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stringlengths 32
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[
"Romania national team"
] |
hard
|
Which team did the player Denis Alibec belong to in Sep 2007?
|
/wiki/Denis_Alibec#P54#0
|
Denis Alibec Denis Alibec ( born 5 January 1991 ) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Turkish club Kayserispor and the Romania national team . Alibec began his senior career at Farul Constanța in 2008 . The following year , aged 18 , he was signed by Italian club Inter Milan , where he only recorded two Serie A matches and was loaned out several times . Alibec was brought back to Romania by Astra Giurgiu in 2014 , after which he became a regular starter and goalscorer . He aided the team in winning its first ever national title before joining his former youth club FCSB in 2017 . Alibec fell out of favor at the capital-based club , transferred back to Astra and changed countries again in 2020 with Kayserispor . Alibec is a full international for Romania from 2015 , and played at the UEFA Euro 2016 . He has previously represented the nations under-17 , under-19 and under-21 teams . Club career . Early years . At the age of ten , after only playing ball on the beaches of native Mangalia , Alibec chose to focus entirely on football and joined Callatis Mangalias youth setup . He had a brief spell with Steaua Bucureștis juniors before making his senior debut on 27 September 2008 with Farul Constanța , where he managed to score two goals in 18 Liga I matches . Internazionale . In July 2009 , it was announced that Alibec signed a four-year contract with Italian club Inter Milan . On 19 May 2010 , Alibec scored a goal in each half to give Inter victory over Bayern Munich in the UEFA Under-18 Challenge match , part of UEFA Grassroots Day . Alibec made his Serie A debut on 21 November 2010 , coming on as a 68th-minute substitute for Jonathan Biabiany in a 1–2 defeat to Chievo Verona . He was in rich form in the Campionato Primavera Girone B after scoring eight goals in nine games . On 24 August 2011 , Alibec was loaned to Belgian Pro League side Mechelen on a one-year deal . Astra Giurgiu . In January 2014 , Romanian club Astra Giurgiu transferred Alibec for an undisclosed fee , with the player penning a four-and-a-half-year contract . He established himself as one of the top leagues best players , ending the 2015–16 campaign with 33 matches and 20 goals all competitions comprised as Astra claimed its first-ever championship title . On 18 August 2016 , Alibec netted the equaliser in a 1–1 draw with West Ham United in the first leg of the UEFA Europa League play-off round . He went on to make five appearances and score two goals in the group stage of the latter competition , with his notable display throughout 2016 winning him the Romanian Footballer of the Year award . FCSB . On 5 January 2017 , Alibec moved to FCSB on a five-year deal for a transfer fee in the region of €2 million . His buyout clause was set at €20 million . He scored his first competitive goal from the penalty spot in a league game against CFR Cluj on 5 February . On 2 August 2017 , Alibec scored his first European goal for the Roș-albaștrii in a UEFA Champions League third qualifying round 4–1 away win over Viktoria Plzeň . After twelve matches without goal in the 2017–18 Liga I , Alibec finally found the net on 3 February 2018 , in a 2–1 away victory against Gaz Metan Mediaș . Return to Astra Giurgiu . In July 2018 , after falling out of favor at FCSB , Alibec returned to Astra Giurgiu in a transfer rumoured to be worth €1.4 million . He managed to regain his form during his spell back at the Marin Anastasovici Stadium , as he scored 22 times in 61 games in all competitions . Kayserispor . On 2 October 2020 , the following day he officially transferred to Turkey with Kayserispor , where he joined former Astra teammates Silviu Lung Jr . and Cristian Săpunaru . He recorded his first goals in the Süper Lig on 19 January 2021 , in a 2–0 victory over defending champions İstanbul Başakşehir . International career . Alibec played for Romanias under-17 , under-19 and under-21 teams . On 11 October 2015 , after being called up on several occasions in the past , Alibec gained his first cap for the full side in the last UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match against Faroe Islands , replacing Bogdan Stancu in the 90th minute . In June 2016 , he was picked by Anghel Iordănescu for his squad at the final tournament in France and appeared as a substitute in Romanias opening game , a 2–1 defeat to the host . Personal life . Alibecs father and uncle , Gevrim and Gelil , are Romanian tatars and played football together for about ten years at FC Neptun in the third division . Career statistics . International goals . ( Romania score listed first , score column indicates score after each Alibec goal ) Honours . Club . Internazionale - Supercoppa Italiana : 2010 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2010 Astra Giurgiu - Liga I : 2015–16 - Cupa României : 2013–14 , Runner-up 2018–19 - Supercupa României : 2014 , 2016 Individual . - Gazeta Sporturilor Romanian Footballer of the Year : 2016 - Gala Fotbalului Românesc Romanian Footballer of the Year : 2016 - DigiSport Liga I Player of the Month : December 2015 , April 2016 , May 2017 - Liga I Team of the Season : 2016–17
|
[
"Italian club Inter Milan"
] |
hard
|
Which team did the player Denis Alibec belong to between May 2008 and Nov 2008?
