is European Australian with a Scottish-Czech-American family background . |
[
"Brisbane Roar"
] | hard | Isaka Cernak played for which team in Apr 2008? | /wiki/Isaka_Cernak#P54#1 | Isaka Cernak Isaka Aongor Čerňák-Okanya ( born 9 April 1989 ) is an Australian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Olympic FC . Club career . Youth career . In his youth football playing days , Cernak played for the Peninsula Power , Westside FC , Brisbane City , QAS and the AIS football teams . Brisbane Roar . In 2008 Isaka Cernak joined A-League team Brisbane Roar ( then called Queensland Roar ) , making 15 appearances and scoring a goal in his two seasons with the club . On 24 January 2009 , Cernak made his senior debut as a substitute for Brisbane Roar against Perth Glory in a 4–2 win . In 2010 , he left the Roar to join state rivals the North Queensland Fury North Queensland Fury . In June 2010 , Isaka signed a deal with North Queensland Fury to become their 15th signed player for their upcoming season . He made 14 appearances for the Fury , scoring one goal in his season with the Fury . Unfortunately for Cernak , the Fury were unable to extend his contract due to FFA ownership of the club . Melbourne Victory . During the 2010–11 season Melbourne Victory signed Cernak for the following season and Asian Champions League campaign as a replacement for departing striker Robbie Kruse to Bundesliga 2 club Fortuna Düsseldorf , with Fury unable to extend his contract due to FFA ownership of the club . Wellington Phoenix . After being released by Melbourne during the January transfer window Cernak signed with Wellington Phoenix until the end of the season , having already agreeing to terms with Perth Glory for the following season . Perth Glory . Just a few months after signing with Wellington Phoenix , Cernak signed with Perth Glory . Central Coast Mariners . In February 2014 Isaka signed for reigning A-League champions Central Coast Mariners . Isaka stated upon signing : Being able to have one-and-a-half years to learn as a footballer off Mossy ( Phil Moss ) and the players at Central Coast Mariners is really exciting for me . He was released from the Mariners in 2015 after the club opted against renewing his contract . SuperSport United . He joined South African side SuperSport United in June 2015 on a 3-year deal . However , Isaka struggled to make an impact and made just 7 league appearances before he sustained a knee injury that required surgery , ruling him out for the rest of the season . He subsequently agreed to a contract termination . Sisaket . Isaka next joined Thai League club Sisaket where he made 14 appearances and scored 1 goal . Home United . His signing for Singapore Premier League side Home United was announced on 13 July 2018 , coming in to fill the vacant slot for foreign players left by Sirina Camara ( whose season had been prematurely cut short by an ACL injury ) . He made his debut for the Protectors in a Singapore Cup loss against Tampines Rovers where he was introduced as a substitute . He followed up his debut by scoring his first goal for the club in the AFC Cup ASEAN Zone Finals a week later , scoring the goal that earned his team a 1–1 draw in the first-leg . International career . Cernak has represented Australia at U-20 and U-23 level . He has 19 caps and five goals at U-20 level and he currently has 7 caps and zero goals at U-23 level . He has won the Weifang Cup U-18 competition for Australia in 2007 and the International Cor Groenewegen Tournament at U-20 level in 2009 . Personal life . Cernak was born in Galiwinku , Northern Territory . His father is Ugandan , and his mother is European Australian with a Scottish-Czech-American family background . |
[
"North Queensland Fury"
] | hard | Isaka Cernak played for which team between Mar 2010 and Aug 2010? | /wiki/Isaka_Cernak#P54#2 | Isaka Cernak Isaka Aongor Čerňák-Okanya ( born 9 April 1989 ) is an Australian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Olympic FC . Club career . Youth career . In his youth football playing days , Cernak played for the Peninsula Power , Westside FC , Brisbane City , QAS and the AIS football teams . Brisbane Roar . In 2008 Isaka Cernak joined A-League team Brisbane Roar ( then called Queensland Roar ) , making 15 appearances and scoring a goal in his two seasons with the club . On 24 January 2009 , Cernak made his senior debut as a substitute for Brisbane Roar against Perth Glory in a 4–2 win . In 2010 , he left the Roar to join state rivals the North Queensland Fury North Queensland Fury . In June 2010 , Isaka signed a deal with North Queensland Fury to become their 15th signed player for their upcoming season . He made 14 appearances for the Fury , scoring one goal in his season with the Fury . Unfortunately for Cernak , the Fury were unable to extend his contract due to FFA ownership of the club . Melbourne Victory . During the 2010–11 season Melbourne Victory signed Cernak for the following season and Asian Champions League campaign as a replacement for departing striker Robbie Kruse to Bundesliga 2 club Fortuna Düsseldorf , with Fury unable to extend his contract due to FFA ownership of the club . Wellington Phoenix . After being released by Melbourne during the January transfer window Cernak signed with Wellington Phoenix until the end of the season , having already agreeing to terms with Perth Glory for the following season . Perth Glory . Just a few months after signing with Wellington Phoenix , Cernak signed with Perth Glory . Central Coast Mariners . In February 2014 Isaka signed for reigning A-League champions Central Coast Mariners . Isaka stated upon signing : Being able to have one-and-a-half years to learn as a footballer off Mossy ( Phil Moss ) and the players at Central Coast Mariners is really exciting for me . He was released from the Mariners in 2015 after the club opted against renewing his contract . SuperSport United . He joined South African side SuperSport United in June 2015 on a 3-year deal . However , Isaka struggled to make an impact and made just 7 league appearances before he sustained a knee injury that required surgery , ruling him out for the rest of the season . He subsequently agreed to a contract termination . Sisaket . Isaka next joined Thai League club Sisaket where he made 14 appearances and scored 1 goal . Home United . His signing for Singapore Premier League side Home United was announced on 13 July 2018 , coming in to fill the vacant slot for foreign players left by Sirina Camara ( whose season had been prematurely cut short by an ACL injury ) . He made his debut for the Protectors in a Singapore Cup loss against Tampines Rovers where he was introduced as a substitute . He followed up his debut by scoring his first goal for the club in the AFC Cup ASEAN Zone Finals a week later , scoring the goal that earned his team a 1–1 draw in the first-leg . International career . Cernak has represented Australia at U-20 and U-23 level . He has 19 caps and five goals at U-20 level and he currently has 7 caps and zero goals at U-23 level . He has won the Weifang Cup U-18 competition for Australia in 2007 and the International Cor Groenewegen Tournament at U-20 level in 2009 . Personal life . Cernak was born in Galiwinku , Northern Territory . His father is Ugandan , and his mother is European Australian with a Scottish-Czech-American family background . |
[
"Melbourne Victory",
"Wellington Phoenix"
] | hard | Isaka Cernak played for which team between Sep 2012 and Nov 2012? | /wiki/Isaka_Cernak#P54#3 | Isaka Cernak Isaka Aongor Čerňák-Okanya ( born 9 April 1989 ) is an Australian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Olympic FC . Club career . Youth career . In his youth football playing days , Cernak played for the Peninsula Power , Westside FC , Brisbane City , QAS and the AIS football teams . Brisbane Roar . In 2008 Isaka Cernak joined A-League team Brisbane Roar ( then called Queensland Roar ) , making 15 appearances and scoring a goal in his two seasons with the club . On 24 January 2009 , Cernak made his senior debut as a substitute for Brisbane Roar against Perth Glory in a 4–2 win . In 2010 , he left the Roar to join state rivals the North Queensland Fury North Queensland Fury . In June 2010 , Isaka signed a deal with North Queensland Fury to become their 15th signed player for their upcoming season . He made 14 appearances for the Fury , scoring one goal in his season with the Fury . Unfortunately for Cernak , the Fury were unable to extend his contract due to FFA ownership of the club . Melbourne Victory . During the 2010–11 season Melbourne Victory signed Cernak for the following season and Asian Champions League campaign as a replacement for departing striker Robbie Kruse to Bundesliga 2 club Fortuna Düsseldorf , with Fury unable to extend his contract due to FFA ownership of the club . Wellington Phoenix . After being released by Melbourne during the January transfer window Cernak signed with Wellington Phoenix until the end of the season , having already agreeing to terms with Perth Glory for the following season . Perth Glory . Just a few months after signing with Wellington Phoenix , Cernak signed with Perth Glory . Central Coast Mariners . In February 2014 Isaka signed for reigning A-League champions Central Coast Mariners . Isaka stated upon signing : Being able to have one-and-a-half years to learn as a footballer off Mossy ( Phil Moss ) and the players at Central Coast Mariners is really exciting for me . He was released from the Mariners in 2015 after the club opted against renewing his contract . SuperSport United . He joined South African side SuperSport United in June 2015 on a 3-year deal . However , Isaka struggled to make an impact and made just 7 league appearances before he sustained a knee injury that required surgery , ruling him out for the rest of the season . He subsequently agreed to a contract termination . Sisaket . Isaka next joined Thai League club Sisaket where he made 14 appearances and scored 1 goal . Home United . His signing for Singapore Premier League side Home United was announced on 13 July 2018 , coming in to fill the vacant slot for foreign players left by Sirina Camara ( whose season had been prematurely cut short by an ACL injury ) . He made his debut for the Protectors in a Singapore Cup loss against Tampines Rovers where he was introduced as a substitute . He followed up his debut by scoring his first goal for the club in the AFC Cup ASEAN Zone Finals a week later , scoring the goal that earned his team a 1–1 draw in the first-leg . International career . Cernak has represented Australia at U-20 and U-23 level . He has 19 caps and five goals at U-20 level and he currently has 7 caps and zero goals at U-23 level . He has won the Weifang Cup U-18 competition for Australia in 2007 and the International Cor Groenewegen Tournament at U-20 level in 2009 . Personal life . Cernak was born in Galiwinku , Northern Territory . His father is Ugandan , and his mother is European Australian with a Scottish-Czech-American family background . |
[
"Perth Glory"
] | hard | Isaka Cernak played for which team between Jul 2014 and Sep 2014? | /wiki/Isaka_Cernak#P54#4 | Isaka Cernak Isaka Aongor Čerňák-Okanya ( born 9 April 1989 ) is an Australian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Olympic FC . Club career . Youth career . In his youth football playing days , Cernak played for the Peninsula Power , Westside FC , Brisbane City , QAS and the AIS football teams . Brisbane Roar . In 2008 Isaka Cernak joined A-League team Brisbane Roar ( then called Queensland Roar ) , making 15 appearances and scoring a goal in his two seasons with the club . On 24 January 2009 , Cernak made his senior debut as a substitute for Brisbane Roar against Perth Glory in a 4–2 win . In 2010 , he left the Roar to join state rivals the North Queensland Fury North Queensland Fury . In June 2010 , Isaka signed a deal with North Queensland Fury to become their 15th signed player for their upcoming season . He made 14 appearances for the Fury , scoring one goal in his season with the Fury . Unfortunately for Cernak , the Fury were unable to extend his contract due to FFA ownership of the club . Melbourne Victory . During the 2010–11 season Melbourne Victory signed Cernak for the following season and Asian Champions League campaign as a replacement for departing striker Robbie Kruse to Bundesliga 2 club Fortuna Düsseldorf , with Fury unable to extend his contract due to FFA ownership of the club . Wellington Phoenix . After being released by Melbourne during the January transfer window Cernak signed with Wellington Phoenix until the end of the season , having already agreeing to terms with Perth Glory for the following season . Perth Glory . Just a few months after signing with Wellington Phoenix , Cernak signed with Perth Glory . Central Coast Mariners . In February 2014 Isaka signed for reigning A-League champions Central Coast Mariners . Isaka stated upon signing : Being able to have one-and-a-half years to learn as a footballer off Mossy ( Phil Moss ) and the players at Central Coast Mariners is really exciting for me . He was released from the Mariners in 2015 after the club opted against renewing his contract . SuperSport United . He joined South African side SuperSport United in June 2015 on a 3-year deal . However , Isaka struggled to make an impact and made just 7 league appearances before he sustained a knee injury that required surgery , ruling him out for the rest of the season . He subsequently agreed to a contract termination . Sisaket . Isaka next joined Thai League club Sisaket where he made 14 appearances and scored 1 goal . Home United . His signing for Singapore Premier League side Home United was announced on 13 July 2018 , coming in to fill the vacant slot for foreign players left by Sirina Camara ( whose season had been prematurely cut short by an ACL injury ) . He made his debut for the Protectors in a Singapore Cup loss against Tampines Rovers where he was introduced as a substitute . He followed up his debut by scoring his first goal for the club in the AFC Cup ASEAN Zone Finals a week later , scoring the goal that earned his team a 1–1 draw in the first-leg . International career . Cernak has represented Australia at U-20 and U-23 level . He has 19 caps and five goals at U-20 level and he currently has 7 caps and zero goals at U-23 level . He has won the Weifang Cup U-18 competition for Australia in 2007 and the International Cor Groenewegen Tournament at U-20 level in 2009 . Personal life . Cernak was born in Galiwinku , Northern Territory . His father is Ugandan , and his mother is European Australian with a Scottish-Czech-American family background . |
[
"Central Coast Mariners",
"SuperSport United"
] | hard | Isaka Cernak played for which team after Nov 2015? | /wiki/Isaka_Cernak#P54#5 | Isaka Cernak Isaka Aongor Čerňák-Okanya ( born 9 April 1989 ) is an Australian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Olympic FC . Club career . Youth career . In his youth football playing days , Cernak played for the Peninsula Power , Westside FC , Brisbane City , QAS and the AIS football teams . Brisbane Roar . In 2008 Isaka Cernak joined A-League team Brisbane Roar ( then called Queensland Roar ) , making 15 appearances and scoring a goal in his two seasons with the club . On 24 January 2009 , Cernak made his senior debut as a substitute for Brisbane Roar against Perth Glory in a 4–2 win . In 2010 , he left the Roar to join state rivals the North Queensland Fury North Queensland Fury . In June 2010 , Isaka signed a deal with North Queensland Fury to become their 15th signed player for their upcoming season . He made 14 appearances for the Fury , scoring one goal in his season with the Fury . Unfortunately for Cernak , the Fury were unable to extend his contract due to FFA ownership of the club . Melbourne Victory . During the 2010–11 season Melbourne Victory signed Cernak for the following season and Asian Champions League campaign as a replacement for departing striker Robbie Kruse to Bundesliga 2 club Fortuna Düsseldorf , with Fury unable to extend his contract due to FFA ownership of the club . Wellington Phoenix . After being released by Melbourne during the January transfer window Cernak signed with Wellington Phoenix until the end of the season , having already agreeing to terms with Perth Glory for the following season . Perth Glory . Just a few months after signing with Wellington Phoenix , Cernak signed with Perth Glory . Central Coast Mariners . In February 2014 Isaka signed for reigning A-League champions Central Coast Mariners . Isaka stated upon signing : Being able to have one-and-a-half years to learn as a footballer off Mossy ( Phil Moss ) and the players at Central Coast Mariners is really exciting for me . He was released from the Mariners in 2015 after the club opted against renewing his contract . SuperSport United . He joined South African side SuperSport United in June 2015 on a 3-year deal . However , Isaka struggled to make an impact and made just 7 league appearances before he sustained a knee injury that required surgery , ruling him out for the rest of the season . He subsequently agreed to a contract termination . Sisaket . Isaka next joined Thai League club Sisaket where he made 14 appearances and scored 1 goal . Home United . His signing for Singapore Premier League side Home United was announced on 13 July 2018 , coming in to fill the vacant slot for foreign players left by Sirina Camara ( whose season had been prematurely cut short by an ACL injury ) . He made his debut for the Protectors in a Singapore Cup loss against Tampines Rovers where he was introduced as a substitute . He followed up his debut by scoring his first goal for the club in the AFC Cup ASEAN Zone Finals a week later , scoring the goal that earned his team a 1–1 draw in the first-leg . International career . Cernak has represented Australia at U-20 and U-23 level . He has 19 caps and five goals at U-20 level and he currently has 7 caps and zero goals at U-23 level . He has won the Weifang Cup U-18 competition for Australia in 2007 and the International Cor Groenewegen Tournament at U-20 level in 2009 . Personal life . Cernak was born in Galiwinku , Northern Territory . His father is Ugandan , and his mother is European Australian with a Scottish-Czech-American family background . |
[
"Rebel Rock"
] | hard | What was the record label of B.o.B in Feb 2006? | /wiki/B.o.B#P264#0 | B.o.B Bobby Ray Simmons Jr . ( born November 15 , 1988 ) , known professionally as B.o.B , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , record producer , and conspiracy theorist from Decatur , Georgia . In 2006 , B.o.B was discovered by Brian Richardson , who then introduced him to TJ Chapman , who subsequently brought him to American record producer Jim Jonsin . After hearing his music , Jonsin signed B.o.B to his Rebel Rock Entertainment imprint . Two years later , Jonsin and B.o.B signed a joint venture deal , with Atlantic Records and American rapper T.I.s Grand Hustle Records . B.o.B quickly rose to fame after his commercial debut single Nothin on You ( featuring Bruno Mars ) , reached number one in both the United States and the United Kingdom in 2009 . He would later release his third single Airplanes ( featuring Hayley Williams of Paramore ) , which also topped several major music charts . His fifth single Magic , became his 3rd top 10 hit on the US Billboard Hot 100 . B.o.Bs debut studio album , which was preceded by two extended plays ( EPs ) and several mixtapes , was released in April 2010 . The album reached number one on the US Billboard 200 and was eventually certified 2× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in 2016 . B.o.B was named the ninth Hottest MC in the Game of 2010 by MTV , on their annual list . B.o.B released his second studio album Strange Clouds , in May 2012 . The album spawned six singles , four of which charted exceptionally well internationally . The albums eponymous lead single ( featuring Lil Wayne ) became his fourth top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 . The singles So Good , Both of Us ( featuring Taylor Swift ) and Out of My Mind ( featuring Nicki Minaj ) , followed behind , with the former two being certified platinum by the RIAA . The album itself debuted at number five on the Billboard 200 . His third album Underground Luxury , was released in December 2013 and supported by the lead single HeadBand ( featuring 2 Chainz ) . In August 2015 , B.o.B unexpectedly released a new project Psycadelik Thoughtz , via digital distribution , with little-to-no promotion . B.o.B is an outspoken believer that the earth is flat . Life and career . 1988–2006 : Early life and career beginnings . Bobby Ray Simmons Jr . was born on November 15 , 1988 in Winston-Salem , North Carolina . He played the trumpet in his school band from elementary school through high school . Although his parents wanted him to continue his education , B.o.B decided in sixth grade that he wanted to pursue a music career . His father , a pastor , disapproved of his sons choices , until he realized B.o.B was using music as a form of therapy and a creative outlet . B.o.B later reflected on his experience , saying , Theyve always supported me . They got my first keyboard to make beats on and they helped me out getting equipment here and there . But it was kind of hard for them to really understand what I was really trying to accomplish . B.o.B attended Columbia High School in Decatur , Georgia , where he played the trumpet in the school band , until he landed a record deal and decided to drop out of school in the ninth grade . In 2002 , after meeting his mentor and co-manager B-Rich at the age of 14 , B.o.B sold his first beat to former Slip-n-Slide recording artist Citti , for the song Im the Cookie Man . B.o.B felt he had established a substantial career . I went and blew all of my money on fast stuff like a chain and ballin . Soon I was broke again , but I learned two important things from it ; make sure I save my money and that I was hooked on music . He continued performing at open mics and underground venues to perfect his craft . In 2006 , because he was underage , B-Rich helped sneak B.o.B into Club Crucial , a night club owned by Atlanta-based rapper T.I . There , B.o.B performed a song titled Cloud 9 , a self-produced , spoken word-like ode to marijuana . In attendance was producer and industry veteran T.J . Chapman , chief executive officer ( CEO ) of TJs DJs . Chapman agreed to co-manage B.o.B , which only a month later led to B.o.Bs signing with Atlantic Records and subsidiary imprint Rebel Rock , run by Florida-based producer Jim Jonsin . His first single for Atlantic , 2007s Haterz Everywhere , reached the top five of Billboards Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop singles chart . Along with his solo production career , B.o.B is part of the production/rap group HamSquad , along with Playboy Tre , DJ Swatts , DJ Smooth , Moss B , B-Rich and TJ Chapman . 2007–08 : Rise to fame and mixtapes . B.o.B first began to gain recognition at the start of 2007 . The underground single , Haterz Everywhere featuring Wes Fif , gained the rapper attention by peaking at number 5 on the US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles . The remix to Haterz Everywhere featuring Rich Boy , was included used in the video game Fight Night Round 4 , and a music video was later released for that version . Another single , Ill Be in the Sky , was released in 2008 and it has reached at number 15 on the same charts . About.com called the song a smart , funky artrap and a strong prelude to his album and included it at number 13 on its subjective ranking Top 100 Rap Songs of 2008 . Incidentally , another song produced by B.o.B called Generation Lost , listed alongside the song , on the ranking at number 32 . This was followed by another single , Dont Let Me Fall . B.o.B made his first big feature appearing on T.I.s highly acclaimed album Paper Trail ( 2008 ) , on the song On Top of the World , alongside fellow Atlanta-based rapper Ludacris . In 2008 , it was announced he would appear on the cover of XXL magazine , along with Asher Roth , Charles Hamilton and Wale as part of their Hip-Hops Class of 09 issue . In October 2008 , B.o.B was featured on the cover of Vibe along with some of these same young musicians and was similarly identified as promising young talent . From 2007 to 2008 , B.o.B released four mixtapes ; The Future ( 2007 ) , Cloud 9 ( 2007 ) , Hi ! My Name is B.o.B ( 2008 ) Who the F#*k is B.o.B ? ( 2008 ) and two extended plays ; Eastside ( 2007 ) , 12th Dimension ( 2008 ) . 2008–10 : Mainstream success and debut album . In 2008 , it was announced B.o.B was included in XXLs 2009 annual Freshman Class , and was featured on the cover alongside fellow up-and-coming rappers Asher Roth , Wale , Kid Cudi , Charles Hamilton , Cory Gunz , Blu , Mickey Factz , Ace Hood and Curren$y . In February 2009 , B.o.B crafted an original song , titled Auto-Tune , for the videogame . On May 16 , 2009 , B.o.B released a cover of Manu Chaos Mr . Bobby and said he wanted to be known mononymously as Bobby Ray while also claiming he was taking his music in a new direction : Now I go by the name Bobby Ray . Make sure you put Bobby Ray . Im really going into a new direction – more free and not trying to live up to any particular genre . I dont feel like Ive been doing that . I dont feel like Ive been trying to fit in , but I feel even more free-spirited . I have more willingness musically . Thats all Im about . Im about guitars , chords and keyboards . On June 22 , 2009 , B.o.B released his fifth mixtape , appropriately titled B.o.B vs . Bobby Ray . The mixtape , reminiscent of T.I.s T.I . vs . T.I.P . ( 2007 ) , was mainly produced by Fury and B.o.B . The mixtape also included a song produced by Red Spyda , titled Fly Like Me and another titled Put Me On , which is a re-imagining of A Tribe Called Quests 1990 hit , Bonita Applebum . Reebok used Put Me On in celebration of the Reebok Classic Remix collection . The track is available for download exclusively to customers who purchase styles from the Reebok Classic Remix collection , at Foot Locker stores nationwide . During the summer of 2009 , B.o.B joined fellow up-and-coming rappers Kid Cudi and Asher Roth for The Great Hangover concert tour . B.o.B . was to open Blue Octobers Pick Up the Phone tour in October-November 2009 , but the tour was cancelled after Justin Furstenfeld was hospitalized following a severe mental anxiety attack . On January 13 , 2010 , B.o.B announced his debut studio album , tentatively titled The Adventures of Bobby Ray , was expected to be released on May 25 , 2010 . To promote the album , B.o.B announced a mixtape titled May 25 , in reference to his albums release date . May 25 was released on February 1 , 2010 , to critical acclaim . The mixtape features guest appearances from J . Cole , Asher Roth , Playboy Tre , Charles Hamilton and Bruno Mars . The latter of whom was featured on the bonus track and B.o.Bs debut single , Nothin on You . Due to the commercial success of his mixtape May 25 and his single Nothin on You , the release date of his debut album was advanced to April 27 , 2010 . Three other singles followed : Dont Let Me Fall ( released April 6 , 2010 ) , Airplanes ( April 13 , 2010 ; featuring Hayley Williams ) , and Bet I ( April 20 , 2010 ; featuring T.I . and Playboy Tre ) . A video for Bet I was released on Atlantic Videos on YouTube . was released under Atlantic and T.I.s Grand Hustle imprint , featuring guest appearances from Lupe Fiasco , T.I. , Playboy Tre , Hayley Williams , Rivers Cuomo , Ricco Barrino , Janelle Monáe and Bruno Mars . The album , released April 27 , 2010 , was given generally positive reviews . His album sold 84,000 copies in the first week and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . It made B.o.B the thirteenth solo male artist to have a debut album arrive at number one in its first week . In July , B.o.B announced he will go on tour , naming it The SHOOTiN for Stars Tour . The dates and times were released on his website on July 13 . B.o.B has received nominations for his album , singles , and himself by the BET Awards , Teen Choice Awards , MTV Video Music Awards , and the new Suckerfree Summit . Airplanes was featured in the trailer for the upcoming movie Charlie St . Cloud and his single Magic featured him in an advertisement for Adidas Magic campaign . B.o.B was announced to be a performer at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on August 18 . He was added to the lineup of Eminem , Linkin Park , Kanye West , Drake , Usher , Paramore , Florence and the Machine , and Justin Bieber . On August 14 , 2010 , Hayley Williams announced via the Official Paramore Fan Club that B.o.B would be the main support for Paramores November UK Tour . B.o.B also opened for Eminem and Jay-Zs The Home & Home Tour at Comerica Park . B.o.B also did a MTV Unplugged session . He performed songs off his debut album , as well as a cover of Kids by MGMT , with guests Robin Thicke , Melanie Fiona , and Janelle Monáe . B.o.B also made an appearance in Lollapalooza 2010 . B.o.B made an appearance at the 2010 MTV VMAs on September 12 , 2010 . He performed parts of both his singles , Nothin on You with Bruno Mars and Airplanes with Hayley Williams . B.o.B released his seventh mixtape , titled No Genre , on December 7 , 2010 . B.o.B Presents : The Adventures of Bobby Ray was certified 2x platinum by the RIAA on August 2 , 2016 . 2011–12 : Strange Clouds . Jessie J released a single featuring B.o.B , titled Price Tag , on January 30 , 2011 . The song was quick to reach number one in the United Kingdom charts selling 84,000 copies in its first week of sales . On March 22 , 2011 , Electronic Arts released the Launch Trailer for the upcoming first-person-shooter Crysis 2 which featured a song by B.o.B titled New York New York containing the main piano chorus from the song Theme from New York , New York commonly sung by Frank Sinatra ; the artist who sang the chorus is unconfirmed . The full song later appeared on his eighth mixtape E.P.I.C . ( Every Play Is Crucial ) , showing the song was produced by Mike Caren . In early 2011 , Odd Futures Tyler , the Creator released a song titled Yonkers . In the song Tyler raps ( What you think of Hayley Williams? ) Fuck her , Wolf Haley robbing em / Ill crash that fucking airplane that that faggot nigga B.o.B is in / And stab Bruno Mars in his goddamn esophagus / And wont stop until the cops come in . In response , on March 25 , B.o.B released No Future a song in which he takes aim at the hip hop collective and their leader . In June 2011 , it was announced that B.o.B was featured and produced a song on Tech N9nes twelfth studio album , All 6s and 7s . The track , titled Am I a Psycho ? features rapper Hopsin as well , who also seems to have issues with Tyler , the Creator . B.o.B also appeared on the official remix to Keshas hit single Blow . The remix was released to iTunes on May 17 , 2011 . In the summer of 2011 , B.o.B was announced the new face of T.I.s clothing line AKOO . He will be featured in AKOO Clothings upcoming fall 2011 national advertising campaign alongside Curtis Granderson of the New York Yankees , Carl Crawford of the Boston Red Sox , and star of the BET hit sitcom , The Game , Hosea Chanchez . He will be appearing in a graphic novel for A.K.O.O titled Hide in Plain Sight – Saving the World From Fashion Conspiracy . On August 27 , 2011 , a video appeared on YouTube of B.o.B performing at Colorado State University , where he previewed a song titled Strange Clouds and announced it features Lil Wayne . In an interview with Syracuse Universitys The Daily Orange , B.o.B spoke of his second studio album for the first time . He went on to say Its a more mature sound but nothing too experimental . Its a happy medium between the sound of B.o.B Presents : The Adventures of Bobby Ray and the mixtapes , so everyone should be able to enjoy it . Id say Im 90 percent done with it right now , but the album title is still TBA . On September 23 , 2011 , B.o.B released a trailer , through his website , for the upcoming single Strange Clouds . The trailer announced the single will be officially released October 3 . The single leaked prior to the release date on September 25 , causing the single to be released on iTunes on September 27 . Later that day B.o.B appeared on an online video stream on radio station V103 and announced the title of the album to also be Strange Clouds and was set to be released in early 2012 . Bobby Ray held the first listening session for his album Strange Clouds at Tree Sound Studios on October 25 , 2011 . Seven new songs were previewed during the listening session , including the promotional single Play the Guitar which features André 3000 . Other big guest appearances confirmed , as the album was not fully complete , include Lil Wayne , Big K.R.I.T. , Nelly and a song with T.I . titled Arena . In addition he has worked with OneRepublic on a song and has been quoted as having : the song of 2012 with a mega feature from somebody who never does features with anyone! . On November 15 , 2011 , B.o.B said he would be releasing a mixtape titled E.P.I.C . ( Every Play Is Crucial ) prior to the albums release . The mixtape was released on November 28 , 2011 , featuring guest appearances from Eminem , Mos Def , Roscoe Dash , Meek Mill , and Bun B amongst others and included production from Ryan Tedder to Lil C and Jim Jonsin . While on set for the Strange Clouds music video , MTV interviewed B.o.B and confronted him of a rumor that he and T.I . are working on a collaborative album , B.o.B responded : The joint album , it actually started as a joke . Tip would always refer to me as the Martian , and in one of his lyrics , he said , Its the man and the Martian , and we said , Man that could be an album title . We kinda just played around with it . But it seems to be taking form in a very organic way . On December 1 , 2011 B.o.B appeared on New York Citys Hot 97 radio station and confirmed that he and T.I . are indeed working on a collaborative album titled The Man & The Martian . On December 22 , 2011 , B.o.B released a snippet of Play the Guitar , a promotional single , featuring André 3000 and a sample of Fancy as performed by Drake , T.I . and Swizz Beatz . Play the Guitar was later released to digital retailers on December 27 , 2011 . On February 14 , 2012 , B.o.B released a trailer for the second official single , So Good . The song , produced by Ryan Tedder , was released on February 21 . In 2012 in an interview with PopCush , B.o.B expressed his desire to work with Kid Cudi , James Blake and Skrillex : I would also like to work with James Blake . Thatd be crazy . I think me , James Blake and Kid Cudi should do a song and it should be produced by Skrillex . I think the sky would fall if we did that song and the sky would come down to Earth and party with us . On March 20 , 2012 , B.o.B released Where Are You ( B.o.B vs . Bobby Ray ) , the second promotional single from Strange Clouds . So Hard to Breathe was released as the third promotional single on April 17 , 2012 . In an April 2012 interview with HipHopDX , B.o.B announced he would be releasing a rock album . B.o.B appeared on Haley Reinharts debut studio album Listen Up ! on the intro track Oh My . Strange Clouds , B.o.Bs second studio album , was released May 1 , 2012 , to critical acclaim . The album debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200 , with 76,000 copies sold the first week . Both of Us serves as the albums third single and was sent to Top 40 Mainstream radio on May 22 , 2012 . The song features American country-singer Taylor Swift . It debuted on Australia Top 50 singles chart at number 46 . The song sold 143,000 copies first week , along with the album release , debuting at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and became the weeks top debut . 2012–14 : Underground Luxury and No Genre . On October 9 , 2012 , B.o.B was featured on the annual BET Hip Hop Awards cypher , alongside his Grand Hustle label-mates Iggy Azalea , T.I. , Chip and Trae tha Truth . On November 15 , 2012 , B.o.B released his ninth mixtape , entitled Fuck Em We Ball . The mixtape features guest appearances from T.I. , Juicy J , Mac Miller , Playboy Tre , Snoop Lion , Spodee and Iggy Azalea , with much of the production coming from B.o.B himself . The mixtape also spawned a single , with the release of the club banger , We Still in This Bitch . In early December , B.o.B revealed to MTV plans to release a rock music-influenced extended play : Ive been holding back so much rock for so long . I have been performing with my band for a while , so I guess this is a real good canvas for me to paint on . No ones really expecting anything so I can do what I want to do . He also spoke lightly on his third studio album as well : My album is basically a continuation of The Adventures of Bobby Ray and Strange Clouds . I feel like it kinda bridges the gap between where all my fans are and finally getting everybody up to speed on what my sound is and exactly where Im going . While filming the video for Memories Back Then , in an interview with Rap-Up , B.o.B spoke on a series of projects including his third album , a rock EP , and the Hustle Gang compilation . Rap-Up TV caught up with Bobby Ray , where he stated his rock EP is in the works and will reflect his diverse influences : When I drop it , everyones gonna have an eargasm . Its really how I fell in love with rock music , from indie to alternative to classic rock to even some forms of country music . He spoke of his third album , which is nearing completion : This project is a lot more effortless than anything because Ive really shown the full spectrum of what I can do musically , so now Im just having fun with it . Im 24 years old , so Im partying . In March , B.o.B teamed up with fellow Atlanta rapper Big Boi of OutKast to release the official theme song for the 2013 video game ; if pre-ordered the rappers were also playable characters . The song , titled Double or Nothing , was accompanied with a music video directed and produced by Vice , Noisey and EA . On April 22 , 2013 it was announced B.o.B would tour with fellow American rappers Wiz Khalifa , A$AP Rocky , Trinidad James , Joey Bada$$ , and Smoke DZA , for the Under the Influence concert tour . The tour would then begin on July 17 , 2013 . On May 12 , 2013 B.o.B tweeted : Underground Luxury .. . coming this summer.. . #staytuned , revealing the title of his third studio album . In May , B.o.B also premiered a music video for a newly released song of his titled Through My Head . The video was directed by Peruvian film director Ricardo de Montreuil . On May 13 , 2013 radio personality Funkmaster Flex premiered HeadBand ( featuring 2 Chainz ) , the lead single from Underground Luxury . The song would be released to retail on May 21 , 2013 . The song has since peaked at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 . B.o.B later revealed in an early September interview , that the album would be released in December 2013 . On September 10 , 2013 , the second single from Underground Luxury , titled Ready , was released to iTunes . The song , produced by Noel Detail Fisher , features fellow Atlanta-based rapper Future . In September 2013 , B.o.B revealed he has plan to launch his own record label imprint . During an interview , he stated Im putting my CEO pants on , man . Im finna start a label called HamSquad and Im looking for artists to be the flagship artists for the label . So Im really excited about that . In the same interview he announced Underground Luxury , would be released in December . B.o.B called his third album a Career Shifting Project , adding that the album will revolve around how his life has changed since achieving major success . On October 15 , 2013 the music video for Ready was released . On October 17 , 2013 , during an interview on BETs 106 & Park , B.o.B announced that the album would be released on December 17 , 2013 . Underground Luxury debuted at number 22 on the Billboard 200 , with first-week sales of 35,000 copies in the United States . This was a steep decline in sales from his first two albums which respectively sold 84,000 and 74,000 in their first week . In its second week the album dropped to number 30 , selling 19,000 more copies in the United States . In its third week the album sold 9,000 more copies . In its fourth week the album sold 6,600 more copies in the United States . On June 9 , 2014 , in an interview with Bootleg Kev , B.o.B announced his new record label imprint , No Genre , named after his 2010 mixtape . On July 9 , 2014 , B.o.B released No Genre 2 , the sequel to his seventh mixtape . No Genre 2 features guest appearances from Kevin Gates , Victoria Monet , Mike Fresh , Ty Dolla Sign , Sevyn Streeter , Mila J , T.I . and more . On October 14 , 2014 , B.o.B released a song titled Not For Long , featuring Trey Songz , as a single via digital distribution . On October 7 , 2014 , an up-and-coming singer named Tora Woloshin , announced she signed to No Genre . On October 24 , 2014 , B.o.B released a song titled Fleek , the song was credited to B.o.Bs new label imprint , No Genre . The song features No Genres newly signed artists , Lin-Z and London Jae . On November 28 , 2014 , B.o.B released New Black , his eleventh solo mixtape . The project is a cohesive concept album , compiled of politically charged songs , including Generation Lost , as the third track . 2015–present : Psycadelik Thoughtz and Elements series . On February 24 , 2015 , B.o.B . appeared on Tech N9nes Hood Go Crazy , alongside 2 Chainz , which received moderate success . Later that year , B.o.B spoke about the possibility of a collaborative mixtape with Tech N9ne . On August 14 , 2015 , B.o.B released a project titled Psycadelik Thoughtz to tide fans over before his fourth studio . It features guest appearances from singers Jon Bellion and Sevyn Streeter . The EP , which was released without any promotion or pre-release singles , debuted at number 97 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . On December 4 , 2015 , B.o.B self-released an EP titled WATER . On December 7 , 2015 , B.o.B claimed he was being suppressed by Atlantic Records . On January 2 , 2016 , B.o.B said I havent forgotten about the rock album. . when the time is right . On January 18 , 2016 , B.o.B released his second EP in as many months . The EP , titled FIRE , follows the concept of his previous one , adopting the title of an element and the use of acronyms . On April 22 , 2016 , in celebration of Earth Day , B.o.B released a mixtape titled EARTH , which includes the song Flatline . On November 4 , 2016 , B.o.B released his first compilation album , Elements , composed of songs from his last four solo mixtapes , WATER , FIRE , EARTH and AIR . On July 5 , 2018 , B.o.B . released his sixth studio album , Naga . Though he stated at the time that it would be his last , a follow-up , Southmatic , was released the following year . In 2020 and 2021 , he released two further albums : Somnia and Lost Tapes . Artistry . Influences . B.o.B has described his influences as 80s music , techno , rock , funk , even doo-wop . In a 2012 interview with HipHopDX , when asked given your age and where you grew up , how have the sounds of Goodie Mob , Outkast , T.I . and other Southern hip hop artists influenced you? , Simmons responded with : Oh yeah all of them . Outkast , Goodie Mob , Trillville , Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz , Crime Mob , Bone Crusher . All of them played a huge role in creating the sound that I had . When you are in Atlanta you see everything , but I still ventured off into other areas . I was a huge Eminem fan . A DMX fan . [ A ] Dr . Dre [ fan ] . I think thats why I have a universal appreciation for such music . Simmons 2015 album Psycadelik Thoughtz , was influenced by 70s rock and funk . Musical style . In a 2009 interview , when asked about his music B.o.B said : I try to be more personal than try to be different . In a review for his debut album The Adventures of Bobby Ray ( 2010 ) , HipHopDX wrote : The versatility that B.o.B encapsulates is evident from the outset of the album . B.o.B sings , raps , plays the piano and the guitar , all throughout his debut . He utilizes pop music , political hip hop , trap music , rock music , and club music , often dividing himself into two personas that handle specific genres ; the B.o.B alter ego is responsible for the pop , trap and club music , while Bobby Ray is the more heartfelt multi-instrumentalist who shares his views through conscious rap and rock music . Simmons heavily explored this concept on his 2009 mixtape B.o.B vs . Bobby Ray , and later on the 2012 single Where Are You ( B.o.B vs . Bobby Ray ) . Beliefs . B.o.B is an outspoken conspiracy theorist and is noted for his anti-establishment views , which he has expressed in interviews , social media and his music . He has also been vocal on several social and political issues , including the rights of African Americans , police brutality and American exceptionalism . He believes that the Earth is flat , the 1969 moon landing was faked , 9/11 was an inside job , the world will be taken over by the Illuminati and celebrity cloning is administered by the U.S . government . B.o.Bs 2016 song Flatline alludes to antisemitic conspiracy theories , asking his audience to Do their research on Holocaust denier David Irving , adding Stalin was way worse than Hitler / Thats why the POTUS gotta wear a Kipper [ kippah ] . These comments gained the attention of the Anti-Defamation League , which stated the lyrics invoke the antisemitic conspiracy theory that alleges Jews control the U.S . government . Flat Earth belief . In January 2016 , B.o.B expressed the belief that the Earth is flat . Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson responded to B.o.B on Twitter and attempted to persuade him that the Earth is round , but the rapper refused to retract his views and accused NASA of avoiding questions , while releasing a diss track against Tyson . The track , titled Flatline , expands on B.o.B.s views about the shape of the Earth . Tyson and his rapper nephew , Stephen , responded to B.o.Bs flat Earth diss with their own diss track titled Flat to Fact . Tyson followed this with a January 2016 television appearance on the Comedy Central late-night talk show The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore where he addressed the rapper : Its a fundamental fact of calculus and non-Euclidean geometry : Small sections of large curved surfaces will always look flat to little creatures that crawl upon it .. . And by the way , this is called gravity Tyson said , dropping his mic . B.o.B . accepted membership in The Flat Earth Society in 2016 . In September 2017 , B.o.B sought $200,000 in donations to launch his own satellites to verify the shape of the Earth . Shortly after seeking the original $200,000 B.o.B upped his request to $1,000,000 to cover the cost of many test seeking drones , weather balloons , and satellites . Discography . - ( 2010 ) - Strange Clouds ( 2012 ) - Underground Luxury ( 2013 ) - Ether ( 2017 ) - The Upside Down ( 2017 ) - Naga ( 2018 ) - Southmatic ( 2019 ) - Somnia ( 2020 ) - Lost Tapes ( 2021 ) |
[
"Atlantic Records",
"Rebel Rock"
] | hard | What was the record label of B.o.B between Sep 2012 and Aug 2013? | /wiki/B.o.B#P264#1 | B.o.B Bobby Ray Simmons Jr . ( born November 15 , 1988 ) , known professionally as B.o.B , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , record producer , and conspiracy theorist from Decatur , Georgia . In 2006 , B.o.B was discovered by Brian Richardson , who then introduced him to TJ Chapman , who subsequently brought him to American record producer Jim Jonsin . After hearing his music , Jonsin signed B.o.B to his Rebel Rock Entertainment imprint . Two years later , Jonsin and B.o.B signed a joint venture deal , with Atlantic Records and American rapper T.I.s Grand Hustle Records . B.o.B quickly rose to fame after his commercial debut single Nothin on You ( featuring Bruno Mars ) , reached number one in both the United States and the United Kingdom in 2009 . He would later release his third single Airplanes ( featuring Hayley Williams of Paramore ) , which also topped several major music charts . His fifth single Magic , became his 3rd top 10 hit on the US Billboard Hot 100 . B.o.Bs debut studio album , which was preceded by two extended plays ( EPs ) and several mixtapes , was released in April 2010 . The album reached number one on the US Billboard 200 and was eventually certified 2× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in 2016 . B.o.B was named the ninth Hottest MC in the Game of 2010 by MTV , on their annual list . B.o.B released his second studio album Strange Clouds , in May 2012 . The album spawned six singles , four of which charted exceptionally well internationally . The albums eponymous lead single ( featuring Lil Wayne ) became his fourth top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 . The singles So Good , Both of Us ( featuring Taylor Swift ) and Out of My Mind ( featuring Nicki Minaj ) , followed behind , with the former two being certified platinum by the RIAA . The album itself debuted at number five on the Billboard 200 . His third album Underground Luxury , was released in December 2013 and supported by the lead single HeadBand ( featuring 2 Chainz ) . In August 2015 , B.o.B unexpectedly released a new project Psycadelik Thoughtz , via digital distribution , with little-to-no promotion . B.o.B is an outspoken believer that the earth is flat . Life and career . 1988–2006 : Early life and career beginnings . Bobby Ray Simmons Jr . was born on November 15 , 1988 in Winston-Salem , North Carolina . He played the trumpet in his school band from elementary school through high school . Although his parents wanted him to continue his education , B.o.B decided in sixth grade that he wanted to pursue a music career . His father , a pastor , disapproved of his sons choices , until he realized B.o.B was using music as a form of therapy and a creative outlet . B.o.B later reflected on his experience , saying , Theyve always supported me . They got my first keyboard to make beats on and they helped me out getting equipment here and there . But it was kind of hard for them to really understand what I was really trying to accomplish . B.o.B attended Columbia High School in Decatur , Georgia , where he played the trumpet in the school band , until he landed a record deal and decided to drop out of school in the ninth grade . In 2002 , after meeting his mentor and co-manager B-Rich at the age of 14 , B.o.B sold his first beat to former Slip-n-Slide recording artist Citti , for the song Im the Cookie Man . B.o.B felt he had established a substantial career . I went and blew all of my money on fast stuff like a chain and ballin . Soon I was broke again , but I learned two important things from it ; make sure I save my money and that I was hooked on music . He continued performing at open mics and underground venues to perfect his craft . In 2006 , because he was underage , B-Rich helped sneak B.o.B into Club Crucial , a night club owned by Atlanta-based rapper T.I . There , B.o.B performed a song titled Cloud 9 , a self-produced , spoken word-like ode to marijuana . In attendance was producer and industry veteran T.J . Chapman , chief executive officer ( CEO ) of TJs DJs . Chapman agreed to co-manage B.o.B , which only a month later led to B.o.Bs signing with Atlantic Records and subsidiary imprint Rebel Rock , run by Florida-based producer Jim Jonsin . His first single for Atlantic , 2007s Haterz Everywhere , reached the top five of Billboards Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop singles chart . Along with his solo production career , B.o.B is part of the production/rap group HamSquad , along with Playboy Tre , DJ Swatts , DJ Smooth , Moss B , B-Rich and TJ Chapman . 2007–08 : Rise to fame and mixtapes . B.o.B first began to gain recognition at the start of 2007 . The underground single , Haterz Everywhere featuring Wes Fif , gained the rapper attention by peaking at number 5 on the US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles . The remix to Haterz Everywhere featuring Rich Boy , was included used in the video game Fight Night Round 4 , and a music video was later released for that version . Another single , Ill Be in the Sky , was released in 2008 and it has reached at number 15 on the same charts . About.com called the song a smart , funky artrap and a strong prelude to his album and included it at number 13 on its subjective ranking Top 100 Rap Songs of 2008 . Incidentally , another song produced by B.o.B called Generation Lost , listed alongside the song , on the ranking at number 32 . This was followed by another single , Dont Let Me Fall . B.o.B made his first big feature appearing on T.I.s highly acclaimed album Paper Trail ( 2008 ) , on the song On Top of the World , alongside fellow Atlanta-based rapper Ludacris . In 2008 , it was announced he would appear on the cover of XXL magazine , along with Asher Roth , Charles Hamilton and Wale as part of their Hip-Hops Class of 09 issue . In October 2008 , B.o.B was featured on the cover of Vibe along with some of these same young musicians and was similarly identified as promising young talent . From 2007 to 2008 , B.o.B released four mixtapes ; The Future ( 2007 ) , Cloud 9 ( 2007 ) , Hi ! My Name is B.o.B ( 2008 ) Who the F#*k is B.o.B ? ( 2008 ) and two extended plays ; Eastside ( 2007 ) , 12th Dimension ( 2008 ) . 2008–10 : Mainstream success and debut album . In 2008 , it was announced B.o.B was included in XXLs 2009 annual Freshman Class , and was featured on the cover alongside fellow up-and-coming rappers Asher Roth , Wale , Kid Cudi , Charles Hamilton , Cory Gunz , Blu , Mickey Factz , Ace Hood and Curren$y . In February 2009 , B.o.B crafted an original song , titled Auto-Tune , for the videogame . On May 16 , 2009 , B.o.B released a cover of Manu Chaos Mr . Bobby and said he wanted to be known mononymously as Bobby Ray while also claiming he was taking his music in a new direction : Now I go by the name Bobby Ray . Make sure you put Bobby Ray . Im really going into a new direction – more free and not trying to live up to any particular genre . I dont feel like Ive been doing that . I dont feel like Ive been trying to fit in , but I feel even more free-spirited . I have more willingness musically . Thats all Im about . Im about guitars , chords and keyboards . On June 22 , 2009 , B.o.B released his fifth mixtape , appropriately titled B.o.B vs . Bobby Ray . The mixtape , reminiscent of T.I.s T.I . vs . T.I.P . ( 2007 ) , was mainly produced by Fury and B.o.B . The mixtape also included a song produced by Red Spyda , titled Fly Like Me and another titled Put Me On , which is a re-imagining of A Tribe Called Quests 1990 hit , Bonita Applebum . Reebok used Put Me On in celebration of the Reebok Classic Remix collection . The track is available for download exclusively to customers who purchase styles from the Reebok Classic Remix collection , at Foot Locker stores nationwide . During the summer of 2009 , B.o.B joined fellow up-and-coming rappers Kid Cudi and Asher Roth for The Great Hangover concert tour . B.o.B . was to open Blue Octobers Pick Up the Phone tour in October-November 2009 , but the tour was cancelled after Justin Furstenfeld was hospitalized following a severe mental anxiety attack . On January 13 , 2010 , B.o.B announced his debut studio album , tentatively titled The Adventures of Bobby Ray , was expected to be released on May 25 , 2010 . To promote the album , B.o.B announced a mixtape titled May 25 , in reference to his albums release date . May 25 was released on February 1 , 2010 , to critical acclaim . The mixtape features guest appearances from J . Cole , Asher Roth , Playboy Tre , Charles Hamilton and Bruno Mars . The latter of whom was featured on the bonus track and B.o.Bs debut single , Nothin on You . Due to the commercial success of his mixtape May 25 and his single Nothin on You , the release date of his debut album was advanced to April 27 , 2010 . Three other singles followed : Dont Let Me Fall ( released April 6 , 2010 ) , Airplanes ( April 13 , 2010 ; featuring Hayley Williams ) , and Bet I ( April 20 , 2010 ; featuring T.I . and Playboy Tre ) . A video for Bet I was released on Atlantic Videos on YouTube . was released under Atlantic and T.I.s Grand Hustle imprint , featuring guest appearances from Lupe Fiasco , T.I. , Playboy Tre , Hayley Williams , Rivers Cuomo , Ricco Barrino , Janelle Monáe and Bruno Mars . The album , released April 27 , 2010 , was given generally positive reviews . His album sold 84,000 copies in the first week and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . It made B.o.B the thirteenth solo male artist to have a debut album arrive at number one in its first week . In July , B.o.B announced he will go on tour , naming it The SHOOTiN for Stars Tour . The dates and times were released on his website on July 13 . B.o.B has received nominations for his album , singles , and himself by the BET Awards , Teen Choice Awards , MTV Video Music Awards , and the new Suckerfree Summit . Airplanes was featured in the trailer for the upcoming movie Charlie St . Cloud and his single Magic featured him in an advertisement for Adidas Magic campaign . B.o.B was announced to be a performer at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on August 18 . He was added to the lineup of Eminem , Linkin Park , Kanye West , Drake , Usher , Paramore , Florence and the Machine , and Justin Bieber . On August 14 , 2010 , Hayley Williams announced via the Official Paramore Fan Club that B.o.B would be the main support for Paramores November UK Tour . B.o.B also opened for Eminem and Jay-Zs The Home & Home Tour at Comerica Park . B.o.B also did a MTV Unplugged session . He performed songs off his debut album , as well as a cover of Kids by MGMT , with guests Robin Thicke , Melanie Fiona , and Janelle Monáe . B.o.B also made an appearance in Lollapalooza 2010 . B.o.B made an appearance at the 2010 MTV VMAs on September 12 , 2010 . He performed parts of both his singles , Nothin on You with Bruno Mars and Airplanes with Hayley Williams . B.o.B released his seventh mixtape , titled No Genre , on December 7 , 2010 . B.o.B Presents : The Adventures of Bobby Ray was certified 2x platinum by the RIAA on August 2 , 2016 . 2011–12 : Strange Clouds . Jessie J released a single featuring B.o.B , titled Price Tag , on January 30 , 2011 . The song was quick to reach number one in the United Kingdom charts selling 84,000 copies in its first week of sales . On March 22 , 2011 , Electronic Arts released the Launch Trailer for the upcoming first-person-shooter Crysis 2 which featured a song by B.o.B titled New York New York containing the main piano chorus from the song Theme from New York , New York commonly sung by Frank Sinatra ; the artist who sang the chorus is unconfirmed . The full song later appeared on his eighth mixtape E.P.I.C . ( Every Play Is Crucial ) , showing the song was produced by Mike Caren . In early 2011 , Odd Futures Tyler , the Creator released a song titled Yonkers . In the song Tyler raps ( What you think of Hayley Williams? ) Fuck her , Wolf Haley robbing em / Ill crash that fucking airplane that that faggot nigga B.o.B is in / And stab Bruno Mars in his goddamn esophagus / And wont stop until the cops come in . In response , on March 25 , B.o.B released No Future a song in which he takes aim at the hip hop collective and their leader . In June 2011 , it was announced that B.o.B was featured and produced a song on Tech N9nes twelfth studio album , All 6s and 7s . The track , titled Am I a Psycho ? features rapper Hopsin as well , who also seems to have issues with Tyler , the Creator . B.o.B also appeared on the official remix to Keshas hit single Blow . The remix was released to iTunes on May 17 , 2011 . In the summer of 2011 , B.o.B was announced the new face of T.I.s clothing line AKOO . He will be featured in AKOO Clothings upcoming fall 2011 national advertising campaign alongside Curtis Granderson of the New York Yankees , Carl Crawford of the Boston Red Sox , and star of the BET hit sitcom , The Game , Hosea Chanchez . He will be appearing in a graphic novel for A.K.O.O titled Hide in Plain Sight – Saving the World From Fashion Conspiracy . On August 27 , 2011 , a video appeared on YouTube of B.o.B performing at Colorado State University , where he previewed a song titled Strange Clouds and announced it features Lil Wayne . In an interview with Syracuse Universitys The Daily Orange , B.o.B spoke of his second studio album for the first time . He went on to say Its a more mature sound but nothing too experimental . Its a happy medium between the sound of B.o.B Presents : The Adventures of Bobby Ray and the mixtapes , so everyone should be able to enjoy it . Id say Im 90 percent done with it right now , but the album title is still TBA . On September 23 , 2011 , B.o.B released a trailer , through his website , for the upcoming single Strange Clouds . The trailer announced the single will be officially released October 3 . The single leaked prior to the release date on September 25 , causing the single to be released on iTunes on September 27 . Later that day B.o.B appeared on an online video stream on radio station V103 and announced the title of the album to also be Strange Clouds and was set to be released in early 2012 . Bobby Ray held the first listening session for his album Strange Clouds at Tree Sound Studios on October 25 , 2011 . Seven new songs were previewed during the listening session , including the promotional single Play the Guitar which features André 3000 . Other big guest appearances confirmed , as the album was not fully complete , include Lil Wayne , Big K.R.I.T. , Nelly and a song with T.I . titled Arena . In addition he has worked with OneRepublic on a song and has been quoted as having : the song of 2012 with a mega feature from somebody who never does features with anyone! . On November 15 , 2011 , B.o.B said he would be releasing a mixtape titled E.P.I.C . ( Every Play Is Crucial ) prior to the albums release . The mixtape was released on November 28 , 2011 , featuring guest appearances from Eminem , Mos Def , Roscoe Dash , Meek Mill , and Bun B amongst others and included production from Ryan Tedder to Lil C and Jim Jonsin . While on set for the Strange Clouds music video , MTV interviewed B.o.B and confronted him of a rumor that he and T.I . are working on a collaborative album , B.o.B responded : The joint album , it actually started as a joke . Tip would always refer to me as the Martian , and in one of his lyrics , he said , Its the man and the Martian , and we said , Man that could be an album title . We kinda just played around with it . But it seems to be taking form in a very organic way . On December 1 , 2011 B.o.B appeared on New York Citys Hot 97 radio station and confirmed that he and T.I . are indeed working on a collaborative album titled The Man & The Martian . On December 22 , 2011 , B.o.B released a snippet of Play the Guitar , a promotional single , featuring André 3000 and a sample of Fancy as performed by Drake , T.I . and Swizz Beatz . Play the Guitar was later released to digital retailers on December 27 , 2011 . On February 14 , 2012 , B.o.B released a trailer for the second official single , So Good . The song , produced by Ryan Tedder , was released on February 21 . In 2012 in an interview with PopCush , B.o.B expressed his desire to work with Kid Cudi , James Blake and Skrillex : I would also like to work with James Blake . Thatd be crazy . I think me , James Blake and Kid Cudi should do a song and it should be produced by Skrillex . I think the sky would fall if we did that song and the sky would come down to Earth and party with us . On March 20 , 2012 , B.o.B released Where Are You ( B.o.B vs . Bobby Ray ) , the second promotional single from Strange Clouds . So Hard to Breathe was released as the third promotional single on April 17 , 2012 . In an April 2012 interview with HipHopDX , B.o.B announced he would be releasing a rock album . B.o.B appeared on Haley Reinharts debut studio album Listen Up ! on the intro track Oh My . Strange Clouds , B.o.Bs second studio album , was released May 1 , 2012 , to critical acclaim . The album debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200 , with 76,000 copies sold the first week . Both of Us serves as the albums third single and was sent to Top 40 Mainstream radio on May 22 , 2012 . The song features American country-singer Taylor Swift . It debuted on Australia Top 50 singles chart at number 46 . The song sold 143,000 copies first week , along with the album release , debuting at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and became the weeks top debut . 2012–14 : Underground Luxury and No Genre . On October 9 , 2012 , B.o.B was featured on the annual BET Hip Hop Awards cypher , alongside his Grand Hustle label-mates Iggy Azalea , T.I. , Chip and Trae tha Truth . On November 15 , 2012 , B.o.B released his ninth mixtape , entitled Fuck Em We Ball . The mixtape features guest appearances from T.I. , Juicy J , Mac Miller , Playboy Tre , Snoop Lion , Spodee and Iggy Azalea , with much of the production coming from B.o.B himself . The mixtape also spawned a single , with the release of the club banger , We Still in This Bitch . In early December , B.o.B revealed to MTV plans to release a rock music-influenced extended play : Ive been holding back so much rock for so long . I have been performing with my band for a while , so I guess this is a real good canvas for me to paint on . No ones really expecting anything so I can do what I want to do . He also spoke lightly on his third studio album as well : My album is basically a continuation of The Adventures of Bobby Ray and Strange Clouds . I feel like it kinda bridges the gap between where all my fans are and finally getting everybody up to speed on what my sound is and exactly where Im going . While filming the video for Memories Back Then , in an interview with Rap-Up , B.o.B spoke on a series of projects including his third album , a rock EP , and the Hustle Gang compilation . Rap-Up TV caught up with Bobby Ray , where he stated his rock EP is in the works and will reflect his diverse influences : When I drop it , everyones gonna have an eargasm . Its really how I fell in love with rock music , from indie to alternative to classic rock to even some forms of country music . He spoke of his third album , which is nearing completion : This project is a lot more effortless than anything because Ive really shown the full spectrum of what I can do musically , so now Im just having fun with it . Im 24 years old , so Im partying . In March , B.o.B teamed up with fellow Atlanta rapper Big Boi of OutKast to release the official theme song for the 2013 video game ; if pre-ordered the rappers were also playable characters . The song , titled Double or Nothing , was accompanied with a music video directed and produced by Vice , Noisey and EA . On April 22 , 2013 it was announced B.o.B would tour with fellow American rappers Wiz Khalifa , A$AP Rocky , Trinidad James , Joey Bada$$ , and Smoke DZA , for the Under the Influence concert tour . The tour would then begin on July 17 , 2013 . On May 12 , 2013 B.o.B tweeted : Underground Luxury .. . coming this summer.. . #staytuned , revealing the title of his third studio album . In May , B.o.B also premiered a music video for a newly released song of his titled Through My Head . The video was directed by Peruvian film director Ricardo de Montreuil . On May 13 , 2013 radio personality Funkmaster Flex premiered HeadBand ( featuring 2 Chainz ) , the lead single from Underground Luxury . The song would be released to retail on May 21 , 2013 . The song has since peaked at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 . B.o.B later revealed in an early September interview , that the album would be released in December 2013 . On September 10 , 2013 , the second single from Underground Luxury , titled Ready , was released to iTunes . The song , produced by Noel Detail Fisher , features fellow Atlanta-based rapper Future . In September 2013 , B.o.B revealed he has plan to launch his own record label imprint . During an interview , he stated Im putting my CEO pants on , man . Im finna start a label called HamSquad and Im looking for artists to be the flagship artists for the label . So Im really excited about that . In the same interview he announced Underground Luxury , would be released in December . B.o.B called his third album a Career Shifting Project , adding that the album will revolve around how his life has changed since achieving major success . On October 15 , 2013 the music video for Ready was released . On October 17 , 2013 , during an interview on BETs 106 & Park , B.o.B announced that the album would be released on December 17 , 2013 . Underground Luxury debuted at number 22 on the Billboard 200 , with first-week sales of 35,000 copies in the United States . This was a steep decline in sales from his first two albums which respectively sold 84,000 and 74,000 in their first week . In its second week the album dropped to number 30 , selling 19,000 more copies in the United States . In its third week the album sold 9,000 more copies . In its fourth week the album sold 6,600 more copies in the United States . On June 9 , 2014 , in an interview with Bootleg Kev , B.o.B announced his new record label imprint , No Genre , named after his 2010 mixtape . On July 9 , 2014 , B.o.B released No Genre 2 , the sequel to his seventh mixtape . No Genre 2 features guest appearances from Kevin Gates , Victoria Monet , Mike Fresh , Ty Dolla Sign , Sevyn Streeter , Mila J , T.I . and more . On October 14 , 2014 , B.o.B released a song titled Not For Long , featuring Trey Songz , as a single via digital distribution . On October 7 , 2014 , an up-and-coming singer named Tora Woloshin , announced she signed to No Genre . On October 24 , 2014 , B.o.B released a song titled Fleek , the song was credited to B.o.Bs new label imprint , No Genre . The song features No Genres newly signed artists , Lin-Z and London Jae . On November 28 , 2014 , B.o.B released New Black , his eleventh solo mixtape . The project is a cohesive concept album , compiled of politically charged songs , including Generation Lost , as the third track . 2015–present : Psycadelik Thoughtz and Elements series . On February 24 , 2015 , B.o.B . appeared on Tech N9nes Hood Go Crazy , alongside 2 Chainz , which received moderate success . Later that year , B.o.B spoke about the possibility of a collaborative mixtape with Tech N9ne . On August 14 , 2015 , B.o.B released a project titled Psycadelik Thoughtz to tide fans over before his fourth studio . It features guest appearances from singers Jon Bellion and Sevyn Streeter . The EP , which was released without any promotion or pre-release singles , debuted at number 97 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . On December 4 , 2015 , B.o.B self-released an EP titled WATER . On December 7 , 2015 , B.o.B claimed he was being suppressed by Atlantic Records . On January 2 , 2016 , B.o.B said I havent forgotten about the rock album. . when the time is right . On January 18 , 2016 , B.o.B released his second EP in as many months . The EP , titled FIRE , follows the concept of his previous one , adopting the title of an element and the use of acronyms . On April 22 , 2016 , in celebration of Earth Day , B.o.B released a mixtape titled EARTH , which includes the song Flatline . On November 4 , 2016 , B.o.B released his first compilation album , Elements , composed of songs from his last four solo mixtapes , WATER , FIRE , EARTH and AIR . On July 5 , 2018 , B.o.B . released his sixth studio album , Naga . Though he stated at the time that it would be his last , a follow-up , Southmatic , was released the following year . In 2020 and 2021 , he released two further albums : Somnia and Lost Tapes . Artistry . Influences . B.o.B has described his influences as 80s music , techno , rock , funk , even doo-wop . In a 2012 interview with HipHopDX , when asked given your age and where you grew up , how have the sounds of Goodie Mob , Outkast , T.I . and other Southern hip hop artists influenced you? , Simmons responded with : Oh yeah all of them . Outkast , Goodie Mob , Trillville , Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz , Crime Mob , Bone Crusher . All of them played a huge role in creating the sound that I had . When you are in Atlanta you see everything , but I still ventured off into other areas . I was a huge Eminem fan . A DMX fan . [ A ] Dr . Dre [ fan ] . I think thats why I have a universal appreciation for such music . Simmons 2015 album Psycadelik Thoughtz , was influenced by 70s rock and funk . Musical style . In a 2009 interview , when asked about his music B.o.B said : I try to be more personal than try to be different . In a review for his debut album The Adventures of Bobby Ray ( 2010 ) , HipHopDX wrote : The versatility that B.o.B encapsulates is evident from the outset of the album . B.o.B sings , raps , plays the piano and the guitar , all throughout his debut . He utilizes pop music , political hip hop , trap music , rock music , and club music , often dividing himself into two personas that handle specific genres ; the B.o.B alter ego is responsible for the pop , trap and club music , while Bobby Ray is the more heartfelt multi-instrumentalist who shares his views through conscious rap and rock music . Simmons heavily explored this concept on his 2009 mixtape B.o.B vs . Bobby Ray , and later on the 2012 single Where Are You ( B.o.B vs . Bobby Ray ) . Beliefs . B.o.B is an outspoken conspiracy theorist and is noted for his anti-establishment views , which he has expressed in interviews , social media and his music . He has also been vocal on several social and political issues , including the rights of African Americans , police brutality and American exceptionalism . He believes that the Earth is flat , the 1969 moon landing was faked , 9/11 was an inside job , the world will be taken over by the Illuminati and celebrity cloning is administered by the U.S . government . B.o.Bs 2016 song Flatline alludes to antisemitic conspiracy theories , asking his audience to Do their research on Holocaust denier David Irving , adding Stalin was way worse than Hitler / Thats why the POTUS gotta wear a Kipper [ kippah ] . These comments gained the attention of the Anti-Defamation League , which stated the lyrics invoke the antisemitic conspiracy theory that alleges Jews control the U.S . government . Flat Earth belief . In January 2016 , B.o.B expressed the belief that the Earth is flat . Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson responded to B.o.B on Twitter and attempted to persuade him that the Earth is round , but the rapper refused to retract his views and accused NASA of avoiding questions , while releasing a diss track against Tyson . The track , titled Flatline , expands on B.o.B.s views about the shape of the Earth . Tyson and his rapper nephew , Stephen , responded to B.o.Bs flat Earth diss with their own diss track titled Flat to Fact . Tyson followed this with a January 2016 television appearance on the Comedy Central late-night talk show The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore where he addressed the rapper : Its a fundamental fact of calculus and non-Euclidean geometry : Small sections of large curved surfaces will always look flat to little creatures that crawl upon it .. . And by the way , this is called gravity Tyson said , dropping his mic . B.o.B . accepted membership in The Flat Earth Society in 2016 . In September 2017 , B.o.B sought $200,000 in donations to launch his own satellites to verify the shape of the Earth . Shortly after seeking the original $200,000 B.o.B upped his request to $1,000,000 to cover the cost of many test seeking drones , weather balloons , and satellites . Discography . - ( 2010 ) - Strange Clouds ( 2012 ) - Underground Luxury ( 2013 ) - Ether ( 2017 ) - The Upside Down ( 2017 ) - Naga ( 2018 ) - Southmatic ( 2019 ) - Somnia ( 2020 ) - Lost Tapes ( 2021 ) |
[
"No Genre",
"Rebel Rock"
] | hard | What was the record label of B.o.B between Apr 2014 and Oct 2014? | /wiki/B.o.B#P264#2 | B.o.B Bobby Ray Simmons Jr . ( born November 15 , 1988 ) , known professionally as B.o.B , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , record producer , and conspiracy theorist from Decatur , Georgia . In 2006 , B.o.B was discovered by Brian Richardson , who then introduced him to TJ Chapman , who subsequently brought him to American record producer Jim Jonsin . After hearing his music , Jonsin signed B.o.B to his Rebel Rock Entertainment imprint . Two years later , Jonsin and B.o.B signed a joint venture deal , with Atlantic Records and American rapper T.I.s Grand Hustle Records . B.o.B quickly rose to fame after his commercial debut single Nothin on You ( featuring Bruno Mars ) , reached number one in both the United States and the United Kingdom in 2009 . He would later release his third single Airplanes ( featuring Hayley Williams of Paramore ) , which also topped several major music charts . His fifth single Magic , became his 3rd top 10 hit on the US Billboard Hot 100 . B.o.Bs debut studio album , which was preceded by two extended plays ( EPs ) and several mixtapes , was released in April 2010 . The album reached number one on the US Billboard 200 and was eventually certified 2× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in 2016 . B.o.B was named the ninth Hottest MC in the Game of 2010 by MTV , on their annual list . B.o.B released his second studio album Strange Clouds , in May 2012 . The album spawned six singles , four of which charted exceptionally well internationally . The albums eponymous lead single ( featuring Lil Wayne ) became his fourth top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 . The singles So Good , Both of Us ( featuring Taylor Swift ) and Out of My Mind ( featuring Nicki Minaj ) , followed behind , with the former two being certified platinum by the RIAA . The album itself debuted at number five on the Billboard 200 . His third album Underground Luxury , was released in December 2013 and supported by the lead single HeadBand ( featuring 2 Chainz ) . In August 2015 , B.o.B unexpectedly released a new project Psycadelik Thoughtz , via digital distribution , with little-to-no promotion . B.o.B is an outspoken believer that the earth is flat . Life and career . 1988–2006 : Early life and career beginnings . Bobby Ray Simmons Jr . was born on November 15 , 1988 in Winston-Salem , North Carolina . He played the trumpet in his school band from elementary school through high school . Although his parents wanted him to continue his education , B.o.B decided in sixth grade that he wanted to pursue a music career . His father , a pastor , disapproved of his sons choices , until he realized B.o.B was using music as a form of therapy and a creative outlet . B.o.B later reflected on his experience , saying , Theyve always supported me . They got my first keyboard to make beats on and they helped me out getting equipment here and there . But it was kind of hard for them to really understand what I was really trying to accomplish . B.o.B attended Columbia High School in Decatur , Georgia , where he played the trumpet in the school band , until he landed a record deal and decided to drop out of school in the ninth grade . In 2002 , after meeting his mentor and co-manager B-Rich at the age of 14 , B.o.B sold his first beat to former Slip-n-Slide recording artist Citti , for the song Im the Cookie Man . B.o.B felt he had established a substantial career . I went and blew all of my money on fast stuff like a chain and ballin . Soon I was broke again , but I learned two important things from it ; make sure I save my money and that I was hooked on music . He continued performing at open mics and underground venues to perfect his craft . In 2006 , because he was underage , B-Rich helped sneak B.o.B into Club Crucial , a night club owned by Atlanta-based rapper T.I . There , B.o.B performed a song titled Cloud 9 , a self-produced , spoken word-like ode to marijuana . In attendance was producer and industry veteran T.J . Chapman , chief executive officer ( CEO ) of TJs DJs . Chapman agreed to co-manage B.o.B , which only a month later led to B.o.Bs signing with Atlantic Records and subsidiary imprint Rebel Rock , run by Florida-based producer Jim Jonsin . His first single for Atlantic , 2007s Haterz Everywhere , reached the top five of Billboards Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop singles chart . Along with his solo production career , B.o.B is part of the production/rap group HamSquad , along with Playboy Tre , DJ Swatts , DJ Smooth , Moss B , B-Rich and TJ Chapman . 2007–08 : Rise to fame and mixtapes . B.o.B first began to gain recognition at the start of 2007 . The underground single , Haterz Everywhere featuring Wes Fif , gained the rapper attention by peaking at number 5 on the US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles . The remix to Haterz Everywhere featuring Rich Boy , was included used in the video game Fight Night Round 4 , and a music video was later released for that version . Another single , Ill Be in the Sky , was released in 2008 and it has reached at number 15 on the same charts . About.com called the song a smart , funky artrap and a strong prelude to his album and included it at number 13 on its subjective ranking Top 100 Rap Songs of 2008 . Incidentally , another song produced by B.o.B called Generation Lost , listed alongside the song , on the ranking at number 32 . This was followed by another single , Dont Let Me Fall . B.o.B made his first big feature appearing on T.I.s highly acclaimed album Paper Trail ( 2008 ) , on the song On Top of the World , alongside fellow Atlanta-based rapper Ludacris . In 2008 , it was announced he would appear on the cover of XXL magazine , along with Asher Roth , Charles Hamilton and Wale as part of their Hip-Hops Class of 09 issue . In October 2008 , B.o.B was featured on the cover of Vibe along with some of these same young musicians and was similarly identified as promising young talent . From 2007 to 2008 , B.o.B released four mixtapes ; The Future ( 2007 ) , Cloud 9 ( 2007 ) , Hi ! My Name is B.o.B ( 2008 ) Who the F#*k is B.o.B ? ( 2008 ) and two extended plays ; Eastside ( 2007 ) , 12th Dimension ( 2008 ) . 2008–10 : Mainstream success and debut album . In 2008 , it was announced B.o.B was included in XXLs 2009 annual Freshman Class , and was featured on the cover alongside fellow up-and-coming rappers Asher Roth , Wale , Kid Cudi , Charles Hamilton , Cory Gunz , Blu , Mickey Factz , Ace Hood and Curren$y . In February 2009 , B.o.B crafted an original song , titled Auto-Tune , for the videogame . On May 16 , 2009 , B.o.B released a cover of Manu Chaos Mr . Bobby and said he wanted to be known mononymously as Bobby Ray while also claiming he was taking his music in a new direction : Now I go by the name Bobby Ray . Make sure you put Bobby Ray . Im really going into a new direction – more free and not trying to live up to any particular genre . I dont feel like Ive been doing that . I dont feel like Ive been trying to fit in , but I feel even more free-spirited . I have more willingness musically . Thats all Im about . Im about guitars , chords and keyboards . On June 22 , 2009 , B.o.B released his fifth mixtape , appropriately titled B.o.B vs . Bobby Ray . The mixtape , reminiscent of T.I.s T.I . vs . T.I.P . ( 2007 ) , was mainly produced by Fury and B.o.B . The mixtape also included a song produced by Red Spyda , titled Fly Like Me and another titled Put Me On , which is a re-imagining of A Tribe Called Quests 1990 hit , Bonita Applebum . Reebok used Put Me On in celebration of the Reebok Classic Remix collection . The track is available for download exclusively to customers who purchase styles from the Reebok Classic Remix collection , at Foot Locker stores nationwide . During the summer of 2009 , B.o.B joined fellow up-and-coming rappers Kid Cudi and Asher Roth for The Great Hangover concert tour . B.o.B . was to open Blue Octobers Pick Up the Phone tour in October-November 2009 , but the tour was cancelled after Justin Furstenfeld was hospitalized following a severe mental anxiety attack . On January 13 , 2010 , B.o.B announced his debut studio album , tentatively titled The Adventures of Bobby Ray , was expected to be released on May 25 , 2010 . To promote the album , B.o.B announced a mixtape titled May 25 , in reference to his albums release date . May 25 was released on February 1 , 2010 , to critical acclaim . The mixtape features guest appearances from J . Cole , Asher Roth , Playboy Tre , Charles Hamilton and Bruno Mars . The latter of whom was featured on the bonus track and B.o.Bs debut single , Nothin on You . Due to the commercial success of his mixtape May 25 and his single Nothin on You , the release date of his debut album was advanced to April 27 , 2010 . Three other singles followed : Dont Let Me Fall ( released April 6 , 2010 ) , Airplanes ( April 13 , 2010 ; featuring Hayley Williams ) , and Bet I ( April 20 , 2010 ; featuring T.I . and Playboy Tre ) . A video for Bet I was released on Atlantic Videos on YouTube . was released under Atlantic and T.I.s Grand Hustle imprint , featuring guest appearances from Lupe Fiasco , T.I. , Playboy Tre , Hayley Williams , Rivers Cuomo , Ricco Barrino , Janelle Monáe and Bruno Mars . The album , released April 27 , 2010 , was given generally positive reviews . His album sold 84,000 copies in the first week and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . It made B.o.B the thirteenth solo male artist to have a debut album arrive at number one in its first week . In July , B.o.B announced he will go on tour , naming it The SHOOTiN for Stars Tour . The dates and times were released on his website on July 13 . B.o.B has received nominations for his album , singles , and himself by the BET Awards , Teen Choice Awards , MTV Video Music Awards , and the new Suckerfree Summit . Airplanes was featured in the trailer for the upcoming movie Charlie St . Cloud and his single Magic featured him in an advertisement for Adidas Magic campaign . B.o.B was announced to be a performer at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on August 18 . He was added to the lineup of Eminem , Linkin Park , Kanye West , Drake , Usher , Paramore , Florence and the Machine , and Justin Bieber . On August 14 , 2010 , Hayley Williams announced via the Official Paramore Fan Club that B.o.B would be the main support for Paramores November UK Tour . B.o.B also opened for Eminem and Jay-Zs The Home & Home Tour at Comerica Park . B.o.B also did a MTV Unplugged session . He performed songs off his debut album , as well as a cover of Kids by MGMT , with guests Robin Thicke , Melanie Fiona , and Janelle Monáe . B.o.B also made an appearance in Lollapalooza 2010 . B.o.B made an appearance at the 2010 MTV VMAs on September 12 , 2010 . He performed parts of both his singles , Nothin on You with Bruno Mars and Airplanes with Hayley Williams . B.o.B released his seventh mixtape , titled No Genre , on December 7 , 2010 . B.o.B Presents : The Adventures of Bobby Ray was certified 2x platinum by the RIAA on August 2 , 2016 . 2011–12 : Strange Clouds . Jessie J released a single featuring B.o.B , titled Price Tag , on January 30 , 2011 . The song was quick to reach number one in the United Kingdom charts selling 84,000 copies in its first week of sales . On March 22 , 2011 , Electronic Arts released the Launch Trailer for the upcoming first-person-shooter Crysis 2 which featured a song by B.o.B titled New York New York containing the main piano chorus from the song Theme from New York , New York commonly sung by Frank Sinatra ; the artist who sang the chorus is unconfirmed . The full song later appeared on his eighth mixtape E.P.I.C . ( Every Play Is Crucial ) , showing the song was produced by Mike Caren . In early 2011 , Odd Futures Tyler , the Creator released a song titled Yonkers . In the song Tyler raps ( What you think of Hayley Williams? ) Fuck her , Wolf Haley robbing em / Ill crash that fucking airplane that that faggot nigga B.o.B is in / And stab Bruno Mars in his goddamn esophagus / And wont stop until the cops come in . In response , on March 25 , B.o.B released No Future a song in which he takes aim at the hip hop collective and their leader . In June 2011 , it was announced that B.o.B was featured and produced a song on Tech N9nes twelfth studio album , All 6s and 7s . The track , titled Am I a Psycho ? features rapper Hopsin as well , who also seems to have issues with Tyler , the Creator . B.o.B also appeared on the official remix to Keshas hit single Blow . The remix was released to iTunes on May 17 , 2011 . In the summer of 2011 , B.o.B was announced the new face of T.I.s clothing line AKOO . He will be featured in AKOO Clothings upcoming fall 2011 national advertising campaign alongside Curtis Granderson of the New York Yankees , Carl Crawford of the Boston Red Sox , and star of the BET hit sitcom , The Game , Hosea Chanchez . He will be appearing in a graphic novel for A.K.O.O titled Hide in Plain Sight – Saving the World From Fashion Conspiracy . On August 27 , 2011 , a video appeared on YouTube of B.o.B performing at Colorado State University , where he previewed a song titled Strange Clouds and announced it features Lil Wayne . In an interview with Syracuse Universitys The Daily Orange , B.o.B spoke of his second studio album for the first time . He went on to say Its a more mature sound but nothing too experimental . Its a happy medium between the sound of B.o.B Presents : The Adventures of Bobby Ray and the mixtapes , so everyone should be able to enjoy it . Id say Im 90 percent done with it right now , but the album title is still TBA . On September 23 , 2011 , B.o.B released a trailer , through his website , for the upcoming single Strange Clouds . The trailer announced the single will be officially released October 3 . The single leaked prior to the release date on September 25 , causing the single to be released on iTunes on September 27 . Later that day B.o.B appeared on an online video stream on radio station V103 and announced the title of the album to also be Strange Clouds and was set to be released in early 2012 . Bobby Ray held the first listening session for his album Strange Clouds at Tree Sound Studios on October 25 , 2011 . Seven new songs were previewed during the listening session , including the promotional single Play the Guitar which features André 3000 . Other big guest appearances confirmed , as the album was not fully complete , include Lil Wayne , Big K.R.I.T. , Nelly and a song with T.I . titled Arena . In addition he has worked with OneRepublic on a song and has been quoted as having : the song of 2012 with a mega feature from somebody who never does features with anyone! . On November 15 , 2011 , B.o.B said he would be releasing a mixtape titled E.P.I.C . ( Every Play Is Crucial ) prior to the albums release . The mixtape was released on November 28 , 2011 , featuring guest appearances from Eminem , Mos Def , Roscoe Dash , Meek Mill , and Bun B amongst others and included production from Ryan Tedder to Lil C and Jim Jonsin . While on set for the Strange Clouds music video , MTV interviewed B.o.B and confronted him of a rumor that he and T.I . are working on a collaborative album , B.o.B responded : The joint album , it actually started as a joke . Tip would always refer to me as the Martian , and in one of his lyrics , he said , Its the man and the Martian , and we said , Man that could be an album title . We kinda just played around with it . But it seems to be taking form in a very organic way . On December 1 , 2011 B.o.B appeared on New York Citys Hot 97 radio station and confirmed that he and T.I . are indeed working on a collaborative album titled The Man & The Martian . On December 22 , 2011 , B.o.B released a snippet of Play the Guitar , a promotional single , featuring André 3000 and a sample of Fancy as performed by Drake , T.I . and Swizz Beatz . Play the Guitar was later released to digital retailers on December 27 , 2011 . On February 14 , 2012 , B.o.B released a trailer for the second official single , So Good . The song , produced by Ryan Tedder , was released on February 21 . In 2012 in an interview with PopCush , B.o.B expressed his desire to work with Kid Cudi , James Blake and Skrillex : I would also like to work with James Blake . Thatd be crazy . I think me , James Blake and Kid Cudi should do a song and it should be produced by Skrillex . I think the sky would fall if we did that song and the sky would come down to Earth and party with us . On March 20 , 2012 , B.o.B released Where Are You ( B.o.B vs . Bobby Ray ) , the second promotional single from Strange Clouds . So Hard to Breathe was released as the third promotional single on April 17 , 2012 . In an April 2012 interview with HipHopDX , B.o.B announced he would be releasing a rock album . B.o.B appeared on Haley Reinharts debut studio album Listen Up ! on the intro track Oh My . Strange Clouds , B.o.Bs second studio album , was released May 1 , 2012 , to critical acclaim . The album debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200 , with 76,000 copies sold the first week . Both of Us serves as the albums third single and was sent to Top 40 Mainstream radio on May 22 , 2012 . The song features American country-singer Taylor Swift . It debuted on Australia Top 50 singles chart at number 46 . The song sold 143,000 copies first week , along with the album release , debuting at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and became the weeks top debut . 2012–14 : Underground Luxury and No Genre . On October 9 , 2012 , B.o.B was featured on the annual BET Hip Hop Awards cypher , alongside his Grand Hustle label-mates Iggy Azalea , T.I. , Chip and Trae tha Truth . On November 15 , 2012 , B.o.B released his ninth mixtape , entitled Fuck Em We Ball . The mixtape features guest appearances from T.I. , Juicy J , Mac Miller , Playboy Tre , Snoop Lion , Spodee and Iggy Azalea , with much of the production coming from B.o.B himself . The mixtape also spawned a single , with the release of the club banger , We Still in This Bitch . In early December , B.o.B revealed to MTV plans to release a rock music-influenced extended play : Ive been holding back so much rock for so long . I have been performing with my band for a while , so I guess this is a real good canvas for me to paint on . No ones really expecting anything so I can do what I want to do . He also spoke lightly on his third studio album as well : My album is basically a continuation of The Adventures of Bobby Ray and Strange Clouds . I feel like it kinda bridges the gap between where all my fans are and finally getting everybody up to speed on what my sound is and exactly where Im going . While filming the video for Memories Back Then , in an interview with Rap-Up , B.o.B spoke on a series of projects including his third album , a rock EP , and the Hustle Gang compilation . Rap-Up TV caught up with Bobby Ray , where he stated his rock EP is in the works and will reflect his diverse influences : When I drop it , everyones gonna have an eargasm . Its really how I fell in love with rock music , from indie to alternative to classic rock to even some forms of country music . He spoke of his third album , which is nearing completion : This project is a lot more effortless than anything because Ive really shown the full spectrum of what I can do musically , so now Im just having fun with it . Im 24 years old , so Im partying . In March , B.o.B teamed up with fellow Atlanta rapper Big Boi of OutKast to release the official theme song for the 2013 video game ; if pre-ordered the rappers were also playable characters . The song , titled Double or Nothing , was accompanied with a music video directed and produced by Vice , Noisey and EA . On April 22 , 2013 it was announced B.o.B would tour with fellow American rappers Wiz Khalifa , A$AP Rocky , Trinidad James , Joey Bada$$ , and Smoke DZA , for the Under the Influence concert tour . The tour would then begin on July 17 , 2013 . On May 12 , 2013 B.o.B tweeted : Underground Luxury .. . coming this summer.. . #staytuned , revealing the title of his third studio album . In May , B.o.B also premiered a music video for a newly released song of his titled Through My Head . The video was directed by Peruvian film director Ricardo de Montreuil . On May 13 , 2013 radio personality Funkmaster Flex premiered HeadBand ( featuring 2 Chainz ) , the lead single from Underground Luxury . The song would be released to retail on May 21 , 2013 . The song has since peaked at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 . B.o.B later revealed in an early September interview , that the album would be released in December 2013 . On September 10 , 2013 , the second single from Underground Luxury , titled Ready , was released to iTunes . The song , produced by Noel Detail Fisher , features fellow Atlanta-based rapper Future . In September 2013 , B.o.B revealed he has plan to launch his own record label imprint . During an interview , he stated Im putting my CEO pants on , man . Im finna start a label called HamSquad and Im looking for artists to be the flagship artists for the label . So Im really excited about that . In the same interview he announced Underground Luxury , would be released in December . B.o.B called his third album a Career Shifting Project , adding that the album will revolve around how his life has changed since achieving major success . On October 15 , 2013 the music video for Ready was released . On October 17 , 2013 , during an interview on BETs 106 & Park , B.o.B announced that the album would be released on December 17 , 2013 . Underground Luxury debuted at number 22 on the Billboard 200 , with first-week sales of 35,000 copies in the United States . This was a steep decline in sales from his first two albums which respectively sold 84,000 and 74,000 in their first week . In its second week the album dropped to number 30 , selling 19,000 more copies in the United States . In its third week the album sold 9,000 more copies . In its fourth week the album sold 6,600 more copies in the United States . On June 9 , 2014 , in an interview with Bootleg Kev , B.o.B announced his new record label imprint , No Genre , named after his 2010 mixtape . On July 9 , 2014 , B.o.B released No Genre 2 , the sequel to his seventh mixtape . No Genre 2 features guest appearances from Kevin Gates , Victoria Monet , Mike Fresh , Ty Dolla Sign , Sevyn Streeter , Mila J , T.I . and more . On October 14 , 2014 , B.o.B released a song titled Not For Long , featuring Trey Songz , as a single via digital distribution . On October 7 , 2014 , an up-and-coming singer named Tora Woloshin , announced she signed to No Genre . On October 24 , 2014 , B.o.B released a song titled Fleek , the song was credited to B.o.Bs new label imprint , No Genre . The song features No Genres newly signed artists , Lin-Z and London Jae . On November 28 , 2014 , B.o.B released New Black , his eleventh solo mixtape . The project is a cohesive concept album , compiled of politically charged songs , including Generation Lost , as the third track . 2015–present : Psycadelik Thoughtz and Elements series . On February 24 , 2015 , B.o.B . appeared on Tech N9nes Hood Go Crazy , alongside 2 Chainz , which received moderate success . Later that year , B.o.B spoke about the possibility of a collaborative mixtape with Tech N9ne . On August 14 , 2015 , B.o.B released a project titled Psycadelik Thoughtz to tide fans over before his fourth studio . It features guest appearances from singers Jon Bellion and Sevyn Streeter . The EP , which was released without any promotion or pre-release singles , debuted at number 97 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . On December 4 , 2015 , B.o.B self-released an EP titled WATER . On December 7 , 2015 , B.o.B claimed he was being suppressed by Atlantic Records . On January 2 , 2016 , B.o.B said I havent forgotten about the rock album. . when the time is right . On January 18 , 2016 , B.o.B released his second EP in as many months . The EP , titled FIRE , follows the concept of his previous one , adopting the title of an element and the use of acronyms . On April 22 , 2016 , in celebration of Earth Day , B.o.B released a mixtape titled EARTH , which includes the song Flatline . On November 4 , 2016 , B.o.B released his first compilation album , Elements , composed of songs from his last four solo mixtapes , WATER , FIRE , EARTH and AIR . On July 5 , 2018 , B.o.B . released his sixth studio album , Naga . Though he stated at the time that it would be his last , a follow-up , Southmatic , was released the following year . In 2020 and 2021 , he released two further albums : Somnia and Lost Tapes . Artistry . Influences . B.o.B has described his influences as 80s music , techno , rock , funk , even doo-wop . In a 2012 interview with HipHopDX , when asked given your age and where you grew up , how have the sounds of Goodie Mob , Outkast , T.I . and other Southern hip hop artists influenced you? , Simmons responded with : Oh yeah all of them . Outkast , Goodie Mob , Trillville , Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz , Crime Mob , Bone Crusher . All of them played a huge role in creating the sound that I had . When you are in Atlanta you see everything , but I still ventured off into other areas . I was a huge Eminem fan . A DMX fan . [ A ] Dr . Dre [ fan ] . I think thats why I have a universal appreciation for such music . Simmons 2015 album Psycadelik Thoughtz , was influenced by 70s rock and funk . Musical style . In a 2009 interview , when asked about his music B.o.B said : I try to be more personal than try to be different . In a review for his debut album The Adventures of Bobby Ray ( 2010 ) , HipHopDX wrote : The versatility that B.o.B encapsulates is evident from the outset of the album . B.o.B sings , raps , plays the piano and the guitar , all throughout his debut . He utilizes pop music , political hip hop , trap music , rock music , and club music , often dividing himself into two personas that handle specific genres ; the B.o.B alter ego is responsible for the pop , trap and club music , while Bobby Ray is the more heartfelt multi-instrumentalist who shares his views through conscious rap and rock music . Simmons heavily explored this concept on his 2009 mixtape B.o.B vs . Bobby Ray , and later on the 2012 single Where Are You ( B.o.B vs . Bobby Ray ) . Beliefs . B.o.B is an outspoken conspiracy theorist and is noted for his anti-establishment views , which he has expressed in interviews , social media and his music . He has also been vocal on several social and political issues , including the rights of African Americans , police brutality and American exceptionalism . He believes that the Earth is flat , the 1969 moon landing was faked , 9/11 was an inside job , the world will be taken over by the Illuminati and celebrity cloning is administered by the U.S . government . B.o.Bs 2016 song Flatline alludes to antisemitic conspiracy theories , asking his audience to Do their research on Holocaust denier David Irving , adding Stalin was way worse than Hitler / Thats why the POTUS gotta wear a Kipper [ kippah ] . These comments gained the attention of the Anti-Defamation League , which stated the lyrics invoke the antisemitic conspiracy theory that alleges Jews control the U.S . government . Flat Earth belief . In January 2016 , B.o.B expressed the belief that the Earth is flat . Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson responded to B.o.B on Twitter and attempted to persuade him that the Earth is round , but the rapper refused to retract his views and accused NASA of avoiding questions , while releasing a diss track against Tyson . The track , titled Flatline , expands on B.o.B.s views about the shape of the Earth . Tyson and his rapper nephew , Stephen , responded to B.o.Bs flat Earth diss with their own diss track titled Flat to Fact . Tyson followed this with a January 2016 television appearance on the Comedy Central late-night talk show The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore where he addressed the rapper : Its a fundamental fact of calculus and non-Euclidean geometry : Small sections of large curved surfaces will always look flat to little creatures that crawl upon it .. . And by the way , this is called gravity Tyson said , dropping his mic . B.o.B . accepted membership in The Flat Earth Society in 2016 . In September 2017 , B.o.B sought $200,000 in donations to launch his own satellites to verify the shape of the Earth . Shortly after seeking the original $200,000 B.o.B upped his request to $1,000,000 to cover the cost of many test seeking drones , weather balloons , and satellites . Discography . - ( 2010 ) - Strange Clouds ( 2012 ) - Underground Luxury ( 2013 ) - Ether ( 2017 ) - The Upside Down ( 2017 ) - Naga ( 2018 ) - Southmatic ( 2019 ) - Somnia ( 2020 ) - Lost Tapes ( 2021 ) |
[
"Atlantic Records",
"Rebel Rock"