|
/wiki/Denis_Alibec#P54#1
|
Denis Alibec Denis Alibec ( born 5 January 1991 ) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Turkish club Kayserispor and the Romania national team . Alibec began his senior career at Farul Constanța in 2008 . The following year , aged 18 , he was signed by Italian club Inter Milan , where he only recorded two Serie A matches and was loaned out several times . Alibec was brought back to Romania by Astra Giurgiu in 2014 , after which he became a regular starter and goalscorer . He aided the team in winning its first ever national title before joining his former youth club FCSB in 2017 . Alibec fell out of favor at the capital-based club , transferred back to Astra and changed countries again in 2020 with Kayserispor . Alibec is a full international for Romania from 2015 , and played at the UEFA Euro 2016 . He has previously represented the nations under-17 , under-19 and under-21 teams . Club career . Early years . At the age of ten , after only playing ball on the beaches of native Mangalia , Alibec chose to focus entirely on football and joined Callatis Mangalias youth setup . He had a brief spell with Steaua Bucureștis juniors before making his senior debut on 27 September 2008 with Farul Constanța , where he managed to score two goals in 18 Liga I matches . Internazionale . In July 2009 , it was announced that Alibec signed a four-year contract with Italian club Inter Milan . On 19 May 2010 , Alibec scored a goal in each half to give Inter victory over Bayern Munich in the UEFA Under-18 Challenge match , part of UEFA Grassroots Day . Alibec made his Serie A debut on 21 November 2010 , coming on as a 68th-minute substitute for Jonathan Biabiany in a 1–2 defeat to Chievo Verona . He was in rich form in the Campionato Primavera Girone B after scoring eight goals in nine games . On 24 August 2011 , Alibec was loaned to Belgian Pro League side Mechelen on a one-year deal . Astra Giurgiu . In January 2014 , Romanian club Astra Giurgiu transferred Alibec for an undisclosed fee , with the player penning a four-and-a-half-year contract . He established himself as one of the top leagues best players , ending the 2015–16 campaign with 33 matches and 20 goals all competitions comprised as Astra claimed its first-ever championship title . On 18 August 2016 , Alibec netted the equaliser in a 1–1 draw with West Ham United in the first leg of the UEFA Europa League play-off round . He went on to make five appearances and score two goals in the group stage of the latter competition , with his notable display throughout 2016 winning him the Romanian Footballer of the Year award . FCSB . On 5 January 2017 , Alibec moved to FCSB on a five-year deal for a transfer fee in the region of €2 million . His buyout clause was set at €20 million . He scored his first competitive goal from the penalty spot in a league game against CFR Cluj on 5 February . On 2 August 2017 , Alibec scored his first European goal for the Roș-albaștrii in a UEFA Champions League third qualifying round 4–1 away win over Viktoria Plzeň . After twelve matches without goal in the 2017–18 Liga I , Alibec finally found the net on 3 February 2018 , in a 2–1 away victory against Gaz Metan Mediaș . Return to Astra Giurgiu . In July 2018 , after falling out of favor at FCSB , Alibec returned to Astra Giurgiu in a transfer rumoured to be worth €1.4 million . He managed to regain his form during his spell back at the Marin Anastasovici Stadium , as he scored 22 times in 61 games in all competitions . Kayserispor . On 2 October 2020 , the following day he officially transferred to Turkey with Kayserispor , where he joined former Astra teammates Silviu Lung Jr . and Cristian Săpunaru . He recorded his first goals in the Süper Lig on 19 January 2021 , in a 2–0 victory over defending champions İstanbul Başakşehir . International career . Alibec played for Romanias under-17 , under-19 and under-21 teams . On 11 October 2015 , after being called up on several occasions in the past , Alibec gained his first cap for the full side in the last UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match against Faroe Islands , replacing Bogdan Stancu in the 90th minute . In June 