] | hard | What was the record label of B.o.B in 2015? | /wiki/B.o.B#P264#3 | B.o.B Bobby Ray Simmons Jr . ( born November 15 , 1988 ) , known professionally as B.o.B , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , record producer , and conspiracy theorist from Decatur , Georgia . In 2006 , B.o.B was discovered by Brian Richardson , who then introduced him to TJ Chapman , who subsequently brought him to American record producer Jim Jonsin . After hearing his music , Jonsin signed B.o.B to his Rebel Rock Entertainment imprint . Two years later , Jonsin and B.o.B signed a joint venture deal , with Atlantic Records and American rapper T.I.s Grand Hustle Records . B.o.B quickly rose to fame after his commercial debut single Nothin on You ( featuring Bruno Mars ) , reached number one in both the United States and the United Kingdom in 2009 . He would later release his third single Airplanes ( featuring Hayley Williams of Paramore ) , which also topped several major music charts . His fifth single Magic , became his 3rd top 10 hit on the US Billboard Hot 100 . B.o.Bs debut studio album , which was preceded by two extended plays ( EPs ) and several mixtapes , was released in April 2010 . The album reached number one on the US Billboard 200 and was eventually certified 2× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in 2016 . B.o.B was named the ninth Hottest MC in the Game of 2010 by MTV , on their annual list . B.o.B released his second studio album Strange Clouds , in May 2012 . The album spawned six singles , four of which charted exceptionally well internationally . The albums eponymous lead single ( featuring Lil Wayne ) became his fourth top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 . The singles So Good , Both of Us ( featuring Taylor Swift ) and Out of My Mind ( featuring Nicki Minaj ) , followed behind , with the former two being certified platinum by the RIAA . The album itself debuted at number five on the Billboard 200 . His third album Underground Luxury , was released in December 2013 and supported by the lead single HeadBand ( featuring 2 Chainz ) . In August 2015 , B.o.B unexpectedly released a new project Psycadelik Thoughtz , via digital distribution , with little-to-no promotion . B.o.B is an outspoken believer that the earth is flat . Life and career . 1988–2006 : Early life and career beginnings . Bobby Ray Simmons Jr . was born on November 15 , 1988 in Winston-Salem , North Carolina . He played the trumpet in his school band from elementary school through high school . Although his parents wanted him to continue his education , B.o.B decided in sixth grade that he wanted to pursue a music career . His father , a pastor , disapproved of his sons choices , until he realized B.o.B was using music as a form of therapy and a creative outlet . B.o.B later reflected on his experience , saying , Theyve always supported me . They got my first keyboard to make beats on and they helped me out getting equipment here and there . But it was kind of hard for them to really understand what I was really trying to accomplish . B.o.B attended Columbia High School in Decatur , Georgia , where he played the trumpet in the school band , until he landed a record deal and decided to drop out of school in the ninth grade . In 2002 , after meeting his mentor and co-manager B-Rich at the age of 14 , B.o.B sold his first beat to former Slip-n-Slide recording artist Citti , for the song Im the Cookie Man . B.o.B felt he had established a substantial career . I went and blew all of my money on fast stuff like a chain and ballin . Soon I was broke again , but I learned two important things from it ; make sure I save my money and that I was hooked on music . He continued performing at open mics and underground venues to perfect his craft . In 2006 , because he was underage , B-Rich helped sneak B.o.B into Club Crucial , a night club owned by Atlanta-based rapper T.I . There , B.o.B performed a song titled Cloud 9 , a self-produced , spoken word-like ode to marijuana . In attendance was producer and industry veteran T.J . Chapman , chief executive officer ( CEO ) of TJs DJs . Chapman agreed to co-manage B.o.B , which only a month later led to B.o.Bs signing with Atlantic Records and subsidiary imprint Rebel Rock , run by Florida-based producer Jim Jonsin . His first single for Atlantic , 2007s Haterz Everywhere , reached the top five of Billboards Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop singles chart . Along with his solo production career , B.o.B is part of the production/rap group HamSquad , along with Playboy Tre , DJ Swatts , DJ Smooth , Moss B , B-Rich and TJ Chapman . 2007–08 : Rise to fame and mixtapes . B.o.B first began to gain recognition at the start of 2007 . The underground single , Haterz Everywhere featuring Wes Fif , gained the rapper attention by peaking at number 5 on the US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles . The remix to Haterz Everywhere featuring Rich Boy , was included used in the video game Fight Night Round 4 , and a music video was later released for that version . Another single , Ill Be in the Sky , was released in 2008 and it has reached at number 15 on the same charts . About.com called the song a smart , funky artrap and a strong prelude to his album and included it at number 13 on its subjective ranking Top 100 Rap Songs of 2008 . Incidentally , another song produced by B.o.B called Generation Lost , listed alongside the song , on the ranking at number 32 . This was followed by another single , Dont Let Me Fall . B.o.B made his first big feature appearing on T.I.s highly acclaimed album Paper Trail ( 2008 ) , on the song On Top of the World , alongside fellow Atlanta-based rapper Ludacris . In 2008 , it was announced he would appear on the cover of XXL magazine , along with Asher Roth , Charles Hamilton and Wale as part of their Hip-Hops Class of 09 issue . In October 2008 , B.o.B was featured on the cover of Vibe along with some of these same young musicians and was similarly identified as promising young talent . From 2007 to 2008 , B.o.B released four mixtapes ; The Future ( 2007 ) , Cloud 9 ( 2007 ) , Hi ! My Name is B.o.B ( 2008 ) Who the F#*k is B.o.B ? ( 2008 ) and two extended plays ; Eastside ( 2007 ) , 12th Dimension ( 2008 ) . 2008–10 : Mainstream success and debut album . In 2008 , it was announced B.o.B was included in XXLs 2009 annual Freshman Class , and was featured on the cover alongside fellow up-and-coming rappers Asher Roth , Wale , Kid Cudi , Charles Hamilton , Cory Gunz , Blu , Mickey Factz , Ace Hood and Curren$y . In February 2009 , B.o.B crafted an original song , titled Auto-Tune , for the videogame . On May 16 , 2009 , B.o.B released a cover of Manu Chaos Mr . Bobby and said he wanted to be known mononymously as Bobby Ray while also claiming he was taking his music in a new direction : Now I go by the name Bobby Ray . Make sure you put Bobby Ray . Im really going into a new direction – more free and not trying to live up to any particular genre . I dont feel like Ive been doing that . I dont feel like Ive been trying to fit in , but I feel even more free-spirited . I have more willingness musically . Thats all Im about . Im about guitars , chords and keyboards . On June 22 , 2009 , B.o.B released his fifth mixtape , appropriately titled B.o.B vs . Bobby Ray . The mixtape , reminiscent of T.I.s T.I . vs . T.I.P . ( 2007 ) , was mainly produced by Fury and B.o.B . The mixtape also included a song produced by Red Spyda , titled Fly Like Me and another titled Put Me On , which is a re-imagining of A Tribe Called Quests 1990 hit , Bonita Applebum . Reebok used Put Me On in celebration of the Reebok Classic Remix collection . The track is available for download exclusively to customers who purchase styles from the Reebok Classic Remix collection , at Foot Locker stores nationwide . During the summer of 2009 , B.o.B joined fellow up-and-coming rappers Kid Cudi and Asher Roth for The Great Hangover concert tour . B.o.B . was to open Blue Octobers Pick Up the Phone tour in October-November 2009 , but the tour was cancelled after Justin Furstenfeld was hospitalized following a severe mental anxiety attack . On January 13 , 2010 , B.o.B announced his debut studio album , tentatively titled The Adventures of Bobby Ray , was expected to be released on May 25 , 2010 . To promote the album , B.o.B announced a mixtape titled May 25 , in reference to his albums release date . May 25 was released on February 1 , 2010 , to critical acclaim . The mixtape features guest appearances from J . Cole , Asher Roth , Playboy Tre , Charles Hamilton and Bruno Mars . The latter of whom was featured on the bonus track and B.o.Bs debut single , Nothin on You . Due to the commercial success of his mixtape May 25 and his single Nothin on You , the release date of his debut album was advanced to April 27 , 2010 . Three other singles followed : Dont Let Me Fall ( released April 6 , 2010 ) , Airplanes ( April 13 , 2010 ; featuring Hayley Williams ) , and Bet I ( April 20 , 2010 ; featuring T.I . and Playboy Tre ) . A video for Bet I was released on Atlantic Videos on YouTube . was released under Atlantic and T.I.s Grand Hustle imprint , featuring guest appearances from Lupe Fiasco , T.I. , Playboy Tre , Hayley Williams , Rivers Cuomo , Ricco Barrino , Janelle Monáe and Bruno Mars . The album , released April 27 , 2010 , was given generally positive reviews . His album sold 84,000 copies in the first week and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . It made B.o.B the thirteenth solo male artist to have a debut album arrive at number one in its first week . In July , B.o.B announced he will go on tour , naming it The SHOOTiN for Stars Tour . The dates and times were released on his website on July 13 . B.o.B has received nominations for his album , singles , and himself by the BET Awards , Teen Choice Awards , MTV Video Music Awards , and the new Suckerfree Summit . Airplanes was featured in the trailer for the upcoming movie Charlie St . Cloud and his single Magic featured him in an advertisement for Adidas Magic campaign . B.o.B was announced to be a performer at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on August 18 . He was added to the lineup of Eminem , Linkin Park , Kanye West , Drake , Usher , Paramore , Florence and the Machine , and Justin Bieber . On August 14 , 2010 , Hayley Williams announced via the Official Paramore Fan Club that B.o.B would be the main support for Paramores November UK Tour . B.o.B also opened for Eminem and Jay-Zs The Home & Home Tour at Comerica Park . B.o.B also did a MTV Unplugged session . He performed songs off his debut album , as well as a cover of Kids by MGMT , with guests Robin Thicke , Melanie Fiona , and Janelle Monáe . B.o.B also made an appearance in Lollapalooza 2010 . B.o.B made an appearance at the 2010 MTV VMAs on September 12 , 2010 . He performed parts of both his singles , Nothin on You with Bruno Mars and Airplanes with Hayley Williams . B.o.B released his seventh mixtape , titled No Genre , on December 7 , 2010 . B.o.B Presents : The Adventures of Bobby Ray was certified 2x platinum by the RIAA on August 2 , 2016 . 2011–12 : Strange Clouds . Jessie J released a single featuring B.o.B , titled Price Tag , on January 30 , 2011 . The song was quick to reach number one in the United Kingdom charts selling 84,000 copies in its first week of sales . On March 22 , 2011 , Electronic Arts released the Launch Trailer for the upcoming first-person-shooter Crysis 2 which featured a song by B.o.B titled New York New York containing the main piano chorus from the song Theme from New York , New York commonly sung by Frank Sinatra ; the artist who sang the chorus is unconfirmed . The full song later appeared on his eighth mixtape E.P.I.C . ( Every Play Is Crucial ) , showing the song was produced by Mike Caren . In early 2011 , Odd Futures Tyler , the Creator released a song titled Yonkers . In the song Tyler raps ( What you think of Hayley Williams? ) Fuck her , Wolf Haley robbing em / Ill crash that fucking airplane that that faggot nigga B.o.B is in / And stab Bruno Mars in his goddamn esophagus / And wont stop until the cops come in . In response , on March 25 , B.o.B released No Future a song in which he takes aim at the hip hop collective and their leader . In June 2011 , it was announced that B.o.B was featured and produced a song on Tech N9nes twelfth studio album , All 6s and 7s . The track , titled Am I a Psycho ? features rapper Hopsin as well , who also seems to have issues with Tyler , the Creator . B.o.B also appeared on the official remix to Keshas hit single Blow . The remix was released to iTunes on May 17 , 2011 . In the summer of 2011 , B.o.B was announced the new face of T.I.s clothing line AKOO . He will be featured in AKOO Clothings upcoming fall 2011 national advertising campaign alongside Curtis Granderson of the New York Yankees , Carl Crawford of the Boston Red Sox , and star of the BET hit sitcom , The Game , Hosea Chanchez . He will be appearing in a graphic novel for A.K.O.O titled Hide in Plain Sight – Saving the World From Fashion Conspiracy . On August 27 , 2011 , a video appeared on YouTube of B.o.B performing at Colorado State University , where he previewed a song titled Strange Clouds and announced it features Lil Wayne . In an interview with Syracuse Universitys The Daily Orange , B.o.B spoke of his second studio album for the first time . He went on to say Its a more mature sound but nothing too experimental . Its a happy medium between the sound of B.o.B Presents : The Adventures of Bobby Ray and the mixtapes , so everyone should be able to enjoy it . Id say Im 90 percent done with it right now , but the album title is still TBA . On September 23 , 2011 , B.o.B released a trailer , through his website , for the upcoming single Strange Clouds . The trailer announced the single will be officially released October 3 . The single leaked prior to the release date on September 25 , causing the single to be released on iTunes on September 27 . Later that day B.o.B appeared on an online video stream on radio station V103 and announced the title of the album to also be Strange Clouds and was set to be released in early 2012 . Bobby Ray held the first listening session for his album Strange Clouds at Tree Sound Studios on October 25 , 2011 . Seven new songs were previewed during the listening session , including the promotional single Play the Guitar which features André 3000 . Other big guest appearances confirmed , as the album was not fully complete , include Lil Wayne , Big K.R.I.T. , Nelly and a song with T.I . titled Arena . In addition he has worked with OneRepublic on a song and has been quoted as having : the song of 2012 with a mega feature from somebody who never does features with anyone! . On November 15 , 2011 , B.o.B said he would be releasing a mixtape titled E.P.I.C . ( Every Play Is Crucial ) prior to the albums release . The mixtape was released on November 28 , 2011 , featuring guest appearances from Eminem , Mos Def , Roscoe Dash , Meek Mill , and Bun B amongst others and included production from Ryan Tedder to Lil C and Jim Jonsin . While on set for the Strange Clouds music video , MTV interviewed B.o.B and confronted him of a rumor that he and T.I . are working on a collaborative album , B.o.B responded : The joint album , it actually started as a joke . Tip would always refer to me as the Martian , and in one of his lyrics , he said , Its the man and the Martian , and we said , Man that could be an album title . We kinda just played around with it . But it seems to be taking form in a very organic way . On December 1 , 2011 B.o.B appeared on New York Citys Hot 97 radio station and confirmed that he and T.I . are indeed working on a collaborative album titled The Man & The Martian . On December 22 , 2011 , B.o.B released a snippet of Play the Guitar , a promotional single , featuring André 3000 and a sample of Fancy as performed by Drake , T.I . and Swizz Beatz . Play the Guitar was later released to digital retailers on December 27 , 2011 . On February 14 , 2012 , B.o.B released a trailer for the second official single , So Good . The song , produced by Ryan Tedder , was released on February 21 . In 2012 in an interview with PopCush , B.o.B expressed his desire to work with Kid Cudi , James Blake and Skrillex : I would also like to work with James Blake . Thatd be crazy . I think me , James Blake and Kid Cudi should do a song and it should be produced by Skrillex . I think the sky would fall if we did that song and the sky would come down to Earth and party with us . On March 20 , 2012 , B.o.B released Where Are You ( B.o.B vs . Bobby Ray ) , the second promotional single from Strange Clouds . So Hard to Breathe was released as the third promotional single on April 17 , 2012 . In an April 2012 interview with HipHopDX , B.o.B announced he would be releasing a rock album . B.o.B appeared on Haley Reinharts debut studio album Listen Up ! on the intro track Oh My . Strange Clouds , B.o.Bs second studio album , was released May 1 , 2012 , to critical acclaim . The album debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200 , with 76,000 copies sold the first week . Both of Us serves as the albums third single and was sent to Top 40 Mainstream radio on May 22 , 2012 . The song features American country-singer Taylor Swift . It debuted on Australia Top 50 singles chart at number 46 . The song sold 143,000 copies first week , along with the album release , debuting at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and became the weeks top debut . 2012–14 : Underground Luxury and No Genre . On October 9 , 2012 , B.o.B was featured on the annual BET Hip Hop Awards cypher , alongside his Grand Hustle label-mates Iggy Azalea , T.I. , Chip and Trae tha Truth . On November 15 , 2012 , B.o.B released his ninth mixtape , entitled Fuck Em We Ball . The mixtape features guest appearances from T.I. , Juicy J , Mac Miller , Playboy Tre , Snoop Lion , Spodee and Iggy Azalea , with much of the production coming from B.o.B himself . The mixtape also spawned a single , with the release of the club banger , We Still in This Bitch . In early December , B.o.B revealed to MTV plans to release a rock music-influenced extended play : Ive been holding back so much rock for so long . I have been performing with my band for a while , so I guess this is a real good canvas for me to paint on . No ones really expecting anything so I can do what I want to do . He also spoke lightly on his third studio album as well : My album is basically a continuation of The Adventures of Bobby Ray and Strange Clouds . I feel like it kinda bridges the gap between where all my fans are and finally getting everybody up to speed on what my sound is and exactly where Im going . While filming the video for Memories Back Then , in an interview with Rap-Up , B.o.B spoke on a series of projects including his third album , a rock EP , and the Hustle Gang compilation . Rap-Up TV caught up with Bobby Ray , where he stated his rock EP is in the works and will reflect his diverse influences : When I drop it , everyones gonna have an eargasm . Its really how I fell in love with rock music , from indie to alternative to classic rock to even some forms of country music . He spoke of his third album , which is nearing completion : This project is a lot more effortless than anything because Ive really shown the full spectrum of what I can do musically , so now Im just having fun with it . Im 24 years old , so Im partying . In March , B.o.B teamed up with fellow Atlanta rapper Big Boi of OutKast to release the official theme song for the 2013 video game ; if pre-ordered the rappers were also playable characters . The song , titled Double or Nothing , was accompanied with a music video directed and produced by Vice , Noisey and EA . On April 22 , 2013 it was announced B.o.B would tour with fellow American rappers Wiz Khalifa , A$AP Rocky , Trinidad James , Joey Bada$$ , and Smoke DZA , for the Under the Influence concert tour . The tour would then begin on July 17 , 2013 . On May 12 , 2013 B.o.B tweeted : Underground Luxury .. . coming this summer.. . #staytuned , revealing the title of his third studio album . In May , B.o.B also premiered a music video for a newly released song of his titled Through My Head . The video was directed by Peruvian film director Ricardo de Montreuil . On May 13 , 2013 radio personality Funkmaster Flex premiered HeadBand ( featuring 2 Chainz ) , the lead single from Underground Luxury . The song would be released to retail on May 21 , 2013 . The song has since peaked at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 . B.o.B later revealed in an early September interview , that the album would be released in December 2013 . On September 10 , 2013 , the second single from Underground Luxury , titled Ready , was released to iTunes . The song , produced by Noel Detail Fisher , features fellow Atlanta-based rapper Future . In September 2013 , B.o.B revealed he has plan to launch his own record label imprint . During an interview , he stated Im putting my CEO pants on , man . Im finna start a label called HamSquad and Im looking for artists to be the flagship artists for the label . So Im really excited about that . In the same interview he announced Underground Luxury , would be released in December . B.o.B called his third album a Career Shifting Project , adding that the album will revolve around how his life has changed since achieving major success . On October 15 , 2013 the music video for Ready was released . On October 17 , 2013 , during an interview on BETs 106 & Park , B.o.B announced that the album would be released on December 17 , 2013 . Underground Luxury debuted at number 22 on the Billboard 200 , with first-week sales of 35,000 copies in the United States . This was a steep decline in sales from his first two albums which respectively sold 84,000 and 74,000 in their first week . In its second week the album dropped to number 30 , selling 19,000 more copies in the United States . In its third week the album sold 9,000 more copies . In its fourth week the album sold 6,600 more copies in the United States . On June 9 , 2014 , in an interview with Bootleg Kev , B.o.B announced his new record label imprint , No Genre , named after his 2010 mixtape . On July 9 , 2014 , B.o.B released No Genre 2 , the sequel to his seventh mixtape . No Genre 2 features guest appearances from Kevin Gates , Victoria Monet , Mike Fresh , Ty Dolla Sign , Sevyn Streeter , Mila J , T.I . and more . On October 14 , 2014 , B.o.B released a song titled Not For Long , featuring Trey Songz , as a single via digital distribution . On October 7 , 2014 , an up-and-coming singer named Tora Woloshin , announced she signed to No Genre . On October 24 , 2014 , B.o.B released a song titled Fleek , the song was credited to B.o.Bs new label imprint , No Genre . The song features No Genres newly signed artists , Lin-Z and London Jae . On November 28 , 2014 , B.o.B released New Black , his eleventh solo mixtape . The project is a cohesive concept album , compiled of politically charged songs , including Generation Lost , as the third track . 2015–present : Psycadelik Thoughtz and Elements series . On February 24 , 2015 , B.o.B . appeared on Tech N9nes Hood Go Crazy , alongside 2 Chainz , which received moderate success . Later that year , B.o.B spoke about the possibility of a collaborative mixtape with Tech N9ne . On August 14 , 2015 , B.o.B released a project titled Psycadelik Thoughtz to tide fans over before his fourth studio . It features guest appearances from singers Jon Bellion and Sevyn Streeter . The EP , which was released without any promotion or pre-release singles , debuted at number 97 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . On December 4 , 2015 , B.o.B self-released an EP titled WATER . On December 7 , 2015 , B.o.B claimed he was being suppressed by Atlantic Records . On January 2 , 2016 , B.o.B said I havent forgotten about the rock album. . when the time is right . On January 18 , 2016 , B.o.B released his second EP in as many months . The EP , titled FIRE , follows the concept of his previous one , adopting the title of an element and the use of acronyms . On April 22 , 2016 , in celebration of Earth Day , B.o.B released a mixtape titled EARTH , which includes the song Flatline . On November 4 , 2016 , B.o.B released his first compilation album , Elements , composed of songs from his last four solo mixtapes , WATER , FIRE , EARTH and AIR . On July 5 , 2018 , B.o.B . released his sixth studio album , Naga . Though he stated at the time that it would be his last , a follow-up , Southmatic , was released the following year . In 2020 and 2021 , he released two further albums : Somnia and Lost Tapes . Artistry . Influences . B.o.B has described his influences as 80s music , techno , rock , funk , even doo-wop . In a 2012 interview with HipHopDX , when asked given your age and where you grew up , how have the sounds of Goodie Mob , Outkast , T.I . and other Southern hip hop artists influenced you? , Simmons responded with : Oh yeah all of them . Outkast , Goodie Mob , Trillville , Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz , Crime Mob , Bone Crusher . All of them played a huge role in creating the sound that I had . When you are in Atlanta you see everything , but I still ventured off into other areas . I was a huge Eminem fan . A DMX fan . [ A ] Dr . Dre [ fan ] . I think thats why I have a universal appreciation for such music . Simmons 2015 album Psycadelik Thoughtz , was influenced by 70s rock and funk . Musical style . In a 2009 interview , when asked about his music B.o.B said : I try to be more personal than try to be different . In a review for his debut album The Adventures of Bobby Ray ( 2010 ) , HipHopDX wrote : The versatility that B.o.B encapsulates is evident from the outset of the album . B.o.B sings , raps , plays the piano and the guitar , all throughout his debut . He utilizes pop music , political hip hop , trap music , rock music , and club music , often dividing himself into two personas that handle specific genres ; the B.o.B alter ego is responsible for the pop , trap and club music , while Bobby Ray is the more heartfelt multi-instrumentalist who shares his views through conscious rap and rock music . Simmons heavily explored this concept on his 2009 mixtape B.o.B vs . Bobby Ray , and later on the 2012 single Where Are You ( B.o.B vs . Bobby Ray ) . Beliefs . B.o.B is an outspoken conspiracy theorist and is noted for his anti-establishment views , which he has expressed in interviews , social media and his music . He has also been vocal on several social and political issues , including the rights of African Americans , police brutality and American exceptionalism . He believes that the Earth is flat , the 1969 moon landing was faked , 9/11 was an inside job , the world will be taken over by the Illuminati and celebrity cloning is administered by the U.S . government . B.o.Bs 2016 song Flatline alludes to antisemitic conspiracy theories , asking his audience to Do their research on Holocaust denier David Irving , adding Stalin was way worse than Hitler / Thats why the POTUS gotta wear a Kipper [ kippah ] . These comments gained the attention of the Anti-Defamation League , which stated the lyrics invoke the antisemitic conspiracy theory that alleges Jews control the U.S . government . Flat Earth belief . In January 2016 , B.o.B expressed the belief that the Earth is flat . Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson responded to B.o.B on Twitter and attempted to persuade him that the Earth is round , but the rapper refused to retract his views and accused NASA of avoiding questions , while releasing a diss track against Tyson . The track , titled Flatline , expands on B.o.B.s views about the shape of the Earth . Tyson and his rapper nephew , Stephen , responded to B.o.Bs flat Earth diss with their own diss track titled Flat to Fact . Tyson followed this with a January 2016 television appearance on the Comedy Central late-night talk show The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore where he addressed the rapper : Its a fundamental fact of calculus and non-Euclidean geometry : Small sections of large curved surfaces will always look flat to little creatures that crawl upon it .. . And by the way , this is called gravity Tyson said , dropping his mic . B.o.B . accepted membership in The Flat Earth Society in 2016 . In September 2017 , B.o.B sought $200,000 in donations to launch his own satellites to verify the shape of the Earth . Shortly after seeking the original $200,000 B.o.B upped his request to $1,000,000 to cover the cost of many test seeking drones , weather balloons , and satellites . Discography . - ( 2010 ) - Strange Clouds ( 2012 ) - Underground Luxury ( 2013 ) - Ether ( 2017 ) - The Upside Down ( 2017 ) - Naga ( 2018 ) - Southmatic ( 2019 ) - Somnia ( 2020 ) - Lost Tapes ( 2021 ) |
[
"No Genre"
] | hard | What was the record label of B.o.B after Mar 2015? | /wiki/B.o.B#P264#4 | B.o.B Bobby Ray Simmons Jr . ( born November 15 , 1988 ) , known professionally as B.o.B , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , record producer , and conspiracy theorist from Decatur , Georgia . In 2006 , B.o.B was discovered by Brian Richardson , who then introduced him to TJ Chapman , who subsequently brought him to American record producer Jim Jonsin . After hearing his music , Jonsin signed B.o.B to his Rebel Rock Entertainment imprint . Two years later , Jonsin and B.o.B signed a joint venture deal , with Atlantic Records and American rapper T.I.s Grand Hustle Records . B.o.B quickly rose to fame after his commercial debut single Nothin on You ( featuring Bruno Mars ) , reached number one in both the United States and the United Kingdom in 2009 . He would later release his third single Airplanes ( featuring Hayley Williams of Paramore ) , which also topped several major music charts . His fifth single Magic , became his 3rd top 10 hit on the US Billboard Hot 100 . B.o.Bs debut studio album , which was preceded by two extended plays ( EPs ) and several mixtapes , was released in April 2010 . The album reached number one on the US Billboard 200 and was eventually certified 2× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in 2016 . B.o.B was named the ninth Hottest MC in the Game of 2010 by MTV , on their annual list . B.o.B released his second studio album Strange Clouds , in May 2012 . The album spawned six singles , four of which charted exceptionally well internationally . The albums eponymous lead single ( featuring Lil Wayne ) became his fourth top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 . The singles So Good , Both of Us ( featuring Taylor Swift ) and Out of My Mind ( featuring Nicki Minaj ) , followed behind , with the former two being certified platinum by the RIAA . The album itself debuted at number five on the Billboard 200 . His third album Underground Luxury , was released in December 2013 and supported by the lead single HeadBand ( featuring 2 Chainz ) . In August 2015 , B.o.B unexpectedly released a new project Psycadelik Thoughtz , via digital distribution , with little-to-no promotion . B.o.B is an outspoken believer that the earth is flat . Life and career . 1988–2006 : Early life and career beginnings . Bobby Ray Simmons Jr . was born on November 15 , 1988 in Winston-Salem , North Carolina . He played the trumpet in his school band from elementary school through high school . Although his parents wanted him to continue his education , B.o.B decided in sixth grade that he wanted to pursue a music career . His father , a pastor , disapproved of his sons choices , until he realized B.o.B was using music as a form of therapy and a creative outlet . B.o.B later reflected on his experience , saying , Theyve always supported me . They got my first keyboard to make beats on and they helped me out getting equipment here and there . But it was kind of hard for them to really understand what I was really trying to accomplish . B.o.B attended Columbia High School in Decatur , Georgia , where he played the trumpet in the school band , until he landed a record deal and decided to drop out of school in the ninth grade . In 2002 , after meeting his mentor and co-manager B-Rich at the age of 14 , B.o.B sold his first beat to former Slip-n-Slide recording artist Citti , for the song Im the Cookie Man . B.o.B felt he had established a substantial career . I went and blew all of my money on fast stuff like a chain and ballin . Soon I was broke again , but I learned two important things from it ; make sure I save my money and that I was hooked on music . He continued performing at open mics and underground venues to perfect his craft . In 2006 , because he was underage , B-Rich helped sneak B.o.B into Club Crucial , a night club owned by Atlanta-based rapper T.I . There , B.o.B performed a song titled Cloud 9 , a self-produced , spoken word-like ode to marijuana . In attendance was producer and industry veteran T.J . Chapman , chief executive officer ( CEO ) of TJs DJs . Chapman agreed to co-manage B.o.B , which only a month later led to B.o.Bs signing with Atlantic Records and subsidiary imprint Rebel Rock , run by Florida-based producer Jim Jonsin . His first single for Atlantic , 2007s Haterz Everywhere , reached the top five of Billboards Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop singles chart . Along with his solo production career , B.o.B is part of the production/rap group HamSquad , along with Playboy Tre , DJ Swatts , DJ Smooth , Moss B , B-Rich and TJ Chapman . 2007–08 : Rise to fame and mixtapes . B.o.B first began to gain recognition at the start of 2007 . The underground single , Haterz Everywhere featuring Wes Fif , gained the rapper attention by peaking at number 5 on the US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles . The remix to Haterz Everywhere featuring Rich Boy , was included used in the video game Fight Night Round 4 , and a music video was later released for that version . Another single , Ill Be in the Sky , was released in 2008 and it has reached at number 15 on the same charts . About.com called the song a smart , funky artrap and a strong prelude to his album and included it at number 13 on its subjective ranking Top 100 Rap Songs of 2008 . Incidentally , another song produced by B.o.B called Generation Lost , listed alongside the song , on the ranking at number 32 . This was followed by another single , Dont Let Me Fall . B.o.B made his first big feature appearing on T.I.s highly acclaimed album Paper Trail ( 2008 ) , on the song On Top of the World , alongside fellow Atlanta-based rapper Ludacris . In 2008 , it was announced he would appear on the cover of XXL magazine , along with Asher Roth , Charles Hamilton and Wale as part of their Hip-Hops Class of 09 issue . In October 2008 , B.o.B was featured on the cover of Vibe along with some of these same young musicians and was similarly identified as promising young talent . From 2007 to 2008 , B.o.B released four mixtapes ; The Future ( 2007 ) , Cloud 9 ( 2007 ) , Hi ! My Name is B.o.B ( 2008 ) Who the F#*k is B.o.B ? ( 2008 ) and two extended plays ; Eastside ( 2007 ) , 12th Dimension ( 2008 ) . 2008–10 : Mainstream success and debut album . In 2008 , it was announced B.o.B was included in XXLs 2009 annual Freshman Class , and was featured on the cover alongside fellow up-and-coming rappers Asher Roth , Wale , Kid Cudi , Charles Hamilton , Cory Gunz , Blu , Mickey Factz , Ace Hood and Curren$y . In February 2009 , B.o.B crafted an original song , titled Auto-Tune , for the videogame . On May 16 , 2009 , B.o.B released a cover of Manu Chaos Mr . Bobby and said he wanted to be known mononymously as Bobby Ray while also claiming he was taking his music in a new direction : Now I go by the name Bobby Ray . Make sure you put Bobby Ray . Im really going into a new direction – more free and not trying to live up to any particular genre . I dont feel like Ive been doing that . I dont feel like Ive been trying to fit in , but I feel even more free-spirited . I have more willingness musically . Thats all Im about . Im about guitars , chords and keyboards . On June 22 , 2009 , B.o.B released his fifth mixtape , appropriately titled B.o.B vs . Bobby Ray . The mixtape , reminiscent of T.I.s T.I . vs . T.I.P . ( 2007 ) , was mainly produced by Fury and B.o.B . The mixtape also included a song produced by Red Spyda , titled Fly Like Me and another titled Put Me On , which is a re-imagining of A Tribe Called Quests 1990 hit , Bonita Applebum . Reebok used Put Me On in celebration of the Reebok Classic Remix collection . The track is available for download exclusively to customers who purchase styles from the Reebok Classic Remix collection , at Foot Locker stores nationwide . During the summer of 2009 , B.o.B joined fellow up-and-coming rappers Kid Cudi and Asher Roth for The Great Hangover concert tour . B.o.B . was to open Blue Octobers Pick Up the Phone tour in October-November 2009 , but the tour was cancelled after Justin Furstenfeld was hospitalized following a severe mental anxiety attack . On January 13 , 2010 , B.o.B announced his debut studio album , tentatively titled The Adventures of Bobby Ray , was expected to be released on May 25 , 2010 . To promote the album , B.o.B announced a mixtape titled May 25 , in reference to his albums release date . May 25 was released on February 1 , 2010 , to critical acclaim . The mixtape features guest appearances from J . Cole , Asher Roth , Playboy Tre , Charles Hamilton and Bruno Mars . The latter of whom was featured on the bonus track and B.o.Bs debut single , Nothin on You . Due to the commercial success of his mixtape May 25 and his single Nothin on You , the release date of his debut album was advanced to April 27 , 2010 . Three other singles followed : Dont Let Me Fall ( released April 6 , 2010 ) , Airplanes ( April 13 , 2010 ; featuring Hayley Williams ) , and Bet I ( April 20 , 2010 ; featuring T.I . and Playboy Tre ) . A video for Bet I was released on Atlantic Videos on YouTube . was released under Atlantic and T.I.s Grand Hustle imprint , featuring guest appearances from Lupe Fiasco , T.I. , Playboy Tre , Hayley Williams , Rivers Cuomo , Ricco Barrino , Janelle Monáe and Bruno Mars . The album , released April 27 , 2010 , was given generally positive reviews . His album sold 84,000 copies in the first week and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . It made B.o.B the thirteenth solo male artist to have a debut album arrive at number one in its first week . In July , B.o.B announced he will go on tour , naming it The SHOOTiN for Stars Tour . The dates and times were released on his website on July 13 . B.o.B has received nominations for his album , singles , and himself by the BET Awards , Teen Choice Awards , MTV Video Music Awards , and the new Suckerfree Summit . Airplanes was featured in the trailer for the upcoming movie Charlie St . Cloud and his single Magic featured him in an advertisement for Adidas Magic campaign . B.o.B was announced to be a performer at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on August 18 . He was added to the lineup of Eminem , Linkin Park , Kanye West , Drake , Usher , Paramore , Florence and the Machine , and Justin Bieber . On August 14 , 2010 , Hayley Williams announced via the Official Paramore Fan Club that B.o.B would be the main support for Paramores November UK Tour . B.o.B also opened for Eminem and Jay-Zs The Home & Home Tour at Comerica Park . B.o.B also did a MTV Unplugged session . He performed songs off his debut album , as well as a cover of Kids by MGMT , with guests Robin Thicke , Melanie Fiona , and Janelle Monáe . B.o.B also made an appearance in Lollapalooza 2010 . B.o.B made an appearance at the 2010 MTV VMAs on September 12 , 2010 . He performed parts of both his singles , Nothin on You with Bruno Mars and Airplanes with Hayley Williams . B.o.B released his seventh mixtape , titled No Genre , on December 7 , 2010 . B.o.B Presents : The Adventures of Bobby Ray was certified 2x platinum by the RIAA on August 2 , 2016 . 2011–12 : Strange Clouds . Jessie J released a single featuring B.o.B , titled Price Tag , on January 30 , 2011 . The song was quick to reach number one in the United Kingdom charts selling 84,000 copies in its first week of sales . On March 22 , 2011 , Electronic Arts released the Launch Trailer for the upcoming first-person-shooter Crysis 2 which featured a song by B.o.B titled New York New York containing the main piano chorus from the song Theme from New York , New York commonly sung by Frank Sinatra ; the artist who sang the chorus is unconfirmed . The full song later appeared on his eighth mixtape E.P.I.C . ( Every Play Is Crucial ) , showing the song was produced by Mike Caren . In early 2011 , Odd Futures Tyler , the Creator released a song titled Yonkers . In the song Tyler raps ( What you think of Hayley Williams? ) Fuck her , Wolf Haley robbing em / Ill crash that fucking airplane that that faggot nigga B.o.B is in / And stab Bruno Mars in his goddamn esophagus / And wont stop until the cops come in . In response , on March 25 , B.o.B released No Future a song in which he takes aim at the hip hop collective and their leader . In June 2011 , it was announced that B.o.B was featured and produced a song on Tech N9nes twelfth studio album , All 6s and 7s . The track , titled Am I a Psycho ? features rapper Hopsin as well , who also seems to have issues with Tyler , the Creator . B.o.B also appeared on the official remix to Keshas hit single Blow . The remix was released to iTunes on May 17 , 2011 . In the summer of 2011 , B.o.B was announced the new face of T.I.s clothing line AKOO . He will be featured in AKOO Clothings upcoming fall 2011 national advertising campaign alongside Curtis Granderson of the New York Yankees , Carl Crawford of the Boston Red Sox , and star of the BET hit sitcom , The Game , Hosea Chanchez . He will be appearing in a graphic novel for A.K.O.O titled Hide in Plain Sight – Saving the World From Fashion Conspiracy . On August 27 , 2011 , a video appeared on YouTube of B.o.B performing at Colorado State University , where he previewed a song titled Strange Clouds and announced it features Lil Wayne . In an interview with Syracuse Universitys The Daily Orange , B.o.B spoke of his second studio album for the first time . He went on to say Its a more mature sound but nothing too experimental . Its a happy medium between the sound of B.o.B Presents : The Adventures of Bobby Ray and the mixtapes , so everyone should be able to enjoy it . Id say Im 90 percent done with it right now , but the album title is still TBA . On September 23 , 2011 , B.o.B released a trailer , through his website , for the upcoming single Strange Clouds . The trailer announced the single will be officially released October 3 . The single leaked prior to the release date on September 25 , causing the single to be released on iTunes on September 27 . Later that day B.o.B appeared on an online video stream on radio station V103 and announced the title of the album to also be Strange Clouds and was set to be released in early 2012 . Bobby Ray held the first listening session for his album Strange Clouds at Tree Sound Studios on October 25 , 2011 . Seven new songs were previewed during the listening session , including the promotional single Play the Guitar which features André 3000 . Other big guest appearances confirmed , as the album was not fully complete , include Lil Wayne , Big K.R.I.T. , Nelly and a song with T.I . titled Arena . In addition he has worked with OneRepublic on a song and has been quoted as having : the song of 2012 with a mega feature from somebody who never does features with anyone! . On November 15 , 2011 , B.o.B said he would be releasing a mixtape titled E.P.I.C . ( Every Play Is Crucial ) prior to the albums release . The mixtape was released on November 28 , 2011 , featuring guest appearances from Eminem , Mos Def , Roscoe Dash , Meek Mill , and Bun B amongst others and included production from Ryan Tedder to Lil C and Jim Jonsin . While on set for the Strange Clouds music video , MTV interviewed B.o.B and confronted him of a rumor that he and T.I . are working on a collaborative album , B.o.B responded : The joint album , it actually started as a joke . Tip would always refer to me as the Martian , and in one of his lyrics , he said , Its the man and the Martian , and we said , Man that could be an album title . We kinda just played around with it . But it seems to be taking form in a very organic way . On December 1 , 2011 B.o.B appeared on New York Citys Hot 97 radio station and confirmed that he and T.I . are indeed working on a collaborative album titled The Man & The Martian . On December 22 , 2011 , B.o.B released a snippet of Play the Guitar , a promotional single , featuring André 3000 and a sample of Fancy as performed by Drake , T.I . and Swizz Beatz . Play the Guitar was later released to digital retailers on December 27 , 2011 . On February 14 , 2012 , B.o.B released a trailer for the second official single , So Good . The song , produced by Ryan Tedder , was released on February 21 . In 2012 in an interview with PopCush , B.o.B expressed his desire to work with Kid Cudi , James Blake and Skrillex : I would also like to work with James Blake . Thatd be crazy . I think me , James Blake and Kid Cudi should do a song and it should be produced by Skrillex . I think the sky would fall if we did that song and the sky would come down to Earth and party with us . On March 20 , 2012 , B.o.B released Where Are You ( B.o.B vs . Bobby Ray ) , the second promotional single from Strange Clouds . So Hard to Breathe was released as the third promotional single on April 17 , 2012 . In an April 2012 interview with HipHopDX , B.o.B announced he would be releasing a rock album . B.o.B appeared on Haley Reinharts debut studio album Listen Up ! on the intro track Oh My . Strange Clouds , B.o.Bs second studio album , was released May 1 , 2012 , to critical acclaim . The album debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200 , with 76,000 copies sold the first week . Both of Us serves as the albums third single and was sent to Top 40 Mainstream radio on May 22 , 2012 . The song features American country-singer Taylor Swift . It debuted on Australia Top 50 singles chart at number 46 . The song sold 143,000 copies first week , along with the album release , debuting at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and became the weeks top debut . 2012–14 : Underground Luxury and No Genre . On October 9 , 2012 , B.o.B was featured on the annual BET Hip Hop Awards cypher , alongside his Grand Hustle label-mates Iggy Azalea , T.I. , Chip and Trae tha Truth . On November 15 , 2012 , B.o.B released his ninth mixtape , entitled Fuck Em We Ball . The mixtape features guest appearances from T.I. , Juicy J , Mac Miller , Playboy Tre , Snoop Lion , Spodee and Iggy Azalea , with much of the production coming from B.o.B himself . The mixtape also spawned a single , with the release of the club banger , We Still in This Bitch . In early December , B.o.B revealed to MTV plans to release a rock music-influenced extended play : Ive been holding back so much rock for so long . I have been performing with my band for a while , so I guess this is a real good canvas for me to paint on . No ones really expecting anything so I can do what I want to do . He also spoke lightly on his third studio album as well : My album is basically a continuation of The Adventures of Bobby Ray and Strange Clouds . I feel like it kinda bridges the gap between where all my fans are and finally getting everybody up to speed on what my sound is and exactly where Im going . While filming the video for Memories Back Then , in an interview with Rap-Up , B.o.B spoke on a series of projects including his third album , a rock EP , and the Hustle Gang compilation . Rap-Up TV caught up with Bobby Ray , where he stated his rock EP is in the works and will reflect his diverse influences : When I drop it , everyones gonna have an eargasm . Its really how I fell in love with rock music , from indie to alternative to classic rock to even some forms of country music . He spoke of his third album , which is nearing completion : This project is a lot more effortless than anything because Ive really shown the full spectrum of what I can do musically , so now Im just having fun with it . Im 24 years old , so Im partying . In March , B.o.B teamed up with fellow Atlanta rapper Big Boi of OutKast to release the official theme song for the 2013 video game ; if pre-ordered the rappers were also playable characters . The song , titled Double or Nothing , was accompanied with a music video directed and produced by Vice , Noisey and EA . On April 22 , 2013 it was announced B.o.B would tour with fellow American rappers Wiz Khalifa , A$AP Rocky , Trinidad James , Joey Bada$$ , and Smoke DZA , for the Under the Influence concert tour . The tour would then begin on July 17 , 2013 . On May 12 , 2013 B.o.B tweeted : Underground Luxury .. . coming this summer.. . #staytuned , revealing the title of his third studio album . In May , B.o.B also premiered a music video for a newly released song of his titled Through My Head . The video was directed by Peruvian film director Ricardo de Montreuil . On May 13 , 2013 radio personality Funkmaster Flex premiered HeadBand ( featuring 2 Chainz ) , the lead single from Underground Luxury . The song would be released to retail on May 21 , 2013 . The song has since peaked at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 . B.o.B later revealed in an early September interview , that the album would be released in December 2013 . On September 10 , 2013 , the second single from Underground Luxury , titled Ready , was released to iTunes . The song , produced by Noel Detail Fisher , features fellow Atlanta-based rapper Future . In September 2013 , B.o.B revealed he has plan to launch his own record label imprint . During an interview , he stated Im putting my CEO pants on , man . Im finna start a label called HamSquad and Im looking for artists to be the flagship artists for the label . So Im really excited about that . In the same interview he announced Underground Luxury , would be released in December . B.o.B called his third album a Career Shifting Project , adding that the album will revolve around how his life has changed since achieving major success . On October 15 , 2013 the music video for Ready was released . On October 17 , 2013 , during an interview on BETs 106 & Park , B.o.B announced that the album would be released on December 17 , 2013 . Underground Luxury debuted at number 22 on the Billboard 200 , with first-week sales of 35,000 copies in the United States . This was a steep decline in sales from his first two albums which respectively sold 84,000 and 74,000 in their first week . In its second week the album dropped to number 30 , selling 19,000 more copies in the United States . In its third week the album sold 9,000 more copies . In its fourth week the album sold 6,600 more copies in the United States . On June 9 , 2014 , in an interview with Bootleg Kev , B.o.B announced his new record label imprint , No Genre , named after his 2010 mixtape . On July 9 , 2014 , B.o.B released No Genre 2 , the sequel to his seventh mixtape . No Genre 2 features guest appearances from Kevin Gates , Victoria Monet , Mike Fresh , Ty Dolla Sign , Sevyn Streeter , Mila J , T.I . and more . On October 14 , 2014 , B.o.B released a song titled Not For Long , featuring Trey Songz , as a single via digital distribution . On October 7 , 2014 , an up-and-coming singer named Tora Woloshin , announced she signed to No Genre . On October 24 , 2014 , B.o.B released a song titled Fleek , the song was credited to B.o.Bs new label imprint , No Genre . The song features No Genres newly signed artists , Lin-Z and London Jae . On November 28 , 2014 , B.o.B released New Black , his eleventh solo mixtape . The project is a cohesive concept album , compiled of politically charged songs , including Generation Lost , as the third track . 2015–present : Psycadelik Thoughtz and Elements series . On February 24 , 2015 , B.o.B . appeared on Tech N9nes Hood Go Crazy , alongside 2 Chainz , which received moderate success . Later that year , B.o.B spoke about the possibility of a collaborative mixtape with Tech N9ne . On August 14 , 2015 , B.o.B released a project titled Psycadelik Thoughtz to tide fans over before his fourth studio . It features guest appearances from singers Jon Bellion and Sevyn Streeter . The EP , which was released without any promotion or pre-release singles , debuted at number 97 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . On December 4 , 2015 , B.o.B self-released an EP titled WATER . On December 7 , 2015 , B.o.B claimed he was being suppressed by Atlantic Records . On January 2 , 2016 , B.o.B said I havent forgotten about the rock album. . when the time is right . On January 18 , 2016 , B.o.B released his second EP in as many months . The EP , titled FIRE , follows the concept of his previous one , adopting the title of an element and the use of acronyms . On April 22 , 2016 , in celebration of Earth Day , B.o.B released a mixtape titled EARTH , which includes the song Flatline . On November 4 , 2016 , B.o.B released his first compilation album , Elements , composed of songs from his last four solo mixtapes , WATER , FIRE , EARTH and AIR . On July 5 , 2018 , B.o.B . released his sixth studio album , Naga . Though he stated at the time that it would be his last , a follow-up , Southmatic , was released the following year . In 2020 and 2021 , he released two further albums : Somnia and Lost Tapes . Artistry . Influences . B.o.B has described his influences as 80s music , techno , rock , funk , even doo-wop . In a 2012 interview with HipHopDX , when asked given your age and where you grew up , how have the sounds of Goodie Mob , Outkast , T.I . and other Southern hip hop artists influenced you? , Simmons responded with : Oh yeah all of them . Outkast , Goodie Mob , Trillville , Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz , Crime Mob , Bone Crusher . All of them played a huge role in creating the sound that I had . When you are in Atlanta you see everything , but I still ventured off into other areas . I was a huge Eminem fan . A DMX fan . [ A ] Dr . Dre [ fan ] . I think thats why I have a universal appreciation for such music . Simmons 2015 album Psycadelik Thoughtz , was influenced by 70s rock and funk . Musical style . In a 2009 interview , when asked about his music B.o.B said : I try to be more personal than try to be different . In a review for his debut album The Adventures of Bobby Ray ( 2010 ) , HipHopDX wrote : The versatility that B.o.B encapsulates is evident from the outset of the album . B.o.B sings , raps , plays the piano and the guitar , all throughout his debut . He utilizes pop music , political hip hop , trap music , rock music , and club music , often dividing himself into two personas that handle specific genres ; the B.o.B alter ego is responsible for the pop , trap and club music , while Bobby Ray is the more heartfelt multi-instrumentalist who shares his views through conscious rap and rock music . Simmons heavily explored this concept on his 2009 mixtape B.o.B vs . Bobby Ray , and later on the 2012 single Where Are You ( B.o.B vs . Bobby Ray ) . Beliefs . B.o.B is an outspoken conspiracy theorist and is noted for his anti-establishment views , which he has expressed in interviews , social media and his music . He has also been vocal on several social and political issues , including the rights of African Americans , police brutality and American exceptionalism . He believes that the Earth is flat , the 1969 moon landing was faked , 9/11 was an inside job , the world will be taken over by the Illuminati and celebrity cloning is administered by the U.S . government . B.o.Bs 2016 song Flatline alludes to antisemitic conspiracy theories , asking his audience to Do their research on Holocaust denier David Irving , adding Stalin was way worse than Hitler / Thats why the POTUS gotta wear a Kipper [ kippah ] . These comments gained the attention of the Anti-Defamation League , which stated the lyrics invoke the antisemitic conspiracy theory that alleges Jews control the U.S . government . Flat Earth belief . In January 2016 , B.o.B expressed the belief that the Earth is flat . Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson responded to B.o.B on Twitter and attempted to persuade him that the Earth is round , but the rapper refused to retract his views and accused NASA of avoiding questions , while releasing a diss track against Tyson . The track , titled Flatline , expands on B.o.B.s views about the shape of the Earth . Tyson and his rapper nephew , Stephen , responded to B.o.Bs flat Earth diss with their own diss track titled Flat to Fact . Tyson followed this with a January 2016 television appearance on the Comedy Central late-night talk show The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore where he addressed the rapper : Its a fundamental fact of calculus and non-Euclidean geometry : Small sections of large curved surfaces will always look flat to little creatures that crawl upon it .. . And by the way , this is called gravity Tyson said , dropping his mic . B.o.B . accepted membership in The Flat Earth Society in 2016 . In September 2017 , B.o.B sought $200,000 in donations to launch his own satellites to verify the shape of the Earth . Shortly after seeking the original $200,000 B.o.B upped his request to $1,000,000 to cover the cost of many test seeking drones , weather balloons , and satellites . Discography . - ( 2010 ) - Strange Clouds ( 2012 ) - Underground Luxury ( 2013 ) - Ether ( 2017 ) - The Upside Down ( 2017 ) - Naga ( 2018 ) - Southmatic ( 2019 ) - Somnia ( 2020 ) - Lost Tapes ( 2021 ) |
[
"Srem Jakovo"
] | hard | Which team did Miloš Bogunović play for between Jun 2005 and Sep 2005? | /wiki/Miloš_Bogunović#P54#0 | Miloš Bogunović Miloš Bogunović ( ; born 10 June 1985 ) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a forward . Club career . Early career . After spending his development years at local clubs Zemun and Teleoptik , Bogunović made his senior debuts with Srem Jakovo in the Serbian League Belgrade in 2003 . He was subsequently transferred to top-flight side Rad in the 2006 winter transfer window . However , the club suffered relegation to the second tier at the end of the season . In the following season , Bogunović was the teams third-highest scorer with eight league goals , behind Filip Đorđević ( 16 ) and Brana Ilić ( 9 ) , as Rad failed to earn promotion back after losing in the playoffs to BSK Borča . The club eventually won promotion in 2008 , after defeating Smederevo in the final elimination round . With 13 league goals , Bogunović finished the season as the clubs top scorer ahead of the likes of Brana Ilić ( 6 ) and Vladimir Jovančić ( 4 ) . Partizan . On 18 June 2008 , Bogunović moved to Partizan , signing a four-year deal . He made his competitive debut for the club in the first leg of the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League second qualifying round , on 29 July 2008 , scoring the opener in a 1–1 draw away at Inter Baku . On 13 August 2008 , Bogunović scored a 14th-minute goal in the third qualifying round first leg versus Fenerbahçe , to give his team a 2–0 lead . He then scored an amazing long distance goal , which was eventually disallowed due to offside . The game eventually ended in a 2–2 draw . On 18 September 2008 , Bogunović scored the winning goal in a 2–1 away victory over Timișoara in the first leg of the 2008–09 UEFA Cup first round . He also helped the club defend the domestic double that season . In January 2010 , Bogunović moved to Spain and joined Segunda División side Cádiz , on a six-month loan deal . He made his official debut for the club in a league game against Albacete on 7 March 2010 , which Cádiz won 4–3 . Until the end of the season , Bogunović made just two more appearances , as the club was relegated to Segunda División B . After returning from loan , Bogunović helped Partizan qualify for the 2010–11 UEFA Champions League group stage , but failed to make his debut in the main competition . He also collected his second double at the end of the season . Later career . In July 2011 , Bogunović signed a two-year contract with SuperLiga newcomers Novi Pazar . He spent two seasons at the club , making 48 league appearances and scoring six goals . In the summer of 2013 , Bogunović moved abroad for the second time and joined Thai club Bangkok United . In early 2015 , Bogunović returned to his country and joined SuperLiga club Donji Srem . He switched to fellow top-tier side Spartak Subotica in August of the same year . International career . Bogunović made his international debut for Serbia in a 0–1 friendly loss against Poland on 14 December 2008 . Honours . - Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Serbian Cup : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Teleoptik - Serbian League Belgrade : 2016–17 - Žarkovo - Serbian League Belgrade : 2017–18 |
[
"Rad"
] | hard | Which team did Miloš Bogunović play for between Oct 2007 and Dec 2007? | /wiki/Miloš_Bogunović#P54#1 | Miloš Bogunović Miloš Bogunović ( ; born 10 June 1985 ) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a forward . Club career . Early career . After spending his development years at local clubs Zemun and Teleoptik , Bogunović made his senior debuts with Srem Jakovo in the Serbian League Belgrade in 2003 . He was subsequently transferred to top-flight side Rad in the 2006 winter transfer window . However , the club suffered relegation to the second tier at the end of the season . In the following season , Bogunović was the teams third-highest scorer with eight league goals , behind Filip Đorđević ( 16 ) and Brana Ilić ( 9 ) , as Rad failed to earn promotion back after losing in the playoffs to BSK Borča . The club eventually won promotion in 2008 , after defeating Smederevo in the final elimination round . With 13 league goals , Bogunović finished the season as the clubs top scorer ahead of the likes of Brana Ilić ( 6 ) and Vladimir Jovančić ( 4 ) . Partizan . On 18 June 2008 , Bogunović moved to Partizan , signing a four-year deal . He made his competitive debut for the club in the first leg of the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League second qualifying round , on 29 July 2008 , scoring the opener in a 1–1 draw away at Inter Baku . On 13 August 2008 , Bogunović scored a 14th-minute goal in the third qualifying round first leg versus Fenerbahçe , to give his team a 2–0 lead . He then scored an amazing long distance goal , which was eventually disallowed due to offside . The game eventually ended in a 2–2 draw . On 18 September 2008 , Bogunović scored the winning goal in a 2–1 away victory over Timișoara in the first leg of the 2008–09 UEFA Cup first round . He also helped the club defend the domestic double that season . In January 2010 , Bogunović moved to Spain and joined Segunda División side Cádiz , on a six-month loan deal . He made his official debut for the club in a league game against Albacete on 7 March 2010 , which Cádiz won 4–3 . Until the end of the season , Bogunović made just two more appearances , as the club was relegated to Segunda División B . After returning from loan , Bogunović helped Partizan qualify for the 2010–11 UEFA Champions League group stage , but failed to make his debut in the main competition . He also collected his second double at the end of the season . Later career . In July 2011 , Bogunović signed a two-year contract with SuperLiga newcomers Novi Pazar . He spent two seasons at the club , making 48 league appearances and scoring six goals . In the summer of 2013 , Bogunović moved abroad for the second time and joined Thai club Bangkok United . In early 2015 , Bogunović returned to his country and joined SuperLiga club Donji Srem . He switched to fellow top-tier side Spartak Subotica in August of the same year . International career . Bogunović made his international debut for Serbia in a 0–1 friendly loss against Poland on 14 December 2008 . Honours . - Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Serbian Cup : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Teleoptik - Serbian League Belgrade : 2016–17 - Žarkovo - Serbian League Belgrade : 2017–18 |
[
"Partizan"
] | hard | Which team did Miloš Bogunović play for in Jul 2010? | /wiki/Miloš_Bogunović#P54#2 | Miloš Bogunović Miloš Bogunović ( ; born 10 June 1985 ) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a forward . Club career . Early career . After spending his development years at local clubs Zemun and Teleoptik , Bogunović made his senior debuts with Srem Jakovo in the Serbian League Belgrade in 2003 . He was subsequently transferred to top-flight side Rad in the 2006 winter transfer window . However , the club suffered relegation to the second tier at the end of the season . In the following season , Bogunović was the teams third-highest scorer with eight league goals , behind Filip Đorđević ( 16 ) and Brana Ilić ( 9 ) , as Rad failed to earn promotion back after losing in the playoffs to BSK Borča . The club eventually won promotion in 2008 , after defeating Smederevo in the final elimination round . With 13 league goals , Bogunović finished the season as the clubs top scorer ahead of the likes of Brana Ilić ( 6 ) and Vladimir Jovančić ( 4 ) . Partizan . On 18 June 2008 , Bogunović moved to Partizan , signing a four-year deal . He made his competitive debut for the club in the first leg of the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League second qualifying round , on 29 July 2008 , scoring the opener in a 1–1 draw away at Inter Baku . On 13 August 2008 , Bogunović scored a 14th-minute goal in the third qualifying round first leg versus Fenerbahçe , to give his team a 2–0 lead . He then scored an amazing long distance goal , which was eventually disallowed due to offside . The game eventually ended in a 2–2 draw . On 18 September 2008 , Bogunović scored the winning goal in a 2–1 away victory over Timișoara in the first leg of the 2008–09 UEFA Cup first round . He also helped the club defend the domestic double that season . In January 2010 , Bogunović moved to Spain and joined Segunda División side Cádiz , on a six-month loan deal . He made his official debut for the club in a league game against Albacete on 7 March 2010 , which Cádiz won 4–3 . Until the end of the season , Bogunović made just two more appearances , as the club was relegated to Segunda División B . After returning from loan , Bogunović helped Partizan qualify for the 2010–11 UEFA Champions League group stage , but failed to make his debut in the main competition . He also collected his second double at the end of the season . Later career . In July 2011 , Bogunović signed a two-year contract with SuperLiga newcomers Novi Pazar . He spent two seasons at the club , making 48 league appearances and scoring six goals . In the summer of 2013 , Bogunović moved abroad for the second time and joined Thai club Bangkok United . In early 2015 , Bogunović returned to his country and joined SuperLiga club Donji Srem . He switched to fellow top-tier side Spartak Subotica in August of the same year . International career . Bogunović made his international debut for Serbia in a 0–1 friendly loss against Poland on 14 December 2008 . Honours . - Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Serbian Cup : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Teleoptik - Serbian League Belgrade : 2016–17 - Žarkovo - Serbian League Belgrade : 2017–18 |
[
"Novi Pazar"
] | hard | Which team did Miloš Bogunović play for between Feb 2011 and Jul 2012? | /wiki/Miloš_Bogunović#P54#3 | Miloš Bogunović Miloš Bogunović ( ; born 10 June 1985 ) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a forward . Club career . Early career . After spending his development years at local clubs Zemun and Teleoptik , Bogunović made his senior debuts with Srem Jakovo in the Serbian League Belgrade in 2003 . He was subsequently transferred to top-flight side Rad in the 2006 winter transfer window . However , the club suffered relegation to the second tier at the end of the season . In the following season , Bogunović was the teams third-highest scorer with eight league goals , behind Filip Đorđević ( 16 ) and Brana Ilić ( 9 ) , as Rad failed to earn promotion back after losing in the playoffs to BSK Borča . The club eventually won promotion in 2008 , after defeating Smederevo in the final elimination round . With 13 league goals , Bogunović finished the season as the clubs top scorer ahead of the likes of Brana Ilić ( 6 ) and Vladimir Jovančić ( 4 ) . Partizan . On 18 June 2008 , Bogunović moved to Partizan , signing a four-year deal . He made his competitive debut for the club in the first leg of the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League second qualifying round , on 29 July 2008 , scoring the opener in a 1–1 draw away at Inter Baku . On 13 August 2008 , Bogunović scored a 14th-minute goal in the third qualifying round first leg versus Fenerbahçe , to give his team a 2–0 lead . He then scored an amazing long distance goal , which was eventually disallowed due to offside . The game eventually ended in a 2–2 draw . On 18 September 2008 , Bogunović scored the winning goal in a 2–1 away victory over Timișoara in the first leg of the 2008–09 UEFA Cup first round . He also helped the club defend the domestic double that season . In January 2010 , Bogunović moved to Spain and joined Segunda División side Cádiz , on a six-month loan deal . He made his official debut for the club in a league game against Albacete on 7 March 2010 , which Cádiz won 4–3 . Until the end of the season , Bogunović made just two more appearances , as the club was relegated to Segunda División B . After returning from loan , Bogunović helped Partizan qualify for the 2010–11 UEFA Champions League group stage , but failed to make his debut in the main competition . He also collected his second double at the end of the season . Later career . In July 2011 , Bogunović signed a two-year contract with SuperLiga newcomers Novi Pazar . He spent two seasons at the club , making 48 league appearances and scoring six goals . In the summer of 2013 , Bogunović moved abroad for the second time and joined Thai club Bangkok United . In early 2015 , Bogunović returned to his country and joined SuperLiga club Donji Srem . He switched to fellow top-tier side Spartak Subotica in August of the same year . International career . Bogunović made his international debut for Serbia in a 0–1 friendly loss against Poland on 14 December 2008 . Honours . - Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Serbian Cup : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Teleoptik - Serbian League Belgrade : 2016–17 - Žarkovo - Serbian League Belgrade : 2017–18 |
[
"Bangkok United"
] | hard | Which team did Miloš Bogunović play for after May 2013? | /wiki/Miloš_Bogunović#P54#4 | Miloš Bogunović Miloš Bogunović ( ; born 10 June 1985 ) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a forward . Club career . Early career . After spending his development years at local clubs Zemun and Teleoptik , Bogunović made his senior debuts with Srem Jakovo in the Serbian League Belgrade in 2003 . He was subsequently transferred to top-flight side Rad in the 2006 winter transfer window . However , the club suffered relegation to the second tier at the end of the season . In the following season , Bogunović was the teams third-highest scorer with eight league goals , behind Filip Đorđević ( 16 ) and Brana Ilić ( 9 ) , as Rad failed to earn promotion back after losing in the playoffs to BSK Borča . The club eventually won promotion in 2008 , after defeating Smederevo in the final elimination round . With 13 league goals , Bogunović finished the season as the clubs top scorer ahead of the likes of Brana Ilić ( 6 ) and Vladimir Jovančić ( 4 ) . Partizan . On 18 June 2008 , Bogunović moved to Partizan , signing a four-year deal . He made his competitive debut for the club in the first leg of the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League second qualifying round , on 29 July 2008 , scoring the opener in a 1–1 draw away at Inter Baku . On 13 August 2008 , Bogunović scored a 14th-minute goal in the third qualifying round first leg versus Fenerbahçe , to give his team a 2–0 lead . He then scored an amazing long distance goal , which was eventually disallowed due to offside . The game eventually ended in a 2–2 draw . On 18 September 2008 , Bogunović scored the winning goal in a 2–1 away victory over Timișoara in the first leg of the 2008–09 UEFA Cup first round . He also helped the club defend the domestic double that season . In January 2010 , Bogunović moved to Spain and joined Segunda División side Cádiz , on a six-month loan deal . He made his official debut for the club in a league game against Albacete on 7 March 2010 , which Cádiz won 4–3 . Until the end of the season , Bogunović made just two more appearances , as the club was relegated to Segunda División B . After returning from loan , Bogunović helped Partizan qualify for the 2010–11 UEFA Champions League group stage , but failed to make his debut in the main competition . He also collected his second double at the end of the season . Later career . In July 2011 , Bogunović signed a two-year contract with SuperLiga newcomers Novi Pazar . He spent two seasons at the club , making 48 league appearances and scoring six goals . In the summer of 2013 , Bogunović moved abroad for the second time and joined Thai club Bangkok United . In early 2015 , Bogunović returned to his country and joined SuperLiga club Donji Srem . He switched to fellow top-tier side Spartak Subotica in August of the same year . International career . Bogunović made his international debut for Serbia in a 0–1 friendly loss against Poland on 14 December 2008 . Honours . - Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Serbian Cup : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Teleoptik - Serbian League Belgrade : 2016–17 - Žarkovo - Serbian League Belgrade : 2017–18 |
[
"Tottenham Hotspur"
] | hard | Which team did Jackie Gibbons play for in Nov 1937? | /wiki/Jackie_Gibbons#P54#0 | Jackie Gibbons Albert Henry Gibbons ( 10 April 1914 – 4 July 1984 ) was an English professional footballer and manager who played in the Football League for Tottenham Hotspur , Brentford and Bradford Park Avenue . After his retirement as a player , he managed in England , Israel , South Africa and at international level . Playing career . Amateur years ( 1937–1945 ) . A centre forward who remained an amateur for the first part of his career , Gibbons played for non-league clubs Uxbridge , Hayes and Kingstonian and had it not been for family influence , he may have turned professional with Fulham in late 1934 . Gibbons joined Football League Second Division club Tottenham Hotspur in July 1937 and scored on his debut , in a 3–0 victory at Sheffield Wednesday on 16 September 1937 . Owing to his RAF service , he obtained the nickname Wings amongst the Spurs support and made 36 appearances and scored 18 goals during the 1937–38 season , with 12 of his strikes coming in the form of hat-tricks in four consecutive games mid-season . He joined First Division club Brentford in August 1938 and made 11 appearances and scored one goal during a poor 1938–39 season for the Bees . Gibbons re-joined Tottenham Hotspur in 1939 , but failed to make an appearance in his second spell with the White Hart Lane club . Professional years ( 1945-1949 ) . The Second World War halted Gibbons career between 1939 and 1945 and during the war , he guested for Bradford Park Avenue , Brentford , Chelsea , Fulham and Reading . In 1945 , Gibbons turned professional and signed with Bradford Park Avenue to play the 1945–46 season in the wartime league and an expanded FA Cup . The Avenue advanced to the sixth round , with Gibbons scoring four goals in an 8–2 fourth round second leg win over Manchester City on 30 January 1946 . Avenue were admitted to the Second Division for the 1946–47 season and he made 42 league appearances and scored 21 goals . In August 1947 , Gibbons returned to Brentford , newly relegated to the Second Division , for a club record £8,000 fee . He was the clubs top scorer during the 1947–48 season , scoring 13 times . Across his two spells with Brentford , Gibbons made a total of 71 appearances and scored 19 goals before retiring in February 1949 . Managerial career . Brentford . Gibbons became manager of Second Division club Brentford in February 1949 , taking over from Harry Curtis , the most successful manager in the clubs history . Gibbons had been groomed to succeed Curtis at the helm . In March 1949 , Gibbons brought former Bradford Park Avenue teammate and future England manager Ron Greenwood to the club he supported as a boy and later named him captain . In February 1951 , Gibbons brought football analyst Charles Reep to Griffin Park on a part-time basis until the end of the 1950–51 season . Reep helped improve the teams goals-to-games ratio , which saved them from relegation . Gibbons managed Brentford until the end of the 1951–52 season , making three consecutive top 10 finishes in the Second Division , but he found himself at odds with the clubs board during a difficult time financially for the Bees . A falling out with star wing halves Jimmy Hill and Ron Greenwood towards the end of 1951 saw the Bees form tail off , with the club finishing the 1951–52 season in 10th place , after challenging for promotion in mid-season . Gibbons resigned in August 1952 and was replaced by his assistant , Jimmy Bain . Daring Club Bruxelles . Gibbons took over as manager of Belgian club Daring Club Bruxelles in 1953 and won the 1954–55 Second Division championship with the club . Israel . Gibbons took charge of the Israel national football team in 1956 . His tenure began with a 7–1 aggregate defeat over two legs to the Soviet Union in qualifying for the 1956 Summer Olympics . In September 1956 , Gibbons presided over Israels campaign in the inaugural AFC Asian Cup , defeating Hong Kong and South Vietnam on the way to finishing as runners-up to South Korea . After leaving the job , Gibbons stayed on in Israel to manage Liga Leumit club Hapoel Petah Tikva and guided the club to a runners-up finish in the 1956–57 season . After a spell coaching in Australia , he returned to Israel to manage Hapoel Jerusalem between 1961 and 1963 . Africa . Gibbons moved to South Africa to manage clubs Rangers and Transvaal . He accepted his final managerial position in 1966 , when he was named as manager of Kenya . He stayed in the job until October 1967 , when he was replaced by his assistant , Elijah Lidonde . International career . Gibbons was called up to the Football Association representative team for a tour of South Africa in 1939 . He scored six goals in six caps for England Amateurs in 1938 and 1939 and won one cap for the full England team during the Second World War . Personal life . Gibbons attended West Kensington Central School . During the 1930s and through the Second World War , he served in the Royal Air Force and was demobbed in 1946 . During the 1960s , Gibbons worked in Kenya for Coca-Cola . Honours . As a player . Kingstonian - Isthmian League : 1936–37 As a manager . Daring Club Bruxelles - Belgian Second Division : 1954–55 |
[
"Brentford"
] | hard | Which team did Jackie Gibbons play for in Feb 1938? | /wiki/Jackie_Gibbons#P54#1 | Jackie Gibbons Albert Henry Gibbons ( 10 April 1914 – 4 July 1984 ) was an English professional footballer and manager who played in the Football League for Tottenham Hotspur , Brentford and Bradford Park Avenue . After his retirement as a player , he managed in England , Israel , South Africa and at international level . Playing career . Amateur years ( 1937–1945 ) . A centre forward who remained an amateur for the first part of his career , Gibbons played for non-league clubs Uxbridge , Hayes and Kingstonian and had it not been for family influence , he may have turned professional with Fulham in late 1934 . Gibbons joined Football League Second Division club Tottenham Hotspur in July 1937 and scored on his debut , in a 3–0 victory at Sheffield Wednesday on 16 September 1937 . Owing to his RAF service , he obtained the nickname Wings amongst the Spurs support and made 36 appearances and scored 18 goals during the 1937–38 season , with 12 of his strikes coming in the form of hat-tricks in four consecutive games mid-season . He joined First Division club Brentford in August 1938 and made 11 appearances and scored one goal during a poor 1938–39 season for the Bees . Gibbons re-joined Tottenham Hotspur in 1939 , but failed to make an appearance in his second spell with the White Hart Lane club . Professional years ( 1945-1949 ) . The Second World War halted Gibbons career between 1939 and 1945 and during the war , he guested for Bradford Park Avenue , Brentford , Chelsea , Fulham and Reading . In 1945 , Gibbons turned professional and signed with Bradford Park Avenue to play the 1945–46 season in the wartime league and an expanded FA Cup . The Avenue advanced to the sixth round , with Gibbons scoring four goals in an 8–2 fourth round second leg win over Manchester City on 30 January 1946 . Avenue were admitted to the Second Division for the 1946–47 season and he made 42 league appearances and scored 21 goals . In August 1947 , Gibbons returned to Brentford , newly relegated to the Second Division , for a club record £8,000 fee . He was the clubs top scorer during the 1947–48 season , scoring 13 times . Across his two spells with Brentford , Gibbons made a total of 71 appearances and scored 19 goals before retiring in February 1949 . Managerial career . Brentford . Gibbons became manager of Second Division club Brentford in February 1949 , taking over from Harry Curtis , the most successful manager in the clubs history . Gibbons had been groomed to succeed Curtis at the helm . In March 1949 , Gibbons brought former Bradford Park Avenue teammate and future England manager Ron Greenwood to the club he supported as a boy and later named him captain . In February 1951 , Gibbons brought football analyst Charles Reep to Griffin Park on a part-time basis until the end of the 1950–51 season . Reep helped improve the teams goals-to-games ratio , which saved them from relegation . Gibbons managed Brentford until the end of the 1951–52 season , making three consecutive top 10 finishes in the Second Division , but he found himself at odds with the clubs board during a difficult time financially for the Bees . A falling out with star wing halves Jimmy Hill and Ron Greenwood towards the end of 1951 saw the Bees form tail off , with the club finishing the 1951–52 season in 10th place , after challenging for promotion in mid-season . Gibbons resigned in August 1952 and was replaced by his assistant , Jimmy Bain . Daring Club Bruxelles . Gibbons took over as manager of Belgian club Daring Club Bruxelles in 1953 and won the 1954–55 Second Division championship with the club . Israel . Gibbons took charge of the Israel national football team in 1956 . His tenure began with a 7–1 aggregate defeat over two legs to the Soviet Union in qualifying for the 1956 Summer Olympics . In September 1956 , Gibbons presided over Israels campaign in the inaugural AFC Asian Cup , defeating Hong Kong and South Vietnam on the way to finishing as runners-up to South Korea . After leaving the job , Gibbons stayed on in Israel to manage Liga Leumit club Hapoel Petah Tikva and guided the club to a runners-up finish in the 1956–57 season . After a spell coaching in Australia , he returned to Israel to manage Hapoel Jerusalem between 1961 and 1963 . Africa . Gibbons moved to South Africa to manage clubs Rangers and Transvaal . He accepted his final managerial position in 1966 , when he was named as manager of Kenya . He stayed in the job until October 1967 , when he was replaced by his assistant , Elijah Lidonde . International career . Gibbons was called up to the Football Association representative team for a tour of South Africa in 1939 . He scored six goals in six caps for England Amateurs in 1938 and 1939 and won one cap for the full England team during the Second World War . Personal life . Gibbons attended West Kensington Central School . During the 1930s and through the Second World War , he served in the Royal Air Force and was demobbed in 1946 . During the 1960s , Gibbons worked in Kenya for Coca-Cola . Honours . As a player . Kingstonian - Isthmian League : 1936–37 As a manager . Daring Club Bruxelles - Belgian Second Division : 1954–55 |
[
"Bradford Park Avenue"
] | hard | Which team did Jackie Gibbons play for in May 1946? | /wiki/Jackie_Gibbons#P54#2 | Jackie Gibbons Albert Henry Gibbons ( 10 April 1914 – 4 July 1984 ) was an English professional footballer and manager who played in the Football League for Tottenham Hotspur , Brentford and Bradford Park Avenue . After his retirement as a player , he managed in England , Israel , South Africa and at international level . Playing career . Amateur years ( 1937–1945 ) . A centre forward who remained an amateur for the first part of his career , Gibbons played for non-league clubs Uxbridge , Hayes and Kingstonian and had it not been for family influence , he may have turned professional with Fulham in late 1934 . Gibbons joined Football League Second Division club Tottenham Hotspur in July 1937 and scored on his debut , in a 3–0 victory at Sheffield Wednesday on 16 September 1937 . Owing to his RAF service , he obtained the nickname Wings amongst the Spurs support and made 36 appearances and scored 18 goals during the 1937–38 season , with 12 of his strikes coming in the form of hat-tricks in four consecutive games mid-season . He joined First Division club Brentford in August 1938 and made 11 appearances and scored one goal during a poor 1938–39 season for the Bees . Gibbons re-joined Tottenham Hotspur in 1939 , but failed to make an appearance in his second spell with the White Hart Lane club . Professional years ( 1945-1949 ) . The Second World War halted Gibbons career between 1939 and 1945 and during the war , he guested for Bradford Park Avenue , Brentford , Chelsea , Fulham and Reading . In 1945 , Gibbons turned professional and signed with Bradford Park Avenue to play the 1945–46 season in the wartime league and an expanded FA Cup . The Avenue advanced to the sixth round , with Gibbons scoring four goals in an 8–2 fourth round second leg win over Manchester City on 30 January 1946 . Avenue were admitted to the Second Division for the 1946–47 season and he made 42 league appearances and scored 21 goals . In August 1947 , Gibbons returned to Brentford , newly relegated to the Second Division , for a club record £8,000 fee . He was the clubs top scorer during the 1947–48 season , scoring 13 times . Across his two spells with Brentford , Gibbons made a total of 71 appearances and scored 19 goals before retiring in February 1949 . Managerial career . Brentford . Gibbons became manager of Second Division club Brentford in February 1949 , taking over from Harry Curtis , the most successful manager in the clubs history . Gibbons had been groomed to succeed Curtis at the helm . In March 1949 , Gibbons brought former Bradford Park Avenue teammate and future England manager Ron Greenwood to the club he supported as a boy and later named him captain . In February 1951 , Gibbons brought football analyst Charles Reep to Griffin Park on a part-time basis until the end of the 1950–51 season . Reep helped improve the teams goals-to-games ratio , which saved them from relegation . Gibbons managed Brentford until the end of the 1951–52 season , making three consecutive top 10 finishes in the Second Division , but he found himself at odds with the clubs board during a difficult time financially for the Bees . A falling out with star wing halves Jimmy Hill and Ron Greenwood towards the end of 1951 saw the Bees form tail off , with the club finishing the 1951–52 season in 10th place , after challenging for promotion in mid-season . Gibbons resigned in August 1952 and was replaced by his assistant , Jimmy Bain . Daring Club Bruxelles . Gibbons took over as manager of Belgian club Daring Club Bruxelles in 1953 and won the 1954–55 Second Division championship with the club . Israel . Gibbons took charge of the Israel national football team in 1956 . His tenure began with a 7–1 aggregate defeat over two legs to the Soviet Union in qualifying for the 1956 Summer Olympics . In September 1956 , Gibbons presided over Israels campaign in the inaugural AFC Asian Cup , defeating Hong Kong and South Vietnam on the way to finishing as runners-up to South Korea . After leaving the job , Gibbons stayed on in Israel to manage Liga Leumit club Hapoel Petah Tikva and guided the club to a runners-up finish in the 1956–57 season . After a spell coaching in Australia , he returned to Israel to manage Hapoel Jerusalem between 1961 and 1963 . Africa . Gibbons moved to South Africa to manage clubs Rangers and Transvaal . He accepted his final managerial position in 1966 , when he was named as manager of Kenya . He stayed in the job until October 1967 , when he was replaced by his assistant , Elijah Lidonde . International career . Gibbons was called up to the Football Association representative team for a tour of South Africa in 1939 . He scored six goals in six caps for England Amateurs in 1938 and 1939 and won one cap for the full England team during the Second World War . Personal life . Gibbons attended West Kensington Central School . During the 1930s and through the Second World War , he served in the Royal Air Force and was demobbed in 1946 . During the 1960s , Gibbons worked in Kenya for Coca-Cola . Honours . As a player . Kingstonian - Isthmian League : 1936–37 As a manager . Daring Club Bruxelles - Belgian Second Division : 1954–55 |
[
"Brentford"
] | hard | Which team did Jackie Gibbons play for after Feb 1947? | /wiki/Jackie_Gibbons#P54#3 | Jackie Gibbons Albert Henry Gibbons ( 10 April 1914 – 4 July 1984 ) was an English professional footballer and manager who played in the Football League for Tottenham Hotspur , Brentford and Bradford Park Avenue . After his retirement as a player , he managed in England , Israel , South Africa and at international level . Playing career . Amateur years ( 1937–1945 ) . A centre forward who remained an amateur for the first part of his career , Gibbons played for non-league clubs Uxbridge , Hayes and Kingstonian and had it not been for family influence , he may have turned professional with Fulham in late 1934 . Gibbons joined Football League Second Division club Tottenham Hotspur in July 1937 and scored on his debut , in a 3–0 victory at Sheffield Wednesday on 16 September 1937 . Owing to his RAF service , he obtained the nickname Wings amongst the Spurs support and made 36 appearances and scored 18 goals during the 1937–38 season , with 12 of his strikes coming in the form of hat-tricks in four consecutive games mid-season . He joined First Division club Brentford in August 1938 and made 11 appearances and scored one goal during a poor 1938–39 season for the Bees . Gibbons re-joined Tottenham Hotspur in 1939 , but failed to make an appearance in his second spell with the White Hart Lane club . Professional years ( 1945-1949 ) . The Second World War halted Gibbons career between 1939 and 1945 and during the war , he guested for Bradford Park Avenue , Brentford , Chelsea , Fulham and Reading . In 1945 , Gibbons turned professional and signed with Bradford Park Avenue to play the 1945–46 season in the wartime league and an expanded FA Cup . The Avenue advanced to the sixth round , with Gibbons scoring four goals in an 8–2 fourth round second leg win over Manchester City on 30 January 1946 . Avenue were admitted to the Second Division for the 1946–47 season and he made 42 league appearances and scored 21 goals . In August 1947 , Gibbons returned to Brentford , newly relegated to the Second Division , for a club record £8,000 fee . He was the clubs top scorer during the 1947–48 season , scoring 13 times . Across his two spells with Brentford , Gibbons made a total of 71 appearances and scored 19 goals before retiring in February 1949 . Managerial career . Brentford . Gibbons became manager of Second Division club Brentford in February 1949 , taking over from Harry Curtis , the most successful manager in the clubs history . Gibbons had been groomed to succeed Curtis at the helm . In March 1949 , Gibbons brought former Bradford Park Avenue teammate and future England manager Ron Greenwood to the club he supported as a boy and later named him captain . In February 1951 , Gibbons brought football analyst Charles Reep to Griffin Park on a part-time basis until the end of the 1950–51 season . Reep helped improve the teams goals-to-games ratio , which saved them from relegation . Gibbons managed Brentford until the end of the 1951–52 season , making three consecutive top 10 finishes in the Second Division , but he found himself at odds with the clubs board during a difficult time financially for the Bees . A falling out with star wing halves Jimmy Hill and Ron Greenwood towards the end of 1951 saw the Bees form tail off , with the club finishing the 1951–52 season in 10th place , after challenging for promotion in mid-season . Gibbons resigned in August 1952 and was replaced by his assistant , Jimmy Bain . Daring Club Bruxelles . Gibbons took over as manager of Belgian club Daring Club Bruxelles in 1953 and won the 1954–55 Second Division championship with the club . Israel . Gibbons took charge of the Israel national football team in 1956 . His tenure began with a 7–1 aggregate defeat over two legs to the Soviet Union in qualifying for the 1956 Summer Olympics . In September 1956 , Gibbons presided over Israels campaign in the inaugural AFC Asian Cup , defeating Hong Kong and South Vietnam on the way to finishing as runners-up to South Korea . After leaving the job , Gibbons stayed on in Israel to manage Liga Leumit club Hapoel Petah Tikva and guided the club to a runners-up finish in the 1956–57 season . After a spell coaching in Australia , he returned to Israel to manage Hapoel Jerusalem between 1961 and 1963 . Africa . Gibbons moved to South Africa to manage clubs Rangers and Transvaal . He accepted his final managerial position in 1966 , when he was named as manager of Kenya . He stayed in the job until October 1967 , when he was replaced by his assistant , Elijah Lidonde . International career . Gibbons was called up to the Football Association representative team for a tour of South Africa in 1939 . He scored six goals in six caps for England Amateurs in 1938 and 1939 and won one cap for the full England team during the Second World War . Personal life . Gibbons attended West Kensington Central School . During the 1930s and through the Second World War , he served in the Royal Air Force and was demobbed in 1946 . During the 1960s , Gibbons worked in Kenya for Coca-Cola . Honours . As a player . Kingstonian - Isthmian League : 1936–37 As a manager . Daring Club Bruxelles - Belgian Second Division : 1954–55 |
[
"Leeds United"
] | hard | Which team did Alex Cairns play for between Feb 2011 and Nov 2011? | /wiki/Alex_Cairns#P54#0 | Alex Cairns Alex Thomas Cairns ( born 4 January 1993 ) is an English footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Fleetwood Town . Club career . Breaking through . Cairns began his career in the Leeds United youth academy and turned professional with the club at the end of the 2010–11 season by signing a one-year contract along with fellow youth players and twins Nathan and Lewis Turner . The following season would see Cairns join the senior team as cover for Paul Rachubka after first choice goalkeeper Andy Lonergan sustained a finger injury . Rachubkas time in the side was marked by a series of calamitous errors ; three of which would come in the first half of a league match against his former club Blackpool . With United 0–3 down at half time and Rachubkas position seemingly untenable , Cairns replaced him for the second half in a baptism of fire . The young goalkeeper would concede a further two times as Blackpool ran out 5–0 winners . In making his debut for the club , Cairns followed in the footsteps of former Leeds academy graduates and England international goalkeepers Paul Robinson and Scott Carson . Following the Blackpool game , manager Simon Grayson expressed his doubts as to whether Cairns was ready to take on the responsibility of starting in the first-team for the remaining period of Lonergans absence . Prior to the next match against Leicester City , Grayson brought in young Reading goalkeeper Alex McCarthy on an emergency loan . Nevertheless , Cairns was promoted ahead of Rachubka and retained his position on the bench for the following weeks until Grayson signed veteran goalkeeper Maik Taylor on a short-term basis to act as cover . Cairns signed a new two-year deal at the club on 19 January . At the end of the January transfer window , Cairns joined Conference National side Barrow on a one-month loan . Cairns failed to play a game for Barrow after being an unused substitute in several games and returned to Leeds on 2 March after his loan at Barrow expired . He made no further appearances in the first-team squad at Leeds for the remainder of the season as new manager Neil Warnock favoured five outfield players on the bench . Stalybridge Celtic loan . After falling down the pecking order at Leeds following the signings of two new goalkeepers , Cairns joined Conference North side Stalybridge Celtic on a month-long loan after first-choice goalkeeper Andy Ralph suffered a suspected broken leg in the Badgers opening game of the season . He made his debut for the club at their Bower Field ground in a 1–1 draw against Gainsborough Trinity and kept his first clean sheet later that week in a 0–0 stalemate against Droylsden . He featured for Celtic in a 2–1 friendly victory over a Manchester United XI which included Darren Fletcher and Alexander Büttner on 11 September . He remained an ever-present for the club since arriving until he was substituted in an early-round FA Cup match on 22 September versus Vauxhall Motors after sustaining a dead-leg following a collision with an opposing player . His loan spell was extended until the end of November during which he reached the final qualifying round of the FA Cup with the Badgers before succumbing to Conference National side Stockport County in a 3–5 defeat at Edgeley Park . At Stalybridge Celtics end of season awards on 27 April 2013 , Cairns won the Player of the Year , Players Player of the Year and Supporters Player of the Year awards . Return to Leeds United . After an injury to Jamie Ashdown for the final home game of the season , Cairns was recalled to Leeds on 26 April 2013 , and was named on the bench against Brighton & Hove Albion on 27 April . Following an injury to Jamie Ashdown during the following pre-season , Cairns was promoted to second choice goalkeeper , providing backup for Paddy Kenny and then loan goalkeeper Jack Butland . He remained second choice at Leeds even after Kennys return from injury . On 16 May 2014 , Cairns extended his contract with Leeds by a further year . On 13 May 2015 , Cairns was released by Leeds United after his contract expired . Chesterfield . On 29 July 2015 , Cairns signed a six-month contract at Chesterfield . However , he didnt make an appearance for Chesterfield and left the club on 7 January 2016 after his contract expired . Rotherham United . The day after his release from Chesterfield , Cairns signed a contract with Rotherham United until the end of the season . The move reunited him with Rotherham manager Neil Redfearn , who had previously been his academy manager at Leeds United . Fleetwood Town . In July 2016 , Cairns signed for League One club Fleetwood Town , where he went on to establish himself in the first team . He played a total of 81 games in his first two seasons at the club , keeping 34 clean sheets . Personal life . In November 2014 , Cairns 16-year-old brother Blake was killed in a two car collision in Conisbrough alongside four other teenagers , three of whom attended Danum Academy Sixth Form with the other having previously attended the Sixth Form . His funeral was attended by Cairns and several members of the Leeds first-team squad . |
[
"Stalybridge Celtic"
] | hard | Which team did Alex Cairns play for in Apr 2012? | /wiki/Alex_Cairns#P54#1 | Alex Cairns Alex Thomas Cairns ( born 4 January 1993 ) is an English footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Fleetwood Town . Club career . Breaking through . Cairns began his career in the Leeds United youth academy and turned professional with the club at the end of the 2010–11 season by signing a one-year contract along with fellow youth players and twins Nathan and Lewis Turner . The following season would see Cairns join the senior team as cover for Paul Rachubka after first choice goalkeeper Andy Lonergan sustained a finger injury . Rachubkas time in the side was marked by a series of calamitous errors ; three of which would come in the first half of a league match against his former club Blackpool . With United 0–3 down at half time and Rachubkas position seemingly untenable , Cairns replaced him for the second half in a baptism of fire . The young goalkeeper would concede a further two times as Blackpool ran out 5–0 winners . In making his debut for the club , Cairns followed in the footsteps of former Leeds academy graduates and England international goalkeepers Paul Robinson and Scott Carson . Following the Blackpool game , manager Simon Grayson expressed his doubts as to whether Cairns was ready to take on the responsibility of starting in the first-team for the remaining period of Lonergans absence . Prior to the next match against Leicester City , Grayson brought in young Reading goalkeeper Alex McCarthy on an emergency loan . Nevertheless , Cairns was promoted ahead of Rachubka and retained his position on the bench for the following weeks until Grayson signed veteran goalkeeper Maik Taylor on a short-term basis to act as cover . Cairns signed a new two-year deal at the club on 19 January . At the end of the January transfer window , Cairns joined Conference National side Barrow on a one-month loan . Cairns failed to play a game for Barrow after being an unused substitute in several games and returned to Leeds on 2 March after his loan at Barrow expired . He made no further appearances in the first-team squad at Leeds for the remainder of the season as new manager Neil Warnock favoured five outfield players on the bench . Stalybridge Celtic loan . After falling down the pecking order at Leeds following the signings of two new goalkeepers , Cairns joined Conference North side Stalybridge Celtic on a month-long loan after first-choice goalkeeper Andy Ralph suffered a suspected broken leg in the Badgers opening game of the season . He made his debut for the club at their Bower Field ground in a 1–1 draw against Gainsborough Trinity and kept his first clean sheet later that week in a 0–0 stalemate against Droylsden . He featured for Celtic in a 2–1 friendly victory over a Manchester United XI which included Darren Fletcher and Alexander Büttner on 11 September . He remained an ever-present for the club since arriving until he was substituted in an early-round FA Cup match on 22 September versus Vauxhall Motors after sustaining a dead-leg following a collision with an opposing player . His loan spell was extended until the end of November during which he reached the final qualifying round of the FA Cup with the Badgers before succumbing to Conference National side Stockport County in a 3–5 defeat at Edgeley Park . At Stalybridge Celtics end of season awards on 27 April 2013 , Cairns won the Player of the Year , Players Player of the Year and Supporters Player of the Year awards . Return to Leeds United . After an injury to Jamie Ashdown for the final home game of the season , Cairns was recalled to Leeds on 26 April 2013 , and was named on the bench against Brighton & Hove Albion on 27 April . Following an injury to Jamie Ashdown during the following pre-season , Cairns was promoted to second choice goalkeeper , providing backup for Paddy Kenny and then loan goalkeeper Jack Butland . He remained second choice at Leeds even after Kennys return from injury . On 16 May 2014 , Cairns extended his contract with Leeds by a further year . On 13 May 2015 , Cairns was released by Leeds United after his contract expired . Chesterfield . On 29 July 2015 , Cairns signed a six-month contract at Chesterfield . However , he didnt make an appearance for Chesterfield and left the club on 7 January 2016 after his contract expired . Rotherham United . The day after his release from Chesterfield , Cairns signed a contract with Rotherham United until the end of the season . The move reunited him with Rotherham manager Neil Redfearn , who had previously been his academy manager at Leeds United . Fleetwood Town . In July 2016 , Cairns signed for League One club Fleetwood Town , where he went on to establish himself in the first team . He played a total of 81 games in his first two seasons at the club , keeping 34 clean sheets . Personal life . In November 2014 , Cairns 16-year-old brother Blake was killed in a two car collision in Conisbrough alongside four other teenagers , three of whom attended Danum Academy Sixth Form with the other having previously attended the Sixth Form . His funeral was attended by Cairns and several members of the Leeds first-team squad . |
[
"Chesterfield"
] | hard | Which team did Alex Cairns play for between Apr 2015 and May 2015? | /wiki/Alex_Cairns#P54#2 | Alex Cairns Alex Thomas Cairns ( born 4 January 1993 ) is an English footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Fleetwood Town . Club career . Breaking through . Cairns began his career in the Leeds United youth academy and turned professional with the club at the end of the 2010–11 season by signing a one-year contract along with fellow youth players and twins Nathan and Lewis Turner . The following season would see Cairns join the senior team as cover for Paul Rachubka after first choice goalkeeper Andy Lonergan sustained a finger injury . Rachubkas time in the side was marked by a series of calamitous errors ; three of which would come in the first half of a league match against his former club Blackpool . With United 0–3 down at half time and Rachubkas position seemingly untenable , Cairns replaced him for the second half in a baptism of fire . The young goalkeeper would concede a further two times as Blackpool ran out 5–0 winners . In making his debut for the club , Cairns followed in the footsteps of former Leeds academy graduates and England international goalkeepers Paul Robinson and Scott Carson . Following the Blackpool game , manager Simon Grayson expressed his doubts as to whether Cairns was ready to take on the responsibility of starting in the first-team for the remaining period of Lonergans absence . Prior to the next match against Leicester City , Grayson brought in young Reading goalkeeper Alex McCarthy on an emergency loan . Nevertheless , Cairns was promoted ahead of Rachubka and retained his position on the bench for the following weeks until Grayson signed veteran goalkeeper Maik Taylor on a short-term basis to act as cover . Cairns signed a new two-year deal at the club on 19 January . At the end of the January transfer window , Cairns joined Conference National side Barrow on a one-month loan . Cairns failed to play a game for Barrow after being an unused substitute in several games and returned to Leeds on 2 March after his loan at Barrow expired . He made no further appearances in the first-team squad at Leeds for the remainder of the season as new manager Neil Warnock favoured five outfield players on the bench . Stalybridge Celtic loan . After falling down the pecking order at Leeds following the signings of two new goalkeepers , Cairns joined Conference North side Stalybridge Celtic on a month-long loan after first-choice goalkeeper Andy Ralph suffered a suspected broken leg in the Badgers opening game of the season . He made his debut for the club at their Bower Field ground in a 1–1 draw against Gainsborough Trinity and kept his first clean sheet later that week in a 0–0 stalemate against Droylsden . He featured for Celtic in a 2–1 friendly victory over a Manchester United XI which included Darren Fletcher and Alexander Büttner on 11 September . He remained an ever-present for the club since arriving until he was substituted in an early-round FA Cup match on 22 September versus Vauxhall Motors after sustaining a dead-leg following a collision with an opposing player . His loan spell was extended until the end of November during which he reached the final qualifying round of the FA Cup with the Badgers before succumbing to Conference National side Stockport County in a 3–5 defeat at Edgeley Park . At Stalybridge Celtics end of season awards on 27 April 2013 , Cairns won the Player of the Year , Players Player of the Year and Supporters Player of the Year awards . Return to Leeds United . After an injury to Jamie Ashdown for the final home game of the season , Cairns was recalled to Leeds on 26 April 2013 , and was named on the bench against Brighton & Hove Albion on 27 April . Following an injury to Jamie Ashdown during the following pre-season , Cairns was promoted to second choice goalkeeper , providing backup for Paddy Kenny and then loan goalkeeper Jack Butland . He remained second choice at Leeds even after Kennys return from injury . On 16 May 2014 , Cairns extended his contract with Leeds by a further year . On 13 May 2015 , Cairns was released by Leeds United after his contract expired . Chesterfield . On 29 July 2015 , Cairns signed a six-month contract at Chesterfield . However , he didnt make an appearance for Chesterfield and left the club on 7 January 2016 after his contract expired . Rotherham United . The day after his release from Chesterfield , Cairns signed a contract with Rotherham United until the end of the season . The move reunited him with Rotherham manager Neil Redfearn , who had previously been his academy manager at Leeds United . Fleetwood Town . In July 2016 , Cairns signed for League One club Fleetwood Town , where he went on to establish himself in the first team . He played a total of 81 games in his first two seasons at the club , keeping 34 clean sheets . Personal life . In November 2014 , Cairns 16-year-old brother Blake was killed in a two car collision in Conisbrough alongside four other teenagers , three of whom attended Danum Academy Sixth Form with the other having previously attended the Sixth Form . His funeral was attended by Cairns and several members of the Leeds first-team squad . |
[
"Fleetwood Town"
] | hard | Which team did Alex Cairns play for between Apr 2016 and May 2016? | /wiki/Alex_Cairns#P54#3 | Alex Cairns Alex Thomas Cairns ( born 4 January 1993 ) is an English footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Fleetwood Town . Club career . Breaking through . Cairns began his career in the Leeds United youth academy and turned professional with the club at the end of the 2010–11 season by signing a one-year contract along with fellow youth players and twins Nathan and Lewis Turner . The following season would see Cairns join the senior team as cover for Paul Rachubka after first choice goalkeeper Andy Lonergan sustained a finger injury . Rachubkas time in the side was marked by a series of calamitous errors ; three of which would come in the first half of a league match against his former club Blackpool . With United 0–3 down at half time and Rachubkas position seemingly untenable , Cairns replaced him for the second half in a baptism of fire . The young goalkeeper would concede a further two times as Blackpool ran out 5–0 winners . In making his debut for the club , Cairns followed in the footsteps of former Leeds academy graduates and England international goalkeepers Paul Robinson and Scott Carson . Following the Blackpool game , manager Simon Grayson expressed his doubts as to whether Cairns was ready to take on the responsibility of starting in the first-team for the remaining period of Lonergans absence . Prior to the next match against Leicester City , Grayson brought in young Reading goalkeeper Alex McCarthy on an emergency loan . Nevertheless , Cairns was promoted ahead of Rachubka and retained his position on the bench for the following weeks until Grayson signed veteran goalkeeper Maik Taylor on a short-term basis to act as cover . Cairns signed a new two-year deal at the club on 19 January . At the end of the January transfer window , Cairns joined Conference National side Barrow on a one-month loan . Cairns failed to play a game for Barrow after being an unused substitute in several games and returned to Leeds on 2 March after his loan at Barrow expired . He made no further appearances in the first-team squad at Leeds for the remainder of the season as new manager Neil Warnock favoured five outfield players on the bench . Stalybridge Celtic loan . After falling down the pecking order at Leeds following the signings of two new goalkeepers , Cairns joined Conference North side Stalybridge Celtic on a month-long loan after first-choice goalkeeper Andy Ralph suffered a suspected broken leg in the Badgers opening game of the season . He made his debut for the club at their Bower Field ground in a 1–1 draw against Gainsborough Trinity and kept his first clean sheet later that week in a 0–0 stalemate against Droylsden . He featured for Celtic in a 2–1 friendly victory over a Manchester United XI which included Darren Fletcher and Alexander Büttner on 11 September . He remained an ever-present for the club since arriving until he was substituted in an early-round FA Cup match on 22 September versus Vauxhall Motors after sustaining a dead-leg following a collision with an opposing player . His loan spell was extended until the end of November during which he reached the final qualifying round of the FA Cup with the Badgers before succumbing to Conference National side Stockport County in a 3–5 defeat at Edgeley Park . At Stalybridge Celtics end of season awards on 27 April 2013 , Cairns won the Player of the Year , Players Player of the Year and Supporters Player of the Year awards . Return to Leeds United . After an injury to Jamie Ashdown for the final home game of the season , Cairns was recalled to Leeds on 26 April 2013 , and was named on the bench against Brighton & Hove Albion on 27 April . Following an injury to Jamie Ashdown during the following pre-season , Cairns was promoted to second choice goalkeeper , providing backup for Paddy Kenny and then loan goalkeeper Jack Butland . He remained second choice at Leeds even after Kennys return from injury . On 16 May 2014 , Cairns extended his contract with Leeds by a further year . On 13 May 2015 , Cairns was released by Leeds United after his contract expired . Chesterfield . On 29 July 2015 , Cairns signed a six-month contract at Chesterfield . However , he didnt make an appearance for Chesterfield and left the club on 7 January 2016 after his contract expired . Rotherham United . The day after his release from Chesterfield , Cairns signed a contract with Rotherham United until the end of the season . The move reunited him with Rotherham manager Neil Redfearn , who had previously been his academy manager at Leeds United . Fleetwood Town . In July 2016 , Cairns signed for League One club Fleetwood Town , where he went on to establish himself in the first team . He played a total of 81 games in his first two seasons at the club , keeping 34 clean sheets . Personal life . In November 2014 , Cairns 16-year-old brother Blake was killed in a two car collision in Conisbrough alongside four other teenagers , three of whom attended Danum Academy Sixth Form with the other having previously attended the Sixth Form . His funeral was attended by Cairns and several members of the Leeds first-team squad . |
[
""
] | hard | Who was the head coach of the team Modena F.C. 2018 between Nov 1991 and Dec 1991? | /wiki/Modena_F.C._2018#P286#0 | Modena F.C . 2018 Modena Football Club 2018 , commonly referred to as Modena , is an Italian football club based in Modena , Emilia-Romagna . The club was founded in 1912 , and refounded in 2018 , and had spent the majority of its existence playing in Serie B . It currently competes in Serie C , the third tier of Italian football . History . Foundation and early years . Modena Football Club was formed in on 5 April 1912 as the result of a merging between existing Modenese clubs , Football Club Audax Modena and l Associazione Studentesca del Calcio Modena . The new colours were to be yellow and blue . Modenas first friendly match was played on 3 November 1912 in the Piazza dArmi against Venezia . Modena first took part Italian football league in 1912–13 , where they competed in the top division . These early years saw the purchase of Attilio Fresia , perhaps the greatest player in the clubs history . During the period of the first world war , the team won the 1916 Coppa Federale . In 1920–21 , Modena lost 4–0 in the championship semi-finals to Alessandria . In the years following , there was a period of disorganization in Italian football and Modena found itself at odds with the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) and moved to the CI Comitato Calcistico Italiano along with Internazionale , Venezia , Torino , Genoa and others . In 1929–30 , their first in Serie A ( then a single round consisting of 18 teams ) , the club finished in 12th place with 30 points . In 1931–32 came the clubs first relegation to Serie B , where they remained until 1937 . The 1936–37 season featured the inauguration of Modenas new stadium , dedicated to Cesare Marzari , a former gialloblu played killed in the war in Africa . During these years , the name was changed to Modena Calcio following directives of the regime aimed at eliminating all foreign words in the sports lexicon . In the 1937–38 season , there was a return to Serie A led by the Hungarian player/coach János Nehadoma . The following season , Modena escaped relegation by just one point . The 1939–40 campaign was the year when the numbers first appeared on the shirts of players , but at the end of the season , the yellow and blue were relegated to Serie B . 1940s , 50s and 60s . In 1940–41 , Modena returned to Serie A despite World War II considerably reducing the workforce . The following year , they fell back to Serie B . At the end of the war , however , Modena finished third in Serie A , just behind Torino and Juventus . Following the resignation of both the president and coach in 1948–49 , however , the squad was relegated back to Serie B . The club remained in Serie B throughout the 1950s . Tenor Luciano Pavarotti played on the team , making several appearances as a winger . In 1957–58 , Zenit became the sponsor of the team , providing 100 million lira for promotion to Serie A , but the team finished only in seventh place . In 1959–60 , the sponsor withdrew and the team was relegated to Serie C for the first time . The 1960s began with Modena in Serie C . In 1960–61 , under coach Malagoli , the team was promoted to Serie B , and the next year found Modena back in the top flight due in large part to the efforts of striker Enrico Pagliari ( 26 goals in 2 seasons ) . The following year , thanks mainly to the Brazilian Chinesinho , Modena achieved safety in Serie A , but in 1963–64 , despite the return of Sergio Brighenti , Modena fell back to Serie B after a playoff defeat to Sampdoria played in Milan . For the remainder of the 1960s , the club played in Serie B . 1970s , 80s and 90s . In 1971–72 , after changing three coaches , Modena again fell down to Serie C . Following consecutive seventh-place finishes in Serie C , Modena finally was promoted back to Serie B in 1974–75 . In 1976–77 , Modena achieved safety in Serie B only by beating Monza on the last day of the season . 1977–78 saw a corporate crisis in which the club was relegated to Serie C . In the following season , it was relegated even further down to Serie C2 , its lowest point since the club was founded . The beginning of the 1980s saw Modena back to Serie C1 and out of its economic crisis . Modena even won the Anglo-Italian Cup in 1981 and 1982 . In 1985–86 , they returned to Serie B behind the 21 goals scored by Sauro Frutti . In the following season , the club was dramatically saved from relegation on the final day , beating local rivals Bologna in the derby . But in 1987–88 , Modena were again relegated to Serie C1 . The 1989–90 season saw Modena promoted back to Serie B , led by their manager Renzo Ulivieri and goalkeeper Marco Ballotta who allowed a record low 9 goals conceded in 34 games . In 1991–92 , following the departure of Ulivieri for Vicenza , Modena was again saved from relegation on the final day , beating Messina 2–1 . The rest of the decade saw the club in tumultuous financial and sporting position , as in 1993–94 the team was relegated to C1 . A year later , Modena was surprisingly relegated to C2 after losing a play-out with Massese , however the club was rescued by the FIGC due to another teams penalty , ensuring Modenas status in C1 . The following year , only a loss to Lumezzane in the play-offs denied the clubs promotion . 2000s to 2017 and beyond . In 2000–01 , despite the death of the chairman Luigi Montagnani in the summer , the team begins a cycle of two great years : first promoted from Serie C1 to Serie B and the following year the club returned to Serie A for the first time in 38 years . Modena begin their stint back in the top flight with a humbling 0–3 defeat at the hand of Milan , but followed it up with a historic 2–1 victory against Roma at the Stadio Olimpico . The rest of the season was difficult , however , Modena secured its Serie A status on the last day of the season . The following season saw the club finish third from bottom on 30 points to be sent back to Serie B where they remained until their relegation to the third division at the end of the 2015-16 season . On 5 November 2017 , Modena was declared bankrupt after failing to pay player wages or stadium bills , which brought about a player strike and a stadium lockout . The club had not attended the previous three Serie C matches , including the match against Santarcangelo Calcio ; with a total of four matches not attended , the club were officially excluded from Lega Pro on 6 November . Following that , Modena Mayor Gian Carlo Muzzarelli issued a public manifestation of interest to entrepreneurs interested in reviving football in Modena by forming a new club to take the vacancy left by the dissolution of the Canarini . The task fell to former club president Romano Amadei , who re-founded the club and registered it in time for the 2018–19 Serie D . Former Modena sports director Doriano Tosi returned and former manager Luigi Apolloni , who gained promotion to Serie C with Parma in 2016 , was appointed manager . Former Modena player Armando Perna was the first signing of the newborn side . Modena ended the season in first place , together with Pergolettese ; this forced a one-legged playoff to be hold , which ended in a 1–2 loss for the Canarini . However , Modena were readmitted to Serie C in July 2019 to fill a league vacancy . Honours . International . - Anglo-Italian Cup ( 2 ) : Domestic . - Supercoppa di Serie C ( 1 ) : 2001 - Serie B ( 2 ) : 1937–38 , 1942–43 Records . - Player with most appearances : Renato Braglia , 484 - Player with most goals : Renato Brighenti , 82 - Largest home win : 6–0 v Livorno , Serie A 1929–30 - Largest home loss : 5–0 v Napoli , Serie A 1929–30 - Largest away win : 0–4 v Venezia , Serie A 1939–40 - Largest away loss : 1–9 v Lazio , Serie A 1931–32 Notable former managers . - Ferenc Kónya ( 1924–25 ) - János Nehadoma ( 1936–38 ) - Umberto Caligaris ( 1938–39 ) - Paolo Todeschini ( 1955–56 ) - Annibale Frossi ( 1962–64 ) - Stefano Angeleri ( 1973 ) - Umberto Pinardi ( 1976–78 ) - Bruno Giorgi ( 1981–82 ) - Luigi Mascalaito ( 1984–85 ) - Renzo Ulivieri ( 1989–91 ) - Adriano Fedele ( 1997–98 ) - Alessandro Scanziani ( 1997–98 ) - Paolo Stringara ( 1998–99 ) - Gianni De Biasi ( 1999–03 ) - Alberto Malesani ( 2003–04 ) - Gianfranco Bellotto ( 2003–04 ) - Stefano Pioli ( 2004–06 ) - Daniele Zoratto ( 2006–07 ) - Bortolo Mutti ( 2007–08 ) - Daniele Zoratto ( 2008–09 ) - Luigi Apolloni ( 2009–10 ) - Cristiano Bergodi ( 2010–11 ) - Agatino Cuttone ( 2011–12 ) - Cristiano Bergodi ( 2012 ) - Dario Marcolin ( 2012–13 ) - Walter Novellino ( 2013–15 ) - Simone Pavan ( 2015 ) - Hernán Crespo ( 2015–16 ) - Cristiano Bergodi ( 2016 ) - Simone Pavan ( 2016 ) - Ezio Capuano ( 2016–2017 ) |
[
"Stefano Pioli"
] | hard | Who was the head coach of the team Modena F.C. 2018 between Feb 2005 and Jun 2005? | /wiki/Modena_F.C._2018#P286#1 | Modena F.C . 2018 Modena Football Club 2018 , commonly referred to as Modena , is an Italian football club based in Modena , Emilia-Romagna . The club was founded in 1912 , and refounded in 2018 , and had spent the majority of its existence playing in Serie B . It currently competes in Serie C , the third tier of Italian football . History . Foundation and early years . Modena Football Club was formed in on 5 April 1912 as the result of a merging between existing Modenese clubs , Football Club Audax Modena and l Associazione Studentesca del Calcio Modena . The new colours were to be yellow and blue . Modenas first friendly match was played on 3 November 1912 in the Piazza dArmi against Venezia . Modena first took part Italian football league in 1912–13 , where they competed in the top division . These early years saw the purchase of Attilio Fresia , perhaps the greatest player in the clubs history . During the period of the first world war , the team won the 1916 Coppa Federale . In 1920–21 , Modena lost 4–0 in the championship semi-finals to Alessandria . In the years following , there was a period of disorganization in Italian football and Modena found itself at odds with the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) and moved to the CI Comitato Calcistico Italiano along with Internazionale , Venezia , Torino , Genoa and others . In 1929–30 , their first in Serie A ( then a single round consisting of 18 teams ) , the club finished in 12th place with 30 points . In 1931–32 came the clubs first relegation to Serie B , where they remained until 1937 . The 1936–37 season featured the inauguration of Modenas new stadium , dedicated to Cesare Marzari , a former gialloblu played killed in the war in Africa . During these years , the name was changed to Modena Calcio following directives of the regime aimed at eliminating all foreign words in the sports lexicon . In the 1937–38 season , there was a return to Serie A led by the Hungarian player/coach János Nehadoma . The following season , Modena escaped relegation by just one point . The 1939–40 campaign was the year when the numbers first appeared on the shirts of players , but at the end of the season , the yellow and blue were relegated to Serie B . 1940s , 50s and 60s . In 1940–41 , Modena returned to Serie A despite World War II considerably reducing the workforce . The following year , they fell back to Serie B . At the end of the war , however , Modena finished third in Serie A , just behind Torino and Juventus . Following the resignation of both the president and coach in 1948–49 , however , the squad was relegated back to Serie B . The club remained in Serie B throughout the 1950s . Tenor Luciano Pavarotti played on the team , making several appearances as a winger . In 1957–58 , Zenit became the sponsor of the team , providing 100 million lira for promotion to Serie A , but the team finished only in seventh place . In 1959–60 , the sponsor withdrew and the team was relegated to Serie C for the first time . The 1960s began with Modena in Serie C . In 1960–61 , under coach Malagoli , the team was promoted to Serie B , and the next year found Modena back in the top flight due in large part to the efforts of striker Enrico Pagliari ( 26 goals in 2 seasons ) . The following year , thanks mainly to the Brazilian Chinesinho , Modena achieved safety in Serie A , but in 1963–64 , despite the return of Sergio Brighenti , Modena fell back to Serie B after a playoff defeat to Sampdoria played in Milan . For the remainder of the 1960s , the club played in Serie B . 1970s , 80s and 90s . In 1971–72 , after changing three coaches , Modena again fell down to Serie C . Following consecutive seventh-place finishes in Serie C , Modena finally was promoted back to Serie B in 1974–75 . In 1976–77 , Modena achieved safety in Serie B only by beating Monza on the last day of the season . 1977–78 saw a corporate crisis in which the club was relegated to Serie C . In the following season , it was relegated even further down to Serie C2 , its lowest point since the club was founded . The beginning of the 1980s saw Modena back to Serie C1 and out of its economic crisis . Modena even won the Anglo-Italian Cup in 1981 and 1982 . In 1985–86 , they returned to Serie B behind the 21 goals scored by Sauro Frutti . In the following season , the club was dramatically saved from relegation on the final day , beating local rivals Bologna in the derby . But in 1987–88 , Modena were again relegated to Serie C1 . The 1989–90 season saw Modena promoted back to Serie B , led by their manager Renzo Ulivieri and goalkeeper Marco Ballotta who allowed a record low 9 goals conceded in 34 games . In 1991–92 , following the departure of Ulivieri for Vicenza , Modena was again saved from relegation on the final day , beating Messina 2–1 . The rest of the decade saw the club in tumultuous financial and sporting position , as in 1993–94 the team was relegated to C1 . A year later , Modena was surprisingly relegated to C2 after losing a play-out with Massese , however the club was rescued by the FIGC due to another teams penalty , ensuring Modenas status in C1 . The following year , only a loss to Lumezzane in the play-offs denied the clubs promotion . 2000s to 2017 and beyond . In 2000–01 , despite the death of the chairman Luigi Montagnani in the summer , the team begins a cycle of two great years : first promoted from Serie C1 to Serie B and the following year the club returned to Serie A for the first time in 38 years . Modena begin their stint back in the top flight with a humbling 0–3 defeat at the hand of Milan , but followed it up with a historic 2–1 victory against Roma at the Stadio Olimpico . The rest of the season was difficult , however , Modena secured its Serie A status on the last day of the season . The following season saw the club finish third from bottom on 30 points to be sent back to Serie B where they remained until their relegation to the third division at the end of the 2015-16 season . On 5 November 2017 , Modena was declared bankrupt after failing to pay player wages or stadium bills , which brought about a player strike and a stadium lockout . The club had not attended the previous three Serie C matches , including the match against Santarcangelo Calcio ; with a total of four matches not attended , the club were officially excluded from Lega Pro on 6 November . Following that , Modena Mayor Gian Carlo Muzzarelli issued a public manifestation of interest to entrepreneurs interested in reviving football in Modena by forming a new club to take the vacancy left by the dissolution of the Canarini . The task fell to former club president Romano Amadei , who re-founded the club and registered it in time for the 2018–19 Serie D . Former Modena sports director Doriano Tosi returned and former manager Luigi Apolloni , who gained promotion to Serie C with Parma in 2016 , was appointed manager . Former Modena player Armando Perna was the first signing of the newborn side . Modena ended the season in first place , together with Pergolettese ; this forced a one-legged playoff to be hold , which ended in a 1–2 loss for the Canarini . However , Modena were readmitted to Serie C in July 2019 to fill a league vacancy . Honours . International . - Anglo-Italian Cup ( 2 ) : Domestic . - Supercoppa di Serie C ( 1 ) : 2001 - Serie B ( 2 ) : 1937–38 , 1942–43 Records . - Player with most appearances : Renato Braglia , 484 - Player with most goals : Renato Brighenti , 82 - Largest home win : 6–0 v Livorno , Serie A 1929–30 - Largest home loss : 5–0 v Napoli , Serie A 1929–30 - Largest away win : 0–4 v Venezia , Serie A 1939–40 - Largest away loss : 1–9 v Lazio , Serie A 1931–32 Notable former managers . - Ferenc Kónya ( 1924–25 ) - János Nehadoma ( 1936–38 ) - Umberto Caligaris ( 1938–39 ) - Paolo Todeschini ( 1955–56 ) - Annibale Frossi ( 1962–64 ) - Stefano Angeleri ( 1973 ) - Umberto Pinardi ( 1976–78 ) - Bruno Giorgi ( 1981–82 ) - Luigi Mascalaito ( 1984–85 ) - Renzo Ulivieri ( 1989–91 ) - Adriano Fedele ( 1997–98 ) - Alessandro Scanziani ( 1997–98 ) - Paolo Stringara ( 1998–99 ) - Gianni De Biasi ( 1999–03 ) - Alberto Malesani ( 2003–04 ) - Gianfranco Bellotto ( 2003–04 ) - Stefano Pioli ( 2004–06 ) - Daniele Zoratto ( 2006–07 ) - Bortolo Mutti ( 2007–08 ) - Daniele Zoratto ( 2008–09 ) - Luigi Apolloni ( 2009–10 ) - Cristiano Bergodi ( 2010–11 ) - Agatino Cuttone ( 2011–12 ) - Cristiano Bergodi ( 2012 ) - Dario Marcolin ( 2012–13 ) - Walter Novellino ( 2013–15 ) - Simone Pavan ( 2015 ) - Hernán Crespo ( 2015–16 ) - Cristiano Bergodi ( 2016 ) - Simone Pavan ( 2016 ) - Ezio Capuano ( 2016–2017 ) |
[
"Stefano Pioli"
] | hard | Who was the head coach of the team Modena F.C. 2018 in Jun 2006? | /wiki/Modena_F.C._2018#P286#2 | Modena F.C . 2018 Modena Football Club 2018 , commonly referred to as Modena , is an Italian football club based in Modena , Emilia-Romagna . The club was founded in 1912 , and refounded in 2018 , and had spent the majority of its existence playing in Serie B . It currently competes in Serie C , the third tier of Italian football . History . Foundation and early years . Modena Football Club was formed in on 5 April 1912 as the result of a merging between existing Modenese clubs , Football Club Audax Modena and l Associazione Studentesca del Calcio Modena . The new colours were to be yellow and blue . Modenas first friendly match was played on 3 November 1912 in the Piazza dArmi against Venezia . Modena first took part Italian football league in 1912–13 , where they competed in the top division . These early years saw the purchase of Attilio Fresia , perhaps the greatest player in the clubs history . During the period of the first world war , the team won the 1916 Coppa Federale . In 1920–21 , Modena lost 4–0 in the championship semi-finals to Alessandria . In the years following , there was a period of disorganization in Italian football and Modena found itself at odds with the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) and moved to the CI Comitato Calcistico Italiano along with Internazionale , Venezia , Torino , Genoa and others . In 1929–30 , their first in Serie A ( then a single round consisting of 18 teams ) , the club finished in 12th place with 30 points . In 1931–32 came the clubs first relegation to Serie B , where they remained until 1937 . The 1936–37 season featured the inauguration of Modenas new stadium , dedicated to Cesare Marzari , a former gialloblu played killed in the war in Africa . During these years , the name was changed to Modena Calcio following directives of the regime aimed at eliminating all foreign words in the sports lexicon . In the 1937–38 season , there was a return to Serie A led by the Hungarian player/coach János Nehadoma . The following season , Modena escaped relegation by just one point . The 1939–40 campaign was the year when the numbers first appeared on the shirts of players , but at the end of the season , the yellow and blue were relegated to Serie B . 1940s , 50s and 60s . In 1940–41 , Modena returned to Serie A despite World War II considerably reducing the workforce . The following year , they fell back to Serie B . At the end of the war , however , Modena finished third in Serie A , just behind Torino and Juventus . Following the resignation of both the president and coach in 1948–49 , however , the squad was relegated back to Serie B . The club remained in Serie B throughout the 1950s . Tenor Luciano Pavarotti played on the team , making several appearances as a winger . In 1957–58 , Zenit became the sponsor of the team , providing 100 million lira for promotion to Serie A , but the team finished only in seventh place . In 1959–60 , the sponsor withdrew and the team was relegated to Serie C for the first time . The 1960s began with Modena in Serie C . In 1960–61 , under coach Malagoli , the team was promoted to Serie B , and the next year found Modena back in the top flight due in large part to the efforts of striker Enrico Pagliari ( 26 goals in 2 seasons ) . The following year , thanks mainly to the Brazilian Chinesinho , Modena achieved safety in Serie A , but in 1963–64 , despite the return of Sergio Brighenti , Modena fell back to Serie B after a playoff defeat to Sampdoria played in Milan . For the remainder of the 1960s , the club played in Serie B . 1970s , 80s and 90s . In 1971–72 , after changing three coaches , Modena again fell down to Serie C . Following consecutive seventh-place finishes in Serie C , Modena finally was promoted back to Serie B in 1974–75 . In 1976–77 , Modena achieved safety in Serie B only by beating Monza on the last day of the season . 1977–78 saw a corporate crisis in which the club was relegated to Serie C . In the following season , it was relegated even further down to Serie C2 , its lowest point since the club was founded . The beginning of the 1980s saw Modena back to Serie C1 and out of its economic crisis . Modena even won the Anglo-Italian Cup in 1981 and 1982 . In 1985–86 , they returned to Serie B behind the 21 goals scored by Sauro Frutti . In the following season , the club was dramatically saved from relegation on the final day , beating local rivals Bologna in the derby . But in 1987–88 , Modena were again relegated to Serie C1 . The 1989–90 season saw Modena promoted back to Serie B , led by their manager Renzo Ulivieri and goalkeeper Marco Ballotta who allowed a record low 9 goals conceded in 34 games . In 1991–92 , following the departure of Ulivieri for Vicenza , Modena was again saved from relegation on the final day , beating Messina 2–1 . The rest of the decade saw the club in tumultuous financial and sporting position , as in 1993–94 the team was relegated to C1 . A year later , Modena was surprisingly relegated to C2 after losing a play-out with Massese , however the club was rescued by the FIGC due to another teams penalty , ensuring Modenas status in C1 . The following year , only a loss to Lumezzane in the play-offs denied the clubs promotion . 2000s to 2017 and beyond . In 2000–01 , despite the death of the chairman Luigi Montagnani in the summer , the team begins a cycle of two great years : first promoted from Serie C1 to Serie B and the following year the club returned to Serie A for the first time in 38 years . Modena begin their stint back in the top flight with a humbling 0–3 defeat at the hand of Milan , but followed it up with a historic 2–1 victory against Roma at the Stadio Olimpico . The rest of the season was difficult , however , Modena secured its Serie A status on the last day of the season . The following season saw the club finish third from bottom on 30 points to be sent back to Serie B where they remained until their relegation to the third division at the end of the 2015-16 season . On 5 November 2017 , Modena was declared bankrupt after failing to pay player wages or stadium bills , which brought about a player strike and a stadium lockout . The club had not attended the previous three Serie C matches , including the match against Santarcangelo Calcio ; with a total of four matches not attended , the club were officially excluded from Lega Pro on 6 November . Following that , Modena Mayor Gian Carlo Muzzarelli issued a public manifestation of interest to entrepreneurs interested in reviving football in Modena by forming a new club to take the vacancy left by the dissolution of the Canarini . The task fell to former club president Romano Amadei , who re-founded the club and registered it in time for the 2018–19 Serie D . Former Modena sports director Doriano Tosi returned and former manager Luigi Apolloni , who gained promotion to Serie C with Parma in 2016 , was appointed manager . Former Modena player Armando Perna was the first signing of the newborn side . Modena ended the season in first place , together with Pergolettese ; this forced a one-legged playoff to be hold , which ended in a 1–2 loss for the Canarini . However , Modena were readmitted to Serie C in July 2019 to fill a league vacancy . Honours . International . - Anglo-Italian Cup ( 2 ) : Domestic . - Supercoppa di Serie C ( 1 ) : 2001 - Serie B ( 2 ) : 1937–38 , 1942–43 Records . - Player with most appearances : Renato Braglia , 484 - Player with most goals : Renato Brighenti , 82 - Largest home win : 6–0 v Livorno , Serie A 1929–30 - Largest home loss : 5–0 v Napoli , Serie A 1929–30 - Largest away win : 0–4 v Venezia , Serie A 1939–40 - Largest away loss : 1–9 v Lazio , Serie A 1931–32 Notable former managers . - Ferenc Kónya ( 1924–25 ) - János Nehadoma ( 1936–38 ) - Umberto Caligaris ( 1938–39 ) - Paolo Todeschini ( 1955–56 ) - Annibale Frossi ( 1962–64 ) - Stefano Angeleri ( 1973 ) - Umberto Pinardi ( 1976–78 ) - Bruno Giorgi ( 1981–82 ) - Luigi Mascalaito ( 1984–85 ) - Renzo Ulivieri ( 1989–91 ) - Adriano Fedele ( 1997–98 ) - Alessandro Scanziani ( 1997–98 ) - Paolo Stringara ( 1998–99 ) - Gianni De Biasi ( 1999–03 ) - Alberto Malesani ( 2003–04 ) - Gianfranco Bellotto ( 2003–04 ) - Stefano Pioli ( 2004–06 ) - Daniele Zoratto ( 2006–07 ) - Bortolo Mutti ( 2007–08 ) - Daniele Zoratto ( 2008–09 ) - Luigi Apolloni ( 2009–10 ) - Cristiano Bergodi ( 2010–11 ) - Agatino Cuttone ( 2011–12 ) - Cristiano Bergodi ( 2012 ) - Dario Marcolin ( 2012–13 ) - Walter Novellino ( 2013–15 ) - Simone Pavan ( 2015 ) - Hernán Crespo ( 2015–16 ) - Cristiano Bergodi ( 2016 ) - Simone Pavan ( 2016 ) - Ezio Capuano ( 2016–2017 ) |
[
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] | hard | Bernard Charlès went to which school before Feb 1978? | /wiki/Bernard_Charlès#P69#0 | Bernard Charlès Bernard Charlès ( born 1957 ) is a French business executive . He is the chief executive officer and the vice-chairman of the board of directors of Dassault Systèmes , the 3DEXPERIENCE Company , world leader in 3D design software , 3D digital mock-up and Product Lifecycle Management ( PLM ) solutions . Charlès is the 13th best-performing CEO in the world according to the Harvard Business Review 2017 ranking . In 2018 Dassault Systèmes was named the most sustainable corporation in the world in the Global 100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World index by Corporate Knights . In 2018 , he was named one of the Best CEOs In The World by the CEOWORLD magazine . Early life and education . Bernard Charlès was born and grew up in Brittany , France . He is a graduate from the Ecole Normale Supérieure engineering school in Cachan ( ENS Cachan ) and has a PhD in mechanical engineering majoring in automation engineering and information science . He also holds an agrégation — the most senior teaching qualification achievable in France ( specializing in mechanical engineering ) . Professional career . Bernard Charlès joined Dassault Systèmes in 1983 to develop new design technology – less than two years after the company was created . In 1986 he founded a New Technologies , Research and Strategy department . In 1988 he was named to the position of President of Strategy , Research & Development . In 1989 , he initiated the creation of the digital mock-up ( DMU ) , complete virtual 3D model of a product that replaced physical prototypes . Charlès was appointed president and chief executive officer of Dassault Systèmes in September 1995 . In 1996 , he became a member of the board of directors . The same year he organized the flotation of Dassault Systèmes on the stock market . In 2000 , with the idea of Product Lifecycle Management ( PLM ) , he extended the concept of the digital mock-up to the entire lifecycle of a product . In parallel he made a series of acquisitions and brand creation : ENOVIA in 1998 , DELMIA in 2000 and SIMULIA in 2005 . To reinforce the companys business scope and sales capabilities , he decided to acquire SolidWorks in 1997 , and to gain control of Dassault Systèmes’ entire distribution network , previously managed by IBM . In 2012 , with 3DEXPERIENCE , Charlès announced a new vision for the company based on the idea that 3D should also include the simulation of the consumer experience . He set a specific purpose to “The 3DEXPERIENCE Company” : “Dassault Systèmes provides business and people with 3DEXPERIENCE universes to imagine sustainable innovations capable of harmonizing product , nature and life.” To support this ambition , he carried on an acquisition ( Gemcom in 2012 , Apriso in 2013 , RTT , Quintiq and Accelrys in 2014 ) and diversification strategy with 3DSWYM for social innovation , EXALEAD and NETVIBES for data intelligence , GEOVIA in the Natural Resources sector , 3DVIA for a B2C approach , BIOVIA for virtual biosphere and materials , and 3DEXCITE for real-time , high-end visualizations . In May 2016 , he was named vice-president of the board of directors of Dassault Systèmes , of which he had become member in 1993 . Since May 2015 , Bernard Charlès has been co-leading the French government project “Industry of the Future” . This alliance is a group of technology companies , professional associations and academic partners whose mission is to promote the French governments program to digitally transform industry in France . He is the Honorary Chairman of La Fondation Dassault Systèmes that helps research and academic institutions leverage the power of 3D virtual worlds to stretch the limits of knowledge . Charlès was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2017 for leadership in providing major software tools for simulation-based engineering . Honors . Bernard Charlès holds the rank of Officer in the French Legion of Honour and is a member of the National Academy of Technologies of France . He is a foreign member of the US National Academy of Engineering . External links . - Biography - Dassault’s modest proposal : Change the way we make everything , January 25 , 2016 - Rethink Innovation ! We are in the Experience Economy , Keynote lecture at CeBIT Global Conferences , March 16 , 2015 - The Experience Economy is Changing Everything about the Way We Do Business , Executive Insight , Prime Magazine , Autumn 2014 - Inside a Beating Silicon Heart , Forbes , January 20 , 2014 - Dassault Systèmes : a Story of Excellence , Interview with TV5Monde channel for the reception of the French Excellence prize , Subtitled in English , 2012 - View from the Top : Bernard Charles , president and CEO of Dassault Systèmes , Financial Times , May 8 , 2009 - Spotlight : A Frenchman with virtual passion , The New York Times , January 6 , 2006 |
[
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] | hard | Bernard Charlès went to which school between Jun 1981 and Aug 1981? | /wiki/Bernard_Charlès#P69#1 | Bernard Charlès Bernard Charlès ( born 1957 ) is a French business executive . He is the chief executive officer and the vice-chairman of the board of directors of Dassault Systèmes , the 3DEXPERIENCE Company , world leader in 3D design software , 3D digital mock-up and Product Lifecycle Management ( PLM ) solutions . Charlès is the 13th best-performing CEO in the world according to the Harvard Business Review 2017 ranking . In 2018 Dassault Systèmes was named the most sustainable corporation in the world in the Global 100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World index by Corporate Knights . In 2018 , he was named one of the Best CEOs In The World by the CEOWORLD magazine . Early life and education . Bernard Charlès was born and grew up in Brittany , France . He is a graduate from the Ecole Normale Supérieure engineering school in Cachan ( ENS Cachan ) and has a PhD in mechanical engineering majoring in automation engineering and information science . He also holds an agrégation — the most senior teaching qualification achievable in France ( specializing in mechanical engineering ) . Professional career . Bernard Charlès joined Dassault Systèmes in 1983 to develop new design technology – less than two years after the company was created . In 1986 he founded a New Technologies , Research and Strategy department . In 1988 he was named to the position of President of Strategy , Research & Development . In 1989 , he initiated the creation of the digital mock-up ( DMU ) , complete virtual 3D model of a product that replaced physical prototypes . Charlès was appointed president and chief executive officer of Dassault Systèmes in September 1995 . In 1996 , he became a member of the board of directors . The same year he organized the flotation of Dassault Systèmes on the stock market . In 2000 , with the idea of Product Lifecycle Management ( PLM ) , he extended the concept of the digital mock-up to the entire lifecycle of a product . In parallel he made a series of acquisitions and brand creation : ENOVIA in 1998 , DELMIA in 2000 and SIMULIA in 2005 . To reinforce the companys business scope and sales capabilities , he decided to acquire SolidWorks in 1997 , and to gain control of Dassault Systèmes’ entire distribution network , previously managed by IBM . In 2012 , with 3DEXPERIENCE , Charlès announced a new vision for the company based on the idea that 3D should also include the simulation of the consumer experience . He set a specific purpose to “The 3DEXPERIENCE Company” : “Dassault Systèmes provides business and people with 3DEXPERIENCE universes to imagine sustainable innovations capable of harmonizing product , nature and life.” To support this ambition , he carried on an acquisition ( Gemcom in 2012 , Apriso in 2013 , RTT , Quintiq and Accelrys in 2014 ) and diversification strategy with 3DSWYM for social innovation , EXALEAD and NETVIBES for data intelligence , GEOVIA in the Natural Resources sector , 3DVIA for a B2C approach , BIOVIA for virtual biosphere and materials , and 3DEXCITE for real-time , high-end visualizations . In May 2016 , he was named vice-president of the board of directors of Dassault Systèmes , of which he had become member in 1993 . Since May 2015 , Bernard Charlès has been co-leading the French government project “Industry of the Future” . This alliance is a group of technology companies , professional associations and academic partners whose mission is to promote the French governments program to digitally transform industry in France . He is the Honorary Chairman of La Fondation Dassault Systèmes that helps research and academic institutions leverage the power of 3D virtual worlds to stretch the limits of knowledge . Charlès was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2017 for leadership in providing major software tools for simulation-based engineering . Honors . Bernard Charlès holds the rank of Officer in the French Legion of Honour and is a member of the National Academy of Technologies of France . He is a foreign member of the US National Academy of Engineering . External links . - Biography - Dassault’s modest proposal : Change the way we make everything , January 25 , 2016 - Rethink Innovation ! We are in the Experience Economy , Keynote lecture at CeBIT Global Conferences , March 16 , 2015 - The Experience Economy is Changing Everything about the Way We Do Business , Executive Insight , Prime Magazine , Autumn 2014 - Inside a Beating Silicon Heart , Forbes , January 20 , 2014 - Dassault Systèmes : a Story of Excellence , Interview with TV5Monde channel for the reception of the French Excellence prize , Subtitled in English , 2012 - View from the Top : Bernard Charles , president and CEO of Dassault Systèmes , Financial Times , May 8 , 2009 - Spotlight : A Frenchman with virtual passion , The New York Times , January 6 , 2006 |
[
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] | hard | Bernard Charlès went to which school in early 1970s? | /wiki/Bernard_Charlès#P69#2 | Bernard Charlès Bernard Charlès ( born 1957 ) is a French business executive . He is the chief executive officer and the vice-chairman of the board of directors of Dassault Systèmes , the 3DEXPERIENCE Company , world leader in 3D design software , 3D digital mock-up and Product Lifecycle Management ( PLM ) solutions . Charlès is the 13th best-performing CEO in the world according to the Harvard Business Review 2017 ranking . In 2018 Dassault Systèmes was named the most sustainable corporation in the world in the Global 100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World index by Corporate Knights . In 2018 , he was named one of the Best CEOs In The World by the CEOWORLD magazine . Early life and education . Bernard Charlès was born and grew up in Brittany , France . He is a graduate from the Ecole Normale Supérieure engineering school in Cachan ( ENS Cachan ) and has a PhD in mechanical engineering majoring in automation engineering and information science . He also holds an agrégation — the most senior teaching qualification achievable in France ( specializing in mechanical engineering ) . Professional career . Bernard Charlès joined Dassault Systèmes in 1983 to develop new design technology – less than two years after the company was created . In 1986 he founded a New Technologies , Research and Strategy department . In 1988 he was named to the position of President of Strategy , Research & Development . In 1989 , he initiated the creation of the digital mock-up ( DMU ) , complete virtual 3D model of a product that replaced physical prototypes . Charlès was appointed president and chief executive officer of Dassault Systèmes in September 1995 . In 1996 , he became a member of the board of directors . The same year he organized the flotation of Dassault Systèmes on the stock market . In 2000 , with the idea of Product Lifecycle Management ( PLM ) , he extended the concept of the digital mock-up to the entire lifecycle of a product . In parallel he made a series of acquisitions and brand creation : ENOVIA in 1998 , DELMIA in 2000 and SIMULIA in 2005 . To reinforce the companys business scope and sales capabilities , he decided to acquire SolidWorks in 1997 , and to gain control of Dassault Systèmes’ entire distribution network , previously managed by IBM . In 2012 , with 3DEXPERIENCE , Charlès announced a new vision for the company based on the idea that 3D should also include the simulation of the consumer experience . He set a specific purpose to “The 3DEXPERIENCE Company” : “Dassault Systèmes provides business and people with 3DEXPERIENCE universes to imagine sustainable innovations capable of harmonizing product , nature and life.” To support this ambition , he carried on an acquisition ( Gemcom in 2012 , Apriso in 2013 , RTT , Quintiq and Accelrys in 2014 ) and diversification strategy with 3DSWYM for social innovation , EXALEAD and NETVIBES for data intelligence , GEOVIA in the Natural Resources sector , 3DVIA for a B2C approach , BIOVIA for virtual biosphere and materials , and 3DEXCITE for real-time , high-end visualizations . In May 2016 , he was named vice-president of the board of directors of Dassault Systèmes , of which he had become member in 1993 . Since May 2015 , Bernard Charlès has been co-leading the French government project “Industry of the Future” . This alliance is a group of technology companies , professional associations and academic partners whose mission is to promote the French governments program to digitally transform industry in France . He is the Honorary Chairman of La Fondation Dassault Systèmes that helps research and academic institutions leverage the power of 3D virtual worlds to stretch the limits of knowledge . Charlès was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2017 for leadership in providing major software tools for simulation-based engineering . Honors . Bernard Charlès holds the rank of Officer in the French Legion of Honour and is a member of the National Academy of Technologies of France . He is a foreign member of the US National Academy of Engineering . External links . - Biography - Dassault’s modest proposal : Change the way we make everything , January 25 , 2016 - Rethink Innovation ! We are in the Experience Economy , Keynote lecture at CeBIT Global Conferences , March 16 , 2015 - The Experience Economy is Changing Everything about the Way We Do Business , Executive Insight , Prime Magazine , Autumn 2014 - Inside a Beating Silicon Heart , Forbes , January 20 , 2014 - Dassault Systèmes : a Story of Excellence , Interview with TV5Monde channel for the reception of the French Excellence prize , Subtitled in English , 2012 - View from the Top : Bernard Charles , president and CEO of Dassault Systèmes , Financial Times , May 8 , 2009 - Spotlight : A Frenchman with virtual passion , The New York Times , January 6 , 2006 |
[
"Governor of New Brunswick"
] | hard | Howard Douglas took which position in late 1820s? | /wiki/Howard_Douglas#P39#0 | Howard Douglas General Sir Howard Douglas , 3rd Baronet ( 23 January 1776 – 9 November 1861 ) was a British military officer born in Gosport , England , the younger son of Admiral Sir Charles Douglas , and a descendant of the Earls of Morton . He was an English army general , author , colonial administrator and Member of Parliament for Liverpool . Early life . Following the death of his mother , Sarah Wood Douglas , in 1779 , Howard was raised by his aunt , Helena Baillie , near Edinburgh . As a boy , he wanted to join the Royal Navy and follow in the footsteps of his father and older brother . His father agreed to take him to sea when he was 13 , but Sir Charles died of apoplexy while in Edinburgh just after he arrived to collect Howard in 1789 . Howards guardians thought it better that he serve in the Army instead , and he entered the Royal Military Academy , Woolwich , in 1790 . He was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Royal Artillery in 1794 , becoming Lieutenant a few months later . Early career . In 1795 he was shipwrecked while in charge of a draft for Canada , and lived with his men for a whole winter on the Labrador coast . Soon after his return to England in 1799 he was made a Captain-Lieutenant . In his regimental service during the next few years , he was attached to all branches of the artillery in succession , becoming Captain in 1804 , after which he was placed on half-pay to serve at the Royal Military College ( RMC ) , then located at High Wycombe . He taught military strategy and was an authority on military and naval engineering . He served intermittently as commandant of the senior department and as inspector general of instructions at the RMC . In 1804 , Douglas was appointed to a majority in the York Rangers , a corps immediately afterwards reduced . He remained on the roll of its officers until promoted Major-General . The senior department of the RMC at High Wycombe , of which he was in charge , was the forerunner of the Staff College . Douglas was promoted brevet Lieutenant-Colonel in 1806 . He served in 1808–09 in the Peninsular War and was present at the Battle of Corunna , after which he took part in the Walcheren Campaign . On the death of his half-brother , Vice-Admiral Sir William Douglas in 1809 , he succeeded to the baronetcy . In 1812 he was employed in special missions in the north of Spain , and took part in numerous minor operations in that region , but he was soon recalled , the Home Government deeming his services indispensable to the Royal Military College . He became brevet Colonel in 1814 and CB in 1815 . He became a fellow of the Royal Society on 25 January 1816 . Early writings and promotion to Major-General . In 1816 appeared his Essay on the Principles and Construction of Military Bridges , in 1819 , Observations on the Motives , Errors and Tendency of M . Carnots System of Defence , and in the following year his A Treatise on Naval Gunnery ( of which numerous editions and translations appeared up to the general introduction of rifled ordnance ) . In 1821 he was promoted Major-General . Douglass criticisms of Carnot led to an important experiment being carried out at Woolwich in 1822 , and his Naval Gunnery became a standard text-book , and indeed first drew attention to the subject of which it treated . Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick . Sir Howard Douglas became Governor of New Brunswick ( 1823–31 ) . He had to deal with the Maine boundary dispute with the United States of 1828 . He also founded Fredericton College ( Kings College ) , now known as the University of New Brunswick , of which he was the first Chancellor . He was governor during the Miramichi fire of 1825 , and his actions during that crisis increased his popularity with the people of the province . He secured a charter for Kings College at Fredericton ( later the University of New Brunswick ) . Some subsequent light is shed on local society in his period of office in the novel Lady Rosamonds Secret . A Romance of Fredericton ( 1878 ) by the Rebecca Agatha Armour . Later career in Europe . On his return to Europe he was employed in various missions , and he published about this time Naval Evolutions , a controversial work dealing with the question of breaking the line . From 1835 to 1840 Douglas , now a GCMG , was Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands , where , amongst other reforms , he introduced a new code of laws . In 1837 he became a Lieutenant-General , in 1840 a KCB , in 1841 a civil GCB , and in 1851 a full general . He was given the colonelcy of the 99th ( Lanarkshire ) Regiment of Foot from 1841 to 1851 when he transferred as colonel to the 15th ( the Yorkshire East Riding ) Regiment of Foot , a position he held until his death in 1861 . From 1842 to 1847 Douglas sat as a Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool , where he took a prominent part in debates on military and naval matters and on the corn laws . He was frequently consulted on important military questions . His later works included Observations on the Modern System of Fortification . and On Naval Warfare With Steam Sir Howard Douglas died in Tunbridge Wells . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society , and one of the founders of the Royal Geographical Society . He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Civil Law from the University of Oxford . Shortly before his death he declined the offer of a military GCB . Family life . In 1797 , while in Quebec City , Douglas fathered a daughter , Margaret ( or Marguerite ) , but did not marry the mother , Catherine Normandeau . In 1799 , he returned to England , and in July of that year he married Anne Dundas , daughter of James Dundas . They had ten children , Major Charles Douglas , James Dundas Douglas , Howard Douglas , General Sir Robert Percy Douglas , 4th Baronet of Carr , Reverend William Frederick Douglas , Ann Douglas , Christina Douglas , Lucy Douglas , Sarah Mary Harcourt Douglas , and Mary Douglas . References . Notes Citations External links . - Biography at the Centre for Newfoundland Studies Archives , Memorial University Library Website - Sir Howard Douglas |
[
"Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands"
] | hard | Howard Douglas took which position in May 1839? | /wiki/Howard_Douglas#P39#1 | Howard Douglas General Sir Howard Douglas , 3rd Baronet ( 23 January 1776 – 9 November 1861 ) was a British military officer born in Gosport , England , the younger son of Admiral Sir Charles Douglas , and a descendant of the Earls of Morton . He was an English army general , author , colonial administrator and Member of Parliament for Liverpool . Early life . Following the death of his mother , Sarah Wood Douglas , in 1779 , Howard was raised by his aunt , Helena Baillie , near Edinburgh . As a boy , he wanted to join the Royal Navy and follow in the footsteps of his father and older brother . His father agreed to take him to sea when he was 13 , but Sir Charles died of apoplexy while in Edinburgh just after he arrived to collect Howard in 1789 . Howards guardians thought it better that he serve in the Army instead , and he entered the Royal Military Academy , Woolwich , in 1790 . He was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Royal Artillery in 1794 , becoming Lieutenant a few months later . Early career . In 1795 he was shipwrecked while in charge of a draft for Canada , and lived with his men for a whole winter on the Labrador coast . Soon after his return to England in 1799 he was made a Captain-Lieutenant . In his regimental service during the next few years , he was attached to all branches of the artillery in succession , becoming Captain in 1804 , after which he was placed on half-pay to serve at the Royal Military College ( RMC ) , then located at High Wycombe . He taught military strategy and was an authority on military and naval engineering . He served intermittently as commandant of the senior department and as inspector general of instructions at the RMC . In 1804 , Douglas was appointed to a majority in the York Rangers , a corps immediately afterwards reduced . He remained on the roll of its officers until promoted Major-General . The senior department of the RMC at High Wycombe , of which he was in charge , was the forerunner of the Staff College . Douglas was promoted brevet Lieutenant-Colonel in 1806 . He served in 1808–09 in the Peninsular War and was present at the Battle of Corunna , after which he took part in the Walcheren Campaign . On the death of his half-brother , Vice-Admiral Sir William Douglas in 1809 , he succeeded to the baronetcy . In 1812 he was employed in special missions in the north of Spain , and took part in numerous minor operations in that region , but he was soon recalled , the Home Government deeming his services indispensable to the Royal Military College . He became brevet Colonel in 1814 and CB in 1815 . He became a fellow of the Royal Society on 25 January 1816 . Early writings and promotion to Major-General . In 1816 appeared his Essay on the Principles and Construction of Military Bridges , in 1819 , Observations on the Motives , Errors and Tendency of M . Carnots System of Defence , and in the following year his A Treatise on Naval Gunnery ( of which numerous editions and translations appeared up to the general introduction of rifled ordnance ) . In 1821 he was promoted Major-General . Douglass criticisms of Carnot led to an important experiment being carried out at Woolwich in 1822 , and his Naval Gunnery became a standard text-book , and indeed first drew attention to the subject of which it treated . Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick . Sir Howard Douglas became Governor of New Brunswick ( 1823–31 ) . He had to deal with the Maine boundary dispute with the United States of 1828 . He also founded Fredericton College ( Kings College ) , now known as the University of New Brunswick , of which he was the first Chancellor . He was governor during the Miramichi fire of 1825 , and his actions during that crisis increased his popularity with the people of the province . He secured a charter for Kings College at Fredericton ( later the University of New Brunswick ) . Some subsequent light is shed on local society in his period of office in the novel Lady Rosamonds Secret . A Romance of Fredericton ( 1878 ) by the Rebecca Agatha Armour . Later career in Europe . On his return to Europe he was employed in various missions , and he published about this time Naval Evolutions , a controversial work dealing with the question of breaking the line . From 1835 to 1840 Douglas , now a GCMG , was Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands , where , amongst other reforms , he introduced a new code of laws . In 1837 he became a Lieutenant-General , in 1840 a KCB , in 1841 a civil GCB , and in 1851 a full general . He was given the colonelcy of the 99th ( Lanarkshire ) Regiment of Foot from 1841 to 1851 when he transferred as colonel to the 15th ( the Yorkshire East Riding ) Regiment of Foot , a position he held until his death in 1861 . From 1842 to 1847 Douglas sat as a Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool , where he took a prominent part in debates on military and naval matters and on the corn laws . He was frequently consulted on important military questions . His later works included Observations on the Modern System of Fortification . and On Naval Warfare With Steam Sir Howard Douglas died in Tunbridge Wells . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society , and one of the founders of the Royal Geographical Society . He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Civil Law from the University of Oxford . Shortly before his death he declined the offer of a military GCB . Family life . In 1797 , while in Quebec City , Douglas fathered a daughter , Margaret ( or Marguerite ) , but did not marry the mother , Catherine Normandeau . In 1799 , he returned to England , and in July of that year he married Anne Dundas , daughter of James Dundas . They had ten children , Major Charles Douglas , James Dundas Douglas , Howard Douglas , General Sir Robert Percy Douglas , 4th Baronet of Carr , Reverend William Frederick Douglas , Ann Douglas , Christina Douglas , Lucy Douglas , Sarah Mary Harcourt Douglas , and Mary Douglas . References . Notes Citations External links . - Biography at the Centre for Newfoundland Studies Archives , Memorial University Library Website - Sir Howard Douglas |
[
"Conservative Member of Parliament"
] | hard | Howard Douglas took which position after Sep 1844? | /wiki/Howard_Douglas#P39#2 | Howard Douglas General Sir Howard Douglas , 3rd Baronet ( 23 January 1776 – 9 November 1861 ) was a British military officer born in Gosport , England , the younger son of Admiral Sir Charles Douglas , and a descendant of the Earls of Morton . He was an English army general , author , colonial administrator and Member of Parliament for Liverpool . Early life . Following the death of his mother , Sarah Wood Douglas , in 1779 , Howard was raised by his aunt , Helena Baillie , near Edinburgh . As a boy , he wanted to join the Royal Navy and follow in the footsteps of his father and older brother . His father agreed to take him to sea when he was 13 , but Sir Charles died of apoplexy while in Edinburgh just after he arrived to collect Howard in 1789 . Howards guardians thought it better that he serve in the Army instead , and he entered the Royal Military Academy , Woolwich , in 1790 . He was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Royal Artillery in 1794 , becoming Lieutenant a few months later . Early career . In 1795 he was shipwrecked while in charge of a draft for Canada , and lived with his men for a whole winter on the Labrador coast . Soon after his return to England in 1799 he was made a Captain-Lieutenant . In his regimental service during the next few years , he was attached to all branches of the artillery in succession , becoming Captain in 1804 , after which he was placed on half-pay to serve at the Royal Military College ( RMC ) , then located at High Wycombe . He taught military strategy and was an authority on military and naval engineering . He served intermittently as commandant of the senior department and as inspector general of instructions at the RMC . In 1804 , Douglas was appointed to a majority in the York Rangers , a corps immediately afterwards reduced . He remained on the roll of its officers until promoted Major-General . The senior department of the RMC at High Wycombe , of which he was in charge , was the forerunner of the Staff College . Douglas was promoted brevet Lieutenant-Colonel in 1806 . He served in 1808–09 in the Peninsular War and was present at the Battle of Corunna , after which he took part in the Walcheren Campaign . On the death of his half-brother , Vice-Admiral Sir William Douglas in 1809 , he succeeded to the baronetcy . In 1812 he was employed in special missions in the north of Spain , and took part in numerous minor operations in that region , but he was soon recalled , the Home Government deeming his services indispensable to the Royal Military College . He became brevet Colonel in 1814 and CB in 1815 . He became a fellow of the Royal Society on 25 January 1816 . Early writings and promotion to Major-General . In 1816 appeared his Essay on the Principles and Construction of Military Bridges , in 1819 , Observations on the Motives , Errors and Tendency of M . Carnots System of Defence , and in the following year his A Treatise on Naval Gunnery ( of which numerous editions and translations appeared up to the general introduction of rifled ordnance ) . In 1821 he was promoted Major-General . Douglass criticisms of Carnot led to an important experiment being carried out at Woolwich in 1822 , and his Naval Gunnery became a standard text-book , and indeed first drew attention to the subject of which it treated . Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick . Sir Howard Douglas became Governor of New Brunswick ( 1823–31 ) . He had to deal with the Maine boundary dispute with the United States of 1828 . He also founded Fredericton College ( Kings College ) , now known as the University of New Brunswick , of which he was the first Chancellor . He was governor during the Miramichi fire of 1825 , and his actions during that crisis increased his popularity with the people of the province . He secured a charter for Kings College at Fredericton ( later the University of New Brunswick ) . Some subsequent light is shed on local society in his period of office in the novel Lady Rosamonds Secret . A Romance of Fredericton ( 1878 ) by the Rebecca Agatha Armour . Later career in Europe . On his return to Europe he was employed in various missions , and he published about this time Naval Evolutions , a controversial work dealing with the question of breaking the line . From 1835 to 1840 Douglas , now a GCMG , was Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands , where , amongst other reforms , he introduced a new code of laws . In 1837 he became a Lieutenant-General , in 1840 a KCB , in 1841 a civil GCB , and in 1851 a full general . He was given the colonelcy of the 99th ( Lanarkshire ) Regiment of Foot from 1841 to 1851 when he transferred as colonel to the 15th ( the Yorkshire East Riding ) Regiment of Foot , a position he held until his death in 1861 . From 1842 to 1847 Douglas sat as a Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool , where he took a prominent part in debates on military and naval matters and on the corn laws . He was frequently consulted on important military questions . His later works included Observations on the Modern System of Fortification . and On Naval Warfare With Steam Sir Howard Douglas died in Tunbridge Wells . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society , and one of the founders of the Royal Geographical Society . He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Civil Law from the University of Oxford . Shortly before his death he declined the offer of a military GCB . Family life . In 1797 , while in Quebec City , Douglas fathered a daughter , Margaret ( or Marguerite ) , but did not marry the mother , Catherine Normandeau . In 1799 , he returned to England , and in July of that year he married Anne Dundas , daughter of James Dundas . They had ten children , Major Charles Douglas , James Dundas Douglas , Howard Douglas , General Sir Robert Percy Douglas , 4th Baronet of Carr , Reverend William Frederick Douglas , Ann Douglas , Christina Douglas , Lucy Douglas , Sarah Mary Harcourt Douglas , and Mary Douglas . References . Notes Citations External links . - Biography at the Centre for Newfoundland Studies Archives , Memorial University Library Website - Sir Howard Douglas |
[
"Stockport"
] | hard | Which team did Tommy Rowe play for before Nov 2008? | /wiki/Tommy_Rowe#P54#0 | Tommy Rowe Thomas Malcolm Rowe ( born 24 September 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who primarily plays as a winger but can also operate at left back . He most recently played for Championship club Bristol City . Career . Stockport County . Rowe was born in Wythenshawe , Manchester , and started his career as a boy with Manchester United in 2002 . He joined the Stockport County youth system the following year , and made his first-team debut as an 81st-minute substitute in their 4–1 defeat away at Watford in the FA Cup third round in January 2007 . He scored his first goal for Stockport against Notts County at Edgeley Park in February 2008 , and followed this up with a hat-trick at Rotherham United a few days later , which prompted Stockport County manager Jim Gannon to say , Physically , he is a supreme athlete with Premier League fitness and technically he is excellent . What an accomplished performance – the only thing is maybe the England scouts wont come to look at him . Ive said it to him personally , I think he has a great future . Rowe made 30 appearances in the 2007–08 season , including all the playoff games , as Stockport won promotion to League One.<ref played by Tommy Rowe in 2007/2008></ref> At the end of the season , Rowe won the clubs Young Player of the Year Award . He made a further 50 appearances for Stockport in the 2008–09 season.<ref played by Tommy Rowe in 2008/2009></ref> Peterborough United . After Stockport went into administration at the end of April 2009 , the administrators sold Rowe to raise necessary funding for the club . Rowe joined League One side Peterborough United for £225,000 on a three-year contract in May 2009 . He scored his first goal for Peterborough in a 4–0 win away at Wycombe in the first round of the League Cup at the beginning of the 2009–10 season . After becoming a regular player in the Peterborough team , Rowe ended the 2010/11 campaign by scoring the opening goal at a 3–0 win over Huddersfield Town in the League One play-off final as they won promotion to the Football League Championship . Rowe was appointed Peterboroughs captain for the 2012–13 season but the team ended up suffering relegation despite reaching 54 points . He remained with the Posh for a further season back in League One , during which he lifted the Football League Trophy after a 3–1 win over Chesterfield . However , following a play-off defeat to Leyton Orient , Rowe was named as one of a series of players who would not be offered a new contract . In total he made 199 appearances for the club , scoring 27 times . Wolverhampton Wanderers . Out of contract at Peterborough , Rowe signed a two-year deal on 3 June 2014 with newly promoted Championship side Wolverhampton Wanderers . After overcoming a broken toe sustained during pre-season , he made his club debut on 30 August 2014 as a substitute in a 3–1 win against Blackburn . Rowe failed to establish himself in Wolves first team , primarily appearing only as a substitute before breaking a bone in his foot on Boxing Day 2014 and undergoing surgery . A recurrence of the problem meant he failed to play again during the season . Rowe made a solitary League Cup appearance for Wolves during the start of the 2015–16 campaign before being loaned out in October to League One Scunthorpe United for several months . After making three appearances for his parent club in late February 2016 , he was again loaned out , joining Doncaster Rovers on loan until the end of the season linking up with former manager Darren Ferguson . He made his début later on that day in a 2–1 home defeat to his former club Peterborough United but was unable to stop the team being relegated . At the conclusion of the season his parent club announced they would not be renewing Rowes contract . He had made 18 appearances for the club over two years . Doncaster Rovers . On 18 May 2016 , Rowe signed a permanent 3-year deal at League Two Side Doncaster Rovers , becoming Fergusons first summer signing . He was offered a new contract by Doncaster at the end of the 2018–19 season . Bristol City . On 1 July 2019 Rowe signed a two-year contract with Championship side Bristol City . Personal life . Tommys younger brother , Danny , is also a professional footballer . Honours . - Stockport County - Football League Two play-offs : 2007–08 - Peterborough United - Football League One play-offs : 2010–11 - Football League Trophy : 2013–14 |
[
"Peterborough United"
] | hard | Which team did Tommy Rowe play for between Jun 2010 and Sep 2013? | /wiki/Tommy_Rowe#P54#1 | Tommy Rowe Thomas Malcolm Rowe ( born 24 September 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who primarily plays as a winger but can also operate at left back . He most recently played for Championship club Bristol City . Career . Stockport County . Rowe was born in Wythenshawe , Manchester , and started his career as a boy with Manchester United in 2002 . He joined the Stockport County youth system the following year , and made his first-team debut as an 81st-minute substitute in their 4–1 defeat away at Watford in the FA Cup third round in January 2007 . He scored his first goal for Stockport against Notts County at Edgeley Park in February 2008 , and followed this up with a hat-trick at Rotherham United a few days later , which prompted Stockport County manager Jim Gannon to say , Physically , he is a supreme athlete with Premier League fitness and technically he is excellent . What an accomplished performance – the only thing is maybe the England scouts wont come to look at him . Ive said it to him personally , I think he has a great future . Rowe made 30 appearances in the 2007–08 season , including all the playoff games , as Stockport won promotion to League One.<ref played by Tommy Rowe in 2007/2008></ref> At the end of the season , Rowe won the clubs Young Player of the Year Award . He made a further 50 appearances for Stockport in the 2008–09 season.<ref played by Tommy Rowe in 2008/2009></ref> Peterborough United . After Stockport went into administration at the end of April 2009 , the administrators sold Rowe to raise necessary funding for the club . Rowe joined League One side Peterborough United for £225,000 on a three-year contract in May 2009 . He scored his first goal for Peterborough in a 4–0 win away at Wycombe in the first round of the League Cup at the beginning of the 2009–10 season . After becoming a regular player in the Peterborough team , Rowe ended the 2010/11 campaign by scoring the opening goal at a 3–0 win over Huddersfield Town in the League One play-off final as they won promotion to the Football League Championship . Rowe was appointed Peterboroughs captain for the 2012–13 season but the team ended up suffering relegation despite reaching 54 points . He remained with the Posh for a further season back in League One , during which he lifted the Football League Trophy after a 3–1 win over Chesterfield . However , following a play-off defeat to Leyton Orient , Rowe was named as one of a series of players who would not be offered a new contract . In total he made 199 appearances for the club , scoring 27 times . Wolverhampton Wanderers . Out of contract at Peterborough , Rowe signed a two-year deal on 3 June 2014 with newly promoted Championship side Wolverhampton Wanderers . After overcoming a broken toe sustained during pre-season , he made his club debut on 30 August 2014 as a substitute in a 3–1 win against Blackburn . Rowe failed to establish himself in Wolves first team , primarily appearing only as a substitute before breaking a bone in his foot on Boxing Day 2014 and undergoing surgery . A recurrence of the problem meant he failed to play again during the season . Rowe made a solitary League Cup appearance for Wolves during the start of the 2015–16 campaign before being loaned out in October to League One Scunthorpe United for several months . After making three appearances for his parent club in late February 2016 , he was again loaned out , joining Doncaster Rovers on loan until the end of the season linking up with former manager Darren Ferguson . He made his début later on that day in a 2–1 home defeat to his former club Peterborough United but was unable to stop the team being relegated . At the conclusion of the season his parent club announced they would not be renewing Rowes contract . He had made 18 appearances for the club over two years . Doncaster Rovers . On 18 May 2016 , Rowe signed a permanent 3-year deal at League Two Side Doncaster Rovers , becoming Fergusons first summer signing . He was offered a new contract by Doncaster at the end of the 2018–19 season . Bristol City . On 1 July 2019 Rowe signed a two-year contract with Championship side Bristol City . Personal life . Tommys younger brother , Danny , is also a professional footballer . Honours . - Stockport County - Football League Two play-offs : 2007–08 - Peterborough United - Football League One play-offs : 2010–11 - Football League Trophy : 2013–14 |
[
"Wolverhampton Wanderers"
] | hard | Which team did Tommy Rowe play for after Nov 2014? | /wiki/Tommy_Rowe#P54#2 | Tommy Rowe Thomas Malcolm Rowe ( born 24 September 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who primarily plays as a winger but can also operate at left back . He most recently played for Championship club Bristol City . Career . Stockport County . Rowe was born in Wythenshawe , Manchester , and started his career as a boy with Manchester United in 2002 . He joined the Stockport County youth system the following year , and made his first-team debut as an 81st-minute substitute in their 4–1 defeat away at Watford in the FA Cup third round in January 2007 . He scored his first goal for Stockport against Notts County at Edgeley Park in February 2008 , and followed this up with a hat-trick at Rotherham United a few days later , which prompted Stockport County manager Jim Gannon to say , Physically , he is a supreme athlete with Premier League fitness and technically he is excellent . What an accomplished performance – the only thing is maybe the England scouts wont come to look at him . Ive said it to him personally , I think he has a great future . Rowe made 30 appearances in the 2007–08 season , including all the playoff games , as Stockport won promotion to League One.<ref played by Tommy Rowe in 2007/2008></ref> At the end of the season , Rowe won the clubs Young Player of the Year Award . He made a further 50 appearances for Stockport in the 2008–09 season.<ref played by Tommy Rowe in 2008/2009></ref> Peterborough United . After Stockport went into administration at the end of April 2009 , the administrators sold Rowe to raise necessary funding for the club . Rowe joined League One side Peterborough United for £225,000 on a three-year contract in May 2009 . He scored his first goal for Peterborough in a 4–0 win away at Wycombe in the first round of the League Cup at the beginning of the 2009–10 season . After becoming a regular player in the Peterborough team , Rowe ended the 2010/11 campaign by scoring the opening goal at a 3–0 win over Huddersfield Town in the League One play-off final as they won promotion to the Football League Championship . Rowe was appointed Peterboroughs captain for the 2012–13 season but the team ended up suffering relegation despite reaching 54 points . He remained with the Posh for a further season back in League One , during which he lifted the Football League Trophy after a 3–1 win over Chesterfield . However , following a play-off defeat to Leyton Orient , Rowe was named as one of a series of players who would not be offered a new contract . In total he made 199 appearances for the club , scoring 27 times . Wolverhampton Wanderers . Out of contract at Peterborough , Rowe signed a two-year deal on 3 June 2014 with newly promoted Championship side Wolverhampton Wanderers . After overcoming a broken toe sustained during pre-season , he made his club debut on 30 August 2014 as a substitute in a 3–1 win against Blackburn . Rowe failed to establish himself in Wolves first team , primarily appearing only as a substitute before breaking a bone in his foot on Boxing Day 2014 and undergoing surgery . A recurrence of the problem meant he failed to play again during the season . Rowe made a solitary League Cup appearance for Wolves during the start of the 2015–16 campaign before being loaned out in October to League One Scunthorpe United for several months . After making three appearances for his parent club in late February 2016 , he was again loaned out , joining Doncaster Rovers on loan until the end of the season linking up with former manager Darren Ferguson . He made his début later on that day in a 2–1 home defeat to his former club Peterborough United but was unable to stop the team being relegated . At the conclusion of the season his parent club announced they would not be renewing Rowes contract . He had made 18 appearances for the club over two years . Doncaster Rovers . On 18 May 2016 , Rowe signed a permanent 3-year deal at League Two Side Doncaster Rovers , becoming Fergusons first summer signing . He was offered a new contract by Doncaster at the end of the 2018–19 season . Bristol City . On 1 July 2019 Rowe signed a two-year contract with Championship side Bristol City . Personal life . Tommys younger brother , Danny , is also a professional footballer . Honours . - Stockport County - Football League Two play-offs : 2007–08 - Peterborough United - Football League One play-offs : 2010–11 - Football League Trophy : 2013–14 |
[
""
] | hard | Which school did Cedric Richmond go to before Apr 1990? | /wiki/Cedric_Richmond#P69#0 | Cedric Richmond Cedric Levan Richmond ( born September 13 , 1973 ) is an American attorney , politician , and political advisor serving as a senior advisor to the president and director of the White House Office of Public Engagement in the Biden administration . A member of the Democratic Party , he was the U.S . Representative for Louisianas 2nd congressional district from 2011 to 2021 . His district included most of New Orleans . From 2017 to 2019 , Richmond served as Chairman of the Congressional Black Caucus . Beginning with his third term , he was the only Louisiana Democrat serving in either chamber of Congress . He served as State Representative from New Orleans to the Louisiana State House from 2000 to 2011 . In 2019 , he was named the first national co-chairman of the Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign . On September 5 , 2020 , he was named a co-chair of Bidens presidential transition . On November 17 , 2020 , Richmond announced he would leave Congress in January 2021 to serve as Senior Advisor to the President and director of the Office of Public Liaison . Early life and education . Richmond was born in New Orleans in 1973 and raised in New Orleans East , where he attended public schools . His father died when he was seven years old . His mother was a public school teacher and small business owner . Richmond graduated from Benjamin Franklin High School . He earned a Bachelor of Arts from Morehouse College , and a Juris Doctor from Tulane School of Law . He also completed an executive program at Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government . While at Morehouse , Richmond played college baseball as a pitcher for the Morehouse Maroon Tigers in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference . Louisiana legislature . Richmond was elected and served as the Louisiana State Representative for the 101st district ( Orleans Parish ) from 2000 to 2011 . He was elected shortly after his 27th birthday and was one of the youngest legislators ever to serve in Louisiana when he took office . He served as the Chairman of the Committee on Judiciary and a member of the Ways and Means , House Executive , and Legislative Audit Advisory committees . U.S . House of Representatives . In 2010 , Richmond was elected to the US House of Representatives from Louisianas 2nd congressional district for the first time . He took office in 2011 . He was reelected in 2012 , 2014 , 2016 , 2018 , and 2020 . On June 9 , 2014 , Richmond introduced the Honor Flight Act ( H.R . 4812 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would direct the Transportation Security Administration ( TSA ) to establish a process for providing expedited and dignified passenger screening services for veterans traveling on an Honor Flight to visit war memorials that had been built to honor their service . That year Richmond defended his Republican colleague Vance McAllister , who had become embroiled in an alleged adultery scandal . It was a rare across-the-aisle gesture . Richmond said that he associated the controversy around McAllister with gotcha moments in which the two parties in this country have gone overboard...and taken joy in the pain of their supposed opponents . Richmond was one of a few Democrats who voted to authorize the Keystone XL pipeline . He is the fifth-biggest recipient of money from fossil fuel donors among House Democrats . The League of Conservation Voters gave him one of the lowest ratings for any Democrat in Congress . Richmond has been active in the Congressional Black Caucus , made up of African-American legislators who work together to have their views heard . On November 30 , 2016 , he was elected chair of the caucus for the 115th United States Congress . On December 18 , 2019 , Richmond voted to impeach President Donald Trump . Elections . - 2008 Richmond came in third place in the seven-candidate primary election for the Democratic nomination for Louisianas 2nd congressional district , behind U.S . Representative William J . Jefferson and television newscaster Helena Moreno . During a primary debate , Richmond accused Moreno of drug use , and she attacked him based on his disqualification from the 2005 New Orleans City Council D district election . Later in 2008 , the Louisiana Supreme Court suspended Richmonds law license for six months in a 5–2 decision . It found that he had falsified a sworn statement claiming more than two years of residency in New Orleanss D district in order to be eligible for the districts city council seat . - 2010 Richmond challenged Republican incumbent Anh “Joseph” Cao for . Richmond was the first candidate in the 2010 elections to have President Barack Obama appear in a television ad on his behalf . Most analysts considered Richmond a strong favorite to retake this seat for the Democrats , even in what was forecast to be a Republican year nationally . With a Cook Partisan Voting Index of D+25 , the 2nd was the most Democratic district in the country to be represented by a Republican . In 2008 Obama had carried it with 74% of the vote , his fifth-best performance in a Southern district and his 35th best nationally . Richmond won the November 2 election with 65% of the vote . - 2012 - 2020 Richmonds campaign received almost $113,000 from the oil and gas sector , which donated more than any other sector to his campaign . He was reelected with 63.6% of the vote . Committee assignments . - Committee on Homeland Security - Subcommittee on Cybersecurity , Infrastructure Protection , and Security Technologies ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness , Response , and Recovery - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on Courts , Intellectual Property , and the Internet - Subcommittee on Crime , Terrorism , and Homeland Security Congressional caucuses . - Congressional Black Caucus - New Democrat Coalition Controversies . In January 2017 , Richmond became involved in an argument with Republican lawmakers over whether a particular painting should continue to hang in the Capitol . The painting in question shows police officers apprehending suspects , and the police are depicted as pigs . It was painted by someone from Richmonds district who had won a local award , and Republicans objected to it . Richmond said that escalating the issue might open up Pandoras Box because there are other paintings that some people might also find offensive . In March 2017 , Richmond was criticized for making a crude joke about a controversial photograph of Kellyanne Conway kneeling on the Oval Office couch . Richmond appeared to compare Conway to Monica Lewinsky , saying , I really just want to know what was going on there , because she really looked kind of familiar there in that position there . But dont answer . And I dont want you to refer back to the 90s . Richmond later said the joke was not meant to be sexual . Since some people have interpreted my joke to mean something that it didn’t I think it is important to clarify what I meant , he said in a statement . Where I grew up saying that someone is looking or acting ‘familiar’ simply means that they are behaving too comfortably . Sports . Richmond played in the annual Congressional Baseball Game . He was the starting Democratic pitcher for each of the five years since his election and the Democrats won each game . He had a 2.85 earned run average , 1.67 walks plus hits per inning pitched and 45 strikeouts in his 27 innings pitched in that span . In 2016 Republican team manager Joe Barton called him the best player to ever participate in the game . Richmond lost his first game in 2016 , a day after participating through the night in the 2016 United States House of Representatives sit-in . Electoral history . U.S . Representative , 2nd Congressional District November Election , 2016 U.S . Representative , 2nd Congressional District-November Election , 2014 U.S . Representative , 2nd Congressional District-November Election , 2012 U.S . Representative , 2nd Congressional District-Democratic Party , 2010 August 28 , 2010 U.S . Representative , 2nd Congressional District-Democratic Party , 2008 Threshold > 50% First Ballot , November 2 , 2004 Louisiana State Representative , 101st District , 2007 October 20 , 2007 Louisiana State Representative , 101st District , 2003 October 4 , 2003 Louisiana State Representative , 101st District , 1999 Threshold > 50% First Ballot , October 23 , 1999 Second Ballot , November 20 , 1999 Biden administration . Richmond was a national co-chair of the Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign . On November 17 , 2020 , he announced that he would join the Biden administration as Senior Advisor to the President and director of the White House Office of Public Liaison . His resignation became official on January 15 , 2021 . His departure triggered a 2021 special election . Work as Director of the Office of Public Liaison . In an interview before Bidens swearing-in , Richmond noted his potential work in reaching out to conservatives in different parts of the country . Work on racial inequalities . Richmond was reportedly working with the Biden administration on actions addressing reparations for slavery . |
[
""
] | hard | Which school did Cedric Richmond go to in 1995? | /wiki/Cedric_Richmond#P69#1 | Cedric Richmond Cedric Levan Richmond ( born September 13 , 1973 ) is an American attorney , politician , and political advisor serving as a senior advisor to the president and director of the White House Office of Public Engagement in the Biden administration . A member of the Democratic Party , he was the U.S . Representative for Louisianas 2nd congressional district from 2011 to 2021 . His district included most of New Orleans . From 2017 to 2019 , Richmond served as Chairman of the Congressional Black Caucus . Beginning with his third term , he was the only Louisiana Democrat serving in either chamber of Congress . He served as State Representative from New Orleans to the Louisiana State House from 2000 to 2011 . In 2019 , he was named the first national co-chairman of the Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign . On September 5 , 2020 , he was named a co-chair of Bidens presidential transition . On November 17 , 2020 , Richmond announced he would leave Congress in January 2021 to serve as Senior Advisor to the President and director of the Office of Public Liaison . Early life and education . Richmond was born in New Orleans in 1973 and raised in New Orleans East , where he attended public schools . His father died when he was seven years old . His mother was a public school teacher and small business owner . Richmond graduated from Benjamin Franklin High School . He earned a Bachelor of Arts from Morehouse College , and a Juris Doctor from Tulane School of Law . He also completed an executive program at Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government . While at Morehouse , Richmond played college baseball as a pitcher for the Morehouse Maroon Tigers in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference . Louisiana legislature . Richmond was elected and served as the Louisiana State Representative for the 101st district ( Orleans Parish ) from 2000 to 2011 . He was elected shortly after his 27th birthday and was one of the youngest legislators ever to serve in Louisiana when he took office . He served as the Chairman of the Committee on Judiciary and a member of the Ways and Means , House Executive , and Legislative Audit Advisory committees . U.S . House of Representatives . In 2010 , Richmond was elected to the US House of Representatives from Louisianas 2nd congressional district for the first time . He took office in 2011 . He was reelected in 2012 , 2014 , 2016 , 2018 , and 2020 . On June 9 , 2014 , Richmond introduced the Honor Flight Act ( H.R . 4812 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would direct the Transportation Security Administration ( TSA ) to establish a process for providing expedited and dignified passenger screening services for veterans traveling on an Honor Flight to visit war memorials that had been built to honor their service . That year Richmond defended his Republican colleague Vance McAllister , who had become embroiled in an alleged adultery scandal . It was a rare across-the-aisle gesture . Richmond said that he associated the controversy around McAllister with gotcha moments in which the two parties in this country have gone overboard...and taken joy in the pain of their supposed opponents . Richmond was one of a few Democrats who voted to authorize the Keystone XL pipeline . He is the fifth-biggest recipient of money from fossil fuel donors among House Democrats . The League of Conservation Voters gave him one of the lowest ratings for any Democrat in Congress . Richmond has been active in the Congressional Black Caucus , made up of African-American legislators who work together to have their views heard . On November 30 , 2016 , he was elected chair of the caucus for the 115th United States Congress . On December 18 , 2019 , Richmond voted to impeach President Donald Trump . Elections . - 2008 Richmond came in third place in the seven-candidate primary election for the Democratic nomination for Louisianas 2nd congressional district , behind U.S . Representative William J . Jefferson and television newscaster Helena Moreno . During a primary debate , Richmond accused Moreno of drug use , and she attacked him based on his disqualification from the 2005 New Orleans City Council D district election . Later in 2008 , the Louisiana Supreme Court suspended Richmonds law license for six months in a 5–2 decision . It found that he had falsified a sworn statement claiming more than two years of residency in New Orleanss D district in order to be eligible for the districts city council seat . - 2010 Richmond challenged Republican incumbent Anh “Joseph” Cao for . Richmond was the first candidate in the 2010 elections to have President Barack Obama appear in a television ad on his behalf . Most analysts considered Richmond a strong favorite to retake this seat for the Democrats , even in what was forecast to be a Republican year nationally . With a Cook Partisan Voting Index of D+25 , the 2nd was the most Democratic district in the country to be represented by a Republican . In 2008 Obama had carried it with 74% of the vote , his fifth-best performance in a Southern district and his 35th best nationally . Richmond won the November 2 election with 65% of the vote . - 2012 - 2020 Richmonds campaign received almost $113,000 from the oil and gas sector , which donated more than any other sector to his campaign . He was reelected with 63.6% of the vote . Committee assignments . - Committee on Homeland Security - Subcommittee on Cybersecurity , Infrastructure Protection , and Security Technologies ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness , Response , and Recovery - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on Courts , Intellectual Property , and the Internet - Subcommittee on Crime , Terrorism , and Homeland Security Congressional caucuses . - Congressional Black Caucus - New Democrat Coalition Controversies . In January 2017 , Richmond became involved in an argument with Republican lawmakers over whether a particular painting should continue to hang in the Capitol . The painting in question shows police officers apprehending suspects , and the police are depicted as pigs . It was painted by someone from Richmonds district who had won a local award , and Republicans objected to it . Richmond said that escalating the issue might open up Pandoras Box because there are other paintings that some people might also find offensive . In March 2017 , Richmond was criticized for making a crude joke about a controversial photograph of Kellyanne Conway kneeling on the Oval Office couch . Richmond appeared to compare Conway to Monica Lewinsky , saying , I really just want to know what was going on there , because she really looked kind of familiar there in that position there . But dont answer . And I dont want you to refer back to the 90s . Richmond later said the joke was not meant to be sexual . Since some people have interpreted my joke to mean something that it didn’t I think it is important to clarify what I meant , he said in a statement . Where I grew up saying that someone is looking or acting ‘familiar’ simply means that they are behaving too comfortably . Sports . Richmond played in the annual Congressional Baseball Game . He was the starting Democratic pitcher for each of the five years since his election and the Democrats won each game . He had a 2.85 earned run average , 1.67 walks plus hits per inning pitched and 45 strikeouts in his 27 innings pitched in that span . In 2016 Republican team manager Joe Barton called him the best player to ever participate in the game . Richmond lost his first game in 2016 , a day after participating through the night in the 2016 United States House of Representatives sit-in . Electoral history . U.S . Representative , 2nd Congressional District November Election , 2016 U.S . Representative , 2nd Congressional District-November Election , 2014 U.S . Representative , 2nd Congressional District-November Election , 2012 U.S . Representative , 2nd Congressional District-Democratic Party , 2010 August 28 , 2010 U.S . Representative , 2nd Congressional District-Democratic Party , 2008 Threshold > 50% First Ballot , November 2 , 2004 Louisiana State Representative , 101st District , 2007 October 20 , 2007 Louisiana State Representative , 101st District , 2003 October 4 , 2003 Louisiana State Representative , 101st District , 1999 Threshold > 50% First Ballot , October 23 , 1999 Second Ballot , November 20 , 1999 Biden administration . Richmond was a national co-chair of the Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign . On November 17 , 2020 , he announced that he would join the Biden administration as Senior Advisor to the President and director of the White House Office of Public Liaison . His resignation became official on January 15 , 2021 . His departure triggered a 2021 special election . Work as Director of the Office of Public Liaison . In an interview before Bidens swearing-in , Richmond noted his potential work in reaching out to conservatives in different parts of the country . Work on racial inequalities . Richmond was reportedly working with the Biden administration on actions addressing reparations for slavery . |
[
""
] | hard | Which school did Cedric Richmond go to before Nov 1982? | /wiki/Cedric_Richmond#P69#2 | Cedric Richmond Cedric Levan Richmond ( born September 13 , 1973 ) is an American attorney , politician , and political advisor serving as a senior advisor to the president and director of the White House Office of Public Engagement in the Biden administration . A member of the Democratic Party , he was the U.S . Representative for Louisianas 2nd congressional district from 2011 to 2021 . His district included most of New Orleans . From 2017 to 2019 , Richmond served as Chairman of the Congressional Black Caucus . Beginning with his third term , he was the only Louisiana Democrat serving in either chamber of Congress . He served as State Representative from New Orleans to the Louisiana State House from 2000 to 2011 . In 2019 , he was named the first national co-chairman of the Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign . On September 5 , 2020 , he was named a co-chair of Bidens presidential transition . On November 17 , 2020 , Richmond announced he would leave Congress in January 2021 to serve as Senior Advisor to the President and director of the Office of Public Liaison . Early life and education . Richmond was born in New Orleans in 1973 and raised in New Orleans East , where he attended public schools . His father died when he was seven years old . His mother was a public school teacher and small business owner . Richmond graduated from Benjamin Franklin High School . He earned a Bachelor of Arts from Morehouse College , and a Juris Doctor from Tulane School of Law . He also completed an executive program at Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government . While at Morehouse , Richmond played college baseball as a pitcher for the Morehouse Maroon Tigers in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference . Louisiana legislature . Richmond was elected and served as the Louisiana State Representative for the 101st district ( Orleans Parish ) from 2000 to 2011 . He was elected shortly after his 27th birthday and was one of the youngest legislators ever to serve in Louisiana when he took office . He served as the Chairman of the Committee on Judiciary and a member of the Ways and Means , House Executive , and Legislative Audit Advisory committees . U.S . House of Representatives . In 2010 , Richmond was elected to the US House of Representatives from Louisianas 2nd congressional district for the first time . He took office in 2011 . He was reelected in 2012 , 2014 , 2016 , 2018 , and 2020 . On June 9 , 2014 , Richmond introduced the Honor Flight Act ( H.R . 4812 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would direct the Transportation Security Administration ( TSA ) to establish a process for providing expedited and dignified passenger screening services for veterans traveling on an Honor Flight to visit war memorials that had been built to honor their service . That year Richmond defended his Republican colleague Vance McAllister , who had become embroiled in an alleged adultery scandal . It was a rare across-the-aisle gesture . Richmond said that he associated the controversy around McAllister with gotcha moments in which the two parties in this country have gone overboard...and taken joy in the pain of their supposed opponents . Richmond was one of a few Democrats who voted to authorize the Keystone XL pipeline . He is the fifth-biggest recipient of money from fossil fuel donors among House Democrats . The League of Conservation Voters gave him one of the lowest ratings for any Democrat in Congress . Richmond has been active in the Congressional Black Caucus , made up of African-American legislators who work together to have their views heard . On November 30 , 2016 , he was elected chair of the caucus for the 115th United States Congress . On December 18 , 2019 , Richmond voted to impeach President Donald Trump . Elections . - 2008 Richmond came in third place in the seven-candidate primary election for the Democratic nomination for Louisianas 2nd congressional district , behind U.S . Representative William J . Jefferson and television newscaster Helena Moreno . During a primary debate , Richmond accused Moreno of drug use , and she attacked him based on his disqualification from the 2005 New Orleans City Council D district election . Later in 2008 , the Louisiana Supreme Court suspended Richmonds law license for six months in a 5–2 decision . It found that he had falsified a sworn statement claiming more than two years of residency in New Orleanss D district in order to be eligible for the districts city council seat . - 2010 Richmond challenged Republican incumbent Anh “Joseph” Cao for . Richmond was the first candidate in the 2010 elections to have President Barack Obama appear in a television ad on his behalf . Most analysts considered Richmond a strong favorite to retake this seat for the Democrats , even in what was forecast to be a Republican year nationally . With a Cook Partisan Voting Index of D+25 , the 2nd was the most Democratic district in the country to be represented by a Republican . In 2008 Obama had carried it with 74% of the vote , his fifth-best performance in a Southern district and his 35th best nationally . Richmond won the November 2 election with 65% of the vote . - 2012 - 2020 Richmonds campaign received almost $113,000 from the oil and gas sector , which donated more than any other sector to his campaign . He was reelected with 63.6% of the vote . Committee assignments . - Committee on Homeland Security - Subcommittee on Cybersecurity , Infrastructure Protection , and Security Technologies ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness , Response , and Recovery - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on Courts , Intellectual Property , and the Internet - Subcommittee on Crime , Terrorism , and Homeland Security Congressional caucuses . - Congressional Black Caucus - New Democrat Coalition Controversies . In January 2017 , Richmond became involved in an argument with Republican lawmakers over whether a particular painting should continue to hang in the Capitol . The painting in question shows police officers apprehending suspects , and the police are depicted as pigs . It was painted by someone from Richmonds district who had won a local award , and Republicans objected to it . Richmond said that escalating the issue might open up Pandoras Box because there are other paintings that some people might also find offensive . In March 2017 , Richmond was criticized for making a crude joke about a controversial photograph of Kellyanne Conway kneeling on the Oval Office couch . Richmond appeared to compare Conway to Monica Lewinsky , saying , I really just want to know what was going on there , because she really looked kind of familiar there in that position there . But dont answer . And I dont want you to refer back to the 90s . Richmond later said the joke was not meant to be sexual . Since some people have interpreted my joke to mean something that it didn’t I think it is important to clarify what I meant , he said in a statement . Where I grew up saying that someone is looking or acting ‘familiar’ simply means that they are behaving too comfortably . Sports . Richmond played in the annual Congressional Baseball Game . He was the starting Democratic pitcher for each of the five years since his election and the Democrats won each game . He had a 2.85 earned run average , 1.67 walks plus hits per inning pitched and 45 strikeouts in his 27 innings pitched in that span . In 2016 Republican team manager Joe Barton called him the best player to ever participate in the game . Richmond lost his first game in 2016 , a day after participating through the night in the 2016 United States House of Representatives sit-in . Electoral history . U.S . Representative , 2nd Congressional District November Election , 2016 U.S . Representative , 2nd Congressional District-November Election , 2014 U.S . Representative , 2nd Congressional District-November Election , 2012 U.S . Representative , 2nd Congressional District-Democratic Party , 2010 August 28 , 2010 U.S . Representative , 2nd Congressional District-Democratic Party , 2008 Threshold > 50% First Ballot , November 2 , 2004 Louisiana State Representative , 101st District , 2007 October 20 , 2007 Louisiana State Representative , 101st District , 2003 October 4 , 2003 Louisiana State Representative , 101st District , 1999 Threshold > 50% First Ballot , October 23 , 1999 Second Ballot , November 20 , 1999 Biden administration . Richmond was a national co-chair of the Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign . On November 17 , 2020 , he announced that he would join the Biden administration as Senior Advisor to the President and director of the White House Office of Public Liaison . His resignation became official on January 15 , 2021 . His departure triggered a 2021 special election . Work as Director of the Office of Public Liaison . In an interview before Bidens swearing-in , Richmond noted his potential work in reaching out to conservatives in different parts of the country . Work on racial inequalities . Richmond was reportedly working with the Biden administration on actions addressing reparations for slavery . |
[
""
] | hard | Where did Jacques Halbert live between Feb 1975 and Jun 1976? | /wiki/Jacques_Halbert#P551#0 | Jacques Halbert Jacques Halbert , born in 1955 in Bourgueil , is a French contemporary artist . Career . He attended the Brassart School in Tours ( 1972-1973 ) then studied at the École nationale supérieure dArts in Bourges from 1973 to 1978 with Daniel Dezeuze and Jean-Claude Silbermann as teachers . Between 1978 and 2002 he lives and works in the United States and returns to settle in France in 2002 . Since 2002 , he lives and works in Candes-Saint-Martin in Touraine . In 2015 , he is one of the signatories of the tribune in LHumanité , Response of the 1001 artists to Marine Le Pen , during the regional elections . Art Café New York . From 1985 to 1989 Jacques Halbert is the owner , with Mireille Brame of the Art Café in New York in the East Village . He has organized numerous exhibitions curated by Alan Jones , Dorothée Selz and Pierre Restany with artists such as : John Armleder , Olivier Mosset , Charles Dreyfus , Dorothée Selz , Jean Dupuy , Daniel Spoerri , Ken Friedmann , Ben Vautier , Jeff Koons , Andy Warhol , Phoebe Legere , Christian Xatrec or François Morellet . In 1989 , Jacques Halbert closed the restaurant and moved to work in Miami and Sarasota then to Los Angeles . Magnifik Gallery . In 1999 , Jacques Halbert returns to New York and opens the Magnifik Gallery in Williamsburg ( New York ) with artists : Olga Adorno , Larry Miller , John Armleder , Olivier Mosset , Jean Dupuy , Ben Paterson , Ken Friedmann , Jack Pospisil , Geoff Hendricks , Carolee Schneemann , Joel Hubaut , Ben Vautier , Brendan Klinger , Christian Xatrec , Alison Knowles , Phoebe Legere , Nicola L . Work . Two main guidelines are outlined in the work of Jacques Halbert since his years of studies at the Beaux-Arts in Bourges , performance art and painting . A notable collector of Halberts work is Brian Johnson . Performance art . In 1976 , during the construction of the Centre Georges Pompidou , he creates a Centre Pompidou-Cake , which he cuts and shares , on the forecourt of the museum , with his artist friends and passers-by unofficially invited to this performance . The same year at the invitation of Henri Jobbé-Duval ( director of the FIAC ) , he transforms a scooter into Gallery Cerise , a traveling sculpture with which he rides the aisles of the FIAC in 1976 and 1977 . He travels with the streets of Paris and parks in front of the art galleries during vernissages , selling passers-by and art lovers cherry tarts and monochromes covered with painted cherries . Jacques Halbert defines himself this Fluxus and neo-Dadaist and often parodic posture of the figure of the artist as a manifesto of good taste . In 2003 , back in France , he exhibits at the Creux de lenfer-Contemporary art center the Wall of laughter that records the laughter of his friends and fellow artists , with whom he worked during his American years . Painting . His Paintings are almost exclusively and invariably made by painting one or multiple cherries on a monochrome canvas . Permanent collections . - Centre Georges Pompidou , Paris . - Centre National des Arts Plastiques ( CNAP ) , Paris . - Fonds Régional dArt Contemporain Auvergne ( FRAC ) , Clermont Ferrand . - Emily Harvey Foundation Collection , New York . Exhibitions ( Selection ) . - 1975 : Palissade , Bourges - 1976 : La Maison Rouge , Paris / Galeries Modernes , Paris / Galerie Ben Doute de Tout , Nice / Galerie Plein Ciel , Paris / Galerie des Ursulines , Mâcon / FIAC , « Cerise Galerie » , Grand Palais , Paris - 1977 : Exposition cerisiste Péristyle du Théâtre de Saumur / Dritte Galerie , Zofingen , Swistzerland / FIAC , Foire Internationale dArt Contemporain , « Galerie Cerise» , Grand-Palais , Paris - 1978 : WASHART78 , ( Galerie Levy , Milan ) Washington / Galerie Alain Oudin , Paris / Hamburg Gallery , Hamburg - 1979 : WASHART79 , International Art Fair , ( Bellini France ) , Washington - 1980 : Une idée en lair , Sutton Gallery , New York / Grommet Studio , New York / Washington Art Fair , ( Peter Lenart ) Washington / Grommet Gallery , New York - 1983 : Gracie Mansion Gallery , New York - 1984 : Emily Harvey Gallery , New York - 1985 : Hommage to Francis Picabia , Art Café , East Village , New York . / LEusses-tu cuit ? , Galerie Oulan Bator , Orléans - 1987 : Projects for paintings Emily Harvey Gallery , New York . / Projets pour des peintures , Galerie des Serbes , Cannes - 1988 : Perishables , The Penson Gallery , New York - 1989 : Joan Hodgell Gallery , Sarasota , Florida - 1992 : Banana Dreams , Miramar Gallery , Sarasota , Florida - 1993 : Hommage , Fromage et danse de Saint-Guy , Galerie des Beaux-Arts , Nantes / Floridada , Emphasis Gallery , Sarasota , Florida - 1990 : Fruit in color Metro-Dade Cultural Center , Miami , Florida / Jane Stein Gallery , Tampa , Florida - 1994 : Vintage dreams The Merles Closet , Miami Beach , Florida - 1995 : Power Studio , Miami . Florida - 1996 : Funny Laundry , Lunaria , Los Angeles , California - 1997 : Splash , Redondo Beach , California - 1998 : Tickly Paintings Cava , Los Angeles , California - 2001 : MagnifiK Gallery , Williamsburg , Brooklyn , New York - 2003 : Le mur du rire Le Creux de lEnfer , Centre dArt Contemporain , Thiers , ( FRA ) - 2005 : Peinture au marteau , Le Lieu Unique , Nantes - 2006 : Rétrospective Jacques Halbert , CCC , Tours - 2007 : Bleu Cerise , Galerie contemporaine de lHôtel de ville de Chinon - 2009 : Mind the Wall , Librairie Saint-Hubert , Brussels - 2010 : Bleu Cerise , Galerie Benoit Lecarpentier , Paris / Dix Nez , Abbaye de Fontevraud / Jacques Halbert , Galerie ARTSZ , Monaco / Cherry Invitational , Galerie les Contemporains + - 0 , Brussels - 2011 : Acquisition FNAC - 2012 : A Symposium Celebrating Contemporary French Art , The Patricia & Phillip Frost Art Museum , Miami , Florida - 2012 : Les noces de Bigarreau et Du vent dans les voiles , LAC , Ile de la Réunion / Came à yeux , Lappart , Poitiers / Le pâtissier pâtissé , performance au Confort Moderne , Poitiers - 2013 : Le paradis perdure , Chapelle de Geneteil , Château-Gontier / Cerises sur le Château , Château de Candes-Saint-Martin - 2014 : Jacques Halbert/Repeat , galerie Nadja Vilenne , Liège - 2015 : Le dîner de la Vérité , Fondation du Doute , Blois / Daniel Spoerri - Eat Art , Chinon - 2016 : Hommage au Facteur Cheval , Hauterives / Le rire , Musée rabelais , la devinière , Seuilly - 2016 : A dada sur mon Banquet , dans les Caves Painctes de Chinon ( organisateurs : musée le Carroi , CCCVL , association Chinons , ville de Chinon et le syndicat des vins de Chinon - 2017 : HTFAM ( How To Fuck A Monochrome ) , galerie Ici , Paris - 2018 : Centre Combi-Douche , galerie du Dôme , Saumur / HTFAM ( How To Fuck A Monochrome ) , galerie Nadja Vilenne , Liège , Belgium Books . - </ref> - </ref> - </ref> - </ref> - </ref> - </ref> Internal link . - Anti-art - Fluxus |
[
"United States"
] | hard | Where did Jacques Halbert live between Jul 1984 and Feb 1988? | /wiki/Jacques_Halbert#P551#1 | Jacques Halbert Jacques Halbert , born in 1955 in Bourgueil , is a French contemporary artist . Career . He attended the Brassart School in Tours ( 1972-1973 ) then studied at the École nationale supérieure dArts in Bourges from 1973 to 1978 with Daniel Dezeuze and Jean-Claude Silbermann as teachers . Between 1978 and 2002 he lives and works in the United States and returns to settle in France in 2002 . Since 2002 , he lives and works in Candes-Saint-Martin in Touraine . In 2015 , he is one of the signatories of the tribune in LHumanité , Response of the 1001 artists to Marine Le Pen , during the regional elections . Art Café New York . From 1985 to 1989 Jacques Halbert is the owner , with Mireille Brame of the Art Café in New York in the East Village . He has organized numerous exhibitions curated by Alan Jones , Dorothée Selz and Pierre Restany with artists such as : John Armleder , Olivier Mosset , Charles Dreyfus , Dorothée Selz , Jean Dupuy , Daniel Spoerri , Ken Friedmann , Ben Vautier , Jeff Koons , Andy Warhol , Phoebe Legere , Christian Xatrec or François Morellet . In 1989 , Jacques Halbert closed the restaurant and moved to work in Miami and Sarasota then to Los Angeles . Magnifik Gallery . In 1999 , Jacques Halbert returns to New York and opens the Magnifik Gallery in Williamsburg ( New York ) with artists : Olga Adorno , Larry Miller , John Armleder , Olivier Mosset , Jean Dupuy , Ben Paterson , Ken Friedmann , Jack Pospisil , Geoff Hendricks , Carolee Schneemann , Joel Hubaut , Ben Vautier , Brendan Klinger , Christian Xatrec , Alison Knowles , Phoebe Legere , Nicola L . Work . Two main guidelines are outlined in the work of Jacques Halbert since his years of studies at the Beaux-Arts in Bourges , performance art and painting . A notable collector of Halberts work is Brian Johnson . Performance art . In 1976 , during the construction of the Centre Georges Pompidou , he creates a Centre Pompidou-Cake , which he cuts and shares , on the forecourt of the museum , with his artist friends and passers-by unofficially invited to this performance . The same year at the invitation of Henri Jobbé-Duval ( director of the FIAC ) , he transforms a scooter into Gallery Cerise , a traveling sculpture with which he rides the aisles of the FIAC in 1976 and 1977 . He travels with the streets of Paris and parks in front of the art galleries during vernissages , selling passers-by and art lovers cherry tarts and monochromes covered with painted cherries . Jacques Halbert defines himself this Fluxus and neo-Dadaist and often parodic posture of the figure of the artist as a manifesto of good taste . In 2003 , back in France , he exhibits at the Creux de lenfer-Contemporary art center the Wall of laughter that records the laughter of his friends and fellow artists , with whom he worked during his American years . Painting . His Paintings are almost exclusively and invariably made by painting one or multiple cherries on a monochrome canvas . Permanent collections . - Centre Georges Pompidou , Paris . - Centre National des Arts Plastiques ( CNAP ) , Paris . - Fonds Régional dArt Contemporain Auvergne ( FRAC ) , Clermont Ferrand . - Emily Harvey Foundation Collection , New York . Exhibitions ( Selection ) . - 1975 : Palissade , Bourges - 1976 : La Maison Rouge , Paris / Galeries Modernes , Paris / Galerie Ben Doute de Tout , Nice / Galerie Plein Ciel , Paris / Galerie des Ursulines , Mâcon / FIAC , « Cerise Galerie » , Grand Palais , Paris - 1977 : Exposition cerisiste Péristyle du Théâtre de Saumur / Dritte Galerie , Zofingen , Swistzerland / FIAC , Foire Internationale dArt Contemporain , « Galerie Cerise» , Grand-Palais , Paris - 1978 : WASHART78 , ( Galerie Levy , Milan ) Washington / Galerie Alain Oudin , Paris / Hamburg Gallery , Hamburg - 1979 : WASHART79 , International Art Fair , ( Bellini France ) , Washington - 1980 : Une idée en lair , Sutton Gallery , New York / Grommet Studio , New York / Washington Art Fair , ( Peter Lenart ) Washington / Grommet Gallery , New York - 1983 : Gracie Mansion Gallery , New York - 1984 : Emily Harvey Gallery , New York - 1985 : Hommage to Francis Picabia , Art Café , East Village , New York . / LEusses-tu cuit ? , Galerie Oulan Bator , Orléans - 1987 : Projects for paintings Emily Harvey Gallery , New York . / Projets pour des peintures , Galerie des Serbes , Cannes - 1988 : Perishables , The Penson Gallery , New York - 1989 : Joan Hodgell Gallery , Sarasota , Florida - 1992 : Banana Dreams , Miramar Gallery , Sarasota , Florida - 1993 : Hommage , Fromage et danse de Saint-Guy , Galerie des Beaux-Arts , Nantes / Floridada , Emphasis Gallery , Sarasota , Florida - 1990 : Fruit in color Metro-Dade Cultural Center , Miami , Florida / Jane Stein Gallery , Tampa , Florida - 1994 : Vintage dreams The Merles Closet , Miami Beach , Florida - 1995 : Power Studio , Miami . Florida - 1996 : Funny Laundry , Lunaria , Los Angeles , California - 1997 : Splash , Redondo Beach , California - 1998 : Tickly Paintings Cava , Los Angeles , California - 2001 : MagnifiK Gallery , Williamsburg , Brooklyn , New York - 2003 : Le mur du rire Le Creux de lEnfer , Centre dArt Contemporain , Thiers , ( FRA ) - 2005 : Peinture au marteau , Le Lieu Unique , Nantes - 2006 : Rétrospective Jacques Halbert , CCC , Tours - 2007 : Bleu Cerise , Galerie contemporaine de lHôtel de ville de Chinon - 2009 : Mind the Wall , Librairie Saint-Hubert , Brussels - 2010 : Bleu Cerise , Galerie Benoit Lecarpentier , Paris / Dix Nez , Abbaye de Fontevraud / Jacques Halbert , Galerie ARTSZ , Monaco / Cherry Invitational , Galerie les Contemporains + - 0 , Brussels - 2011 : Acquisition FNAC - 2012 : A Symposium Celebrating Contemporary French Art , The Patricia & Phillip Frost Art Museum , Miami , Florida - 2012 : Les noces de Bigarreau et Du vent dans les voiles , LAC , Ile de la Réunion / Came à yeux , Lappart , Poitiers / Le pâtissier pâtissé , performance au Confort Moderne , Poitiers - 2013 : Le paradis perdure , Chapelle de Geneteil , Château-Gontier / Cerises sur le Château , Château de Candes-Saint-Martin - 2014 : Jacques Halbert/Repeat , galerie Nadja Vilenne , Liège - 2015 : Le dîner de la Vérité , Fondation du Doute , Blois / Daniel Spoerri - Eat Art , Chinon - 2016 : Hommage au Facteur Cheval , Hauterives / Le rire , Musée rabelais , la devinière , Seuilly - 2016 : A dada sur mon Banquet , dans les Caves Painctes de Chinon ( organisateurs : musée le Carroi , CCCVL , association Chinons , ville de Chinon et le syndicat des vins de Chinon - 2017 : HTFAM ( How To Fuck A Monochrome ) , galerie Ici , Paris - 2018 : Centre Combi-Douche , galerie du Dôme , Saumur / HTFAM ( How To Fuck A Monochrome ) , galerie Nadja Vilenne , Liège , Belgium Books . - </ref> - </ref> - </ref> - </ref> - </ref> - </ref> Internal link . - Anti-art - Fluxus |
[
"Miami , Florida"
] | hard | Where did Jacques Halbert live in Nov 1991? | /wiki/Jacques_Halbert#P551#2 | Jacques Halbert Jacques Halbert , born in 1955 in Bourgueil , is a French contemporary artist . Career . He attended the Brassart School in Tours ( 1972-1973 ) then studied at the École nationale supérieure dArts in Bourges from 1973 to 1978 with Daniel Dezeuze and Jean-Claude Silbermann as teachers . Between 1978 and 2002 he lives and works in the United States and returns to settle in France in 2002 . Since 2002 , he lives and works in Candes-Saint-Martin in Touraine . In 2015 , he is one of the signatories of the tribune in LHumanité , Response of the 1001 artists to Marine Le Pen , during the regional elections . Art Café New York . From 1985 to 1989 Jacques Halbert is the owner , with Mireille Brame of the Art Café in New York in the East Village . He has organized numerous exhibitions curated by Alan Jones , Dorothée Selz and Pierre Restany with artists such as : John Armleder , Olivier Mosset , Charles Dreyfus , Dorothée Selz , Jean Dupuy , Daniel Spoerri , Ken Friedmann , Ben Vautier , Jeff Koons , Andy Warhol , Phoebe Legere , Christian Xatrec or François Morellet . In 1989 , Jacques Halbert closed the restaurant and moved to work in Miami and Sarasota then to Los Angeles . Magnifik Gallery . In 1999 , Jacques Halbert returns to New York and opens the Magnifik Gallery in Williamsburg ( New York ) with artists : Olga Adorno , Larry Miller , John Armleder , Olivier Mosset , Jean Dupuy , Ben Paterson , Ken Friedmann , Jack Pospisil , Geoff Hendricks , Carolee Schneemann , Joel Hubaut , Ben Vautier , Brendan Klinger , Christian Xatrec , Alison Knowles , Phoebe Legere , Nicola L . Work . Two main guidelines are outlined in the work of Jacques Halbert since his years of studies at the Beaux-Arts in Bourges , performance art and painting . A notable collector of Halberts work is Brian Johnson . Performance art . In 1976 , during the construction of the Centre Georges Pompidou , he creates a Centre Pompidou-Cake , which he cuts and shares , on the forecourt of the museum , with his artist friends and passers-by unofficially invited to this performance . The same year at the invitation of Henri Jobbé-Duval ( director of the FIAC ) , he transforms a scooter into Gallery Cerise , a traveling sculpture with which he rides the aisles of the FIAC in 1976 and 1977 . He travels with the streets of Paris and parks in front of the art galleries during vernissages , selling passers-by and art lovers cherry tarts and monochromes covered with painted cherries . Jacques Halbert defines himself this Fluxus and neo-Dadaist and often parodic posture of the figure of the artist as a manifesto of good taste . In 2003 , back in France , he exhibits at the Creux de lenfer-Contemporary art center the Wall of laughter that records the laughter of his friends and fellow artists , with whom he worked during his American years . Painting . His Paintings are almost exclusively and invariably made by painting one or multiple cherries on a monochrome canvas . Permanent collections . - Centre Georges Pompidou , Paris . - Centre National des Arts Plastiques ( CNAP ) , Paris . - Fonds Régional dArt Contemporain Auvergne ( FRAC ) , Clermont Ferrand . - Emily Harvey Foundation Collection , New York . Exhibitions ( Selection ) . - 1975 : Palissade , Bourges - 1976 : La Maison Rouge , Paris / Galeries Modernes , Paris / Galerie Ben Doute de Tout , Nice / Galerie Plein Ciel , Paris / Galerie des Ursulines , Mâcon / FIAC , « Cerise Galerie » , Grand Palais , Paris - 1977 : Exposition cerisiste Péristyle du Théâtre de Saumur / Dritte Galerie , Zofingen , Swistzerland / FIAC , Foire Internationale dArt Contemporain , « Galerie Cerise» , Grand-Palais , Paris - 1978 : WASHART78 , ( Galerie Levy , Milan ) Washington / Galerie Alain Oudin , Paris / Hamburg Gallery , Hamburg - 1979 : WASHART79 , International Art Fair , ( Bellini France ) , Washington - 1980 : Une idée en lair , Sutton Gallery , New York / Grommet Studio , New York / Washington Art Fair , ( Peter Lenart ) Washington / Grommet Gallery , New York - 1983 : Gracie Mansion Gallery , New York - 1984 : Emily Harvey Gallery , New York - 1985 : Hommage to Francis Picabia , Art Café , East Village , New York . / LEusses-tu cuit ? , Galerie Oulan Bator , Orléans - 1987 : Projects for paintings Emily Harvey Gallery , New York . / Projets pour des peintures , Galerie des Serbes , Cannes - 1988 : Perishables , The Penson Gallery , New York - 1989 : Joan Hodgell Gallery , Sarasota , Florida - 1992 : Banana Dreams , Miramar Gallery , Sarasota , Florida - 1993 : Hommage , Fromage et danse de Saint-Guy , Galerie des Beaux-Arts , Nantes / Floridada , Emphasis Gallery , Sarasota , Florida - 1990 : Fruit in color Metro-Dade Cultural Center , Miami , Florida / Jane Stein Gallery , Tampa , Florida - 1994 : Vintage dreams The Merles Closet , Miami Beach , Florida - 1995 : Power Studio , Miami . Florida - 1996 : Funny Laundry , Lunaria , Los Angeles , California - 1997 : Splash , Redondo Beach , California - 1998 : Tickly Paintings Cava , Los Angeles , California - 2001 : MagnifiK Gallery , Williamsburg , Brooklyn , New York - 2003 : Le mur du rire Le Creux de lEnfer , Centre dArt Contemporain , Thiers , ( FRA ) - 2005 : Peinture au marteau , Le Lieu Unique , Nantes - 2006 : Rétrospective Jacques Halbert , CCC , Tours - 2007 : Bleu Cerise , Galerie contemporaine de lHôtel de ville de Chinon - 2009 : Mind the Wall , Librairie Saint-Hubert , Brussels - 2010 : Bleu Cerise , Galerie Benoit Lecarpentier , Paris / Dix Nez , Abbaye de Fontevraud / Jacques Halbert , Galerie ARTSZ , Monaco / Cherry Invitational , Galerie les Contemporains + - 0 , Brussels - 2011 : Acquisition FNAC - 2012 : A Symposium Celebrating Contemporary French Art , The Patricia & Phillip Frost Art Museum , Miami , Florida - 2012 : Les noces de Bigarreau et Du vent dans les voiles , LAC , Ile de la Réunion / Came à yeux , Lappart , Poitiers / Le pâtissier pâtissé , performance au Confort Moderne , Poitiers - 2013 : Le paradis perdure , Chapelle de Geneteil , Château-Gontier / Cerises sur le Château , Château de Candes-Saint-Martin - 2014 : Jacques Halbert/Repeat , galerie Nadja Vilenne , Liège - 2015 : Le dîner de la Vérité , Fondation du Doute , Blois / Daniel Spoerri - Eat Art , Chinon - 2016 : Hommage au Facteur Cheval , Hauterives / Le rire , Musée rabelais , la devinière , Seuilly - 2016 : A dada sur mon Banquet , dans les Caves Painctes de Chinon ( organisateurs : musée le Carroi , CCCVL , association Chinons , ville de Chinon et le syndicat des vins de Chinon - 2017 : HTFAM ( How To Fuck A Monochrome ) , galerie Ici , Paris - 2018 : Centre Combi-Douche , galerie du Dôme , Saumur / HTFAM ( How To Fuck A Monochrome ) , galerie Nadja Vilenne , Liège , Belgium Books . - </ref> - </ref> - </ref> - </ref> - </ref> - </ref> Internal link . - Anti-art - Fluxus |
[
"United States"
] | hard | Where did Jacques Halbert live in Sep 1997? | /wiki/Jacques_Halbert#P551#3 | Jacques Halbert Jacques Halbert , born in 1955 in Bourgueil , is a French contemporary artist . Career . He attended the Brassart School in Tours ( 1972-1973 ) then studied at the École nationale supérieure dArts in Bourges from 1973 to 1978 with Daniel Dezeuze and Jean-Claude Silbermann as teachers . Between 1978 and 2002 he lives and works in the United States and returns to settle in France in 2002 . Since 2002 , he lives and works in Candes-Saint-Martin in Touraine . In 2015 , he is one of the signatories of the tribune in LHumanité , Response of the 1001 artists to Marine Le Pen , during the regional elections . Art Café New York . From 1985 to 1989 Jacques Halbert is the owner , with Mireille Brame of the Art Café in New York in the East Village . He has organized numerous exhibitions curated by Alan Jones , Dorothée Selz and Pierre Restany with artists such as : John Armleder , Olivier Mosset , Charles Dreyfus , Dorothée Selz , Jean Dupuy , Daniel Spoerri , Ken Friedmann , Ben Vautier , Jeff Koons , Andy Warhol , Phoebe Legere , Christian Xatrec or François Morellet . In 1989 , Jacques Halbert closed the restaurant and moved to work in Miami and Sarasota then to Los Angeles . Magnifik Gallery . In 1999 , Jacques Halbert returns to New York and opens the Magnifik Gallery in Williamsburg ( New York ) with artists : Olga Adorno , Larry Miller , John Armleder , Olivier Mosset , Jean Dupuy , Ben Paterson , Ken Friedmann , Jack Pospisil , Geoff Hendricks , Carolee Schneemann , Joel Hubaut , Ben Vautier , Brendan Klinger , Christian Xatrec , Alison Knowles , Phoebe Legere , Nicola L . Work . Two main guidelines are outlined in the work of Jacques Halbert since his years of studies at the Beaux-Arts in Bourges , performance art and painting . A notable collector of Halberts work is Brian Johnson . Performance art . In 1976 , during the construction of the Centre Georges Pompidou , he creates a Centre Pompidou-Cake , which he cuts and shares , on the forecourt of the museum , with his artist friends and passers-by unofficially invited to this performance . The same year at the invitation of Henri Jobbé-Duval ( director of the FIAC ) , he transforms a scooter into Gallery Cerise , a traveling sculpture with which he rides the aisles of the FIAC in 1976 and 1977 . He travels with the streets of Paris and parks in front of the art galleries during vernissages , selling passers-by and art lovers cherry tarts and monochromes covered with painted cherries . Jacques Halbert defines himself this Fluxus and neo-Dadaist and often parodic posture of the figure of the artist as a manifesto of good taste . In 2003 , back in France , he exhibits at the Creux de lenfer-Contemporary art center the Wall of laughter that records the laughter of his friends and fellow artists , with whom he worked during his American years . Painting . His Paintings are almost exclusively and invariably made by painting one or multiple cherries on a monochrome canvas . Permanent collections . - Centre Georges Pompidou , Paris . - Centre National des Arts Plastiques ( CNAP ) , Paris . - Fonds Régional dArt Contemporain Auvergne ( FRAC ) , Clermont Ferrand . - Emily Harvey Foundation Collection , New York . Exhibitions ( Selection ) . - 1975 : Palissade , Bourges - 1976 : La Maison Rouge , Paris / Galeries Modernes , Paris / Galerie Ben Doute de Tout , Nice / Galerie Plein Ciel , Paris / Galerie des Ursulines , Mâcon / FIAC , « Cerise Galerie » , Grand Palais , Paris - 1977 : Exposition cerisiste Péristyle du Théâtre de Saumur / Dritte Galerie , Zofingen , Swistzerland / FIAC , Foire Internationale dArt Contemporain , « Galerie Cerise» , Grand-Palais , Paris - 1978 : WASHART78 , ( Galerie Levy , Milan ) Washington / Galerie Alain Oudin , Paris / Hamburg Gallery , Hamburg - 1979 : WASHART79 , International Art Fair , ( Bellini France ) , Washington - 1980 : Une idée en lair , Sutton Gallery , New York / Grommet Studio , New York / Washington Art Fair , ( Peter Lenart ) Washington / Grommet Gallery , New York - 1983 : Gracie Mansion Gallery , New York - 1984 : Emily Harvey Gallery , New York - 1985 : Hommage to Francis Picabia , Art Café , East Village , New York . / LEusses-tu cuit ? , Galerie Oulan Bator , Orléans - 1987 : Projects for paintings Emily Harvey Gallery , New York . / Projets pour des peintures , Galerie des Serbes , Cannes - 1988 : Perishables , The Penson Gallery , New York - 1989 : Joan Hodgell Gallery , Sarasota , Florida - 1992 : Banana Dreams , Miramar Gallery , Sarasota , Florida - 1993 : Hommage , Fromage et danse de Saint-Guy , Galerie des Beaux-Arts , Nantes / Floridada , Emphasis Gallery , Sarasota , Florida - 1990 : Fruit in color Metro-Dade Cultural Center , Miami , Florida / Jane Stein Gallery , Tampa , Florida - 1994 : Vintage dreams The Merles Closet , Miami Beach , Florida - 1995 : Power Studio , Miami . Florida - 1996 : Funny Laundry , Lunaria , Los Angeles , California - 1997 : Splash , Redondo Beach , California - 1998 : Tickly Paintings Cava , Los Angeles , California - 2001 : MagnifiK Gallery , Williamsburg , Brooklyn , New York - 2003 : Le mur du rire Le Creux de lEnfer , Centre dArt Contemporain , Thiers , ( FRA ) - 2005 : Peinture au marteau , Le Lieu Unique , Nantes - 2006 : Rétrospective Jacques Halbert , CCC , Tours - 2007 : Bleu Cerise , Galerie contemporaine de lHôtel de ville de Chinon - 2009 : Mind the Wall , Librairie Saint-Hubert , Brussels - 2010 : Bleu Cerise , Galerie Benoit Lecarpentier , Paris / Dix Nez , Abbaye de Fontevraud / Jacques Halbert , Galerie ARTSZ , Monaco / Cherry Invitational , Galerie les Contemporains + - 0 , Brussels - 2011 : Acquisition FNAC - 2012 : A Symposium Celebrating Contemporary French Art , The Patricia & Phillip Frost Art Museum , Miami , Florida - 2012 : Les noces de Bigarreau et Du vent dans les voiles , LAC , Ile de la Réunion / Came à yeux , Lappart , Poitiers / Le pâtissier pâtissé , performance au Confort Moderne , Poitiers - 2013 : Le paradis perdure , Chapelle de Geneteil , Château-Gontier / Cerises sur le Château , Château de Candes-Saint-Martin - 2014 : Jacques Halbert/Repeat , galerie Nadja Vilenne , Liège - 2015 : Le dîner de la Vérité , Fondation du Doute , Blois / Daniel Spoerri - Eat Art , Chinon - 2016 : Hommage au Facteur Cheval , Hauterives / Le rire , Musée rabelais , la devinière , Seuilly - 2016 : A dada sur mon Banquet , dans les Caves Painctes de Chinon ( organisateurs : musée le Carroi , CCCVL , association Chinons , ville de Chinon et le syndicat des vins de Chinon - 2017 : HTFAM ( How To Fuck A Monochrome ) , galerie Ici , Paris - 2018 : Centre Combi-Douche , galerie du Dôme , Saumur / HTFAM ( How To Fuck A Monochrome ) , galerie Nadja Vilenne , Liège , Belgium Books . - </ref> - </ref> - </ref> - </ref> - </ref> - </ref> Internal link . - Anti-art - Fluxus |
[
"France"