2016 , he was picked by Anghel Iordănescu for his squad at the final tournament in France and appeared as a substitute in Romanias opening game , a 2–1 defeat to the host . Personal life . Alibecs father and uncle , Gevrim and Gelil , are Romanian tatars and played football together for about ten years at FC Neptun in the third division . Career statistics . International goals . ( Romania score listed first , score column indicates score after each Alibec goal ) Honours . Club . Internazionale - Supercoppa Italiana : 2010 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2010 Astra Giurgiu - Liga I : 2015–16 - Cupa României : 2013–14 , Runner-up 2018–19 - Supercupa României : 2014 , 2016 Individual . - Gazeta Sporturilor Romanian Footballer of the Year : 2016 - Gala Fotbalului Românesc Romanian Footballer of the Year : 2016 - DigiSport Liga I Player of the Month : December 2015 , April 2016 , May 2017 - Liga I Team of the Season : 2016–17
|
[
"Internazionale"
] |
hard
|
Which team did the player Denis Alibec belong to between Nov 2009 and Dec 2009?
|
/wiki/Denis_Alibec#P54#2
|
Denis Alibec Denis Alibec ( born 5 January 1991 ) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Turkish club Kayserispor and the Romania national team . Alibec began his senior career at Farul Constanța in 2008 . The following year , aged 18 , he was signed by Italian club Inter Milan , where he only recorded two Serie A matches and was loaned out several times . Alibec was brought back to Romania by Astra Giurgiu in 2014 , after which he became a regular starter and goalscorer . He aided the team in winning its first ever national title before joining his former youth club FCSB in 2017 . Alibec fell out of favor at the capital-based club , transferred back to Astra and changed countries again in 2020 with Kayserispor . Alibec is a full international for Romania from 2015 , and played at the UEFA Euro 2016 . He has previously represented the nations under-17 , under-19 and under-21 teams . Club career . Early years . At the age of ten , after only playing ball on the beaches of native Mangalia , Alibec chose to focus entirely on football and joined Callatis Mangalias youth setup . He had a brief spell with Steaua Bucureștis juniors before making his senior debut on 27 September 2008 with Farul Constanța , where he managed to score two goals in 18 Liga I matches . Internazionale . In July 2009 , it was announced that Alibec signed a four-year contract with Italian club Inter Milan . On 19 May 2010 , Alibec scored a goal in each half to give Inter victory over Bayern Munich in the UEFA Under-18 Challenge match , part of UEFA Grassroots Day . Alibec made his Serie A debut on 21 November 2010 , coming on as a 68th-minute substitute for Jonathan Biabiany in a 1–2 defeat to Chievo Verona . He was in rich form in the Campionato Primavera Girone B after scoring eight goals in nine games . On 24 August 2011 , Alibec was loaned to Belgian Pro League side Mechelen on a one-year deal . Astra Giurgiu . In January 2014 , Romanian club Astra Giurgiu transferred Alibec for an undisclosed fee , with the player penning a four-and-a-half-year contract . He established himself as one of the top leagues best players , ending the 2015–16 campaign with 33 matches and 20 goals all competitions comprised as Astra claimed its first-ever championship title . On 18 August 2016 , Alibec netted the equaliser in a 1–1 draw with West Ham United in the first leg of the UEFA Europa League play-off round . He went on to make five appearances and score two goals in the group stage of the latter competition , with his notable display throughout 2016 winning him the Romanian Footballer of the Year award . FCSB . On 5 January 2017 , Alibec moved to FCSB on a five-year deal for a transfer fee in the region of €2 million . His buyout clause was set at €20 million . He scored his first competitive goal from the penalty spot in a league game against CFR Cluj on 5 February . On 2 August 2017 , Alibec scored his first European goal for the Roș-albaștrii in a UEFA Champions League third qualifying round 4–1 away win over Viktoria Plzeň . After twelve matches without goal in the 2017–18 Liga I , Alibec finally found the net on 3 February 2018 , in a 2–1 away victory against Gaz Metan Mediaș . Return to Astra Giurgiu . In July 2018 , after falling out of favor at FCSB , Alibec returned to Astra Giurgiu in a transfer rumoured to be worth €1.4 million . He managed to regain his form during his spell back at the Marin Anastasovici Stadium , as he scored 22 times in 61 games in all competitions . Kayserispor . On 2 October 2020 , the following day he officially transferred to Turkey with Kayserispor , where he joined former Astra teammates Silviu Lung Jr . and Cristian Săpunaru . He recorded his first goals in the Süper Lig on 19 January 2021 , in a 2–0 victory over defending champions İstanbul Başakşehir . International career . Alibec played for Romanias under-17 , under-19 and under-21 teams . On 11 October 2015 , after being called up on several occasions in the past , Alibec gained his first cap for the full side in the last UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match against Faroe Islands , replacing Bogdan Stancu in the 90th minute . In June 2016 , he was picked by Anghel Iordănescu for his squad at the final tournament in France and appeared as a substitute in Romanias opening game , a 2–1 defeat to the host . Personal life . Alibecs father and uncle , Gevrim and Gelil , are Romanian tatars and played football together for about ten years at FC Neptun in the third division . Career statistics . International goals . ( Romania score listed first , score column indicates score after each Alibec goal ) Honours . Club . Internazionale - Supercoppa Italiana : 2010 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2010 Astra Giurgiu - Liga I : 2015–16 - Cupa României : 2013–14 , Runner-up 2018–19 - Supercupa României : 2014 , 2016 Individual . - Gazeta Sporturilor Romanian Footballer of the Year : 2016 - Gala Fotbalului Românesc Romanian Footballer of the Year : 2016 - DigiSport Liga I Player of the Month : December 2015 , April 2016 , May 2017 - Liga I Team of the Season : 2016–17
|
[
"Internazionale"
] |
hard
|
Which team did the player Denis Alibec belong to between Mar 2011 and May 2011?
|
/wiki/Denis_Alibec#P54#3
|
Denis Alibec Denis Alibec ( born 5 January 1991 ) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Turkish club Kayserispor and the Romania national team . Alibec began his senior career at Farul Constanța in 2008 . The following year , aged 18 , he was signed by Italian club Inter Milan , where he only recorded two Serie A matches and was loaned out several times . Alibec was brought back to Romania by Astra Giurgiu in 2014 , after which he became a regular starter and goalscorer . He aided the team in winning its first ever national title before joining his former youth club FCSB in 2017 . Alibec fell out of favor at the capital-based club , transferred back to Astra and changed countries again in 2020 with Kayserispor . Alibec is a full international for Romania from 2015 , and played at the UEFA Euro 2016 . He has previously represented the nations under-17 , under-19 and under-21 teams . Club career . Early years . At the age of ten , after only playing ball on the beaches of native Mangalia , Alibec chose to focus entirely on football and joined Callatis Mangalias youth setup . He had a brief spell with Steaua Bucureștis juniors before making his senior debut on 27 September 2008 with Farul Constanța , where he managed to score two goals in 18 Liga I matches . Internazionale . In July 2009 , it was announced that Alibec signed a four-year contract with Italian club Inter Milan . On 19 May 2010 , Alibec scored a goal in each half to give Inter victory over Bayern Munich in the UEFA Under-18 Challenge match , part of UEFA Grassroots Day . Alibec made his Serie A debut on 21 November 2010 , coming on as a 68th-minute substitute for Jonathan Biabiany in a 1–2 defeat to Chievo Verona . He was in rich form in the Campionato Primavera Girone B after scoring eight goals in nine games . On 24 August 2011 , Alibec was loaned to Belgian Pro League side Mechelen on a one-year deal . Astra Giurgiu . In January 2014 , Romanian club Astra Giurgiu transferred Alibec for an undisclosed fee , with the player penning a four-and-a-half-year