] | hard | Where did Jacques Halbert live after Mar 2002? | /wiki/Jacques_Halbert#P551#4 | Jacques Halbert Jacques Halbert , born in 1955 in Bourgueil , is a French contemporary artist . Career . He attended the Brassart School in Tours ( 1972-1973 ) then studied at the École nationale supérieure dArts in Bourges from 1973 to 1978 with Daniel Dezeuze and Jean-Claude Silbermann as teachers . Between 1978 and 2002 he lives and works in the United States and returns to settle in France in 2002 . Since 2002 , he lives and works in Candes-Saint-Martin in Touraine . In 2015 , he is one of the signatories of the tribune in LHumanité , Response of the 1001 artists to Marine Le Pen , during the regional elections . Art Café New York . From 1985 to 1989 Jacques Halbert is the owner , with Mireille Brame of the Art Café in New York in the East Village . He has organized numerous exhibitions curated by Alan Jones , Dorothée Selz and Pierre Restany with artists such as : John Armleder , Olivier Mosset , Charles Dreyfus , Dorothée Selz , Jean Dupuy , Daniel Spoerri , Ken Friedmann , Ben Vautier , Jeff Koons , Andy Warhol , Phoebe Legere , Christian Xatrec or François Morellet . In 1989 , Jacques Halbert closed the restaurant and moved to work in Miami and Sarasota then to Los Angeles . Magnifik Gallery . In 1999 , Jacques Halbert returns to New York and opens the Magnifik Gallery in Williamsburg ( New York ) with artists : Olga Adorno , Larry Miller , John Armleder , Olivier Mosset , Jean Dupuy , Ben Paterson , Ken Friedmann , Jack Pospisil , Geoff Hendricks , Carolee Schneemann , Joel Hubaut , Ben Vautier , Brendan Klinger , Christian Xatrec , Alison Knowles , Phoebe Legere , Nicola L . Work . Two main guidelines are outlined in the work of Jacques Halbert since his years of studies at the Beaux-Arts in Bourges , performance art and painting . A notable collector of Halberts work is Brian Johnson . Performance art . In 1976 , during the construction of the Centre Georges Pompidou , he creates a Centre Pompidou-Cake , which he cuts and shares , on the forecourt of the museum , with his artist friends and passers-by unofficially invited to this performance . The same year at the invitation of Henri Jobbé-Duval ( director of the FIAC ) , he transforms a scooter into Gallery Cerise , a traveling sculpture with which he rides the aisles of the FIAC in 1976 and 1977 . He travels with the streets of Paris and parks in front of the art galleries during vernissages , selling passers-by and art lovers cherry tarts and monochromes covered with painted cherries . Jacques Halbert defines himself this Fluxus and neo-Dadaist and often parodic posture of the figure of the artist as a manifesto of good taste . In 2003 , back in France , he exhibits at the Creux de lenfer-Contemporary art center the Wall of laughter that records the laughter of his friends and fellow artists , with whom he worked during his American years . Painting . His Paintings are almost exclusively and invariably made by painting one or multiple cherries on a monochrome canvas . Permanent collections . - Centre Georges Pompidou , Paris . - Centre National des Arts Plastiques ( CNAP ) , Paris . - Fonds Régional dArt Contemporain Auvergne ( FRAC ) , Clermont Ferrand . - Emily Harvey Foundation Collection , New York . Exhibitions ( Selection ) . - 1975 : Palissade , Bourges - 1976 : La Maison Rouge , Paris / Galeries Modernes , Paris / Galerie Ben Doute de Tout , Nice / Galerie Plein Ciel , Paris / Galerie des Ursulines , Mâcon / FIAC , « Cerise Galerie » , Grand Palais , Paris - 1977 : Exposition cerisiste Péristyle du Théâtre de Saumur / Dritte Galerie , Zofingen , Swistzerland / FIAC , Foire Internationale dArt Contemporain , « Galerie Cerise» , Grand-Palais , Paris - 1978 : WASHART78 , ( Galerie Levy , Milan ) Washington / Galerie Alain Oudin , Paris / Hamburg Gallery , Hamburg - 1979 : WASHART79 , International Art Fair , ( Bellini France ) , Washington - 1980 : Une idée en lair , Sutton Gallery , New York / Grommet Studio , New York / Washington Art Fair , ( Peter Lenart ) Washington / Grommet Gallery , New York - 1983 : Gracie Mansion Gallery , New York - 1984 : Emily Harvey Gallery , New York - 1985 : Hommage to Francis Picabia , Art Café , East Village , New York . / LEusses-tu cuit ? , Galerie Oulan Bator , Orléans - 1987 : Projects for paintings Emily Harvey Gallery , New York . / Projets pour des peintures , Galerie des Serbes , Cannes - 1988 : Perishables , The Penson Gallery , New York - 1989 : Joan Hodgell Gallery , Sarasota , Florida - 1992 : Banana Dreams , Miramar Gallery , Sarasota , Florida - 1993 : Hommage , Fromage et danse de Saint-Guy , Galerie des Beaux-Arts , Nantes / Floridada , Emphasis Gallery , Sarasota , Florida - 1990 : Fruit in color Metro-Dade Cultural Center , Miami , Florida / Jane Stein Gallery , Tampa , Florida - 1994 : Vintage dreams The Merles Closet , Miami Beach , Florida - 1995 : Power Studio , Miami . Florida - 1996 : Funny Laundry , Lunaria , Los Angeles , California - 1997 : Splash , Redondo Beach , California - 1998 : Tickly Paintings Cava , Los Angeles , California - 2001 : MagnifiK Gallery , Williamsburg , Brooklyn , New York - 2003 : Le mur du rire Le Creux de lEnfer , Centre dArt Contemporain , Thiers , ( FRA ) - 2005 : Peinture au marteau , Le Lieu Unique , Nantes - 2006 : Rétrospective Jacques Halbert , CCC , Tours - 2007 : Bleu Cerise , Galerie contemporaine de lHôtel de ville de Chinon - 2009 : Mind the Wall , Librairie Saint-Hubert , Brussels - 2010 : Bleu Cerise , Galerie Benoit Lecarpentier , Paris / Dix Nez , Abbaye de Fontevraud / Jacques Halbert , Galerie ARTSZ , Monaco / Cherry Invitational , Galerie les Contemporains + - 0 , Brussels - 2011 : Acquisition FNAC - 2012 : A Symposium Celebrating Contemporary French Art , The Patricia & Phillip Frost Art Museum , Miami , Florida - 2012 : Les noces de Bigarreau et Du vent dans les voiles , LAC , Ile de la Réunion / Came à yeux , Lappart , Poitiers / Le pâtissier pâtissé , performance au Confort Moderne , Poitiers - 2013 : Le paradis perdure , Chapelle de Geneteil , Château-Gontier / Cerises sur le Château , Château de Candes-Saint-Martin - 2014 : Jacques Halbert/Repeat , galerie Nadja Vilenne , Liège - 2015 : Le dîner de la Vérité , Fondation du Doute , Blois / Daniel Spoerri - Eat Art , Chinon - 2016 : Hommage au Facteur Cheval , Hauterives / Le rire , Musée rabelais , la devinière , Seuilly - 2016 : A dada sur mon Banquet , dans les Caves Painctes de Chinon ( organisateurs : musée le Carroi , CCCVL , association Chinons , ville de Chinon et le syndicat des vins de Chinon - 2017 : HTFAM ( How To Fuck A Monochrome ) , galerie Ici , Paris - 2018 : Centre Combi-Douche , galerie du Dôme , Saumur / HTFAM ( How To Fuck A Monochrome ) , galerie Nadja Vilenne , Liège , Belgium Books . - </ref> - </ref> - </ref> - </ref> - </ref> - </ref> Internal link . - Anti-art - Fluxus |
[
"alderman"
] | hard | Which position did Hiram Rhodes Revels hold in Jan 1870? | /wiki/Hiram_Rhodes_Revels#P39#0 | Hiram Rhodes Revels Hiram Rhodes Revels ( September 27 , 1827 – January 16 , 1901 ) was an American politician , minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church , and a college administrator . Born free in North Carolina , he later lived and worked in Ohio , where he voted before the Civil War . Elected by the Mississippi legislature to the United States Senate as a Republican to represent Mississippi in 1870 and 1871 during the Reconstruction era , he was the first African American to serve in either house of the U.S . Congress . During the American Civil War , Revels had helped organize two regiments of the United States Colored Troops and served as a chaplain . After serving in the Senate , Revels was appointed as the first president of Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College ( now Alcorn State University ) , a historically black college . He served from 1871 to 1873 and 1876 to 1882 . Later in his life , he served again as a minister . Early life and education . Revels was born free in 1822 in Fayetteville , North Carolina , to free people of color , with ancestors who had been free since before the American Revolution . His parents were of African American , European , and Native American ancestry . His mother was also specifically known to be of Scots descent . His father was a Baptist preacher . Revels was a second cousin to Lewis Sheridan Leary , one of the men who was killed taking part in John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859 , and to North Carolina lawyer and politician John S . Leary . During his childhood , Revels was taught by a local black woman for his early education . In 1838 at the age of 11 , he went to live with his older brother , Elias B . Revels , in Lincolnton , North Carolina . He was apprenticed as a barber in his brothers shop . Barbering was considered a respectable , steady trade for black Americans in this period . As men of all races used barbers , the trade provided black Americans an opportunity to establish networks with the white community . After Elias Revels died in 1841 , his widow Mary transferred the shop to Hiram Revels before she remarried . Revels attended the Beech Grove Quaker Seminary , a school in Union County , Indiana founded by Quakers , and Darke County Seminary in Ohio . In 1845 , Revels was ordained as a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ) ; he served as a preacher and religious teacher throughout the Midwest : in Indiana , Illinois , Ohio , Tennessee , Missouri , and Kansas . At times , I met with a great deal of opposition , he later recalled . I was imprisoned in Missouri in 1854 for preaching the gospel to Negroes , though I was never subjected to violence . During these years , he voted in Ohio . He studied religion from 1855 to 1857 at Knox College in Galesburg , Illinois . He became a minister in a Methodist Episcopal Church in Baltimore , Maryland , where he also served as a principal of a black high school . During the American Civil War , Revels served as a chaplain in the United States Army . After the Union authorized establishment of the United States Colored Troops , he helped recruit and organize two black Union regiments in Maryland and Missouri . He took part at the Battle of Vicksburg in Vicksburg , Mississippi . Political career . In 1865 , Revels left the AME Church , the first independent black denomination in the US , and joined the Methodist Episcopal Church . He was assigned briefly to churches in Leavenworth , Kansas , and New Orleans , Louisiana . In 1866 , he was called as a permanent pastor at a church in Natchez , Mississippi , where he settled with his wife and five daughters . He became an elder in the Mississippi District of the Methodist Church , continued his ministerial work , and founded schools for black children . During Reconstruction , Revels was elected alderman in Natchez in 1868 . In 1869 he was elected to represent Adams County in the Mississippi State Senate . Congressman John R . Lynch later wrote of him in his book on Reconstruction : Revels was comparatively a new man in the community . He had recently been stationed at Natchez as pastor in charge of the A.M.E . Church , and so far as known he had never voted , had never attended a political meeting , and of course , had never made a political speech . But he was a colored man , and presumed to be a Republican , and believed to be a man of ability and considerably above the average in point of intelligence ; just the man , it was thought , the Rev . Noah Buchanan would be willing to vote for . In January 1870 , Revels presented the opening prayer in the state legislature . Lynch wrote of that occasion , That prayer—one of the most impressive and eloquent prayers that had ever been delivered in the [ Mississippi ] Senate Chamber—made Revels a United States Senator . He made a profound impression upon all who heard him . It impressed those who heard it that Revels was not only a man of great natural ability but that he was also a man of superior attainments . Election to Senate . At the time , as in every state , the Mississippi legislature elected U.S . senators ; they were not elected by popular vote until after ratification of the 17th Amendment in 1913 . In 1870 , Revels was elected by a vote of 81 to 15 in the Mississippi legislature to finish the term of one of the states two seats in the U.S . Senate , which had been left vacant since the Civil War . Previously , it had been held by Albert G . Brown , who withdrew from the U.S . Senate in 1861 when Mississippi seceded . When Revels arrived in Washington , D.C. , Southern Democrats in office opposed seating him in the Senate . For the two days of debate , the Senate galleries were packed with spectators at this historic event . The Democrats based their opposition on the 1857 Dred Scott Decision by the U.S . Supreme Court , which ruled that people of African ancestry were not and could not be citizens . They argued that no black man was a citizen before the 14th Amendment was ratified in 1868 , and thus Revels could not satisfy the requirement of the Senate for nine years prior citizenship . Supporters of Revels made arguments ranging from relatively narrow and technical issues , to fundamental arguments about the meaning of the Civil War . Among the narrower arguments was that Revels was of primarily European ancestry ( an octoroon ) and that the Dred Scott decision should be interpreted as applying only to those blacks who were of totally African ancestry . Supporters said that Revels had long been a citizen ( as shown by his voting in Ohio ) and that he had met the nine-year requirement before the Dred Scott decision changed the rules and held that blacks could not be citizens . The more fundamental argument by Revels supporters was that the Civil War , and the Reconstruction amendments , had overturned Dred Scott . Because of the war and the Amendments , they argued , the subordination of the black race was no longer part of the American constitutional regime and , therefore , it would be unconstitutional to bar Revels on the basis of the pre-Civil War Constitutions citizenship rules . One Republican Senator supporting Revels mocked opponents as still fighting the last battle-field of that war . U.S . Senator Charles Sumner ( R-Massachusetts ) said , The time has passed for argument . Nothing more need be said . For a long time it has been clear that colored persons must be senators . Sumner , a Republican , later said , All men are created equal , says the great Declaration , and now a great act attests this verity . Today we make the Declaration a reality . .. . The Declaration was only half established by Independence . The greatest duty remained behind . In assuring the equal rights of all we complete the work . On February 25 , 1870 , Revels , on a party-line vote of 48 to 8 , with Republicans voting in favor and Democrats voting against , became the first African American to be seated in the United States Senate . Everyone in the galleries stood to see him sworn in . Sumners Massachusetts colleague , Henry Wilson , defended Revelss election , and presented as evidence of its validity signatures from the clerks of the Mississippi House of Representatives and Mississippi State Senate , as well as that of Adelbert Ames , the military Governor of Mississippi . Wilson argued that Revelss skin color was not a bar to Senate service , and connected the role of the Senate to Christianitys Golden Rule of doing to others as one would have done to oneself . U.S . Senator . Revels advocated compromise and moderation . He vigorously supported racial equality and worked to reassure his fellow senators about the capability of African Americans . In his maiden speech to the Senate on March 16 , 1870 , he argued for the reinstatement of the black legislators of the Georgia General Assembly , who had been illegally ousted by white Democratic Party representatives . He said , I maintain that the past record of my race is a true index of the feelings which today animate them . They aim not to elevate themselves by sacrificing one single interest of their white fellow citizens . He served on both the Committee of Education and Labor and the Committee on the District of Columbia . ( At the time , the Congress administered the District. ) Much of the Senates attention focused on Reconstruction issues . While Radical Republicans called for continued punishment of ex-Confederates , Revels argued for amnesty and a restoration of full citizenship , provided they swore an oath of loyalty to the United States . Revelss Senate term lasted a little over one year , February 25 , 1870 to March 3 , 1871 . He quietly and persistently—although for the most part unsuccessfully—worked for equality . He spoke against an amendment proposed by Senator Allen G . Thurman ( D-Ohio ) to keep the schools of Washington , D.C. , segregated and argued for their integration . He nominated a young black man to the United States Military Academy ; the youth was subsequently denied admission . Revels successfully championed the cause of black workers who had been barred by their color from working at the Washington Navy Yard . The Northern press praised Revels for his oratorical abilities . His conduct in the Senate , along with that of the other black Americans who had been seated in the House of Representatives , prompted a white Congressman , James G . Blaine ( R-Maine ) , to write in his memoir , The colored men who took their seats in both Senate and House were as a rule studious , earnest , ambitious men , whose public conduct would be honorable to any race . Revels supported bills to invest in developing infrastructure in Mississippi : to grant lands and right of way to aid the construction of the New Orleans and Northeastern Railroad ( 41st Congress 2nd Session S . 712 ) , and levees on the Mississippi River ( 41st Congress 3rd Session S . 1136 ) . College president . Revels accepted in 1871 , after his term as U.S . Senator expired , appointment as the first president of Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College ( now Alcorn State University ) , a historically black college located in Claiborne County , Mississippi . He taught philosophy as well . In 1873 , Revels took a leave of absence from Alcorn to serve as Mississippis secretary of state ad interim . He was dismissed from Alcorn in 1874 when he campaigned against the reelection of Governor of Mississippi Adelbert Ames . He was reappointed in 1876 by the new Democratic administration and served until his retirement in 1882 . On November 6 , 1875 , Revels wrote a letter to fellow Republican and President Ulysses S . Grant that was widely reprinted . Revels denounced Ames and the carpetbaggers for manipulating the black vote for personal benefit , and for keeping alive wartime hatreds : Since reconstruction , the masses of my people have been , as it were , enslaved in mind by unprincipled adventurers , who , caring nothing for country , were willing to stoop to anything no matter how infamous , to secure power to themselves , and perpetuate it . .. . . My people have been told by these schemers , when men have been placed on the ticket who were notoriously corrupt and dishonest , that they must vote for them ; that the salvation of the party depended upon it ; that the man who scratched a ticket was not a Republican . This is only one of the many means these unprincipled demagogues have devised to perpetuate the intellectual bondage of my people . .. . The bitterness and hate created by the late civil strife has , in my opinion , been obliterated in this state , except perhaps in some localities , and would have long since been entirely obliterated , were it not for some unprincipled men who would keep alive the bitterness of the past , and inculcate a hatred between the races , in order that they may aggrandize themselves by office , and its emoluments , to control my people , the effect of which is to degrade them . Revels remained active as a Methodist Episcopal minister in Holly Springs , Mississippi and became an elder in the Upper Mississippi District . For a time , he served as editor of the Southwestern Christian Advocate , the newspaper of the Methodist Church . He taught theology at Shaw College ( now Rust College ) , a historically black college founded in 1866 in Holly Springs . Hiram Revels died on January 16 , 1901 , while attending a church conference in Aberdeen , Mississippi . He was buried at the Hillcrest Cemetery in Holly Springs , Mississippi . Legacy . Revelss daughter Susie Revels Cayton edited a newspaper in Seattle , Washington . Among his grandsons were Horace R . Cayton Jr. , co-author of Black Metropolis , and Revels Cayton , a labor leader . In 2002 , scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Hiram Rhodes Revels as one of the 100 Greatest African Americans . |
[
"United States Senator",
"alderman"
] | hard | Which position did Hiram Rhodes Revels hold in Jun 1870? | /wiki/Hiram_Rhodes_Revels#P39#1 | Hiram Rhodes Revels Hiram Rhodes Revels ( September 27 , 1827 – January 16 , 1901 ) was an American politician , minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church , and a college administrator . Born free in North Carolina , he later lived and worked in Ohio , where he voted before the Civil War . Elected by the Mississippi legislature to the United States Senate as a Republican to represent Mississippi in 1870 and 1871 during the Reconstruction era , he was the first African American to serve in either house of the U.S . Congress . During the American Civil War , Revels had helped organize two regiments of the United States Colored Troops and served as a chaplain . After serving in the Senate , Revels was appointed as the first president of Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College ( now Alcorn State University ) , a historically black college . He served from 1871 to 1873 and 1876 to 1882 . Later in his life , he served again as a minister . Early life and education . Revels was born free in 1822 in Fayetteville , North Carolina , to free people of color , with ancestors who had been free since before the American Revolution . His parents were of African American , European , and Native American ancestry . His mother was also specifically known to be of Scots descent . His father was a Baptist preacher . Revels was a second cousin to Lewis Sheridan Leary , one of the men who was killed taking part in John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859 , and to North Carolina lawyer and politician John S . Leary . During his childhood , Revels was taught by a local black woman for his early education . In 1838 at the age of 11 , he went to live with his older brother , Elias B . Revels , in Lincolnton , North Carolina . He was apprenticed as a barber in his brothers shop . Barbering was considered a respectable , steady trade for black Americans in this period . As men of all races used barbers , the trade provided black Americans an opportunity to establish networks with the white community . After Elias Revels died in 1841 , his widow Mary transferred the shop to Hiram Revels before she remarried . Revels attended the Beech Grove Quaker Seminary , a school in Union County , Indiana founded by Quakers , and Darke County Seminary in Ohio . In 1845 , Revels was ordained as a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ) ; he served as a preacher and religious teacher throughout the Midwest : in Indiana , Illinois , Ohio , Tennessee , Missouri , and Kansas . At times , I met with a great deal of opposition , he later recalled . I was imprisoned in Missouri in 1854 for preaching the gospel to Negroes , though I was never subjected to violence . During these years , he voted in Ohio . He studied religion from 1855 to 1857 at Knox College in Galesburg , Illinois . He became a minister in a Methodist Episcopal Church in Baltimore , Maryland , where he also served as a principal of a black high school . During the American Civil War , Revels served as a chaplain in the United States Army . After the Union authorized establishment of the United States Colored Troops , he helped recruit and organize two black Union regiments in Maryland and Missouri . He took part at the Battle of Vicksburg in Vicksburg , Mississippi . Political career . In 1865 , Revels left the AME Church , the first independent black denomination in the US , and joined the Methodist Episcopal Church . He was assigned briefly to churches in Leavenworth , Kansas , and New Orleans , Louisiana . In 1866 , he was called as a permanent pastor at a church in Natchez , Mississippi , where he settled with his wife and five daughters . He became an elder in the Mississippi District of the Methodist Church , continued his ministerial work , and founded schools for black children . During Reconstruction , Revels was elected alderman in Natchez in 1868 . In 1869 he was elected to represent Adams County in the Mississippi State Senate . Congressman John R . Lynch later wrote of him in his book on Reconstruction : Revels was comparatively a new man in the community . He had recently been stationed at Natchez as pastor in charge of the A.M.E . Church , and so far as known he had never voted , had never attended a political meeting , and of course , had never made a political speech . But he was a colored man , and presumed to be a Republican , and believed to be a man of ability and considerably above the average in point of intelligence ; just the man , it was thought , the Rev . Noah Buchanan would be willing to vote for . In January 1870 , Revels presented the opening prayer in the state legislature . Lynch wrote of that occasion , That prayer—one of the most impressive and eloquent prayers that had ever been delivered in the [ Mississippi ] Senate Chamber—made Revels a United States Senator . He made a profound impression upon all who heard him . It impressed those who heard it that Revels was not only a man of great natural ability but that he was also a man of superior attainments . Election to Senate . At the time , as in every state , the Mississippi legislature elected U.S . senators ; they were not elected by popular vote until after ratification of the 17th Amendment in 1913 . In 1870 , Revels was elected by a vote of 81 to 15 in the Mississippi legislature to finish the term of one of the states two seats in the U.S . Senate , which had been left vacant since the Civil War . Previously , it had been held by Albert G . Brown , who withdrew from the U.S . Senate in 1861 when Mississippi seceded . When Revels arrived in Washington , D.C. , Southern Democrats in office opposed seating him in the Senate . For the two days of debate , the Senate galleries were packed with spectators at this historic event . The Democrats based their opposition on the 1857 Dred Scott Decision by the U.S . Supreme Court , which ruled that people of African ancestry were not and could not be citizens . They argued that no black man was a citizen before the 14th Amendment was ratified in 1868 , and thus Revels could not satisfy the requirement of the Senate for nine years prior citizenship . Supporters of Revels made arguments ranging from relatively narrow and technical issues , to fundamental arguments about the meaning of the Civil War . Among the narrower arguments was that Revels was of primarily European ancestry ( an octoroon ) and that the Dred Scott decision should be interpreted as applying only to those blacks who were of totally African ancestry . Supporters said that Revels had long been a citizen ( as shown by his voting in Ohio ) and that he had met the nine-year requirement before the Dred Scott decision changed the rules and held that blacks could not be citizens . The more fundamental argument by Revels supporters was that the Civil War , and the Reconstruction amendments , had overturned Dred Scott . Because of the war and the Amendments , they argued , the subordination of the black race was no longer part of the American constitutional regime and , therefore , it would be unconstitutional to bar Revels on the basis of the pre-Civil War Constitutions citizenship rules . One Republican Senator supporting Revels mocked opponents as still fighting the last battle-field of that war . U.S . Senator Charles Sumner ( R-Massachusetts ) said , The time has passed for argument . Nothing more need be said . For a long time it has been clear that colored persons must be senators . Sumner , a Republican , later said , All men are created equal , says the great Declaration , and now a great act attests this verity . Today we make the Declaration a reality . .. . The Declaration was only half established by Independence . The greatest duty remained behind . In assuring the equal rights of all we complete the work . On February 25 , 1870 , Revels , on a party-line vote of 48 to 8 , with Republicans voting in favor and Democrats voting against , became the first African American to be seated in the United States Senate . Everyone in the galleries stood to see him sworn in . Sumners Massachusetts colleague , Henry Wilson , defended Revelss election , and presented as evidence of its validity signatures from the clerks of the Mississippi House of Representatives and Mississippi State Senate , as well as that of Adelbert Ames , the military Governor of Mississippi . Wilson argued that Revelss skin color was not a bar to Senate service , and connected the role of the Senate to Christianitys Golden Rule of doing to others as one would have done to oneself . U.S . Senator . Revels advocated compromise and moderation . He vigorously supported racial equality and worked to reassure his fellow senators about the capability of African Americans . In his maiden speech to the Senate on March 16 , 1870 , he argued for the reinstatement of the black legislators of the Georgia General Assembly , who had been illegally ousted by white Democratic Party representatives . He said , I maintain that the past record of my race is a true index of the feelings which today animate them . They aim not to elevate themselves by sacrificing one single interest of their white fellow citizens . He served on both the Committee of Education and Labor and the Committee on the District of Columbia . ( At the time , the Congress administered the District. ) Much of the Senates attention focused on Reconstruction issues . While Radical Republicans called for continued punishment of ex-Confederates , Revels argued for amnesty and a restoration of full citizenship , provided they swore an oath of loyalty to the United States . Revelss Senate term lasted a little over one year , February 25 , 1870 to March 3 , 1871 . He quietly and persistently—although for the most part unsuccessfully—worked for equality . He spoke against an amendment proposed by Senator Allen G . Thurman ( D-Ohio ) to keep the schools of Washington , D.C. , segregated and argued for their integration . He nominated a young black man to the United States Military Academy ; the youth was subsequently denied admission . Revels successfully championed the cause of black workers who had been barred by their color from working at the Washington Navy Yard . The Northern press praised Revels for his oratorical abilities . His conduct in the Senate , along with that of the other black Americans who had been seated in the House of Representatives , prompted a white Congressman , James G . Blaine ( R-Maine ) , to write in his memoir , The colored men who took their seats in both Senate and House were as a rule studious , earnest , ambitious men , whose public conduct would be honorable to any race . Revels supported bills to invest in developing infrastructure in Mississippi : to grant lands and right of way to aid the construction of the New Orleans and Northeastern Railroad ( 41st Congress 2nd Session S . 712 ) , and levees on the Mississippi River ( 41st Congress 3rd Session S . 1136 ) . College president . Revels accepted in 1871 , after his term as U.S . Senator expired , appointment as the first president of Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College ( now Alcorn State University ) , a historically black college located in Claiborne County , Mississippi . He taught philosophy as well . In 1873 , Revels took a leave of absence from Alcorn to serve as Mississippis secretary of state ad interim . He was dismissed from Alcorn in 1874 when he campaigned against the reelection of Governor of Mississippi Adelbert Ames . He was reappointed in 1876 by the new Democratic administration and served until his retirement in 1882 . On November 6 , 1875 , Revels wrote a letter to fellow Republican and President Ulysses S . Grant that was widely reprinted . Revels denounced Ames and the carpetbaggers for manipulating the black vote for personal benefit , and for keeping alive wartime hatreds : Since reconstruction , the masses of my people have been , as it were , enslaved in mind by unprincipled adventurers , who , caring nothing for country , were willing to stoop to anything no matter how infamous , to secure power to themselves , and perpetuate it . .. . . My people have been told by these schemers , when men have been placed on the ticket who were notoriously corrupt and dishonest , that they must vote for them ; that the salvation of the party depended upon it ; that the man who scratched a ticket was not a Republican . This is only one of the many means these unprincipled demagogues have devised to perpetuate the intellectual bondage of my people . .. . The bitterness and hate created by the late civil strife has , in my opinion , been obliterated in this state , except perhaps in some localities , and would have long since been entirely obliterated , were it not for some unprincipled men who would keep alive the bitterness of the past , and inculcate a hatred between the races , in order that they may aggrandize themselves by office , and its emoluments , to control my people , the effect of which is to degrade them . Revels remained active as a Methodist Episcopal minister in Holly Springs , Mississippi and became an elder in the Upper Mississippi District . For a time , he served as editor of the Southwestern Christian Advocate , the newspaper of the Methodist Church . He taught theology at Shaw College ( now Rust College ) , a historically black college founded in 1866 in Holly Springs . Hiram Revels died on January 16 , 1901 , while attending a church conference in Aberdeen , Mississippi . He was buried at the Hillcrest Cemetery in Holly Springs , Mississippi . Legacy . Revelss daughter Susie Revels Cayton edited a newspaper in Seattle , Washington . Among his grandsons were Horace R . Cayton Jr. , co-author of Black Metropolis , and Revels Cayton , a labor leader . In 2002 , scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Hiram Rhodes Revels as one of the 100 Greatest African Americans . |
[
"alderman"
] | hard | Which position did Hiram Rhodes Revels hold between Aug 1871 and Nov 1871? | /wiki/Hiram_Rhodes_Revels#P39#2 | Hiram Rhodes Revels Hiram Rhodes Revels ( September 27 , 1827 – January 16 , 1901 ) was an American politician , minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church , and a college administrator . Born free in North Carolina , he later lived and worked in Ohio , where he voted before the Civil War . Elected by the Mississippi legislature to the United States Senate as a Republican to represent Mississippi in 1870 and 1871 during the Reconstruction era , he was the first African American to serve in either house of the U.S . Congress . During the American Civil War , Revels had helped organize two regiments of the United States Colored Troops and served as a chaplain . After serving in the Senate , Revels was appointed as the first president of Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College ( now Alcorn State University ) , a historically black college . He served from 1871 to 1873 and 1876 to 1882 . Later in his life , he served again as a minister . Early life and education . Revels was born free in 1822 in Fayetteville , North Carolina , to free people of color , with ancestors who had been free since before the American Revolution . His parents were of African American , European , and Native American ancestry . His mother was also specifically known to be of Scots descent . His father was a Baptist preacher . Revels was a second cousin to Lewis Sheridan Leary , one of the men who was killed taking part in John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859 , and to North Carolina lawyer and politician John S . Leary . During his childhood , Revels was taught by a local black woman for his early education . In 1838 at the age of 11 , he went to live with his older brother , Elias B . Revels , in Lincolnton , North Carolina . He was apprenticed as a barber in his brothers shop . Barbering was considered a respectable , steady trade for black Americans in this period . As men of all races used barbers , the trade provided black Americans an opportunity to establish networks with the white community . After Elias Revels died in 1841 , his widow Mary transferred the shop to Hiram Revels before she remarried . Revels attended the Beech Grove Quaker Seminary , a school in Union County , Indiana founded by Quakers , and Darke County Seminary in Ohio . In 1845 , Revels was ordained as a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ) ; he served as a preacher and religious teacher throughout the Midwest : in Indiana , Illinois , Ohio , Tennessee , Missouri , and Kansas . At times , I met with a great deal of opposition , he later recalled . I was imprisoned in Missouri in 1854 for preaching the gospel to Negroes , though I was never subjected to violence . During these years , he voted in Ohio . He studied religion from 1855 to 1857 at Knox College in Galesburg , Illinois . He became a minister in a Methodist Episcopal Church in Baltimore , Maryland , where he also served as a principal of a black high school . During the American Civil War , Revels served as a chaplain in the United States Army . After the Union authorized establishment of the United States Colored Troops , he helped recruit and organize two black Union regiments in Maryland and Missouri . He took part at the Battle of Vicksburg in Vicksburg , Mississippi . Political career . In 1865 , Revels left the AME Church , the first independent black denomination in the US , and joined the Methodist Episcopal Church . He was assigned briefly to churches in Leavenworth , Kansas , and New Orleans , Louisiana . In 1866 , he was called as a permanent pastor at a church in Natchez , Mississippi , where he settled with his wife and five daughters . He became an elder in the Mississippi District of the Methodist Church , continued his ministerial work , and founded schools for black children . During Reconstruction , Revels was elected alderman in Natchez in 1868 . In 1869 he was elected to represent Adams County in the Mississippi State Senate . Congressman John R . Lynch later wrote of him in his book on Reconstruction : Revels was comparatively a new man in the community . He had recently been stationed at Natchez as pastor in charge of the A.M.E . Church , and so far as known he had never voted , had never attended a political meeting , and of course , had never made a political speech . But he was a colored man , and presumed to be a Republican , and believed to be a man of ability and considerably above the average in point of intelligence ; just the man , it was thought , the Rev . Noah Buchanan would be willing to vote for . In January 1870 , Revels presented the opening prayer in the state legislature . Lynch wrote of that occasion , That prayer—one of the most impressive and eloquent prayers that had ever been delivered in the [ Mississippi ] Senate Chamber—made Revels a United States Senator . He made a profound impression upon all who heard him . It impressed those who heard it that Revels was not only a man of great natural ability but that he was also a man of superior attainments . Election to Senate . At the time , as in every state , the Mississippi legislature elected U.S . senators ; they were not elected by popular vote until after ratification of the 17th Amendment in 1913 . In 1870 , Revels was elected by a vote of 81 to 15 in the Mississippi legislature to finish the term of one of the states two seats in the U.S . Senate , which had been left vacant since the Civil War . Previously , it had been held by Albert G . Brown , who withdrew from the U.S . Senate in 1861 when Mississippi seceded . When Revels arrived in Washington , D.C. , Southern Democrats in office opposed seating him in the Senate . For the two days of debate , the Senate galleries were packed with spectators at this historic event . The Democrats based their opposition on the 1857 Dred Scott Decision by the U.S . Supreme Court , which ruled that people of African ancestry were not and could not be citizens . They argued that no black man was a citizen before the 14th Amendment was ratified in 1868 , and thus Revels could not satisfy the requirement of the Senate for nine years prior citizenship . Supporters of Revels made arguments ranging from relatively narrow and technical issues , to fundamental arguments about the meaning of the Civil War . Among the narrower arguments was that Revels was of primarily European ancestry ( an octoroon ) and that the Dred Scott decision should be interpreted as applying only to those blacks who were of totally African ancestry . Supporters said that Revels had long been a citizen ( as shown by his voting in Ohio ) and that he had met the nine-year requirement before the Dred Scott decision changed the rules and held that blacks could not be citizens . The more fundamental argument by Revels supporters was that the Civil War , and the Reconstruction amendments , had overturned Dred Scott . Because of the war and the Amendments , they argued , the subordination of the black race was no longer part of the American constitutional regime and , therefore , it would be unconstitutional to bar Revels on the basis of the pre-Civil War Constitutions citizenship rules . One Republican Senator supporting Revels mocked opponents as still fighting the last battle-field of that war . U.S . Senator Charles Sumner ( R-Massachusetts ) said , The time has passed for argument . Nothing more need be said . For a long time it has been clear that colored persons must be senators . Sumner , a Republican , later said , All men are created equal , says the great Declaration , and now a great act attests this verity . Today we make the Declaration a reality . .. . The Declaration was only half established by Independence . The greatest duty remained behind . In assuring the equal rights of all we complete the work . On February 25 , 1870 , Revels , on a party-line vote of 48 to 8 , with Republicans voting in favor and Democrats voting against , became the first African American to be seated in the United States Senate . Everyone in the galleries stood to see him sworn in . Sumners Massachusetts colleague , Henry Wilson , defended Revelss election , and presented as evidence of its validity signatures from the clerks of the Mississippi House of Representatives and Mississippi State Senate , as well as that of Adelbert Ames , the military Governor of Mississippi . Wilson argued that Revelss skin color was not a bar to Senate service , and connected the role of the Senate to Christianitys Golden Rule of doing to others as one would have done to oneself . U.S . Senator . Revels advocated compromise and moderation . He vigorously supported racial equality and worked to reassure his fellow senators about the capability of African Americans . In his maiden speech to the Senate on March 16 , 1870 , he argued for the reinstatement of the black legislators of the Georgia General Assembly , who had been illegally ousted by white Democratic Party representatives . He said , I maintain that the past record of my race is a true index of the feelings which today animate them . They aim not to elevate themselves by sacrificing one single interest of their white fellow citizens . He served on both the Committee of Education and Labor and the Committee on the District of Columbia . ( At the time , the Congress administered the District. ) Much of the Senates attention focused on Reconstruction issues . While Radical Republicans called for continued punishment of ex-Confederates , Revels argued for amnesty and a restoration of full citizenship , provided they swore an oath of loyalty to the United States . Revelss Senate term lasted a little over one year , February 25 , 1870 to March 3 , 1871 . He quietly and persistently—although for the most part unsuccessfully—worked for equality . He spoke against an amendment proposed by Senator Allen G . Thurman ( D-Ohio ) to keep the schools of Washington , D.C. , segregated and argued for their integration . He nominated a young black man to the United States Military Academy ; the youth was subsequently denied admission . Revels successfully championed the cause of black workers who had been barred by their color from working at the Washington Navy Yard . The Northern press praised Revels for his oratorical abilities . His conduct in the Senate , along with that of the other black Americans who had been seated in the House of Representatives , prompted a white Congressman , James G . Blaine ( R-Maine ) , to write in his memoir , The colored men who took their seats in both Senate and House were as a rule studious , earnest , ambitious men , whose public conduct would be honorable to any race . Revels supported bills to invest in developing infrastructure in Mississippi : to grant lands and right of way to aid the construction of the New Orleans and Northeastern Railroad ( 41st Congress 2nd Session S . 712 ) , and levees on the Mississippi River ( 41st Congress 3rd Session S . 1136 ) . College president . Revels accepted in 1871 , after his term as U.S . Senator expired , appointment as the first president of Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College ( now Alcorn State University ) , a historically black college located in Claiborne County , Mississippi . He taught philosophy as well . In 1873 , Revels took a leave of absence from Alcorn to serve as Mississippis secretary of state ad interim . He was dismissed from Alcorn in 1874 when he campaigned against the reelection of Governor of Mississippi Adelbert Ames . He was reappointed in 1876 by the new Democratic administration and served until his retirement in 1882 . On November 6 , 1875 , Revels wrote a letter to fellow Republican and President Ulysses S . Grant that was widely reprinted . Revels denounced Ames and the carpetbaggers for manipulating the black vote for personal benefit , and for keeping alive wartime hatreds : Since reconstruction , the masses of my people have been , as it were , enslaved in mind by unprincipled adventurers , who , caring nothing for country , were willing to stoop to anything no matter how infamous , to secure power to themselves , and perpetuate it . .. . . My people have been told by these schemers , when men have been placed on the ticket who were notoriously corrupt and dishonest , that they must vote for them ; that the salvation of the party depended upon it ; that the man who scratched a ticket was not a Republican . This is only one of the many means these unprincipled demagogues have devised to perpetuate the intellectual bondage of my people . .. . The bitterness and hate created by the late civil strife has , in my opinion , been obliterated in this state , except perhaps in some localities , and would have long since been entirely obliterated , were it not for some unprincipled men who would keep alive the bitterness of the past , and inculcate a hatred between the races , in order that they may aggrandize themselves by office , and its emoluments , to control my people , the effect of which is to degrade them . Revels remained active as a Methodist Episcopal minister in Holly Springs , Mississippi and became an elder in the Upper Mississippi District . For a time , he served as editor of the Southwestern Christian Advocate , the newspaper of the Methodist Church . He taught theology at Shaw College ( now Rust College ) , a historically black college founded in 1866 in Holly Springs . Hiram Revels died on January 16 , 1901 , while attending a church conference in Aberdeen , Mississippi . He was buried at the Hillcrest Cemetery in Holly Springs , Mississippi . Legacy . Revelss daughter Susie Revels Cayton edited a newspaper in Seattle , Washington . Among his grandsons were Horace R . Cayton Jr. , co-author of Black Metropolis , and Revels Cayton , a labor leader . In 2002 , scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Hiram Rhodes Revels as one of the 100 Greatest African Americans . |
[
"Member of parliament for Birmingham"
] | hard | What was the position of Richard Spooner (MP) in Apr 1845? | /wiki/Richard_Spooner_(MP)#P39#0 | Richard Spooner ( MP ) Richard Spooner ( 28 July 1783 – 24 November 1864 ) was a British businessman and politician . In his youth he was a Radical reformer , but in later life he moved to the political right to become an Ultra-Tory . Early life and family . Spooner was born at Birches Green , Erdington , and was the son of Isaac Spooner , a banker and magistrate in nearby Birmingham . Following education at Rugby School , he joined a banking company , where he was in partnership with Thomas Attwood . In 1804 he married Charlotte Wetherell , daughter of Nathan Wetherell , the Dean of Hereford . He was involved in the civic life of Birmingham , helping to found the Mechanics Institute in 1820 , of which he was the first president . Radical politics . In 1812 Spooner and Attwood led a campaign to repeal the orders in council introduced in 1807 as part of the governments campaign of economic warfare against France . The orders , which severely effected the trade of Birmingham were repealed later in the year . In March 1820 he contested the general election at Boroughbridge , Yorkshire . The constituency was a two-seat pocket borough in the hands of the Dukes of Newcastle , who supported the Tory candidates . However , Spooner , running as a Radical , and Marmaduke Lawson , a Whig were elected . Three months later , the Tories managed to have the election of both MPs overturned on petition . In 1826 Spooner again stood for parliament at Warwickshire . While he had overwhelming support from the voters of Birmingham , he was unsuccessful . In December of the same year a parliamentary vacancy was caused , when Richard Ironmonger MP for Stafford died . Spooner was chosen as the Radical candidate to contest the ensuing by-election , but was defeated in a straight fight by the Whig , Thomas Beaumont . He was expected to contest the seat again at the next general election in 1830 . Instead he stood at Coventry , where his colleague Attwood had been requested to stand , but had declined . Once again , he failed to be elected . Move to the Tories . By 1832 Spooners repeated electoral defeats led to his moving away from Radical politics . In that year he was asked to join the Birmingham Political Union , but declined the invitation . By the time of the 1835 general election he had made a complete change in his political views . The Birmingham Daily Post described his conversion : ...from having been a bold and uncompromising Liberal , became ultimately one of the most determined , immovable and obstructive members of the ultra-Tory party . Member of parliament for Birmingham . In 1835 and 1841 Spooner stood as the Tory candidate against Birminghams sitting Radical MPs . He was heavily defeated on both occasions . In 1844 , Joshua Scholefield , one of the towns members of parliament , died . Consequently , a by-election was held . Spooner was again the Tory candidate and was opposed by William Scholefield , son of the deceased MP , who was expected to hold the seat for the Radicals . However , the Liberal/Radical vote was split when a third candidate , Joseph Sturge , entered the contest . Spooner was elected most likely to his own astonishment as the first Tory MP for Birmingham . It was noted that the personal liking felt for the man was temporarily permitted to outweigh the general resentment at his political apostasy . At the next general election in 1847 the Liberals were reunited , and Spooner lost the seat to William Scholefield . Member of parliament for North Warwickshire . Having lost his seat at Birmingham in July 1847 , Spooner was immediately nominated as a Conservative candidate for the two-member Northern Division of Warwickshire where polling was not held until August . On 16 August he was duly declared elected , along with his party colleague , Charles Newdigate Newdegate . He held the seat at the general elections of 1852 , 1857 and 1859 . Spooner was a member of the Ultra faction of the Tories . He was a proponent of protectionism and a strong Anglican , opposing any measures of relief to Roman Catholics , Dissenters or Jews . In his later years he was considered a figure of fun , with his annual ( and barely audible ) speech denouncing the renewal of the grant to Maynooth Seminary treated with derision . In his obituary his later parliamentary contributions were summarised : ...every proposal which in his early life would have elicited his most strenuous approval , received in his old age his most vehement opposition . In 1862 he became unwell , and ceased attending the Commons . He delayed his resignation as the local Conservative organisation had no agreed candidate in the event of a vacancy . He lived in virtual retirement at Henwood Lodge , Leamington Spa , where he died in November 1864 . He was buried in the family vault at Elmdon . |
[
"Member of parliament for North Warwickshire"
] | hard | What was the position of Richard Spooner (MP) between Jan 1850 and Mar 1853? | /wiki/Richard_Spooner_(MP)#P39#1 | Richard Spooner ( MP ) Richard Spooner ( 28 July 1783 – 24 November 1864 ) was a British businessman and politician . In his youth he was a Radical reformer , but in later life he moved to the political right to become an Ultra-Tory . Early life and family . Spooner was born at Birches Green , Erdington , and was the son of Isaac Spooner , a banker and magistrate in nearby Birmingham . Following education at Rugby School , he joined a banking company , where he was in partnership with Thomas Attwood . In 1804 he married Charlotte Wetherell , daughter of Nathan Wetherell , the Dean of Hereford . He was involved in the civic life of Birmingham , helping to found the Mechanics Institute in 1820 , of which he was the first president . Radical politics . In 1812 Spooner and Attwood led a campaign to repeal the orders in council introduced in 1807 as part of the governments campaign of economic warfare against France . The orders , which severely effected the trade of Birmingham were repealed later in the year . In March 1820 he contested the general election at Boroughbridge , Yorkshire . The constituency was a two-seat pocket borough in the hands of the Dukes of Newcastle , who supported the Tory candidates . However , Spooner , running as a Radical , and Marmaduke Lawson , a Whig were elected . Three months later , the Tories managed to have the election of both MPs overturned on petition . In 1826 Spooner again stood for parliament at Warwickshire . While he had overwhelming support from the voters of Birmingham , he was unsuccessful . In December of the same year a parliamentary vacancy was caused , when Richard Ironmonger MP for Stafford died . Spooner was chosen as the Radical candidate to contest the ensuing by-election , but was defeated in a straight fight by the Whig , Thomas Beaumont . He was expected to contest the seat again at the next general election in 1830 . Instead he stood at Coventry , where his colleague Attwood had been requested to stand , but had declined . Once again , he failed to be elected . Move to the Tories . By 1832 Spooners repeated electoral defeats led to his moving away from Radical politics . In that year he was asked to join the Birmingham Political Union , but declined the invitation . By the time of the 1835 general election he had made a complete change in his political views . The Birmingham Daily Post described his conversion : ...from having been a bold and uncompromising Liberal , became ultimately one of the most determined , immovable and obstructive members of the ultra-Tory party . Member of parliament for Birmingham . In 1835 and 1841 Spooner stood as the Tory candidate against Birminghams sitting Radical MPs . He was heavily defeated on both occasions . In 1844 , Joshua Scholefield , one of the towns members of parliament , died . Consequently , a by-election was held . Spooner was again the Tory candidate and was opposed by William Scholefield , son of the deceased MP , who was expected to hold the seat for the Radicals . However , the Liberal/Radical vote was split when a third candidate , Joseph Sturge , entered the contest . Spooner was elected most likely to his own astonishment as the first Tory MP for Birmingham . It was noted that the personal liking felt for the man was temporarily permitted to outweigh the general resentment at his political apostasy . At the next general election in 1847 the Liberals were reunited , and Spooner lost the seat to William Scholefield . Member of parliament for North Warwickshire . Having lost his seat at Birmingham in July 1847 , Spooner was immediately nominated as a Conservative candidate for the two-member Northern Division of Warwickshire where polling was not held until August . On 16 August he was duly declared elected , along with his party colleague , Charles Newdigate Newdegate . He held the seat at the general elections of 1852 , 1857 and 1859 . Spooner was a member of the Ultra faction of the Tories . He was a proponent of protectionism and a strong Anglican , opposing any measures of relief to Roman Catholics , Dissenters or Jews . In his later years he was considered a figure of fun , with his annual ( and barely audible ) speech denouncing the renewal of the grant to Maynooth Seminary treated with derision . In his obituary his later parliamentary contributions were summarised : ...every proposal which in his early life would have elicited his most strenuous approval , received in his old age his most vehement opposition . In 1862 he became unwell , and ceased attending the Commons . He delayed his resignation as the local Conservative organisation had no agreed candidate in the event of a vacancy . He lived in virtual retirement at Henwood Lodge , Leamington Spa , where he died in November 1864 . He was buried in the family vault at Elmdon . |
[
"Member of parliament for North Warwickshire"
] | hard | What was the position of Richard Spooner (MP) after May 1860? | /wiki/Richard_Spooner_(MP)#P39#2 | Richard Spooner ( MP ) Richard Spooner ( 28 July 1783 – 24 November 1864 ) was a British businessman and politician . In his youth he was a Radical reformer , but in later life he moved to the political right to become an Ultra-Tory . Early life and family . Spooner was born at Birches Green , Erdington , and was the son of Isaac Spooner , a banker and magistrate in nearby Birmingham . Following education at Rugby School , he joined a banking company , where he was in partnership with Thomas Attwood . In 1804 he married Charlotte Wetherell , daughter of Nathan Wetherell , the Dean of Hereford . He was involved in the civic life of Birmingham , helping to found the Mechanics Institute in 1820 , of which he was the first president . Radical politics . In 1812 Spooner and Attwood led a campaign to repeal the orders in council introduced in 1807 as part of the governments campaign of economic warfare against France . The orders , which severely effected the trade of Birmingham were repealed later in the year . In March 1820 he contested the general election at Boroughbridge , Yorkshire . The constituency was a two-seat pocket borough in the hands of the Dukes of Newcastle , who supported the Tory candidates . However , Spooner , running as a Radical , and Marmaduke Lawson , a Whig were elected . Three months later , the Tories managed to have the election of both MPs overturned on petition . In 1826 Spooner again stood for parliament at Warwickshire . While he had overwhelming support from the voters of Birmingham , he was unsuccessful . In December of the same year a parliamentary vacancy was caused , when Richard Ironmonger MP for Stafford died . Spooner was chosen as the Radical candidate to contest the ensuing by-election , but was defeated in a straight fight by the Whig , Thomas Beaumont . He was expected to contest the seat again at the next general election in 1830 . Instead he stood at Coventry , where his colleague Attwood had been requested to stand , but had declined . Once again , he failed to be elected . Move to the Tories . By 1832 Spooners repeated electoral defeats led to his moving away from Radical politics . In that year he was asked to join the Birmingham Political Union , but declined the invitation . By the time of the 1835 general election he had made a complete change in his political views . The Birmingham Daily Post described his conversion : ...from having been a bold and uncompromising Liberal , became ultimately one of the most determined , immovable and obstructive members of the ultra-Tory party . Member of parliament for Birmingham . In 1835 and 1841 Spooner stood as the Tory candidate against Birminghams sitting Radical MPs . He was heavily defeated on both occasions . In 1844 , Joshua Scholefield , one of the towns members of parliament , died . Consequently , a by-election was held . Spooner was again the Tory candidate and was opposed by William Scholefield , son of the deceased MP , who was expected to hold the seat for the Radicals . However , the Liberal/Radical vote was split when a third candidate , Joseph Sturge , entered the contest . Spooner was elected most likely to his own astonishment as the first Tory MP for Birmingham . It was noted that the personal liking felt for the man was temporarily permitted to outweigh the general resentment at his political apostasy . At the next general election in 1847 the Liberals were reunited , and Spooner lost the seat to William Scholefield . Member of parliament for North Warwickshire . Having lost his seat at Birmingham in July 1847 , Spooner was immediately nominated as a Conservative candidate for the two-member Northern Division of Warwickshire where polling was not held until August . On 16 August he was duly declared elected , along with his party colleague , Charles Newdigate Newdegate . He held the seat at the general elections of 1852 , 1857 and 1859 . Spooner was a member of the Ultra faction of the Tories . He was a proponent of protectionism and a strong Anglican , opposing any measures of relief to Roman Catholics , Dissenters or Jews . In his later years he was considered a figure of fun , with his annual ( and barely audible ) speech denouncing the renewal of the grant to Maynooth Seminary treated with derision . In his obituary his later parliamentary contributions were summarised : ...every proposal which in his early life would have elicited his most strenuous approval , received in his old age his most vehement opposition . In 1862 he became unwell , and ceased attending the Commons . He delayed his resignation as the local Conservative organisation had no agreed candidate in the event of a vacancy . He lived in virtual retirement at Henwood Lodge , Leamington Spa , where he died in November 1864 . He was buried in the family vault at Elmdon . |
[
"Member of Parliament for the Harare East constituency"
] | hard | Which political party did Tendai Biti belong to in Apr 2002? | /wiki/Tendai_Biti#P102#0 | Tendai Biti Tendai Laxton Biti ( born 6 August 1966 ) is a Zimbabwean politician who served as Finance Minister of Zimbabwe from 2009 to 2013 . He is the current Member of Parliament for Harare East Constituency and the second Vice President of Movement for Democratic Change . He was the Secretary-General of the Movement for Democratic Change and the subsequent Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai ( MDC-T ) political parties and a Member of Parliament for Harare East until he was expelled from the party and recalled from parliament in mid-2014,before winning the seat again in 2018 . Early life . Biti was born in Dzivarasekwa , Harare , and he is the eldest in a family of 6 children . From 1980 to 1985 he attended Goromonzi High School , where he was appointed deputy head boy in 1985 . He enrolled in the University of Zimbabwe law school as a freshman in 1986 . In 1988 and 1989 , Biti was Secretary General of the University of Zimbabwe Student Representative Council , with Terry Mhungu as SRC President , which led student protests against government censorship in academia . After school , he joined the Law firm Honey and Blackenberg , where he became the youngest partner by the age of 26 . Biti lost his father in his early 30s . Political career . In 1999 he helped found the MDC . He was elected Member of Parliament for the Harare East constituency in 2000 . During the Fifth Parliament he served as a member of the Parliament Portfolio Committee on Lands , Agriculture , Water Development , Rural Resources and Resettlement and that on Defence and Home Affairs . In March 2005 he retained the constituency . He serves in the Portfolio Committee on Budget , Finance and Economic Development and is currently the MDCs Secretary General . In his legal career Biti has handled labour and human rights litigation representing large trade unions such as the Post and Telecommunications Trade Union . He was arrested in 2007 with many others , including MDC leader Morgan Tsvangirai , after a prayer rally in the Harare township of Highfield . On 16 June 2007 , Biti and Welshman Ncube met with Justice Minister Patrick Chinamasa and Labor Minister Nicholas Goche , in Pretoria , South Africa . South African President Thabo Mbeki , appointed by the Southern African Development Community , presided over the negotiations which sought to end sanctions on Zimbabwe top ZANU-PF leaders or top government officials . 2008 elections . Biti was re-elected to the House of Assembly from Harare East in the March 2008 parliamentary election . According to official results , he received 8,377 votes against 2,587 for the ZANU-PF candidate . In the period following the election , he stayed outside of Zimbabwe ( mainly in South Africa ) , along with Tsvangirai , amidst a post-electoral situation that was marked by serious violence against MDC supporters . Arrest . Biti returned to Zimbabwe on 12 June 2008 and was immediately arrested at the airport in Harare . Before his departure from Johannesburg , Biti said that he had already learned that he would be arrested , but maintained that his only crime was fighting for democracy and said that it was necessary for him to return to participate in the MDCs struggle . Following Bitis arrest , police spokesman Wayne Bvudzijena said that he would be charged with treason , based on an MDC document about changing the government . This document , which was called The Transition Strategy and was said to have been written by Biti on 25 March , included purported plans to rig the election in favour of the MDC . Bvudzijena said that Biti would additionally be charged with making false statements prejudicial to the state due to his announcement of election results prior to their release by the Electoral Commission . United States Ambassador James McGee expressed deep concern on behalf of the US government , saying that the document in question was an unobjectionable statement of the MDCs plans and goals ; according to McGee , another , more extreme version of the document existed , but it was forged . Bitis lawyer also claimed that the material in question was forged . On 13 June , Bitis lawyers said that they had not been allowed to meet with him , and they filed an urgent application with the High Court on the same day . The MDC said that it was deeply worried about Bitis welfare and that it had sent a team to police stations across Harare , hoping to determine where he was being held . He appeared in court on 14 June . Bitis home was searched by the police on 16 June , although the police did not take anything out of the home . His lawyer , Lewis Uriri , said that Biti had been interrogated for a full 24 hours after his arrest ; Uriri also said that he would seek an order from the High Court to release Biti on the grounds that he had been held without charge for more than the allowed 48-hour period . Biti again appeared in court on 18 June ; however , this hearing was postponed to the next day because the power failed , meaning that the hearing could not be recorded . He was charged on 19 June . He faced four charges : treason , communicating falsehoods prejudicial to the State , insulting President Mugabe and causing disaffection among the defence forces. . Prosecutors argued against granting bail to Biti , noting that the charges against him were so serious that he could be executed . The defence submitted an application to have the charges thrown out , but on 20 June magistrate Mishrod Guvamombe dismissed this application , saying that he believed there was reasonable suspicion that the accused committed the said offence . Bitis next court appearance was set for 7 July , and Guvamombe ordered that he remain in custody until then . On 26 June , Biti was granted bail at one trillion Zimbabwean dollars ; he was also required to surrender his homes title deeds and to report to the police on a weekly basis . Bitis lawyers later filed a petition asking for the return of his passport so that he could attend talks between the parties in South Africa , and as a result his passport was returned to him on 9 July , enabling him to go . He led the MDC-Tsvangirai delegation to the talks , which began in Pretoria on 10 July , although according to Tsvangirai the purpose of this was only to set the MDC-Tsvangirais conditions for participating in the talks , not to actually participate in them . Uriri applied for the removal of Bitis remand on the grounds that a trial date should have been set and the police investigation should have been completed . On 27 August 2008 , Chioniso Mutongi , a magistrate in Harare , rejected this request , saying that Biti had not been on remand long enough for its removal to be appropriate . In 2018 following Zimbabwes disputed elections , he was arrested and denied asylum in Zambia . Appointment to Government of National Unity . On 10 February 2009 , MDC leader and Prime Minister-designate Morgan Tsvangirai announced the appointment of Biti as Finance Minister in the Government of National Unity . Though he has no known history in financial and economic matters , analysts suggest that Tsavingarai really had no other option considering Bitis position in the MDC . In addition , he is known to drive a hard bargain and could be the best person to deal with the Zanu-PF controlled public service . He was sworn in alongside other Ministers on 13 February 2009 in Harare . Return to legal career . On 20 November 2013 , Biti announced he would be opening a new law firm . The firm was to specialize in international finance law as well as domestic constitutional issues . Return to politics . Biti fell out with Tsvangirai in 2014 , resulting in Tsvangirai announcing Bitis expulsion in April 2014 . In 2015 Biti joined other disaffected MDC-T members in a breakaway group , MDC-Renewal , becoming its secretary-general . In September 2015 , MDC-Renewal launched as a separate party , the Peoples Democratic Party , and Biti was elected president of the new party . In 2020 , Biti criticized a three-member delegation from South African which was sent to investigate human rights abuses when they returned to their country without speaking to opposition groups . In February 2019 he was convicted of contravening the Electoral Act for illegally announcing purported results for the 2018 presidential election in Zimbabwe . He was fined $200 . External links . - , NewsDay - The Zimbabwean Leadership Profiles - Zimbabwe MDCs economic blueprint , 3 February 2004 , BBC News - Opposition anger at Zimbabwe deal , 2 March 2002 , BBC News - Tsvangirai leaves Harare hospital , 16 March 2007 , BBC News - Faces to expect in the cabinet , 15 September 2008 , Zimbabwe Metro - Interview with Tendai Biti , 30 April 2009 Radio France Internationale |
[
"Portfolio Committee on Budget , Finance and Economic Development"
] | hard | Which political party did Tendai Biti belong to between Nov 2012 and May 2013? | /wiki/Tendai_Biti#P102#1 | Tendai Biti Tendai Laxton Biti ( born 6 August 1966 ) is a Zimbabwean politician who served as Finance Minister of Zimbabwe from 2009 to 2013 . He is the current Member of Parliament for Harare East Constituency and the second Vice President of Movement for Democratic Change . He was the Secretary-General of the Movement for Democratic Change and the subsequent Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai ( MDC-T ) political parties and a Member of Parliament for Harare East until he was expelled from the party and recalled from parliament in mid-2014,before winning the seat again in 2018 . Early life . Biti was born in Dzivarasekwa , Harare , and he is the eldest in a family of 6 children . From 1980 to 1985 he attended Goromonzi High School , where he was appointed deputy head boy in 1985 . He enrolled in the University of Zimbabwe law school as a freshman in 1986 . In 1988 and 1989 , Biti was Secretary General of the University of Zimbabwe Student Representative Council , with Terry Mhungu as SRC President , which led student protests against government censorship in academia . After school , he joined the Law firm Honey and Blackenberg , where he became the youngest partner by the age of 26 . Biti lost his father in his early 30s . Political career . In 1999 he helped found the MDC . He was elected Member of Parliament for the Harare East constituency in 2000 . During the Fifth Parliament he served as a member of the Parliament Portfolio Committee on Lands , Agriculture , Water Development , Rural Resources and Resettlement and that on Defence and Home Affairs . In March 2005 he retained the constituency . He serves in the Portfolio Committee on Budget , Finance and Economic Development and is currently the MDCs Secretary General . In his legal career Biti has handled labour and human rights litigation representing large trade unions such as the Post and Telecommunications Trade Union . He was arrested in 2007 with many others , including MDC leader Morgan Tsvangirai , after a prayer rally in the Harare township of Highfield . On 16 June 2007 , Biti and Welshman Ncube met with Justice Minister Patrick Chinamasa and Labor Minister Nicholas Goche , in Pretoria , South Africa . South African President Thabo Mbeki , appointed by the Southern African Development Community , presided over the negotiations which sought to end sanctions on Zimbabwe top ZANU-PF leaders or top government officials . 2008 elections . Biti was re-elected to the House of Assembly from Harare East in the March 2008 parliamentary election . According to official results , he received 8,377 votes against 2,587 for the ZANU-PF candidate . In the period following the election , he stayed outside of Zimbabwe ( mainly in South Africa ) , along with Tsvangirai , amidst a post-electoral situation that was marked by serious violence against MDC supporters . Arrest . Biti returned to Zimbabwe on 12 June 2008 and was immediately arrested at the airport in Harare . Before his departure from Johannesburg , Biti said that he had already learned that he would be arrested , but maintained that his only crime was fighting for democracy and said that it was necessary for him to return to participate in the MDCs struggle . Following Bitis arrest , police spokesman Wayne Bvudzijena said that he would be charged with treason , based on an MDC document about changing the government . This document , which was called The Transition Strategy and was said to have been written by Biti on 25 March , included purported plans to rig the election in favour of the MDC . Bvudzijena said that Biti would additionally be charged with making false statements prejudicial to the state due to his announcement of election results prior to their release by the Electoral Commission . United States Ambassador James McGee expressed deep concern on behalf of the US government , saying that the document in question was an unobjectionable statement of the MDCs plans and goals ; according to McGee , another , more extreme version of the document existed , but it was forged . Bitis lawyer also claimed that the material in question was forged . On 13 June , Bitis lawyers said that they had not been allowed to meet with him , and they filed an urgent application with the High Court on the same day . The MDC said that it was deeply worried about Bitis welfare and that it had sent a team to police stations across Harare , hoping to determine where he was being held . He appeared in court on 14 June . Bitis home was searched by the police on 16 June , although the police did not take anything out of the home . His lawyer , Lewis Uriri , said that Biti had been interrogated for a full 24 hours after his arrest ; Uriri also said that he would seek an order from the High Court to release Biti on the grounds that he had been held without charge for more than the allowed 48-hour period . Biti again appeared in court on 18 June ; however , this hearing was postponed to the next day because the power failed , meaning that the hearing could not be recorded . He was charged on 19 June . He faced four charges : treason , communicating falsehoods prejudicial to the State , insulting President Mugabe and causing disaffection among the defence forces. . Prosecutors argued against granting bail to Biti , noting that the charges against him were so serious that he could be executed . The defence submitted an application to have the charges thrown out , but on 20 June magistrate Mishrod Guvamombe dismissed this application , saying that he believed there was reasonable suspicion that the accused committed the said offence . Bitis next court appearance was set for 7 July , and Guvamombe ordered that he remain in custody until then . On 26 June , Biti was granted bail at one trillion Zimbabwean dollars ; he was also required to surrender his homes title deeds and to report to the police on a weekly basis . Bitis lawyers later filed a petition asking for the return of his passport so that he could attend talks between the parties in South Africa , and as a result his passport was returned to him on 9 July , enabling him to go . He led the MDC-Tsvangirai delegation to the talks , which began in Pretoria on 10 July , although according to Tsvangirai the purpose of this was only to set the MDC-Tsvangirais conditions for participating in the talks , not to actually participate in them . Uriri applied for the removal of Bitis remand on the grounds that a trial date should have been set and the police investigation should have been completed . On 27 August 2008 , Chioniso Mutongi , a magistrate in Harare , rejected this request , saying that Biti had not been on remand long enough for its removal to be appropriate . In 2018 following Zimbabwes disputed elections , he was arrested and denied asylum in Zambia . Appointment to Government of National Unity . On 10 February 2009 , MDC leader and Prime Minister-designate Morgan Tsvangirai announced the appointment of Biti as Finance Minister in the Government of National Unity . Though he has no known history in financial and economic matters , analysts suggest that Tsavingarai really had no other option considering Bitis position in the MDC . In addition , he is known to drive a hard bargain and could be the best person to deal with the Zanu-PF controlled public service . He was sworn in alongside other Ministers on 13 February 2009 in Harare . Return to legal career . On 20 November 2013 , Biti announced he would be opening a new law firm . The firm was to specialize in international finance law as well as domestic constitutional issues . Return to politics . Biti fell out with Tsvangirai in 2014 , resulting in Tsvangirai announcing Bitis expulsion in April 2014 . In 2015 Biti joined other disaffected MDC-T members in a breakaway group , MDC-Renewal , becoming its secretary-general . In September 2015 , MDC-Renewal launched as a separate party , the Peoples Democratic Party , and Biti was elected president of the new party . In 2020 , Biti criticized a three-member delegation from South African which was sent to investigate human rights abuses when they returned to their country without speaking to opposition groups . In February 2019 he was convicted of contravening the Electoral Act for illegally announcing purported results for the 2018 presidential election in Zimbabwe . He was fined $200 . External links . - , NewsDay - The Zimbabwean Leadership Profiles - Zimbabwe MDCs economic blueprint , 3 February 2004 , BBC News - Opposition anger at Zimbabwe deal , 2 March 2002 , BBC News - Tsvangirai leaves Harare hospital , 16 March 2007 , BBC News - Faces to expect in the cabinet , 15 September 2008 , Zimbabwe Metro - Interview with Tendai Biti , 30 April 2009 Radio France Internationale |
[
"Peoples Democratic Party"
] | hard | Which political party did Tendai Biti belong to between Jun 2015 and Dec 2016? | /wiki/Tendai_Biti#P102#2 | Tendai Biti Tendai Laxton Biti ( born 6 August 1966 ) is a Zimbabwean politician who served as Finance Minister of Zimbabwe from 2009 to 2013 . He is the current Member of Parliament for Harare East Constituency and the second Vice President of Movement for Democratic Change . He was the Secretary-General of the Movement for Democratic Change and the subsequent Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai ( MDC-T ) political parties and a Member of Parliament for Harare East until he was expelled from the party and recalled from parliament in mid-2014,before winning the seat again in 2018 . Early life . Biti was born in Dzivarasekwa , Harare , and he is the eldest in a family of 6 children . From 1980 to 1985 he attended Goromonzi High School , where he was appointed deputy head boy in 1985 . He enrolled in the University of Zimbabwe law school as a freshman in 1986 . In 1988 and 1989 , Biti was Secretary General of the University of Zimbabwe Student Representative Council , with Terry Mhungu as SRC President , which led student protests against government censorship in academia . After school , he joined the Law firm Honey and Blackenberg , where he became the youngest partner by the age of 26 . Biti lost his father in his early 30s . Political career . In 1999 he helped found the MDC . He was elected Member of Parliament for the Harare East constituency in 2000 . During the Fifth Parliament he served as a member of the Parliament Portfolio Committee on Lands , Agriculture , Water Development , Rural Resources and Resettlement and that on Defence and Home Affairs . In March 2005 he retained the constituency . He serves in the Portfolio Committee on Budget , Finance and Economic Development and is currently the MDCs Secretary General . In his legal career Biti has handled labour and human rights litigation representing large trade unions such as the Post and Telecommunications Trade Union . He was arrested in 2007 with many others , including MDC leader Morgan Tsvangirai , after a prayer rally in the Harare township of Highfield . On 16 June 2007 , Biti and Welshman Ncube met with Justice Minister Patrick Chinamasa and Labor Minister Nicholas Goche , in Pretoria , South Africa . South African President Thabo Mbeki , appointed by the Southern African Development Community , presided over the negotiations which sought to end sanctions on Zimbabwe top ZANU-PF leaders or top government officials . 2008 elections . Biti was re-elected to the House of Assembly from Harare East in the March 2008 parliamentary election . According to official results , he received 8,377 votes against 2,587 for the ZANU-PF candidate . In the period following the election , he stayed outside of Zimbabwe ( mainly in South Africa ) , along with Tsvangirai , amidst a post-electoral situation that was marked by serious violence against MDC supporters . Arrest . Biti returned to Zimbabwe on 12 June 2008 and was immediately arrested at the airport in Harare . Before his departure from Johannesburg , Biti said that he had already learned that he would be arrested , but maintained that his only crime was fighting for democracy and said that it was necessary for him to return to participate in the MDCs struggle . Following Bitis arrest , police spokesman Wayne Bvudzijena said that he would be charged with treason , based on an MDC document about changing the government . This document , which was called The Transition Strategy and was said to have been written by Biti on 25 March , included purported plans to rig the election in favour of the MDC . Bvudzijena said that Biti would additionally be charged with making false statements prejudicial to the state due to his announcement of election results prior to their release by the Electoral Commission . United States Ambassador James McGee expressed deep concern on behalf of the US government , saying that the document in question was an unobjectionable statement of the MDCs plans and goals ; according to McGee , another , more extreme version of the document existed , but it was forged . Bitis lawyer also claimed that the material in question was forged . On 13 June , Bitis lawyers said that they had not been allowed to meet with him , and they filed an urgent application with the High Court on the same day . The MDC said that it was deeply worried about Bitis welfare and that it had sent a team to police stations across Harare , hoping to determine where he was being held . He appeared in court on 14 June . Bitis home was searched by the police on 16 June , although the police did not take anything out of the home . His lawyer , Lewis Uriri , said that Biti had been interrogated for a full 24 hours after his arrest ; Uriri also said that he would seek an order from the High Court to release Biti on the grounds that he had been held without charge for more than the allowed 48-hour period . Biti again appeared in court on 18 June ; however , this hearing was postponed to the next day because the power failed , meaning that the hearing could not be recorded . He was charged on 19 June . He faced four charges : treason , communicating falsehoods prejudicial to the State , insulting President Mugabe and causing disaffection among the defence forces. . Prosecutors argued against granting bail to Biti , noting that the charges against him were so serious that he could be executed . The defence submitted an application to have the charges thrown out , but on 20 June magistrate Mishrod Guvamombe dismissed this application , saying that he believed there was reasonable suspicion that the accused committed the said offence . Bitis next court appearance was set for 7 July , and Guvamombe ordered that he remain in custody until then . On 26 June , Biti was granted bail at one trillion Zimbabwean dollars ; he was also required to surrender his homes title deeds and to report to the police on a weekly basis . Bitis lawyers later filed a petition asking for the return of his passport so that he could attend talks between the parties in South Africa , and as a result his passport was returned to him on 9 July , enabling him to go . He led the MDC-Tsvangirai delegation to the talks , which began in Pretoria on 10 July , although according to Tsvangirai the purpose of this was only to set the MDC-Tsvangirais conditions for participating in the talks , not to actually participate in them . Uriri applied for the removal of Bitis remand on the grounds that a trial date should have been set and the police investigation should have been completed . On 27 August 2008 , Chioniso Mutongi , a magistrate in Harare , rejected this request , saying that Biti had not been on remand long enough for its removal to be appropriate . In 2018 following Zimbabwes disputed elections , he was arrested and denied asylum in Zambia . Appointment to Government of National Unity . On 10 February 2009 , MDC leader and Prime Minister-designate Morgan Tsvangirai announced the appointment of Biti as Finance Minister in the Government of National Unity . Though he has no known history in financial and economic matters , analysts suggest that Tsavingarai really had no other option considering Bitis position in the MDC . In addition , he is known to drive a hard bargain and could be the best person to deal with the Zanu-PF controlled public service . He was sworn in alongside other Ministers on 13 February 2009 in Harare . Return to legal career . On 20 November 2013 , Biti announced he would be opening a new law firm . The firm was to specialize in international finance law as well as domestic constitutional issues . Return to politics . Biti fell out with Tsvangirai in 2014 , resulting in Tsvangirai announcing Bitis expulsion in April 2014 . In 2015 Biti joined other disaffected MDC-T members in a breakaway group , MDC-Renewal , becoming its secretary-general . In September 2015 , MDC-Renewal launched as a separate party , the Peoples Democratic Party , and Biti was elected president of the new party . In 2020 , Biti criticized a three-member delegation from South African which was sent to investigate human rights abuses when they returned to their country without speaking to opposition groups . In February 2019 he was convicted of contravening the Electoral Act for illegally announcing purported results for the 2018 presidential election in Zimbabwe . He was fined $200 . External links . - , NewsDay - The Zimbabwean Leadership Profiles - Zimbabwe MDCs economic blueprint , 3 February 2004 , BBC News - Opposition anger at Zimbabwe deal , 2 March 2002 , BBC News - Tsvangirai leaves Harare hospital , 16 March 2007 , BBC News - Faces to expect in the cabinet , 15 September 2008 , Zimbabwe Metro - Interview with Tendai Biti , 30 April 2009 Radio France Internationale |
[
""
] | hard | Which employer did Dugald Drummond work for before May 1863? | /wiki/Dugald_Drummond#P108#0 | Dugald Drummond Dugald Drummond ( 1 January 1840 – 8 November 1912 ) was a Scottish steam locomotive engineer . He had a career with the North British Railway , LB&SCR , Caledonian Railway and London and South Western Railway . He was the older brother of the engineer Peter Drummond , who often followed Dugalds ideas in his own work . He was a major locomotive designer and builder and many of his London and South Western Railway engines continued in main line service with the Southern Railway to enter British Railways service in 1947 . Career . Drummond was born in Ardrossan , Ayrshire on 1 January 1840 . His father was permanent way inspector for the Bowling Railway . Drummond was apprenticed to Forest & Barr of Glasgow gaining further experience on the Dumbartonshire and Caledonian Railways . He was in charge of the boiler shop at the Canada Works , Birkenhead of Thomas Brassey before moving to the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railways Cowlairs railway works in 1864 under Samuel Waite Johnson . He became foreman erector at the Lochgorm Works , Inverness , of the Highland Railway under William Stroudley and followed Stroudley to the London Brighton and South Coast Railways Brighton Works in 1870 . In 1875 , he was appointed Locomotive Superintendent of the North British Railway . Tay bridge disaster . Drummond was involved as an expert witness in the Tay Bridge disaster of 1879 , being called to give evidence about the state of the track after the disaster . Although Ladybank , a 0-4-2 locomotive of Drummonds design , had been booked to work the train it had broken down and was replaced by no . 224 , a 4-4-0 to the design of Thomas Wheatley , thus freeing Drummond to act as an independent witness . He said that the entire train had fallen vertically down when the High Girders collapsed , from the impact marks the wheels had made on the lines . All the axles of the train were bent in one direction . The evidence helped disprove Thomas Bouchs theory that the train had been blown off the rails by the storm that night . Further career . In 1882 he moved to the Caledonian Railway . In April 1890 he tendered his resignation to enter business , establishing the Australasian Locomotive Engine Works at Sydney , Australia . The scheme failed rapidly and he returned to Scotland , founding the Glasgow Railway Engineering Company . Although the business was moderately successful , Drummond accepted the post as locomotive engineer of the London and South Western Railway in 1895 , at a salary considerably less than that he had received on the Caledonian Railway . The title of his post was changed to Chief Mechanical Engineer in January 1905 , although his duties hardly changed . He remained with the LSWR until his death . His locomotives for this railway were usually capable , as long as they had no more than 8 wheels . However , his 4-6-0 designs ranged from disastrous to mediocre . He also encumbered many of his LSWR engines with innovations which he had patented himself , such as firebox cross water tubes , and his smokebox steam drier , which only gave a very small degree of superheat . After his death , his successors improved the performance of many of his engines by fitting them with conventional smoke tube superheaters . Drummond died on 8 November 1912 aged 72 at his home at Surbiton . A myth has developed that he died as a result of scalding received on the footplate . However C . Hamilton Ellis states that he had got cold and wet and demanded a hot mustard bath for his numb feet . He was scalded by the boiling water . He neglected the burns , gangrene set in and amputation became necessary . He refused an anaesthetic and died of the shock . He is buried at Brookwood Cemetery , which is adjacent to the LSWR mainline , in a family grave just a stones throw from the former terminus of the London Necropolis Railway . Family . Drummonds daughter , Christine Sarah Louise was born in Brighton in 1871 , soon after the familys arrival there from Scotland . She married James Johnson , son of Samuel Waite Johnson CME of the Midland Railway 1873–1904 . Her third child , born in 1905 was named Dugald Samuel Waite Johnson after both of his grandfathers . Locomotive designs . Drummond designed the following classes of locomotives : North British Railway . - NBR 165 class 0-6-0T , later LNER class J82 - NBR 100 class 0-6-0 , later LNER class J32 - NBR 474 class 2-2-2 - NBR 476 class 4-4-0 , later LNER classes D27 and D28 - NBR 157 class 0-4-2T , later 0-4-4T , later LNER class G8 - NBR 494 class 4-4-0T , later LNER class D50 - NBR 34 class 0-6-0 , later LNER class J34 Caledonian Railway . - Caledonian Railway 294 Class 0-6-0 , later LMS class 2F - Caledonian Railway 66 Class 4-4-0 , later LMS class 2P - Caledonian Railway 171 Class 0-4-4T , later LMS class 1P - Caledonian Railway 262 Class 0-4-2ST , later LMS class 0P - Caledonian Railway 264 Class 0-4-0ST , later LMS class 0F - Caledonian Railway 123 , 4-2-2 , later LMS 14010 , class 1P - Caledonian Railway 385 Class 0-6-0ST , later LMS class 3F - Caledonian Railway 80 Class 4-4-0 , later LMS class 1P - Caledonian Railway 272 Class 0-6-0ST , later LMS class 0F London and South Western Railway . - LSWR 700 class 0-6-0 known latterly as the Black Motors - LSWR M7 class 0-4-4 tank engines known as Motor Tanks - LSWR T7 class 4-2-2-0 prototype double single - LSWR C8 class 4-4-0 - LSWR F9 class 4-2-4T known as the Bug - LSWR T9 class 4-4-0 known as Greyhounds - LSWR E10 class 4-2-2-0 double single - LSWR K10 class 4-4-0 known as Small Hoppers - LSWR K11 class railcar - LSWR L11 class 4-4-0 known as Large Hoppers - LSWR S11 class 4-4-0 - LSWR L12 class 4-4-0 known as Bulldogs - LSWR H12 class railcar - LSWR F13 class 4-6-0 - LSWR H13 class railcar - LSWR C14 class 2-2-0 motor tank – later rebuilt as 0-4-0 - LSWR K14 class 0-4-0 tank engines first designed by Adams as class B4 - LSWR E14 class 4-6-0 known as the Turkey - LSWR G14 class 4-6-0 - LSWR P14 class 4-6-0 - LSWR T14 class 4-6-0 known as Paddleboxes - LSWR D15 class 4-4-0 Patents . - GB189727949 , published 15 October 1898 , Improvements in locomotive boilers - GB189901077 , published 2 December 1899 , Improvements in apparatus for use in heating railway carriages External links . - Dugald Drummond at www.lner.info - Dugald & Peter Drummond at www.steamindex.com |
[
"Edinburgh and Glasgow Railways Cowlairs"
] | hard | Which employer did Dugald Drummond work for between Aug 1867 and Nov 1869? | /wiki/Dugald_Drummond#P108#1 | Dugald Drummond Dugald Drummond ( 1 January 1840 – 8 November 1912 ) was a Scottish steam locomotive engineer . He had a career with the North British Railway , LB&SCR , Caledonian Railway and London and South Western Railway . He was the older brother of the engineer Peter Drummond , who often followed Dugalds ideas in his own work . He was a major locomotive designer and builder and many of his London and South Western Railway engines continued in main line service with the Southern Railway to enter British Railways service in 1947 . Career . Drummond was born in Ardrossan , Ayrshire on 1 January 1840 . His father was permanent way inspector for the Bowling Railway . Drummond was apprenticed to Forest & Barr of Glasgow gaining further experience on the Dumbartonshire and Caledonian Railways . He was in charge of the boiler shop at the Canada Works , Birkenhead of Thomas Brassey before moving to the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railways Cowlairs railway works in 1864 under Samuel Waite Johnson . He became foreman erector at the Lochgorm Works , Inverness , of the Highland Railway under William Stroudley and followed Stroudley to the London Brighton and South Coast Railways Brighton Works in 1870 . In 1875 , he was appointed Locomotive Superintendent of the North British Railway . Tay bridge disaster . Drummond was involved as an expert witness in the Tay Bridge disaster of 1879 , being called to give evidence about the state of the track after the disaster . Although Ladybank , a 0-4-2 locomotive of Drummonds design , had been booked to work the train it had broken down and was replaced by no . 224 , a 4-4-0 to the design of Thomas Wheatley , thus freeing Drummond to act as an independent witness . He said that the entire train had fallen vertically down when the High Girders collapsed , from the impact marks the wheels had made on the lines . All the axles of the train were bent in one direction . The evidence helped disprove Thomas Bouchs theory that the train had been blown off the rails by the storm that night . Further career . In 1882 he moved to the Caledonian Railway . In April 1890 he tendered his resignation to enter business , establishing the Australasian Locomotive Engine Works at Sydney , Australia . The scheme failed rapidly and he returned to Scotland , founding the Glasgow Railway Engineering Company . Although the business was moderately successful , Drummond accepted the post as locomotive engineer of the London and South Western Railway in 1895 , at a salary considerably less than that he had received on the Caledonian Railway . The title of his post was changed to Chief Mechanical Engineer in January 1905 , although his duties hardly changed . He remained with the LSWR until his death . His locomotives for this railway were usually capable , as long as they had no more than 8 wheels . However , his 4-6-0 designs ranged from disastrous to mediocre . He also encumbered many of his LSWR engines with innovations which he had patented himself , such as firebox cross water tubes , and his smokebox steam drier , which only gave a very small degree of superheat . After his death , his successors improved the performance of many of his engines by fitting them with conventional smoke tube superheaters . Drummond died on 8 November 1912 aged 72 at his home at Surbiton . A myth has developed that he died as a result of scalding received on the footplate . However C . Hamilton Ellis states that he had got cold and wet and demanded a hot mustard bath for his numb feet . He was scalded by the boiling water . He neglected the burns , gangrene set in and amputation became necessary . He refused an anaesthetic and died of the shock . He is buried at Brookwood Cemetery , which is adjacent to the LSWR mainline , in a family grave just a stones throw from the former terminus of the London Necropolis Railway . Family . Drummonds daughter , Christine Sarah Louise was born in Brighton in 1871 , soon after the familys arrival there from Scotland . She married James Johnson , son of Samuel Waite Johnson CME of the Midland Railway 1873–1904 . Her third child , born in 1905 was named Dugald Samuel Waite Johnson after both of his grandfathers . Locomotive designs . Drummond designed the following classes of locomotives : North British Railway . - NBR 165 class 0-6-0T , later LNER class J82 - NBR 100 class 0-6-0 , later LNER class J32 - NBR 474 class 2-2-2 - NBR 476 class 4-4-0 , later LNER classes D27 and D28 - NBR 157 class 0-4-2T , later 0-4-4T , later LNER class G8 - NBR 494 class 4-4-0T , later LNER class D50 - NBR 34 class 0-6-0 , later LNER class J34 Caledonian Railway . - Caledonian Railway 294 Class 0-6-0 , later LMS class 2F - Caledonian Railway 66 Class 4-4-0 , later LMS class 2P - Caledonian Railway 171 Class 0-4-4T , later LMS class 1P - Caledonian Railway 262 Class 0-4-2ST , later LMS class 0P - Caledonian Railway 264 Class 0-4-0ST , later LMS class 0F - Caledonian Railway 123 , 4-2-2 , later LMS 14010 , class 1P - Caledonian Railway 385 Class 0-6-0ST , later LMS class 3F - Caledonian Railway 80 Class 4-4-0 , later LMS class 1P - Caledonian Railway 272 Class 0-6-0ST , later LMS class 0F London and South Western Railway . - LSWR 700 class 0-6-0 known latterly as the Black Motors - LSWR M7 class 0-4-4 tank engines known as Motor Tanks - LSWR T7 class 4-2-2-0 prototype double single - LSWR C8 class 4-4-0 - LSWR F9 class 4-2-4T known as the Bug - LSWR T9 class 4-4-0 known as Greyhounds - LSWR E10 class 4-2-2-0 double single - LSWR K10 class 4-4-0 known as Small Hoppers - LSWR K11 class railcar - LSWR L11 class 4-4-0 known as Large Hoppers - LSWR S11 class 4-4-0 - LSWR L12 class 4-4-0 known as Bulldogs - LSWR H12 class railcar - LSWR F13 class 4-6-0 - LSWR H13 class railcar - LSWR C14 class 2-2-0 motor tank – later rebuilt as 0-4-0 - LSWR K14 class 0-4-0 tank engines first designed by Adams as class B4 - LSWR E14 class 4-6-0 known as the Turkey - LSWR G14 class 4-6-0 - LSWR P14 class 4-6-0 - LSWR T14 class 4-6-0 known as Paddleboxes - LSWR D15 class 4-4-0 Patents . - GB189727949 , published 15 October 1898 , Improvements in locomotive boilers - GB189901077 , published 2 December 1899 , Improvements in apparatus for use in heating railway carriages External links . - Dugald Drummond at www.lner.info - Dugald & Peter Drummond at www.steamindex.com |
[
"London Brighton and South Coast Railways Brighton Works"
] | hard | Which employer did Dugald Drummond work for in 1870? | /wiki/Dugald_Drummond#P108#2 | Dugald Drummond Dugald Drummond ( 1 January 1840 – 8 November 1912 ) was a Scottish steam locomotive engineer . He had a career with the North British Railway , LB&SCR , Caledonian Railway and London and South Western Railway . He was the older brother of the engineer Peter Drummond , who often followed Dugalds ideas in his own work . He was a major locomotive designer and builder and many of his London and South Western Railway engines continued in main line service with the Southern Railway to enter British Railways service in 1947 . Career . Drummond was born in Ardrossan , Ayrshire on 1 January 1840 . His father was permanent way inspector for the Bowling Railway . Drummond was apprenticed to Forest & Barr of Glasgow gaining further experience on the Dumbartonshire and Caledonian Railways . He was in charge of the boiler shop at the Canada Works , Birkenhead of Thomas Brassey before moving to the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railways Cowlairs railway works in 1864 under Samuel Waite Johnson . He became foreman erector at the Lochgorm Works , Inverness , of the Highland Railway under William Stroudley and followed Stroudley to the London Brighton and South Coast Railways Brighton Works in 1870 . In 1875 , he was appointed Locomotive Superintendent of the North British Railway . Tay bridge disaster . Drummond was involved as an expert witness in the Tay Bridge disaster of 1879 , being called to give evidence about the state of the track after the disaster . Although Ladybank , a 0-4-2 locomotive of Drummonds design , had been booked to work the train it had broken down and was replaced by no . 224 , a 4-4-0 to the design of Thomas Wheatley , thus freeing Drummond to act as an independent witness . He said that the entire train had fallen vertically down when the High Girders collapsed , from the impact marks the wheels had made on the lines . All the axles of the train were bent in one direction . The evidence helped disprove Thomas Bouchs theory that the train had been blown off the rails by the storm that night . Further career . In 1882 he moved to the Caledonian Railway . In April 1890 he tendered his resignation to enter business , establishing the Australasian Locomotive Engine Works at Sydney , Australia . The scheme failed rapidly and he returned to Scotland , founding the Glasgow Railway Engineering Company . Although the business was moderately successful , Drummond accepted the post as locomotive engineer of the London and South Western Railway in 1895 , at a salary considerably less than that he had received on the Caledonian Railway . The title of his post was changed to Chief Mechanical Engineer in January 1905 , although his duties hardly changed . He remained with the LSWR until his death . His locomotives for this railway were usually capable , as long as they had no more than 8 wheels . However , his 4-6-0 designs ranged from disastrous to mediocre . He also encumbered many of his LSWR engines with innovations which he had patented himself , such as firebox cross water tubes , and his smokebox steam drier , which only gave a very small degree of superheat . After his death , his successors improved the performance of many of his engines by fitting them with conventional smoke tube superheaters . Drummond died on 8 November 1912 aged 72 at his home at Surbiton . A myth has developed that he died as a result of scalding received on the footplate . However C . Hamilton Ellis states that he had got cold and wet and demanded a hot mustard bath for his numb feet . He was scalded by the boiling water . He neglected the burns , gangrene set in and amputation became necessary . He refused an anaesthetic and died of the shock . He is buried at Brookwood Cemetery , which is adjacent to the LSWR mainline , in a family grave just a stones throw from the former terminus of the London Necropolis Railway . Family . Drummonds daughter , Christine Sarah Louise was born in Brighton in 1871 , soon after the familys arrival there from Scotland . She married James Johnson , son of Samuel Waite Johnson CME of the Midland Railway 1873–1904 . Her third child , born in 1905 was named Dugald Samuel Waite Johnson after both of his grandfathers . Locomotive designs . Drummond designed the following classes of locomotives : North British Railway . - NBR 165 class 0-6-0T , later LNER class J82 - NBR 100 class 0-6-0 , later LNER class J32 - NBR 474 class 2-2-2 - NBR 476 class 4-4-0 , later LNER classes D27 and D28 - NBR 157 class 0-4-2T , later 0-4-4T , later LNER class G8 - NBR 494 class 4-4-0T , later LNER class D50 - NBR 34 class 0-6-0 , later LNER class J34 Caledonian Railway . - Caledonian Railway 294 Class 0-6-0 , later LMS class 2F - Caledonian Railway 66 Class 4-4-0 , later LMS class 2P - Caledonian Railway 171 Class 0-4-4T , later LMS class 1P - Caledonian Railway 262 Class 0-4-2ST , later LMS class 0P - Caledonian Railway 264 Class 0-4-0ST , later LMS class 0F - Caledonian Railway 123 , 4-2-2 , later LMS 14010 , class 1P - Caledonian Railway 385 Class 0-6-0ST , later LMS class 3F - Caledonian Railway 80 Class 4-4-0 , later LMS class 1P - Caledonian Railway 272 Class 0-6-0ST , later LMS class 0F London and South Western Railway . - LSWR 700 class 0-6-0 known latterly as the Black Motors - LSWR M7 class 0-4-4 tank engines known as Motor Tanks - LSWR T7 class 4-2-2-0 prototype double single - LSWR C8 class 4-4-0 - LSWR F9 class 4-2-4T known as the Bug - LSWR T9 class 4-4-0 known as Greyhounds - LSWR E10 class 4-2-2-0 double single - LSWR K10 class 4-4-0 known as Small Hoppers - LSWR K11 class railcar - LSWR L11 class 4-4-0 known as Large Hoppers - LSWR S11 class 4-4-0 - LSWR L12 class 4-4-0 known as Bulldogs - LSWR H12 class railcar - LSWR F13 class 4-6-0 - LSWR H13 class railcar - LSWR C14 class 2-2-0 motor tank – later rebuilt as 0-4-0 - LSWR K14 class 0-4-0 tank engines first designed by Adams as class B4 - LSWR E14 class 4-6-0 known as the Turkey - LSWR G14 class 4-6-0 - LSWR P14 class 4-6-0 - LSWR T14 class 4-6-0 known as Paddleboxes - LSWR D15 class 4-4-0 Patents . - GB189727949 , published 15 October 1898 , Improvements in locomotive boilers - GB189901077 , published 2 December 1899 , Improvements in apparatus for use in heating railway carriages External links . - Dugald Drummond at www.lner.info - Dugald & Peter Drummond at www.steamindex.com |
[
""
] | hard | Which employer did Dugald Drummond work for in Mar 1873? | /wiki/Dugald_Drummond#P108#3 | Dugald Drummond Dugald Drummond ( 1 January 1840 – 8 November 1912 ) was a Scottish steam locomotive engineer . He had a career with the North British Railway , LB&SCR , Caledonian Railway and London and South Western Railway . He was the older brother of the engineer Peter Drummond , who often followed Dugalds ideas in his own work . He was a major locomotive designer and builder and many of his London and South Western Railway engines continued in main line service with the Southern Railway to enter British Railways service in 1947 . Career . Drummond was born in Ardrossan , Ayrshire on 1 January 1840 . His father was permanent way inspector for the Bowling Railway . Drummond was apprenticed to Forest & Barr of Glasgow gaining further experience on the Dumbartonshire and Caledonian Railways . He was in charge of the boiler shop at the Canada Works , Birkenhead of Thomas Brassey before moving to the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railways Cowlairs railway works in 1864 under Samuel Waite Johnson . He became foreman erector at the Lochgorm Works , Inverness , of the Highland Railway under William Stroudley and followed Stroudley to the London Brighton and South Coast Railways Brighton Works in 1870 . In 1875 , he was appointed Locomotive Superintendent of the North British Railway . Tay bridge disaster . Drummond was involved as an expert witness in the Tay Bridge disaster of 1879 , being called to give evidence about the state of the track after the disaster . Although Ladybank , a 0-4-2 locomotive of Drummonds design , had been booked to work the train it had broken down and was replaced by no . 224 , a 4-4-0 to the design of Thomas Wheatley , thus freeing Drummond to act as an independent witness . He said that the entire train had fallen vertically down when the High Girders collapsed , from the impact marks the wheels had made on the lines . All the axles of the train were bent in one direction . The evidence helped disprove Thomas Bouchs theory that the train had been blown off the rails by the storm that night . Further career . In 1882 he moved to the Caledonian Railway . In April 1890 he tendered his resignation to enter business , establishing the Australasian Locomotive Engine Works at Sydney , Australia . The scheme failed rapidly and he returned to Scotland , founding the Glasgow Railway Engineering Company . Although the business was moderately successful , Drummond accepted the post as locomotive engineer of the London and South Western Railway in 1895 , at a salary considerably less than that he had received on the Caledonian Railway . The title of his post was changed to Chief Mechanical Engineer in January 1905 , although his duties hardly changed . He remained with the LSWR until his death . His locomotives for this railway were usually capable , as long as they had no more than 8 wheels . However , his 4-6-0 designs ranged from disastrous to mediocre . He also encumbered many of his LSWR engines with innovations which he had patented himself , such as firebox cross water tubes , and his smokebox steam drier , which only gave a very small degree of superheat . After his death , his successors improved the performance of many of his engines by fitting them with conventional smoke tube superheaters . Drummond died on 8 November 1912 aged 72 at his home at Surbiton . A myth has developed that he died as a result of scalding received on the footplate . However C . Hamilton Ellis states that he had got cold and wet and demanded a hot mustard bath for his numb feet . He was scalded by the boiling water . He neglected the burns , gangrene set in and amputation became necessary . He refused an anaesthetic and died of the shock . He is buried at Brookwood Cemetery , which is adjacent to the LSWR mainline , in a family grave just a stones throw from the former terminus of the London Necropolis Railway . Family . Drummonds daughter , Christine Sarah Louise was born in Brighton in 1871 , soon after the familys arrival there from Scotland . She married James Johnson , son of Samuel Waite Johnson CME of the Midland Railway 1873–1904 . Her third child , born in 1905 was named Dugald Samuel Waite Johnson after both of his grandfathers . Locomotive designs . Drummond designed the following classes of locomotives : North British Railway . - NBR 165 class 0-6-0T , later LNER class J82 - NBR 100 class 0-6-0 , later LNER class J32 - NBR 474 class 2-2-2 - NBR 476 class 4-4-0 , later LNER classes D27 and D28 - NBR 157 class 0-4-2T , later 0-4-4T , later LNER class G8 - NBR 494 class 4-4-0T , later LNER class D50 - NBR 34 class 0-6-0 , later LNER class J34 Caledonian Railway . - Caledonian Railway 294 Class 0-6-0 , later LMS class 2F - Caledonian Railway 66 Class 4-4-0 , later LMS class 2P - Caledonian Railway 171 Class 0-4-4T , later LMS class 1P - Caledonian Railway 262 Class 0-4-2ST , later LMS class 0P - Caledonian Railway 264 Class 0-4-0ST , later LMS class 0F - Caledonian Railway 123 , 4-2-2 , later LMS 14010 , class 1P - Caledonian Railway 385 Class 0-6-0ST , later LMS class 3F - Caledonian Railway 80 Class 4-4-0 , later LMS class 1P - Caledonian Railway 272 Class 0-6-0ST , later LMS class 0F London and South Western Railway . - LSWR 700 class 0-6-0 known latterly as the Black Motors - LSWR M7 class 0-4-4 tank engines known as Motor Tanks - LSWR T7 class 4-2-2-0 prototype double single - LSWR C8 class 4-4-0 - LSWR F9 class 4-2-4T known as the Bug - LSWR T9 class 4-4-0 known as Greyhounds - LSWR E10 class 4-2-2-0 double single - LSWR K10 class 4-4-0 known as Small Hoppers - LSWR K11 class railcar - LSWR L11 class 4-4-0 known as Large Hoppers - LSWR S11 class 4-4-0 - LSWR L12 class 4-4-0 known as Bulldogs - LSWR H12 class railcar - LSWR F13 class 4-6-0 - LSWR H13 class railcar - LSWR C14 class 2-2-0 motor tank – later rebuilt as 0-4-0 - LSWR K14 class 0-4-0 tank engines first designed by Adams as class B4 - LSWR E14 class 4-6-0 known as the Turkey - LSWR G14 class 4-6-0 - LSWR P14 class 4-6-0 - LSWR T14 class 4-6-0 known as Paddleboxes - LSWR D15 class 4-4-0 Patents . - GB189727949 , published 15 October 1898 , Improvements in locomotive boilers - GB189901077 , published 2 December 1899 , Improvements in apparatus for use in heating railway carriages External links . - Dugald Drummond at www.lner.info - Dugald & Peter Drummond at www.steamindex.com |
[
"North British Railway"
] | hard | Which employer did Dugald Drummond work for between Apr 1880 and Dec 1880? | /wiki/Dugald_Drummond#P108#4 | Dugald Drummond Dugald Drummond ( 1 January 1840 – 8 November 1912 ) was a Scottish steam locomotive engineer . He had a career with the North British Railway , LB&SCR , Caledonian Railway and London and South Western Railway . He was the older brother of the engineer Peter Drummond , who often followed Dugalds ideas in his own work . He was a major locomotive designer and builder and many of his London and South Western Railway engines continued in main line service with the Southern Railway to enter British Railways service in 1947 . Career . Drummond was born in Ardrossan , Ayrshire on 1 January 1840 . His father was permanent way inspector for the Bowling Railway . Drummond was apprenticed to Forest & Barr of Glasgow gaining further experience on the Dumbartonshire and Caledonian Railways . He was in charge of the boiler shop at the Canada Works , Birkenhead of Thomas Brassey before moving to the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railways Cowlairs railway works in 1864 under Samuel Waite Johnson . He became foreman erector at the Lochgorm Works , Inverness , of the Highland Railway under William Stroudley and followed Stroudley to the London Brighton and South Coast Railways Brighton Works in 1870 . In 1875 , he was appointed Locomotive Superintendent of the North British Railway . Tay bridge disaster . Drummond was involved as an expert witness in the Tay Bridge disaster of 1879 , being called to give evidence about the state of the track after the disaster . Although Ladybank , a 0-4-2 locomotive of Drummonds design , had been booked to work the train it had broken down and was replaced by no . 224 , a 4-4-0 to the design of Thomas Wheatley , thus freeing Drummond to act as an independent witness . He said that the entire train had fallen vertically down when the High Girders collapsed , from the impact marks the wheels had made on the lines . All the axles of the train were bent in one direction . The evidence helped disprove Thomas Bouchs theory that the train had been blown off the rails by the storm that night . Further career . In 1882 he moved to the Caledonian Railway . In April 1890 he tendered his resignation to enter business , establishing the Australasian Locomotive Engine Works at Sydney , Australia . The scheme failed rapidly and he returned to Scotland , founding the Glasgow Railway Engineering Company . Although the business was moderately successful , Drummond accepted the post as locomotive engineer of the London and South Western Railway in 1895 , at a salary considerably less than that he had received on the Caledonian Railway . The title of his post was changed to Chief Mechanical Engineer in January 1905 , although his duties hardly changed . He remained with the LSWR until his death . His locomotives for this railway were usually capable , as long as they had no more than 8 wheels . However , his 4-6-0 designs ranged from disastrous to mediocre . He also encumbered many of his LSWR engines with innovations which he had patented himself , such as firebox cross water tubes , and his smokebox steam drier , which only gave a very small degree of superheat . After his death , his successors improved the performance of many of his engines by fitting them with conventional smoke tube superheaters . Drummond died on 8 November 1912 aged 72 at his home at Surbiton . A myth has developed that he died as a result of scalding received on the footplate . However C . Hamilton Ellis states that he had got cold and wet and demanded a hot mustard bath for his numb feet . He was scalded by the boiling water . He neglected the burns , gangrene set in and amputation became necessary . He refused an anaesthetic and died of the shock . He is buried at Brookwood Cemetery , which is adjacent to the LSWR mainline , in a family grave just a stones throw from the former terminus of the London Necropolis Railway . Family . Drummonds daughter , Christine Sarah Louise was born in Brighton in 1871 , soon after the familys arrival there from Scotland . She married James Johnson , son of Samuel Waite Johnson CME of the Midland Railway 1873–1904 . Her third child , born in 1905 was named Dugald Samuel Waite Johnson after both of his grandfathers . Locomotive designs . Drummond designed the following classes of locomotives : North British Railway . - NBR 165 class 0-6-0T , later LNER class J82 - NBR 100 class 0-6-0 , later LNER class J32 - NBR 474 class 2-2-2 - NBR 476 class 4-4-0 , later LNER classes D27 and D28 - NBR 157 class 0-4-2T , later 0-4-4T , later LNER class G8 - NBR 494 class 4-4-0T , later LNER class D50 - NBR 34 class 0-6-0 , later LNER class J34 Caledonian Railway . - Caledonian Railway 294 Class 0-6-0 , later LMS class 2F - Caledonian Railway 66 Class 4-4-0 , later LMS class 2P - Caledonian Railway 171 Class 0-4-4T , later LMS class 1P - Caledonian Railway 262 Class 0-4-2ST , later LMS class 0P - Caledonian Railway 264 Class 0-4-0ST , later LMS class 0F - Caledonian Railway 123 , 4-2-2 , later LMS 14010 , class 1P - Caledonian Railway 385 Class 0-6-0ST , later LMS class 3F - Caledonian Railway 80 Class 4-4-0 , later LMS class 1P - Caledonian Railway 272 Class 0-6-0ST , later LMS class 0F London and South Western Railway . - LSWR 700 class 0-6-0 known latterly as the Black Motors - LSWR M7 class 0-4-4 tank engines known as Motor Tanks - LSWR T7 class 4-2-2-0 prototype double single - LSWR C8 class 4-4-0 - LSWR F9 class 4-2-4T known as the Bug - LSWR T9 class 4-4-0 known as Greyhounds - LSWR E10 class 4-2-2-0 double single - LSWR K10 class 4-4-0 known as Small Hoppers - LSWR K11 class railcar - LSWR L11 class 4-4-0 known as Large Hoppers - LSWR S11 class 4-4-0 - LSWR L12 class 4-4-0 known as Bulldogs - LSWR H12 class railcar - LSWR F13 class 4-6-0 - LSWR H13 class railcar - LSWR C14 class 2-2-0 motor tank – later rebuilt as 0-4-0 - LSWR K14 class 0-4-0 tank engines first designed by Adams as class B4 - LSWR E14 class 4-6-0 known as the Turkey - LSWR G14 class 4-6-0 - LSWR P14 class 4-6-0 - LSWR T14 class 4-6-0 known as Paddleboxes - LSWR D15 class 4-4-0 Patents . - GB189727949 , published 15 October 1898 , Improvements in locomotive boilers - GB189901077 , published 2 December 1899 , Improvements in apparatus for use in heating railway carriages External links . - Dugald Drummond at www.lner.info - Dugald & Peter Drummond at www.steamindex.com |
[
"Caledonian Railway"
] | hard | Which employer did Dugald Drummond work for between Dec 1884 and Oct 1886? | /wiki/Dugald_Drummond#P108#5 | Dugald Drummond Dugald Drummond ( 1 January 1840 – 8 November 1912 ) was a Scottish steam locomotive engineer . He had a career with the North British Railway , LB&SCR , Caledonian Railway and London and South Western Railway . He was the older brother of the engineer Peter Drummond , who often followed Dugalds ideas in his own work . He was a major locomotive designer and builder and many of his London and South Western Railway engines continued in main line service with the Southern Railway to enter British Railways service in 1947 . Career . Drummond was born in Ardrossan , Ayrshire on 1 January 1840 . His father was permanent way inspector for the Bowling Railway . Drummond was apprenticed to Forest & Barr of Glasgow gaining further experience on the Dumbartonshire and Caledonian Railways . He was in charge of the boiler shop at the Canada Works , Birkenhead of Thomas Brassey before moving to the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railways Cowlairs railway works in 1864 under Samuel Waite Johnson . He became foreman erector at the Lochgorm Works , Inverness , of the Highland Railway under William Stroudley and followed Stroudley to the London Brighton and South Coast Railways Brighton Works in 1870 . In 1875 , he was appointed Locomotive Superintendent of the North British Railway . Tay bridge disaster . Drummond was involved as an expert witness in the Tay Bridge disaster of 1879 , being called to give evidence about the state of the track after the disaster . Although Ladybank , a 0-4-2 locomotive of Drummonds design , had been booked to work the train it had broken down and was replaced by no . 224 , a 4-4-0 to the design of Thomas Wheatley , thus freeing Drummond to act as an independent witness . He said that the entire train had fallen vertically down when the High Girders collapsed , from the impact marks the wheels had made on the lines . All the axles of the train were bent in one direction . The evidence helped disprove Thomas Bouchs theory that the train had been blown off the rails by the storm that night . Further career . In 1882 he moved to the Caledonian Railway . In April 1890 he tendered his resignation to enter business , establishing the Australasian Locomotive Engine Works at Sydney , Australia . The scheme failed rapidly and he returned to Scotland , founding the Glasgow Railway Engineering Company . Although the business was moderately successful , Drummond accepted the post as locomotive engineer of the London and South Western Railway in 1895 , at a salary considerably less than that he had received on the Caledonian Railway . The title of his post was changed to Chief Mechanical Engineer in January 1905 , although his duties hardly changed . He remained with the LSWR until his death . His locomotives for this railway were usually capable , as long as they had no more than 8 wheels . However , his 4-6-0 designs ranged from disastrous to mediocre . He also encumbered many of his LSWR engines with innovations which he had patented himself , such as firebox cross water tubes , and his smokebox steam drier , which only gave a very small degree of superheat . After his death , his successors improved the performance of many of his engines by fitting them with conventional smoke tube superheaters . Drummond died on 8 November 1912 aged 72 at his home at Surbiton . A myth has developed that he died as a result of scalding received on the footplate . However C . Hamilton Ellis states that he had got cold and wet and demanded a hot mustard bath for his numb feet . He was scalded by the boiling water . He neglected the burns , gangrene set in and amputation became necessary . He refused an anaesthetic and died of the shock . He is buried at Brookwood Cemetery , which is adjacent to the LSWR mainline , in a family grave just a stones throw from the former terminus of the London Necropolis Railway . Family . Drummonds daughter , Christine Sarah Louise was born in Brighton in 1871 , soon after the familys arrival there from Scotland . She married James Johnson , son of Samuel Waite Johnson CME of the Midland Railway 1873–1904 . Her third child , born in 1905 was named Dugald Samuel Waite Johnson after both of his grandfathers . Locomotive designs . Drummond designed the following classes of locomotives : North British Railway . - NBR 165 class 0-6-0T , later LNER class J82 - NBR 100 class 0-6-0 , later LNER class J32 - NBR 474 class 2-2-2 - NBR 476 class 4-4-0 , later LNER classes D27 and D28 - NBR 157 class 0-4-2T , later 0-4-4T , later LNER class G8 - NBR 494 class 4-4-0T , later LNER class D50 - NBR 34 class 0-6-0 , later LNER class J34 Caledonian Railway . - Caledonian Railway 294 Class 0-6-0 , later LMS class 2F - Caledonian Railway 66 Class 4-4-0 , later LMS class 2P - Caledonian Railway 171 Class 0-4-4T , later LMS class 1P - Caledonian Railway 262 Class 0-4-2ST , later LMS class 0P - Caledonian Railway 264 Class 0-4-0ST , later LMS class 0F - Caledonian Railway 123 , 4-2-2 , later LMS 14010 , class 1P - Caledonian Railway 385 Class 0-6-0ST , later LMS class 3F - Caledonian Railway 80 Class 4-4-0 , later LMS class 1P - Caledonian Railway 272 Class 0-6-0ST , later LMS class 0F London and South Western Railway . - LSWR 700 class 0-6-0 known latterly as the Black Motors - LSWR M7 class 0-4-4 tank engines known as Motor Tanks - LSWR T7 class 4-2-2-0 prototype double single - LSWR C8 class 4-4-0 - LSWR F9 class 4-2-4T known as the Bug - LSWR T9 class 4-4-0 known as Greyhounds - LSWR E10 class 4-2-2-0 double single - LSWR K10 class 4-4-0 known as Small Hoppers - LSWR K11 class railcar - LSWR L11 class 4-4-0 known as Large Hoppers - LSWR S11 class 4-4-0 - LSWR L12 class 4-4-0 known as Bulldogs - LSWR H12 class railcar - LSWR F13 class 4-6-0 - LSWR H13 class railcar - LSWR C14 class 2-2-0 motor tank – later rebuilt as 0-4-0 - LSWR K14 class 0-4-0 tank engines first designed by Adams as class B4 - LSWR E14 class 4-6-0 known as the Turkey - LSWR G14 class 4-6-0 - LSWR P14 class 4-6-0 - LSWR T14 class 4-6-0 known as Paddleboxes - LSWR D15 class 4-4-0 Patents . - GB189727949 , published 15 October 1898 , Improvements in locomotive boilers - GB189901077 , published 2 December 1899 , Improvements in apparatus for use in heating railway carriages External links . - Dugald Drummond at www.lner.info - Dugald & Peter Drummond at www.steamindex.com |
[
""
] | hard | Which employer did Dugald Drummond work for in Dec 1894? | /wiki/Dugald_Drummond#P108#6 | Dugald Drummond Dugald Drummond ( 1 January 1840 – 8 November 1912 ) was a Scottish steam locomotive engineer . He had a career with the North British Railway , LB&SCR , Caledonian Railway and London and South Western Railway . He was the older brother of the engineer Peter Drummond , who often followed Dugalds ideas in his own work . He was a major locomotive designer and builder and many of his London and South Western Railway engines continued in main line service with the Southern Railway to enter British Railways service in 1947 . Career . Drummond was born in Ardrossan , Ayrshire on 1 January 1840 . His father was permanent way inspector for the Bowling Railway . Drummond was apprenticed to Forest & Barr of Glasgow gaining further experience on the Dumbartonshire and Caledonian Railways . He was in charge of the boiler shop at the Canada Works , Birkenhead of Thomas Brassey before moving to the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railways Cowlairs railway works in 1864 under Samuel Waite Johnson . He became foreman erector at the Lochgorm Works , Inverness , of the Highland Railway under William Stroudley and followed Stroudley to the London Brighton and South Coast Railways Brighton Works in 1870 . In 1875 , he was appointed Locomotive Superintendent of the North British Railway . Tay bridge disaster . Drummond was involved as an expert witness in the Tay Bridge disaster of 1879 , being called to give evidence about the state of the track after the disaster . Although Ladybank , a 0-4-2 locomotive of Drummonds design , had been booked to work the train it had broken down and was replaced by no . 224 , a 4-4-0 to the design of Thomas Wheatley , thus freeing Drummond to act as an independent witness . He said that the entire train had fallen vertically down when the High Girders collapsed , from the impact marks the wheels had made on the lines . All the axles of the train were bent in one direction . The evidence helped disprove Thomas Bouchs theory that the train had been blown off the rails by the storm that night . Further career . In 1882 he moved to the Caledonian Railway . In April 1890 he tendered his resignation to enter business , establishing the Australasian Locomotive Engine Works at Sydney , Australia . The scheme failed rapidly and he returned to Scotland , founding the Glasgow Railway Engineering Company . Although the business was moderately successful , Drummond accepted the post as locomotive engineer of the London and South Western Railway in 1895 , at a salary considerably less than that he had received on the Caledonian Railway . The title of his post was changed to Chief Mechanical Engineer in January 1905 , although his duties hardly changed . He remained with the LSWR until his death . His locomotives for this railway were usually capable , as long as they had no more than 8 wheels . However , his 4-6-0 designs ranged from disastrous to mediocre . He also encumbered many of his LSWR engines with innovations which he had patented himself , such as firebox cross water tubes , and his smokebox steam drier , which only gave a very small degree of superheat . After his death , his successors improved the performance of many of his engines by fitting them with conventional smoke tube superheaters . Drummond died on 8 November 1912 aged 72 at his home at Surbiton . A myth has developed that he died as a result of scalding received on the footplate . However C . Hamilton Ellis states that he had got cold and wet and demanded a hot mustard bath for his numb feet . He was scalded by the boiling water . He neglected the burns , gangrene set in and amputation became necessary . He refused an anaesthetic and died of the shock . He is buried at Brookwood Cemetery , which is adjacent to the LSWR mainline , in a family grave just a stones throw from the former terminus of the London Necropolis Railway . Family . Drummonds daughter , Christine Sarah Louise was born in Brighton in 1871 , soon after the familys arrival there from Scotland . She married James Johnson , son of Samuel Waite Johnson CME of the Midland Railway 1873–1904 . Her third child , born in 1905 was named Dugald Samuel Waite Johnson after both of his grandfathers . Locomotive designs . Drummond designed the following classes of locomotives : North British Railway . - NBR 165 class 0-6-0T , later LNER class J82 - NBR 100 class 0-6-0 , later LNER class J32 - NBR 474 class 2-2-2 - NBR 476 class 4-4-0 , later LNER classes D27 and D28 - NBR 157 class 0-4-2T , later 0-4-4T , later LNER class G8 - NBR 494 class 4-4-0T , later LNER class D50 - NBR 34 class 0-6-0 , later LNER class J34 Caledonian Railway . - Caledonian Railway 294 Class 0-6-0 , later LMS class 2F - Caledonian Railway 66 Class 4-4-0 , later LMS class 2P - Caledonian Railway 171 Class 0-4-4T , later LMS class 1P - Caledonian Railway 262 Class 0-4-2ST , later LMS class 0P - Caledonian Railway 264 Class 0-4-0ST , later LMS class 0F - Caledonian Railway 123 , 4-2-2 , later LMS 14010 , class 1P - Caledonian Railway 385 Class 0-6-0ST , later LMS class 3F - Caledonian Railway 80 Class 4-4-0 , later LMS class 1P - Caledonian Railway 272 Class 0-6-0ST , later LMS class 0F London and South Western Railway . - LSWR 700 class 0-6-0 known latterly as the Black Motors - LSWR M7 class 0-4-4 tank engines known as Motor Tanks - LSWR T7 class 4-2-2-0 prototype double single - LSWR C8 class 4-4-0 - LSWR F9 class 4-2-4T known as the Bug - LSWR T9 class 4-4-0 known as Greyhounds - LSWR E10 class 4-2-2-0 double single - LSWR K10 class 4-4-0 known as Small Hoppers - LSWR K11 class railcar - LSWR L11 class 4-4-0 known as Large Hoppers - LSWR S11 class 4-4-0 - LSWR L12 class 4-4-0 known as Bulldogs - LSWR H12 class railcar - LSWR F13 class 4-6-0 - LSWR H13 class railcar - LSWR C14 class 2-2-0 motor tank – later rebuilt as 0-4-0 - LSWR K14 class 0-4-0 tank engines first designed by Adams as class B4 - LSWR E14 class 4-6-0 known as the Turkey - LSWR G14 class 4-6-0 - LSWR P14 class 4-6-0 - LSWR T14 class 4-6-0 known as Paddleboxes - LSWR D15 class 4-4-0 Patents . - GB189727949 , published 15 October 1898 , Improvements in locomotive boilers - GB189901077 , published 2 December 1899 , Improvements in apparatus for use in heating railway carriages External links . - Dugald Drummond at www.lner.info - Dugald & Peter Drummond at www.steamindex.com |
[
"London and South Western Railway"
] | hard | Which employer did Dugald Drummond work for between Sep 1898 and Jan 1902? | /wiki/Dugald_Drummond#P108#7 | Dugald Drummond Dugald Drummond ( 1 January 1840 – 8 November 1912 ) was a Scottish steam locomotive engineer . He had a career with the North British Railway , LB&SCR , Caledonian Railway and London and South Western Railway . He was the older brother of the engineer Peter Drummond , who often followed Dugalds ideas in his own work . He was a major locomotive designer and builder and many of his London and South Western Railway engines continued in main line service with the Southern Railway to enter British Railways service in 1947 . Career . Drummond was born in Ardrossan , Ayrshire on 1 January 1840 . His father was permanent way inspector for the Bowling Railway . Drummond was apprenticed to Forest & Barr of Glasgow gaining further experience on the Dumbartonshire and Caledonian Railways . He was in charge of the boiler shop at the Canada Works , Birkenhead of Thomas Brassey before moving to the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railways Cowlairs railway works in 1864 under Samuel Waite Johnson . He became foreman erector at the Lochgorm Works , Inverness , of the Highland Railway under William Stroudley and followed Stroudley to the London Brighton and South Coast Railways Brighton Works in 1870 . In 1875 , he was appointed Locomotive Superintendent of the North British Railway . Tay bridge disaster . Drummond was involved as an expert witness in the Tay Bridge disaster of 1879 , being called to give evidence about the state of the track after the disaster . Although Ladybank , a 0-4-2 locomotive of Drummonds design , had been booked to work the train it had broken down and was replaced by no . 224 , a 4-4-0 to the design of Thomas Wheatley , thus freeing Drummond to act as an independent witness . He said that the entire train had fallen vertically down when the High Girders collapsed , from the impact marks the wheels had made on the lines . All the axles of the train were bent in one direction . The evidence helped disprove Thomas Bouchs theory that the train had been blown off the rails by the storm that night . Further career . In 1882 he moved to the Caledonian Railway . In April 1890 he tendered his resignation to enter business , establishing the Australasian Locomotive Engine Works at Sydney , Australia . The scheme failed rapidly and he returned to Scotland , founding the Glasgow Railway Engineering Company . Although the business was moderately successful , Drummond accepted the post as locomotive engineer of the London and South Western Railway in 1895 , at a salary considerably less than that he had received on the Caledonian Railway . The title of his post was changed to Chief Mechanical Engineer in January 1905 , although his duties hardly changed . He remained with the LSWR until his death . His locomotives for this railway were usually capable , as long as they had no more than 8 wheels . However , his 4-6-0 designs ranged from disastrous to mediocre . He also encumbered many of his LSWR engines with innovations which he had patented himself , such as firebox cross water tubes , and his smokebox steam drier , which only gave a very small degree of superheat . After his death , his successors improved the performance of many of his engines by fitting them with conventional smoke tube superheaters . Drummond died on 8 November 1912 aged 72 at his home at Surbiton . A myth has developed that he died as a result of scalding received on the footplate . However C . Hamilton Ellis states that he had got cold and wet and demanded a hot mustard bath for his numb feet . He was scalded by the boiling water . He neglected the burns , gangrene set in and amputation became necessary . He refused an anaesthetic and died of the shock . He is buried at Brookwood Cemetery , which is adjacent to the LSWR mainline , in a family grave just a stones throw from the former terminus of the London Necropolis Railway . Family . Drummonds daughter , Christine Sarah Louise was born in Brighton in 1871 , soon after the familys arrival there from Scotland . She married James Johnson , son of Samuel Waite Johnson CME of the Midland Railway 1873–1904 . Her third child , born in 1905 was named Dugald Samuel Waite Johnson after both of his grandfathers . Locomotive designs . Drummond designed the following classes of locomotives : North British Railway . - NBR 165 class 0-6-0T , later LNER class J82 - NBR 100 class 0-6-0 , later LNER class J32 - NBR 474 class 2-2-2 - NBR 476 class 4-4-0 , later LNER classes D27 and D28 - NBR 157 class 0-4-2T , later 0-4-4T , later LNER class G8 - NBR 494 class 4-4-0T , later LNER class D50 - NBR 34 class 0-6-0 , later LNER class J34 Caledonian Railway . - Caledonian Railway 294 Class 0-6-0 , later LMS class 2F - Caledonian Railway 66 Class 4-4-0 , later LMS class 2P - Caledonian Railway 171 Class 0-4-4T , later LMS class 1P - Caledonian Railway 262 Class 0-4-2ST , later LMS class 0P - Caledonian Railway 264 Class 0-4-0ST , later LMS class 0F - Caledonian Railway 123 , 4-2-2 , later LMS 14010 , class 1P - Caledonian Railway 385 Class 0-6-0ST , later LMS class 3F - Caledonian Railway 80 Class 4-4-0 , later LMS class 1P - Caledonian Railway 272 Class 0-6-0ST , later LMS class 0F London and South Western Railway . - LSWR 700 class 0-6-0 known latterly as the Black Motors - LSWR M7 class 0-4-4 tank engines known as Motor Tanks - LSWR T7 class 4-2-2-0 prototype double single - LSWR C8 class 4-4-0 - LSWR F9 class 4-2-4T known as the Bug - LSWR T9 class 4-4-0 known as Greyhounds - LSWR E10 class 4-2-2-0 double single - LSWR K10 class 4-4-0 known as Small Hoppers - LSWR K11 class railcar - LSWR L11 class 4-4-0 known as Large Hoppers - LSWR S11 class 4-4-0 - LSWR L12 class 4-4-0 known as Bulldogs - LSWR H12 class railcar - LSWR F13 class 4-6-0 - LSWR H13 class railcar - LSWR C14 class 2-2-0 motor tank – later rebuilt as 0-4-0 - LSWR K14 class 0-4-0 tank engines first designed by Adams as class B4 - LSWR E14 class 4-6-0 known as the Turkey - LSWR G14 class 4-6-0 - LSWR P14 class 4-6-0 - LSWR T14 class 4-6-0 known as Paddleboxes - LSWR D15 class 4-4-0 Patents . - GB189727949 , published 15 October 1898 , Improvements in locomotive boilers - GB189901077 , published 2 December 1899 , Improvements in apparatus for use in heating railway carriages External links . - Dugald Drummond at www.lner.info - Dugald & Peter Drummond at www.steamindex.com |
[
"University of Rennes 1",
"University of Marburg"
] | hard | What was the name of the employer Lars Feld work for in Oct 2002? | /wiki/Lars_Feld#P108#0 | Lars Feld Lars Peter Feld ( born August 9 , 1966 in Saarbrücken ) is a German economist who currently serves as director of the Walter Eucken Institut , Professor for Economic Policy at the University of Freiburg and as chairman of the German Council of Economic Experts . He will leave the council at the end of February 2021 , not having been reappointed to a third term by Federal Minister of Finance Olaf Scholz . Early life and education . Feld studied Economics at Saarland University . He obtained a doctorate in Economics 1999 and a habilitation in Economics in 2002 , both from the University of St . Gallen . Career . From 2002 until 2005 Feld was visiting academic at the Economic Sciences faculty at the University of Rennes 1 . At the same time , from 2002 until 2006 , he served as professor for Economics with specialty in finance at the University of Marburg and , since 2002 , he also serves as associate professor for Economics at the University of St . Gallen . Since 2008 Feld has been a member of the Kronberger Kreis of the Stiftung Marktwirtschaft ( Market Economy Foundation ) and in this context calls for more private liability within the European bank union . From 2006 until 2010 Feld held the chair for finance at the University of Heidelberg . At the same time he was offered a research professorship at the Centre for European Economic Research ( ZEW ) in Mannheim which he took on in 2006 . In addition to this , since 2007 , he is visiting academic at the Centre for European Economic Research ( ZEW ) in Mannheim . During this time he worked as curator for student business consulting GalileiConsult e.V . in Heidelberg . Since September 2010 Feld has been professor for Economic Policy and Ordinal Economics at the University of Freiburg and serves as lead executive at the Walter Eucken Institute . Since March 2011 , Feld has been a member of the German Council of Economic Experts ; in 2020 , he became the bodys chairman . Since 2013 , he has also been serving on the advisory board of the Stability Council , a body devised as part of Germany’s national implementation of the European Fiscal Compact . Other activities . - Econwatch , Member of the Board of Trustees ( since 2012 ) - RWI Essen , Member of the Scientific Advisory Board ( since 2011 ) - German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW ) , Member of the Scientific Advisory Board ( since 2010 ) - Academy of Sciences Leopoldina , Member ( since 2008 ) - Kronberger Kreis , Stiftung Marktwirtschaft , Member ( since 2008 ) - Mehr Demokratie , Member of the Board of Trustees - VDMA Impuls-Stiftung , Member of the Board of Trustees - Ludwig Erhard Foundation , Member - Wirtschaftsrat der CDU , Member of the Scientific Advisory Board - Mont Pelerin Society , Member - Wilhelm Röpke Institute , Member - German Council on Foreign Relations ( DGAP ) , Member of the Steering Committee ( -2016 ) - European Public Choice Society ( EPCS ) , President ( 2007-2009 ) Personal life . Feld is married and has three sons . |
[
"University of Marburg"
] | hard | What was the name of the employer Lars Feld work for in Jun 2005? | /wiki/Lars_Feld#P108#1 | Lars Feld Lars Peter Feld ( born August 9 , 1966 in Saarbrücken ) is a German economist who currently serves as director of the Walter Eucken Institut , Professor for Economic Policy at the University of Freiburg and as chairman of the German Council of Economic Experts . He will leave the council at the end of February 2021 , not having been reappointed to a third term by Federal Minister of Finance Olaf Scholz . Early life and education . Feld studied Economics at Saarland University . He obtained a doctorate in Economics 1999 and a habilitation in Economics in 2002 , both from the University of St . Gallen . Career . From 2002 until 2005 Feld was visiting academic at the Economic Sciences faculty at the University of Rennes 1 . At the same time , from 2002 until 2006 , he served as professor for Economics with specialty in finance at the University of Marburg and , since 2002 , he also serves as associate professor for Economics at the University of St . Gallen . Since 2008 Feld has been a member of the Kronberger Kreis of the Stiftung Marktwirtschaft ( Market Economy Foundation ) and in this context calls for more private liability within the European bank union . From 2006 until 2010 Feld held the chair for finance at the University of Heidelberg . At the same time he was offered a research professorship at the Centre for European Economic Research ( ZEW ) in Mannheim which he took on in 2006 . In addition to this , since 2007 , he is visiting academic at the Centre for European Economic Research ( ZEW ) in Mannheim . During this time he worked as curator for student business consulting GalileiConsult e.V . in Heidelberg . Since September 2010 Feld has been professor for Economic Policy and Ordinal Economics at the University of Freiburg and serves as lead executive at the Walter Eucken Institute . Since March 2011 , Feld has been a member of the German Council of Economic Experts ; in 2020 , he became the bodys chairman . Since 2013 , he has also been serving on the advisory board of the Stability Council , a body devised as part of Germany’s national implementation of the European Fiscal Compact . Other activities . - Econwatch , Member of the Board of Trustees ( since 2012 ) - RWI Essen , Member of the Scientific Advisory Board ( since 2011 ) - German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW ) , Member of the Scientific Advisory Board ( since 2010 ) - Academy of Sciences Leopoldina , Member ( since 2008 ) - Kronberger Kreis , Stiftung Marktwirtschaft , Member ( since 2008 ) - Mehr Demokratie , Member of the Board of Trustees - VDMA Impuls-Stiftung , Member of the Board of Trustees - Ludwig Erhard Foundation , Member - Wirtschaftsrat der CDU , Member of the Scientific Advisory Board - Mont Pelerin Society , Member - Wilhelm Röpke Institute , Member - German Council on Foreign Relations ( DGAP ) , Member of the Steering Committee ( -2016 ) - European Public Choice Society ( EPCS ) , President ( 2007-2009 ) Personal life . Feld is married and has three sons . |
[
"University of Heidelberg"
] | hard | What was the name of the employer Lars Feld work for between Mar 2009 and Sep 2009? | /wiki/Lars_Feld#P108#2 | Lars Feld Lars Peter Feld ( born August 9 , 1966 in Saarbrücken ) is a German economist who currently serves as director of the Walter Eucken Institut , Professor for Economic Policy at the University of Freiburg and as chairman of the German Council of Economic Experts . He will leave the council at the end of February 2021 , not having been reappointed to a third term by Federal Minister of Finance Olaf Scholz . Early life and education . Feld studied Economics at Saarland University . He obtained a doctorate in Economics 1999 and a habilitation in Economics in 2002 , both from the University of St . Gallen . Career . From 2002 until 2005 Feld was visiting academic at the Economic Sciences faculty at the University of Rennes 1 . At the same time , from 2002 until 2006 , he served as professor for Economics with specialty in finance at the University of Marburg and , since 2002 , he also serves as associate professor for Economics at the University of St . Gallen . Since 2008 Feld has been a member of the Kronberger Kreis of the Stiftung Marktwirtschaft ( Market Economy Foundation ) and in this context calls for more private liability within the European bank union . From 2006 until 2010 Feld held the chair for finance at the University of Heidelberg . At the same time he was offered a research professorship at the Centre for European Economic Research ( ZEW ) in Mannheim which he took on in 2006 . In addition to this , since 2007 , he is visiting academic at the Centre for European Economic Research ( ZEW ) in Mannheim . During this time he worked as curator for student business consulting GalileiConsult e.V . in Heidelberg . Since September 2010 Feld has been professor for Economic Policy and Ordinal Economics at the University of Freiburg and serves as lead executive at the Walter Eucken Institute . Since March 2011 , Feld has been a member of the German Council of Economic Experts ; in 2020 , he became the bodys chairman . Since 2013 , he has also been serving on the advisory board of the Stability Council , a body devised as part of Germany’s national implementation of the European Fiscal Compact . Other activities . - Econwatch , Member of the Board of Trustees ( since 2012 ) - RWI Essen , Member of the Scientific Advisory Board ( since 2011 ) - German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW ) , Member of the Scientific Advisory Board ( since 2010 ) - Academy of Sciences Leopoldina , Member ( since 2008 ) - Kronberger Kreis , Stiftung Marktwirtschaft , Member ( since 2008 ) - Mehr Demokratie , Member of the Board of Trustees - VDMA Impuls-Stiftung , Member of the Board of Trustees - Ludwig Erhard Foundation , Member - Wirtschaftsrat der CDU , Member of the Scientific Advisory Board - Mont Pelerin Society , Member - Wilhelm Röpke Institute , Member - German Council on Foreign Relations ( DGAP ) , Member of the Steering Committee ( -2016 ) - European Public Choice Society ( EPCS ) , President ( 2007-2009 ) Personal life . Feld is married and has three sons . |
[
"Fleischer Studio"
] | hard | Who did Myron Waldman work for between Mar 1939 and Nov 1940? | /wiki/Myron_Waldman#P108#0 | Myron Waldman Myron Waldman ( April 23 , 1908 – February 4 , 2006 ) was an American animator , best known for his work at Fleischer Studios . Career . Waldman was born in Brooklyn , New York on April 23 , 1908 . He was a graduate of the Pratt Institute , where he majored in Art . He started his first career work in 1930 at Fleischer Studio . At Fleischer he worked on Betty Boop , Raggedy Ann , Gullivers Travels , the animated adaptations of Superman , and Popeye . He was head animator on two Academy Award-nominated shorts , Educated Fish ( 1937 ) and Hunky and Spunky ( 1939 ) . Waldman made the transition when Fleischer Studios was foreclosed on by Paramount Pictures and reorganized as Famous Studios in 1942 . At Famous he worked mostly on the Casper the Friendly Ghost series . In 1958 he left Famous to become an animation director at Hal Seeger Productions where he worked on the revival of the Out of the Inkwell series , as well as Milton the Monster , until his retirement in 1968 . Outside of animation , Waldman partnered with writer Steve Carlin in 1940 to produce the Happy the Humbug comic strip . He also created one of the first graphic novels , the wordless novel Eve : A Pictorial Love Story ( 1943 ) . In 1986 Waldman received the Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists Award , and in 1997 was given the Winsor McCay Award for his lifetime work in the field of animation . Death . Waldman died of congestive heart failure on February 4 , 2006 , at the age of 97 in Bethpage , New York . Filmography ( As head animator ) . - 1961 : Cape Kidnaveral - 1960 : The Planet Mouseola with Jack Ehret - 1958 : Spook and Span with Wm.B . Pattengill - 1957 : Ice Scream with Nick Tafuri - 1957 : Ghost of Honor with Nick Tafuri - 1957 : Peakaboo with Nick Tafuri - 1957 : Hooky Spooky with Nick Tafuri - 1957 : Spooking About Africa with Nick Tafuri - 1956 : Line of Screammage with Nick Tafuri - 1956 : Dutch Treat with Nick Tafuri - 1955 : Red White and Boo with Nick Tafuri - 1955 : Bull Fright with Nick Tafuri - 1955 : Spooking with a Brouge with Nick Tafuri - 1955 : Keep Your Grin Up with Nick Tafuri - 1955 : Hide and Shriek with Nick Tafuri - 1954 : Boo Ribbon Winner with Nick Tafuri - 1954 : Boos and Arrows with Nick Tafuri - 1954 : The Oily Bird with Gordon Whittier - 1954 : Puss n Boos with Nick Tafuri - 1954 : Zero the Hero with Larry Silverman - 1954 : Boo Moon with Nick Tafuri , Larry Silverman , Gordon Whittier - 1953 : Boos and Saddles with Larry Silverman - 1953 : Do or Diet with Nick Tafuri - 1953 : Little Boo Peep with Larry Silverman - 1953 : Herman the Catoonist with Larry Silverman - 1953 : By the Old Mill Scream with Nick Tafuri - 1953 : Winner by a Hare with Tom Golden - 1953 : Spook No Evil with Nick Tafuri - 1953 : Frightday the Thirteenth with Larry Silverman - 1952 : Feast and Furious with Gordon Whittier - 1952 : Forest Fantasy with Larry Silverman - 1952 : Cape Fright with Nick Tafuri - 1952 : Spunky Skunky with Larry Silverman - 1954 : Dizzy Dinosaurs with Gordon Whittier - 1952 : The Deep Boo Sea with Nick Tafuri - 1951 : Casper takes a Bow-Wow with Larry Silverman - 1951 : Vegetable Vaudeville with Nick Tafuri - 1951 : Casper Comes to Clown with Gordon Whittier , Larry Silverman - 1951 : Boo Scout with Nick Tafuri - 1951 : Too Boo or Not to Boo with Larry Silverman - 1951 : Miners Forty-Niners with Larry Silverman - 1951 : Mississippi River with Gordon Whittier - 1950 : Once Upon a Rhyme with Larry Silverman - 1950 : Fresh Yeggs with Nick Tafuri - 1950 : Fiesta Time with Larry Silverman - 1950 : Boos in the Nite with Nick Tafuri - 1950 : Pleased to Eat You with Wm.B . Pattengill - 1950 : Teachers Pest with Gordon Whittier - 1950 : The Land of the Lost Jewels with Gordon Whittier - 1949 : Snow Foolin with Gordon Whittier - 1949 : The Big Drip with Nick Tafuri - 1949 : Strolling Thru the Park with Larry Silverman - 1949 : For Me and My Gal with Gordon Whittier - 1949 : Toys Will Be Toys with Gordon Whittier - 1949 : Spring Song with Larry Silverman - 1949 : A Haunting We Will Go with Irving Dressler - 1949 : The Little Cut-Up with George Whittier - 1948 : The Land of the Lost with Nick Tafuri - 1948 : Theres Good Boos Tonight with Morey Reden , Nick Tafuri - 1948 : Flip Flap with Wm.B . Pattengill - 1948 : The Dog Show-Off with Gordon Whittier , Nick Tafuri , Irving Dressler , and Wm.B . Pattengill - 1947 : Santas Suprise with Wm.B . Pattengill - 1947 : A Bout with a Trout with Gordon Whittier , Nick Tafuri , Irving Dressler , Wm.B . Pattengill - 1947 : Loose in a Caboose with Gordon Whittier , Nick Tafuri , Irving Dressler , Wm.B . Pattengill - 1947 : Musica-Lulu with Gordon Whittier , Nick Tafuri , Irving Dressler - 1943 : The Mummy Strikes with Graham Place - 1942 : Japoteurs with Nick Tafuri - 1942 : The Magnetic Telescope with Tom Moore - 1942 : Billion Dollar Limited with Frank Endres - 1941 : Mr . Bug Goes to Town - 1941 : Twinkletoes in Hat Stuff with Sam Stimson - 1941 : Popeye Meets Rip Van Winkle with Sidney Pillet - 1941 : Raggedy Ann and Andy with Joe Oriolo , William Henning , Arnold Gillespie - 1941 : Problem Pappy with Sidney Pillet - 1940 : Springtime in the Rockage with Dick Williams - 1940 : You Cant Shoe a Horsefly with Sam Stimson - 1940 : Ants in the Plants with George Moreno - 1939 : Rhythm on the Reservation with Graham Place - 1939 : The Barnyard Brat with Tony Pabian - 1938 : The Playful Polar Bears with Graham Place - 1938 : Alls Fair at the Fair with Graham Place - 1938 : Hunky and Spunky with Graham Place - 1938 : The Lost Kitten with Lillian Friedman - 1938 : Honest Love and True with Lillian Friedman - 1938 : Riding the Rail with Hicks Lokey - 1937 : Educated Fish with Hicks Lokey - 1937 : The New Deal Show with Hicks Lokey - 1937 : The Candid Cancidate with Lillian Friedman - 1937 : Peeping Penguins with Hicks Lokey - 1937 : Pudgy Picks a Fight ! with Hicks Lokey - 1937 : Pudgy Takes a Bow-Wow with Lillian Friedman - 1937 : Bunny Mooning with Edward Nolan - 1936 : Making Friends with Hicks Lokey - 1936 : Be Human with Lillian Friedman - 1936 : Training Pigeons with Edward Nolan - 1936 : Hawaiian Birds with Sam Stimson - 1936 : Youre Not Built that Way with Hicks Lokey - 1936 : Betty Boop and Little Jimmy with Hicks Lokey - 1936 : Not Now with Hicks Lokey - 1936 : Betty Boop and the Little King with Hicks Lokey - 1935 : Henry the Funniest Living American with Sam Stimson - 1935 : Making Stars with Edward Nolan - 1935 : No ! No ! A Thousand Times No! ! with Edward Nolan - 1935 : Stop that Noise with Edward Nolan - 1935 : Taking the Blame with Hicks Lokey - 1935 : A Little Soap and Water with Edward Nolan - 1935 : A Language All My Own with Hicks Lokey - 1935 : Judge for a Day with Hicks Lokey - 1935 : Baby Be Good with Edward Nolan - 1934 : When My Ship Comes In with Hicks Lokey - 1934 : Keep in Style with Edward Nolan - 1934 : Betty Boops Prize Show with Lillian Friedman - 1934 : Betty Boops Little Pal with Edward Nolan - 1934 : Theres Something about a Soldier with Edward Nolan - 1934 : Love thy Neighbor with Edward Nolan - 1934 : Betty Boops Trial with Hicks Lokey - 1934 : This Little Piggie Went to Market ( uncredited ) - 1934 : Can You Take It ? with Tom Johnson - 1934 : Lets All Sing Like the Birdies Sing with Tom Johnson Filmography ( As animator ) . - 1985 : See & Sing : Christmas Favorites - 1985 : See & Sing : Songs of America - 1985 : See & Sing : Silly Songs - 1985 : See & Sing : All-Time Favorites - 1967 : Batfink – This is Your Life - 1967 : Father Time Bomb - 1967 : Ego A-Go-Go - 1967 : Blankenstein - 1967 : The Copycat Bat - 1967 : Unhappy Birthday - 1967 : Hugo the Crimefighter - 1967 : Double Double Crossers - 1967 : Backwards Box - 1967 : Robber Hood - 1967 : The Kangarobot - 1967 : Topsy Turvy - 1967 : The Beep Booper - 1967 : Goldstinger - 1967 : Take Indian Taker - 1967 : The Mark of Zero - 1967 : Spin the Batfink - 1967 : A Living Doll - 1967 : Go Fly a Bat - 1967 : Myron the Magician - 1967 : The Dirty Stinker - 1967 : Nuts of the Round Table - 1967 : The Sonic Boomer - 1967 : Ebenezer the Freezer - 1966 : The Short Circuit Case - 1963 : Boy Pest With Osh - 1939 : Gullivers Travels ( uncredited ) - 1933 : Betty Boops Halloween Party with Willard Bowsky - 1933 : I Like Mountain Music with Willard Bowsky - 1933 : I Heard with Willard Bowsky - 1933 : Boilesk with Willard Bowsky - 1933 : Betty Boops Birthday Party with Seymour Kneitel - 1933 : Popular Melodies with Willard Bowsky - 1932 : Sing a Song with Seymour Kneitel - 1932 : Wait Till the Sun Shines , Nellie with Seymour Kneitel - 1931 : By the Light of the Silvery Moon with Seymour Kneitel References . Works cited . - Artist : Myron Waldman at the Barker Animation Art Gallery . Features animation biography and examples of work . - Obituary at the New York Times |
[
""
] | hard | Who did Myron Waldman work for between Jun 1953 and Jul 1956? | /wiki/Myron_Waldman#P108#1 | Myron Waldman Myron Waldman ( April 23 , 1908 – February 4 , 2006 ) was an American animator , best known for his work at Fleischer Studios . Career . Waldman was born in Brooklyn , New York on April 23 , 1908 . He was a graduate of the Pratt Institute , where he majored in Art . He started his first career work in 1930 at Fleischer Studio . At Fleischer he worked on Betty Boop , Raggedy Ann , Gullivers Travels , the animated adaptations of Superman , and Popeye . He was head animator on two Academy Award-nominated shorts , Educated Fish ( 1937 ) and Hunky and Spunky ( 1939 ) . Waldman made the transition when Fleischer Studios was foreclosed on by Paramount Pictures and reorganized as Famous Studios in 1942 . At Famous he worked mostly on the Casper the Friendly Ghost series . In 1958 he left Famous to become an animation director at Hal Seeger Productions where he worked on the revival of the Out of the Inkwell series , as well as Milton the Monster , until his retirement in 1968 . Outside of animation , Waldman partnered with writer Steve Carlin in 1940 to produce the Happy the Humbug comic strip . He also created one of the first graphic novels , the wordless novel Eve : A Pictorial Love Story ( 1943 ) . In 1986 Waldman received the Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists Award , and in 1997 was given the Winsor McCay Award for his lifetime work in the field of animation . Death . Waldman died of congestive heart failure on February 4 , 2006 , at the age of 97 in Bethpage , New York . Filmography ( As head animator ) . - 1961 : Cape Kidnaveral - 1960 : The Planet Mouseola with Jack Ehret - 1958 : Spook and Span with Wm.B . Pattengill - 1957 : Ice Scream with Nick Tafuri - 1957 : Ghost of Honor with Nick Tafuri - 1957 : Peakaboo with Nick Tafuri - 1957 : Hooky Spooky with Nick Tafuri - 1957 : Spooking About Africa with Nick Tafuri - 1956 : Line of Screammage with Nick Tafuri - 1956 : Dutch Treat with Nick Tafuri - 1955 : Red White and Boo with Nick Tafuri - 1955 : Bull Fright with Nick Tafuri - 1955 : Spooking with a Brouge with Nick Tafuri - 1955 : Keep Your Grin Up with Nick Tafuri - 1955 : Hide and Shriek with Nick Tafuri - 1954 : Boo Ribbon Winner with Nick Tafuri - 1954 : Boos and Arrows with Nick Tafuri - 1954 : The Oily Bird with Gordon Whittier - 1954 : Puss n Boos with Nick Tafuri - 1954 : Zero the Hero with Larry Silverman - 1954 : Boo Moon with Nick Tafuri , Larry Silverman , Gordon Whittier - 1953 : Boos and Saddles with Larry Silverman - 1953 : Do or Diet with Nick Tafuri - 1953 : Little Boo Peep with Larry Silverman - 1953 : Herman the Catoonist with Larry Silverman - 1953 : By the Old Mill Scream with Nick Tafuri - 1953 : Winner by a Hare with Tom Golden - 1953 : Spook No Evil with Nick Tafuri - 1953 : Frightday the Thirteenth with Larry Silverman - 1952 : Feast and Furious with Gordon Whittier - 1952 : Forest Fantasy with Larry Silverman - 1952 : Cape Fright with Nick Tafuri - 1952 : Spunky Skunky with Larry Silverman - 1954 : Dizzy Dinosaurs with Gordon Whittier - 1952 : The Deep Boo Sea with Nick Tafuri - 1951 : Casper takes a Bow-Wow with Larry Silverman - 1951 : Vegetable Vaudeville with Nick Tafuri - 1951 : Casper Comes to Clown with Gordon Whittier , Larry Silverman - 1951 : Boo Scout with Nick Tafuri - 1951 : Too Boo or Not to Boo with Larry Silverman - 1951 : Miners Forty-Niners with Larry Silverman - 1951 : Mississippi River with Gordon Whittier - 1950 : Once Upon a Rhyme with Larry Silverman - 1950 : Fresh Yeggs with Nick Tafuri - 1950 : Fiesta Time with Larry Silverman - 1950 : Boos in the Nite with Nick Tafuri - 1950 : Pleased to Eat You with Wm.B . Pattengill - 1950 : Teachers Pest with Gordon Whittier - 1950 : The Land of the Lost Jewels with Gordon Whittier - 1949 : Snow Foolin with Gordon Whittier - 1949 : The Big Drip with Nick Tafuri - 1949 : Strolling Thru the Park with Larry Silverman - 1949 : For Me and My Gal with Gordon Whittier - 1949 : Toys Will Be Toys with Gordon Whittier - 1949 : Spring Song with Larry Silverman - 1949 : A Haunting We Will Go with Irving Dressler - 1949 : The Little Cut-Up with George Whittier - 1948 : The Land of the Lost with Nick Tafuri - 1948 : Theres Good Boos Tonight with Morey Reden , Nick Tafuri - 1948 : Flip Flap with Wm.B . Pattengill - 1948 : The Dog Show-Off with Gordon Whittier , Nick Tafuri , Irving Dressler , and Wm.B . Pattengill - 1947 : Santas Suprise with Wm.B . Pattengill - 1947 : A Bout with a Trout with Gordon Whittier , Nick Tafuri , Irving Dressler , Wm.B . Pattengill - 1947 : Loose in a Caboose with Gordon Whittier , Nick Tafuri , Irving Dressler , Wm.B . Pattengill - 1947 : Musica-Lulu with Gordon Whittier , Nick Tafuri , Irving Dressler - 1943 : The Mummy Strikes with Graham Place - 1942 : Japoteurs with Nick Tafuri - 1942 : The Magnetic Telescope with Tom Moore - 1942 : Billion Dollar Limited with Frank Endres - 1941 : Mr . Bug Goes to Town - 1941 : Twinkletoes in Hat Stuff with Sam Stimson - 1941 : Popeye Meets Rip Van Winkle with Sidney Pillet - 1941 : Raggedy Ann and Andy with Joe Oriolo , William Henning , Arnold Gillespie - 1941 : Problem Pappy with Sidney Pillet - 1940 : Springtime in the Rockage with Dick Williams - 1940 : You Cant Shoe a Horsefly with Sam Stimson - 1940 : Ants in the Plants with George Moreno - 1939 : Rhythm on the Reservation with Graham Place - 1939 : The Barnyard Brat with Tony Pabian - 1938 : The Playful Polar Bears with Graham Place - 1938 : Alls Fair at the Fair with Graham Place - 1938 : Hunky and Spunky with Graham Place - 1938 : The Lost Kitten with Lillian Friedman - 1938 : Honest Love and True with Lillian Friedman - 1938 : Riding the Rail with Hicks Lokey - 1937 : Educated Fish with Hicks Lokey - 1937 : The New Deal Show with Hicks Lokey - 1937 : The Candid Cancidate with Lillian Friedman - 1937 : Peeping Penguins with Hicks Lokey - 1937 : Pudgy Picks a Fight ! with Hicks Lokey - 1937 : Pudgy Takes a Bow-Wow with Lillian Friedman - 1937 : Bunny Mooning with Edward Nolan - 1936 : Making Friends with Hicks Lokey - 1936 : Be Human with Lillian Friedman - 1936 : Training Pigeons with Edward Nolan - 1936 : Hawaiian Birds with Sam Stimson - 1936 : Youre Not Built that Way with Hicks Lokey - 1936 : Betty Boop and Little Jimmy with Hicks Lokey - 1936 : Not Now with Hicks Lokey - 1936 : Betty Boop and the Little King with Hicks Lokey - 1935 : Henry the Funniest Living American with Sam Stimson - 1935 : Making Stars with Edward Nolan - 1935 : No ! No ! A Thousand Times No! ! with Edward Nolan - 1935 : Stop that Noise with Edward Nolan - 1935 : Taking the Blame with Hicks Lokey - 1935 : A Little Soap and Water with Edward Nolan - 1935 : A Language All My Own with Hicks Lokey - 1935 : Judge for a Day with Hicks Lokey - 1935 : Baby Be Good with Edward Nolan - 1934 : When My Ship Comes In with Hicks Lokey - 1934 : Keep in Style with Edward Nolan - 1934 : Betty Boops Prize Show with Lillian Friedman - 1934 : Betty Boops Little Pal with Edward Nolan - 1934 : Theres Something about a Soldier with Edward Nolan - 1934 : Love thy Neighbor with Edward Nolan - 1934 : Betty Boops Trial with Hicks Lokey - 1934 : This Little Piggie Went to Market ( uncredited ) - 1934 : Can You Take It ? with Tom Johnson - 1934 : Lets All Sing Like the Birdies Sing with Tom Johnson Filmography ( As animator ) . - 1985 : See & Sing : Christmas Favorites - 1985 : See & Sing : Songs of America - 1985 : See & Sing : Silly Songs - 1985 : See & Sing : All-Time Favorites - 1967 : Batfink – This is Your Life - 1967 : Father Time Bomb - 1967 : Ego A-Go-Go - 1967 : Blankenstein - 1967 : The Copycat Bat - 1967 : Unhappy Birthday - 1967 : Hugo the Crimefighter - 1967 : Double Double Crossers - 1967 : Backwards Box - 1967 : Robber Hood - 1967 : The Kangarobot - 1967 : Topsy Turvy - 1967 : The Beep Booper - 1967 : Goldstinger - 1967 : Take Indian Taker - 1967 : The Mark of Zero - 1967 : Spin the Batfink - 1967 : A Living Doll - 1967 : Go Fly a Bat - 1967 : Myron the Magician - 1967 : The Dirty Stinker - 1967 : Nuts of the Round Table - 1967 : The Sonic Boomer - 1967 : Ebenezer the Freezer - 1966 : The Short Circuit Case - 1963 : Boy Pest With Osh - 1939 : Gullivers Travels ( uncredited ) - 1933 : Betty Boops Halloween Party with Willard Bowsky - 1933 : I Like Mountain Music with Willard Bowsky - 1933 : I Heard with Willard Bowsky - 1933 : Boilesk with Willard Bowsky - 1933 : Betty Boops Birthday Party with Seymour Kneitel - 1933 : Popular Melodies with Willard Bowsky - 1932 : Sing a Song with Seymour Kneitel - 1932 : Wait Till the Sun Shines , Nellie with Seymour Kneitel - 1931 : By the Light of the Silvery Moon with Seymour Kneitel References . Works cited . - Artist : Myron Waldman at the Barker Animation Art Gallery . Features animation biography and examples of work . - Obituary at the New York Times |
[
"Hal Seeger Productions"
] | hard | Who did Myron Waldman work for after Aug 1967? | /wiki/Myron_Waldman#P108#2 | Myron Waldman Myron Waldman ( April 23 , 1908 – February 4 , 2006 ) was an American animator , best known for his work at Fleischer Studios . Career . Waldman was born in Brooklyn , New York on April 23 , 1908 . He was a graduate of the Pratt Institute , where he majored in Art . He started his first career work in 1930 at Fleischer Studio . At Fleischer he worked on Betty Boop , Raggedy Ann , Gullivers Travels , the animated adaptations of Superman , and Popeye . He was head animator on two Academy Award-nominated shorts , Educated Fish ( 1937 ) and Hunky and Spunky ( 1939 ) . Waldman made the transition when Fleischer Studios was foreclosed on by Paramount Pictures and reorganized as Famous Studios in 1942 . At Famous he worked mostly on the Casper the Friendly Ghost series . In 1958 he left Famous to become an animation director at Hal Seeger Productions where he worked on the revival of the Out of the Inkwell series , as well as Milton the Monster , until his retirement in 1968 . Outside of animation , Waldman partnered with writer Steve Carlin in 1940 to produce the Happy the Humbug comic strip . He also created one of the first graphic novels , the wordless novel Eve : A Pictorial Love Story ( 1943 ) . In 1986 Waldman received the Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists Award , and in 1997 was given the Winsor McCay Award for his lifetime work in the field of animation . Death . Waldman died of congestive heart failure on February 4 , 2006 , at the age of 97 in Bethpage , New York . Filmography ( As head animator ) . - 1961 : Cape Kidnaveral - 1960 : The Planet Mouseola with Jack Ehret - 1958 : Spook and Span with Wm.B . Pattengill - 1957 : Ice Scream with Nick Tafuri - 1957 : Ghost of Honor with Nick Tafuri - 1957 : Peakaboo with Nick Tafuri - 1957 : Hooky Spooky with Nick Tafuri - 1957 : Spooking About Africa with Nick Tafuri - 1956 : Line of Screammage with Nick Tafuri - 1956 : Dutch Treat with Nick Tafuri - 1955 : Red White and Boo with Nick Tafuri - 1955 : Bull Fright with Nick Tafuri - 1955 : Spooking with a Brouge with Nick Tafuri - 1955 : Keep Your Grin Up with Nick Tafuri - 1955 : Hide and Shriek with Nick Tafuri - 1954 : Boo Ribbon Winner with Nick Tafuri - 1954 : Boos and Arrows with Nick Tafuri - 1954 : The Oily Bird with Gordon Whittier - 1954 : Puss n Boos with Nick Tafuri - 1954 : Zero the Hero with Larry Silverman - 1954 : Boo Moon with Nick Tafuri , Larry Silverman , Gordon Whittier - 1953 : Boos and Saddles with Larry Silverman - 1953 : Do or Diet with Nick Tafuri - 1953 : Little Boo Peep with Larry Silverman - 1953 : Herman the Catoonist with Larry Silverman - 1953 : By the Old Mill Scream with Nick Tafuri - 1953 : Winner by a Hare with Tom Golden - 1953 : Spook No Evil with Nick Tafuri - 1953 : Frightday the Thirteenth with Larry Silverman - 1952 : Feast and Furious with Gordon Whittier - 1952 : Forest Fantasy with Larry Silverman - 1952 : Cape Fright with Nick Tafuri - 1952 : Spunky Skunky with Larry Silverman - 1954 : Dizzy Dinosaurs with Gordon Whittier - 1952 : The Deep Boo Sea with Nick Tafuri - 1951 : Casper takes a Bow-Wow with Larry Silverman - 1951 : Vegetable Vaudeville with Nick Tafuri - 1951 : Casper Comes to Clown with Gordon Whittier , Larry Silverman - 1951 : Boo Scout with Nick Tafuri - 1951 : Too Boo or Not to Boo with Larry Silverman - 1951 : Miners Forty-Niners with Larry Silverman - 1951 : Mississippi River with Gordon Whittier - 1950 : Once Upon a Rhyme with Larry Silverman - 1950 : Fresh Yeggs with Nick Tafuri - 1950 : Fiesta Time with Larry Silverman - 1950 : Boos in the Nite with Nick Tafuri - 1950 : Pleased to Eat You with Wm.B . Pattengill - 1950 : Teachers Pest with Gordon Whittier - 1950 : The Land of the Lost Jewels with Gordon Whittier - 1949 : Snow Foolin with Gordon Whittier - 1949 : The Big Drip with Nick Tafuri - 1949 : Strolling Thru the Park with Larry Silverman - 1949 : For Me and My Gal with Gordon Whittier - 1949 : Toys Will Be Toys with Gordon Whittier - 1949 : Spring Song with Larry Silverman - 1949 : A Haunting We Will Go with Irving Dressler - 1949 : The Little Cut-Up with George Whittier - 1948 : The Land of the Lost with Nick Tafuri - 1948 : Theres Good Boos Tonight with Morey Reden , Nick Tafuri - 1948 : Flip Flap with Wm.B . Pattengill - 1948 : The Dog Show-Off with Gordon Whittier , Nick Tafuri , Irving Dressler , and Wm.B . Pattengill - 1947 : Santas Suprise with Wm.B . Pattengill - 1947 : A Bout with a Trout with Gordon Whittier , Nick Tafuri , Irving Dressler , Wm.B . Pattengill - 1947 : Loose in a Caboose with Gordon Whittier , Nick Tafuri , Irving Dressler , Wm.B . Pattengill - 1947 : Musica-Lulu with Gordon Whittier , Nick Tafuri , Irving Dressler - 1943 : The Mummy Strikes with Graham Place - 1942 : Japoteurs with Nick Tafuri - 1942 : The Magnetic Telescope with Tom Moore - 1942 : Billion Dollar Limited with Frank Endres - 1941 : Mr . Bug Goes to Town - 1941 : Twinkletoes in Hat Stuff with Sam Stimson - 1941 : Popeye Meets Rip Van Winkle with Sidney Pillet - 1941 : Raggedy Ann and Andy with Joe Oriolo , William Henning , Arnold Gillespie - 1941 : Problem Pappy with Sidney Pillet - 1940 : Springtime in the Rockage with Dick Williams - 1940 : You Cant Shoe a Horsefly with Sam Stimson - 1940 : Ants in the Plants with George Moreno - 1939 : Rhythm on the Reservation with Graham Place - 1939 : The Barnyard Brat with Tony Pabian - 1938 : The Playful Polar Bears with Graham Place - 1938 : Alls Fair at the Fair with Graham Place - 1938 : Hunky and Spunky with Graham Place - 1938 : The Lost Kitten with Lillian Friedman - 1938 : Honest Love and True with Lillian Friedman - 1938 : Riding the Rail with Hicks Lokey - 1937 : Educated Fish with Hicks Lokey - 1937 : The New Deal Show with Hicks Lokey - 1937 : The Candid Cancidate with Lillian Friedman - 1937 : Peeping Penguins with Hicks Lokey - 1937 : Pudgy Picks a Fight ! with Hicks Lokey - 1937 : Pudgy Takes a Bow-Wow with Lillian Friedman - 1937 : Bunny Mooning with Edward Nolan - 1936 : Making Friends with Hicks Lokey - 1936 : Be Human with Lillian Friedman - 1936 : Training Pigeons with Edward Nolan - 1936 : Hawaiian Birds with Sam Stimson - 1936 : Youre Not Built that Way with Hicks Lokey - 1936 : Betty Boop and Little Jimmy with Hicks Lokey - 1936 : Not Now with Hicks Lokey - 1936 : Betty Boop and the Little King with Hicks Lokey - 1935 : Henry the Funniest Living American with Sam Stimson - 1935 : Making Stars with Edward Nolan - 1935 : No ! No ! A Thousand Times No! ! with Edward Nolan - 1935 : Stop that Noise with Edward Nolan - 1935 : Taking the Blame with Hicks Lokey - 1935 : A Little Soap and Water with Edward Nolan - 1935 : A Language All My Own with Hicks Lokey - 1935 : Judge for a Day with Hicks Lokey - 1935 : Baby Be Good with Edward Nolan - 1934 : When My Ship Comes In with Hicks Lokey - 1934 : Keep in Style with Edward Nolan - 1934 : Betty Boops Prize Show with Lillian Friedman - 1934 : Betty Boops Little Pal with Edward Nolan - 1934 : Theres Something about a Soldier with Edward Nolan - 1934 : Love thy Neighbor with Edward Nolan - 1934 : Betty Boops Trial with Hicks Lokey - 1934 : This Little Piggie Went to Market ( uncredited ) - 1934 : Can You Take It ? with Tom Johnson - 1934 : Lets All Sing Like the Birdies Sing with Tom Johnson Filmography ( As animator ) . - 1985 : See & Sing : Christmas Favorites - 1985 : See & Sing : Songs of America - 1985 : See & Sing : Silly Songs - 1985 : See & Sing : All-Time Favorites - 1967 : Batfink – This is Your Life - 1967 : Father Time Bomb - 1967 : Ego A-Go-Go - 1967 : Blankenstein - 1967 : The Copycat Bat - 1967 : Unhappy Birthday - 1967 : Hugo the Crimefighter - 1967 : Double Double Crossers - 1967 : Backwards Box - 1967 : Robber Hood - 1967 : The Kangarobot - 1967 : Topsy Turvy - 1967 : The Beep Booper - 1967 : Goldstinger - 1967 : Take Indian Taker - 1967 : The Mark of Zero - 1967 : Spin the Batfink - 1967 : A Living Doll - 1967 : Go Fly a Bat - 1967 : Myron the Magician - 1967 : The Dirty Stinker - 1967 : Nuts of the Round Table - 1967 : The Sonic Boomer - 1967 : Ebenezer the Freezer - 1966 : The Short Circuit Case - 1963 : Boy Pest With Osh - 1939 : Gullivers Travels ( uncredited ) - 1933 : Betty Boops Halloween Party with Willard Bowsky - 1933 : I Like Mountain Music with Willard Bowsky - 1933 : I Heard with Willard Bowsky - 1933 : Boilesk with Willard Bowsky - 1933 : Betty Boops Birthday Party with Seymour Kneitel - 1933 : Popular Melodies with Willard Bowsky - 1932 : Sing a Song with Seymour Kneitel - 1932 : Wait Till the Sun Shines , Nellie with Seymour Kneitel - 1931 : By the Light of the Silvery Moon with Seymour Kneitel References . Works cited . - Artist : Myron Waldman at the Barker Animation Art Gallery . Features animation biography and examples of work . - Obituary at the New York Times |
[
"Newcastle United"
] | hard | Which team did Chris Waddle play for between Oct 1984 and Dec 1984? | /wiki/Chris_Waddle#P54#0 | Chris Waddle Christopher Roland Waddle ( born 14 December 1960 ) is an English former professional football player and manager . He currently works as a commentator . Nicknamed Magic Chris , football journalist Luke Ginnell wrote that Waddle was widely acknowledged as one of the finest attacking midfielders in Europe . During his professional career , which lasted from 1978 to 1998 , he played for several clubs , including Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur , Olympique de Marseille and Sheffield Wednesday . In 1989 , his transfer from Tottenham to Marseille for £4.5 million made him the third most valuable player in the world , and he won three successive Ligue 1 titles with the club and played in the 1991 European Cup Final . While playing for Wednesday he was voted FWA Footballer of the Year for his performances in the 1992-93 season . Waddle earned 62 caps for England between 1985 and 1991 , which included being a member of the teams which reached the quarter-finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup and the semi-finals of the 1990 World Cup . He also played for England at UEFA Euro 1988 . In his fifties , he continued to play at semi-professional level for Northern Counties East League side Hallam , and is still being contracted to BBC Radio Five Live as part of their Premier League and Champions League team . Club career . Early career . Waddle began his footballing career with Pelaw Juniors , moving on to Whitehouse SC , Mount Pleasant SC , HMH Printing , Pelaw SC , Leam Lane SC and Clarke Chapman before joining Tow Law Town before the start of the 1978–79 season . Newcastle United . While working in food processing ( a seasoning factory ) , Waddle had unsuccessful trials with Sunderland and Coventry City . He joined Newcastle United as a 19-year-old in July 1980 for £1,000 . He made his Second Division debut for them in a 1–0 home win over Shrewsbury Town on 22 October 1980 and quickly established himself as an effective attacking midfielder , playing alongside Kevin Keegan and Peter Beardsley as Newcastle won promotion to the First Division at the end of 1983–84 season . In one of his first games in the top flight , against Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road on 22 September 1984 , Waddle scored a first half hat-trick for Newcastle , who had a 4–0 lead at half time . However , a fight back by QPR saw the game end 5–5 . Tottenham Hotspur . After 46 goals in 170 league games for Newcastle , Waddle joined Tottenham Hotspur on 1 July 1985 for a fee of £590,000 ( decided by a transfer tribunal ) . He scored twice on his league debut , a 4–0 home win over Watford on the opening day of the league season , although Spurs had a disappointing season where they finished tenth a year after finishing third , resulting in the dismissal of Peter Shreeves as manager and the appointment of David Pleat from Luton Town as his successor . He won an FA Cup runners-up medal in 1987 when Spurs were beaten by Coventry , while they also finished third in the League and got to the semi-finals of the League Cup . Marseille . On 1 July 1989 , after scoring 33 times in 138 league appearances for Tottenham , Waddle moved to French club Olympique de Marseille for a fee of £4.5 million ; the third highest sum ever paid for a footballer at the time . During his time in France the club were French champions three times ( 1990 , 1991 and 1992 ) . They were also on the losing side to Red Star Belgrade in the 1991 European Cup Final . In 1991–92 , he also played alongside fellow England midfielder Trevor Steven , who spent a year in France after signing from Rangers , only to return to Scotland after a single season there . During his years at Marseille , the fans gave him the nickname Magic Chris . He was known as the successor to former Marseille player Roger Magnusson . Waddle was also voted second best OM player of the century behind Jean Pierre Papin for the clubs century anniversary in 1998 . Waddle and Marseille reached the 1991 European Cup Final . Although he did not take a penalty , Waddle ended up on the losing side in a penalty shoot-out once again , after the game had ended 0–0 in normal time . Sheffield Wednesday . Waddle returned to England in July 1992 in a £1 million move to Sheffield Wednesday , then managed by Trevor Francis . The club reached both domestic cup finals in the 1992–93 season ( losing both to Arsenal – Waddle scored Wednesdays goal in the FA Cup final replay ) and Waddle was voted the Football Writers Association Footballer of the Year in 1993 . He helped Wednesday reach the semi-finals of the League Cup in the 1993–94 season , but this latest attempt at winning silverware was foiled by Manchester United , and the next two seasons brought bottom-half finishes in the league for Wednesday , with Francis being axed in 1995 and Waddles former Tottenham manager David Pleat taking over . In January 1996 , Kevin Keegan attempted to re-sign Waddle for Newcastle United as cover for David Ginola during a suspension , but Keegans £500,000 bid to re-sign the player who had played alongside him in the Newcastle team more than a decade earlier was rejected and Keegan was unwilling to meet manager David Pleats £1million asking price for the 35-year-old . Around this time , Celtic , Leeds United and Sunderland were also interested in signing Waddle , but none of these transfers ever happened . Burnley also expressed an interest in appointing him as their player-manager – a role he would finally take the following year – but Waddle saw out the season at Hillsborough . Waddles later career at Hillsborough was marred by injuries and he was released 5 games into the 1996–97 season ( when the Owls were top of the premiership and having taken young sensation Ritchie Humphreys – 4 goals in 5 games – under his wing ) after being frozen out of the team by David Pleat , having played 109 games and scored 10 goals with many more assists . Falkirk and Bradford City . Waddle joined Falkirk , in the Scottish First Division , in September 1996 , but returned south of the border to play for Division One strugglers Bradford City the following month . Although short , his time at City was a success and he was a firm fans favourite . In a match away to Huddersfield Town he scored direct from a corner in a 3–3 draw live on TV . He also scored a goal in a 3-2 FA Cup win against Everton at Goodison Park which came second in the February 1997 Match of the Day Goal of the Month . His efforts with Bradford contributed to their survival in Division One , although he did not complete the season there . Sunderland . Waddles moved to Sunderland , the side he had supported as a boy , for a nominal fee of £75,000 in March 1997 , but could not help Sunderland from being relegated from the Premier League at the end of the season , despite scoring once against Everton and providing the assist for all other Sunderland goals scored in that period . Burnley . In May 1997 Waddle was appointed player-manager of Burnley , moving from Roker Park on a free transfer . Burnley had a disappointing season , only just avoiding relegation at the end of the season . He scored once during his spell at Burnley , the goal coming in a 2–2 draw with Bournemouth in October 1997 . Torquay United . Waddle left Burnley in the summer , and in September 1998 joined Torquay United . He played just 7 times for Torquay , before returning to Sheffield Wednesday as a coach . He was appointed reserve team coach in July 1999 , and played for a local pub side , but left in June 2000 on the appointment of Paul Jewell as manager , just after the club ( now blighted by financial problems ) suffered relegation from the Premier League . Non-league career . Following his departure from Torquay United , Waddle enjoyed two seasons with non-league Worksop Town making 60 appearances and scoring 3 goals . His most notable appearance was in a 12–0 Northern Premier League record win against Frickley Athletic . He also had a brief spell with Glapwell and one appearance for Stocksbridge Park Steels in the Northern Premier League First Division , continuing his playing career at non-league level into his early forties . Hallam . Having played at amateur level in the Sheffield Wragg Over-40s league for Hallam during 2012–13 season he came out of retirement after 11 years on the sidelines and signed for Sheffield based Non-league side Hallam on 22 July 2013 . He made his debut against Chesterfield in a pre-season friendly , coming on as a substitute at half time . The game ended in a 6–2 defeat for Hallam FC . Waddle signed a one-year deal on 1 August 2013 , committing to Hallam for the 2013–14 season promotion push while remaining part of the ESPN commentary team . International career . Despite being in his 25th year , he was called up for the England Under-21 side and made his full squad debut against Ireland in March 1985 . On 26 March 1985 , when still a Newcastle player , Waddle was capped at senior level by Bobby Robsons England for the first time in a 2–1 win over Republic of Ireland . He soon became a regular member of the England squad and on 16 October that year he scored his first England goal , on his tenth international appearance , in a 5–0 win over Turkey . Waddle was in Englands squad at the 1986 and 1990 FIFA World Cup as well as UEFA Euro 1988 . Although England were eliminated at the group stages of Euro 88 after losing all three games , they did reach the quarter-finals of the 1986 World Cup and the semi-finals in 1990 , where Waddle missed the decisive penalty in the latter as he put it inches over the bar in the shootout defeat to West Germany . He says he only took the fifth penalty because Paul Gascoigne , who had been suspended from playing in the next game if England progressed , was too upset to take it . He subsequently blamed a chance meeting with Uri Geller and Michael Jackson prior to the tournament for missing his penalty . Waddles performances in the 1990 World Cup were described as superb by Rob Bagchi , writing for The Guardian in 2010 . He won the last of his 62 England caps on 16 October 1991 in a 1–0 win over Turkey , more than six years after making his international debut , and having rarely missed an England game since then . He had scored six goals for England , the last against Scotland on 27 May 1989 . When Terry Venables became the new England manager at the beginning of 1994 , he was keen to include Waddle in the squad for his first game against Denmark . However , Waddle was injured at the time and unavailable for selection . Media career . In 1987 , Waddle recorded the song Diamond Lights in a duet with Spurs and England teammate Glenn Hoddle . The song reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in May of that year and the pair appeared on Top Of The Pops . Whilst at Marseille he joined teammate Basile Boli in recording a song entitled Weve Got a Feeling . Despite spending the 1997–98 season as a manager , Waddle never returned to the coaching side of the game following his retirement and became a TV football pundit , commentator and sports newspaper writer . He previously worked for Setanta Sports and ESPN , he currently works as an analyst for BBC Radio Five Lives Premier League football coverage . Waddle appeared on BBC Radio Five Live as a summariser at Premier League matches and also writes a column in The Sun newspaper . Waddle signed a deal with Setanta Sports to commentate on all England away matches in 2008–09 . Waddle then went on to co-commentate for ESPNs English Premier League football coverage and is a pundit on Showsports Arabia , covering the English Premier League , from the studio in Dubai , UAE . In 2003 , Thierry Henry named Waddle in his all-time Dream Team Line up . Following Englands heavy defeat to Germany in the second round of the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Waddle criticised the English Football Association , claiming : The FA sit on their backsides and do nothing tournament after tournament after tournament . Why dont they listen ? Why dont they look at other countries and ask how do they keep producing talent ? We coach talent out of players .. . We lack so many ideas and it is so frustrating . The amount of money in our league is frightening and all we do is waste it on rubbish ideas .. . We kid ourselves thinking we have a chance if we keep the tempo up . We can only play one way and it is poor . You cant go on playing football and hoping to win trophies playing a hundred miles an hour and putting teams under pressure for 90 minutes . Youve got to be able to play slow , slow , quick and we cant do it . Personal life . Waddle has one daughter , Brooke , and a son , Jack . On 29 April 2012 , Jack was given a one-year first-team contract at Chesterfield . His cousin , Alan Waddle , played league football for Halifax Town , Liverpool , Leicester City , Swansea City , Newport County , Mansfield Town , Hartlepool United and Peterborough United . In 2005 , he was arrested following claims he was involved in a brawl in a pub in Dore , Sheffield . No charges were brought due to lack of evidence . In popular culture . Waddle was a key part of the pool of popular culture references used in the BBC comedy The Fast Show . References to , and photographs of , Waddle made regular appearances during the Chanel 9 news segment of the show . Honours . Marseille - Division 1 : 1989–90 , 1990–91 , 1991–92 - European Cup runner-up : 1990–91 Tottenham Hotspur - FA Cup runner-up : 1986–87 Sheffield Wednesday - FA Cup runner-up : 1992–93 - Football League Cup runner-up : 1992–93 England - FIFA World Cup fourth place : 1990 Individual - First Division PFA Team of the Year : 1984–85 , 1988–89 - Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year : 1988 - Onze dArgent : 1991 - FIFA XI : 1991 - FWA Footballer of the Year : 1992–93 ( Sheffield Wednesday ) - Premier League Player of the Month : January 1995 - The Dream Team 110 years of OM : 2010 External links . - Chris Waddle photos & stats at Sporting Heroes.net |
[
"Tottenham Hotspur"
] | hard | Which team did Chris Waddle play for in Apr 1986? | /wiki/Chris_Waddle#P54#1 | Chris Waddle Christopher Roland Waddle ( born 14 December 1960 ) is an English former professional football player and manager . He currently works as a commentator . Nicknamed Magic Chris , football journalist Luke Ginnell wrote that Waddle was widely acknowledged as one of the finest attacking midfielders in Europe . During his professional career , which lasted from 1978 to 1998 , he played for several clubs , including Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur , Olympique de Marseille and Sheffield Wednesday . In 1989 , his transfer from Tottenham to Marseille for £4.5 million made him the third most valuable player in the world , and he won three successive Ligue 1 titles with the club and played in the 1991 European Cup Final . While playing for Wednesday he was voted FWA Footballer of the Year for his performances in the 1992-93 season . Waddle earned 62 caps for England between 1985 and 1991 , which included being a member of the teams which reached the quarter-finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup and the semi-finals of the 1990 World Cup . He also played for England at UEFA Euro 1988 . In his fifties , he continued to play at semi-professional level for Northern Counties East League side Hallam , and is still being contracted to BBC Radio Five Live as part of their Premier League and Champions League team . Club career . Early career . Waddle began his footballing career with Pelaw Juniors , moving on to Whitehouse SC , Mount Pleasant SC , HMH Printing , Pelaw SC , Leam Lane SC and Clarke Chapman before joining Tow Law Town before the start of the 1978–79 season . Newcastle United . While working in food processing ( a seasoning factory ) , Waddle had unsuccessful trials with Sunderland and Coventry City . He joined Newcastle United as a 19-year-old in July 1980 for £1,000 . He made his Second Division debut for them in a 1–0 home win over Shrewsbury Town on 22 October 1980 and quickly established himself as an effective attacking midfielder , playing alongside Kevin Keegan and Peter Beardsley as Newcastle won promotion to the First Division at the end of 1983–84 season . In one of his first games in the top flight , against Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road on 22 September 1984 , Waddle scored a first half hat-trick for Newcastle , who had a 4–0 lead at half time . However , a fight back by QPR saw the game end 5–5 . Tottenham Hotspur . After 46 goals in 170 league games for Newcastle , Waddle joined Tottenham Hotspur on 1 July 1985 for a fee of £590,000 ( decided by a transfer tribunal ) . He scored twice on his league debut , a 4–0 home win over Watford on the opening day of the league season , although Spurs had a disappointing season where they finished tenth a year after finishing third , resulting in the dismissal of Peter Shreeves as manager and the appointment of David Pleat from Luton Town as his successor . He won an FA Cup runners-up medal in 1987 when Spurs were beaten by Coventry , while they also finished third in the League and got to the semi-finals of the League Cup . Marseille . On 1 July 1989 , after scoring 33 times in 138 league appearances for Tottenham , Waddle moved to French club Olympique de Marseille for a fee of £4.5 million ; the third highest sum ever paid for a footballer at the time . During his time in France the club were French champions three times ( 1990 , 1991 and 1992 ) . They were also on the losing side to Red Star Belgrade in the 1991 European Cup Final . In 1991–92 , he also played alongside fellow England midfielder Trevor Steven , who spent a year in France after signing from Rangers , only to return to Scotland after a single season there . During his years at Marseille , the fans gave him the nickname Magic Chris . He was known as the successor to former Marseille player Roger Magnusson . Waddle was also voted second best OM player of the century behind Jean Pierre Papin for the clubs century anniversary in 1998 . Waddle and Marseille reached the 1991 European Cup Final . Although he did not take a penalty , Waddle ended up on the losing side in a penalty shoot-out once again , after the game had ended 0–0 in normal time . Sheffield Wednesday . Waddle returned to England in July 1992 in a £1 million move to Sheffield Wednesday , then managed by Trevor Francis . The club reached both domestic cup finals in the 1992–93 season ( losing both to Arsenal – Waddle scored Wednesdays goal in the FA Cup final replay ) and Waddle was voted the Football Writers Association Footballer of the Year in 1993 . He helped Wednesday reach the semi-finals of the League Cup in the 1993–94 season , but this latest attempt at winning silverware was foiled by Manchester United , and the next two seasons brought bottom-half finishes in the league for Wednesday , with Francis being axed in 1995 and Waddles former Tottenham manager David Pleat taking over . In January 1996 , Kevin Keegan attempted to re-sign Waddle for Newcastle United as cover for David Ginola during a suspension , but Keegans £500,000 bid to re-sign the player who had played alongside him in the Newcastle team more than a decade earlier was rejected and Keegan was unwilling to meet manager David Pleats £1million asking price for the 35-year-old . Around this time , Celtic , Leeds United and Sunderland were also interested in signing Waddle , but none of these transfers ever happened . Burnley also expressed an interest in appointing him as their player-manager – a role he would finally take the following year – but Waddle saw out the season at Hillsborough . Waddles later career at Hillsborough was marred by injuries and he was released 5 games into the 1996–97 season ( when the Owls were top of the premiership and having taken young sensation Ritchie Humphreys – 4 goals in 5 games – under his wing ) after being frozen out of the team by David Pleat , having played 109 games and scored 10 goals with many more assists . Falkirk and Bradford City . Waddle joined Falkirk , in the Scottish First Division , in September 1996 , but returned south of the border to play for Division One strugglers Bradford City the following month . Although short , his time at City was a success and he was a firm fans favourite . In a match away to Huddersfield Town he scored direct from a corner in a 3–3 draw live on TV . He also scored a goal in a 3-2 FA Cup win against Everton at Goodison Park which came second in the February 1997 Match of the Day Goal of the Month . His efforts with Bradford contributed to their survival in Division One , although he did not complete the season there . Sunderland . Waddles moved to Sunderland , the side he had supported as a boy , for a nominal fee of £75,000 in March 1997 , but could not help Sunderland from being relegated from the Premier League at the end of the season , despite scoring once against Everton and providing the assist for all other Sunderland goals scored in that period . Burnley . In May 1997 Waddle was appointed player-manager of Burnley , moving from Roker Park on a free transfer . Burnley had a disappointing season , only just avoiding relegation at the end of the season . He scored once during his spell at Burnley , the goal coming in a 2–2 draw with Bournemouth in October 1997 . Torquay United . Waddle left Burnley in the summer , and in September 1998 joined Torquay United . He played just 7 times for Torquay , before returning to Sheffield Wednesday as a coach . He was appointed reserve team coach in July 1999 , and played for a local pub side , but left in June 2000 on the appointment of Paul Jewell as manager , just after the club ( now blighted by financial problems ) suffered relegation from the Premier League . Non-league career . Following his departure from Torquay United , Waddle enjoyed two seasons with non-league Worksop Town making 60 appearances and scoring 3 goals . His most notable appearance was in a 12–0 Northern Premier League record win against Frickley Athletic . He also had a brief spell with Glapwell and one appearance for Stocksbridge Park Steels in the Northern Premier League First Division , continuing his playing career at non-league level into his early forties . Hallam . Having played at amateur level in the Sheffield Wragg Over-40s league for Hallam during 2012–13 season he came out of retirement after 11 years on the sidelines and signed for Sheffield based Non-league side Hallam on 22 July 2013 . He made his debut against Chesterfield in a pre-season friendly , coming on as a substitute at half time . The game ended in a 6–2 defeat for Hallam FC . Waddle signed a one-year deal on 1 August 2013 , committing to Hallam for the 2013–14 season promotion push while remaining part of the ESPN commentary team . International career . Despite being in his 25th year , he was called up for the England Under-21 side and made his full squad debut against Ireland in March 1985 . On 26 March 1985 , when still a Newcastle player , Waddle was capped at senior level by Bobby Robsons England for the first time in a 2–1 win over Republic of Ireland . He soon became a regular member of the England squad and on 16 October that year he scored his first England goal , on his tenth international appearance , in a 5–0 win over Turkey . Waddle was in Englands squad at the 1986 and 1990 FIFA World Cup as well as UEFA Euro 1988 . Although England were eliminated at the group stages of Euro 88 after losing all three games , they did reach the quarter-finals of the 1986 World Cup and the semi-finals in 1990 , where Waddle missed the decisive penalty in the latter as he put it inches over the bar in the shootout defeat to West Germany . He says he only took the fifth penalty because Paul Gascoigne , who had been suspended from playing in the next game if England progressed , was too upset to take it . He subsequently blamed a chance meeting with Uri Geller and Michael Jackson prior to the tournament for missing his penalty . Waddles performances in the 1990 World Cup were described as superb by Rob Bagchi , writing for The Guardian in 2010 . He won the last of his 62 England caps on 16 October 1991 in a 1–0 win over Turkey , more than six years after making his international debut , and having rarely missed an England game since then . He had scored six goals for England , the last against Scotland on 27 May 1989 . When Terry Venables became the new England manager at the beginning of 1994 , he was keen to include Waddle in the squad for his first game against Denmark . However , Waddle was injured at the time and unavailable for selection . Media career . In 1987 , Waddle recorded the song Diamond Lights in a duet with Spurs and England teammate Glenn Hoddle . The song reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in May of that year and the pair appeared on Top Of The Pops . Whilst at Marseille he joined teammate Basile Boli in recording a song entitled Weve Got a Feeling . Despite spending the 1997–98 season as a manager , Waddle never returned to the coaching side of the game following his retirement and became a TV football pundit , commentator and sports newspaper writer . He previously worked for Setanta Sports and ESPN , he currently works as an analyst for BBC Radio Five Lives Premier League football coverage . Waddle appeared on BBC Radio Five Live as a summariser at Premier League matches and also writes a column in The Sun newspaper . Waddle signed a deal with Setanta Sports to commentate on all England away matches in 2008–09 . Waddle then went on to co-commentate for ESPNs English Premier League football coverage and is a pundit on Showsports Arabia , covering the English Premier League , from the studio in Dubai , UAE . In 2003 , Thierry Henry named Waddle in his all-time Dream Team Line up . Following Englands heavy defeat to Germany in the second round of the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Waddle criticised the English Football Association , claiming : The FA sit on their backsides and do nothing tournament after tournament after tournament . Why dont they listen ? Why dont they look at other countries and ask how do they keep producing talent ? We coach talent out of players .. . We lack so many ideas and it is so frustrating . The amount of money in our league is frightening and all we do is waste it on rubbish ideas .. . We kid ourselves thinking we have a chance if we keep the tempo up . We can only play one way and it is poor . You cant go on playing football and hoping to win trophies playing a hundred miles an hour and putting teams under pressure for 90 minutes . Youve got to be able to play slow , slow , quick and we cant do it . Personal life . Waddle has one daughter , Brooke , and a son , Jack . On 29 April 2012 , Jack was given a one-year first-team contract at Chesterfield . His cousin , Alan Waddle , played league football for Halifax Town , Liverpool , Leicester City , Swansea City , Newport County , Mansfield Town , Hartlepool United and Peterborough United . In 2005 , he was arrested following claims he was involved in a brawl in a pub in Dore , Sheffield . No charges were brought due to lack of evidence . In popular culture . Waddle was a key part of the pool of popular culture references used in the BBC comedy The Fast Show . References to , and photographs of , Waddle made regular appearances during the Chanel 9 news segment of the show . Honours . Marseille - Division 1 : 1989–90 , 1990–91 , 1991–92 - European Cup runner-up : 1990–91 Tottenham Hotspur - FA Cup runner-up : 1986–87 Sheffield Wednesday - FA Cup runner-up : 1992–93 - Football League Cup runner-up : 1992–93 England - FIFA World Cup fourth place : 1990 Individual - First Division PFA Team of the Year : 1984–85 , 1988–89 - Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year : 1988 - Onze dArgent : 1991 - FIFA XI : 1991 - FWA Footballer of the Year : 1992–93 ( Sheffield Wednesday ) - Premier League Player of the Month : January 1995 - The Dream Team 110 years of OM : 2010 External links . - Chris Waddle photos & stats at Sporting Heroes.net |
[
"Sheffield Wednesday"
] | hard | Which team did Chris Waddle play for between Apr 1992 and Sep 1992? | /wiki/Chris_Waddle#P54#2 | Chris Waddle Christopher Roland Waddle ( born 14 December 1960 ) is an English former professional football player and manager . He currently works as a commentator . Nicknamed Magic Chris , football journalist Luke Ginnell wrote that Waddle was widely acknowledged as one of the finest attacking midfielders in Europe . During his professional career , which lasted from 1978 to 1998 , he played for several clubs , including Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur , Olympique de Marseille and Sheffield Wednesday . In 1989 , his transfer from Tottenham to Marseille for £4.5 million made him the third most valuable player in the world , and he won three successive Ligue 1 titles with the club and played in the 1991 European Cup Final . While playing for Wednesday he was voted FWA Footballer of the Year for his performances in the 1992-93 season . Waddle earned 62 caps for England between 1985 and 1991 , which included being a member of the teams which reached the quarter-finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup and the semi-finals of the 1990 World Cup . He also played for England at UEFA Euro 1988 . In his fifties , he continued to play at semi-professional level for Northern Counties East League side Hallam , and is still being contracted to BBC Radio Five Live as part of their Premier League and Champions League team . Club career . Early career . Waddle began his footballing career with Pelaw Juniors , moving on to Whitehouse SC , Mount Pleasant SC , HMH Printing , Pelaw SC , Leam Lane SC and Clarke Chapman before joining Tow Law Town before the start of the 1978–79 season . Newcastle United . While working in food processing ( a seasoning factory ) , Waddle had unsuccessful trials with Sunderland and Coventry City . He joined Newcastle United as a 19-year-old in July 1980 for £1,000 . He made his Second Division debut for them in a 1–0 home win over Shrewsbury Town on 22 October 1980 and quickly established himself as an effective attacking midfielder , playing alongside Kevin Keegan and Peter Beardsley as Newcastle won promotion to the First Division at the end of 1983–84 season . In one of his first games in the top flight , against Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road on 22 September 1984 , Waddle scored a first half hat-trick for Newcastle , who had a 4–0 lead at half time . However , a fight back by QPR saw the game end 5–5 . Tottenham Hotspur . After 46 goals in 170 league games for Newcastle , Waddle joined Tottenham Hotspur on 1 July 1985 for a fee of £590,000 ( decided by a transfer tribunal ) . He scored twice on his league debut , a 4–0 home win over Watford on the opening day of the league season , although Spurs had a disappointing season where they finished tenth a year after finishing third , resulting in the dismissal of Peter Shreeves as manager and the appointment of David Pleat from Luton Town as his successor . He won an FA Cup runners-up medal in 1987 when Spurs were beaten by Coventry , while they also finished third in the League and got to the semi-finals of the League Cup . Marseille . On 1 July 1989 , after scoring 33 times in 138 league appearances for Tottenham , Waddle moved to French club Olympique de Marseille for a fee of £4.5 million ; the third highest sum ever paid for a footballer at the time . During his time in France the club were French champions three times ( 1990 , 1991 and 1992 ) . They were also on the losing side to Red Star Belgrade in the 1991 European Cup Final . In 1991–92 , he also played alongside fellow England midfielder Trevor Steven , who spent a year in France after signing from Rangers , only to return to Scotland after a single season there . During his years at Marseille , the fans gave him the nickname Magic Chris . He was known as the successor to former Marseille player Roger Magnusson . Waddle was also voted second best OM player of the century behind Jean Pierre Papin for the clubs century anniversary in 1998 . Waddle and Marseille reached the 1991 European Cup Final . Although he did not take a penalty , Waddle ended up on the losing side in a penalty shoot-out once again , after the game had ended 0–0 in normal time . Sheffield Wednesday . Waddle returned to England in July 1992 in a £1 million move to Sheffield Wednesday , then managed by Trevor Francis . The club reached both domestic cup finals in the 1992–93 season ( losing both to Arsenal – Waddle scored Wednesdays goal in the FA Cup final replay ) and Waddle was voted the Football Writers Association Footballer of the Year in 1993 . He helped Wednesday reach the semi-finals of the League Cup in the 1993–94 season , but this latest attempt at winning silverware was foiled by Manchester United , and the next two seasons brought bottom-half finishes in the league for Wednesday , with Francis being axed in 1995 and Waddles former Tottenham manager David Pleat taking over . In January 1996 , Kevin Keegan attempted to re-sign Waddle for Newcastle United as cover for David Ginola during a suspension , but Keegans £500,000 bid to re-sign the player who had played alongside him in the Newcastle team more than a decade earlier was rejected and Keegan was unwilling to meet manager David Pleats £1million asking price for the 35-year-old . Around this time , Celtic , Leeds United and Sunderland were also interested in signing Waddle , but none of these transfers ever happened . Burnley also expressed an interest in appointing him as their player-manager – a role he would finally take the following year – but Waddle saw out the season at Hillsborough . Waddles later career at Hillsborough was marred by injuries and he was released 5 games into the 1996–97 season ( when the Owls were top of the premiership and having taken young sensation Ritchie Humphreys – 4 goals in 5 games – under his wing ) after being frozen out of the team by David Pleat , having played 109 games and scored 10 goals with many more assists . Falkirk and Bradford City . Waddle joined Falkirk , in the Scottish First Division , in September 1996 , but returned south of the border to play for Division One strugglers Bradford City the following month . Although short , his time at City was a success and he was a firm fans favourite . In a match away to Huddersfield Town he scored direct from a corner in a 3–3 draw live on TV . He also scored a goal in a 3-2 FA Cup win against Everton at Goodison Park which came second in the February 1997 Match of the Day Goal of the Month . His efforts with Bradford contributed to their survival in Division One , although he did not complete the season there . Sunderland . Waddles moved to Sunderland , the side he had supported as a boy , for a nominal fee of £75,000 in March 1997 , but could not help Sunderland from being relegated from the Premier League at the end of the season , despite scoring once against Everton and providing the assist for all other Sunderland goals scored in that period . Burnley . In May 1997 Waddle was appointed player-manager of Burnley , moving from Roker Park on a free transfer . Burnley had a disappointing season , only just avoiding relegation at the end of the season . He scored once during his spell at Burnley , the goal coming in a 2–2 draw with Bournemouth in October 1997 . Torquay United . Waddle left Burnley in the summer , and in September 1998 joined Torquay United . He played just 7 times for Torquay , before returning to Sheffield Wednesday as a coach . He was appointed reserve team coach in July 1999 , and played for a local pub side , but left in June 2000 on the appointment of Paul Jewell as manager , just after the club ( now blighted by financial problems ) suffered relegation from the Premier League . Non-league career . Following his departure from Torquay United , Waddle enjoyed two seasons with non-league Worksop Town making 60 appearances and scoring 3 goals . His most notable appearance was in a 12–0 Northern Premier League record win against Frickley Athletic . He also had a brief spell with Glapwell and one appearance for Stocksbridge Park Steels in the Northern Premier League First Division , continuing his playing career at non-league level into his early forties . Hallam . Having played at amateur level in the Sheffield Wragg Over-40s league for Hallam during 2012–13 season he came out of retirement after 11 years on the sidelines and signed for Sheffield based Non-league side Hallam on 22 July 2013 . He made his debut against Chesterfield in a pre-season friendly , coming on as a substitute at half time . The game ended in a 6–2 defeat for Hallam FC . Waddle signed a one-year deal on 1 August 2013 , committing to Hallam for the 2013–14 season promotion push while remaining part of the ESPN commentary team . International career . Despite being in his 25th year , he was called up for the England Under-21 side and made his full squad debut against Ireland in March 1985 . On 26 March 1985 , when still a Newcastle player , Waddle was capped at senior level by Bobby Robsons England for the first time in a 2–1 win over Republic of Ireland . He soon became a regular member of the England squad and on 16 October that year he scored his first England goal , on his tenth international appearance , in a 5–0 win over Turkey . Waddle was in Englands squad at the 1986 and 1990 FIFA World Cup as well as UEFA Euro 1988 . Although England were eliminated at the group stages of Euro 88 after losing all three games , they did reach the quarter-finals of the 1986 World Cup and the semi-finals in 1990 , where Waddle missed the decisive penalty in the latter as he put it inches over the bar in the shootout defeat to West Germany . He says he only took the fifth penalty because Paul Gascoigne , who had been suspended from playing in the next game if England progressed , was too upset to take it . He subsequently blamed a chance meeting with Uri Geller and Michael Jackson prior to the tournament for missing his penalty . Waddles performances in the 1990 World Cup were described as superb by Rob Bagchi , writing for The Guardian in 2010 . He won the last of his 62 England caps on 16 October 1991 in a 1–0 win over Turkey , more than six years after making his international debut , and having rarely missed an England game since then . He had scored six goals for England , the last against Scotland on 27 May 1989 . When Terry Venables became the new England manager at the beginning of 1994 , he was keen to include Waddle in the squad for his first game against Denmark . However , Waddle was injured at the time and unavailable for selection . Media career . In 1987 , Waddle recorded the song Diamond Lights in a duet with Spurs and England teammate Glenn Hoddle . The song reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in May of that year and the pair appeared on Top Of The Pops . Whilst at Marseille he joined teammate Basile Boli in recording a song entitled Weve Got a Feeling . Despite spending the 1997–98 season as a manager , Waddle never returned to the coaching side of the game following his retirement and became a TV football pundit , commentator and sports newspaper writer . He previously worked for Setanta Sports and ESPN , he currently works as an analyst for BBC Radio Five Lives Premier League football coverage . Waddle appeared on BBC Radio Five Live as a summariser at Premier League matches and also writes a column in The Sun newspaper . Waddle signed a deal with Setanta Sports to commentate on all England away matches in 2008–09 . Waddle then went on to co-commentate for ESPNs English Premier League football coverage and is a pundit on Showsports Arabia , covering the English Premier League , from the studio in Dubai , UAE . In 2003 , Thierry Henry named Waddle in his all-time Dream Team Line up . Following Englands heavy defeat to Germany in the second round of the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Waddle criticised the English Football Association , claiming : The FA sit on their backsides and do nothing tournament after tournament after tournament . Why dont they listen ? Why dont they look at other countries and ask how do they keep producing talent ? We coach talent out of players .. . We lack so many ideas and it is so frustrating . The amount of money in our league is frightening and all we do is waste it on rubbish ideas .. . We kid ourselves thinking we have a chance if we keep the tempo up . We can only play one way and it is poor . You cant go on playing football and hoping to win trophies playing a hundred miles an hour and putting teams under pressure for 90 minutes . Youve got to be able to play slow , slow , quick and we cant do it . Personal life . Waddle has one daughter , Brooke , and a son , Jack . On 29 April 2012 , Jack was given a one-year first-team contract at Chesterfield . His cousin , Alan Waddle , played league football for Halifax Town , Liverpool , Leicester City , Swansea City , Newport County , Mansfield Town , Hartlepool United and Peterborough United . In 2005 , he was arrested following claims he was involved in a brawl in a pub in Dore , Sheffield . No charges were brought due to lack of evidence . In popular culture . Waddle was a key part of the pool of popular culture references used in the BBC comedy The Fast Show . References to , and photographs of , Waddle made regular appearances during the Chanel 9 news segment of the show . Honours . Marseille - Division 1 : 1989–90 , 1990–91 , 1991–92 - European Cup runner-up : 1990–91 Tottenham Hotspur - FA Cup runner-up : 1986–87 Sheffield Wednesday - FA Cup runner-up : 1992–93 - Football League Cup runner-up : 1992–93 England - FIFA World Cup fourth place : 1990 Individual - First Division PFA Team of the Year : 1984–85 , 1988–89 - Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year : 1988 - Onze dArgent : 1991 - FIFA XI : 1991 - FWA Footballer of the Year : 1992–93 ( Sheffield Wednesday ) - Premier League Player of the Month : January 1995 - The Dream Team 110 years of OM : 2010 External links . - Chris Waddle photos & stats at Sporting Heroes.net |
[
"Bradford City"
] | hard | Which team did Chris Waddle play for between Dec 1996 and Dec 1996? | /wiki/Chris_Waddle#P54#3 | Chris Waddle Christopher Roland Waddle ( born 14 December 1960 ) is an English former professional football player and manager . He currently works as a commentator . Nicknamed Magic Chris , football journalist Luke Ginnell wrote that Waddle was widely acknowledged as one of the finest attacking midfielders in Europe . During his professional career , which lasted from 1978 to 1998 , he played for several clubs , including Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur , Olympique de Marseille and Sheffield Wednesday . In 1989 , his transfer from Tottenham to Marseille for £4.5 million made him the third most valuable player in the world , and he won three successive Ligue 1 titles with the club and played in the 1991 European Cup Final . While playing for Wednesday he was voted FWA Footballer of the Year for his performances in the 1992-93 season . Waddle earned 62 caps for England between 1985 and 1991 , which included being a member of the teams which reached the quarter-finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup and the semi-finals of the 1990 World Cup . He also played for England at UEFA Euro 1988 . In his fifties , he continued to play at semi-professional level for Northern Counties East League side Hallam , and is still being contracted to BBC Radio Five Live as part of their Premier League and Champions League team . Club career . Early career . Waddle began his footballing career with Pelaw Juniors , moving on to Whitehouse SC , Mount Pleasant SC , HMH Printing , Pelaw SC , Leam Lane SC and Clarke Chapman before joining Tow Law Town before the start of the 1978–79 season . Newcastle United . While working in food processing ( a seasoning factory ) , Waddle had unsuccessful trials with Sunderland and Coventry City . He joined Newcastle United as a 19-year-old in July 1980 for £1,000 . He made his Second Division debut for them in a 1–0 home win over Shrewsbury Town on 22 October 1980 and quickly established himself as an effective attacking midfielder , playing alongside Kevin Keegan and Peter Beardsley as Newcastle won promotion to the First Division at the end of 1983–84 season . In one of his first games in the top flight , against Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road on 22 September 1984 , Waddle scored a first half hat-trick for Newcastle , who had a 4–0 lead at half time . However , a fight back by QPR saw the game end 5–5 . Tottenham Hotspur . After 46 goals in 170 league games for Newcastle , Waddle joined Tottenham Hotspur on 1 July 1985 for a fee of £590,000 ( decided by a transfer tribunal ) . He scored twice on his league debut , a 4–0 home win over Watford on the opening day of the league season , although Spurs had a disappointing season where they finished tenth a year after finishing third , resulting in the dismissal of Peter Shreeves as manager and the appointment of David Pleat from Luton Town as his successor . He won an FA Cup runners-up medal in 1987 when Spurs were beaten by Coventry , while they also finished third in the League and got to the semi-finals of the League Cup . Marseille . On 1 July 1989 , after scoring 33 times in 138 league appearances for Tottenham , Waddle moved to French club Olympique de Marseille for a fee of £4.5 million ; the third highest sum ever paid for a footballer at the time . During his time in France the club were French champions three times ( 1990 , 1991 and 1992 ) . They were also on the losing side to Red Star Belgrade in the 1991 European Cup Final . In 1991–92 , he also played alongside fellow England midfielder Trevor Steven , who spent a year in France after signing from Rangers , only to return to Scotland after a single season there . During his years at Marseille , the fans gave him the nickname Magic Chris . He was known as the successor to former Marseille player Roger Magnusson . Waddle was also voted second best OM player of the century behind Jean Pierre Papin for the clubs century anniversary in 1998 . Waddle and Marseille reached the 1991 European Cup Final . Although he did not take a penalty , Waddle ended up on the losing side in a penalty shoot-out once again , after the game had ended 0–0 in normal time . Sheffield Wednesday . Waddle returned to England in July 1992 in a £1 million move to Sheffield Wednesday , then managed by Trevor Francis . The club reached both domestic cup finals in the 1992–93 season ( losing both to Arsenal – Waddle scored Wednesdays goal in the FA Cup final replay ) and Waddle was voted the Football Writers Association Footballer of the Year in 1993 . He helped Wednesday reach the semi-finals of the League Cup in the 1993–94 season , but this latest attempt at winning silverware was foiled by Manchester United , and the next two seasons brought bottom-half finishes in the league for Wednesday , with Francis being axed in 1995 and Waddles former Tottenham manager David Pleat taking over . In January 1996 , Kevin Keegan attempted to re-sign Waddle for Newcastle United as cover for David Ginola during a suspension , but Keegans £500,000 bid to re-sign the player who had played alongside him in the Newcastle team more than a decade earlier was rejected and Keegan was unwilling to meet manager David Pleats £1million asking price for the 35-year-old . Around this time , Celtic , Leeds United and Sunderland were also interested in signing Waddle , but none of these transfers ever happened . Burnley also expressed an interest in appointing him as their player-manager – a role he would finally take the following year – but Waddle saw out the season at Hillsborough . Waddles later career at Hillsborough was marred by injuries and he was released 5 games into the 1996–97 season ( when the Owls were top of the premiership and having taken young sensation Ritchie Humphreys – 4 goals in 5 games – under his wing ) after being frozen out of the team by David Pleat , having played 109 games and scored 10 goals with many more assists . Falkirk and Bradford City . Waddle joined Falkirk , in the Scottish First Division , in September 1996 , but returned south of the border to play for Division One strugglers Bradford City the following month . Although short , his time at City was a success and he was a firm fans favourite . In a match away to Huddersfield Town he scored direct from a corner in a 3–3 draw live on TV . He also scored a goal in a 3-2 FA Cup win against Everton at Goodison Park which came second in the February 1997 Match of the Day Goal of the Month . His efforts with Bradford contributed to their survival in Division One , although he did not complete the season there . Sunderland . Waddles moved to Sunderland , the side he had supported as a boy , for a nominal fee of £75,000 in March 1997 , but could not help Sunderland from being relegated from the Premier League at the end of the season , despite scoring once against Everton and providing the assist for all other Sunderland goals scored in that period . Burnley . In May 1997 Waddle was appointed player-manager of Burnley , moving from Roker Park on a free transfer . Burnley had a disappointing season , only just avoiding relegation at the end of the season . He scored once during his spell at Burnley , the goal coming in a 2–2 draw with Bournemouth in October 1997 . Torquay United . Waddle left Burnley in the summer , and in September 1998 joined Torquay United . He played just 7 times for Torquay , before returning to Sheffield Wednesday as a coach . He was appointed reserve team coach in July 1999 , and played for a local pub side , but left in June 2000 on the appointment of Paul Jewell as manager , just after the club ( now blighted by financial problems ) suffered relegation from the Premier League . Non-league career . Following his departure from Torquay United , Waddle enjoyed two seasons with non-league Worksop Town making 60 appearances and scoring 3 goals . His most notable appearance was in a 12–0 Northern Premier League record win against Frickley Athletic . He also had a brief spell with Glapwell and one appearance for Stocksbridge Park Steels in the Northern Premier League First Division , continuing his playing career at non-league level into his early forties . Hallam . Having played at amateur level in the Sheffield Wragg Over-40s league for Hallam during 2012–13 season he came out of retirement after 11 years on the sidelines and signed for Sheffield based Non-league side Hallam on 22 July 2013 . He made his debut against Chesterfield in a pre-season friendly , coming on as a substitute at half time . The game ended in a 6–2 defeat for Hallam FC . Waddle signed a one-year deal on 1 August 2013 , committing to Hallam for the 2013–14 season promotion push while remaining part of the ESPN commentary team . International career . Despite being in his 25th year , he was called up for the England Under-21 side and made his full squad debut against Ireland in March 1985 . On 26 March 1985 , when still a Newcastle player , Waddle was capped at senior level by Bobby Robsons England for the first time in a 2–1 win over Republic of Ireland . He soon became a regular member of the England squad and on 16 October that year he scored his first England goal , on his tenth international appearance , in a 5–0 win over Turkey . Waddle was in Englands squad at the 1986 and 1990 FIFA World Cup as well as UEFA Euro 1988 . Although England were eliminated at the group stages of Euro 88 after losing all three games , they did reach the quarter-finals of the 1986 World Cup and the semi-finals in 1990 , where Waddle missed the decisive penalty in the latter as he put it inches over the bar in the shootout defeat to West Germany . He says he only took the fifth penalty because Paul Gascoigne , who had been suspended from playing in the next game if England progressed , was too upset to take it . He subsequently blamed a chance meeting with Uri Geller and Michael Jackson prior to the tournament for missing his penalty . Waddles performances in the 1990 World Cup were described as superb by Rob Bagchi , writing for The Guardian in 2010 . He won the last of his 62 England caps on 16 October 1991 in a 1–0 win over Turkey , more than six years after making his international debut , and having rarely missed an England game since then . He had scored six goals for England , the last against Scotland on 27 May 1989 . When Terry Venables became the new England manager at the beginning of 1994 , he was keen to include Waddle in the squad for his first game against Denmark . However , Waddle was injured at the time and unavailable for selection . Media career . In 1987 , Waddle recorded the song Diamond Lights in a duet with Spurs and England teammate Glenn Hoddle . The song reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in May of that year and the pair appeared on Top Of The Pops . Whilst at Marseille he joined teammate Basile Boli in recording a song entitled Weve Got a Feeling . Despite spending the 1997–98 season as a manager , Waddle never returned to the coaching side of the game following his retirement and became a TV football pundit , commentator and sports newspaper writer . He previously worked for Setanta Sports and ESPN , he currently works as an analyst for BBC Radio Five Lives Premier League football coverage . Waddle appeared on BBC Radio Five Live as a summariser at Premier League matches and also writes a column in The Sun newspaper . Waddle signed a deal with Setanta Sports to commentate on all England away matches in 2008–09 . Waddle then went on to co-commentate for ESPNs English Premier League football coverage and is a pundit on Showsports Arabia , covering the English Premier League , from the studio in Dubai , UAE . In 2003 , Thierry Henry named Waddle in his all-time Dream Team Line up . Following Englands heavy defeat to Germany in the second round of the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Waddle criticised the English Football Association , claiming : The FA sit on their backsides and do nothing tournament after tournament after tournament . Why dont they listen ? Why dont they look at other countries and ask how do they keep producing talent ? We coach talent out of players .. . We lack so many ideas and it is so frustrating . The amount of money in our league is frightening and all we do is waste it on rubbish ideas .. . We kid ourselves thinking we have a chance if we keep the tempo up . We can only play one way and it is poor . You cant go on playing football and hoping to win trophies playing a hundred miles an hour and putting teams under pressure for 90 minutes . Youve got to be able to play slow , slow , quick and we cant do it . Personal life . Waddle has one daughter , Brooke , and a son , Jack . On 29 April 2012 , Jack was given a one-year first-team contract at Chesterfield . His cousin , Alan Waddle , played league football for Halifax Town , Liverpool , Leicester City , Swansea City , Newport County , Mansfield Town , Hartlepool United and Peterborough United . In 2005 , he was arrested following claims he was involved in a brawl in a pub in Dore , Sheffield . No charges were brought due to lack of evidence . In popular culture . Waddle was a key part of the pool of popular culture references used in the BBC comedy The Fast Show . References to , and photographs of , Waddle made regular appearances during the Chanel 9 news segment of the show . Honours . Marseille - Division 1 : 1989–90 , 1990–91 , 1991–92 - European Cup runner-up : 1990–91 Tottenham Hotspur - FA Cup runner-up : 1986–87 Sheffield Wednesday - FA Cup runner-up : 1992–93 - Football League Cup runner-up : 1992–93 England - FIFA World Cup fourth place : 1990 Individual - First Division PFA Team of the Year : 1984–85 , 1988–89 - Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year : 1988 - Onze dArgent : 1991 - FIFA XI : 1991 - FWA Footballer of the Year : 1992–93 ( Sheffield Wednesday ) - Premier League Player of the Month : January 1995 - The Dream Team 110 years of OM : 2010 External links . - Chris Waddle photos & stats at Sporting Heroes.net |
[
"Burnley"