contract . He established himself as one of the top leagues best players , ending the 2015–16 campaign with 33 matches and 20 goals all competitions comprised as Astra claimed its first-ever championship title . On 18 August 2016 , Alibec netted the equaliser in a 1–1 draw with West Ham United in the first leg of the UEFA Europa League play-off round . He went on to make five appearances and score two goals in the group stage of the latter competition , with his notable display throughout 2016 winning him the Romanian Footballer of the Year award . FCSB . On 5 January 2017 , Alibec moved to FCSB on a five-year deal for a transfer fee in the region of €2 million . His buyout clause was set at €20 million . He scored his first competitive goal from the penalty spot in a league game against CFR Cluj on 5 February . On 2 August 2017 , Alibec scored his first European goal for the Roș-albaștrii in a UEFA Champions League third qualifying round 4–1 away win over Viktoria Plzeň . After twelve matches without goal in the 2017–18 Liga I , Alibec finally found the net on 3 February 2018 , in a 2–1 away victory against Gaz Metan Mediaș . Return to Astra Giurgiu . In July 2018 , after falling out of favor at FCSB , Alibec returned to Astra Giurgiu in a transfer rumoured to be worth €1.4 million . He managed to regain his form during his spell back at the Marin Anastasovici Stadium , as he scored 22 times in 61 games in all competitions . Kayserispor . On 2 October 2020 , the following day he officially transferred to Turkey with Kayserispor , where he joined former Astra teammates Silviu Lung Jr . and Cristian Săpunaru . He recorded his first goals in the Süper Lig on 19 January 2021 , in a 2–0 victory over defending champions İstanbul Başakşehir . International career . Alibec played for Romanias under-17 , under-19 and under-21 teams . On 11 October 2015 , after being called up on several occasions in the past , Alibec gained his first cap for the full side in the last UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match against Faroe Islands , replacing Bogdan Stancu in the 90th minute . In June 2016 , he was picked by Anghel Iordănescu for his squad at the final tournament in France and appeared as a substitute in Romanias opening game , a 2–1 defeat to the host . Personal life . Alibecs father and uncle , Gevrim and Gelil , are Romanian tatars and played football together for about ten years at FC Neptun in the third division . Career statistics . International goals . ( Romania score listed first , score column indicates score after each Alibec goal ) Honours . Club . Internazionale - Supercoppa Italiana : 2010 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2010 Astra Giurgiu - Liga I : 2015–16 - Cupa României : 2013–14 , Runner-up 2018–19 - Supercupa României : 2014 , 2016 Individual . - Gazeta Sporturilor Romanian Footballer of the Year : 2016 - Gala Fotbalului Românesc Romanian Footballer of the Year : 2016 - DigiSport Liga I Player of the Month : December 2015 , April 2016 , May 2017 - Liga I Team of the Season : 2016–17
|
[
"Astra Giurgiu"
] |
hard
|
Which team did the player Denis Alibec belong to in Dec 2012?
|
/wiki/Denis_Alibec#P54#4
|
Denis Alibec Denis Alibec ( born 5 January 1991 ) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Turkish club Kayserispor and the Romania national team . Alibec began his senior career at Farul Constanța in 2008 . The following year , aged 18 , he was signed by Italian club Inter Milan , where he only recorded two Serie A matches and was loaned out several times . Alibec was brought back to Romania by Astra Giurgiu in 2014 , after which he became a regular starter and goalscorer . He aided the team in winning its first ever national title before joining his former youth club FCSB in 2017 . Alibec fell out of favor at the capital-based club , transferred back to Astra and changed countries again in 2020 with Kayserispor . Alibec is a full international for Romania from 2015 , and played at the UEFA Euro 2016 . He has previously represented the nations under-17 , under-19 and under-21 teams . Club career . Early years . At the age of ten , after only playing ball on the beaches of native Mangalia , Alibec chose to focus entirely on football and joined Callatis Mangalias youth setup . He had a brief spell with Steaua Bucureștis juniors before making his senior debut on 27 September 2008 with Farul Constanța , where he managed to score two goals in 18 Liga I matches . Internazionale . In July 2009 , it was announced that Alibec signed a four-year contract with Italian club Inter Milan . On 19 May 2010 , Alibec scored a goal in each half to give Inter victory over Bayern Munich in the UEFA Under-18 Challenge match , part of UEFA Grassroots Day . Alibec made his Serie A debut on 21 November 2010 , coming on as a 68th-minute substitute for Jonathan Biabiany in a 1–2 defeat to Chievo Verona . He was in rich form in the Campionato Primavera Girone B after scoring eight goals in nine games . On 24 August 2011 , Alibec was loaned to Belgian Pro League side Mechelen on a one-year deal . Astra Giurgiu . In January 2014 , Romanian club Astra Giurgiu transferred Alibec for an undisclosed fee , with the player penning a four-and-a-half-year contract . He established himself as one of the top leagues best players , ending the 2015–16 campaign with 33 matches and 20 goals all competitions comprised as Astra claimed its first-ever championship title . On 18 August 2016 , Alibec netted the equaliser in a 1–1 draw with West Ham United in the first leg of the UEFA Europa League play-off round . He went on to make five appearances and score two goals in the group stage of the latter competition , with his notable display throughout 2016 winning him the Romanian Footballer of the Year award . FCSB . On 5 January 2017 , Alibec moved to FCSB on a five-year deal for a transfer fee in the region of €2 million . His buyout clause was set at €20 million . He scored his first competitive goal from the penalty spot in a league game against CFR Cluj on 5 February . On 2 August 2017 , Alibec scored his first European goal for the Roș-albaștrii in a UEFA Champions League third qualifying round 4–1 away win over Viktoria Plzeň . After twelve matches without goal in the 2017–18 Liga I , Alibec finally found the net on 3 February 2018 , in a 2–1 away victory against Gaz Metan Mediaș . Return to Astra Giurgiu . In July 2018 , after falling out of favor at FCSB , Alibec returned to Astra Giurgiu in a transfer rumoured to be worth €1.4 million . He managed to regain his form during his spell back at the Marin Anastasovici Stadium , as he scored 22 times in 61 games in all competitions . Kayserispor . On 2 October 2020 , the following day he officially transferred to Turkey with Kayserispor , where he joined former Astra teammates Silviu Lung Jr . and Cristian Săpunaru . He recorded his first goals in the Süper Lig on 19 January 2021 , in a 2–0 victory over defending champions İstanbul Başakşehir . International career . Alibec played for Romanias under-17 , under-19 and under-21 teams . On 11 October 2015 , after being called up on several occasions in the past , Alibec gained his first cap for the full side in the last UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match against Faroe Islands , replacing Bogdan Stancu in the 90th minute . In June 2016 , he was picked by Anghel Iordănescu for his squad at the final tournament in France and appeared as a substitute in Romanias opening game , a 2–1 defeat to the host . Personal life . Alibecs father and uncle , Gevrim and Gelil , are Romanian tatars and played football together for about ten years at FC Neptun in the third division . Career statistics . International goals . ( Romania score listed first , score column indicates score after each Alibec goal ) Honours . Club . Internazionale - Supercoppa Italiana : 2010 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2010 Astra Giurgiu - Liga I : 2015–16 - Cupa României : 2013–14 , Runner-up 2018–19 - Supercupa României : 2014 , 2016 Individual . - Gazeta Sporturilor Romanian Footballer of the Year : 2016 - Gala Fotbalului Românesc Romanian Footballer of the Year : 2016 - DigiSport Liga I Player of the Month : December 2015 , April 2016 , May 2017 - Liga I Team of the Season : 2016–17
|
[
"Astra Giurgiu"
] |
hard
|
Which team did the player Denis Alibec belong to in May 2014?