] | hard | Which team did Chris Waddle play for in Apr 1997? | /wiki/Chris_Waddle#P54#4 | Chris Waddle Christopher Roland Waddle ( born 14 December 1960 ) is an English former professional football player and manager . He currently works as a commentator . Nicknamed Magic Chris , football journalist Luke Ginnell wrote that Waddle was widely acknowledged as one of the finest attacking midfielders in Europe . During his professional career , which lasted from 1978 to 1998 , he played for several clubs , including Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur , Olympique de Marseille and Sheffield Wednesday . In 1989 , his transfer from Tottenham to Marseille for £4.5 million made him the third most valuable player in the world , and he won three successive Ligue 1 titles with the club and played in the 1991 European Cup Final . While playing for Wednesday he was voted FWA Footballer of the Year for his performances in the 1992-93 season . Waddle earned 62 caps for England between 1985 and 1991 , which included being a member of the teams which reached the quarter-finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup and the semi-finals of the 1990 World Cup . He also played for England at UEFA Euro 1988 . In his fifties , he continued to play at semi-professional level for Northern Counties East League side Hallam , and is still being contracted to BBC Radio Five Live as part of their Premier League and Champions League team . Club career . Early career . Waddle began his footballing career with Pelaw Juniors , moving on to Whitehouse SC , Mount Pleasant SC , HMH Printing , Pelaw SC , Leam Lane SC and Clarke Chapman before joining Tow Law Town before the start of the 1978–79 season . Newcastle United . While working in food processing ( a seasoning factory ) , Waddle had unsuccessful trials with Sunderland and Coventry City . He joined Newcastle United as a 19-year-old in July 1980 for £1,000 . He made his Second Division debut for them in a 1–0 home win over Shrewsbury Town on 22 October 1980 and quickly established himself as an effective attacking midfielder , playing alongside Kevin Keegan and Peter Beardsley as Newcastle won promotion to the First Division at the end of 1983–84 season . In one of his first games in the top flight , against Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road on 22 September 1984 , Waddle scored a first half hat-trick for Newcastle , who had a 4–0 lead at half time . However , a fight back by QPR saw the game end 5–5 . Tottenham Hotspur . After 46 goals in 170 league games for Newcastle , Waddle joined Tottenham Hotspur on 1 July 1985 for a fee of £590,000 ( decided by a transfer tribunal ) . He scored twice on his league debut , a 4–0 home win over Watford on the opening day of the league season , although Spurs had a disappointing season where they finished tenth a year after finishing third , resulting in the dismissal of Peter Shreeves as manager and the appointment of David Pleat from Luton Town as his successor . He won an FA Cup runners-up medal in 1987 when Spurs were beaten by Coventry , while they also finished third in the League and got to the semi-finals of the League Cup . Marseille . On 1 July 1989 , after scoring 33 times in 138 league appearances for Tottenham , Waddle moved to French club Olympique de Marseille for a fee of £4.5 million ; the third highest sum ever paid for a footballer at the time . During his time in France the club were French champions three times ( 1990 , 1991 and 1992 ) . They were also on the losing side to Red Star Belgrade in the 1991 European Cup Final . In 1991–92 , he also played alongside fellow England midfielder Trevor Steven , who spent a year in France after signing from Rangers , only to return to Scotland after a single season there . During his years at Marseille , the fans gave him the nickname Magic Chris . He was known as the successor to former Marseille player Roger Magnusson . Waddle was also voted second best OM player of the century behind Jean Pierre Papin for the clubs century anniversary in 1998 . Waddle and Marseille reached the 1991 European Cup Final . Although he did not take a penalty , Waddle ended up on the losing side in a penalty shoot-out once again , after the game had ended 0–0 in normal time . Sheffield Wednesday . Waddle returned to England in July 1992 in a £1 million move to Sheffield Wednesday , then managed by Trevor Francis . The club reached both domestic cup finals in the 1992–93 season ( losing both to Arsenal – Waddle scored Wednesdays goal in the FA Cup final replay ) and Waddle was voted the Football Writers Association Footballer of the Year in 1993 . He helped Wednesday reach the semi-finals of the League Cup in the 1993–94 season , but this latest attempt at winning silverware was foiled by Manchester United , and the next two seasons brought bottom-half finishes in the league for Wednesday , with Francis being axed in 1995 and Waddles former Tottenham manager David Pleat taking over . In January 1996 , Kevin Keegan attempted to re-sign Waddle for Newcastle United as cover for David Ginola during a suspension , but Keegans £500,000 bid to re-sign the player who had played alongside him in the Newcastle team more than a decade earlier was rejected and Keegan was unwilling to meet manager David Pleats £1million asking price for the 35-year-old . Around this time , Celtic , Leeds United and Sunderland were also interested in signing Waddle , but none of these transfers ever happened . Burnley also expressed an interest in appointing him as their player-manager – a role he would finally take the following year – but Waddle saw out the season at Hillsborough . Waddles later career at Hillsborough was marred by injuries and he was released 5 games into the 1996–97 season ( when the Owls were top of the premiership and having taken young sensation Ritchie Humphreys – 4 goals in 5 games – under his wing ) after being frozen out of the team by David Pleat , having played 109 games and scored 10 goals with many more assists . Falkirk and Bradford City . Waddle joined Falkirk , in the Scottish First Division , in September 1996 , but returned south of the border to play for Division One strugglers Bradford City the following month . Although short , his time at City was a success and he was a firm fans favourite . In a match away to Huddersfield Town he scored direct from a corner in a 3–3 draw live on TV . He also scored a goal in a 3-2 FA Cup win against Everton at Goodison Park which came second in the February 1997 Match of the Day Goal of the Month . His efforts with Bradford contributed to their survival in Division One , although he did not complete the season there . Sunderland . Waddles moved to Sunderland , the side he had supported as a boy , for a nominal fee of £75,000 in March 1997 , but could not help Sunderland from being relegated from the Premier League at the end of the season , despite scoring once against Everton and providing the assist for all other Sunderland goals scored in that period . Burnley . In May 1997 Waddle was appointed player-manager of Burnley , moving from Roker Park on a free transfer . Burnley had a disappointing season , only just avoiding relegation at the end of the season . He scored once during his spell at Burnley , the goal coming in a 2–2 draw with Bournemouth in October 1997 . Torquay United . Waddle left Burnley in the summer , and in September 1998 joined Torquay United . He played just 7 times for Torquay , before returning to Sheffield Wednesday as a coach . He was appointed reserve team coach in July 1999 , and played for a local pub side , but left in June 2000 on the appointment of Paul Jewell as manager , just after the club ( now blighted by financial problems ) suffered relegation from the Premier League . Non-league career . Following his departure from Torquay United , Waddle enjoyed two seasons with non-league Worksop Town making 60 appearances and scoring 3 goals . His most notable appearance was in a 12–0 Northern Premier League record win against Frickley Athletic . He also had a brief spell with Glapwell and one appearance for Stocksbridge Park Steels in the Northern Premier League First Division , continuing his playing career at non-league level into his early forties . Hallam . Having played at amateur level in the Sheffield Wragg Over-40s league for Hallam during 2012–13 season he came out of retirement after 11 years on the sidelines and signed for Sheffield based Non-league side Hallam on 22 July 2013 . He made his debut against Chesterfield in a pre-season friendly , coming on as a substitute at half time . The game ended in a 6–2 defeat for Hallam FC . Waddle signed a one-year deal on 1 August 2013 , committing to Hallam for the 2013–14 season promotion push while remaining part of the ESPN commentary team . International career . Despite being in his 25th year , he was called up for the England Under-21 side and made his full squad debut against Ireland in March 1985 . On 26 March 1985 , when still a Newcastle player , Waddle was capped at senior level by Bobby Robsons England for the first time in a 2–1 win over Republic of Ireland . He soon became a regular member of the England squad and on 16 October that year he scored his first England goal , on his tenth international appearance , in a 5–0 win over Turkey . Waddle was in Englands squad at the 1986 and 1990 FIFA World Cup as well as UEFA Euro 1988 . Although England were eliminated at the group stages of Euro 88 after losing all three games , they did reach the quarter-finals of the 1986 World Cup and the semi-finals in 1990 , where Waddle missed the decisive penalty in the latter as he put it inches over the bar in the shootout defeat to West Germany . He says he only took the fifth penalty because Paul Gascoigne , who had been suspended from playing in the next game if England progressed , was too upset to take it . He subsequently blamed a chance meeting with Uri Geller and Michael Jackson prior to the tournament for missing his penalty . Waddles performances in the 1990 World Cup were described as superb by Rob Bagchi , writing for The Guardian in 2010 . He won the last of his 62 England caps on 16 October 1991 in a 1–0 win over Turkey , more than six years after making his international debut , and having rarely missed an England game since then . He had scored six goals for England , the last against Scotland on 27 May 1989 . When Terry Venables became the new England manager at the beginning of 1994 , he was keen to include Waddle in the squad for his first game against Denmark . However , Waddle was injured at the time and unavailable for selection . Media career . In 1987 , Waddle recorded the song Diamond Lights in a duet with Spurs and England teammate Glenn Hoddle . The song reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in May of that year and the pair appeared on Top Of The Pops . Whilst at Marseille he joined teammate Basile Boli in recording a song entitled Weve Got a Feeling . Despite spending the 1997–98 season as a manager , Waddle never returned to the coaching side of the game following his retirement and became a TV football pundit , commentator and sports newspaper writer . He previously worked for Setanta Sports and ESPN , he currently works as an analyst for BBC Radio Five Lives Premier League football coverage . Waddle appeared on BBC Radio Five Live as a summariser at Premier League matches and also writes a column in The Sun newspaper . Waddle signed a deal with Setanta Sports to commentate on all England away matches in 2008–09 . Waddle then went on to co-commentate for ESPNs English Premier League football coverage and is a pundit on Showsports Arabia , covering the English Premier League , from the studio in Dubai , UAE . In 2003 , Thierry Henry named Waddle in his all-time Dream Team Line up . Following Englands heavy defeat to Germany in the second round of the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Waddle criticised the English Football Association , claiming : The FA sit on their backsides and do nothing tournament after tournament after tournament . Why dont they listen ? Why dont they look at other countries and ask how do they keep producing talent ? We coach talent out of players .. . We lack so many ideas and it is so frustrating . The amount of money in our league is frightening and all we do is waste it on rubbish ideas .. . We kid ourselves thinking we have a chance if we keep the tempo up . We can only play one way and it is poor . You cant go on playing football and hoping to win trophies playing a hundred miles an hour and putting teams under pressure for 90 minutes . Youve got to be able to play slow , slow , quick and we cant do it . Personal life . Waddle has one daughter , Brooke , and a son , Jack . On 29 April 2012 , Jack was given a one-year first-team contract at Chesterfield . His cousin , Alan Waddle , played league football for Halifax Town , Liverpool , Leicester City , Swansea City , Newport County , Mansfield Town , Hartlepool United and Peterborough United . In 2005 , he was arrested following claims he was involved in a brawl in a pub in Dore , Sheffield . No charges were brought due to lack of evidence . In popular culture . Waddle was a key part of the pool of popular culture references used in the BBC comedy The Fast Show . References to , and photographs of , Waddle made regular appearances during the Chanel 9 news segment of the show . Honours . Marseille - Division 1 : 1989–90 , 1990–91 , 1991–92 - European Cup runner-up : 1990–91 Tottenham Hotspur - FA Cup runner-up : 1986–87 Sheffield Wednesday - FA Cup runner-up : 1992–93 - Football League Cup runner-up : 1992–93 England - FIFA World Cup fourth place : 1990 Individual - First Division PFA Team of the Year : 1984–85 , 1988–89 - Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year : 1988 - Onze dArgent : 1991 - FIFA XI : 1991 - FWA Footballer of the Year : 1992–93 ( Sheffield Wednesday ) - Premier League Player of the Month : January 1995 - The Dream Team 110 years of OM : 2010 External links . - Chris Waddle photos & stats at Sporting Heroes.net |
[
"Worksop Town"
] | hard | Which team did Chris Waddle play for between Apr 2001 and Aug 2001? | /wiki/Chris_Waddle#P54#5 | Chris Waddle Christopher Roland Waddle ( born 14 December 1960 ) is an English former professional football player and manager . He currently works as a commentator . Nicknamed Magic Chris , football journalist Luke Ginnell wrote that Waddle was widely acknowledged as one of the finest attacking midfielders in Europe . During his professional career , which lasted from 1978 to 1998 , he played for several clubs , including Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur , Olympique de Marseille and Sheffield Wednesday . In 1989 , his transfer from Tottenham to Marseille for £4.5 million made him the third most valuable player in the world , and he won three successive Ligue 1 titles with the club and played in the 1991 European Cup Final . While playing for Wednesday he was voted FWA Footballer of the Year for his performances in the 1992-93 season . Waddle earned 62 caps for England between 1985 and 1991 , which included being a member of the teams which reached the quarter-finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup and the semi-finals of the 1990 World Cup . He also played for England at UEFA Euro 1988 . In his fifties , he continued to play at semi-professional level for Northern Counties East League side Hallam , and is still being contracted to BBC Radio Five Live as part of their Premier League and Champions League team . Club career . Early career . Waddle began his footballing career with Pelaw Juniors , moving on to Whitehouse SC , Mount Pleasant SC , HMH Printing , Pelaw SC , Leam Lane SC and Clarke Chapman before joining Tow Law Town before the start of the 1978–79 season . Newcastle United . While working in food processing ( a seasoning factory ) , Waddle had unsuccessful trials with Sunderland and Coventry City . He joined Newcastle United as a 19-year-old in July 1980 for £1,000 . He made his Second Division debut for them in a 1–0 home win over Shrewsbury Town on 22 October 1980 and quickly established himself as an effective attacking midfielder , playing alongside Kevin Keegan and Peter Beardsley as Newcastle won promotion to the First Division at the end of 1983–84 season . In one of his first games in the top flight , against Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road on 22 September 1984 , Waddle scored a first half hat-trick for Newcastle , who had a 4–0 lead at half time . However , a fight back by QPR saw the game end 5–5 . Tottenham Hotspur . After 46 goals in 170 league games for Newcastle , Waddle joined Tottenham Hotspur on 1 July 1985 for a fee of £590,000 ( decided by a transfer tribunal ) . He scored twice on his league debut , a 4–0 home win over Watford on the opening day of the league season , although Spurs had a disappointing season where they finished tenth a year after finishing third , resulting in the dismissal of Peter Shreeves as manager and the appointment of David Pleat from Luton Town as his successor . He won an FA Cup runners-up medal in 1987 when Spurs were beaten by Coventry , while they also finished third in the League and got to the semi-finals of the League Cup . Marseille . On 1 July 1989 , after scoring 33 times in 138 league appearances for Tottenham , Waddle moved to French club Olympique de Marseille for a fee of £4.5 million ; the third highest sum ever paid for a footballer at the time . During his time in France the club were French champions three times ( 1990 , 1991 and 1992 ) . They were also on the losing side to Red Star Belgrade in the 1991 European Cup Final . In 1991–92 , he also played alongside fellow England midfielder Trevor Steven , who spent a year in France after signing from Rangers , only to return to Scotland after a single season there . During his years at Marseille , the fans gave him the nickname Magic Chris . He was known as the successor to former Marseille player Roger Magnusson . Waddle was also voted second best OM player of the century behind Jean Pierre Papin for the clubs century anniversary in 1998 . Waddle and Marseille reached the 1991 European Cup Final . Although he did not take a penalty , Waddle ended up on the losing side in a penalty shoot-out once again , after the game had ended 0–0 in normal time . Sheffield Wednesday . Waddle returned to England in July 1992 in a £1 million move to Sheffield Wednesday , then managed by Trevor Francis . The club reached both domestic cup finals in the 1992–93 season ( losing both to Arsenal – Waddle scored Wednesdays goal in the FA Cup final replay ) and Waddle was voted the Football Writers Association Footballer of the Year in 1993 . He helped Wednesday reach the semi-finals of the League Cup in the 1993–94 season , but this latest attempt at winning silverware was foiled by Manchester United , and the next two seasons brought bottom-half finishes in the league for Wednesday , with Francis being axed in 1995 and Waddles former Tottenham manager David Pleat taking over . In January 1996 , Kevin Keegan attempted to re-sign Waddle for Newcastle United as cover for David Ginola during a suspension , but Keegans £500,000 bid to re-sign the player who had played alongside him in the Newcastle team more than a decade earlier was rejected and Keegan was unwilling to meet manager David Pleats £1million asking price for the 35-year-old . Around this time , Celtic , Leeds United and Sunderland were also interested in signing Waddle , but none of these transfers ever happened . Burnley also expressed an interest in appointing him as their player-manager – a role he would finally take the following year – but Waddle saw out the season at Hillsborough . Waddles later career at Hillsborough was marred by injuries and he was released 5 games into the 1996–97 season ( when the Owls were top of the premiership and having taken young sensation Ritchie Humphreys – 4 goals in 5 games – under his wing ) after being frozen out of the team by David Pleat , having played 109 games and scored 10 goals with many more assists . Falkirk and Bradford City . Waddle joined Falkirk , in the Scottish First Division , in September 1996 , but returned south of the border to play for Division One strugglers Bradford City the following month . Although short , his time at City was a success and he was a firm fans favourite . In a match away to Huddersfield Town he scored direct from a corner in a 3–3 draw live on TV . He also scored a goal in a 3-2 FA Cup win against Everton at Goodison Park which came second in the February 1997 Match of the Day Goal of the Month . His efforts with Bradford contributed to their survival in Division One , although he did not complete the season there . Sunderland . Waddles moved to Sunderland , the side he had supported as a boy , for a nominal fee of £75,000 in March 1997 , but could not help Sunderland from being relegated from the Premier League at the end of the season , despite scoring once against Everton and providing the assist for all other Sunderland goals scored in that period . Burnley . In May 1997 Waddle was appointed player-manager of Burnley , moving from Roker Park on a free transfer . Burnley had a disappointing season , only just avoiding relegation at the end of the season . He scored once during his spell at Burnley , the goal coming in a 2–2 draw with Bournemouth in October 1997 . Torquay United . Waddle left Burnley in the summer , and in September 1998 joined Torquay United . He played just 7 times for Torquay , before returning to Sheffield Wednesday as a coach . He was appointed reserve team coach in July 1999 , and played for a local pub side , but left in June 2000 on the appointment of Paul Jewell as manager , just after the club ( now blighted by financial problems ) suffered relegation from the Premier League . Non-league career . Following his departure from Torquay United , Waddle enjoyed two seasons with non-league Worksop Town making 60 appearances and scoring 3 goals . His most notable appearance was in a 12–0 Northern Premier League record win against Frickley Athletic . He also had a brief spell with Glapwell and one appearance for Stocksbridge Park Steels in the Northern Premier League First Division , continuing his playing career at non-league level into his early forties . Hallam . Having played at amateur level in the Sheffield Wragg Over-40s league for Hallam during 2012–13 season he came out of retirement after 11 years on the sidelines and signed for Sheffield based Non-league side Hallam on 22 July 2013 . He made his debut against Chesterfield in a pre-season friendly , coming on as a substitute at half time . The game ended in a 6–2 defeat for Hallam FC . Waddle signed a one-year deal on 1 August 2013 , committing to Hallam for the 2013–14 season promotion push while remaining part of the ESPN commentary team . International career . Despite being in his 25th year , he was called up for the England Under-21 side and made his full squad debut against Ireland in March 1985 . On 26 March 1985 , when still a Newcastle player , Waddle was capped at senior level by Bobby Robsons England for the first time in a 2–1 win over Republic of Ireland . He soon became a regular member of the England squad and on 16 October that year he scored his first England goal , on his tenth international appearance , in a 5–0 win over Turkey . Waddle was in Englands squad at the 1986 and 1990 FIFA World Cup as well as UEFA Euro 1988 . Although England were eliminated at the group stages of Euro 88 after losing all three games , they did reach the quarter-finals of the 1986 World Cup and the semi-finals in 1990 , where Waddle missed the decisive penalty in the latter as he put it inches over the bar in the shootout defeat to West Germany . He says he only took the fifth penalty because Paul Gascoigne , who had been suspended from playing in the next game if England progressed , was too upset to take it . He subsequently blamed a chance meeting with Uri Geller and Michael Jackson prior to the tournament for missing his penalty . Waddles performances in the 1990 World Cup were described as superb by Rob Bagchi , writing for The Guardian in 2010 . He won the last of his 62 England caps on 16 October 1991 in a 1–0 win over Turkey , more than six years after making his international debut , and having rarely missed an England game since then . He had scored six goals for England , the last against Scotland on 27 May 1989 . When Terry Venables became the new England manager at the beginning of 1994 , he was keen to include Waddle in the squad for his first game against Denmark . However , Waddle was injured at the time and unavailable for selection . Media career . In 1987 , Waddle recorded the song Diamond Lights in a duet with Spurs and England teammate Glenn Hoddle . The song reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in May of that year and the pair appeared on Top Of The Pops . Whilst at Marseille he joined teammate Basile Boli in recording a song entitled Weve Got a Feeling . Despite spending the 1997–98 season as a manager , Waddle never returned to the coaching side of the game following his retirement and became a TV football pundit , commentator and sports newspaper writer . He previously worked for Setanta Sports and ESPN , he currently works as an analyst for BBC Radio Five Lives Premier League football coverage . Waddle appeared on BBC Radio Five Live as a summariser at Premier League matches and also writes a column in The Sun newspaper . Waddle signed a deal with Setanta Sports to commentate on all England away matches in 2008–09 . Waddle then went on to co-commentate for ESPNs English Premier League football coverage and is a pundit on Showsports Arabia , covering the English Premier League , from the studio in Dubai , UAE . In 2003 , Thierry Henry named Waddle in his all-time Dream Team Line up . Following Englands heavy defeat to Germany in the second round of the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Waddle criticised the English Football Association , claiming : The FA sit on their backsides and do nothing tournament after tournament after tournament . Why dont they listen ? Why dont they look at other countries and ask how do they keep producing talent ? We coach talent out of players .. . We lack so many ideas and it is so frustrating . The amount of money in our league is frightening and all we do is waste it on rubbish ideas .. . We kid ourselves thinking we have a chance if we keep the tempo up . We can only play one way and it is poor . You cant go on playing football and hoping to win trophies playing a hundred miles an hour and putting teams under pressure for 90 minutes . Youve got to be able to play slow , slow , quick and we cant do it . Personal life . Waddle has one daughter , Brooke , and a son , Jack . On 29 April 2012 , Jack was given a one-year first-team contract at Chesterfield . His cousin , Alan Waddle , played league football for Halifax Town , Liverpool , Leicester City , Swansea City , Newport County , Mansfield Town , Hartlepool United and Peterborough United . In 2005 , he was arrested following claims he was involved in a brawl in a pub in Dore , Sheffield . No charges were brought due to lack of evidence . In popular culture . Waddle was a key part of the pool of popular culture references used in the BBC comedy The Fast Show . References to , and photographs of , Waddle made regular appearances during the Chanel 9 news segment of the show . Honours . Marseille - Division 1 : 1989–90 , 1990–91 , 1991–92 - European Cup runner-up : 1990–91 Tottenham Hotspur - FA Cup runner-up : 1986–87 Sheffield Wednesday - FA Cup runner-up : 1992–93 - Football League Cup runner-up : 1992–93 England - FIFA World Cup fourth place : 1990 Individual - First Division PFA Team of the Year : 1984–85 , 1988–89 - Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year : 1988 - Onze dArgent : 1991 - FIFA XI : 1991 - FWA Footballer of the Year : 1992–93 ( Sheffield Wednesday ) - Premier League Player of the Month : January 1995 - The Dream Team 110 years of OM : 2010 External links . - Chris Waddle photos & stats at Sporting Heroes.net |
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"Director of Policy Planning at the Department of State"
] | hard | What was the position of Paul Wolfowitz before Apr 1981? | /wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#P39#0 | Paul Wolfowitz Paul Dundes Wolfowitz ( ; born December 22 , 1943 ) is an American political scientist and diplomat who served as the 10th President of the World Bank , U.S . Deputy Secretary of Defense , U.S . Ambassador to Indonesia , and former dean of Johns Hopkins SAIS . He is currently a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute . He was an early advocate of the Iraq War and has widely been described as an architect of the war . In the aftermath of the insurgency and civil war that followed the invasion , Wolfowitz denied influencing policy on Iraq and disclaimed responsibility . He is a leading neoconservative . In 2005 , he left the Pentagon to serve as president of the World Bank only to resign after two years over a scandal involving allegations he used his position to help World Bank staffer Shaha Riza to whom he was romantically linked . A Reuters report described it as a protracted battle over his stewardship , prompted by his involvement in a high-paying promotion for his companion . Wolfowitz is the only World Bank president to have resigned over a scandal . Early life . The second child of Jacob Wolfowitz ( b . Warsaw ; 1910–1981 ) and Lillian Dundes , Paul Wolfowitz was born in Brooklyn , New York , into a Polish Jewish immigrant family , and grew up mainly in Ithaca , New York , where his father was a professor of statistical theory at Cornell University . Strongly influenced by his father , Paul Wolfowitz became a soft-spoken former aspiring-mathematician-turned-policymaker .. . [ whose ] world views .. . were forged by family history and in the halls of academia rather than in the jungles of Vietnam or the corridors of Congress .. . [ His father ] .. . left new country Poland after World War I and after 123 years of partitions . The rest of his fathers family perished in the Holocaust . In the mid-1960s , while they were both undergraduate students at Cornell residing at the Cornell Branch of the Telluride Association , he met Clare Selgin , who later became an anthropologist . They married in 1968 , had three children and lived in Chevy Chase , Maryland . They separated in 1999 , and , according to some sources , became legally separated in 2001 and divorced in 2002 . In late 1999 , Wolfowitz began dating Shaha Riza . Their relationship led to controversy later , during his presidency of the World Bank Group . Wolfowitz speaks five languages in addition to English : Arabic , French , German , Hebrew , and Indonesian . He was reportedly the model for a minor character named Philip Gorman in Saul Bellows 2001 book Ravelstein . University education . Cornell University . Wolfowitz entered Cornell University in 1961 . He lived in the Telluride House in 1962 and 1963 , while philosophy professor Allan Bloom served as a faculty mentor living in the house . In August 1963 , he and his mother participated in the civil-rights march on Washington organized by A . Philip Randolph Wolfowitz was a member of the Quill and Dagger society . Wolfowitz graduated in 1965 with a B.A . in mathematics . Against his fathers wishes , Wolfowitz decided to go to graduate school to study political science . Wolfowitz would later say that one of the things that ultimately led me to leave mathematics and go into political science was thinking I could prevent nuclear war . University of Chicago . In 1972 , Wolfowitz received a Ph.D . in political science from the University of Chicago , writing his doctoral dissertation on Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East : The Politics and Economics of Proposals for Nuclear Desalting . At the University of Chicago , Wolfowitz took two courses with Leo Strauss . He completed his dissertation under Albert Wohlstetter . Wohlstetter became Wolfowitzs mentor . In the words of Wolfowitzs future colleague Richard Perle : Paul thinks the way Albert thinks . In the summer of 1969 , Wohlstetter arranged for Wolfowitz , Perle and Peter Wilson to join the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy which was set up by Cold War architects Paul Nitze and Dean Acheson . While finishing his dissertation , Wolfowitz taught in the department of political science at Yale University from 1970 to 1972 ; one of his students was future colleague Scooter Libby . Career . Arms Control and Disarmament Agency . In the 1970s , Wolfowitz and Perle served as aides to proto-neoconservative Democratic Senator Henry M . Jackson . A Cold War liberal , Jackson supported higher military spending and a hard line against the Soviet Union alongside more traditional Democratic causes , such as social welfare programs , civil rights , and labor unions . In 1972 , US President Richard Nixon , under pressure from Senator Jackson , dismissed the head of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency ( ACDA ) and replaced him with Fred Ikle . Ikle brought in a new team that included Wolfowitz . While at ACDA , Wolfowitz wrote research papers and drafted testimony , as he had previously done at the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy . He traveled with Ikle to strategic arms limitations talks in Paris and other European cities . He also helped dissuade South Korea from reprocessing plutonium that could be diverted into a clandestine weapons program . Under President Gerald Ford , the American intelligence agencies came under attack over their annually published National Intelligence Estimate . According to Mann , The underlying issue was whether the C.I.A . and other agencies were underestimating the threat from the Soviet Union , either by intentionally tailoring intelligence to support Kissingers policy of détente or by simply failing to give enough weight to darker interpretations of Soviet intentions . Attempting to counter these claims , Director of Central Intelligence George H . W . Bush formed a committee of anti-Communist experts , headed by Richard Pipes , to reassess the raw data . Based on the recommendation of Perle , Pipes picked Wolfowitz for this committee , which was later called Team B . The teams 1976 report , which was leaked to the press , stated that all the evidence points to an undeviating Soviet commitment to what is euphemistically called the worldwide triumph of socialism , but in fact connotes global Soviet hegemony , highlighting a number of key areas where they believed the governments intelligence analysts had failed . According to Jack Davis , Wolfowitz observed later : The B-Team demonstrated that it was possible to construct a sharply different view of Soviet motivation from the consensus view of the [ intelligence ] analysts and one that provided a much closer fit to the Soviets observed behavior ( and also provided a much better forecast of subsequent behavior up to and through the invasion of Afghanistan ) . The formal presentation of the competing views in a session out at [ CIA headquarters in ] Langley also made clear that the enormous experience and expertise of the B-Team as a group were formidable . Team Bs conclusions have faced criticism . They have been called worst-case analysis , ignoring the political , demographic , and economic rot already eating away at the Soviet system . Wolfowitz reportedly did not have a central role in Team B , mostly focused on analyzing the role that medium-range missiles played in Soviet military strategy . Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs . In 1977 , during the Carter administration , Wolfowitz moved to the Pentagon . He was US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs for the US Defense Department , under US Secretary of Defense Harold Brown . In 1980 , Wolfowitz resigned from the Pentagon and became a visiting professor at the Paul H . Nitze School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) at Johns Hopkins University . Shortly thereafter , he joined the Republican Party . According to The Washington Post : He said it was not he who changed his political philosophy so much as the Democratic Party , which abandoned the hard-headed internationalism of Harry Truman , Kennedy and Jackson . State Department Director of Policy Planning . Following the 1980 election of President Ronald Reagan , the new National Security Advisor Richard V . Allen formed the administrations foreign policy advisory team . Allen initially rejected Wolfowitzs appointment but following discussions , instigated by former colleague John Lehman , Allen offered Wolfowitz the position of Director of Policy Planning at the Department of State . President Reagans foreign policy was heavily influenced by the Kirkpatrick Doctrine , as outlined in a 1979 article in Commentary by Jeane Kirkpatrick entitled Dictatorships and Double Standards . Although most governments in the world are , as they always have been , autocracies of one kind or another , no idea holds greater sway in the mind of educated Americans than the belief that it is possible to democratize governments , anytime , anywhere , under any circumstances .. . ( But ) decades , if not centuries , are normally required for people to acquire the necessary disciplines and habits . Wolfowitz broke from this official line by denouncing Saddam Hussein of Iraq at a time when Donald Rumsfeld was offering the dictator support in his conflict with Iran . James Mann points out : quite a few neo-conservatives , like Wolfowitz , believed strongly in democratic ideals ; they had taken from the philosopher Leo Strauss the notion that there is a moral duty to oppose a leader who is a tyrant . Other areas where Wolfowitz disagreed with the administration was in his opposition to attempts to open up dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) and to the sale of Airborne Warning and Control System ( AWACS ) aircraft to Saudi Arabia . In both instances , according to Mann , Wolfowitz demonstrated himself to be one of the strongest supporters of Israel in the Reagan administration . Mann stresses : It was on China that Wolfowitz launched his boldest challenge to the established order . After Nixon and Kissinger had gone to China in the early 1970s , US policy was to make concessions to China as an essential Cold War ally . The Chinese were now pushing for the US to end arms sales to Taiwan , and Wolfowitz used the Chinese incentive as an opportunity to undermine Kissingers foreign policy toward China . Instead , Wolfowitz advocated a unilateralist policy , claiming that the US did not need Chinas assistance but that the Chinese needed the US to protect them against the far-more-likely prospect of a Soviet invasion of the Chinese mainland . Wolfowitz soon came into conflict with Secretary of State Alexander Haig , who had been Kissingers assistant at the time of the visits to China . On March 30 , 1982 , The New York Times predicted that Paul D . Wolfowitz , the director of policy planning .. . will be replaced , because Mr . Haig found Mr . Wolfowitz too theoretical . Instead , on June 25 , 1982 , George P . Shultz replaced Haig as US Secretary of State , and Wolfowitz was promoted . State Department Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs . In 1982 , Secretary of State Shultz appointed Wolfowitz as Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs . Jeane Kirkpatrick , on a visit to the Philippines , was welcomed by the dictator Ferdinand Marcos who quoted heavily from her 1979 Commentary article Dictatorships and Double Standards and although Kirkpatrick had been forced to speak-out in favor of democracy the article continued to influence Reagans policy toward Marcos . Following the assassination of Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino , Jr . in 1983 many within the Reagan administration including the President himself began to fear that the Philippines could fall to the communists and the US military would lose its strongholds at Clark Air Force Base and Subic Bay Naval Station . Wolfowitz tried to change the administrations policy , stating in an April 15 , 1985 article in The Wall Street Journal that The best antidote to Communism is democracy . Wolfowitz and his assistant Lewis Libby made trips to Manila where they called for democratic reforms and met with non-communist opposition leaders . Mann points out that the Reagan administrations decision to support democratic government in the Philippines had been hesitant , messy , crisis-driven and skewed by the desire to do what was necessary to protect the American military installations . Following massive street protests , Marcos fled the country on a US Air Force plane and the US recognized the government of Corazón Aquino . Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia . From 1986 to 1989 , during the military-backed government of President Suharto , Wolfowitz was the US Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia . According to Peter J . Boyer , Wolfowitzs appointment to Indonesia was not an immediately obvious match . He was a Jew representing America in the largest Muslim republic in the world , an advocate of democracy in Suhartos dictatorship . But Wolfowitzs tenure as Ambassador was a notable success , largely owing to the fact that , in essence , he went native . With tutoring help from his driver , he learned the language , and hurled himself into the culture . He attended academic seminars , climbed volcanoes , and toured the neighborhoods of Jakarta . Sipress and Nakashima report that Wolfowitzs colleagues and friends , both Indonesian and American pointed to the U.S . envoys quiet pursuit of political and economic reforms in Indonesia . Dewi Fortuna Anwar , a foreign policy adviser to B . J . Habibie , Suhartos successor as head of state ( 1998–99 ) , stated that Wolfowitz was a competent and popular envoy . But he never intervened to push human rights or stand up to corruption . Officials involved in the AID program during Wolfowitzs tenure told The Washington Post that he took a keen personal interest in development , including health care , agriculture and private sector expansion and that Wolfowitz canceled food assistance to the Indonesian government out of concern that Suhartos family , which had an ownership interest in the countrys only flour mill , was indirectly benefiting . In The Tragedy of Suharto , published in May 1998 , in The Wall Street Journal , Wolfowitz states : Although it is fashionable to blame all of Asias present problems on corruption and the failure of Asian values , it is at bottom a case of a bubble bursting , of too many imprudent lenders chasing too many incautious borrowers . But the greed of Mr . Suhartos children ensured that their father would take the lions share of the blame for Indonesias financial collapse . The Suharto childrens favored position became a major obstacle to the measures needed to restore economic confidence . Worst of all , they ensured that the economic crisis would be a political crisis as well . That he allowed this , and that he amassed such wealth himself , is all the more mysterious since he lived a relatively modest life . After the 2002 Bali bombing , on October 18 , 2002 , then Deputy Secretary of Defense Wolfowitz observed that the reason the terrorists are successful in Indonesia is because the Suharto regime fell and the methods that were used to suppress them are gone . Undersecretary of Defense for Policy . From 1989 to 1993 , Wolfowitz served in the administration of George H . W . Bush as Under Secretary of Defense for Policy , under then US Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney . During the 1991 Persian Gulf War , Wolfowitzs team co-ordinated and reviewed military strategy , raising $50 billion in allied financial support for the operation . Wolfowitz was present with Cheney , Colin Powell and others , on February 27 , 1991 , at the meeting with the President where it was decided that the troops should be demobilised . On February 25 , 1998 , Wolfowitz testified before a congressional committee that he thought that the best opportunity to overthrow Saddam was , unfortunately , lost in the month right after the war . Wolfowitz added that he was horrified in March as Saddam Hussein flew helicopters that slaughtered the people in the south and in the north who were rising up against him , while American fighter pilots flew overhead , desperately eager to shoot down those helicopters , and not allowed to do so . During that hearing , he also stated : Some people might say—and I think I would sympathise with this view—that perhaps if we had delayed the ceasefire by a few more days , we might have got rid of Saddam Hussein . After the 1991 Persian Gulf War , Wolfowitz and his then-assistant Scooter Libby wrote the Defense Planning Guidance of 1992 , which came to be known as the Wolfowitz Doctrine , to set the nations direction for the next century . As military strategist Andrew Bacevich described the doctrine : Before this classified document was fully vetted by the White House , it was leaked to The New York Times , which made it front-page news . The draft DPG announced that it had become the first objective of U.S . policy to prevent the re-emergence of a new rival . With an eye toward deterring potential competitors from even aspiring to a larger regional or global role , the United States would maintain unquestioned military superiority and , if necessary , employ force unilaterally . As window dressing , allies might be nice , but the United States no longer considered them necessary . At that time the official administration line was containment , and the contents of Wolfowitzs plan calling for preemption and unilateralism which was opposed by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell and President Bush . Defense Secretary Cheney produced a revised plan released in 1992 . Many of the ideas in the Wolfowitz Doctrine later became part of the Bush Doctrine . He left the government after the 1992 election . Johns Hopkins University . From 1994 to 2001 , Wolfowitz served as Professor of International Relations and Dean of the Paul H . Nitze School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) at Johns Hopkins University . He was instrumental in adding more than $75 million to the universitys endowment , developing an international finance concentration as part of the curriculum , and combining the various Asian studies programs into one department . He also advised Bob Dole on foreign policy during his 1996 US Presidential election campaign , which was managed by Donald Rumsfeld . According to Kampfner , Wolfowitz used his perch at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies as a test-bed for a new conservative world vision . Wolfowitz was associated with the Project for the New American Century ( PNAC ) ; he signed both the PNACs June 3 , 1997 Statement of Principles , and its January 26 , 1998 , open letter to President Bill Clinton . In February 1998 , Wolfowitz testified before a Congressional hearing , stating that the current administration lacked the sense of purpose to liberate ourselves , our friends and allies in the region , and the Iraqi people themselves from the menace of Saddam Hussein . In September 2000 , the PNAC produced a 90-page report entitled Rebuilding Americas Defenses : Strategies , Forces and Resources for a New Century , advocating the redeployment of US troops in permanent bases in strategic locations throughout the world where they can be ready to act to protect US interests abroad . During the 2000 US Presidential election campaign , Wolfowitz served as a foreign policy advisor to George W . Bush as part of the group led by Condoleezza Rice calling itself The Vulcans . Deputy Secretary of Defense . From 2001 to 2005 , during the George W . Bush administration , Wolfowitz served as U.S . Deputy Secretary of Defense reporting to U.S . Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld . The September 11 attacks in 2001 was a turning point in administration policy , as Wolfowitz later explained : 9/11 really was a wake up call and that if we take proper advantage of this opportunity to prevent the future terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction that it will have been an extremely valuable wake up call , adding : if we say our only problem was to respond to 9/11 , and we wait until somebody hits us with nuclear weapons before we take that kind of threat seriously , we will have made a very big mistake . In the first emergency meeting of the National Security Council on the day of the attacks , Rumsfeld asked , Why shouldnt we go against Iraq , not just al-Qaeda ? with Wolfowitz adding that Iraq was a brittle , oppressive regime that might break easily—it was doable , and , according to John Kampfner , from that moment on , he and Wolfowitz used every available opportunity to press the case . The idea was initially rejected , at the behest of Secretary of State Colin Powell , but , according to Kampfner , Undeterred Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz held secret meetings about opening up a second front—against Saddam . Powell was excluded . In such meetings they created a policy that would later be dubbed the Bush Doctrine , centering on pre-emption and the war on Iraq , which the PNAC had advocated in their earlier letters . After the September 11 attacks , the US invaded Afghanistan to fight Al-Qaeda , which had orchestrated the attack . The invasion of Afghanistan began on October 7 , 2001 . On October 10 , 2001 , George Robertson , then Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation , went to the Pentagon to offer NATO troops , planes and ships to assist . Wolfowitz rebuffed the offer , saying : We can do everything we need to . Wolfowitz later announced publicly , according to Kampfner , that allies , coalitions and diplomacy were of little immediate concern . Ten months later , on January 15 , 2003 , with hostilities still continuing , Wolfowitz made a fifteen-hour visit to the Afghan capital , Kabul , and met with the new president Hamid Karzai . Wolfowitz stated , Were clearly moving into a different phase , where our priority in Afghanistan is increasingly going to be stability and reconstruction . Theres no way to go too fast . Faster is better . Despite the promises , according to Hersh , little effort to provide the military and economic resources necessary for reconstruction was made . This criticism would also re-occur after the 2003 invasion of Iraq later that year . On April 16 , 2002 the National Solidarity Rally for Israel was called in Washington to promote US support and collaboration with Israel . Wolfowitz was the sole representative of the Bush administration to attend , speaking alongside Former Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani . As reported by the BBC , Wolfowitz told the crowd that US President George W . Bush wants you to know that he stands in solidarity with you . Sharon Samber and Matthew E . Berger reported for Jewish Telegraphic Agency ( JTA ) that Wolfowitz continued by saying that Innocent Palestinians are suffering and dying as well . It is critical that we recognize and acknowledge that fact , before being booed and drowned out by chants of No more Arafat . Following the invasion of Afghanistan the Bush administration had started to plan for the next stage of the War on Terror . According to John Kampfner , Emboldened by their experience in Afghanistan , they saw the opportunity to root out hostile regimes in the Middle East and to implant very American interpretations of democracy and free markets , from Iraq to Iran and Saudi Arabia . Wolfowitz epitomised this view . Wolfowitz saw a liberated Iraq as both paradigm and linchpin for future interventions . The 2003 invasion of Iraq began on March 19 . Prior to the invasion , Wolfowitz actively championed it , as he later stated : For reasons that have a lot to do with the U.S . government bureaucracy we settled on the one issue that everyone could agree on which was weapons of mass destruction as the core reason The job of finding WMD and providing justification for the attack would fall to the intelligence services , but , according to Kampfner , Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz believed that , while the established security services had a role , they were too bureaucratic and too traditional in their thinking . As a result , they set up what came to be known as the cabal , a cell of eight or nine analysts in a new Office of Special Plans ( OSP ) based in the U.S . Defense Department . According to an unnamed Pentagon source quoted by Hersh , the OSP was created in order to find evidence of what Wolfowitz and his boss , Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld , believed to be true—that Saddam Hussein had close ties to Al Qaeda , and that Iraq had an enormous arsenal of chemical , biological , and possibly even nuclear weapons that threatened the region and , potentially , the United States . Within months of being set up , the OSP rivaled both the CIA and the Pentagons Defense Intelligence Agency , the DIA , as President Bushs main source of intelligence regarding Iraqs possible possession of weapons of mass destruction and connection with Al Qaeda . Hersh explains that the OSP relied on data gathered by other intelligence agencies and also on information provided by the Iraqi National Congress , or I.N.C. , the exile group headed by Ahmad Chalabi . According to Kampfner , the CIA had ended its funding of the INC in the mid-1990s when doubts were cast about Chalabis reliability . Nevertheless , as the administration geared up for conflict with Saddam , Chalabi was welcomed in the inner sanctum of the Pentagon under the auspices of the OSP , and Wolfowitz did not see fit to challenge any of Chalabis information . The actions of the OSP have led to accusation of the Bush administration fixing intelligence to support policy with the aim of influencing Congress in its use of the War Powers Act . Kampfner outlined Wolfowitzs strategy for the 2003 invasion of Iraq , which envisaged the use of air support and the occupation of southern Iraq with ground troops , to install a new government run by Ahmed Chalabis Iraqi National Congress . Wolfowitz believed that the operation would require minimal troop deployment , Hersh explains , because any show of force would immediately trigger a revolt against Saddam within Iraq , and that it would quickly expand . The financial expenditure would be kept low , Kampfner observes , if under the plan American troops would seize the oil fields around Basra , in the South , and sell the oil to finance the opposition . On March 27 , 2003 , Wolfowitz told the House Appropriations Committee that oil revenue earned by Iraq alone would pay for Iraqs reconstruction after the Iraq war ; he testified his rough recollection was : The oil revenues of that country could bring between $50 and $100 billion over the course of the next two or three years . Now , there are a lot of claims on that money , but .. . We are dealing with a country that can really finance its own reconstruction and relatively soon . By October of that year , Lawrence Di Rita , the Pentagons chief spokesman , said prewar estimates that may be borne out in fact are likelier to be more lucky than smart . [ He ] added that earlier estimates and statements by Mr . Wolfowitz and others oozed with uncertainty . Di Ritas comments came as a much less optimistic secret Pentagon study—which had been complete at the time of Wolfowitzs testimony—was coming to public light , and when actual production results in Iraq were coinciding with those projected in the less optimistic Pentagon study . During Wolfowitzs pre-war testimony before Congress , he dismissed General Eric K . Shinsekis estimates of the size of the post war occupation force which would be needed . General Shinseki testified to the US Senate Armed Services Committee on February 25 , 2003 that something in the order of several hundred thousand soldiers would probably be required for postwar Iraq . By contrast , Wolfowitz estimated that fewer than 100,000 troops would be necessary in Iraq . Two days after Shinseki testified , Wolfowitz said to the House Budget Committee on February 27 , 2003:There has been a good deal of comment—some of it quite outlandish—about what our postwar requirements might be in Iraq . Some of the higher end predictions we have been hearing recently , such as the notion that it will take several hundred thousand U.S . troops to provide stability in post-Saddam Iraq , are wildly off the mark . It is hard to conceive that it would take more forces to provide stability in post-Saddam Iraq than it would take to conduct the war itself and to secure the surrender of Saddams security forces and his army—hard to imagine . On October 26 , 2003 , while in Baghdad staying at the Al-Rashid Hotel Wolfowitz narrowly escaped an attack when six rockets hit the floors below his room . Army Lt . Col . Charles H . Buehring was killed and seventeen other soldiers were wounded . Wolfowitz and his DOD staffers escaped unharmed and returned to the United States on October 28 , 2003 . President of the World Bank . In March 2005 , Wolfowitz was nominated to be president of the World Bank by US President George W . Bush . Criticism of his nomination appeared in the media . Nobel Laureate in Economics and former chief economist for the World Bank Joseph Stiglitz said : The World Bank will once again become a hate figure . This could bring street protests and violence across the developing world . In a speech at the U.N . Economic and Social Council , economist Jeffrey Sachs also opposed Wolfowitz : Its time for other candidates to come forward that have experience in development . This is a position on which hundreds of millions of people depend for their lives .. . Lets have a proper leadership of professionalism . In the US , there was some praise for the nomination . An editorial in The Wall Street Journal stated : Mr . Wolfowitz is willing to speak the truth to power .. . he saw earlier than most , and spoke publicly about , the need for dictators to plan democratic transitions . It is the worlds dictators who are the chief causes of world poverty . If anyone can stand up to the Robert Mugabes of the world , it must be the man who stood up to Saddam Hussein.He was confirmed and became president on June 1 , 2005 . He soon attended the 31st G8 summit to discuss issues of global climate change and the economic development in Africa . When this meeting was interrupted by the July 7 , 2005 London bombings , Wolfowitz was present with other world leaders at the press conference given by British Prime Minister Tony Blair . Several of Wolfowitzs initial appointments at the Bank proved controversial , including two US nationals ( Robin Cleveland and Kevin Kellems ) formerly with the Bush administration , whom he appointed as close advisors with $250,000 tax-free contracts . Another appointee , Juan José Daboub , faced criticism , including from his colleagues , for attempting to bring policies on climate change and family planning towards a more conservative position . Wolfowitz gave special emphasis to two particular issues . Identifying Sub-Saharan Africa as the region most challenged to improve living standards , he traveled widely in the region . He also made clear his focus on fighting corruption . Several aspects of the latter program raised controversy . Overturning the names produced by a formal search process , he appointed a figure linked to the US Republican party to head the Banks internal watchdog . Member countries worried that Wolfowitzs willingness to suspend lending to countries on grounds of corruption was vulnerable to selective application in line with US foreign policy interests . In a debate on the proposed Governance and Anti-Corruption Strategy at the Banks 2006 Annual Meetings , shareholders directed Wolfowitz to undertake extensive consultations and revise the strategy to show how objective measures of corruption would be incorporated into decisions and how the shareholders representatives on the Banks Board would play a key role . Following the consultations and revisions , the Board approved a revised strategy in spring 2007 . Controversies . Wolfowitzs relationship with Shaha Riza . After President George W . Bush nominated Wolfowitz as president of the World Bank , journalists reported that Wolfowitz was involved in a relationship with World Bank Senior Communications Officer ( and Acting Manager of External Affairs ) for the Middle East and North Africa Regional Office Shaha Ali Riza . According to Richard Leiby , of The Washington Post , Riza is an Oxford-educated British citizen , was born in Tunisia and grew up in Saudi Arabia . She is known for her expertise on womens rights and has been listed on the banks Web site as a media contact for Iraq reconstruction issues . According to Leiby and Linton Weeks , in their essay In the Shadow of a Scandal , Rizas employment at the World Bank predated Wolfowitzs nomination as Bank president : Riza started at the World Bank as a consultant in July 1997 and became a full-time employee in 1999 ; and the relationship between Riza and Wolfowitz pre-dated it as well : In the early 1990s , Riza joined the National Endowment for Democracy and is credited there with development of the organizations Middle East program . Wolfowitz was on the endowments board—which is how Riza first met him , according to Turkish journalist Cengiz Candar , a friend of the couple . Shaha was married at the time and Paul was married , Candar recalled , and it wasnt until late 1999—after Riza divorced and Wolfowitz had separated from his wife of 30 years , Clare Selgin Wolfowitz—that the couple began dating . When Wolfowitz was considered for head of the CIA after the 2000 election , Clare Wolfowitz wrote President-elect George Bush a letter telling him that her husbands relationship with a foreign national—Riza—posed a national security risk . It has been reported that Scooter Libby intercepted the letter . Sidney Blumenthal also reported on the letter Clare Wolfowitz wrote : This embittered letter remained a closely guarded secret , although a former high official of the CIA told me about it . Chris Nelson also reported it on April 16 in his widely respected , nonpartisan foreign policy newsletter : A certain Ms . Riza was even then Wolfowitzs true love . The problem for the CIA wasnt just that she was a foreign national , although that was and is today an issue for anyone interested in CIA employment . The problem was that Wolfowitz was married to someone else , and that someone was really angry about it , and she found a way to bring her complaint directly to the President . So when we , with our characteristic innocence , put Wolfowitz on our short-list for CIA , we were instantly told , by a very , very , very senior Republican foreign policy operative , I dont think so . The Daily Mail of London also reported on his wifes letter when Wolfowitz was appointed president of the World Bank in 2005 . According to the London Sunday Times on March 20 , 2005 , despite their cultural differences:Riza , an Arab feminist who confounds portrayals of Wolfowitz as a leader of a Zionist conspiracy of Jewish neoconservatives in Washington .. . [ and who ] works as the banks senior gender co-ordinator for the Middle East and north Africa .. . not only shares Wolfowitzs passion for spreading democracy in the Arab world , but is said to have reinforced his determination to remove Saddam Husseins oppressive regime.The relationship created further controversy over Wolfowitzs nomination to head the World Bank , because the banks ethics rules preclude sexual relationships between a manager and a staff member serving under that manager , even if one reports to the other only indirectly through a chain of supervision . Wolfowitz initially proposed to the World Banks Ethics Committee that he recuse himself from personnel matters regarding Riza , but the committee rejected that proposal . Riza was seconded to the State Department , or placed on external assignment , assigned a job at the state department under Liz Cheney , the daughter of the vice-president , promoting democracy in the Middle East . She was also moved up to a managerial pay grade in compensation for the disruption to her career , resulting in a raise of over $60,000 , as well as guarantees of future increases ; The staff association claims that the pay rise was more than double the amount allowed under employee guidelines . A promotion and raise had been among the options suggested by a World Bank ethics committee that was set up to advise on the situation . According to Steven R . Weisman , however , in a report published in The New York Times , the then-current chair of the committee emphasized that he was not informed at the time of the details or extent of the present and future raises built into the agreement with Riza . Wolfowitz referred to the controversy concerning his relationship with Riza in a statement posted on the website of the World Bank at the time ( April 12 , 2007 ) . The affair resurfaced in headlines in 2011 . Wolfowitzs leadership of the World Bank Group . In early 2007 , Fox News published on a series of investigative stories on the World Bank , based in part on leaks of internal bank documents . On April 11 , 2007 , Reuters and Al Kamen in The Washington Post , reported that Wolfowitz and the World Bank board had hired the Williams & Connolly law firm to oversee an investigation into the leaking of internal bank documents to Fox News . Those reports cite an internal memo to the bank staff later posted on the internet , dated April 9 , 2007 , in which the World Banks general counsel , Ana Palacio , states that the Banks legal staff was scrutinizing two articles by investigative reporter Richard Behar published on the website of Fox News on January 31 and March 27 , 2007 . A day after the second report published by Behar , on March 28 , 2007 , Kamen had disclosed that Bank records obtained by the Government Accountability Project documented pay raises in excess of Bank policies given to Shaha Riza On April 12 , 2007 , the London Financial Times reported that , in a 2005 memorandum , Wolfowitz had personally directed the Banks human resources chief to offer Riza a large pay rise and promotion , according to two anonymous sources who told the Financial Times that they had seen the memo . The memo was part of a package of 102 pages of documents released by the bank on April 14 , 2007 . On April 14 , 2007 , after reviewing these documents , the Financial Times concluded that it was a potentially fatal blow to Wolfowitz . In contrast , Fox News concluded that the new documents might offer Wolfowitz a new lifeline in the scandal , because the Banks ethics committee had launched a review of the Riza compensation case in early 2006 and concluded that it did not warrant any further attention by the committee . Wolfowitz failed , on April 19 , 2007 , to attend a high-profile meeting and the controversy led to disruption at the World Bank when some employees wore blue ribbons in a display of defiance against his leadership . World Bank Groups board of executive directors and staffers complained also that Wolfowitz was imposing Bush Administration policies to eliminate family planning from World Bank programs . According to Nicole Gaouette , in her report published in the Los Angeles Times on April 19 , 2007 , Juan José Daboub—the managing director whom Wolfowitz had appointed who has also been criticized for overly-conservative policies concerning climate change and a Roman Catholic with ties to a conservative Salvadoran political party—repeatedly deleted references to family planning from World Bank proposals . On May 14 , 2007 the World Bank committee investigating the alleged ethics violations reported ( in part ) : - Mr . Wolfowitzs contract requiring that he adhere to the Code of Conduct for board officials and that he avoid any conflict of interest , real or apparent , were violated ; - The salary increase Ms . Riza received at Mr . Wolfowitzs direction was in excess of the range established by Rule 6.01 ; - The ad hoc group concludes that in actuality , Mr Wolfowitz from the outset cast himself in opposition to the established rules of the institution ; and - He did not accept the banks policy on conflict of interest , so he sought to negotiate for himself a resolution different from that which would have applied to the staff he was selected to head . Wolfowitz appeared before the World Bank Groups board of executive directors to respond on May 15 . Adams speculated that With Mr Wolfowitz so far refusing to step down , the board may need to take radical action to break the stalemate . Members have discussed a range of options , including sacking Mr Wolfowitz , issuing a vote of no confidence or reprimanding him . Some board members argue that a vote of no confidence would make it impossible for him to stay in the job . By Wednesday , May 16 , 2007 , The New York Times , reported that after six weeks of fighting efforts to oust him as president .. . Wolfowitz began today to negotiate the terms of his possible resignation , in return for the bank dropping or softening the charge that he had engaged in misconduct .. . After expressions from the Bush administration that it fully supported Wolfowitz as World Bank president and its urging a fair hearing for him , President Bush expressed regret at Wolfowitzs impending resignation . On May 17 , 2007 the World Bank Groups board of Executive Directors announced that Paul Wolfowitz would resign as World Bank Group president at the end of June 2007 . Recent activities . As a Visiting Scholar of the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research , Wolfowitz has blogged for the group and appeared in group events . In 2011 , he wrote columns that appeared in publications such as The Independent , The Sunday Times , and Newsweek . Wolfowitz is a former steering committee member of the Bilderberg group . In February 2013 , Wolfowitz publicly supported legal recognition for same-sex marriage in an amicus brief submitted to the US Supreme Court . In February 2015 , Wolfowitz advised presidential candidate Jeb Bush . In August 2016 , Wolfowitz announced his intention to vote for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election , despite having serious reservations about her . However , in a December interview on Fox Business , Wolfowitz claimed that he did not in fact vote for Clinton . In January 2017 , Wolfowitz wrote an op-ed in the New York Times commenting on a dissent cable that had been signed by 1,000 Foreign Service Officers criticizing President Trumps executive action on immigration . |
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"Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs"
] | hard | What was the position of Paul Wolfowitz in Feb 1983? | /wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#P39#1 | Paul Wolfowitz Paul Dundes Wolfowitz ( ; born December 22 , 1943 ) is an American political scientist and diplomat who served as the 10th President of the World Bank , U.S . Deputy Secretary of Defense , U.S . Ambassador to Indonesia , and former dean of Johns Hopkins SAIS . He is currently a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute . He was an early advocate of the Iraq War and has widely been described as an architect of the war . In the aftermath of the insurgency and civil war that followed the invasion , Wolfowitz denied influencing policy on Iraq and disclaimed responsibility . He is a leading neoconservative . In 2005 , he left the Pentagon to serve as president of the World Bank only to resign after two years over a scandal involving allegations he used his position to help World Bank staffer Shaha Riza to whom he was romantically linked . A Reuters report described it as a protracted battle over his stewardship , prompted by his involvement in a high-paying promotion for his companion . Wolfowitz is the only World Bank president to have resigned over a scandal . Early life . The second child of Jacob Wolfowitz ( b . Warsaw ; 1910–1981 ) and Lillian Dundes , Paul Wolfowitz was born in Brooklyn , New York , into a Polish Jewish immigrant family , and grew up mainly in Ithaca , New York , where his father was a professor of statistical theory at Cornell University . Strongly influenced by his father , Paul Wolfowitz became a soft-spoken former aspiring-mathematician-turned-policymaker .. . [ whose ] world views .. . were forged by family history and in the halls of academia rather than in the jungles of Vietnam or the corridors of Congress .. . [ His father ] .. . left new country Poland after World War I and after 123 years of partitions . The rest of his fathers family perished in the Holocaust . In the mid-1960s , while they were both undergraduate students at Cornell residing at the Cornell Branch of the Telluride Association , he met Clare Selgin , who later became an anthropologist . They married in 1968 , had three children and lived in Chevy Chase , Maryland . They separated in 1999 , and , according to some sources , became legally separated in 2001 and divorced in 2002 . In late 1999 , Wolfowitz began dating Shaha Riza . Their relationship led to controversy later , during his presidency of the World Bank Group . Wolfowitz speaks five languages in addition to English : Arabic , French , German , Hebrew , and Indonesian . He was reportedly the model for a minor character named Philip Gorman in Saul Bellows 2001 book Ravelstein . University education . Cornell University . Wolfowitz entered Cornell University in 1961 . He lived in the Telluride House in 1962 and 1963 , while philosophy professor Allan Bloom served as a faculty mentor living in the house . In August 1963 , he and his mother participated in the civil-rights march on Washington organized by A . Philip Randolph Wolfowitz was a member of the Quill and Dagger society . Wolfowitz graduated in 1965 with a B.A . in mathematics . Against his fathers wishes , Wolfowitz decided to go to graduate school to study political science . Wolfowitz would later say that one of the things that ultimately led me to leave mathematics and go into political science was thinking I could prevent nuclear war . University of Chicago . In 1972 , Wolfowitz received a Ph.D . in political science from the University of Chicago , writing his doctoral dissertation on Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East : The Politics and Economics of Proposals for Nuclear Desalting . At the University of Chicago , Wolfowitz took two courses with Leo Strauss . He completed his dissertation under Albert Wohlstetter . Wohlstetter became Wolfowitzs mentor . In the words of Wolfowitzs future colleague Richard Perle : Paul thinks the way Albert thinks . In the summer of 1969 , Wohlstetter arranged for Wolfowitz , Perle and Peter Wilson to join the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy which was set up by Cold War architects Paul Nitze and Dean Acheson . While finishing his dissertation , Wolfowitz taught in the department of political science at Yale University from 1970 to 1972 ; one of his students was future colleague Scooter Libby . Career . Arms Control and Disarmament Agency . In the 1970s , Wolfowitz and Perle served as aides to proto-neoconservative Democratic Senator Henry M . Jackson . A Cold War liberal , Jackson supported higher military spending and a hard line against the Soviet Union alongside more traditional Democratic causes , such as social welfare programs , civil rights , and labor unions . In 1972 , US President Richard Nixon , under pressure from Senator Jackson , dismissed the head of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency ( ACDA ) and replaced him with Fred Ikle . Ikle brought in a new team that included Wolfowitz . While at ACDA , Wolfowitz wrote research papers and drafted testimony , as he had previously done at the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy . He traveled with Ikle to strategic arms limitations talks in Paris and other European cities . He also helped dissuade South Korea from reprocessing plutonium that could be diverted into a clandestine weapons program . Under President Gerald Ford , the American intelligence agencies came under attack over their annually published National Intelligence Estimate . According to Mann , The underlying issue was whether the C.I.A . and other agencies were underestimating the threat from the Soviet Union , either by intentionally tailoring intelligence to support Kissingers policy of détente or by simply failing to give enough weight to darker interpretations of Soviet intentions . Attempting to counter these claims , Director of Central Intelligence George H . W . Bush formed a committee of anti-Communist experts , headed by Richard Pipes , to reassess the raw data . Based on the recommendation of Perle , Pipes picked Wolfowitz for this committee , which was later called Team B . The teams 1976 report , which was leaked to the press , stated that all the evidence points to an undeviating Soviet commitment to what is euphemistically called the worldwide triumph of socialism , but in fact connotes global Soviet hegemony , highlighting a number of key areas where they believed the governments intelligence analysts had failed . According to Jack Davis , Wolfowitz observed later : The B-Team demonstrated that it was possible to construct a sharply different view of Soviet motivation from the consensus view of the [ intelligence ] analysts and one that provided a much closer fit to the Soviets observed behavior ( and also provided a much better forecast of subsequent behavior up to and through the invasion of Afghanistan ) . The formal presentation of the competing views in a session out at [ CIA headquarters in ] Langley also made clear that the enormous experience and expertise of the B-Team as a group were formidable . Team Bs conclusions have faced criticism . They have been called worst-case analysis , ignoring the political , demographic , and economic rot already eating away at the Soviet system . Wolfowitz reportedly did not have a central role in Team B , mostly focused on analyzing the role that medium-range missiles played in Soviet military strategy . Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs . In 1977 , during the Carter administration , Wolfowitz moved to the Pentagon . He was US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs for the US Defense Department , under US Secretary of Defense Harold Brown . In 1980 , Wolfowitz resigned from the Pentagon and became a visiting professor at the Paul H . Nitze School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) at Johns Hopkins University . Shortly thereafter , he joined the Republican Party . According to The Washington Post : He said it was not he who changed his political philosophy so much as the Democratic Party , which abandoned the hard-headed internationalism of Harry Truman , Kennedy and Jackson . State Department Director of Policy Planning . Following the 1980 election of President Ronald Reagan , the new National Security Advisor Richard V . Allen formed the administrations foreign policy advisory team . Allen initially rejected Wolfowitzs appointment but following discussions , instigated by former colleague John Lehman , Allen offered Wolfowitz the position of Director of Policy Planning at the Department of State . President Reagans foreign policy was heavily influenced by the Kirkpatrick Doctrine , as outlined in a 1979 article in Commentary by Jeane Kirkpatrick entitled Dictatorships and Double Standards . Although most governments in the world are , as they always have been , autocracies of one kind or another , no idea holds greater sway in the mind of educated Americans than the belief that it is possible to democratize governments , anytime , anywhere , under any circumstances .. . ( But ) decades , if not centuries , are normally required for people to acquire the necessary disciplines and habits . Wolfowitz broke from this official line by denouncing Saddam Hussein of Iraq at a time when Donald Rumsfeld was offering the dictator support in his conflict with Iran . James Mann points out : quite a few neo-conservatives , like Wolfowitz , believed strongly in democratic ideals ; they had taken from the philosopher Leo Strauss the notion that there is a moral duty to oppose a leader who is a tyrant . Other areas where Wolfowitz disagreed with the administration was in his opposition to attempts to open up dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) and to the sale of Airborne Warning and Control System ( AWACS ) aircraft to Saudi Arabia . In both instances , according to Mann , Wolfowitz demonstrated himself to be one of the strongest supporters of Israel in the Reagan administration . Mann stresses : It was on China that Wolfowitz launched his boldest challenge to the established order . After Nixon and Kissinger had gone to China in the early 1970s , US policy was to make concessions to China as an essential Cold War ally . The Chinese were now pushing for the US to end arms sales to Taiwan , and Wolfowitz used the Chinese incentive as an opportunity to undermine Kissingers foreign policy toward China . Instead , Wolfowitz advocated a unilateralist policy , claiming that the US did not need Chinas assistance but that the Chinese needed the US to protect them against the far-more-likely prospect of a Soviet invasion of the Chinese mainland . Wolfowitz soon came into conflict with Secretary of State Alexander Haig , who had been Kissingers assistant at the time of the visits to China . On March 30 , 1982 , The New York Times predicted that Paul D . Wolfowitz , the director of policy planning .. . will be replaced , because Mr . Haig found Mr . Wolfowitz too theoretical . Instead , on June 25 , 1982 , George P . Shultz replaced Haig as US Secretary of State , and Wolfowitz was promoted . State Department Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs . In 1982 , Secretary of State Shultz appointed Wolfowitz as Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs . Jeane Kirkpatrick , on a visit to the Philippines , was welcomed by the dictator Ferdinand Marcos who quoted heavily from her 1979 Commentary article Dictatorships and Double Standards and although Kirkpatrick had been forced to speak-out in favor of democracy the article continued to influence Reagans policy toward Marcos . Following the assassination of Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino , Jr . in 1983 many within the Reagan administration including the President himself began to fear that the Philippines could fall to the communists and the US military would lose its strongholds at Clark Air Force Base and Subic Bay Naval Station . Wolfowitz tried to change the administrations policy , stating in an April 15 , 1985 article in The Wall Street Journal that The best antidote to Communism is democracy . Wolfowitz and his assistant Lewis Libby made trips to Manila where they called for democratic reforms and met with non-communist opposition leaders . Mann points out that the Reagan administrations decision to support democratic government in the Philippines had been hesitant , messy , crisis-driven and skewed by the desire to do what was necessary to protect the American military installations . Following massive street protests , Marcos fled the country on a US Air Force plane and the US recognized the government of Corazón Aquino . Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia . From 1986 to 1989 , during the military-backed government of President Suharto , Wolfowitz was the US Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia . According to Peter J . Boyer , Wolfowitzs appointment to Indonesia was not an immediately obvious match . He was a Jew representing America in the largest Muslim republic in the world , an advocate of democracy in Suhartos dictatorship . But Wolfowitzs tenure as Ambassador was a notable success , largely owing to the fact that , in essence , he went native . With tutoring help from his driver , he learned the language , and hurled himself into the culture . He attended academic seminars , climbed volcanoes , and toured the neighborhoods of Jakarta . Sipress and Nakashima report that Wolfowitzs colleagues and friends , both Indonesian and American pointed to the U.S . envoys quiet pursuit of political and economic reforms in Indonesia . Dewi Fortuna Anwar , a foreign policy adviser to B . J . Habibie , Suhartos successor as head of state ( 1998–99 ) , stated that Wolfowitz was a competent and popular envoy . But he never intervened to push human rights or stand up to corruption . Officials involved in the AID program during Wolfowitzs tenure told The Washington Post that he took a keen personal interest in development , including health care , agriculture and private sector expansion and that Wolfowitz canceled food assistance to the Indonesian government out of concern that Suhartos family , which had an ownership interest in the countrys only flour mill , was indirectly benefiting . In The Tragedy of Suharto , published in May 1998 , in The Wall Street Journal , Wolfowitz states : Although it is fashionable to blame all of Asias present problems on corruption and the failure of Asian values , it is at bottom a case of a bubble bursting , of too many imprudent lenders chasing too many incautious borrowers . But the greed of Mr . Suhartos children ensured that their father would take the lions share of the blame for Indonesias financial collapse . The Suharto childrens favored position became a major obstacle to the measures needed to restore economic confidence . Worst of all , they ensured that the economic crisis would be a political crisis as well . That he allowed this , and that he amassed such wealth himself , is all the more mysterious since he lived a relatively modest life . After the 2002 Bali bombing , on October 18 , 2002 , then Deputy Secretary of Defense Wolfowitz observed that the reason the terrorists are successful in Indonesia is because the Suharto regime fell and the methods that were used to suppress them are gone . Undersecretary of Defense for Policy . From 1989 to 1993 , Wolfowitz served in the administration of George H . W . Bush as Under Secretary of Defense for Policy , under then US Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney . During the 1991 Persian Gulf War , Wolfowitzs team co-ordinated and reviewed military strategy , raising $50 billion in allied financial support for the operation . Wolfowitz was present with Cheney , Colin Powell and others , on February 27 , 1991 , at the meeting with the President where it was decided that the troops should be demobilised . On February 25 , 1998 , Wolfowitz testified before a congressional committee that he thought that the best opportunity to overthrow Saddam was , unfortunately , lost in the month right after the war . Wolfowitz added that he was horrified in March as Saddam Hussein flew helicopters that slaughtered the people in the south and in the north who were rising up against him , while American fighter pilots flew overhead , desperately eager to shoot down those helicopters , and not allowed to do so . During that hearing , he also stated : Some people might say—and I think I would sympathise with this view—that perhaps if we had delayed the ceasefire by a few more days , we might have got rid of Saddam Hussein . After the 1991 Persian Gulf War , Wolfowitz and his then-assistant Scooter Libby wrote the Defense Planning Guidance of 1992 , which came to be known as the Wolfowitz Doctrine , to set the nations direction for the next century . As military strategist Andrew Bacevich described the doctrine : Before this classified document was fully vetted by the White House , it was leaked to The New York Times , which made it front-page news . The draft DPG announced that it had become the first objective of U.S . policy to prevent the re-emergence of a new rival . With an eye toward deterring potential competitors from even aspiring to a larger regional or global role , the United States would maintain unquestioned military superiority and , if necessary , employ force unilaterally . As window dressing , allies might be nice , but the United States no longer considered them necessary . At that time the official administration line was containment , and the contents of Wolfowitzs plan calling for preemption and unilateralism which was opposed by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell and President Bush . Defense Secretary Cheney produced a revised plan released in 1992 . Many of the ideas in the Wolfowitz Doctrine later became part of the Bush Doctrine . He left the government after the 1992 election . Johns Hopkins University . From 1994 to 2001 , Wolfowitz served as Professor of International Relations and Dean of the Paul H . Nitze School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) at Johns Hopkins University . He was instrumental in adding more than $75 million to the universitys endowment , developing an international finance concentration as part of the curriculum , and combining the various Asian studies programs into one department . He also advised Bob Dole on foreign policy during his 1996 US Presidential election campaign , which was managed by Donald Rumsfeld . According to Kampfner , Wolfowitz used his perch at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies as a test-bed for a new conservative world vision . Wolfowitz was associated with the Project for the New American Century ( PNAC ) ; he signed both the PNACs June 3 , 1997 Statement of Principles , and its January 26 , 1998 , open letter to President Bill Clinton . In February 1998 , Wolfowitz testified before a Congressional hearing , stating that the current administration lacked the sense of purpose to liberate ourselves , our friends and allies in the region , and the Iraqi people themselves from the menace of Saddam Hussein . In September 2000 , the PNAC produced a 90-page report entitled Rebuilding Americas Defenses : Strategies , Forces and Resources for a New Century , advocating the redeployment of US troops in permanent bases in strategic locations throughout the world where they can be ready to act to protect US interests abroad . During the 2000 US Presidential election campaign , Wolfowitz served as a foreign policy advisor to George W . Bush as part of the group led by Condoleezza Rice calling itself The Vulcans . Deputy Secretary of Defense . From 2001 to 2005 , during the George W . Bush administration , Wolfowitz served as U.S . Deputy Secretary of Defense reporting to U.S . Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld . The September 11 attacks in 2001 was a turning point in administration policy , as Wolfowitz later explained : 9/11 really was a wake up call and that if we take proper advantage of this opportunity to prevent the future terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction that it will have been an extremely valuable wake up call , adding : if we say our only problem was to respond to 9/11 , and we wait until somebody hits us with nuclear weapons before we take that kind of threat seriously , we will have made a very big mistake . In the first emergency meeting of the National Security Council on the day of the attacks , Rumsfeld asked , Why shouldnt we go against Iraq , not just al-Qaeda ? with Wolfowitz adding that Iraq was a brittle , oppressive regime that might break easily—it was doable , and , according to John Kampfner , from that moment on , he and Wolfowitz used every available opportunity to press the case . The idea was initially rejected , at the behest of Secretary of State Colin Powell , but , according to Kampfner , Undeterred Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz held secret meetings about opening up a second front—against Saddam . Powell was excluded . In such meetings they created a policy that would later be dubbed the Bush Doctrine , centering on pre-emption and the war on Iraq , which the PNAC had advocated in their earlier letters . After the September 11 attacks , the US invaded Afghanistan to fight Al-Qaeda , which had orchestrated the attack . The invasion of Afghanistan began on October 7 , 2001 . On October 10 , 2001 , George Robertson , then Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation , went to the Pentagon to offer NATO troops , planes and ships to assist . Wolfowitz rebuffed the offer , saying : We can do everything we need to . Wolfowitz later announced publicly , according to Kampfner , that allies , coalitions and diplomacy were of little immediate concern . Ten months later , on January 15 , 2003 , with hostilities still continuing , Wolfowitz made a fifteen-hour visit to the Afghan capital , Kabul , and met with the new president Hamid Karzai . Wolfowitz stated , Were clearly moving into a different phase , where our priority in Afghanistan is increasingly going to be stability and reconstruction . Theres no way to go too fast . Faster is better . Despite the promises , according to Hersh , little effort to provide the military and economic resources necessary for reconstruction was made . This criticism would also re-occur after the 2003 invasion of Iraq later that year . On April 16 , 2002 the National Solidarity Rally for Israel was called in Washington to promote US support and collaboration with Israel . Wolfowitz was the sole representative of the Bush administration to attend , speaking alongside Former Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani . As reported by the BBC , Wolfowitz told the crowd that US President George W . Bush wants you to know that he stands in solidarity with you . Sharon Samber and Matthew E . Berger reported for Jewish Telegraphic Agency ( JTA ) that Wolfowitz continued by saying that Innocent Palestinians are suffering and dying as well . It is critical that we recognize and acknowledge that fact , before being booed and drowned out by chants of No more Arafat . Following the invasion of Afghanistan the Bush administration had started to plan for the next stage of the War on Terror . According to John Kampfner , Emboldened by their experience in Afghanistan , they saw the opportunity to root out hostile regimes in the Middle East and to implant very American interpretations of democracy and free markets , from Iraq to Iran and Saudi Arabia . Wolfowitz epitomised this view . Wolfowitz saw a liberated Iraq as both paradigm and linchpin for future interventions . The 2003 invasion of Iraq began on March 19 . Prior to the invasion , Wolfowitz actively championed it , as he later stated : For reasons that have a lot to do with the U.S . government bureaucracy we settled on the one issue that everyone could agree on which was weapons of mass destruction as the core reason The job of finding WMD and providing justification for the attack would fall to the intelligence services , but , according to Kampfner , Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz believed that , while the established security services had a role , they were too bureaucratic and too traditional in their thinking . As a result , they set up what came to be known as the cabal , a cell of eight or nine analysts in a new Office of Special Plans ( OSP ) based in the U.S . Defense Department . According to an unnamed Pentagon source quoted by Hersh , the OSP was created in order to find evidence of what Wolfowitz and his boss , Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld , believed to be true—that Saddam Hussein had close ties to Al Qaeda , and that Iraq had an enormous arsenal of chemical , biological , and possibly even nuclear weapons that threatened the region and , potentially , the United States . Within months of being set up , the OSP rivaled both the CIA and the Pentagons Defense Intelligence Agency , the DIA , as President Bushs main source of intelligence regarding Iraqs possible possession of weapons of mass destruction and connection with Al Qaeda . Hersh explains that the OSP relied on data gathered by other intelligence agencies and also on information provided by the Iraqi National Congress , or I.N.C. , the exile group headed by Ahmad Chalabi . According to Kampfner , the CIA had ended its funding of the INC in the mid-1990s when doubts were cast about Chalabis reliability . Nevertheless , as the administration geared up for conflict with Saddam , Chalabi was welcomed in the inner sanctum of the Pentagon under the auspices of the OSP , and Wolfowitz did not see fit to challenge any of Chalabis information . The actions of the OSP have led to accusation of the Bush administration fixing intelligence to support policy with the aim of influencing Congress in its use of the War Powers Act . Kampfner outlined Wolfowitzs strategy for the 2003 invasion of Iraq , which envisaged the use of air support and the occupation of southern Iraq with ground troops , to install a new government run by Ahmed Chalabis Iraqi National Congress . Wolfowitz believed that the operation would require minimal troop deployment , Hersh explains , because any show of force would immediately trigger a revolt against Saddam within Iraq , and that it would quickly expand . The financial expenditure would be kept low , Kampfner observes , if under the plan American troops would seize the oil fields around Basra , in the South , and sell the oil to finance the opposition . On March 27 , 2003 , Wolfowitz told the House Appropriations Committee that oil revenue earned by Iraq alone would pay for Iraqs reconstruction after the Iraq war ; he testified his rough recollection was : The oil revenues of that country could bring between $50 and $100 billion over the course of the next two or three years . Now , there are a lot of claims on that money , but .. . We are dealing with a country that can really finance its own reconstruction and relatively soon . By October of that year , Lawrence Di Rita , the Pentagons chief spokesman , said prewar estimates that may be borne out in fact are likelier to be more lucky than smart . [ He ] added that earlier estimates and statements by Mr . Wolfowitz and others oozed with uncertainty . Di Ritas comments came as a much less optimistic secret Pentagon study—which had been complete at the time of Wolfowitzs testimony—was coming to public light , and when actual production results in Iraq were coinciding with those projected in the less optimistic Pentagon study . During Wolfowitzs pre-war testimony before Congress , he dismissed General Eric K . Shinsekis estimates of the size of the post war occupation force which would be needed . General Shinseki testified to the US Senate Armed Services Committee on February 25 , 2003 that something in the order of several hundred thousand soldiers would probably be required for postwar Iraq . By contrast , Wolfowitz estimated that fewer than 100,000 troops would be necessary in Iraq . Two days after Shinseki testified , Wolfowitz said to the House Budget Committee on February 27 , 2003:There has been a good deal of comment—some of it quite outlandish—about what our postwar requirements might be in Iraq . Some of the higher end predictions we have been hearing recently , such as the notion that it will take several hundred thousand U.S . troops to provide stability in post-Saddam Iraq , are wildly off the mark . It is hard to conceive that it would take more forces to provide stability in post-Saddam Iraq than it would take to conduct the war itself and to secure the surrender of Saddams security forces and his army—hard to imagine . On October 26 , 2003 , while in Baghdad staying at the Al-Rashid Hotel Wolfowitz narrowly escaped an attack when six rockets hit the floors below his room . Army Lt . Col . Charles H . Buehring was killed and seventeen other soldiers were wounded . Wolfowitz and his DOD staffers escaped unharmed and returned to the United States on October 28 , 2003 . President of the World Bank . In March 2005 , Wolfowitz was nominated to be president of the World Bank by US President George W . Bush . Criticism of his nomination appeared in the media . Nobel Laureate in Economics and former chief economist for the World Bank Joseph Stiglitz said : The World Bank will once again become a hate figure . This could bring street protests and violence across the developing world . In a speech at the U.N . Economic and Social Council , economist Jeffrey Sachs also opposed Wolfowitz : Its time for other candidates to come forward that have experience in development . This is a position on which hundreds of millions of people depend for their lives .. . Lets have a proper leadership of professionalism . In the US , there was some praise for the nomination . An editorial in The Wall Street Journal stated : Mr . Wolfowitz is willing to speak the truth to power .. . he saw earlier than most , and spoke publicly about , the need for dictators to plan democratic transitions . It is the worlds dictators who are the chief causes of world poverty . If anyone can stand up to the Robert Mugabes of the world , it must be the man who stood up to Saddam Hussein.He was confirmed and became president on June 1 , 2005 . He soon attended the 31st G8 summit to discuss issues of global climate change and the economic development in Africa . When this meeting was interrupted by the July 7 , 2005 London bombings , Wolfowitz was present with other world leaders at the press conference given by British Prime Minister Tony Blair . Several of Wolfowitzs initial appointments at the Bank proved controversial , including two US nationals ( Robin Cleveland and Kevin Kellems ) formerly with the Bush administration , whom he appointed as close advisors with $250,000 tax-free contracts . Another appointee , Juan José Daboub , faced criticism , including from his colleagues , for attempting to bring policies on climate change and family planning towards a more conservative position . Wolfowitz gave special emphasis to two particular issues . Identifying Sub-Saharan Africa as the region most challenged to improve living standards , he traveled widely in the region . He also made clear his focus on fighting corruption . Several aspects of the latter program raised controversy . Overturning the names produced by a formal search process , he appointed a figure linked to the US Republican party to head the Banks internal watchdog . Member countries worried that Wolfowitzs willingness to suspend lending to countries on grounds of corruption was vulnerable to selective application in line with US foreign policy interests . In a debate on the proposed Governance and Anti-Corruption Strategy at the Banks 2006 Annual Meetings , shareholders directed Wolfowitz to undertake extensive consultations and revise the strategy to show how objective measures of corruption would be incorporated into decisions and how the shareholders representatives on the Banks Board would play a key role . Following the consultations and revisions , the Board approved a revised strategy in spring 2007 . Controversies . Wolfowitzs relationship with Shaha Riza . After President George W . Bush nominated Wolfowitz as president of the World Bank , journalists reported that Wolfowitz was involved in a relationship with World Bank Senior Communications Officer ( and Acting Manager of External Affairs ) for the Middle East and North Africa Regional Office Shaha Ali Riza . According to Richard Leiby , of The Washington Post , Riza is an Oxford-educated British citizen , was born in Tunisia and grew up in Saudi Arabia . She is known for her expertise on womens rights and has been listed on the banks Web site as a media contact for Iraq reconstruction issues . According to Leiby and Linton Weeks , in their essay In the Shadow of a Scandal , Rizas employment at the World Bank predated Wolfowitzs nomination as Bank president : Riza started at the World Bank as a consultant in July 1997 and became a full-time employee in 1999 ; and the relationship between Riza and Wolfowitz pre-dated it as well : In the early 1990s , Riza joined the National Endowment for Democracy and is credited there with development of the organizations Middle East program . Wolfowitz was on the endowments board—which is how Riza first met him , according to Turkish journalist Cengiz Candar , a friend of the couple . Shaha was married at the time and Paul was married , Candar recalled , and it wasnt until late 1999—after Riza divorced and Wolfowitz had separated from his wife of 30 years , Clare Selgin Wolfowitz—that the couple began dating . When Wolfowitz was considered for head of the CIA after the 2000 election , Clare Wolfowitz wrote President-elect George Bush a letter telling him that her husbands relationship with a foreign national—Riza—posed a national security risk . It has been reported that Scooter Libby intercepted the letter . Sidney Blumenthal also reported on the letter Clare Wolfowitz wrote : This embittered letter remained a closely guarded secret , although a former high official of the CIA told me about it . Chris Nelson also reported it on April 16 in his widely respected , nonpartisan foreign policy newsletter : A certain Ms . Riza was even then Wolfowitzs true love . The problem for the CIA wasnt just that she was a foreign national , although that was and is today an issue for anyone interested in CIA employment . The problem was that Wolfowitz was married to someone else , and that someone was really angry about it , and she found a way to bring her complaint directly to the President . So when we , with our characteristic innocence , put Wolfowitz on our short-list for CIA , we were instantly told , by a very , very , very senior Republican foreign policy operative , I dont think so . The Daily Mail of London also reported on his wifes letter when Wolfowitz was appointed president of the World Bank in 2005 . According to the London Sunday Times on March 20 , 2005 , despite their cultural differences:Riza , an Arab feminist who confounds portrayals of Wolfowitz as a leader of a Zionist conspiracy of Jewish neoconservatives in Washington .. . [ and who ] works as the banks senior gender co-ordinator for the Middle East and north Africa .. . not only shares Wolfowitzs passion for spreading democracy in the Arab world , but is said to have reinforced his determination to remove Saddam Husseins oppressive regime.The relationship created further controversy over Wolfowitzs nomination to head the World Bank , because the banks ethics rules preclude sexual relationships between a manager and a staff member serving under that manager , even if one reports to the other only indirectly through a chain of supervision . Wolfowitz initially proposed to the World Banks Ethics Committee that he recuse himself from personnel matters regarding Riza , but the committee rejected that proposal . Riza was seconded to the State Department , or placed on external assignment , assigned a job at the state department under Liz Cheney , the daughter of the vice-president , promoting democracy in the Middle East . She was also moved up to a managerial pay grade in compensation for the disruption to her career , resulting in a raise of over $60,000 , as well as guarantees of future increases ; The staff association claims that the pay rise was more than double the amount allowed under employee guidelines . A promotion and raise had been among the options suggested by a World Bank ethics committee that was set up to advise on the situation . According to Steven R . Weisman , however , in a report published in The New York Times , the then-current chair of the committee emphasized that he was not informed at the time of the details or extent of the present and future raises built into the agreement with Riza . Wolfowitz referred to the controversy concerning his relationship with Riza in a statement posted on the website of the World Bank at the time ( April 12 , 2007 ) . The affair resurfaced in headlines in 2011 . Wolfowitzs leadership of the World Bank Group . In early 2007 , Fox News published on a series of investigative stories on the World Bank , based in part on leaks of internal bank documents . On April 11 , 2007 , Reuters and Al Kamen in The Washington Post , reported that Wolfowitz and the World Bank board had hired the Williams & Connolly law firm to oversee an investigation into the leaking of internal bank documents to Fox News . Those reports cite an internal memo to the bank staff later posted on the internet , dated April 9 , 2007 , in which the World Banks general counsel , Ana Palacio , states that the Banks legal staff was scrutinizing two articles by investigative reporter Richard Behar published on the website of Fox News on January 31 and March 27 , 2007 . A day after the second report published by Behar , on March 28 , 2007 , Kamen had disclosed that Bank records obtained by the Government Accountability Project documented pay raises in excess of Bank policies given to Shaha Riza On April 12 , 2007 , the London Financial Times reported that , in a 2005 memorandum , Wolfowitz had personally directed the Banks human resources chief to offer Riza a large pay rise and promotion , according to two anonymous sources who told the Financial Times that they had seen the memo . The memo was part of a package of 102 pages of documents released by the bank on April 14 , 2007 . On April 14 , 2007 , after reviewing these documents , the Financial Times concluded that it was a potentially fatal blow to Wolfowitz . In contrast , Fox News concluded that the new documents might offer Wolfowitz a new lifeline in the scandal , because the Banks ethics committee had launched a review of the Riza compensation case in early 2006 and concluded that it did not warrant any further attention by the committee . Wolfowitz failed , on April 19 , 2007 , to attend a high-profile meeting and the controversy led to disruption at the World Bank when some employees wore blue ribbons in a display of defiance against his leadership . World Bank Groups board of executive directors and staffers complained also that Wolfowitz was imposing Bush Administration policies to eliminate family planning from World Bank programs . According to Nicole Gaouette , in her report published in the Los Angeles Times on April 19 , 2007 , Juan José Daboub—the managing director whom Wolfowitz had appointed who has also been criticized for overly-conservative policies concerning climate change and a Roman Catholic with ties to a conservative Salvadoran political party—repeatedly deleted references to family planning from World Bank proposals . On May 14 , 2007 the World Bank committee investigating the alleged ethics violations reported ( in part ) : - Mr . Wolfowitzs contract requiring that he adhere to the Code of Conduct for board officials and that he avoid any conflict of interest , real or apparent , were violated ; - The salary increase Ms . Riza received at Mr . Wolfowitzs direction was in excess of the range established by Rule 6.01 ; - The ad hoc group concludes that in actuality , Mr Wolfowitz from the outset cast himself in opposition to the established rules of the institution ; and - He did not accept the banks policy on conflict of interest , so he sought to negotiate for himself a resolution different from that which would have applied to the staff he was selected to head . Wolfowitz appeared before the World Bank Groups board of executive directors to respond on May 15 . Adams speculated that With Mr Wolfowitz so far refusing to step down , the board may need to take radical action to break the stalemate . Members have discussed a range of options , including sacking Mr Wolfowitz , issuing a vote of no confidence or reprimanding him . Some board members argue that a vote of no confidence would make it impossible for him to stay in the job . By Wednesday , May 16 , 2007 , The New York Times , reported that after six weeks of fighting efforts to oust him as president .. . Wolfowitz began today to negotiate the terms of his possible resignation , in return for the bank dropping or softening the charge that he had engaged in misconduct .. . After expressions from the Bush administration that it fully supported Wolfowitz as World Bank president and its urging a fair hearing for him , President Bush expressed regret at Wolfowitzs impending resignation . On May 17 , 2007 the World Bank Groups board of Executive Directors announced that Paul Wolfowitz would resign as World Bank Group president at the end of June 2007 . Recent activities . As a Visiting Scholar of the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research , Wolfowitz has blogged for the group and appeared in group events . In 2011 , he wrote columns that appeared in publications such as The Independent , The Sunday Times , and Newsweek . Wolfowitz is a former steering committee member of the Bilderberg group . In February 2013 , Wolfowitz publicly supported legal recognition for same-sex marriage in an amicus brief submitted to the US Supreme Court . In February 2015 , Wolfowitz advised presidential candidate Jeb Bush . In August 2016 , Wolfowitz announced his intention to vote for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election , despite having serious reservations about her . However , in a December interview on Fox Business , Wolfowitz claimed that he did not in fact vote for Clinton . In January 2017 , Wolfowitz wrote an op-ed in the New York Times commenting on a dissent cable that had been signed by 1,000 Foreign Service Officers criticizing President Trumps executive action on immigration . |
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"US Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia"
] | hard | What was the position of Paul Wolfowitz between Nov 1987 and Dec 1988? | /wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#P39#2 | Paul Wolfowitz Paul Dundes Wolfowitz ( ; born December 22 , 1943 ) is an American political scientist and diplomat who served as the 10th President of the World Bank , U.S . Deputy Secretary of Defense , U.S . Ambassador to Indonesia , and former dean of Johns Hopkins SAIS . He is currently a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute . He was an early advocate of the Iraq War and has widely been described as an architect of the war . In the aftermath of the insurgency and civil war that followed the invasion , Wolfowitz denied influencing policy on Iraq and disclaimed responsibility . He is a leading neoconservative . In 2005 , he left the Pentagon to serve as president of the World Bank only to resign after two years over a scandal involving allegations he used his position to help World Bank staffer Shaha Riza to whom he was romantically linked . A Reuters report described it as a protracted battle over his stewardship , prompted by his involvement in a high-paying promotion for his companion . Wolfowitz is the only World Bank president to have resigned over a scandal . Early life . The second child of Jacob Wolfowitz ( b . Warsaw ; 1910–1981 ) and Lillian Dundes , Paul Wolfowitz was born in Brooklyn , New York , into a Polish Jewish immigrant family , and grew up mainly in Ithaca , New York , where his father was a professor of statistical theory at Cornell University . Strongly influenced by his father , Paul Wolfowitz became a soft-spoken former aspiring-mathematician-turned-policymaker .. . [ whose ] world views .. . were forged by family history and in the halls of academia rather than in the jungles of Vietnam or the corridors of Congress .. . [ His father ] .. . left new country Poland after World War I and after 123 years of partitions . The rest of his fathers family perished in the Holocaust . In the mid-1960s , while they were both undergraduate students at Cornell residing at the Cornell Branch of the Telluride Association , he met Clare Selgin , who later became an anthropologist . They married in 1968 , had three children and lived in Chevy Chase , Maryland . They separated in 1999 , and , according to some sources , became legally separated in 2001 and divorced in 2002 . In late 1999 , Wolfowitz began dating Shaha Riza . Their relationship led to controversy later , during his presidency of the World Bank Group . Wolfowitz speaks five languages in addition to English : Arabic , French , German , Hebrew , and Indonesian . He was reportedly the model for a minor character named Philip Gorman in Saul Bellows 2001 book Ravelstein . University education . Cornell University . Wolfowitz entered Cornell University in 1961 . He lived in the Telluride House in 1962 and 1963 , while philosophy professor Allan Bloom served as a faculty mentor living in the house . In August 1963 , he and his mother participated in the civil-rights march on Washington organized by A . Philip Randolph Wolfowitz was a member of the Quill and Dagger society . Wolfowitz graduated in 1965 with a B.A . in mathematics . Against his fathers wishes , Wolfowitz decided to go to graduate school to study political science . Wolfowitz would later say that one of the things that ultimately led me to leave mathematics and go into political science was thinking I could prevent nuclear war . University of Chicago . In 1972 , Wolfowitz received a Ph.D . in political science from the University of Chicago , writing his doctoral dissertation on Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East : The Politics and Economics of Proposals for Nuclear Desalting . At the University of Chicago , Wolfowitz took two courses with Leo Strauss . He completed his dissertation under Albert Wohlstetter . Wohlstetter became Wolfowitzs mentor . In the words of Wolfowitzs future colleague Richard Perle : Paul thinks the way Albert thinks . In the summer of 1969 , Wohlstetter arranged for Wolfowitz , Perle and Peter Wilson to join the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy which was set up by Cold War architects Paul Nitze and Dean Acheson . While finishing his dissertation , Wolfowitz taught in the department of political science at Yale University from 1970 to 1972 ; one of his students was future colleague Scooter Libby . Career . Arms Control and Disarmament Agency . In the 1970s , Wolfowitz and Perle served as aides to proto-neoconservative Democratic Senator Henry M . Jackson . A Cold War liberal , Jackson supported higher military spending and a hard line against the Soviet Union alongside more traditional Democratic causes , such as social welfare programs , civil rights , and labor unions . In 1972 , US President Richard Nixon , under pressure from Senator Jackson , dismissed the head of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency ( ACDA ) and replaced him with Fred Ikle . Ikle brought in a new team that included Wolfowitz . While at ACDA , Wolfowitz wrote research papers and drafted testimony , as he had previously done at the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy . He traveled with Ikle to strategic arms limitations talks in Paris and other European cities . He also helped dissuade South Korea from reprocessing plutonium that could be diverted into a clandestine weapons program . Under President Gerald Ford , the American intelligence agencies came under attack over their annually published National Intelligence Estimate . According to Mann , The underlying issue was whether the C.I.A . and other agencies were underestimating the threat from the Soviet Union , either by intentionally tailoring intelligence to support Kissingers policy of détente or by simply failing to give enough weight to darker interpretations of Soviet intentions . Attempting to counter these claims , Director of Central Intelligence George H . W . Bush formed a committee of anti-Communist experts , headed by Richard Pipes , to reassess the raw data . Based on the recommendation of Perle , Pipes picked Wolfowitz for this committee , which was later called Team B . The teams 1976 report , which was leaked to the press , stated that all the evidence points to an undeviating Soviet commitment to what is euphemistically called the worldwide triumph of socialism , but in fact connotes global Soviet hegemony , highlighting a number of key areas where they believed the governments intelligence analysts had failed . According to Jack Davis , Wolfowitz observed later : The B-Team demonstrated that it was possible to construct a sharply different view of Soviet motivation from the consensus view of the [ intelligence ] analysts and one that provided a much closer fit to the Soviets observed behavior ( and also provided a much better forecast of subsequent behavior up to and through the invasion of Afghanistan ) . The formal presentation of the competing views in a session out at [ CIA headquarters in ] Langley also made clear that the enormous experience and expertise of the B-Team as a group were formidable . Team Bs conclusions have faced criticism . They have been called worst-case analysis , ignoring the political , demographic , and economic rot already eating away at the Soviet system . Wolfowitz reportedly did not have a central role in Team B , mostly focused on analyzing the role that medium-range missiles played in Soviet military strategy . Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs . In 1977 , during the Carter administration , Wolfowitz moved to the Pentagon . He was US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs for the US Defense Department , under US Secretary of Defense Harold Brown . In 1980 , Wolfowitz resigned from the Pentagon and became a visiting professor at the Paul H . Nitze School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) at Johns Hopkins University . Shortly thereafter , he joined the Republican Party . According to The Washington Post : He said it was not he who changed his political philosophy so much as the Democratic Party , which abandoned the hard-headed internationalism of Harry Truman , Kennedy and Jackson . State Department Director of Policy Planning . Following the 1980 election of President Ronald Reagan , the new National Security Advisor Richard V . Allen formed the administrations foreign policy advisory team . Allen initially rejected Wolfowitzs appointment but following discussions , instigated by former colleague John Lehman , Allen offered Wolfowitz the position of Director of Policy Planning at the Department of State . President Reagans foreign policy was heavily influenced by the Kirkpatrick Doctrine , as outlined in a 1979 article in Commentary by Jeane Kirkpatrick entitled Dictatorships and Double Standards . Although most governments in the world are , as they always have been , autocracies of one kind or another , no idea holds greater sway in the mind of educated Americans than the belief that it is possible to democratize governments , anytime , anywhere , under any circumstances .. . ( But ) decades , if not centuries , are normally required for people to acquire the necessary disciplines and habits . Wolfowitz broke from this official line by denouncing Saddam Hussein of Iraq at a time when Donald Rumsfeld was offering the dictator support in his conflict with Iran . James Mann points out : quite a few neo-conservatives , like Wolfowitz , believed strongly in democratic ideals ; they had taken from the philosopher Leo Strauss the notion that there is a moral duty to oppose a leader who is a tyrant . Other areas where Wolfowitz disagreed with the administration was in his opposition to attempts to open up dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) and to the sale of Airborne Warning and Control System ( AWACS ) aircraft to Saudi Arabia . In both instances , according to Mann , Wolfowitz demonstrated himself to be one of the strongest supporters of Israel in the Reagan administration . Mann stresses : It was on China that Wolfowitz launched his boldest challenge to the established order . After Nixon and Kissinger had gone to China in the early 1970s , US policy was to make concessions to China as an essential Cold War ally . The Chinese were now pushing for the US to end arms sales to Taiwan , and Wolfowitz used the Chinese incentive as an opportunity to undermine Kissingers foreign policy toward China . Instead , Wolfowitz advocated a unilateralist policy , claiming that the US did not need Chinas assistance but that the Chinese needed the US to protect them against the far-more-likely prospect of a Soviet invasion of the Chinese mainland . Wolfowitz soon came into conflict with Secretary of State Alexander Haig , who had been Kissingers assistant at the time of the visits to China . On March 30 , 1982 , The New York Times predicted that Paul D . Wolfowitz , the director of policy planning .. . will be replaced , because Mr . Haig found Mr . Wolfowitz too theoretical . Instead , on June 25 , 1982 , George P . Shultz replaced Haig as US Secretary of State , and Wolfowitz was promoted . State Department Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs . In 1982 , Secretary of State Shultz appointed Wolfowitz as Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs . Jeane Kirkpatrick , on a visit to the Philippines , was welcomed by the dictator Ferdinand Marcos who quoted heavily from her 1979 Commentary article Dictatorships and Double Standards and although Kirkpatrick had been forced to speak-out in favor of democracy the article continued to influence Reagans policy toward Marcos . Following the assassination of Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino , Jr . in 1983 many within the Reagan administration including the President himself began to fear that the Philippines could fall to the communists and the US military would lose its strongholds at Clark Air Force Base and Subic Bay Naval Station . Wolfowitz tried to change the administrations policy , stating in an April 15 , 1985 article in The Wall Street Journal that The best antidote to Communism is democracy . Wolfowitz and his assistant Lewis Libby made trips to Manila where they called for democratic reforms and met with non-communist opposition leaders . Mann points out that the Reagan administrations decision to support democratic government in the Philippines had been hesitant , messy , crisis-driven and skewed by the desire to do what was necessary to protect the American military installations . Following massive street protests , Marcos fled the country on a US Air Force plane and the US recognized the government of Corazón Aquino . Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia . From 1986 to 1989 , during the military-backed government of President Suharto , Wolfowitz was the US Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia . According to Peter J . Boyer , Wolfowitzs appointment to Indonesia was not an immediately obvious match . He was a Jew representing America in the largest Muslim republic in the world , an advocate of democracy in Suhartos dictatorship . But Wolfowitzs tenure as Ambassador was a notable success , largely owing to the fact that , in essence , he went native . With tutoring help from his driver , he learned the language , and hurled himself into the culture . He attended academic seminars , climbed volcanoes , and toured the neighborhoods of Jakarta . Sipress and Nakashima report that Wolfowitzs colleagues and friends , both Indonesian and American pointed to the U.S . envoys quiet pursuit of political and economic reforms in Indonesia . Dewi Fortuna Anwar , a foreign policy adviser to B . J . Habibie , Suhartos successor as head of state ( 1998–99 ) , stated that Wolfowitz was a competent and popular envoy . But he never intervened to push human rights or stand up to corruption . Officials involved in the AID program during Wolfowitzs tenure told The Washington Post that he took a keen personal interest in development , including health care , agriculture and private sector expansion and that Wolfowitz canceled food assistance to the Indonesian government out of concern that Suhartos family , which had an ownership interest in the countrys only flour mill , was indirectly benefiting . In The Tragedy of Suharto , published in May 1998 , in The Wall Street Journal , Wolfowitz states : Although it is fashionable to blame all of Asias present problems on corruption and the failure of Asian values , it is at bottom a case of a bubble bursting , of too many imprudent lenders chasing too many incautious borrowers . But the greed of Mr . Suhartos children ensured that their father would take the lions share of the blame for Indonesias financial collapse . The Suharto childrens favored position became a major obstacle to the measures needed to restore economic confidence . Worst of all , they ensured that the economic crisis would be a political crisis as well . That he allowed this , and that he amassed such wealth himself , is all the more mysterious since he lived a relatively modest life . After the 2002 Bali bombing , on October 18 , 2002 , then Deputy Secretary of Defense Wolfowitz observed that the reason the terrorists are successful in Indonesia is because the Suharto regime fell and the methods that were used to suppress them are gone . Undersecretary of Defense for Policy . From 1989 to 1993 , Wolfowitz served in the administration of George H . W . Bush as Under Secretary of Defense for Policy , under then US Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney . During the 1991 Persian Gulf War , Wolfowitzs team co-ordinated and reviewed military strategy , raising $50 billion in allied financial support for the operation . Wolfowitz was present with Cheney , Colin Powell and others , on February 27 , 1991 , at the meeting with the President where it was decided that the troops should be demobilised . On February 25 , 1998 , Wolfowitz testified before a congressional committee that he thought that the best opportunity to overthrow Saddam was , unfortunately , lost in the month right after the war . Wolfowitz added that he was horrified in March as Saddam Hussein flew helicopters that slaughtered the people in the south and in the north who were rising up against him , while American fighter pilots flew overhead , desperately eager to shoot down those helicopters , and not allowed to do so . During that hearing , he also stated : Some people might say—and I think I would sympathise with this view—that perhaps if we had delayed the ceasefire by a few more days , we might have got rid of Saddam Hussein . After the 1991 Persian Gulf War , Wolfowitz and his then-assistant Scooter Libby wrote the Defense Planning Guidance of 1992 , which came to be known as the Wolfowitz Doctrine , to set the nations direction for the next century . As military strategist Andrew Bacevich described the doctrine : Before this classified document was fully vetted by the White House , it was leaked to The New York Times , which made it front-page news . The draft DPG announced that it had become the first objective of U.S . policy to prevent the re-emergence of a new rival . With an eye toward deterring potential competitors from even aspiring to a larger regional or global role , the United States would maintain unquestioned military superiority and , if necessary , employ force unilaterally . As window dressing , allies might be nice , but the United States no longer considered them necessary . At that time the official administration line was containment , and the contents of Wolfowitzs plan calling for preemption and unilateralism which was opposed by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell and President Bush . Defense Secretary Cheney produced a revised plan released in 1992 . Many of the ideas in the Wolfowitz Doctrine later became part of the Bush Doctrine . He left the government after the 1992 election . Johns Hopkins University . From 1994 to 2001 , Wolfowitz served as Professor of International Relations and Dean of the Paul H . Nitze School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) at Johns Hopkins University . He was instrumental in adding more than $75 million to the universitys endowment , developing an international finance concentration as part of the curriculum , and combining the various Asian studies programs into one department . He also advised Bob Dole on foreign policy during his 1996 US Presidential election campaign , which was managed by Donald Rumsfeld . According to Kampfner , Wolfowitz used his perch at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies as a test-bed for a new conservative world vision . Wolfowitz was associated with the Project for the New American Century ( PNAC ) ; he signed both the PNACs June 3 , 1997 Statement of Principles , and its January 26 , 1998 , open letter to President Bill Clinton . In February 1998 , Wolfowitz testified before a Congressional hearing , stating that the current administration lacked the sense of purpose to liberate ourselves , our friends and allies in the region , and the Iraqi people themselves from the menace of Saddam Hussein . In September 2000 , the PNAC produced a 90-page report entitled Rebuilding Americas Defenses : Strategies , Forces and Resources for a New Century , advocating the redeployment of US troops in permanent bases in strategic locations throughout the world where they can be ready to act to protect US interests abroad . During the 2000 US Presidential election campaign , Wolfowitz served as a foreign policy advisor to George W . Bush as part of the group led by Condoleezza Rice calling itself The Vulcans . Deputy Secretary of Defense . From 2001 to 2005 , during the George W . Bush administration , Wolfowitz served as U.S . Deputy Secretary of Defense reporting to U.S . Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld . The September 11 attacks in 2001 was a turning point in administration policy , as Wolfowitz later explained : 9/11 really was a wake up call and that if we take proper advantage of this opportunity to prevent the future terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction that it will have been an extremely valuable wake up call , adding : if we say our only problem was to respond to 9/11 , and we wait until somebody hits us with nuclear weapons before we take that kind of threat seriously , we will have made a very big mistake . In the first emergency meeting of the National Security Council on the day of the attacks , Rumsfeld asked , Why shouldnt we go against Iraq , not just al-Qaeda ? with Wolfowitz adding that Iraq was a brittle , oppressive regime that might break easily—it was doable , and , according to John Kampfner , from that moment on , he and Wolfowitz used every available opportunity to press the case . The idea was initially rejected , at the behest of Secretary of State Colin Powell , but , according to Kampfner , Undeterred Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz held secret meetings about opening up a second front—against Saddam . Powell was excluded . In such meetings they created a policy that would later be dubbed the Bush Doctrine , centering on pre-emption and the war on Iraq , which the PNAC had advocated in their earlier letters . After the September 11 attacks , the US invaded Afghanistan to fight Al-Qaeda , which had orchestrated the attack . The invasion of Afghanistan began on October 7 , 2001 . On October 10 , 2001 , George Robertson , then Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation , went to the Pentagon to offer NATO troops , planes and ships to assist . Wolfowitz rebuffed the offer , saying : We can do everything we need to . Wolfowitz later announced publicly , according to Kampfner , that allies , coalitions and diplomacy were of little immediate concern . Ten months later , on January 15 , 2003 , with hostilities still continuing , Wolfowitz made a fifteen-hour visit to the Afghan capital , Kabul , and met with the new president Hamid Karzai . Wolfowitz stated , Were clearly moving into a different phase , where our priority in Afghanistan is increasingly going to be stability and reconstruction . Theres no way to go too fast . Faster is better . Despite the promises , according to Hersh , little effort to provide the military and economic resources necessary for reconstruction was made . This criticism would also re-occur after the 2003 invasion of Iraq later that year . On April 16 , 2002 the National Solidarity Rally for Israel was called in Washington to promote US support and collaboration with Israel . Wolfowitz was the sole representative of the Bush administration to attend , speaking alongside Former Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani . As reported by the BBC , Wolfowitz told the crowd that US President George W . Bush wants you to know that he stands in solidarity with you . Sharon Samber and Matthew E . Berger reported for Jewish Telegraphic Agency ( JTA ) that Wolfowitz continued by saying that Innocent Palestinians are suffering and dying as well . It is critical that we recognize and acknowledge that fact , before being booed and drowned out by chants of No more Arafat . Following the invasion of Afghanistan the Bush administration had started to plan for the next stage of the War on Terror . According to John Kampfner , Emboldened by their experience in Afghanistan , they saw the opportunity to root out hostile regimes in the Middle East and to implant very American interpretations of democracy and free markets , from Iraq to Iran and Saudi Arabia . Wolfowitz epitomised this view . Wolfowitz saw a liberated Iraq as both paradigm and linchpin for future interventions . The 2003 invasion of Iraq began on March 19 . Prior to the invasion , Wolfowitz actively championed it , as he later stated : For reasons that have a lot to do with the U.S . government bureaucracy we settled on the one issue that everyone could agree on which was weapons of mass destruction as the core reason The job of finding WMD and providing justification for the attack would fall to the intelligence services , but , according to Kampfner , Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz believed that , while the established security services had a role , they were too bureaucratic and too traditional in their thinking . As a result , they set up what came to be known as the cabal , a cell of eight or nine analysts in a new Office of Special Plans ( OSP ) based in the U.S . Defense Department . According to an unnamed Pentagon source quoted by Hersh , the OSP was created in order to find evidence of what Wolfowitz and his boss , Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld , believed to be true—that Saddam Hussein had close ties to Al Qaeda , and that Iraq had an enormous arsenal of chemical , biological , and possibly even nuclear weapons that threatened the region and , potentially , the United States . Within months of being set up , the OSP rivaled both the CIA and the Pentagons Defense Intelligence Agency , the DIA , as President Bushs main source of intelligence regarding Iraqs possible possession of weapons of mass destruction and connection with Al Qaeda . Hersh explains that the OSP relied on data gathered by other intelligence agencies and also on information provided by the Iraqi National Congress , or I.N.C. , the exile group headed by Ahmad Chalabi . According to Kampfner , the CIA had ended its funding of the INC in the mid-1990s when doubts were cast about Chalabis reliability . Nevertheless , as the administration geared up for conflict with Saddam , Chalabi was welcomed in the inner sanctum of the Pentagon under the auspices of the OSP , and Wolfowitz did not see fit to challenge any of Chalabis information . The actions of the OSP have led to accusation of the Bush administration fixing intelligence to support policy with the aim of influencing Congress in its use of the War Powers Act . Kampfner outlined Wolfowitzs strategy for the 2003 invasion of Iraq , which envisaged the use of air support and the occupation of southern Iraq with ground troops , to install a new government run by Ahmed Chalabis Iraqi National Congress . Wolfowitz believed that the operation would require minimal troop deployment , Hersh explains , because any show of force would immediately trigger a revolt against Saddam within Iraq , and that it would quickly expand . The financial expenditure would be kept low , Kampfner observes , if under the plan American troops would seize the oil fields around Basra , in the South , and sell the oil to finance the opposition . On March 27 , 2003 , Wolfowitz told the House Appropriations Committee that oil revenue earned by Iraq alone would pay for Iraqs reconstruction after the Iraq war ; he testified his rough recollection was : The oil revenues of that country could bring between $50 and $100 billion over the course of the next two or three years . Now , there are a lot of claims on that money , but .. . We are dealing with a country that can really finance its own reconstruction and relatively soon . By October of that year , Lawrence Di Rita , the Pentagons chief spokesman , said prewar estimates that may be borne out in fact are likelier to be more lucky than smart . [ He ] added that earlier estimates and statements by Mr . Wolfowitz and others oozed with uncertainty . Di Ritas comments came as a much less optimistic secret Pentagon study—which had been complete at the time of Wolfowitzs testimony—was coming to public light , and when actual production results in Iraq were coinciding with those projected in the less optimistic Pentagon study . During Wolfowitzs pre-war testimony before Congress , he dismissed General Eric K . Shinsekis estimates of the size of the post war occupation force which would be needed . General Shinseki testified to the US Senate Armed Services Committee on February 25 , 2003 that something in the order of several hundred thousand soldiers would probably be required for postwar Iraq . By contrast , Wolfowitz estimated that fewer than 100,000 troops would be necessary in Iraq . Two days after Shinseki testified , Wolfowitz said to the House Budget Committee on February 27 , 2003:There has been a good deal of comment—some of it quite outlandish—about what our postwar requirements might be in Iraq . Some of the higher end predictions we have been hearing recently , such as the notion that it will take several hundred thousand U.S . troops to provide stability in post-Saddam Iraq , are wildly off the mark . It is hard to conceive that it would take more forces to provide stability in post-Saddam Iraq than it would take to conduct the war itself and to secure the surrender of Saddams security forces and his army—hard to imagine . On October 26 , 2003 , while in Baghdad staying at the Al-Rashid Hotel Wolfowitz narrowly escaped an attack when six rockets hit the floors below his room . Army Lt . Col . Charles H . Buehring was killed and seventeen other soldiers were wounded . Wolfowitz and his DOD staffers escaped unharmed and returned to the United States on October 28 , 2003 . President of the World Bank . In March 2005 , Wolfowitz was nominated to be president of the World Bank by US President George W . Bush . Criticism of his nomination appeared in the media . Nobel Laureate in Economics and former chief economist for the World Bank Joseph Stiglitz said : The World Bank will once again become a hate figure . This could bring street protests and violence across the developing world . In a speech at the U.N . Economic and Social Council , economist Jeffrey Sachs also opposed Wolfowitz : Its time for other candidates to come forward that have experience in development . This is a position on which hundreds of millions of people depend for their lives .. . Lets have a proper leadership of professionalism . In the US , there was some praise for the nomination . An editorial in The Wall Street Journal stated : Mr . Wolfowitz is willing to speak the truth to power .. . he saw earlier than most , and spoke publicly about , the need for dictators to plan democratic transitions . It is the worlds dictators who are the chief causes of world poverty . If anyone can stand up to the Robert Mugabes of the world , it must be the man who stood up to Saddam Hussein.He was confirmed and became president on June 1 , 2005 . He soon attended the 31st G8 summit to discuss issues of global climate change and the economic development in Africa . When this meeting was interrupted by the July 7 , 2005 London bombings , Wolfowitz was present with other world leaders at the press conference given by British Prime Minister Tony Blair . Several of Wolfowitzs initial appointments at the Bank proved controversial , including two US nationals ( Robin Cleveland and Kevin Kellems ) formerly with the Bush administration , whom he appointed as close advisors with $250,000 tax-free contracts . Another appointee , Juan José Daboub , faced criticism , including from his colleagues , for attempting to bring policies on climate change and family planning towards a more conservative position . Wolfowitz gave special emphasis to two particular issues . Identifying Sub-Saharan Africa as the region most challenged to improve living standards , he traveled widely in the region . He also made clear his focus on fighting corruption . Several aspects of the latter program raised controversy . Overturning the names produced by a formal search process , he appointed a figure linked to the US Republican party to head the Banks internal watchdog . Member countries worried that Wolfowitzs willingness to suspend lending to countries on grounds of corruption was vulnerable to selective application in line with US foreign policy interests . In a debate on the proposed Governance and Anti-Corruption Strategy at the Banks 2006 Annual Meetings , shareholders directed Wolfowitz to undertake extensive consultations and revise the strategy to show how objective measures of corruption would be incorporated into decisions and how the shareholders representatives on the Banks Board would play a key role . Following the consultations and revisions , the Board approved a revised strategy in spring 2007 . Controversies . Wolfowitzs relationship with Shaha Riza . After President George W . Bush nominated Wolfowitz as president of the World Bank , journalists reported that Wolfowitz was involved in a relationship with World Bank Senior Communications Officer ( and Acting Manager of External Affairs ) for the Middle East and North Africa Regional Office Shaha Ali Riza . According to Richard Leiby , of The Washington Post , Riza is an Oxford-educated British citizen , was born in Tunisia and grew up in Saudi Arabia . She is known for her expertise on womens rights and has been listed on the banks Web site as a media contact for Iraq reconstruction issues . According to Leiby and Linton Weeks , in their essay In the Shadow of a Scandal , Rizas employment at the World Bank predated Wolfowitzs nomination as Bank president : Riza started at the World Bank as a consultant in July 1997 and became a full-time employee in 1999 ; and the relationship between Riza and Wolfowitz pre-dated it as well : In the early 1990s , Riza joined the National Endowment for Democracy and is credited there with development of the organizations Middle East program . Wolfowitz was on the endowments board—which is how Riza first met him , according to Turkish journalist Cengiz Candar , a friend of the couple . Shaha was married at the time and Paul was married , Candar recalled , and it wasnt until late 1999—after Riza divorced and Wolfowitz had separated from his wife of 30 years , Clare Selgin Wolfowitz—that the couple began dating . When Wolfowitz was considered for head of the CIA after the 2000 election , Clare Wolfowitz wrote President-elect George Bush a letter telling him that her husbands relationship with a foreign national—Riza—posed a national security risk . It has been reported that Scooter Libby intercepted the letter . Sidney Blumenthal also reported on the letter Clare Wolfowitz wrote : This embittered letter remained a closely guarded secret , although a former high official of the CIA told me about it . Chris Nelson also reported it on April 16 in his widely respected , nonpartisan foreign policy newsletter : A certain Ms . Riza was even then Wolfowitzs true love . The problem for the CIA wasnt just that she was a foreign national , although that was and is today an issue for anyone interested in CIA employment . The problem was that Wolfowitz was married to someone else , and that someone was really angry about it , and she found a way to bring her complaint directly to the President . So when we , with our characteristic innocence , put Wolfowitz on our short-list for CIA , we were instantly told , by a very , very , very senior Republican foreign policy operative , I dont think so . The Daily Mail of London also reported on his wifes letter when Wolfowitz was appointed president of the World Bank in 2005 . According to the London Sunday Times on March 20 , 2005 , despite their cultural differences:Riza , an Arab feminist who confounds portrayals of Wolfowitz as a leader of a Zionist conspiracy of Jewish neoconservatives in Washington .. . [ and who ] works as the banks senior gender co-ordinator for the Middle East and north Africa .. . not only shares Wolfowitzs passion for spreading democracy in the Arab world , but is said to have reinforced his determination to remove Saddam Husseins oppressive regime.The relationship created further controversy over Wolfowitzs nomination to head the World Bank , because the banks ethics rules preclude sexual relationships between a manager and a staff member serving under that manager , even if one reports to the other only indirectly through a chain of supervision . Wolfowitz initially proposed to the World Banks Ethics Committee that he recuse himself from personnel matters regarding Riza , but the committee rejected that proposal . Riza was seconded to the State Department , or placed on external assignment , assigned a job at the state department under Liz Cheney , the daughter of the vice-president , promoting democracy in the Middle East . She was also moved up to a managerial pay grade in compensation for the disruption to her career , resulting in a raise of over $60,000 , as well as guarantees of future increases ; The staff association claims that the pay rise was more than double the amount allowed under employee guidelines . A promotion and raise had been among the options suggested by a World Bank ethics committee that was set up to advise on the situation . According to Steven R . Weisman , however , in a report published in The New York Times , the then-current chair of the committee emphasized that he was not informed at the time of the details or extent of the present and future raises built into the agreement with Riza . Wolfowitz referred to the controversy concerning his relationship with Riza in a statement posted on the website of the World Bank at the time ( April 12 , 2007 ) . The affair resurfaced in headlines in 2011 . Wolfowitzs leadership of the World Bank Group . In early 2007 , Fox News published on a series of investigative stories on the World Bank , based in part on leaks of internal bank documents . On April 11 , 2007 , Reuters and Al Kamen in The Washington Post , reported that Wolfowitz and the World Bank board had hired the Williams & Connolly law firm to oversee an investigation into the leaking of internal bank documents to Fox News . Those reports cite an internal memo to the bank staff later posted on the internet , dated April 9 , 2007 , in which the World Banks general counsel , Ana Palacio , states that the Banks legal staff was scrutinizing two articles by investigative reporter Richard Behar published on the website of Fox News on January 31 and March 27 , 2007 . A day after the second report published by Behar , on March 28 , 2007 , Kamen had disclosed that Bank records obtained by the Government Accountability Project documented pay raises in excess of Bank policies given to Shaha Riza On April 12 , 2007 , the London Financial Times reported that , in a 2005 memorandum , Wolfowitz had personally directed the Banks human resources chief to offer Riza a large pay rise and promotion , according to two anonymous sources who told the Financial Times that they had seen the memo . The memo was part of a package of 102 pages of documents released by the bank on April 14 , 2007 . On April 14 , 2007 , after reviewing these documents , the Financial Times concluded that it was a potentially fatal blow to Wolfowitz . In contrast , Fox News concluded that the new documents might offer Wolfowitz a new lifeline in the scandal , because the Banks ethics committee had launched a review of the Riza compensation case in early 2006 and concluded that it did not warrant any further attention by the committee . Wolfowitz failed , on April 19 , 2007 , to attend a high-profile meeting and the controversy led to disruption at the World Bank when some employees wore blue ribbons in a display of defiance against his leadership . World Bank Groups board of executive directors and staffers complained also that Wolfowitz was imposing Bush Administration policies to eliminate family planning from World Bank programs . According to Nicole Gaouette , in her report published in the Los Angeles Times on April 19 , 2007 , Juan José Daboub—the managing director whom Wolfowitz had appointed who has also been criticized for overly-conservative policies concerning climate change and a Roman Catholic with ties to a conservative Salvadoran political party—repeatedly deleted references to family planning from World Bank proposals . On May 14 , 2007 the World Bank committee investigating the alleged ethics violations reported ( in part ) : - Mr . Wolfowitzs contract requiring that he adhere to the Code of Conduct for board officials and that he avoid any conflict of interest , real or apparent , were violated ; - The salary increase Ms . Riza received at Mr . Wolfowitzs direction was in excess of the range established by Rule 6.01 ; - The ad hoc group concludes that in actuality , Mr Wolfowitz from the outset cast himself in opposition to the established rules of the institution ; and - He did not accept the banks policy on conflict of interest , so he sought to negotiate for himself a resolution different from that which would have applied to the staff he was selected to head . Wolfowitz appeared before the World Bank Groups board of executive directors to respond on May 15 . Adams speculated that With Mr Wolfowitz so far refusing to step down , the board may need to take radical action to break the stalemate . Members have discussed a range of options , including sacking Mr Wolfowitz , issuing a vote of no confidence or reprimanding him . Some board members argue that a vote of no confidence would make it impossible for him to stay in the job . By Wednesday , May 16 , 2007 , The New York Times , reported that after six weeks of fighting efforts to oust him as president .. . Wolfowitz began today to negotiate the terms of his possible resignation , in return for the bank dropping or softening the charge that he had engaged in misconduct .. . After expressions from the Bush administration that it fully supported Wolfowitz as World Bank president and its urging a fair hearing for him , President Bush expressed regret at Wolfowitzs impending resignation . On May 17 , 2007 the World Bank Groups board of Executive Directors announced that Paul Wolfowitz would resign as World Bank Group president at the end of June 2007 . Recent activities . As a Visiting Scholar of the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research , Wolfowitz has blogged for the group and appeared in group events . In 2011 , he wrote columns that appeared in publications such as The Independent , The Sunday Times , and Newsweek . Wolfowitz is a former steering committee member of the Bilderberg group . In February 2013 , Wolfowitz publicly supported legal recognition for same-sex marriage in an amicus brief submitted to the US Supreme Court . In February 2015 , Wolfowitz advised presidential candidate Jeb Bush . In August 2016 , Wolfowitz announced his intention to vote for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election , despite having serious reservations about her . However , in a December interview on Fox Business , Wolfowitz claimed that he did not in fact vote for Clinton . In January 2017 , Wolfowitz wrote an op-ed in the New York Times commenting on a dissent cable that had been signed by 1,000 Foreign Service Officers criticizing President Trumps executive action on immigration . |
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"Under Secretary of Defense for Policy"
] | hard | What was the position of Paul Wolfowitz between Oct 1990 and Oct 1991? | /wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#P39#3 | Paul Wolfowitz Paul Dundes Wolfowitz ( ; born December 22 , 1943 ) is an American political scientist and diplomat who served as the 10th President of the World Bank , U.S . Deputy Secretary of Defense , U.S . Ambassador to Indonesia , and former dean of Johns Hopkins SAIS . He is currently a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute . He was an early advocate of the Iraq War and has widely been described as an architect of the war . In the aftermath of the insurgency and civil war that followed the invasion , Wolfowitz denied influencing policy on Iraq and disclaimed responsibility . He is a leading neoconservative . In 2005 , he left the Pentagon to serve as president of the World Bank only to resign after two years over a scandal involving allegations he used his position to help World Bank staffer Shaha Riza to whom he was romantically linked . A Reuters report described it as a protracted battle over his stewardship , prompted by his involvement in a high-paying promotion for his companion . Wolfowitz is the only World Bank president to have resigned over a scandal . Early life . The second child of Jacob Wolfowitz ( b . Warsaw ; 1910–1981 ) and Lillian Dundes , Paul Wolfowitz was born in Brooklyn , New York , into a Polish Jewish immigrant family , and grew up mainly in Ithaca , New York , where his father was a professor of statistical theory at Cornell University . Strongly influenced by his father , Paul Wolfowitz became a soft-spoken former aspiring-mathematician-turned-policymaker .. . [ whose ] world views .. . were forged by family history and in the halls of academia rather than in the jungles of Vietnam or the corridors of Congress .. . [ His father ] .. . left new country Poland after World War I and after 123 years of partitions . The rest of his fathers family perished in the Holocaust . In the mid-1960s , while they were both undergraduate students at Cornell residing at the Cornell Branch of the Telluride Association , he met Clare Selgin , who later became an anthropologist . They married in 1968 , had three children and lived in Chevy Chase , Maryland . They separated in 1999 , and , according to some sources , became legally separated in 2001 and divorced in 2002 . In late 1999 , Wolfowitz began dating Shaha Riza . Their relationship led to controversy later , during his presidency of the World Bank Group . Wolfowitz speaks five languages in addition to English : Arabic , French , German , Hebrew , and Indonesian . He was reportedly the model for a minor character named Philip Gorman in Saul Bellows 2001 book Ravelstein . University education . Cornell University . Wolfowitz entered Cornell University in 1961 . He lived in the Telluride House in 1962 and 1963 , while philosophy professor Allan Bloom served as a faculty mentor living in the house . In August 1963 , he and his mother participated in the civil-rights march on Washington organized by A . Philip Randolph Wolfowitz was a member of the Quill and Dagger society . Wolfowitz graduated in 1965 with a B.A . in mathematics . Against his fathers wishes , Wolfowitz decided to go to graduate school to study political science . Wolfowitz would later say that one of the things that ultimately led me to leave mathematics and go into political science was thinking I could prevent nuclear war . University of Chicago . In 1972 , Wolfowitz received a Ph.D . in political science from the University of Chicago , writing his doctoral dissertation on Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East : The Politics and Economics of Proposals for Nuclear Desalting . At the University of Chicago , Wolfowitz took two courses with Leo Strauss . He completed his dissertation under Albert Wohlstetter . Wohlstetter became Wolfowitzs mentor . In the words of Wolfowitzs future colleague Richard Perle : Paul thinks the way Albert thinks . In the summer of 1969 , Wohlstetter arranged for Wolfowitz , Perle and Peter Wilson to join the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy which was set up by Cold War architects Paul Nitze and Dean Acheson . While finishing his dissertation , Wolfowitz taught in the department of political science at Yale University from 1970 to 1972 ; one of his students was future colleague Scooter Libby . Career . Arms Control and Disarmament Agency . In the 1970s , Wolfowitz and Perle served as aides to proto-neoconservative Democratic Senator Henry M . Jackson . A Cold War liberal , Jackson supported higher military spending and a hard line against the Soviet Union alongside more traditional Democratic causes , such as social welfare programs , civil rights , and labor unions . In 1972 , US President Richard Nixon , under pressure from Senator Jackson , dismissed the head of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency ( ACDA ) and replaced him with Fred Ikle . Ikle brought in a new team that included Wolfowitz . While at ACDA , Wolfowitz wrote research papers and drafted testimony , as he had previously done at the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy . He traveled with Ikle to strategic arms limitations talks in Paris and other European cities . He also helped dissuade South Korea from reprocessing plutonium that could be diverted into a clandestine weapons program . Under President Gerald Ford , the American intelligence agencies came under attack over their annually published National Intelligence Estimate . According to Mann , The underlying issue was whether the C.I.A . and other agencies were underestimating the threat from the Soviet Union , either by intentionally tailoring intelligence to support Kissingers policy of détente or by simply failing to give enough weight to darker interpretations of Soviet intentions . Attempting to counter these claims , Director of Central Intelligence George H . W . Bush formed a committee of anti-Communist experts , headed by Richard Pipes , to reassess the raw data . Based on the recommendation of Perle , Pipes picked Wolfowitz for this committee , which was later called Team B . The teams 1976 report , which was leaked to the press , stated that all the evidence points to an undeviating Soviet commitment to what is euphemistically called the worldwide triumph of socialism , but in fact connotes global Soviet hegemony , highlighting a number of key areas where they believed the governments intelligence analysts had failed . According to Jack Davis , Wolfowitz observed later : The B-Team demonstrated that it was possible to construct a sharply different view of Soviet motivation from the consensus view of the [ intelligence ] analysts and one that provided a much closer fit to the Soviets observed behavior ( and also provided a much better forecast of subsequent behavior up to and through the invasion of Afghanistan ) . The formal presentation of the competing views in a session out at [ CIA headquarters in ] Langley also made clear that the enormous experience and expertise of the B-Team as a group were formidable . Team Bs conclusions have faced criticism . They have been called worst-case analysis , ignoring the political , demographic , and economic rot already eating away at the Soviet system . Wolfowitz reportedly did not have a central role in Team B , mostly focused on analyzing the role that medium-range missiles played in Soviet military strategy . Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs . In 1977 , during the Carter administration , Wolfowitz moved to the Pentagon . He was US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs for the US Defense Department , under US Secretary of Defense Harold Brown . In 1980 , Wolfowitz resigned from the Pentagon and became a visiting professor at the Paul H . Nitze School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) at Johns Hopkins University . Shortly thereafter , he joined the Republican Party . According to The Washington Post : He said it was not he who changed his political philosophy so much as the Democratic Party , which abandoned the hard-headed internationalism of Harry Truman , Kennedy and Jackson . State Department Director of Policy Planning . Following the 1980 election of President Ronald Reagan , the new National Security Advisor Richard V . Allen formed the administrations foreign policy advisory team . Allen initially rejected Wolfowitzs appointment but following discussions , instigated by former colleague John Lehman , Allen offered Wolfowitz the position of Director of Policy Planning at the Department of State . President Reagans foreign policy was heavily influenced by the Kirkpatrick Doctrine , as outlined in a 1979 article in Commentary by Jeane Kirkpatrick entitled Dictatorships and Double Standards . Although most governments in the world are , as they always have been , autocracies of one kind or another , no idea holds greater sway in the mind of educated Americans than the belief that it is possible to democratize governments , anytime , anywhere , under any circumstances .. . ( But ) decades , if not centuries , are normally required for people to acquire the necessary disciplines and habits . Wolfowitz broke from this official line by denouncing Saddam Hussein of Iraq at a time when Donald Rumsfeld was offering the dictator support in his conflict with Iran . James Mann points out : quite a few neo-conservatives , like Wolfowitz , believed strongly in democratic ideals ; they had taken from the philosopher Leo Strauss the notion that there is a moral duty to oppose a leader who is a tyrant . Other areas where Wolfowitz disagreed with the administration was in his opposition to attempts to open up dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) and to the sale of Airborne Warning and Control System ( AWACS ) aircraft to Saudi Arabia . In both instances , according to Mann , Wolfowitz demonstrated himself to be one of the strongest supporters of Israel in the Reagan administration . Mann stresses : It was on China that Wolfowitz launched his boldest challenge to the established order . After Nixon and Kissinger had gone to China in the early 1970s , US policy was to make concessions to China as an essential Cold War ally . The Chinese were now pushing for the US to end arms sales to Taiwan , and Wolfowitz used the Chinese incentive as an opportunity to undermine Kissingers foreign policy toward China . Instead , Wolfowitz advocated a unilateralist policy , claiming that the US did not need Chinas assistance but that the Chinese needed the US to protect them against the far-more-likely prospect of a Soviet invasion of the Chinese mainland . Wolfowitz soon came into conflict with Secretary of State Alexander Haig , who had been Kissingers assistant at the time of the visits to China . On March 30 , 1982 , The New York Times predicted that Paul D . Wolfowitz , the director of policy planning .. . will be replaced , because Mr . Haig found Mr . Wolfowitz too theoretical . Instead , on June 25 , 1982 , George P . Shultz replaced Haig as US Secretary of State , and Wolfowitz was promoted . State Department Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs . In 1982 , Secretary of State Shultz appointed Wolfowitz as Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs . Jeane Kirkpatrick , on a visit to the Philippines , was welcomed by the dictator Ferdinand Marcos who quoted heavily from her 1979 Commentary article Dictatorships and Double Standards and although Kirkpatrick had been forced to speak-out in favor of democracy the article continued to influence Reagans policy toward Marcos . Following the assassination of Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino , Jr . in 1983 many within the Reagan administration including the President himself began to fear that the Philippines could fall to the communists and the US military would lose its strongholds at Clark Air Force Base and Subic Bay Naval Station . Wolfowitz tried to change the administrations policy , stating in an April 15 , 1985 article in The Wall Street Journal that The best antidote to Communism is democracy . Wolfowitz and his assistant Lewis Libby made trips to Manila where they called for democratic reforms and met with non-communist opposition leaders . Mann points out that the Reagan administrations decision to support democratic government in the Philippines had been hesitant , messy , crisis-driven and skewed by the desire to do what was necessary to protect the American military installations . Following massive street protests , Marcos fled the country on a US Air Force plane and the US recognized the government of Corazón Aquino . Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia . From 1986 to 1989 , during the military-backed government of President Suharto , Wolfowitz was the US Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia . According to Peter J . Boyer , Wolfowitzs appointment to Indonesia was not an immediately obvious match . He was a Jew representing America in the largest Muslim republic in the world , an advocate of democracy in Suhartos dictatorship . But Wolfowitzs tenure as Ambassador was a notable success , largely owing to the fact that , in essence , he went native . With tutoring help from his driver , he learned the language , and hurled himself into the culture . He attended academic seminars , climbed volcanoes , and toured the neighborhoods of Jakarta . Sipress and Nakashima report that Wolfowitzs colleagues and friends , both Indonesian and American pointed to the U.S . envoys quiet pursuit of political and economic reforms in Indonesia . Dewi Fortuna Anwar , a foreign policy adviser to B . J . Habibie , Suhartos successor as head of state ( 1998–99 ) , stated that Wolfowitz was a competent and popular envoy . But he never intervened to push human rights or stand up to corruption . Officials involved in the AID program during Wolfowitzs tenure told The Washington Post that he took a keen personal interest in development , including health care , agriculture and private sector expansion and that Wolfowitz canceled food assistance to the Indonesian government out of concern that Suhartos family , which had an ownership interest in the countrys only flour mill , was indirectly benefiting . In The Tragedy of Suharto , published in May 1998 , in The Wall Street Journal , Wolfowitz states : Although it is fashionable to blame all of Asias present problems on corruption and the failure of Asian values , it is at bottom a case of a bubble bursting , of too many imprudent lenders chasing too many incautious borrowers . But the greed of Mr . Suhartos children ensured that their father would take the lions share of the blame for Indonesias financial collapse . The Suharto childrens favored position became a major obstacle to the measures needed to restore economic confidence . Worst of all , they ensured that the economic crisis would be a political crisis as well . That he allowed this , and that he amassed such wealth himself , is all the more mysterious since he lived a relatively modest life . After the 2002 Bali bombing , on October 18 , 2002 , then Deputy Secretary of Defense Wolfowitz observed that the reason the terrorists are successful in Indonesia is because the Suharto regime fell and the methods that were used to suppress them are gone . Undersecretary of Defense for Policy . From 1989 to 1993 , Wolfowitz served in the administration of George H . W . Bush as Under Secretary of Defense for Policy , under then US Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney . During the 1991 Persian Gulf War , Wolfowitzs team co-ordinated and reviewed military strategy , raising $50 billion in allied financial support for the operation . Wolfowitz was present with Cheney , Colin Powell and others , on February 27 , 1991 , at the meeting with the President where it was decided that the troops should be demobilised . On February 25 , 1998 , Wolfowitz testified before a congressional committee that he thought that the best opportunity to overthrow Saddam was , unfortunately , lost in the month right after the war . Wolfowitz added that he was horrified in March as Saddam Hussein flew helicopters that slaughtered the people in the south and in the north who were rising up against him , while American fighter pilots flew overhead , desperately eager to shoot down those helicopters , and not allowed to do so . During that hearing , he also stated : Some people might say—and I think I would sympathise with this view—that perhaps if we had delayed the ceasefire by a few more days , we might have got rid of Saddam Hussein . After the 1991 Persian Gulf War , Wolfowitz and his then-assistant Scooter Libby wrote the Defense Planning Guidance of 1992 , which came to be known as the Wolfowitz Doctrine , to set the nations direction for the next century . As military strategist Andrew Bacevich described the doctrine : Before this classified document was fully vetted by the White House , it was leaked to The New York Times , which made it front-page news . The draft DPG announced that it had become the first objective of U.S . policy to prevent the re-emergence of a new rival . With an eye toward deterring potential competitors from even aspiring to a larger regional or global role , the United States would maintain unquestioned military superiority and , if necessary , employ force unilaterally . As window dressing , allies might be nice , but the United States no longer considered them necessary . At that time the official administration line was containment , and the contents of Wolfowitzs plan calling for preemption and unilateralism which was opposed by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell and President Bush . Defense Secretary Cheney produced a revised plan released in 1992 . Many of the ideas in the Wolfowitz Doctrine later became part of the Bush Doctrine . He left the government after the 1992 election . Johns Hopkins University . From 1994 to 2001 , Wolfowitz served as Professor of International Relations and Dean of the Paul H . Nitze School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) at Johns Hopkins University . He was instrumental in adding more than $75 million to the universitys endowment , developing an international finance concentration as part of the curriculum , and combining the various Asian studies programs into one department . He also advised Bob Dole on foreign policy during his 1996 US Presidential election campaign , which was managed by Donald Rumsfeld . According to Kampfner , Wolfowitz used his perch at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies as a test-bed for a new conservative world vision . Wolfowitz was associated with the Project for the New American Century ( PNAC ) ; he signed both the PNACs June 3 , 1997 Statement of Principles , and its January 26 , 1998 , open letter to President Bill Clinton . In February 1998 , Wolfowitz testified before a Congressional hearing , stating that the current administration lacked the sense of purpose to liberate ourselves , our friends and allies in the region , and the Iraqi people themselves from the menace of Saddam Hussein . In September 2000 , the PNAC produced a 90-page report entitled Rebuilding Americas Defenses : Strategies , Forces and Resources for a New Century , advocating the redeployment of US troops in permanent bases in strategic locations throughout the world where they can be ready to act to protect US interests abroad . During the 2000 US Presidential election campaign , Wolfowitz served as a foreign policy advisor to George W . Bush as part of the group led by Condoleezza Rice calling itself The Vulcans . Deputy Secretary of Defense . From 2001 to 2005 , during the George W . Bush administration , Wolfowitz served as U.S . Deputy Secretary of Defense reporting to U.S . Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld . The September 11 attacks in 2001 was a turning point in administration policy , as Wolfowitz later explained : 9/11 really was a wake up call and that if we take proper advantage of this opportunity to prevent the future terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction that it will have been an extremely valuable wake up call , adding : if we say our only problem was to respond to 9/11 , and we wait until somebody hits us with nuclear weapons before we take that kind of threat seriously , we will have made a very big mistake . In the first emergency meeting of the National Security Council on the day of the attacks , Rumsfeld asked , Why shouldnt we go against Iraq , not just al-Qaeda ? with Wolfowitz adding that Iraq was a brittle , oppressive regime that might break easily—it was doable , and , according to John Kampfner , from that moment on , he and Wolfowitz used every available opportunity to press the case . The idea was initially rejected , at the behest of Secretary of State Colin Powell , but , according to Kampfner , Undeterred Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz held secret meetings about opening up a second front—against Saddam . Powell was excluded . In such meetings they created a policy that would later be dubbed the Bush Doctrine , centering on pre-emption and the war on Iraq , which the PNAC had advocated in their earlier letters . After the September 11 attacks , the US invaded Afghanistan to fight Al-Qaeda , which had orchestrated the attack . The invasion of Afghanistan began on October 7 , 2001 . On October 10 , 2001 , George Robertson , then Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation , went to the Pentagon to offer NATO troops , planes and ships to assist . Wolfowitz rebuffed the offer , saying : We can do everything we need to . Wolfowitz later announced publicly , according to Kampfner , that allies , coalitions and diplomacy were of little immediate concern . Ten months later , on January 15 , 2003 , with hostilities still continuing , Wolfowitz made a fifteen-hour visit to the Afghan capital , Kabul , and met with the new president Hamid Karzai . Wolfowitz stated , Were clearly moving into a different phase , where our priority in Afghanistan is increasingly going to be stability and reconstruction . Theres no way to go too fast . Faster is better . Despite the promises , according to Hersh , little effort to provide the military and economic resources necessary for reconstruction was made . This criticism would also re-occur after the 2003 invasion of Iraq later that year . On April 16 , 2002 the National Solidarity Rally for Israel was called in Washington to promote US support and collaboration with Israel . Wolfowitz was the sole representative of the Bush administration to attend , speaking alongside Former Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani . As reported by the BBC , Wolfowitz told the crowd that US President George W . Bush wants you to know that he stands in solidarity with you . Sharon Samber and Matthew E . Berger reported for Jewish Telegraphic Agency ( JTA ) that Wolfowitz continued by saying that Innocent Palestinians are suffering and dying as well . It is critical that we recognize and acknowledge that fact , before being booed and drowned out by chants of No more Arafat . Following the invasion of Afghanistan the Bush administration had started to plan for the next stage of the War on Terror . According to John Kampfner , Emboldened by their experience in Afghanistan , they saw the opportunity to root out hostile regimes in the Middle East and to implant very American interpretations of democracy and free markets , from Iraq to Iran and Saudi Arabia . Wolfowitz epitomised this view . Wolfowitz saw a liberated Iraq as both paradigm and linchpin for future interventions . The 2003 invasion of Iraq began on March 19 . Prior to the invasion , Wolfowitz actively championed it , as he later stated : For reasons that have a lot to do with the U.S . government bureaucracy we settled on the one issue that everyone could agree on which was weapons of mass destruction as the core reason The job of finding WMD and providing justification for the attack would fall to the intelligence services , but , according to Kampfner , Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz believed that , while the established security services had a role , they were too bureaucratic and too traditional in their thinking . As a result , they set up what came to be known as the cabal , a cell of eight or nine analysts in a new Office of Special Plans ( OSP ) based in the U.S . Defense Department . According to an unnamed Pentagon source quoted by Hersh , the OSP was created in order to find evidence of what Wolfowitz and his boss , Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld , believed to be true—that Saddam Hussein had close ties to Al Qaeda , and that Iraq had an enormous arsenal of chemical , biological , and possibly even nuclear weapons that threatened the region and , potentially , the United States . Within months of being set up , the OSP rivaled both the CIA and the Pentagons Defense Intelligence Agency , the DIA , as President Bushs main source of intelligence regarding Iraqs possible possession of weapons of mass destruction and connection with Al Qaeda . Hersh explains that the OSP relied on data gathered by other intelligence agencies and also on information provided by the Iraqi National Congress , or I.N.C. , the exile group headed by Ahmad Chalabi . According to Kampfner , the CIA had ended its funding of the INC in the mid-1990s when doubts were cast about Chalabis reliability . Nevertheless , as the administration geared up for conflict with Saddam , Chalabi was welcomed in the inner sanctum of the Pentagon under the auspices of the OSP , and Wolfowitz did not see fit to challenge any of Chalabis information . The actions of the OSP have led to accusation of the Bush administration fixing intelligence to support policy with the aim of influencing Congress in its use of the War Powers Act . Kampfner outlined Wolfowitzs strategy for the 2003 invasion of Iraq , which envisaged the use of air support and the occupation of southern Iraq with ground troops , to install a new government run by Ahmed Chalabis Iraqi National Congress . Wolfowitz believed that the operation would require minimal troop deployment , Hersh explains , because any show of force would immediately trigger a revolt against Saddam within Iraq , and that it would quickly expand . The financial expenditure would be kept low , Kampfner observes , if under the plan American troops would seize the oil fields around Basra , in the South , and sell the oil to finance the opposition . On March 27 , 2003 , Wolfowitz told the House Appropriations Committee that oil revenue earned by Iraq alone would pay for Iraqs reconstruction after the Iraq war ; he testified his rough recollection was : The oil revenues of that country could bring between $50 and $100 billion over the course of the next two or three years . Now , there are a lot of claims on that money , but .. . We are dealing with a country that can really finance its own reconstruction and relatively soon . By October of that year , Lawrence Di Rita , the Pentagons chief spokesman , said prewar estimates that may be borne out in fact are likelier to be more lucky than smart . [ He ] added that earlier estimates and statements by Mr . Wolfowitz and others oozed with uncertainty . Di Ritas comments came as a much less optimistic secret Pentagon study—which had been complete at the time of Wolfowitzs testimony—was coming to public light , and when actual production results in Iraq were coinciding with those projected in the less optimistic Pentagon study . During Wolfowitzs pre-war testimony before Congress , he dismissed General Eric K . Shinsekis estimates of the size of the post war occupation force which would be needed . General Shinseki testified to the US Senate Armed Services Committee on February 25 , 2003 that something in the order of several hundred thousand soldiers would probably be required for postwar Iraq . By contrast , Wolfowitz estimated that fewer than 100,000 troops would be necessary in Iraq . Two days after Shinseki testified , Wolfowitz said to the House Budget Committee on February 27 , 2003:There has been a good deal of comment—some of it quite outlandish—about what our postwar requirements might be in Iraq . Some of the higher end predictions we have been hearing recently , such as the notion that it will take several hundred thousand U.S . troops to provide stability in post-Saddam Iraq , are wildly off the mark . It is hard to conceive that it would take more forces to provide stability in post-Saddam Iraq than it would take to conduct the war itself and to secure the surrender of Saddams security forces and his army—hard to imagine . On October 26 , 2003 , while in Baghdad staying at the Al-Rashid Hotel Wolfowitz narrowly escaped an attack when six rockets hit the floors below his room . Army Lt . Col . Charles H . Buehring was killed and seventeen other soldiers were wounded . Wolfowitz and his DOD staffers escaped unharmed and returned to the United States on October 28 , 2003 . President of the World Bank . In March 2005 , Wolfowitz was nominated to be president of the World Bank by US President George W . Bush . Criticism of his nomination appeared in the media . Nobel Laureate in Economics and former chief economist for the World Bank Joseph Stiglitz said : The World Bank will once again become a hate figure . This could bring street protests and violence across the developing world . In a speech at the U.N . Economic and Social Council , economist Jeffrey Sachs also opposed Wolfowitz : Its time for other candidates to come forward that have experience in development . This is a position on which hundreds of millions of people depend for their lives .. . Lets have a proper leadership of professionalism . In the US , there was some praise for the nomination . An editorial in The Wall Street Journal stated : Mr . Wolfowitz is willing to speak the truth to power .. . he saw earlier than most , and spoke publicly about , the need for dictators to plan democratic transitions . It is the worlds dictators who are the chief causes of world poverty . If anyone can stand up to the Robert Mugabes of the world , it must be the man who stood up to Saddam Hussein.He was confirmed and became president on June 1 , 2005 . He soon attended the 31st G8 summit to discuss issues of global climate change and the economic development in Africa . When this meeting was interrupted by the July 7 , 2005 London bombings , Wolfowitz was present with other world leaders at the press conference given by British Prime Minister Tony Blair . Several of Wolfowitzs initial appointments at the Bank proved controversial , including two US nationals ( Robin Cleveland and Kevin Kellems ) formerly with the Bush administration , whom he appointed as close advisors with $250,000 tax-free contracts . Another appointee , Juan José Daboub , faced criticism , including from his colleagues , for attempting to bring policies on climate change and family planning towards a more conservative position . Wolfowitz gave special emphasis to two particular issues . Identifying Sub-Saharan Africa as the region most challenged to improve living standards , he traveled widely in the region . He also made clear his focus on fighting corruption . Several aspects of the latter program raised controversy . Overturning the names produced by a formal search process , he appointed a figure linked to the US Republican party to head the Banks internal watchdog . Member countries worried that Wolfowitzs willingness to suspend lending to countries on grounds of corruption was vulnerable to selective application in line with US foreign policy interests . In a debate on the proposed Governance and Anti-Corruption Strategy at the Banks 2006 Annual Meetings , shareholders directed Wolfowitz to undertake extensive consultations and revise the strategy to show how objective measures of corruption would be incorporated into decisions and how the shareholders representatives on the Banks Board would play a key role . Following the consultations and revisions , the Board approved a revised strategy in spring 2007 . Controversies . Wolfowitzs relationship with Shaha Riza . After President George W . Bush nominated Wolfowitz as president of the World Bank , journalists reported that Wolfowitz was involved in a relationship with World Bank Senior Communications Officer ( and Acting Manager of External Affairs ) for the Middle East and North Africa Regional Office Shaha Ali Riza . According to Richard Leiby , of The Washington Post , Riza is an Oxford-educated British citizen , was born in Tunisia and grew up in Saudi Arabia . She is known for her expertise on womens rights and has been listed on the banks Web site as a media contact for Iraq reconstruction issues . According to Leiby and Linton Weeks , in their essay In the Shadow of a Scandal , Rizas employment at the World Bank predated Wolfowitzs nomination as Bank president : Riza started at the World Bank as a consultant in July 1997 and became a full-time employee in 1999 ; and the relationship between Riza and Wolfowitz pre-dated it as well : In the early 1990s , Riza joined the National Endowment for Democracy and is credited there with development of the organizations Middle East program . Wolfowitz was on the endowments board—which is how Riza first met him , according to Turkish journalist Cengiz Candar , a friend of the couple . Shaha was married at the time and Paul was married , Candar recalled , and it wasnt until late 1999—after Riza divorced and Wolfowitz had separated from his wife of 30 years , Clare Selgin Wolfowitz—that the couple began dating . When Wolfowitz was considered for head of the CIA after the 2000 election , Clare Wolfowitz wrote President-elect George Bush a letter telling him that her husbands relationship with a foreign national—Riza—posed a national security risk . It has been reported that Scooter Libby intercepted the letter . Sidney Blumenthal also reported on the letter Clare Wolfowitz wrote : This embittered letter remained a closely guarded secret , although a former high official of the CIA told me about it . Chris Nelson also reported it on April 16 in his widely respected , nonpartisan foreign policy newsletter : A certain Ms . Riza was even then Wolfowitzs true love . The problem for the CIA wasnt just that she was a foreign national , although that was and is today an issue for anyone interested in CIA employment . The problem was that Wolfowitz was married to someone else , and that someone was really angry about it , and she found a way to bring her complaint directly to the President . So when we , with our characteristic innocence , put Wolfowitz on our short-list for CIA , we were instantly told , by a very , very , very senior Republican foreign policy operative , I dont think so . The Daily Mail of London also reported on his wifes letter when Wolfowitz was appointed president of the World Bank in 2005 . According to the London Sunday Times on March 20 , 2005 , despite their cultural differences:Riza , an Arab feminist who confounds portrayals of Wolfowitz as a leader of a Zionist conspiracy of Jewish neoconservatives in Washington .. . [ and who ] works as the banks senior gender co-ordinator for the Middle East and north Africa .. . not only shares Wolfowitzs passion for spreading democracy in the Arab world , but is said to have reinforced his determination to remove Saddam Husseins oppressive regime.The relationship created further controversy over Wolfowitzs nomination to head the World Bank , because the banks ethics rules preclude sexual relationships between a manager and a staff member serving under that manager , even if one reports to the other only indirectly through a chain of supervision . Wolfowitz initially proposed to the World Banks Ethics Committee that he recuse himself from personnel matters regarding Riza , but the committee rejected that proposal . Riza was seconded to the State Department , or placed on external assignment , assigned a job at the state department under Liz Cheney , the daughter of the vice-president , promoting democracy in the Middle East . She was also moved up to a managerial pay grade in compensation for the disruption to her career , resulting in a raise of over $60,000 , as well as guarantees of future increases ; The staff association claims that the pay rise was more than double the amount allowed under employee guidelines . A promotion and raise had been among the options suggested by a World Bank ethics committee that was set up to advise on the situation . According to Steven R . Weisman , however , in a report published in The New York Times , the then-current chair of the committee emphasized that he was not informed at the time of the details or extent of the present and future raises built into the agreement with Riza . Wolfowitz referred to the controversy concerning his relationship with Riza in a statement posted on the website of the World Bank at the time ( April 12 , 2007 ) . The affair resurfaced in headlines in 2011 . Wolfowitzs leadership of the World Bank Group . In early 2007 , Fox News published on a series of investigative stories on the World Bank , based in part on leaks of internal bank documents . On April 11 , 2007 , Reuters and Al Kamen in The Washington Post , reported that Wolfowitz and the World Bank board had hired the Williams & Connolly law firm to oversee an investigation into the leaking of internal bank documents to Fox News . Those reports cite an internal memo to the bank staff later posted on the internet , dated April 9 , 2007 , in which the World Banks general counsel , Ana Palacio , states that the Banks legal staff was scrutinizing two articles by investigative reporter Richard Behar published on the website of Fox News on January 31 and March 27 , 2007 . A day after the second report published by Behar , on March 28 , 2007 , Kamen had disclosed that Bank records obtained by the Government Accountability Project documented pay raises in excess of Bank policies given to Shaha Riza On April 12 , 2007 , the London Financial Times reported that , in a 2005 memorandum , Wolfowitz had personally directed the Banks human resources chief to offer Riza a large pay rise and promotion , according to two anonymous sources who told the Financial Times that they had seen the memo . The memo was part of a package of 102 pages of documents released by the bank on April 14 , 2007 . On April 14 , 2007 , after reviewing these documents , the Financial Times concluded that it was a potentially fatal blow to Wolfowitz . In contrast , Fox News concluded that the new documents might offer Wolfowitz a new lifeline in the scandal , because the Banks ethics committee had launched a review of the Riza compensation case in early 2006 and concluded that it did not warrant any further attention by the committee . Wolfowitz failed , on April 19 , 2007 , to attend a high-profile meeting and the controversy led to disruption at the World Bank when some employees wore blue ribbons in a display of defiance against his leadership . World Bank Groups board of executive directors and staffers complained also that Wolfowitz was imposing Bush Administration policies to eliminate family planning from World Bank programs . According to Nicole Gaouette , in her report published in the Los Angeles Times on April 19 , 2007 , Juan José Daboub—the managing director whom Wolfowitz had appointed who has also been criticized for overly-conservative policies concerning climate change and a Roman Catholic with ties to a conservative Salvadoran political party—repeatedly deleted references to family planning from World Bank proposals . On May 14 , 2007 the World Bank committee investigating the alleged ethics violations reported ( in part ) : - Mr . Wolfowitzs contract requiring that he adhere to the Code of Conduct for board officials and that he avoid any conflict of interest , real or apparent , were violated ; - The salary increase Ms . Riza received at Mr . Wolfowitzs direction was in excess of the range established by Rule 6.01 ; - The ad hoc group concludes that in actuality , Mr Wolfowitz from the outset cast himself in opposition to the established rules of the institution ; and - He did not accept the banks policy on conflict of interest , so he sought to negotiate for himself a resolution different from that which would have applied to the staff he was selected to head . Wolfowitz appeared before the World Bank Groups board of executive directors to respond on May 15 . Adams speculated that With Mr Wolfowitz so far refusing to step down , the board may need to take radical action to break the stalemate . Members have discussed a range of options , including sacking Mr Wolfowitz , issuing a vote of no confidence or reprimanding him . Some board members argue that a vote of no confidence would make it impossible for him to stay in the job . By Wednesday , May 16 , 2007 , The New York Times , reported that after six weeks of fighting efforts to oust him as president .. . Wolfowitz began today to negotiate the terms of his possible resignation , in return for the bank dropping or softening the charge that he had engaged in misconduct .. . After expressions from the Bush administration that it fully supported Wolfowitz as World Bank president and its urging a fair hearing for him , President Bush expressed regret at Wolfowitzs impending resignation . On May 17 , 2007 the World Bank Groups board of Executive Directors announced that Paul Wolfowitz would resign as World Bank Group president at the end of June 2007 . Recent activities . As a Visiting Scholar of the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research , Wolfowitz has blogged for the group and appeared in group events . In 2011 , he wrote columns that appeared in publications such as The Independent , The Sunday Times , and Newsweek . Wolfowitz is a former steering committee member of the Bilderberg group . In February 2013 , Wolfowitz publicly supported legal recognition for same-sex marriage in an amicus brief submitted to the US Supreme Court . In February 2015 , Wolfowitz advised presidential candidate Jeb Bush . In August 2016 , Wolfowitz announced his intention to vote for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election , despite having serious reservations about her . However , in a December interview on Fox Business , Wolfowitz claimed that he did not in fact vote for Clinton . In January 2017 , Wolfowitz wrote an op-ed in the New York Times commenting on a dissent cable that had been signed by 1,000 Foreign Service Officers criticizing President Trumps executive action on immigration . |
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"Deputy Secretary of Defense"
] | hard | What was the position of Paul Wolfowitz in Sep 2002? | /wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#P39#4 | Paul Wolfowitz Paul Dundes Wolfowitz ( ; born December 22 , 1943 ) is an American political scientist and diplomat who served as the 10th President of the World Bank , U.S . Deputy Secretary of Defense , U.S . Ambassador to Indonesia , and former dean of Johns Hopkins SAIS . He is currently a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute . He was an early advocate of the Iraq War and has widely been described as an architect of the war . In the aftermath of the insurgency and civil war that followed the invasion , Wolfowitz denied influencing policy on Iraq and disclaimed responsibility . He is a leading neoconservative . In 2005 , he left the Pentagon to serve as president of the World Bank only to resign after two years over a scandal involving allegations he used his position to help World Bank staffer Shaha Riza to whom he was romantically linked . A Reuters report described it as a protracted battle over his stewardship , prompted by his involvement in a high-paying promotion for his companion . Wolfowitz is the only World Bank president to have resigned over a scandal . Early life . The second child of Jacob Wolfowitz ( b . Warsaw ; 1910–1981 ) and Lillian Dundes , Paul Wolfowitz was born in Brooklyn , New York , into a Polish Jewish immigrant family , and grew up mainly in Ithaca , New York , where his father was a professor of statistical theory at Cornell University . Strongly influenced by his father , Paul Wolfowitz became a soft-spoken former aspiring-mathematician-turned-policymaker .. . [ whose ] world views .. . were forged by family history and in the halls of academia rather than in the jungles of Vietnam or the corridors of Congress .. . [ His father ] .. . left new country Poland after World War I and after 123 years of partitions . The rest of his fathers family perished in the Holocaust . In the mid-1960s , while they were both undergraduate students at Cornell residing at the Cornell Branch of the Telluride Association , he met Clare Selgin , who later became an anthropologist . They married in 1968 , had three children and lived in Chevy Chase , Maryland . They separated in 1999 , and , according to some sources , became legally separated in 2001 and divorced in 2002 . In late 1999 , Wolfowitz began dating Shaha Riza . Their relationship led to controversy later , during his presidency of the World Bank Group . Wolfowitz speaks five languages in addition to English : Arabic , French , German , Hebrew , and Indonesian . He was reportedly the model for a minor character named Philip Gorman in Saul Bellows 2001 book Ravelstein . University education . Cornell University . Wolfowitz entered Cornell University in 1961 . He lived in the Telluride House in 1962 and 1963 , while philosophy professor Allan Bloom served as a faculty mentor living in the house . In August 1963 , he and his mother participated in the civil-rights march on Washington organized by A . Philip Randolph Wolfowitz was a member of the Quill and Dagger society . Wolfowitz graduated in 1965 with a B.A . in mathematics . Against his fathers wishes , Wolfowitz decided to go to graduate school to study political science . Wolfowitz would later say that one of the things that ultimately led me to leave mathematics and go into political science was thinking I could prevent nuclear war . University of Chicago . In 1972 , Wolfowitz received a Ph.D . in political science from the University of Chicago , writing his doctoral dissertation on Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East : The Politics and Economics of Proposals for Nuclear Desalting . At the University of Chicago , Wolfowitz took two courses with Leo Strauss . He completed his dissertation under Albert Wohlstetter . Wohlstetter became Wolfowitzs mentor . In the words of Wolfowitzs future colleague Richard Perle : Paul thinks the way Albert thinks . In the summer of 1969 , Wohlstetter arranged for Wolfowitz , Perle and Peter Wilson to join the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy which was set up by Cold War architects Paul Nitze and Dean Acheson . While finishing his dissertation , Wolfowitz taught in the department of political science at Yale University from 1970 to 1972 ; one of his students was future colleague Scooter Libby . Career . Arms Control and Disarmament Agency . In the 1970s , Wolfowitz and Perle served as aides to proto-neoconservative Democratic Senator Henry M . Jackson . A Cold War liberal , Jackson supported higher military spending and a hard line against the Soviet Union alongside more traditional Democratic causes , such as social welfare programs , civil rights , and labor unions . In 1972 , US President Richard Nixon , under pressure from Senator Jackson , dismissed the head of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency ( ACDA ) and replaced him with Fred Ikle . Ikle brought in a new team that included Wolfowitz . While at ACDA , Wolfowitz wrote research papers and drafted testimony , as he had previously done at the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy . He traveled with Ikle to strategic arms limitations talks in Paris and other European cities . He also helped dissuade South Korea from reprocessing plutonium that could be diverted into a clandestine weapons program . Under President Gerald Ford , the American intelligence agencies came under attack over their annually published National Intelligence Estimate . According to Mann , The underlying issue was whether the C.I.A . and other agencies were underestimating the threat from the Soviet Union , either by intentionally tailoring intelligence to support Kissingers policy of détente or by simply failing to give enough weight to darker interpretations of Soviet intentions . Attempting to counter these claims , Director of Central Intelligence George H . W . Bush formed a committee of anti-Communist experts , headed by Richard Pipes , to reassess the raw data . Based on the recommendation of Perle , Pipes picked Wolfowitz for this committee , which was later called Team B . The teams 1976 report , which was leaked to the press , stated that all the evidence points to an undeviating Soviet commitment to what is euphemistically called the worldwide triumph of socialism , but in fact connotes global Soviet hegemony , highlighting a number of key areas where they believed the governments intelligence analysts had failed . According to Jack Davis , Wolfowitz observed later : The B-Team demonstrated that it was possible to construct a sharply different view of Soviet motivation from the consensus view of the [ intelligence ] analysts and one that provided a much closer fit to the Soviets observed behavior ( and also provided a much better forecast of subsequent behavior up to and through the invasion of Afghanistan ) . The formal presentation of the competing views in a session out at [ CIA headquarters in ] Langley also made clear that the enormous experience and expertise of the B-Team as a group were formidable . Team Bs conclusions have faced criticism . They have been called worst-case analysis , ignoring the political , demographic , and economic rot already eating away at the Soviet system . Wolfowitz reportedly did not have a central role in Team B , mostly focused on analyzing the role that medium-range missiles played in Soviet military strategy . Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs . In 1977 , during the Carter administration , Wolfowitz moved to the Pentagon . He was US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs for the US Defense Department , under US Secretary of Defense Harold Brown . In 1980 , Wolfowitz resigned from the Pentagon and became a visiting professor at the Paul H . Nitze School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) at Johns Hopkins University . Shortly thereafter , he joined the Republican Party . According to The Washington Post : He said it was not he who changed his political philosophy so much as the Democratic Party , which abandoned the hard-headed internationalism of Harry Truman , Kennedy and Jackson . State Department Director of Policy Planning . Following the 1980 election of President Ronald Reagan , the new National Security Advisor Richard V . Allen formed the administrations foreign policy advisory team . Allen initially rejected Wolfowitzs appointment but following discussions , instigated by former colleague John Lehman , Allen offered Wolfowitz the position of Director of Policy Planning at the Department of State . President Reagans foreign policy was heavily influenced by the Kirkpatrick Doctrine , as outlined in a 1979 article in Commentary by Jeane Kirkpatrick entitled Dictatorships and Double Standards . Although most governments in the world are , as they always have been , autocracies of one kind or another , no idea holds greater sway in the mind of educated Americans than the belief that it is possible to democratize governments , anytime , anywhere , under any circumstances .. . ( But ) decades , if not centuries , are normally required for people to acquire the necessary disciplines and habits . Wolfowitz broke from this official line by denouncing Saddam Hussein of Iraq at a time when Donald Rumsfeld was offering the dictator support in his conflict with Iran . James Mann points out : quite a few neo-conservatives , like Wolfowitz , believed strongly in democratic ideals ; they had taken from the philosopher Leo Strauss the notion that there is a moral duty to oppose a leader who is a tyrant . Other areas where Wolfowitz disagreed with the administration was in his opposition to attempts to open up dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) and to the sale of Airborne Warning and Control System ( AWACS ) aircraft to Saudi Arabia . In both instances , according to Mann , Wolfowitz demonstrated himself to be one of the strongest supporters of Israel in the Reagan administration . Mann stresses : It was on China that Wolfowitz launched his boldest challenge to the established order . After Nixon and Kissinger had gone to China in the early 1970s , US policy was to make concessions to China as an essential Cold War ally . The Chinese were now pushing for the US to end arms sales to Taiwan , and Wolfowitz used the Chinese incentive as an opportunity to undermine Kissingers foreign policy toward China . Instead , Wolfowitz advocated a unilateralist policy , claiming that the US did not need Chinas assistance but that the Chinese needed the US to protect them against the far-more-likely prospect of a Soviet invasion of the Chinese mainland . Wolfowitz soon came into conflict with Secretary of State Alexander Haig , who had been Kissingers assistant at the time of the visits to China . On March 30 , 1982 , The New York Times predicted that Paul D . Wolfowitz , the director of policy planning .. . will be replaced , because Mr . Haig found Mr . Wolfowitz too theoretical . Instead , on June 25 , 1982 , George P . Shultz replaced Haig as US Secretary of State , and Wolfowitz was promoted . State Department Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs . In 1982 , Secretary of State Shultz appointed Wolfowitz as Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs . Jeane Kirkpatrick , on a visit to the Philippines , was welcomed by the dictator Ferdinand Marcos who quoted heavily from her 1979 Commentary article Dictatorships and Double Standards and although Kirkpatrick had been forced to speak-out in favor of democracy the article continued to influence Reagans policy toward Marcos . Following the assassination of Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino , Jr . in 1983 many within the Reagan administration including the President himself began to fear that the Philippines could fall to the communists and the US military would lose its strongholds at Clark Air Force Base and Subic Bay Naval Station . Wolfowitz tried to change the administrations policy , stating in an April 15 , 1985 article in The Wall Street Journal that The best antidote to Communism is democracy . Wolfowitz and his assistant Lewis Libby made trips to Manila where they called for democratic reforms and met with non-communist opposition leaders . Mann points out that the Reagan administrations decision to support democratic government in the Philippines had been hesitant , messy , crisis-driven and skewed by the desire to do what was necessary to protect the American military installations . Following massive street protests , Marcos fled the country on a US Air Force plane and the US recognized the government of Corazón Aquino . Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia . From 1986 to 1989 , during the military-backed government of President Suharto , Wolfowitz was the US Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia . According to Peter J . Boyer , Wolfowitzs appointment to Indonesia was not an immediately obvious match . He was a Jew representing America in the largest Muslim republic in the world , an advocate of democracy in Suhartos dictatorship . But Wolfowitzs tenure as Ambassador was a notable success , largely owing to the fact that , in essence , he went native . With tutoring help from his driver , he learned the language , and hurled himself into the culture . He attended academic seminars , climbed volcanoes , and toured the neighborhoods of Jakarta . Sipress and Nakashima report that Wolfowitzs colleagues and friends , both Indonesian and American pointed to the U.S . envoys quiet pursuit of political and economic reforms in Indonesia . Dewi Fortuna Anwar , a foreign policy adviser to B . J . Habibie , Suhartos successor as head of state ( 1998–99 ) , stated that Wolfowitz was a competent and popular envoy . But he never intervened to push human rights or stand up to corruption . Officials involved in the AID program during Wolfowitzs tenure told The Washington Post that he took a keen personal interest in development , including health care , agriculture and private sector expansion and that Wolfowitz canceled food assistance to the Indonesian government out of concern that Suhartos family , which had an ownership interest in the countrys only flour mill , was indirectly benefiting . In The Tragedy of Suharto , published in May 1998 , in The Wall Street Journal , Wolfowitz states : Although it is fashionable to blame all of Asias present problems on corruption and the failure of Asian values , it is at bottom a case of a bubble bursting , of too many imprudent lenders chasing too many incautious borrowers . But the greed of Mr . Suhartos children ensured that their father would take the lions share of the blame for Indonesias financial collapse . The Suharto childrens favored position became a major obstacle to the measures needed to restore economic confidence . Worst of all , they ensured that the economic crisis would be a political crisis as well . That he allowed this , and that he amassed such wealth himself , is all the more mysterious since he lived a relatively modest life . After the 2002 Bali bombing , on October 18 , 2002 , then Deputy Secretary of Defense Wolfowitz observed that the reason the terrorists are successful in Indonesia is because the Suharto regime fell and the methods that were used to suppress them are gone . Undersecretary of Defense for Policy . From 1989 to 1993 , Wolfowitz served in the administration of George H . W . Bush as Under Secretary of Defense for Policy , under then US Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney . During the 1991 Persian Gulf War , Wolfowitzs team co-ordinated and reviewed military strategy , raising $50 billion in allied financial support for the operation . Wolfowitz was present with Cheney , Colin Powell and others , on February 27 , 1991 , at the meeting with the President where it was decided that the troops should be demobilised . On February 25 , 1998 , Wolfowitz testified before a congressional committee that he thought that the best opportunity to overthrow Saddam was , unfortunately , lost in the month right after the war . Wolfowitz added that he was horrified in March as Saddam Hussein flew helicopters that slaughtered the people in the south and in the north who were rising up against him , while American fighter pilots flew overhead , desperately eager to shoot down those helicopters , and not allowed to do so . During that hearing , he also stated : Some people might say—and I think I would sympathise with this view—that perhaps if we had delayed the ceasefire by a few more days , we might have got rid of Saddam Hussein . After the 1991 Persian Gulf War , Wolfowitz and his then-assistant Scooter Libby wrote the Defense Planning Guidance of 1992 , which came to be known as the Wolfowitz Doctrine , to set the nations direction for the next century . As military strategist Andrew Bacevich described the doctrine : Before this classified document was fully vetted by the White House , it was leaked to The New York Times , which made it front-page news . The draft DPG announced that it had become the first objective of U.S . policy to prevent the re-emergence of a new rival . With an eye toward deterring potential competitors from even aspiring to a larger regional or global role , the United States would maintain unquestioned military superiority and , if necessary , employ force unilaterally . As window dressing , allies might be nice , but the United States no longer considered them necessary . At that time the official administration line was containment , and the contents of Wolfowitzs plan calling for preemption and unilateralism which was opposed by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell and President Bush . Defense Secretary Cheney produced a revised plan released in 1992 . Many of the ideas in the Wolfowitz Doctrine later became part of the Bush Doctrine . He left the government after the 1992 election . Johns Hopkins University . From 1994 to 2001 , Wolfowitz served as Professor of International Relations and Dean of the Paul H . Nitze School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) at Johns Hopkins University . He was instrumental in adding more than $75 million to the universitys endowment , developing an international finance concentration as part of the curriculum , and combining the various Asian studies programs into one department . He also advised Bob Dole on foreign policy during his 1996 US Presidential election campaign , which was managed by Donald Rumsfeld . According to Kampfner , Wolfowitz used his perch at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies as a test-bed for a new conservative world vision . Wolfowitz was associated with the Project for the New American Century ( PNAC ) ; he signed both the PNACs June 3 , 1997 Statement of Principles , and its January 26 , 1998 , open letter to President Bill Clinton . In February 1998 , Wolfowitz testified before a Congressional hearing , stating that the current administration lacked the sense of purpose to liberate ourselves , our friends and allies in the region , and the Iraqi people themselves from the menace of Saddam Hussein . In September 2000 , the PNAC produced a 90-page report entitled Rebuilding Americas Defenses : Strategies , Forces and Resources for a New Century , advocating the redeployment of US troops in permanent bases in strategic locations throughout the world where they can be ready to act to protect US interests abroad . During the 2000 US Presidential election campaign , Wolfowitz served as a foreign policy advisor to George W . Bush as part of the group led by Condoleezza Rice calling itself The Vulcans . Deputy Secretary of Defense . From 2001 to 2005 , during the George W . Bush administration , Wolfowitz served as U.S . Deputy Secretary of Defense reporting to U.S . Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld . The September 11 attacks in 2001 was a turning point in administration policy , as Wolfowitz later explained : 9/11 really was a wake up call and that if we take proper advantage of this opportunity to prevent the future terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction that it will have been an extremely valuable wake up call , adding : if we say our only problem was to respond to 9/11 , and we wait until somebody hits us with nuclear weapons before we take that kind of threat seriously , we will have made a very big mistake . In the first emergency meeting of the National Security Council on the day of the attacks , Rumsfeld asked , Why shouldnt we go against Iraq , not just al-Qaeda ? with Wolfowitz adding that Iraq was a brittle , oppressive regime that might break easily—it was doable , and , according to John Kampfner , from that moment on , he and Wolfowitz used every available opportunity to press the case . The idea was initially rejected , at the behest of Secretary of State Colin Powell , but , according to Kampfner , Undeterred Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz held secret meetings about opening up a second front—against Saddam . Powell was excluded . In such meetings they created a policy that would later be dubbed the Bush Doctrine , centering on pre-emption and the war on Iraq , which the PNAC had advocated in their earlier letters . After the September 11 attacks , the US invaded Afghanistan to fight Al-Qaeda , which had orchestrated the attack . The invasion of Afghanistan began on October 7 , 2001 . On October 10 , 2001 , George Robertson , then Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation , went to the Pentagon to offer NATO troops , planes and ships to assist . Wolfowitz rebuffed the offer , saying : We can do everything we need to . Wolfowitz later announced publicly , according to Kampfner , that allies , coalitions and diplomacy were of little immediate concern . Ten months later , on January 15 , 2003 , with hostilities still continuing , Wolfowitz made a fifteen-hour visit to the Afghan capital , Kabul , and met with the new president Hamid Karzai . Wolfowitz stated , Were clearly moving into a different phase , where our priority in Afghanistan is increasingly going to be stability and reconstruction . Theres no way to go too fast . Faster is better . Despite the promises , according to Hersh , little effort to provide the military and economic resources necessary for reconstruction was made . This criticism would also re-occur after the 2003 invasion of Iraq later that year . On April 16 , 2002 the National Solidarity Rally for Israel was called in Washington to promote US support and collaboration with Israel . Wolfowitz was the sole representative of the Bush administration to attend , speaking alongside Former Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani . As reported by the BBC , Wolfowitz told the crowd that US President George W . Bush wants you to know that he stands in solidarity with you . Sharon Samber and Matthew E . Berger reported for Jewish Telegraphic Agency ( JTA ) that Wolfowitz continued by saying that Innocent Palestinians are suffering and dying as well . It is critical that we recognize and acknowledge that fact , before being booed and drowned out by chants of No more Arafat . Following the invasion of Afghanistan the Bush administration had started to plan for the next stage of the War on Terror . According to John Kampfner , Emboldened by their experience in Afghanistan , they saw the opportunity to root out hostile regimes in the Middle East and to implant very American interpretations of democracy and free markets , from Iraq to Iran and Saudi Arabia . Wolfowitz epitomised this view . Wolfowitz saw a liberated Iraq as both paradigm and linchpin for future interventions . The 2003 invasion of Iraq began on March 19 . Prior to the invasion , Wolfowitz actively championed it , as he later stated : For reasons that have a lot to do with the U.S . government bureaucracy we settled on the one issue that everyone could agree on which was weapons of mass destruction as the core reason The job of finding WMD and providing justification for the attack would fall to the intelligence services , but , according to Kampfner , Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz believed that , while the established security services had a role , they were too bureaucratic and too traditional in their thinking . As a result , they set up what came to be known as the cabal , a cell of eight or nine analysts in a new Office of Special Plans ( OSP ) based in the U.S . Defense Department . According to an unnamed Pentagon source quoted by Hersh , the OSP was created in order to find evidence of what Wolfowitz and his boss , Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld , believed to be true—that Saddam Hussein had close ties to Al Qaeda , and that Iraq had an enormous arsenal of chemical , biological , and possibly even nuclear weapons that threatened the region and , potentially , the United States . Within months of being set up , the OSP rivaled both the CIA and the Pentagons Defense Intelligence Agency , the DIA , as President Bushs main source of intelligence regarding Iraqs possible possession of weapons of mass destruction and connection with Al Qaeda . Hersh explains that the OSP relied on data gathered by other intelligence agencies and also on information provided by the Iraqi National Congress , or I.N.C. , the exile group headed by Ahmad Chalabi . According to Kampfner , the CIA had ended its funding of the INC in the mid-1990s when doubts were cast about Chalabis reliability . Nevertheless , as the administration geared up for conflict with Saddam , Chalabi was welcomed in the inner sanctum of the Pentagon under the auspices of the OSP , and Wolfowitz did not see fit to challenge any of Chalabis information . The actions of the OSP have led to accusation of the Bush administration fixing intelligence to support policy with the aim of influencing Congress in its use of the War Powers Act . Kampfner outlined Wolfowitzs strategy for the 2003 invasion of Iraq , which envisaged the use of air support and the occupation of southern Iraq with ground troops , to install a new government run by Ahmed Chalabis Iraqi National Congress . Wolfowitz believed that the operation would require minimal troop deployment , Hersh explains , because any show of force would immediately trigger a revolt against Saddam within Iraq , and that it would quickly expand . The financial expenditure would be kept low , Kampfner observes , if under the plan American troops would seize the oil fields around Basra , in the South , and sell the oil to finance the opposition . On March 27 , 2003 , Wolfowitz told the House Appropriations Committee that oil revenue earned by Iraq alone would pay for Iraqs reconstruction after the Iraq war ; he testified his rough recollection was : The oil revenues of that country could bring between $50 and $100 billion over the course of the next two or three years . Now , there are a lot of claims on that money , but .. . We are dealing with a country that can really finance its own reconstruction and relatively soon . By October of that year , Lawrence Di Rita , the Pentagons chief spokesman , said prewar estimates that may be borne out in fact are likelier to be more lucky than smart . [ He ] added that earlier estimates and statements by Mr . Wolfowitz and others oozed with uncertainty . Di Ritas comments came as a much less optimistic secret Pentagon study—which had been complete at the time of Wolfowitzs testimony—was coming to public light , and when actual production results in Iraq were coinciding with those projected in the less optimistic Pentagon study . During Wolfowitzs pre-war testimony before Congress , he dismissed General Eric K . Shinsekis estimates of the size of the post war occupation force which would be needed . General Shinseki testified to the US Senate Armed Services Committee on February 25 , 2003 that something in the order of several hundred thousand soldiers would probably be required for postwar Iraq . By contrast , Wolfowitz estimated that fewer than 100,000 troops would be necessary in Iraq . Two days after Shinseki testified , Wolfowitz said to the House Budget Committee on February 27 , 2003:There has been a good deal of comment—some of it quite outlandish—about what our postwar requirements might be in Iraq . Some of the higher end predictions we have been hearing recently , such as the notion that it will take several hundred thousand U.S . troops to provide stability in post-Saddam Iraq , are wildly off the mark . It is hard to conceive that it would take more forces to provide stability in post-Saddam Iraq than it would take to conduct the war itself and to secure the surrender of Saddams security forces and his army—hard to imagine . On October 26 , 2003 , while in Baghdad staying at the Al-Rashid Hotel Wolfowitz narrowly escaped an attack when six rockets hit the floors below his room . Army Lt . Col . Charles H . Buehring was killed and seventeen other soldiers were wounded . Wolfowitz and his DOD staffers escaped unharmed and returned to the United States on October 28 , 2003 . President of the World Bank . In March 2005 , Wolfowitz was nominated to be president of the World Bank by US President George W . Bush . Criticism of his nomination appeared in the media . Nobel Laureate in Economics and former chief economist for the World Bank Joseph Stiglitz said : The World Bank will once again become a hate figure . This could bring street protests and violence across the developing world . In a speech at the U.N . Economic and Social Council , economist Jeffrey Sachs also opposed Wolfowitz : Its time for other candidates to come forward that have experience in development . This is a position on which hundreds of millions of people depend for their lives .. . Lets have a proper leadership of professionalism . In the US , there was some praise for the nomination . An editorial in The Wall Street Journal stated : Mr . Wolfowitz is willing to speak the truth to power .. . he saw earlier than most , and spoke publicly about , the need for dictators to plan democratic transitions . It is the worlds dictators who are the chief causes of world poverty . If anyone can stand up to the Robert Mugabes of the world , it must be the man who stood up to Saddam Hussein.He was confirmed and became president on June 1 , 2005 . He soon attended the 31st G8 summit to discuss issues of global climate change and the economic development in Africa . When this meeting was interrupted by the July 7 , 2005 London bombings , Wolfowitz was present with other world leaders at the press conference given by British Prime Minister Tony Blair . Several of Wolfowitzs initial appointments at the Bank proved controversial , including two US nationals ( Robin Cleveland and Kevin Kellems ) formerly with the Bush administration , whom he appointed as close advisors with $250,000 tax-free contracts . Another appointee , Juan José Daboub , faced criticism , including from his colleagues , for attempting to bring policies on climate change and family planning towards a more conservative position . Wolfowitz gave special emphasis to two particular issues . Identifying Sub-Saharan Africa as the region most challenged to improve living standards , he traveled widely in the region . He also made clear his focus on fighting corruption . Several aspects of the latter program raised controversy . Overturning the names produced by a formal search process , he appointed a figure linked to the US Republican party to head the Banks internal watchdog . Member countries worried that Wolfowitzs willingness to suspend lending to countries on grounds of corruption was vulnerable to selective application in line with US foreign policy interests . In a debate on the proposed Governance and Anti-Corruption Strategy at the Banks 2006 Annual Meetings , shareholders directed Wolfowitz to undertake extensive consultations and revise the strategy to show how objective measures of corruption would be incorporated into decisions and how the shareholders representatives on the Banks Board would play a key role . Following the consultations and revisions , the Board approved a revised strategy in spring 2007 . Controversies . Wolfowitzs relationship with Shaha Riza . After President George W . Bush nominated Wolfowitz as president of the World Bank , journalists reported that Wolfowitz was involved in a relationship with World Bank Senior Communications Officer ( and Acting Manager of External Affairs ) for the Middle East and North Africa Regional Office Shaha Ali Riza . According to Richard Leiby , of The Washington Post , Riza is an Oxford-educated British citizen , was born in Tunisia and grew up in Saudi Arabia . She is known for her expertise on womens rights and has been listed on the banks Web site as a media contact for Iraq reconstruction issues . According to Leiby and Linton Weeks , in their essay In the Shadow of a Scandal , Rizas employment at the World Bank predated Wolfowitzs nomination as Bank president : Riza started at the World Bank as a consultant in July 1997 and became a full-time employee in 1999 ; and the relationship between Riza and Wolfowitz pre-dated it as well : In the early 1990s , Riza joined the National Endowment for Democracy and is credited there with development of the organizations Middle East program . Wolfowitz was on the endowments board—which is how Riza first met him , according to Turkish journalist Cengiz Candar , a friend of the couple . Shaha was married at the time and Paul was married , Candar recalled , and it wasnt until late 1999—after Riza divorced and Wolfowitz had separated from his wife of 30 years , Clare Selgin Wolfowitz—that the couple began dating . When Wolfowitz was considered for head of the CIA after the 2000 election , Clare Wolfowitz wrote President-elect George Bush a letter telling him that her husbands relationship with a foreign national—Riza—posed a national security risk . It has been reported that Scooter Libby intercepted the letter . Sidney Blumenthal also reported on the letter Clare Wolfowitz wrote : This embittered letter remained a closely guarded secret , although a former high official of the CIA told me about it . Chris Nelson also reported it on April 16 in his widely respected , nonpartisan foreign policy newsletter : A certain Ms . Riza was even then Wolfowitzs true love . The problem for the CIA wasnt just that she was a foreign national , although that was and is today an issue for anyone interested in CIA employment . The problem was that Wolfowitz was married to someone else , and that someone was really angry about it , and she found a way to bring her complaint directly to the President . So when we , with our characteristic innocence , put Wolfowitz on our short-list for CIA , we were instantly told , by a very , very , very senior Republican foreign policy operative , I dont think so . The Daily Mail of London also reported on his wifes letter when Wolfowitz was appointed president of the World Bank in 2005 . According to the London Sunday Times on March 20 , 2005 , despite their cultural differences:Riza , an Arab feminist who confounds portrayals of Wolfowitz as a leader of a Zionist conspiracy of Jewish neoconservatives in Washington .. . [ and who ] works as the banks senior gender co-ordinator for the Middle East and north Africa .. . not only shares Wolfowitzs passion for spreading democracy in the Arab world , but is said to have reinforced his determination to remove Saddam Husseins oppressive regime.The relationship created further controversy over Wolfowitzs nomination to head the World Bank , because the banks ethics rules preclude sexual relationships between a manager and a staff member serving under that manager , even if one reports to the other only indirectly through a chain of supervision . Wolfowitz initially proposed to the World Banks Ethics Committee that he recuse himself from personnel matters regarding Riza , but the committee rejected that proposal . Riza was seconded to the State Department , or placed on external assignment , assigned a job at the state department under Liz Cheney , the daughter of the vice-president , promoting democracy in the Middle East . She was also moved up to a managerial pay grade in compensation for the disruption to her career , resulting in a raise of over $60,000 , as well as guarantees of future increases ; The staff association claims that the pay rise was more than double the amount allowed under employee guidelines . A promotion and raise had been among the options suggested by a World Bank ethics committee that was set up to advise on the situation . According to Steven R . Weisman , however , in a report published in The New York Times , the then-current chair of the committee emphasized that he was not informed at the time of the details or extent of the present and future raises built into the agreement with Riza . Wolfowitz referred to the controversy concerning his relationship with Riza in a statement posted on the website of the World Bank at the time ( April 12 , 2007 ) . The affair resurfaced in headlines in 2011 . Wolfowitzs leadership of the World Bank Group . In early 2007 , Fox News published on a series of investigative stories on the World Bank , based in part on leaks of internal bank documents . On April 11 , 2007 , Reuters and Al Kamen in The Washington Post , reported that Wolfowitz and the World Bank board had hired the Williams & Connolly law firm to oversee an investigation into the leaking of internal bank documents to Fox News . Those reports cite an internal memo to the bank staff later posted on the internet , dated April 9 , 2007 , in which the World Banks general counsel , Ana Palacio , states that the Banks legal staff was scrutinizing two articles by investigative reporter Richard Behar published on the website of Fox News on January 31 and March 27 , 2007 . A day after the second report published by Behar , on March 28 , 2007 , Kamen had disclosed that Bank records obtained by the Government Accountability Project documented pay raises in excess of Bank policies given to Shaha Riza On April 12 , 2007 , the London Financial Times reported that , in a 2005 memorandum , Wolfowitz had personally directed the Banks human resources chief to offer Riza a large pay rise and promotion , according to two anonymous sources who told the Financial Times that they had seen the memo . The memo was part of a package of 102 pages of documents released by the bank on April 14 , 2007 . On April 14 , 2007 , after reviewing these documents , the Financial Times concluded that it was a potentially fatal blow to Wolfowitz . In contrast , Fox News concluded that the new documents might offer Wolfowitz a new lifeline in the scandal , because the Banks ethics committee had launched a review of the Riza compensation case in early 2006 and concluded that it did not warrant any further attention by the committee . Wolfowitz failed , on April 19 , 2007 , to attend a high-profile meeting and the controversy led to disruption at the World Bank when some employees wore blue ribbons in a display of defiance against his leadership . World Bank Groups board of executive directors and staffers complained also that Wolfowitz was imposing Bush Administration policies to eliminate family planning from World Bank programs . According to Nicole Gaouette , in her report published in the Los Angeles Times on April 19 , 2007 , Juan José Daboub—the managing director whom Wolfowitz had appointed who has also been criticized for overly-conservative policies concerning climate change and a Roman Catholic with ties to a conservative Salvadoran political party—repeatedly deleted references to family planning from World Bank proposals . On May 14 , 2007 the World Bank committee investigating the alleged ethics violations reported ( in part ) : - Mr . Wolfowitzs contract requiring that he adhere to the Code of Conduct for board officials and that he avoid any conflict of interest , real or apparent , were violated ; - The salary increase Ms . Riza received at Mr . Wolfowitzs direction was in excess of the range established by Rule 6.01 ; - The ad hoc group concludes that in actuality , Mr Wolfowitz from the outset cast himself in opposition to the established rules of the institution ; and - He did not accept the banks policy on conflict of interest , so he sought to negotiate for himself a resolution different from that which would have applied to the staff he was selected to head . Wolfowitz appeared before the World Bank Groups board of executive directors to respond on May 15 . Adams speculated that With Mr Wolfowitz so far refusing to step down , the board may need to take radical action to break the stalemate . Members have discussed a range of options , including sacking Mr Wolfowitz , issuing a vote of no confidence or reprimanding him . Some board members argue that a vote of no confidence would make it impossible for him to stay in the job . By Wednesday , May 16 , 2007 , The New York Times , reported that after six weeks of fighting efforts to oust him as president .. . Wolfowitz began today to negotiate the terms of his possible resignation , in return for the bank dropping or softening the charge that he had engaged in misconduct .. . After expressions from the Bush administration that it fully supported Wolfowitz as World Bank president and its urging a fair hearing for him , President Bush expressed regret at Wolfowitzs impending resignation . On May 17 , 2007 the World Bank Groups board of Executive Directors announced that Paul Wolfowitz would resign as World Bank Group president at the end of June 2007 . Recent activities . As a Visiting Scholar of the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research , Wolfowitz has blogged for the group and appeared in group events . In 2011 , he wrote columns that appeared in publications such as The Independent , The Sunday Times , and Newsweek . Wolfowitz is a former steering committee member of the Bilderberg group . In February 2013 , Wolfowitz publicly supported legal recognition for same-sex marriage in an amicus brief submitted to the US Supreme Court . In February 2015 , Wolfowitz advised presidential candidate Jeb Bush . In August 2016 , Wolfowitz announced his intention to vote for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election , despite having serious reservations about her . However , in a December interview on Fox Business , Wolfowitz claimed that he did not in fact vote for Clinton . In January 2017 , Wolfowitz wrote an op-ed in the New York Times commenting on a dissent cable that had been signed by 1,000 Foreign Service Officers criticizing President Trumps executive action on immigration . |
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] | hard | Where was Tom O'Halleran educated before Mar 1963? | /wiki/Tom_O'Halleran#P69#0 | Tom OHalleran Thomas Charles OHalleran ( ; born January 24 , 1946 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S . Representative for since 2017 . Beginning his political career as a Republican , he was the Arizona State Senator from the 1st district from 2007 to 2009 . In 2015 , he became a member of the Democratic Party . He also serves as the Chair of Communications for the Blue Dog Caucus . Early life and education . OHalleran was born and raised in Chicago , Illinois and graduated from Providence St . Mel School . He attended Lewis University for one year before joining the Chicago Police Department . OHalleran later attended DePaul University for one year . Early career . OHalleran served with the Chicago Police Department from 1966 to 1975 . He then became a member of the Chicago Board of Trade , operating his own futures trading business with a focus in futures contracts on 10-year U.S . Treasury notes . Arizona Legislature . OHalleran , then a Republican , served in the Arizona House of Representatives from 2001 to 2007 . He then served in the Arizona State Senate , representing the 1st district from 2007 to 2009 . In a 2008 primary election , he was unseated by Steve Pierce . After leaving the Arizona State Legislature , OHalleran hosted a radio show on KAZM in Sedona . In 2014 he left the Republican Party , citing its policies on education , water , and child welfare as reasons for his resignation . He then ran for the 6th district seat of the State Senate as an independent , losing by 3% . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2016 On August 6 , 2015 , OHalleran announced his candidacy as a Democrat for Arizonas 1st congressional district . - 2018 OHalleran ran unopposed in the 2018 Democratic primary . In the November 2018 general election , he defeated Republican Wendy Rogers with 54% of the vote . - 2020 OHalleran ran against Republican Tiffany Shedd . He defeated Shedd with 51.6% of the vote . Tenure . 117th Congress ( 2021–23 ) . OHalleran was at the United States Capitol on January 6 , 2021 , to certify the results of the 2020 United States presidential election when the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol occurred . OHalleran was moved to a safe location along with other members of Congress . He voted in support of a resolution calling for Vice President Mike Pence to use the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution to remove Trump from office . Days later , he voted in support of the second impeachment of Donald Trump . In February , OHalleran voted in support of the American Rescue Plan . Committee assignments . - Committee on Agriculture - Subcommittee on Commodity Exchanges , Energy , and Credit - Subcommittee on Conservation and Forestry - Subcommittee on General Farm Commodities and Risk Management - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Communications and Technology - Subcommittee on Energy - Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and Commerce Caucus memberships . - Blue Dog Coalition ( Chair for Communications ) - New Democrat Coalition - Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus - Problem Solvers Caucus Political positions . Abortion . OHalleran has said that he supports legalized abortion . Energy and oil . According to On the Issues , in 2008 OHalleran introduced HB 2613 , an act which would add property tax incentives for businesses using renewable energy . Foreign policy . According to On the Issues , in 2017 OHalleran signed two-state solution despite Israeli settlements on West Bank . Government spending . In March 2018 , OHalleran criticized the Trump administration for seeking to cut funding for agencies and programs including the Economic Development Administration . Gun policy . After the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland , Florida , OHalleran , who had long supported expanded background checks but opposed an assault-weapon ban , suggested he might shift toward a stronger position on gun control . At times you have to look at yourself in the mirror and do the right thing and say forget about the political consequences , he said , but admitted he was concerned about those consequences . Immigration . When President Donald Trump ordered a travel ban on visitors and refugees from seven predominantly Muslim nations in January 2017 , OHalleran said that the order does not represent our nations values and that it violated the Constitution and the bedrock ideals of our democracy . In April 2017 , OHalleran criticized Attorney General Jeff Sessionss tougher new guidelines on expelling illegal immigrants who belong to criminal gangs . I have no problem with getting the felons out of the country , OHalleran said . But some of these people that theyre taking out of the country , they have children that are Americans , and they have not had a violent felony conviction . Here we are , taking mothers away from their children . OHalleran was part of a group of Arizona Democrats who , in an August 2017 letter to President Trump , urged him not to pardon former Maricopa County chief Sheriff Joe Arpaio , who had been convicted in a federal court of racially profiling Latinos as part of border patrols . Qualified immunity . In 2021 , OHalleran was among a group of Democrats who sought to remove a provision from a police reform bill that would end qualified immunity for police officers accused of misconduct . Personal life . OHalleran and his wife , Pat , live in unincorporated Yavapai County ( with a Sedona address ) , and have three grown children and four grandchildren . External links . - Congressman Tom OHalleran official U.S . House website - Tom OHalleran for Congress campaign website |
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] | hard | Where was Tom O'Halleran educated between Dec 1965 and 1966? | /wiki/Tom_O'Halleran#P69#1 | Tom OHalleran Thomas Charles OHalleran ( ; born January 24 , 1946 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S . Representative for since 2017 . Beginning his political career as a Republican , he was the Arizona State Senator from the 1st district from 2007 to 2009 . In 2015 , he became a member of the Democratic Party . He also serves as the Chair of Communications for the Blue Dog Caucus . Early life and education . OHalleran was born and raised in Chicago , Illinois and graduated from Providence St . Mel School . He attended Lewis University for one year before joining the Chicago Police Department . OHalleran later attended DePaul University for one year . Early career . OHalleran served with the Chicago Police Department from 1966 to 1975 . He then became a member of the Chicago Board of Trade , operating his own futures trading business with a focus in futures contracts on 10-year U.S . Treasury notes . Arizona Legislature . OHalleran , then a Republican , served in the Arizona House of Representatives from 2001 to 2007 . He then served in the Arizona State Senate , representing the 1st district from 2007 to 2009 . In a 2008 primary election , he was unseated by Steve Pierce . After leaving the Arizona State Legislature , OHalleran hosted a radio show on KAZM in Sedona . In 2014 he left the Republican Party , citing its policies on education , water , and child welfare as reasons for his resignation . He then ran for the 6th district seat of the State Senate as an independent , losing by 3% . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2016 On August 6 , 2015 , OHalleran announced his candidacy as a Democrat for Arizonas 1st congressional district . - 2018 OHalleran ran unopposed in the 2018 Democratic primary . In the November 2018 general election , he defeated Republican Wendy Rogers with 54% of the vote . - 2020 OHalleran ran against Republican Tiffany Shedd . He defeated Shedd with 51.6% of the vote . Tenure . 117th Congress ( 2021–23 ) . OHalleran was at the United States Capitol on January 6 , 2021 , to certify the results of the 2020 United States presidential election when the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol occurred . OHalleran was moved to a safe location along with other members of Congress . He voted in support of a resolution calling for Vice President Mike Pence to use the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution to remove Trump from office . Days later , he voted in support of the second impeachment of Donald Trump . In February , OHalleran voted in support of the American Rescue Plan . Committee assignments . - Committee on Agriculture - Subcommittee on Commodity Exchanges , Energy , and Credit - Subcommittee on Conservation and Forestry - Subcommittee on General Farm Commodities and Risk Management - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Communications and Technology - Subcommittee on Energy - Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and Commerce Caucus memberships . - Blue Dog Coalition ( Chair for Communications ) - New Democrat Coalition - Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus - Problem Solvers Caucus Political positions . Abortion . OHalleran has said that he supports legalized abortion . Energy and oil . According to On the Issues , in 2008 OHalleran introduced HB 2613 , an act which would add property tax incentives for businesses using renewable energy . Foreign policy . According to On the Issues , in 2017 OHalleran signed two-state solution despite Israeli settlements on West Bank . Government spending . In March 2018 , OHalleran criticized the Trump administration for seeking to cut funding for agencies and programs including the Economic Development Administration . Gun policy . After the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland , Florida , OHalleran , who had long supported expanded background checks but opposed an assault-weapon ban , suggested he might shift toward a stronger position on gun control . At times you have to look at yourself in the mirror and do the right thing and say forget about the political consequences , he said , but admitted he was concerned about those consequences . Immigration . When President Donald Trump ordered a travel ban on visitors and refugees from seven predominantly Muslim nations in January 2017 , OHalleran said that the order does not represent our nations values and that it violated the Constitution and the bedrock ideals of our democracy . In April 2017 , OHalleran criticized Attorney General Jeff Sessionss tougher new guidelines on expelling illegal immigrants who belong to criminal gangs . I have no problem with getting the felons out of the country , OHalleran said . But some of these people that theyre taking out of the country , they have children that are Americans , and they have not had a violent felony conviction . Here we are , taking mothers away from their children . OHalleran was part of a group of Arizona Democrats who , in an August 2017 letter to President Trump , urged him not to pardon former Maricopa County chief Sheriff Joe Arpaio , who had been convicted in a federal court of racially profiling Latinos as part of border patrols . Qualified immunity . In 2021 , OHalleran was among a group of Democrats who sought to remove a provision from a police reform bill that would end qualified immunity for police officers accused of misconduct . Personal life . OHalleran and his wife , Pat , live in unincorporated Yavapai County ( with a Sedona address ) , and have three grown children and four grandchildren . External links . - Congressman Tom OHalleran official U.S . House website - Tom OHalleran for Congress campaign website |
[
""
] | hard | Where was Tom O'Halleran educated between Nov 1991 and Dec 1991? | /wiki/Tom_O'Halleran#P69#2 | Tom OHalleran Thomas Charles OHalleran ( ; born January 24 , 1946 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S . Representative for since 2017 . Beginning his political career as a Republican , he was the Arizona State Senator from the 1st district from 2007 to 2009 . In 2015 , he became a member of the Democratic Party . He also serves as the Chair of Communications for the Blue Dog Caucus . Early life and education . OHalleran was born and raised in Chicago , Illinois and graduated from Providence St . Mel School . He attended Lewis University for one year before joining the Chicago Police Department . OHalleran later attended DePaul University for one year . Early career . OHalleran served with the Chicago Police Department from 1966 to 1975 . He then became a member of the Chicago Board of Trade , operating his own futures trading business with a focus in futures contracts on 10-year U.S . Treasury notes . Arizona Legislature . OHalleran , then a Republican , served in the Arizona House of Representatives from 2001 to 2007 . He then served in the Arizona State Senate , representing the 1st district from 2007 to 2009 . In a 2008 primary election , he was unseated by Steve Pierce . After leaving the Arizona State Legislature , OHalleran hosted a radio show on KAZM in Sedona . In 2014 he left the Republican Party , citing its policies on education , water , and child welfare as reasons for his resignation . He then ran for the 6th district seat of the State Senate as an independent , losing by 3% . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2016 On August 6 , 2015 , OHalleran announced his candidacy as a Democrat for Arizonas 1st congressional district . - 2018 OHalleran ran unopposed in the 2018 Democratic primary . In the November 2018 general election , he defeated Republican Wendy Rogers with 54% of the vote . - 2020 OHalleran ran against Republican Tiffany Shedd . He defeated Shedd with 51.6% of the vote . Tenure . 117th Congress ( 2021–23 ) . OHalleran was at the United States Capitol on January 6 , 2021 , to certify the results of the 2020 United States presidential election when the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol occurred . OHalleran was moved to a safe location along with other members of Congress . He voted in support of a resolution calling for Vice President Mike Pence to use the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution to remove Trump from office . Days later , he voted in support of the second impeachment of Donald Trump . In February , OHalleran voted in support of the American Rescue Plan . Committee assignments . - Committee on Agriculture - Subcommittee on Commodity Exchanges , Energy , and Credit - Subcommittee on Conservation and Forestry - Subcommittee on General Farm Commodities and Risk Management - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Communications and Technology - Subcommittee on Energy - Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and Commerce Caucus memberships . - Blue Dog Coalition ( Chair for Communications ) - New Democrat Coalition - Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus - Problem Solvers Caucus Political positions . Abortion . OHalleran has said that he supports legalized abortion . Energy and oil . According to On the Issues , in 2008 OHalleran introduced HB 2613 , an act which would add property tax incentives for businesses using renewable energy . Foreign policy . According to On the Issues , in 2017 OHalleran signed two-state solution despite Israeli settlements on West Bank . Government spending . In March 2018 , OHalleran criticized the Trump administration for seeking to cut funding for agencies and programs including the Economic Development Administration . Gun policy . After the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland , Florida , OHalleran , who had long supported expanded background checks but opposed an assault-weapon ban , suggested he might shift toward a stronger position on gun control . At times you have to look at yourself in the mirror and do the right thing and say forget about the political consequences , he said , but admitted he was concerned about those consequences . Immigration . When President Donald Trump ordered a travel ban on visitors and refugees from seven predominantly Muslim nations in January 2017 , OHalleran said that the order does not represent our nations values and that it violated the Constitution and the bedrock ideals of our democracy . In April 2017 , OHalleran criticized Attorney General Jeff Sessionss tougher new guidelines on expelling illegal immigrants who belong to criminal gangs . I have no problem with getting the felons out of the country , OHalleran said . But some of these people that theyre taking out of the country , they have children that are Americans , and they have not had a violent felony conviction . Here we are , taking mothers away from their children . OHalleran was part of a group of Arizona Democrats who , in an August 2017 letter to President Trump , urged him not to pardon former Maricopa County chief Sheriff Joe Arpaio , who had been convicted in a federal court of racially profiling Latinos as part of border patrols . Qualified immunity . In 2021 , OHalleran was among a group of Democrats who sought to remove a provision from a police reform bill that would end qualified immunity for police officers accused of misconduct . Personal life . OHalleran and his wife , Pat , live in unincorporated Yavapai County ( with a Sedona address ) , and have three grown children and four grandchildren . External links . - Congressman Tom OHalleran official U.S . House website - Tom OHalleran for Congress campaign website |
[
"Jan Jonsson"
] | hard | Who was the commander of Air Component Command between Jun 1996 and Jul 1996? | /wiki/Air_Component_Command#P4791#0 | Air Component Command Air Component Command ( , FTS ) was a part of the Joint Forces Command of the Swedish Armed Forces . The staff was located at the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in Stockholm . The Air Component Command commanded the operations of the Swedish Air Force . History . On 30 June 1994 , the Air Staff was dissolved and ceased as a staff and authority . In its place , on 1 July 1994 , the Air Force Command ( Flygvapenledningen ) was formed in the newly established Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters and the Air Tactical Center ( Flygvapnets taktiska centrum ) in Linköping . The Air Force Command , which was part of the newly established Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters , was a production unit which sorted directly under the authority of the head of the agency , that is , the Supreme Commander . The Air Force Tactical Center was in turn directly subordinate of the military commander of the Middle Military Area ( Milo M ) . On 1 July 1998 , the Air Force Tactical Center , along with the Air Force Command , was reorganized and formed the Air Force Center ( Flygvapencentrum , FlygvapenC ) and the Chief of Air Force Staff position was replaced by the Inspector General of the Air Force position on 30 June 1998 who became the commander of the Air Force Center . The Swedish Air Force highest command was now localized to Uppsala . The Defence Act of 2000 meant that more than 20 units and some 20 staffs were disbanded which were reduced to six . The Defence Act also resulted in the Air Force Center being disbanded as an independent staff , and instead , the Air Force Center , as of 1 July 2000 , came to operate as the Air Force Tactical Command ( Flygvapnets taktiska kommando , FTK ) . The Air Force Tactical Command was one of three tactical commands within the Joint Forces Command ( OPIL ) . On 1 January 2003 , the position the Inspector General of the Air Force position was changed to Inspector of the Air Force . On 1 April 2007 , the command was reorganized , and it received it current name was the Air Component Command ( Flygvapnets taktiska stab , FTS ) . The Air Component Command was then organized under Joint Forces Command . In 2007 , the Swedish Air Forces highest command was again re-located to Stockholm . Since 1 January 2014 , there is once again a position like Chief of Air Force , this time in the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarterss Training & Procurement Staff ( Produktionsstaben ) . In February 2018 , the Swedish Armed Forces proposed in its budget for 2019 to the Government a reorganization of the command structure . The proposal was , among other things , designed with a new command and new organizational units in new locations . This was to provide better conditions for a robust and sustainable command . The new organizational units that the Swedish Armed Forces wanted to form were proposed to be named the Army Staff , the Air Staff and the Naval Staff . These would be formed by a merger of the Training & Procurement Staff and the Joint Forces Command , as well as other complementary parts from the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters and the Defence Materiel Administration . The staffs were proposed to be formed on 1 January 2019 and commanded by an army chief , a naval chief and an air force chief . Heraldry and traditions . Coat of arms . The coat of the arms of the Air Tactical Center 1994–1997 . Blazon : Chequey or and azure , a chief azure charged with a winged two-bladed propeller or . The coat of the arms of the Air Component Command 2007–2018 . It was used by Air Staff 1937–1994 , the Air Force Command 1994–1997 , the Air Force Tactical Center 1997–1998 , the Air Force Center 1998–2000 and the Air Force Tactical Command 2000–2007 . Blazon : Azure , a winged two-bladed propeller or . Commanding officers . Air Force Tactical Center . - 1994–1997 : Jan Jonsson - 1997–2000 : Anders Johansson - 2000–2000 : Lennart Brodin Air Force Center . - 1998–2000 : Jan Jonsson Air Force Tactical Command . - 2000–2002 : Mats Nilsson - 2003–2006 : Lennart Pettersson - 2006–2007 : Jan Andersson Air Component Command . - 2007–2008 : Jan Andersson - 2008–2011 : Anders Silwer - 2012–2013 : Micael Bydén - 2013–2013 : Anders Persson ( acting between 14 October 2013 and 31 December 2013 ) - 2013–2018 : Gabor Nagy - 2018–2018 : Carl-Johan Edström |
[
"Anders Johansson"
] | hard | Who was the commander of Air Component Command in May 1998? | /wiki/Air_Component_Command#P4791#1 | Air Component Command Air Component Command ( , FTS ) was a part of the Joint Forces Command of the Swedish Armed Forces . The staff was located at the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in Stockholm . The Air Component Command commanded the operations of the Swedish Air Force . History . On 30 June 1994 , the Air Staff was dissolved and ceased as a staff and authority . In its place , on 1 July 1994 , the Air Force Command ( Flygvapenledningen ) was formed in the newly established Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters and the Air Tactical Center ( Flygvapnets taktiska centrum ) in Linköping . The Air Force Command , which was part of the newly established Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters , was a production unit which sorted directly under the authority of the head of the agency , that is , the Supreme Commander . The Air Force Tactical Center was in turn directly subordinate of the military commander of the Middle Military Area ( Milo M ) . On 1 July 1998 , the Air Force Tactical Center , along with the Air Force Command , was reorganized and formed the Air Force Center ( Flygvapencentrum , FlygvapenC ) and the Chief of Air Force Staff position was replaced by the Inspector General of the Air Force position on 30 June 1998 who became the commander of the Air Force Center . The Swedish Air Force highest command was now localized to Uppsala . The Defence Act of 2000 meant that more than 20 units and some 20 staffs were disbanded which were reduced to six . The Defence Act also resulted in the Air Force Center being disbanded as an independent staff , and instead , the Air Force Center , as of 1 July 2000 , came to operate as the Air Force Tactical Command ( Flygvapnets taktiska kommando , FTK ) . The Air Force Tactical Command was one of three tactical commands within the Joint Forces Command ( OPIL ) . On 1 January 2003 , the position the Inspector General of the Air Force position was changed to Inspector of the Air Force . On 1 April 2007 , the command was reorganized , and it received it current name was the Air Component Command ( Flygvapnets taktiska stab , FTS ) . The Air Component Command was then organized under Joint Forces Command . In 2007 , the Swedish Air Forces highest command was again re-located to Stockholm . Since 1 January 2014 , there is once again a position like Chief of Air Force , this time in the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarterss Training & Procurement Staff ( Produktionsstaben ) . In February 2018 , the Swedish Armed Forces proposed in its budget for 2019 to the Government a reorganization of the command structure . The proposal was , among other things , designed with a new command and new organizational units in new locations . This was to provide better conditions for a robust and sustainable command . The new organizational units that the Swedish Armed Forces wanted to form were proposed to be named the Army Staff , the Air Staff and the Naval Staff . These would be formed by a merger of the Training & Procurement Staff and the Joint Forces Command , as well as other complementary parts from the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters and the Defence Materiel Administration . The staffs were proposed to be formed on 1 January 2019 and commanded by an army chief , a naval chief and an air force chief . Heraldry and traditions . Coat of arms . The coat of the arms of the Air Tactical Center 1994–1997 . Blazon : Chequey or and azure , a chief azure charged with a winged two-bladed propeller or . The coat of the arms of the Air Component Command 2007–2018 . It was used by Air Staff 1937–1994 , the Air Force Command 1994–1997 , the Air Force Tactical Center 1997–1998 , the Air Force Center 1998–2000 and the Air Force Tactical Command 2000–2007 . Blazon : Azure , a winged two-bladed propeller or . Commanding officers . Air Force Tactical Center . - 1994–1997 : Jan Jonsson - 1997–2000 : Anders Johansson - 2000–2000 : Lennart Brodin Air Force Center . - 1998–2000 : Jan Jonsson Air Force Tactical Command . - 2000–2002 : Mats Nilsson - 2003–2006 : Lennart Pettersson - 2006–2007 : Jan Andersson Air Component Command . - 2007–2008 : Jan Andersson - 2008–2011 : Anders Silwer - 2012–2013 : Micael Bydén - 2013–2013 : Anders Persson ( acting between 14 October 2013 and 31 December 2013 ) - 2013–2018 : Gabor Nagy - 2018–2018 : Carl-Johan Edström |
[
"Lennart Pettersson"
] | hard | Who was the commander of Air Component Command between May 2005 and Sep 2005? | /wiki/Air_Component_Command#P4791#2 | Air Component Command Air Component Command ( , FTS ) was a part of the Joint Forces Command of the Swedish Armed Forces . The staff was located at the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in Stockholm . The Air Component Command commanded the operations of the Swedish Air Force . History . On 30 June 1994 , the Air Staff was dissolved and ceased as a staff and authority . In its place , on 1 July 1994 , the Air Force Command ( Flygvapenledningen ) was formed in the newly established Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters and the Air Tactical Center ( Flygvapnets taktiska centrum ) in Linköping . The Air Force Command , which was part of the newly established Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters , was a production unit which sorted directly under the authority of the head of the agency , that is , the Supreme Commander . The Air Force Tactical Center was in turn directly subordinate of the military commander of the Middle Military Area ( Milo M ) . On 1 July 1998 , the Air Force Tactical Center , along with the Air Force Command , was reorganized and formed the Air Force Center ( Flygvapencentrum , FlygvapenC ) and the Chief of Air Force Staff position was replaced by the Inspector General of the Air Force position on 30 June 1998 who became the commander of the Air Force Center . The Swedish Air Force highest command was now localized to Uppsala . The Defence Act of 2000 meant that more than 20 units and some 20 staffs were disbanded which were reduced to six . The Defence Act also resulted in the Air Force Center being disbanded as an independent staff , and instead , the Air Force Center , as of 1 July 2000 , came to operate as the Air Force Tactical Command ( Flygvapnets taktiska kommando , FTK ) . The Air Force Tactical Command was one of three tactical commands within the Joint Forces Command ( OPIL ) . On 1 January 2003 , the position the Inspector General of the Air Force position was changed to Inspector of the Air Force . On 1 April 2007 , the command was reorganized , and it received it current name was the Air Component Command ( Flygvapnets taktiska stab , FTS ) . The Air Component Command was then organized under Joint Forces Command . In 2007 , the Swedish Air Forces highest command was again re-located to Stockholm . Since 1 January 2014 , there is once again a position like Chief of Air Force , this time in the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarterss Training & Procurement Staff ( Produktionsstaben ) . In February 2018 , the Swedish Armed Forces proposed in its budget for 2019 to the Government a reorganization of the command structure . The proposal was , among other things , designed with a new command and new organizational units in new locations . This was to provide better conditions for a robust and sustainable command . The new organizational units that the Swedish Armed Forces wanted to form were proposed to be named the Army Staff , the Air Staff and the Naval Staff . These would be formed by a merger of the Training & Procurement Staff and the Joint Forces Command , as well as other complementary parts from the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters and the Defence Materiel Administration . The staffs were proposed to be formed on 1 January 2019 and commanded by an army chief , a naval chief and an air force chief . Heraldry and traditions . Coat of arms . The coat of the arms of the Air Tactical Center 1994–1997 . Blazon : Chequey or and azure , a chief azure charged with a winged two-bladed propeller or . The coat of the arms of the Air Component Command 2007–2018 . It was used by Air Staff 1937–1994 , the Air Force Command 1994–1997 , the Air Force Tactical Center 1997–1998 , the Air Force Center 1998–2000 and the Air Force Tactical Command 2000–2007 . Blazon : Azure , a winged two-bladed propeller or . Commanding officers . Air Force Tactical Center . - 1994–1997 : Jan Jonsson - 1997–2000 : Anders Johansson - 2000–2000 : Lennart Brodin Air Force Center . - 1998–2000 : Jan Jonsson Air Force Tactical Command . - 2000–2002 : Mats Nilsson - 2003–2006 : Lennart Pettersson - 2006–2007 : Jan Andersson Air Component Command . - 2007–2008 : Jan Andersson - 2008–2011 : Anders Silwer - 2012–2013 : Micael Bydén - 2013–2013 : Anders Persson ( acting between 14 October 2013 and 31 December 2013 ) - 2013–2018 : Gabor Nagy - 2018–2018 : Carl-Johan Edström |
[
"Jan Andersson"
] | hard | Who was the commander of Air Component Command in Jun 2006? | /wiki/Air_Component_Command#P4791#3 | Air Component Command Air Component Command ( , FTS ) was a part of the Joint Forces Command of the Swedish Armed Forces . The staff was located at the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in Stockholm . The Air Component Command commanded the operations of the Swedish Air Force . History . On 30 June 1994 , the Air Staff was dissolved and ceased as a staff and authority . In its place , on 1 July 1994 , the Air Force Command ( Flygvapenledningen ) was formed in the newly established Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters and the Air Tactical Center ( Flygvapnets taktiska centrum ) in Linköping . The Air Force Command , which was part of the newly established Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters , was a production unit which sorted directly under the authority of the head of the agency , that is , the Supreme Commander . The Air Force Tactical Center was in turn directly subordinate of the military commander of the Middle Military Area ( Milo M ) . On 1 July 1998 , the Air Force Tactical Center , along with the Air Force Command , was reorganized and formed the Air Force Center ( Flygvapencentrum , FlygvapenC ) and the Chief of Air Force Staff position was replaced by the Inspector General of the Air Force position on 30 June 1998 who became the commander of the Air Force Center . The Swedish Air Force highest command was now localized to Uppsala . The Defence Act of 2000 meant that more than 20 units and some 20 staffs were disbanded which were reduced to six . The Defence Act also resulted in the Air Force Center being disbanded as an independent staff , and instead , the Air Force Center , as of 1 July 2000 , came to operate as the Air Force Tactical Command ( Flygvapnets taktiska kommando , FTK ) . The Air Force Tactical Command was one of three tactical commands within the Joint Forces Command ( OPIL ) . On 1 January 2003 , the position the Inspector General of the Air Force position was changed to Inspector of the Air Force . On 1 April 2007 , the command was reorganized , and it received it current name was the Air Component Command ( Flygvapnets taktiska stab , FTS ) . The Air Component Command was then organized under Joint Forces Command . In 2007 , the Swedish Air Forces highest command was again re-located to Stockholm . Since 1 January 2014 , there is once again a position like Chief of Air Force , this time in the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarterss Training & Procurement Staff ( Produktionsstaben ) . In February 2018 , the Swedish Armed Forces proposed in its budget for 2019 to the Government a reorganization of the command structure . The proposal was , among other things , designed with a new command and new organizational units in new locations . This was to provide better conditions for a robust and sustainable command . The new organizational units that the Swedish Armed Forces wanted to form were proposed to be named the Army Staff , the Air Staff and the Naval Staff . These would be formed by a merger of the Training & Procurement Staff and the Joint Forces Command , as well as other complementary parts from the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters and the Defence Materiel Administration . The staffs were proposed to be formed on 1 January 2019 and commanded by an army chief , a naval chief and an air force chief . Heraldry and traditions . Coat of arms . The coat of the arms of the Air Tactical Center 1994–1997 . Blazon : Chequey or and azure , a chief azure charged with a winged two-bladed propeller or . The coat of the arms of the Air Component Command 2007–2018 . It was used by Air Staff 1937–1994 , the Air Force Command 1994–1997 , the Air Force Tactical Center 1997–1998 , the Air Force Center 1998–2000 and the Air Force Tactical Command 2000–2007 . Blazon : Azure , a winged two-bladed propeller or . Commanding officers . Air Force Tactical Center . - 1994–1997 : Jan Jonsson - 1997–2000 : Anders Johansson - 2000–2000 : Lennart Brodin Air Force Center . - 1998–2000 : Jan Jonsson Air Force Tactical Command . - 2000–2002 : Mats Nilsson - 2003–2006 : Lennart Pettersson - 2006–2007 : Jan Andersson Air Component Command . - 2007–2008 : Jan Andersson - 2008–2011 : Anders Silwer - 2012–2013 : Micael Bydén - 2013–2013 : Anders Persson ( acting between 14 October 2013 and 31 December 2013 ) - 2013–2018 : Gabor Nagy - 2018–2018 : Carl-Johan Edström |
[
"Anders Silwer"
] | hard | Who was the commander of Air Component Command between Dec 2008 and Jan 2010? | /wiki/Air_Component_Command#P4791#4 | Air Component Command Air Component Command ( , FTS ) was a part of the Joint Forces Command of the Swedish Armed Forces . The staff was located at the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in Stockholm . The Air Component Command commanded the operations of the Swedish Air Force . History . On 30 June 1994 , the Air Staff was dissolved and ceased as a staff and authority . In its place , on 1 July 1994 , the Air Force Command ( Flygvapenledningen ) was formed in the newly established Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters and the Air Tactical Center ( Flygvapnets taktiska centrum ) in Linköping . The Air Force Command , which was part of the newly established Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters , was a production unit which sorted directly under the authority of the head of the agency , that is , the Supreme Commander . The Air Force Tactical Center was in turn directly subordinate of the military commander of the Middle Military Area ( Milo M ) . On 1 July 1998 , the Air Force Tactical Center , along with the Air Force Command , was reorganized and formed the Air Force Center ( Flygvapencentrum , FlygvapenC ) and the Chief of Air Force Staff position was replaced by the Inspector General of the Air Force position on 30 June 1998 who became the commander of the Air Force Center . The Swedish Air Force highest command was now localized to Uppsala . The Defence Act of 2000 meant that more than 20 units and some 20 staffs were disbanded which were reduced to six . The Defence Act also resulted in the Air Force Center being disbanded as an independent staff , and instead , the Air Force Center , as of 1 July 2000 , came to operate as the Air Force Tactical Command ( Flygvapnets taktiska kommando , FTK ) . The Air Force Tactical Command was one of three tactical commands within the Joint Forces Command ( OPIL ) . On 1 January 2003 , the position the Inspector General of the Air Force position was changed to Inspector of the Air Force . On 1 April 2007 , the command was reorganized , and it received it current name was the Air Component Command ( Flygvapnets taktiska stab , FTS ) . The Air Component Command was then organized under Joint Forces Command . In 2007 , the Swedish Air Forces highest command was again re-located to Stockholm . Since 1 January 2014 , there is once again a position like Chief of Air Force , this time in the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarterss Training & Procurement Staff ( Produktionsstaben ) . In February 2018 , the Swedish Armed Forces proposed in its budget for 2019 to the Government a reorganization of the command structure . The proposal was , among other things , designed with a new command and new organizational units in new locations . This was to provide better conditions for a robust and sustainable command . The new organizational units that the Swedish Armed Forces wanted to form were proposed to be named the Army Staff , the Air Staff and the Naval Staff . These would be formed by a merger of the Training & Procurement Staff and the Joint Forces Command , as well as other complementary parts from the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters and the Defence Materiel Administration . The staffs were proposed to be formed on 1 January 2019 and commanded by an army chief , a naval chief and an air force chief . Heraldry and traditions . Coat of arms . The coat of the arms of the Air Tactical Center 1994–1997 . Blazon : Chequey or and azure , a chief azure charged with a winged two-bladed propeller or . The coat of the arms of the Air Component Command 2007–2018 . It was used by Air Staff 1937–1994 , the Air Force Command 1994–1997 , the Air Force Tactical Center 1997–1998 , the Air Force Center 1998–2000 and the Air Force Tactical Command 2000–2007 . Blazon : Azure , a winged two-bladed propeller or . Commanding officers . Air Force Tactical Center . - 1994–1997 : Jan Jonsson - 1997–2000 : Anders Johansson - 2000–2000 : Lennart Brodin Air Force Center . - 1998–2000 : Jan Jonsson Air Force Tactical Command . - 2000–2002 : Mats Nilsson - 2003–2006 : Lennart Pettersson - 2006–2007 : Jan Andersson Air Component Command . - 2007–2008 : Jan Andersson - 2008–2011 : Anders Silwer - 2012–2013 : Micael Bydén - 2013–2013 : Anders Persson ( acting between 14 October 2013 and 31 December 2013 ) - 2013–2018 : Gabor Nagy - 2018–2018 : Carl-Johan Edström |
[
"Micael Bydén"
] | hard | Who was the commander of Air Component Command in Jun 2012? | /wiki/Air_Component_Command#P4791#5 | Air Component Command Air Component Command ( , FTS ) was a part of the Joint Forces Command of the Swedish Armed Forces . The staff was located at the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in Stockholm . The Air Component Command commanded the operations of the Swedish Air Force . History . On 30 June 1994 , the Air Staff was dissolved and ceased as a staff and authority . In its place , on 1 July 1994 , the Air Force Command ( Flygvapenledningen ) was formed in the newly established Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters and the Air Tactical Center ( Flygvapnets taktiska centrum ) in Linköping . The Air Force Command , which was part of the newly established Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters , was a production unit which sorted directly under the authority of the head of the agency , that is , the Supreme Commander . The Air Force Tactical Center was in turn directly subordinate of the military commander of the Middle Military Area ( Milo M ) . On 1 July 1998 , the Air Force Tactical Center , along with the Air Force Command , was reorganized and formed the Air Force Center ( Flygvapencentrum , FlygvapenC ) and the Chief of Air Force Staff position was replaced by the Inspector General of the Air Force position on 30 June 1998 who became the commander of the Air Force Center . The Swedish Air Force highest command was now localized to Uppsala . The Defence Act of 2000 meant that more than 20 units and some 20 staffs were disbanded which were reduced to six . The Defence Act also resulted in the Air Force Center being disbanded as an independent staff , and instead , the Air Force Center , as of 1 July 2000 , came to operate as the Air Force Tactical Command ( Flygvapnets taktiska kommando , FTK ) . The Air Force Tactical Command was one of three tactical commands within the Joint Forces Command ( OPIL ) . On 1 January 2003 , the position the Inspector General of the Air Force position was changed to Inspector of the Air Force . On 1 April 2007 , the command was reorganized , and it received it current name was the Air Component Command ( Flygvapnets taktiska stab , FTS ) . The Air Component Command was then organized under Joint Forces Command . In 2007 , the Swedish Air Forces highest command was again re-located to Stockholm . Since 1 January 2014 , there is once again a position like Chief of Air Force , this time in the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarterss Training & Procurement Staff ( Produktionsstaben ) . In February 2018 , the Swedish Armed Forces proposed in its budget for 2019 to the Government a reorganization of the command structure . The proposal was , among other things , designed with a new command and new organizational units in new locations . This was to provide better conditions for a robust and sustainable command . The new organizational units that the Swedish Armed Forces wanted to form were proposed to be named the Army Staff , the Air Staff and the Naval Staff . These would be formed by a merger of the Training & Procurement Staff and the Joint Forces Command , as well as other complementary parts from the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters and the Defence Materiel Administration . The staffs were proposed to be formed on 1 January 2019 and commanded by an army chief , a naval chief and an air force chief . Heraldry and traditions . Coat of arms . The coat of the arms of the Air Tactical Center 1994–1997 . Blazon : Chequey or and azure , a chief azure charged with a winged two-bladed propeller or . The coat of the arms of the Air Component Command 2007–2018 . It was used by Air Staff 1937–1994 , the Air Force Command 1994–1997 , the Air Force Tactical Center 1997–1998 , the Air Force Center 1998–2000 and the Air Force Tactical Command 2000–2007 . Blazon : Azure , a winged two-bladed propeller or . Commanding officers . Air Force Tactical Center . - 1994–1997 : Jan Jonsson - 1997–2000 : Anders Johansson - 2000–2000 : Lennart Brodin Air Force Center . - 1998–2000 : Jan Jonsson Air Force Tactical Command . - 2000–2002 : Mats Nilsson - 2003–2006 : Lennart Pettersson - 2006–2007 : Jan Andersson Air Component Command . - 2007–2008 : Jan Andersson - 2008–2011 : Anders Silwer - 2012–2013 : Micael Bydén - 2013–2013 : Anders Persson ( acting between 14 October 2013 and 31 December 2013 ) - 2013–2018 : Gabor Nagy - 2018–2018 : Carl-Johan Edström |
[
"Gabor Nagy"
] | hard | Who was the commander of Air Component Command in Oct 2013? | /wiki/Air_Component_Command#P4791#6 | Air Component Command Air Component Command ( , FTS ) was a part of the Joint Forces Command of the Swedish Armed Forces . The staff was located at the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in Stockholm . The Air Component Command commanded the operations of the Swedish Air Force . History . On 30 June 1994 , the Air Staff was dissolved and ceased as a staff and authority . In its place , on 1 July 1994 , the Air Force Command ( Flygvapenledningen ) was formed in the newly established Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters and the Air Tactical Center ( Flygvapnets taktiska centrum ) in Linköping . The Air Force Command , which was part of the newly established Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters , was a production unit which sorted directly under the authority of the head of the agency , that is , the Supreme Commander . The Air Force Tactical Center was in turn directly subordinate of the military commander of the Middle Military Area ( Milo M ) . On 1 July 1998 , the Air Force Tactical Center , along with the Air Force Command , was reorganized and formed the Air Force Center ( Flygvapencentrum , FlygvapenC ) and the Chief of Air Force Staff position was replaced by the Inspector General of the Air Force position on 30 June 1998 who became the commander of the Air Force Center . The Swedish Air Force highest command was now localized to Uppsala . The Defence Act of 2000 meant that more than 20 units and some 20 staffs were disbanded which were reduced to six . The Defence Act also resulted in the Air Force Center being disbanded as an independent staff , and instead , the Air Force Center , as of 1 July 2000 , came to operate as the Air Force Tactical Command ( Flygvapnets taktiska kommando , FTK ) . The Air Force Tactical Command was one of three tactical commands within the Joint Forces Command ( OPIL ) . On 1 January 2003 , the position the Inspector General of the Air Force position was changed to Inspector of the Air Force . On 1 April 2007 , the command was reorganized , and it received it current name was the Air Component Command ( Flygvapnets taktiska stab , FTS ) . The Air Component Command was then organized under Joint Forces Command . In 2007 , the Swedish Air Forces highest command was again re-located to Stockholm . Since 1 January 2014 , there is once again a position like Chief of Air Force , this time in the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarterss Training & Procurement Staff ( Produktionsstaben ) . In February 2018 , the Swedish Armed Forces proposed in its budget for 2019 to the Government a reorganization of the command structure . The proposal was , among other things , designed with a new command and new organizational units in new locations . This was to provide better conditions for a robust and sustainable command . The new organizational units that the Swedish Armed Forces wanted to form were proposed to be named the Army Staff , the Air Staff and the Naval Staff . These would be formed by a merger of the Training & Procurement Staff and the Joint Forces Command , as well as other complementary parts from the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters and the Defence Materiel Administration . The staffs were proposed to be formed on 1 January 2019 and commanded by an army chief , a naval chief and an air force chief . Heraldry and traditions . Coat of arms . The coat of the arms of the Air Tactical Center 1994–1997 . Blazon : Chequey or and azure , a chief azure charged with a winged two-bladed propeller or . The coat of the arms of the Air Component Command 2007–2018 . It was used by Air Staff 1937–1994 , the Air Force Command 1994–1997 , the Air Force Tactical Center 1997–1998 , the Air Force Center 1998–2000 and the Air Force Tactical Command 2000–2007 . Blazon : Azure , a winged two-bladed propeller or . Commanding officers . Air Force Tactical Center . - 1994–1997 : Jan Jonsson - 1997–2000 : Anders Johansson - 2000–2000 : Lennart Brodin Air Force Center . - 1998–2000 : Jan Jonsson Air Force Tactical Command . - 2000–2002 : Mats Nilsson - 2003–2006 : Lennart Pettersson - 2006–2007 : Jan Andersson Air Component Command . - 2007–2008 : Jan Andersson - 2008–2011 : Anders Silwer - 2012–2013 : Micael Bydén - 2013–2013 : Anders Persson ( acting between 14 October 2013 and 31 December 2013 ) - 2013–2018 : Gabor Nagy - 2018–2018 : Carl-Johan Edström |
[
"Carl-Johan Edström"
] | hard | Who was the commander of Air Component Command in Jun 2018? | /wiki/Air_Component_Command#P4791#7 | Air Component Command Air Component Command ( , FTS ) was a part of the Joint Forces Command of the Swedish Armed Forces . The staff was located at the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in Stockholm . The Air Component Command commanded the operations of the Swedish Air Force . History . On 30 June 1994 , the Air Staff was dissolved and ceased as a staff and authority . In its place , on 1 July 1994 , the Air Force Command ( Flygvapenledningen ) was formed in the newly established Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters and the Air Tactical Center ( Flygvapnets taktiska centrum ) in Linköping . The Air Force Command , which was part of the newly established Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters , was a production unit which sorted directly under the authority of the head of the agency , that is , the Supreme Commander . The Air Force Tactical Center was in turn directly subordinate of the military commander of the Middle Military Area ( Milo M ) . On 1 July 1998 , the Air Force Tactical Center , along with the Air Force Command , was reorganized and formed the Air Force Center ( Flygvapencentrum , FlygvapenC ) and the Chief of Air Force Staff position was replaced by the Inspector General of the Air Force position on 30 June 1998 who became the commander of the Air Force Center . The Swedish Air Force highest command was now localized to Uppsala . The Defence Act of 2000 meant that more than 20 units and some 20 staffs were disbanded which were reduced to six . The Defence Act also resulted in the Air Force Center being disbanded as an independent staff , and instead , the Air Force Center , as of 1 July 2000 , came to operate as the Air Force Tactical Command ( Flygvapnets taktiska kommando , FTK ) . The Air Force Tactical Command was one of three tactical commands within the Joint Forces Command ( OPIL ) . On 1 January 2003 , the position the Inspector General of the Air Force position was changed to Inspector of the Air Force . On 1 April 2007 , the command was reorganized , and it received it current name was the Air Component Command ( Flygvapnets taktiska stab , FTS ) . The Air Component Command was then organized under Joint Forces Command . In 2007 , the Swedish Air Forces highest command was again re-located to Stockholm . Since 1 January 2014 , there is once again a position like Chief of Air Force , this time in the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarterss Training & Procurement Staff ( Produktionsstaben ) . In February 2018 , the Swedish Armed Forces proposed in its budget for 2019 to the Government a reorganization of the command structure . The proposal was , among other things , designed with a new command and new organizational units in new locations . This was to provide better conditions for a robust and sustainable command . The new organizational units that the Swedish Armed Forces wanted to form were proposed to be named the Army Staff , the Air Staff and the Naval Staff . These would be formed by a merger of the Training & Procurement Staff and the Joint Forces Command , as well as other complementary parts from the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters and the Defence Materiel Administration . The staffs were proposed to be formed on 1 January 2019 and commanded by an army chief , a naval chief and an air force chief . Heraldry and traditions . Coat of arms . The coat of the arms of the Air Tactical Center 1994–1997 . Blazon : Chequey or and azure , a chief azure charged with a winged two-bladed propeller or . The coat of the arms of the Air Component Command 2007–2018 . It was used by Air Staff 1937–1994 , the Air Force Command 1994–1997 , the Air Force Tactical Center 1997–1998 , the Air Force Center 1998–2000 and the Air Force Tactical Command 2000–2007 . Blazon : Azure , a winged two-bladed propeller or . Commanding officers . Air Force Tactical Center . - 1994–1997 : Jan Jonsson - 1997–2000 : Anders Johansson - 2000–2000 : Lennart Brodin Air Force Center . - 1998–2000 : Jan Jonsson Air Force Tactical Command . - 2000–2002 : Mats Nilsson - 2003–2006 : Lennart Pettersson - 2006–2007 : Jan Andersson Air Component Command . - 2007–2008 : Jan Andersson - 2008–2011 : Anders Silwer - 2012–2013 : Micael Bydén - 2013–2013 : Anders Persson ( acting between 14 October 2013 and 31 December 2013 ) - 2013–2018 : Gabor Nagy - 2018–2018 : Carl-Johan Edström |
[
"Turkmen Agricultural University"
] | hard | Serdar Berdimuhamedow went to which school before Oct 2000? | /wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow#P69#0 | Serdar Berdimuhamedow Serdar Gurbangulyýewiç Berdimuhamedow ( ; born 22 September 1981 ) is a Turkmen politician and deputy chairman of government and the only son of the countrys president , Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow . He has widely been considered to be the apparent successor to his father . Little was known about him until recent times . Early career and education . Serdar Berdimuhamedow studied at Secondary School No . 43 in Ashgabat from 1987 to 1997 . Between 1997 and 2001 he studied at the Turkmen Agricultural University , graduating as an engineer-technologist . From July to November 2001 he worked in the Directorate for Foreign Economic Relations of the Food Processing Association , followed by two years of mandatory military service . From 2003 to 2008 he worked again at the Food Processing Association in the fruit and vegetable department and in the non-alcoholic beer and wine department . Between 2008 and 2011 Berdimuhamedow studied at the Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs , earning a diploma in international relations . During this period he was assigned to the Turkmen Embassy in Moscow as counselor of embassy . From 2011 to 2013 he studied at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy , earning a post-graduate degree in European and international security affairs . He was concurrently assigned to the Turkmen Mission to the United Nations in Geneva as a counselor of embassy . From August to December 2013 he served as head of the European Department of the Turkmen Ministry of Foreign Affairs . From 2013 to 2016 he was deputy director of the State Agency for Management and Use of Hydrocarbon Resources . From 2016 to 2017 he was chairman of the Department of International Information of the Turkmen Ministry of Foreign Affairs . On 18 August 2014 , Serdar Berdimuhamedow defended a dissertation at the Turkmen Academy of Sciences to earn the degree of candidate of science . In July 2015 he was awarded a doctorate in technical sciences . Styling . He is often styled as “the son of the nation” by state media in Turkmenistan . Political career . Serdar rose to the political spotlight following his appointment as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs in March 2018 . In November 2016 , he won a seat in the Mejlis representing the 25th parliamentary district centered on Dushak , a town in Ahal Province . In March 2018 , he was re-elected to the Assembly of Turkmenistan with over 90% of the votes cast in his district . He chaired the committee on legislation and norms as of March 2017 . In January 2019 , Berdimuhamedow was shifted to the position of deputy governor of Ahal Province , the native region of most of the Turkmen elite . In June 2019 , Berdimuhamedow was elevated to governor ( häkim ) of Ahal Province . In February 2020 , Berdimuhamedow was appointed minister of industry and construction materials of Turkmenistan . On 1 May 2020 , Berdimuhamedow was elected chairperson of the Turkmen Alabay Dog Association . On 11 February 2021 , Berdimuhamedow was promoted to deputy chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers for innovation and digitization , a new position . He was simultaneously appointed to the State Security Council and chairman of the Supreme Control Chamber of Turkmenistan . In April 2021 , Berdimuhamedow was unanimously elected president of the International Ahal Teke Horse Breeding Association . Military service . On 27 October 2017 Berdimuhamedow was promoted from major to lieutenant colonel . His promotion ceremony was broadcast on national television . His branch of service is unknown , but on 7 March 2021 he was shown on national television in uniform wearing the shoulder patch of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan . The same video showed him wearing shoulder boards indicating the rank of colonel , and the decree awarding him the honorary title of Defender of Homeland Turkmenistan referred to him as a colonel . Awards . Decorations . - Order of Garaşsyz Türkmenistana bolan beýik söýgüsi üçin ( For great love of independent Turkmenistan ) - Mälikguly Berdimuhamedow medal - Jubilee medal Türkmenistanyň Garaşsyzlygynyň 25 ýyllygyna ( 25 years of Turkmenistans Independence ) - Jubilee medal Türkmenistanyň Bitaraplygynyň 25 ýyllygyna ( 25 years of Turkmenistans neutrality ) Honorary Titles . - Türkmenistanyň Watan goragçysy ( 2021 ) ( Defender of Homeland Turkmenistan ) - Türkmenistanyň at gazanan itşynasy ( 2021 ) ( Meritorious Dog Breeder of Turkmenistan ) Personal life . Serdar Berdimuhamedow is married and has four children . A classmate at the Russian Diplomatic Academy described him as even-tempered and unassuming . Instructors and other classmates reportedly described him as modest , responsive , polite , and calm . |
[
"Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs"
] | hard | Serdar Berdimuhamedow went to which school in late 2000s? | /wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow#P69#1 | Serdar Berdimuhamedow Serdar Gurbangulyýewiç Berdimuhamedow ( ; born 22 September 1981 ) is a Turkmen politician and deputy chairman of government and the only son of the countrys president , Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow . He has widely been considered to be the apparent successor to his father . Little was known about him until recent times . Early career and education . Serdar Berdimuhamedow studied at Secondary School No . 43 in Ashgabat from 1987 to 1997 . Between 1997 and 2001 he studied at the Turkmen Agricultural University , graduating as an engineer-technologist . From July to November 2001 he worked in the Directorate for Foreign Economic Relations of the Food Processing Association , followed by two years of mandatory military service . From 2003 to 2008 he worked again at the Food Processing Association in the fruit and vegetable department and in the non-alcoholic beer and wine department . Between 2008 and 2011 Berdimuhamedow studied at the Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs , earning a diploma in international relations . During this period he was assigned to the Turkmen Embassy in Moscow as counselor of embassy . From 2011 to 2013 he studied at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy , earning a post-graduate degree in European and international security affairs . He was concurrently assigned to the Turkmen Mission to the United Nations in Geneva as a counselor of embassy . From August to December 2013 he served as head of the European Department of the Turkmen Ministry of Foreign Affairs . From 2013 to 2016 he was deputy director of the State Agency for Management and Use of Hydrocarbon Resources . From 2016 to 2017 he was chairman of the Department of International Information of the Turkmen Ministry of Foreign Affairs . On 18 August 2014 , Serdar Berdimuhamedow defended a dissertation at the Turkmen Academy of Sciences to earn the degree of candidate of science . In July 2015 he was awarded a doctorate in technical sciences . Styling . He is often styled as “the son of the nation” by state media in Turkmenistan . Political career . Serdar rose to the political spotlight following his appointment as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs in March 2018 . In November 2016 , he won a seat in the Mejlis representing the 25th parliamentary district centered on Dushak , a town in Ahal Province . In March 2018 , he was re-elected to the Assembly of Turkmenistan with over 90% of the votes cast in his district . He chaired the committee on legislation and norms as of March 2017 . In January 2019 , Berdimuhamedow was shifted to the position of deputy governor of Ahal Province , the native region of most of the Turkmen elite . In June 2019 , Berdimuhamedow was elevated to governor ( häkim ) of Ahal Province . In February 2020 , Berdimuhamedow was appointed minister of industry and construction materials of Turkmenistan . On 1 May 2020 , Berdimuhamedow was elected chairperson of the Turkmen Alabay Dog Association . On 11 February 2021 , Berdimuhamedow was promoted to deputy chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers for innovation and digitization , a new position . He was simultaneously appointed to the State Security Council and chairman of the Supreme Control Chamber of Turkmenistan . In April 2021 , Berdimuhamedow was unanimously elected president of the International Ahal Teke Horse Breeding Association . Military service . On 27 October 2017 Berdimuhamedow was promoted from major to lieutenant colonel . His promotion ceremony was broadcast on national television . His branch of service is unknown , but on 7 March 2021 he was shown on national television in uniform wearing the shoulder patch of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan . The same video showed him wearing shoulder boards indicating the rank of colonel , and the decree awarding him the honorary title of Defender of Homeland Turkmenistan referred to him as a colonel . Awards . Decorations . - Order of Garaşsyz Türkmenistana bolan beýik söýgüsi üçin ( For great love of independent Turkmenistan ) - Mälikguly Berdimuhamedow medal - Jubilee medal Türkmenistanyň Garaşsyzlygynyň 25 ýyllygyna ( 25 years of Turkmenistans Independence ) - Jubilee medal Türkmenistanyň Bitaraplygynyň 25 ýyllygyna ( 25 years of Turkmenistans neutrality ) Honorary Titles . - Türkmenistanyň Watan goragçysy ( 2021 ) ( Defender of Homeland Turkmenistan ) - Türkmenistanyň at gazanan itşynasy ( 2021 ) ( Meritorious Dog Breeder of Turkmenistan ) Personal life . Serdar Berdimuhamedow is married and has four children . A classmate at the Russian Diplomatic Academy described him as even-tempered and unassuming . Instructors and other classmates reportedly described him as modest , responsive , polite , and calm . |
[
"Geneva Centre for Security Policy"
] | hard | Serdar Berdimuhamedow went to which school after Dec 2011? | /wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow#P69#2 | Serdar Berdimuhamedow Serdar Gurbangulyýewiç Berdimuhamedow ( ; born 22 September 1981 ) is a Turkmen politician and deputy chairman of government and the only son of the countrys president , Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow . He has widely been considered to be the apparent successor to his father . Little was known about him until recent times . Early career and education . Serdar Berdimuhamedow studied at Secondary School No . 43 in Ashgabat from 1987 to 1997 . Between 1997 and 2001 he studied at the Turkmen Agricultural University , graduating as an engineer-technologist . From July to November 2001 he worked in the Directorate for Foreign Economic Relations of the Food Processing Association , followed by two years of mandatory military service . From 2003 to 2008 he worked again at the Food Processing Association in the fruit and vegetable department and in the non-alcoholic beer and wine department . Between 2008 and 2011 Berdimuhamedow studied at the Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs , earning a diploma in international relations . During this period he was assigned to the Turkmen Embassy in Moscow as counselor of embassy . From 2011 to 2013 he studied at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy , earning a post-graduate degree in European and international security affairs . He was concurrently assigned to the Turkmen Mission to the United Nations in Geneva as a counselor of embassy . From August to December 2013 he served as head of the European Department of the Turkmen Ministry of Foreign Affairs . From 2013 to 2016 he was deputy director of the State Agency for Management and Use of Hydrocarbon Resources . From 2016 to 2017 he was chairman of the Department of International Information of the Turkmen Ministry of Foreign Affairs . On 18 August 2014 , Serdar Berdimuhamedow defended a dissertation at the Turkmen Academy of Sciences to earn the degree of candidate of science . In July 2015 he was awarded a doctorate in technical sciences . Styling . He is often styled as “the son of the nation” by state media in Turkmenistan . Political career . Serdar rose to the political spotlight following his appointment as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs in March 2018 . In November 2016 , he won a seat in the Mejlis representing the 25th parliamentary district centered on Dushak , a town in Ahal Province . In March 2018 , he was re-elected to the Assembly of Turkmenistan with over 90% of the votes cast in his district . He chaired the committee on legislation and norms as of March 2017 . In January 2019 , Berdimuhamedow was shifted to the position of deputy governor of Ahal Province , the native region of most of the Turkmen elite . In June 2019 , Berdimuhamedow was elevated to governor ( häkim ) of Ahal Province . In February 2020 , Berdimuhamedow was appointed minister of industry and construction materials of Turkmenistan . On 1 May 2020 , Berdimuhamedow was elected chairperson of the Turkmen Alabay Dog Association . On 11 February 2021 , Berdimuhamedow was promoted to deputy chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers for innovation and digitization , a new position . He was simultaneously appointed to the State Security Council and chairman of the Supreme Control Chamber of Turkmenistan . In April 2021 , Berdimuhamedow was unanimously elected president of the International Ahal Teke Horse Breeding Association . Military service . On 27 October 2017 Berdimuhamedow was promoted from major to lieutenant colonel . His promotion ceremony was broadcast on national television . His branch of service is unknown , but on 7 March 2021 he was shown on national television in uniform wearing the shoulder patch of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan . The same video showed him wearing shoulder boards indicating the rank of colonel , and the decree awarding him the honorary title of Defender of Homeland Turkmenistan referred to him as a colonel . Awards . Decorations . - Order of Garaşsyz Türkmenistana bolan beýik söýgüsi üçin ( For great love of independent Turkmenistan ) - Mälikguly Berdimuhamedow medal - Jubilee medal Türkmenistanyň Garaşsyzlygynyň 25 ýyllygyna ( 25 years of Turkmenistans Independence ) - Jubilee medal Türkmenistanyň Bitaraplygynyň 25 ýyllygyna ( 25 years of Turkmenistans neutrality ) Honorary Titles . - Türkmenistanyň Watan goragçysy ( 2021 ) ( Defender of Homeland Turkmenistan ) - Türkmenistanyň at gazanan itşynasy ( 2021 ) ( Meritorious Dog Breeder of Turkmenistan ) Personal life . Serdar Berdimuhamedow is married and has four children . A classmate at the Russian Diplomatic Academy described him as even-tempered and unassuming . Instructors and other classmates reportedly described him as modest , responsive , polite , and calm . |
[
"LA Galaxy"
] | hard | Who occupied Dignity Health Sports Park before Jan 2004? | /wiki/Dignity_Health_Sports_Park#P466#0 | Dignity Health Sports Park Dignity Health Sports Park , formerly Home Depot Center and StubHub Center , is a multiple-use sports complex located on the campus of California State University , Dominguez Hills in Carson , California , that consists of the 27,000-seat Dignity Health Sports Park Soccer Stadium , the Dignity Health Sports Park Tennis Stadium , a track and field facility and a velodrome : VELO Sports Center . It is approximately south of downtown Los Angeles and its primary tenant is the LA Galaxy of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The main stadium is also home to the Los Angeles Wildcats of the XFL . LA Galaxy II of the USL Championship play their home matches at the complexs track and field facility . Opened in 2003 , the $150 million complex was developed and is operated by the Anschutz Entertainment Group . With a seating capacity of 27,000 , it is the largest soccer-specific stadium in the U.S . and the second-largest among its kind in MLS , after Toronto FCs BMO Field in Ontario , Canada . In addition to hosting LA Galaxy games since its opening , the stadium also served as the home of the now-defunct Chivas USA MLS team from 2005 to 2014 . The main stadium is currently the temporary home of the San Diego State Aztecs football team . The stadium was the temporary home of the Los Angeles Chargers from 2017 to 2019 . It was the smallest NFL stadium over the course of those three seasons . While the Chargers played in the stadium , the facility was named ROKiT Field at StubHub Center ; ROKiTs naming rights to the football field were part of a multi-year agreement . During its first decade , the stadiums sponsor was hardware retailer The Home Depot . In 2013 , the title sponsor became the online ticket marketplace StubHub . In 2019 , the name sponsor became healthcare provider Dignity Health . History and facilities . Originally opened as Home Depot Center in 2003 , it was renamed StubHub Center on June 1 , 2013 . It was renamed Dignity Health Sports Park on January 1 , 2019 , after Dignity Health signed a new naming rights agreement . The 27,000-seat main stadium was the second American sports arena designed specifically for soccer in the MLS era . When the venue opened in June 2003 as the new home of LA Galaxy , a number of special events took place in celebration . Pelé was in attendance at the opening match along with many dignitaries from the soccer world and other celebrities . In addition to the soccer stadium , Dignity Health Sports Park features the 2,450-seat VELO Sports Center ( velodrome ) , an 8,000-seat tennis stadium . and an outdoor track and field facility that has 2,000 permanent seats and is expandable to 20,000 . Soccer stadium building costs within the $150 million complex were around $87 million . 2017 renovations . In 2017 , to accommodate the Chargers use of the stadium , upgrades were made at cost to the Chargers including bleachers in the second deck on the east side of the stadium being replaced by tip-up seats and moved to the berm on the north side , adding 1,000 seats . A new section of upper-level bleachers , which seat 330 , were erected in the southeast corner of the stadium . Also , the luxury suites were renovated with new seats , furniture , community tables , and engineered hardwood floors and the press box underwent an upgrade with a third row added to the main box , boosting capacity from about 35 to 53 . Floors were constructed on the roof of the luxury suites so an auxiliary press box could be built on both sides of the main box . Two new radio booths were built outside the south side of the press box , and a large new booth on the north side which serves as a security command post for police and NFL officials was constructed . Two booths were added on each side of the press box for the NFL-mandated 20-yard-line television cameras , and a stairway allowing access to the roof of the main box was built to accommodate the 50-yard-line camera . To accommodate 53-man NFL rosters , four small locker rooms were converted to two larger ones with 60 cubicles in each . Also added were small postgame news conference rooms for each team and rooms for game officials and the chain gang . After the Chargers left for Inglewood , the football facilities were taken over by the Wildcats when the XFL team began operations in 2020 . Tenants . Aside from being home to the LA Galaxy of Major League Soccer , it was also home to two defunct clubs , the MLS team Chivas USA as well as Los Angeles Sol of the Womens Professional Soccer . The stadium hosted the 2003 MLS All-Star Game and the MLS Cup in 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2011 , 2012 and 2014 . Dignity Health Sports Park was also the site of the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup final . Both the United States womens and mens national soccer teams often use the facility for training camps and select home matches . It also hosted the 2004 NCAA Mens College Cup , with Duke , Indiana , Maryland , and UC Santa Barbara qualifying . The track and field stadium on the site is also home to the LA Galaxy II of the USL Championship , farm club to the parent Galaxy . On July 30 , 2016 , it hosted a 2016 International Champions Cup match between Paris Saint-Germain and Leicester City . Paris Saint-Germain won the match 4–0 to complete a perfect record in the ICC . Rugby . The stadium hosted the first three editions ( 2004–06 ) of the USA Sevens , an annual international rugby sevens competition that is part of the World Rugby Sevens Series , and again hosted that event on February 29 to March 1 , 2020 . The stadium has also hosted all United States national team matches for the Pacific Nations Cup between 2013 and 2014 . USA Eagles Internationals . USA scores displayed first . Other sports . It was also the location for the State Championship Bowl Games for high school football teams in the state of California from 2006 to 2014 . The Semper Fidelis All America game was held there on January 5 , 2014 , featuring an East vs West high school matchup . The first college football game was held at the stadium on January 21 , 2012 , as the AstroTurf NFLPA Collegiate Bowl , with the National Team beating the American Team 20–14 . The track played host to the 2005 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships . It is also the home of the Adidas Running Club , a member of the USA Elite Running Circuit , and the Adidas Track Classic . Dignity Health Sports Park is also home to EXOS , formerly Athletes Performance , which trains athletes in a variety of sports . The Los Angeles Riptide of Major League Lacrosse played their home games at the track and field stadium . The soccer and tennis stadiums of the Center have also served as the main venues for ESPNs Summer X Games . From 2010 to 2016 , it hosted the Reebok CrossFit Games . Initially only utilizing the tennis stadium , over the years it also expanded to the running field and the soccer stadium . The facility has also hosted several high-profile professional boxing matches , including Andre Ward vs . Arthur Abraham , Brandon Ríos vs . Urbano Antillón , Shawn Porter vs . Kell Brook and matches featuring other notable fighters . The venue has become iconic among boxing fans for its electric atmosphere . On August 16 , 2013 , Resurrection Fighting Alliance held an MMA event titled RFA 9 : Curran vs . Munhoz , with the main event crowning a new Bantamweight Champion . Los Angeles Chargers . The Los Angeles Chargers had a three-year tenure at Dignity Health Sports Park from 2017 to 2019 , while SoFi Stadium in Inglewood was being built . During the teams three seasons at the stadium , they compiled an even 11–11 record while Chargers fans were outnumbered by opposing teams supporters , who frequently filled much of the stadium . San Diego State Aztecs . The stadium is currently the temporary home of the San Diego State Aztecs football team from San Diego State University . The 2020 and 2021 seasons are being played at Dignity Health Sports Park until Aztec Stadium in San Diego , the replacement for the Aztecs former home of San Diego Stadium , is completed for the 2022 season . 2028 Summer Olympics . During the 2028 Summer Olympics , the venue will host rugby , tennis , modern pentathlon , field hockey , and track cycling . Entertainment . Concerts . The Vans Warped Tour was held annually in the stadium parking lot until the tours final year in 2018 . It also served as the host facility for the first two seasons of Spike TVs Pros vs Joes reality sports contests . In 2007 it received the bands Héroes del Silencio , in their Tour 2007 , and Soda Stereo in their Me Verás Volver tour 2007 . In film and TV . The facility is often used to provide a stadium background in film , television and advertising . Transportation . Dignity Health Sports Park is located south of the Avalon Boulevard exit on California State Route 91 . In 2017 , the LA Galaxy launched a shuttle bus service with two routes connecting Dignity Health Sports Park with the Harbor Gateway Transit Center and Del Amo station , operated by Long Beach Transit . External links . - Dignity Health Sports Park official website |
[
"Chivas USA"
] | hard | Who occupied Dignity Health Sports Park in Dec 2008? | /wiki/Dignity_Health_Sports_Park#P466#1 | Dignity Health Sports Park Dignity Health Sports Park , formerly Home Depot Center and StubHub Center , is a multiple-use sports complex located on the campus of California State University , Dominguez Hills in Carson , California , that consists of the 27,000-seat Dignity Health Sports Park Soccer Stadium , the Dignity Health Sports Park Tennis Stadium , a track and field facility and a velodrome : VELO Sports Center . It is approximately south of downtown Los Angeles and its primary tenant is the LA Galaxy of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The main stadium is also home to the Los Angeles Wildcats of the XFL . LA Galaxy II of the USL Championship play their home matches at the complexs track and field facility . Opened in 2003 , the $150 million complex was developed and is operated by the Anschutz Entertainment Group . With a seating capacity of 27,000 , it is the largest soccer-specific stadium in the U.S . and the second-largest among its kind in MLS , after Toronto FCs BMO Field in Ontario , Canada . In addition to hosting LA Galaxy games since its opening , the stadium also served as the home of the now-defunct Chivas USA MLS team from 2005 to 2014 . The main stadium is currently the temporary home of the San Diego State Aztecs football team . The stadium was the temporary home of the Los Angeles Chargers from 2017 to 2019 . It was the smallest NFL stadium over the course of those three seasons . While the Chargers played in the stadium , the facility was named ROKiT Field at StubHub Center ; ROKiTs naming rights to the football field were part of a multi-year agreement . During its first decade , the stadiums sponsor was hardware retailer The Home Depot . In 2013 , the title sponsor became the online ticket marketplace StubHub . In 2019 , the name sponsor became healthcare provider Dignity Health . History and facilities . Originally opened as Home Depot Center in 2003 , it was renamed StubHub Center on June 1 , 2013 . It was renamed Dignity Health Sports Park on January 1 , 2019 , after Dignity Health signed a new naming rights agreement . The 27,000-seat main stadium was the second American sports arena designed specifically for soccer in the MLS era . When the venue opened in June 2003 as the new home of LA Galaxy , a number of special events took place in celebration . Pelé was in attendance at the opening match along with many dignitaries from the soccer world and other celebrities . In addition to the soccer stadium , Dignity Health Sports Park features the 2,450-seat VELO Sports Center ( velodrome ) , an 8,000-seat tennis stadium . and an outdoor track and field facility that has 2,000 permanent seats and is expandable to 20,000 . Soccer stadium building costs within the $150 million complex were around $87 million . 2017 renovations . In 2017 , to accommodate the Chargers use of the stadium , upgrades were made at cost to the Chargers including bleachers in the second deck on the east side of the stadium being replaced by tip-up seats and moved to the berm on the north side , adding 1,000 seats . A new section of upper-level bleachers , which seat 330 , were erected in the southeast corner of the stadium . Also , the luxury suites were renovated with new seats , furniture , community tables , and engineered hardwood floors and the press box underwent an upgrade with a third row added to the main box , boosting capacity from about 35 to 53 . Floors were constructed on the roof of the luxury suites so an auxiliary press box could be built on both sides of the main box . Two new radio booths were built outside the south side of the press box , and a large new booth on the north side which serves as a security command post for police and NFL officials was constructed . Two booths were added on each side of the press box for the NFL-mandated 20-yard-line television cameras , and a stairway allowing access to the roof of the main box was built to accommodate the 50-yard-line camera . To accommodate 53-man NFL rosters , four small locker rooms were converted to two larger ones with 60 cubicles in each . Also added were small postgame news conference rooms for each team and rooms for game officials and the chain gang . After the Chargers left for Inglewood , the football facilities were taken over by the Wildcats when the XFL team began operations in 2020 . Tenants . Aside from being home to the LA Galaxy of Major League Soccer , it was also home to two defunct clubs , the MLS team Chivas USA as well as Los Angeles Sol of the Womens Professional Soccer . The stadium hosted the 2003 MLS All-Star Game and the MLS Cup in 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2011 , 2012 and 2014 . Dignity Health Sports Park was also the site of the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup final . Both the United States womens and mens national soccer teams often use the facility for training camps and select home matches . It also hosted the 2004 NCAA Mens College Cup , with Duke , Indiana , Maryland , and UC Santa Barbara qualifying . The track and field stadium on the site is also home to the LA Galaxy II of the USL Championship , farm club to the parent Galaxy . On July 30 , 2016 , it hosted a 2016 International Champions Cup match between Paris Saint-Germain and Leicester City . Paris Saint-Germain won the match 4–0 to complete a perfect record in the ICC . Rugby . The stadium hosted the first three editions ( 2004–06 ) of the USA Sevens , an annual international rugby sevens competition that is part of the World Rugby Sevens Series , and again hosted that event on February 29 to March 1 , 2020 . The stadium has also hosted all United States national team matches for the Pacific Nations Cup between 2013 and 2014 . USA Eagles Internationals . USA scores displayed first . Other sports . It was also the location for the State Championship Bowl Games for high school football teams in the state of California from 2006 to 2014 . The Semper Fidelis All America game was held there on January 5 , 2014 , featuring an East vs West high school matchup . The first college football game was held at the stadium on January 21 , 2012 , as the AstroTurf NFLPA Collegiate Bowl , with the National Team beating the American Team 20–14 . The track played host to the 2005 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships . It is also the home of the Adidas Running Club , a member of the USA Elite Running Circuit , and the Adidas Track Classic . Dignity Health Sports Park is also home to EXOS , formerly Athletes Performance , which trains athletes in a variety of sports . The Los Angeles Riptide of Major League Lacrosse played their home games at the track and field stadium . The soccer and tennis stadiums of the Center have also served as the main venues for ESPNs Summer X Games . From 2010 to 2016 , it hosted the Reebok CrossFit Games . Initially only utilizing the tennis stadium , over the years it also expanded to the running field and the soccer stadium . The facility has also hosted several high-profile professional boxing matches , including Andre Ward vs . Arthur Abraham , Brandon Ríos vs . Urbano Antillón , Shawn Porter vs . Kell Brook and matches featuring other notable fighters . The venue has become iconic among boxing fans for its electric atmosphere . On August 16 , 2013 , Resurrection Fighting Alliance held an MMA event titled RFA 9 : Curran vs . Munhoz , with the main event crowning a new Bantamweight Champion . Los Angeles Chargers . The Los Angeles Chargers had a three-year tenure at Dignity Health Sports Park from 2017 to 2019 , while SoFi Stadium in Inglewood was being built . During the teams three seasons at the stadium , they compiled an even 11–11 record while Chargers fans were outnumbered by opposing teams supporters , who frequently filled much of the stadium . San Diego State Aztecs . The stadium is currently the temporary home of the San Diego State Aztecs football team from San Diego State University . The 2020 and 2021 seasons are being played at Dignity Health Sports Park until Aztec Stadium in San Diego , the replacement for the Aztecs former home of San Diego Stadium , is completed for the 2022 season . 2028 Summer Olympics . During the 2028 Summer Olympics , the venue will host rugby , tennis , modern pentathlon , field hockey , and track cycling . Entertainment . Concerts . The Vans Warped Tour was held annually in the stadium parking lot until the tours final year in 2018 . It also served as the host facility for the first two seasons of Spike TVs Pros vs Joes reality sports contests . In 2007 it received the bands Héroes del Silencio , in their Tour 2007 , and Soda Stereo in their Me Verás Volver tour 2007 . In film and TV . The facility is often used to provide a stadium background in film , television and advertising . Transportation . Dignity Health Sports Park is located south of the Avalon Boulevard exit on California State Route 91 . In 2017 , the LA Galaxy launched a shuttle bus service with two routes connecting Dignity Health Sports Park with the Harbor Gateway Transit Center and Del Amo station , operated by Long Beach Transit . External links . - Dignity Health Sports Park official website |
[
"Los Angeles Chargers"
] | hard | Who occupied Dignity Health Sports Park in Jul 2017? | /wiki/Dignity_Health_Sports_Park#P466#2 | Dignity Health Sports Park Dignity Health Sports Park , formerly Home Depot Center and StubHub Center , is a multiple-use sports complex located on the campus of California State University , Dominguez Hills in Carson , California , that consists of the 27,000-seat Dignity Health Sports Park Soccer Stadium , the Dignity Health Sports Park Tennis Stadium , a track and field facility and a velodrome : VELO Sports Center . It is approximately south of downtown Los Angeles and its primary tenant is the LA Galaxy of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The main stadium is also home to the Los Angeles Wildcats of the XFL . LA Galaxy II of the USL Championship play their home matches at the complexs track and field facility . Opened in 2003 , the $150 million complex was developed and is operated by the Anschutz Entertainment Group . With a seating capacity of 27,000 , it is the largest soccer-specific stadium in the U.S . and the second-largest among its kind in MLS , after Toronto FCs BMO Field in Ontario , Canada . In addition to hosting LA Galaxy games since its opening , the stadium also served as the home of the now-defunct Chivas USA MLS team from 2005 to 2014 . The main stadium is currently the temporary home of the San Diego State Aztecs football team . The stadium was the temporary home of the Los Angeles Chargers from 2017 to 2019 . It was the smallest NFL stadium over the course of those three seasons . While the Chargers played in the stadium , the facility was named ROKiT Field at StubHub Center ; ROKiTs naming rights to the football field were part of a multi-year agreement . During its first decade , the stadiums sponsor was hardware retailer The Home Depot . In 2013 , the title sponsor became the online ticket marketplace StubHub . In 2019 , the name sponsor became healthcare provider Dignity Health . History and facilities . Originally opened as Home Depot Center in 2003 , it was renamed StubHub Center on June 1 , 2013 . It was renamed Dignity Health Sports Park on January 1 , 2019 , after Dignity Health signed a new naming rights agreement . The 27,000-seat main stadium was the second American sports arena designed specifically for soccer in the MLS era . When the venue opened in June 2003 as the new home of LA Galaxy , a number of special events took place in celebration . Pelé was in attendance at the opening match along with many dignitaries from the soccer world and other celebrities . In addition to the soccer stadium , Dignity Health Sports Park features the 2,450-seat VELO Sports Center ( velodrome ) , an 8,000-seat tennis stadium . and an outdoor track and field facility that has 2,000 permanent seats and is expandable to 20,000 . Soccer stadium building costs within the $150 million complex were around $87 million . 2017 renovations . In 2017 , to accommodate the Chargers use of the stadium , upgrades were made at cost to the Chargers including bleachers in the second deck on the east side of the stadium being replaced by tip-up seats and moved to the berm on the north side , adding 1,000 seats . A new section of upper-level bleachers , which seat 330 , were erected in the southeast corner of the stadium . Also , the luxury suites were renovated with new seats , furniture , community tables , and engineered hardwood floors and the press box underwent an upgrade with a third row added to the main box , boosting capacity from about 35 to 53 . Floors were constructed on the roof of the luxury suites so an auxiliary press box could be built on both sides of the main box . Two new radio booths were built outside the south side of the press box , and a large new booth on the north side which serves as a security command post for police and NFL officials was constructed . Two booths were added on each side of the press box for the NFL-mandated 20-yard-line television cameras , and a stairway allowing access to the roof of the main box was built to accommodate the 50-yard-line camera . To accommodate 53-man NFL rosters , four small locker rooms were converted to two larger ones with 60 cubicles in each . Also added were small postgame news conference rooms for each team and rooms for game officials and the chain gang . After the Chargers left for Inglewood , the football facilities were taken over by the Wildcats when the XFL team began operations in 2020 . Tenants . Aside from being home to the LA Galaxy of Major League Soccer , it was also home to two defunct clubs , the MLS team Chivas USA as well as Los Angeles Sol of the Womens Professional Soccer . The stadium hosted the 2003 MLS All-Star Game and the MLS Cup in 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2011 , 2012 and 2014 . Dignity Health Sports Park was also the site of the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup final . Both the United States womens and mens national soccer teams often use the facility for training camps and select home matches . It also hosted the 2004 NCAA Mens College Cup , with Duke , Indiana , Maryland , and UC Santa Barbara qualifying . The track and field stadium on the site is also home to the LA Galaxy II of the USL Championship , farm club to the parent Galaxy . On July 30 , 2016 , it hosted a 2016 International Champions Cup match between Paris Saint-Germain and Leicester City . Paris Saint-Germain won the match 4–0 to complete a perfect record in the ICC . Rugby . The stadium hosted the first three editions ( 2004–06 ) of the USA Sevens , an annual international rugby sevens competition that is part of the World Rugby Sevens Series , and again hosted that event on February 29 to March 1 , 2020 . The stadium has also hosted all United States national team matches for the Pacific Nations Cup between 2013 and 2014 . USA Eagles Internationals . USA scores displayed first . Other sports . It was also the location for the State Championship Bowl Games for high school football teams in the state of California from 2006 to 2014 . The Semper Fidelis All America game was held there on January 5 , 2014 , featuring an East vs West high school matchup . The first college football game was held at the stadium on January 21 , 2012 , as the AstroTurf NFLPA Collegiate Bowl , with the National Team beating the American Team 20–14 . The track played host to the 2005 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships . It is also the home of the Adidas Running Club , a member of the USA Elite Running Circuit , and the Adidas Track Classic . Dignity Health Sports Park is also home to EXOS , formerly Athletes Performance , which trains athletes in a variety of sports . The Los Angeles Riptide of Major League Lacrosse played their home games at the track and field stadium . The soccer and tennis stadiums of the Center have also served as the main venues for ESPNs Summer X Games . From 2010 to 2016 , it hosted the Reebok CrossFit Games . Initially only utilizing the tennis stadium , over the years it also expanded to the running field and the soccer stadium . The facility has also hosted several high-profile professional boxing matches , including Andre Ward vs . Arthur Abraham , Brandon Ríos vs . Urbano Antillón , Shawn Porter vs . Kell Brook and matches featuring other notable fighters . The venue has become iconic among boxing fans for its electric atmosphere . On August 16 , 2013 , Resurrection Fighting Alliance held an MMA event titled RFA 9 : Curran vs . Munhoz , with the main event crowning a new Bantamweight Champion . Los Angeles Chargers . The Los Angeles Chargers had a three-year tenure at Dignity Health Sports Park from 2017 to 2019 , while SoFi Stadium in Inglewood was being built . During the teams three seasons at the stadium , they compiled an even 11–11 record while Chargers fans were outnumbered by opposing teams supporters , who frequently filled much of the stadium . San Diego State Aztecs . The stadium is currently the temporary home of the San Diego State Aztecs football team from San Diego State University . The 2020 and 2021 seasons are being played at Dignity Health Sports Park until Aztec Stadium in San Diego , the replacement for the Aztecs former home of San Diego Stadium , is completed for the 2022 season . 2028 Summer Olympics . During the 2028 Summer Olympics , the venue will host rugby , tennis , modern pentathlon , field hockey , and track cycling . Entertainment . Concerts . The Vans Warped Tour was held annually in the stadium parking lot until the tours final year in 2018 . It also served as the host facility for the first two seasons of Spike TVs Pros vs Joes reality sports contests . In 2007 it received the bands Héroes del Silencio , in their Tour 2007 , and Soda Stereo in their Me Verás Volver tour 2007 . In film and TV . The facility is often used to provide a stadium background in film , television and advertising . Transportation . Dignity Health Sports Park is located south of the Avalon Boulevard exit on California State Route 91 . In 2017 , the LA Galaxy launched a shuttle bus service with two routes connecting Dignity Health Sports Park with the Harbor Gateway Transit Center and Del Amo station , operated by Long Beach Transit . External links . - Dignity Health Sports Park official website |
[
"Los Angeles Wildcats"
] | hard | Who occupied Dignity Health Sports Park in Feb 2020? | /wiki/Dignity_Health_Sports_Park#P466#3 | Dignity Health Sports Park Dignity Health Sports Park , formerly Home Depot Center and StubHub Center , is a multiple-use sports complex located on the campus of California State University , Dominguez Hills in Carson , California , that consists of the 27,000-seat Dignity Health Sports Park Soccer Stadium , the Dignity Health Sports Park Tennis Stadium , a track and field facility and a velodrome : VELO Sports Center . It is approximately south of downtown Los Angeles and its primary tenant is the LA Galaxy of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The main stadium is also home to the Los Angeles Wildcats of the XFL . LA Galaxy II of the USL Championship play their home matches at the complexs track and field facility . Opened in 2003 , the $150 million complex was developed and is operated by the Anschutz Entertainment Group . With a seating capacity of 27,000 , it is the largest soccer-specific stadium in the U.S . and the second-largest among its kind in MLS , after Toronto FCs BMO Field in Ontario , Canada . In addition to hosting LA Galaxy games since its opening , the stadium also served as the home of the now-defunct Chivas USA MLS team from 2005 to 2014 . The main stadium is currently the temporary home of the San Diego State Aztecs football team . The stadium was the temporary home of the Los Angeles Chargers from 2017 to 2019 . It was the smallest NFL stadium over the course of those three seasons . While the Chargers played in the stadium , the facility was named ROKiT Field at StubHub Center ; ROKiTs naming rights to the football field were part of a multi-year agreement . During its first decade , the stadiums sponsor was hardware retailer The Home Depot . In 2013 , the title sponsor became the online ticket marketplace StubHub . In 2019 , the name sponsor became healthcare provider Dignity Health . History and facilities . Originally opened as Home Depot Center in 2003 , it was renamed StubHub Center on June 1 , 2013 . It was renamed Dignity Health Sports Park on January 1 , 2019 , after Dignity Health signed a new naming rights agreement . The 27,000-seat main stadium was the second American sports arena designed specifically for soccer in the MLS era . When the venue opened in June 2003 as the new home of LA Galaxy , a number of special events took place in celebration . Pelé was in attendance at the opening match along with many dignitaries from the soccer world and other celebrities . In addition to the soccer stadium , Dignity Health Sports Park features the 2,450-seat VELO Sports Center ( velodrome ) , an 8,000-seat tennis stadium . and an outdoor track and field facility that has 2,000 permanent seats and is expandable to 20,000 . Soccer stadium building costs within the $150 million complex were around $87 million . 2017 renovations . In 2017 , to accommodate the Chargers use of the stadium , upgrades were made at cost to the Chargers including bleachers in the second deck on the east side of the stadium being replaced by tip-up seats and moved to the berm on the north side , adding 1,000 seats . A new section of upper-level bleachers , which seat 330 , were erected in the southeast corner of the stadium . Also , the luxury suites were renovated with new seats , furniture , community tables , and engineered hardwood floors and the press box underwent an upgrade with a third row added to the main box , boosting capacity from about 35 to 53 . Floors were constructed on the roof of the luxury suites so an auxiliary press box could be built on both sides of the main box . Two new radio booths were built outside the south side of the press box , and a large new booth on the north side which serves as a security command post for police and NFL officials was constructed . Two booths were added on each side of the press box for the NFL-mandated 20-yard-line television cameras , and a stairway allowing access to the roof of the main box was built to accommodate the 50-yard-line camera . To accommodate 53-man NFL rosters , four small locker rooms were converted to two larger ones with 60 cubicles in each . Also added were small postgame news conference rooms for each team and rooms for game officials and the chain gang . After the Chargers left for Inglewood , the football facilities were taken over by the Wildcats when the XFL team began operations in 2020 . Tenants . Aside from being home to the LA Galaxy of Major League Soccer , it was also home to two defunct clubs , the MLS team Chivas USA as well as Los Angeles Sol of the Womens Professional Soccer . The stadium hosted the 2003 MLS All-Star Game and the MLS Cup in 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2011 , 2012 and 2014 . Dignity Health Sports Park was also the site of the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup final . Both the United States womens and mens national soccer teams often use the facility for training camps and select home matches . It also hosted the 2004 NCAA Mens College Cup , with Duke , Indiana , Maryland , and UC Santa Barbara qualifying . The track and field stadium on the site is also home to the LA Galaxy II of the USL Championship , farm club to the parent Galaxy . On July 30 , 2016 , it hosted a 2016 International Champions Cup match between Paris Saint-Germain and Leicester City . Paris Saint-Germain won the match 4–0 to complete a perfect record in the ICC . Rugby . The stadium hosted the first three editions ( 2004–06 ) of the USA Sevens , an annual international rugby sevens competition that is part of the World Rugby Sevens Series , and again hosted that event on February 29 to March 1 , 2020 . The stadium has also hosted all United States national team matches for the Pacific Nations Cup between 2013 and 2014 . USA Eagles Internationals . USA scores displayed first . Other sports . It was also the location for the State Championship Bowl Games for high school football teams in the state of California from 2006 to 2014 . The Semper Fidelis All America game was held there on January 5 , 2014 , featuring an East vs West high school matchup . The first college football game was held at the stadium on January 21 , 2012 , as the AstroTurf NFLPA Collegiate Bowl , with the National Team beating the American Team 20–14 . The track played host to the 2005 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships . It is also the home of the Adidas Running Club , a member of the USA Elite Running Circuit , and the Adidas Track Classic . Dignity Health Sports Park is also home to EXOS , formerly Athletes Performance , which trains athletes in a variety of sports . The Los Angeles Riptide of Major League Lacrosse played their home games at the track and field stadium . The soccer and tennis stadiums of the Center have also served as the main venues for ESPNs Summer X Games . From 2010 to 2016 , it hosted the Reebok CrossFit Games . Initially only utilizing the tennis stadium , over the years it also expanded to the running field and the soccer stadium . The facility has also hosted several high-profile professional boxing matches , including Andre Ward vs . Arthur Abraham , Brandon Ríos vs . Urbano Antillón , Shawn Porter vs . Kell Brook and matches featuring other notable fighters . The venue has become iconic among boxing fans for its electric atmosphere . On August 16 , 2013 , Resurrection Fighting Alliance held an MMA event titled RFA 9 : Curran vs . Munhoz , with the main event crowning a new Bantamweight Champion . Los Angeles Chargers . The Los Angeles Chargers had a three-year tenure at Dignity Health Sports Park from 2017 to 2019 , while SoFi Stadium in Inglewood was being built . During the teams three seasons at the stadium , they compiled an even 11–11 record while Chargers fans were outnumbered by opposing teams supporters , who frequently filled much of the stadium . San Diego State Aztecs . The stadium is currently the temporary home of the San Diego State Aztecs football team from San Diego State University . The 2020 and 2021 seasons are being played at Dignity Health Sports Park until Aztec Stadium in San Diego , the replacement for the Aztecs former home of San Diego Stadium , is completed for the 2022 season . 2028 Summer Olympics . During the 2028 Summer Olympics , the venue will host rugby , tennis , modern pentathlon , field hockey , and track cycling . Entertainment . Concerts . The Vans Warped Tour was held annually in the stadium parking lot until the tours final year in 2018 . It also served as the host facility for the first two seasons of Spike TVs Pros vs Joes reality sports contests . In 2007 it received the bands Héroes del Silencio , in their Tour 2007 , and Soda Stereo in their Me Verás Volver tour 2007 . In film and TV . The facility is often used to provide a stadium background in film , television and advertising . Transportation . Dignity Health Sports Park is located south of the Avalon Boulevard exit on California State Route 91 . In 2017 , the LA Galaxy launched a shuttle bus service with two routes connecting Dignity Health Sports Park with the Harbor Gateway Transit Center and Del Amo station , operated by Long Beach Transit . External links . - Dignity Health Sports Park official website |
[
"British Midland Airways"
] | hard | Who was the owner of Donington Hall in late 1970s? | /wiki/Donington_Hall#P127#0 | Donington Hall Donington Hall is a mansion house set in parkland near Castle Donington village , North West Leicestershire . The Hall and Estate was purchased in April 2021 by MotorSport Vision , which also operates the neighbouring Donington Park racing circuit . The Hall had previously served as the headquarters for British Midland International until it was merged into British Airways in 2012 , then was owned until 2020 by Stuart Garner , the former owner and CEO of the Norton Motorcycle Company as the companys headquarters . Norton went into administration with rights to the name being sold in April 2020 . History . The house was built from c 1790 , for Francis Rawdon-Hastings , 2nd Earl of Moira ( created Marquess of Hastings in 1816 ) , in a Gothic form by William Wilkins . It passed in 1826 to the young George , a foxhunting addict who kept his own pack of hounds at the hall in purpose-built kennels . George died an early death in 1844 at the age of 35 and was succeeded by his eldest son , 12-year-old Paulyn , who himself died in Ireland only six years later . Paulyn was succeeded in turn by his younger brother Lord Henry Weysford Charles Plantagenet Rawdon-Hastings , later 4th Marquess of Hastings and 9th Earl of Loudon . Harry was a profligate gambler and spent the familys fortune . On his own early death in 1868 , he left the hall in the failing care of his sister Edith Maud and her husband Charles Clifton , later Baron Donington and afterwards his two sons , the 2nd and 3rd Barons . In 1901 it was sold to Frederick Gratton , son of Lord Gratton of Stapleford Park . The Shields family . From 1902 , Donington was the property of the Gillies Shields family . The hall was requisitioned at the start of World War I by the British government and turned into a prisoner of war camp . While interned at Donington Hall in 1915 , the German naval pilot Gunther Plüschow made the only successful escape from Britain in either World War . In 1931 , the then owner of the estate , Alderman John Gillies Shields J.P . agreed to allow Fred Craner use of the extensive roads on the land for motor racing , thus creating the Donington Park circuit . The circuit at Donington Park was closed in 1939 due to World War II , when it was requisitioned by the Ministry of Defence and was converted into a military vehicle depot and storage area . With the whole estate needing extensive renovations after the war , the family rented the estate out as farm land . They retained the Hall , which after the Soviet Army ensured a Communist regime in Hungary , became a refugee camp for those who came to the East Midlands . A letter to The Daily Telegraph from the Gillies Shields and Joyce Pearce thanked all those who were providing clothing , books and toys for the children , promising that once the immediate crisis was over , it was their intention to turn Donington Hall into a home and school for children of all nationalities who now live without hope in the displaced persons camps in Germany ; their parents were our allies , their sufferings caused through loyalty to our cause . In 1971 , Tom Wheatcroft bought part of the estate , including the famous prewar racing circuit , from the Shields family for £100,000 . Corporate ownership . In 1976 , British Midland Airways purchased the hall from the Shields family to renovate and convert into their headquarters . British Midland Airways moved to Donington Hall in 1982 . The airline was subsequently rebranded as British Midland International , employing 800 workers at Donington Hall in 2007 . In 2012 , International Airlines Group announced it may lay off up to 1,200 BMI employees , with proposed layoffs mainly from the BMI head office at Donington Hall . In March 2013 the Norton Motorcycle Company bought Donington Hall from International Airlines Group . Norton produced hand-built bikes from a nearby building called Hastings House , previously BMIs call centre , while Donington Hall was an events venue . In 2016 Nortons chief executive Stuart Garner bought the neighbouring property to Donington Hall , the Priest House Hotel , which expanded his hospitality business . The combined properties are set in 80 acres of grounds , which are bordered by an ancient deer park and the River Trent . As of 2020 , the hall was being marketed for sale as part of a wider package on behalf of the administrator of the failed Norton business . Acquisition by MotorSport Vision . In April 2021 , it was announced that MotorSport Vision had purchased the freehold of the Donington Hall Estate comprising Donington Hall itself , former office building Hastings House , the Lansdowne workshops building and 28 acres of grounds adjacent to the Donington Park race circuit . It was confirmed as part of the announcement that the Grade II* listed Hall would be transformed into a 40-bedroom hotel , reflecting the historic association with the motor racing circuit . The hotel is planned to open in 2023 . Hastings House , the former British Midland International office , will be converted into the Donington Hall Motorhouse , a new facility for housing supercars , classic road and racing cars and motorcycles . The Lansdowne workshops , totalling 18,000 square feet , will be available to let for high-end motor engineering businesses which support the preparation and maintenance of vehicles kept at the Donington Hall Motorhouse and used on the race circuit . The upgraded facility will benefit from a private , mile-long landscaped drive from the original gatehouse by the circuit and include access directly to the circuit . |
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