|
/wiki/Denis_Alibec#P54#5
|
Denis Alibec Denis Alibec ( born 5 January 1991 ) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Turkish club Kayserispor and the Romania national team . Alibec began his senior career at Farul Constanța in 2008 . The following year , aged 18 , he was signed by Italian club Inter Milan , where he only recorded two Serie A matches and was loaned out several times . Alibec was brought back to Romania by Astra Giurgiu in 2014 , after which he became a regular starter and goalscorer . He aided the team in winning its first ever national title before joining his former youth club FCSB in 2017 . Alibec fell out of favor at the capital-based club , transferred back to Astra and changed countries again in 2020 with Kayserispor . Alibec is a full international for Romania from 2015 , and played at the UEFA Euro 2016 . He has previously represented the nations under-17 , under-19 and under-21 teams . Club career . Early years . At the age of ten , after only playing ball on the beaches of native Mangalia , Alibec chose to focus entirely on football and joined Callatis Mangalias youth setup . He had a brief spell with Steaua Bucureștis juniors before making his senior debut on 27 September 2008 with Farul Constanța , where he managed to score two goals in 18 Liga I matches . Internazionale . In July 2009 , it was announced that Alibec signed a four-year contract with Italian club Inter Milan . On 19 May 2010 , Alibec scored a goal in each half to give Inter victory over Bayern Munich in the UEFA Under-18 Challenge match , part of UEFA Grassroots Day . Alibec made his Serie A debut on 21 November 2010 , coming on as a 68th-minute substitute for Jonathan Biabiany in a 1–2 defeat to Chievo Verona . He was in rich form in the Campionato Primavera Girone B after scoring eight goals in nine games . On 24 August 2011 , Alibec was loaned to Belgian Pro League side Mechelen on a one-year deal . Astra Giurgiu . In January 2014 , Romanian club Astra Giurgiu transferred Alibec for an undisclosed fee , with the player penning a four-and-a-half-year contract . He established himself as one of the top leagues best players , ending the 2015–16 campaign with 33 matches and 20 goals all competitions comprised as Astra claimed its first-ever championship title . On 18 August 2016 , Alibec netted the equaliser in a 1–1 draw with West Ham United in the first leg of the UEFA Europa League play-off round . He went on to make five appearances and score two goals in the group stage of the latter competition , with his notable display throughout 2016 winning him the Romanian Footballer of the Year award . FCSB . On 5 January 2017 , Alibec moved to FCSB on a five-year deal for a transfer fee in the region of €2 million . His buyout clause was set at €20 million . He scored his first competitive goal from the penalty spot in a league game against CFR Cluj on 5 February . On 2 August 2017 , Alibec scored his first European goal for the Roș-albaștrii in a UEFA Champions League third qualifying round 4–1 away win over Viktoria Plzeň . After twelve matches without goal in the 2017–18 Liga I , Alibec finally found the net on 3 February 2018 , in a 2–1 away victory against Gaz Metan Mediaș . Return to Astra Giurgiu . In July 2018 , after falling out of favor at FCSB , Alibec returned to Astra Giurgiu in a transfer rumoured to be worth €1.4 million . He managed to regain his form during his spell back at the Marin Anastasovici Stadium , as he scored 22 times in 61 games in all competitions . Kayserispor . On 2 October 2020 , the following day he officially transferred to Turkey with Kayserispor , where he joined former Astra teammates Silviu Lung Jr . and Cristian Săpunaru . He recorded his first goals in the Süper Lig on 19 January 2021 , in a 2–0 victory over defending champions İstanbul Başakşehir . International career . Alibec played for Romanias under-17 , under-19 and under-21 teams . On 11 October 2015 , after being called up on several occasions in the past , Alibec gained his first cap for the full side in the last UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match against Faroe Islands , replacing Bogdan Stancu in the 90th minute . In June 2016 , he was picked by Anghel Iordănescu for his squad at the final tournament in France and appeared as a substitute in Romanias opening game , a 2–1 defeat to the host . Personal life . Alibecs father and uncle , Gevrim and Gelil , are Romanian tatars and played football together for about ten years at FC Neptun in the third division . Career statistics . International goals . ( Romania score listed first , score column indicates score after each Alibec goal ) Honours . Club . Internazionale - Supercoppa Italiana : 2010 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2010 Astra Giurgiu - Liga I : 2015–16 - Cupa României : 2013–14 , Runner-up 2018–19 - Supercupa României : 2014 , 2016 Individual . - Gazeta Sporturilor Romanian Footballer of the Year : 2016 - Gala Fotbalului Românesc Romanian Footballer of the Year : 2016 - DigiSport Liga I Player of the Month : December 2015 , April 2016 , May 2017 - Liga I Team of the Season : 2016–17
|
[
"Romania"
] |
hard
|
Which team did the player Denis Alibec belong to between Sep 2015 and Nov 2015?
|
/wiki/Denis_Alibec#P54#6
|
Denis Alibec Denis Alibec ( born 5 January 1991 ) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Turkish club Kayserispor and the Romania national team . Alibec began his senior career at Farul Constanța in 2008 . The following year , aged 18 , he was signed by Italian club Inter Milan , where he only recorded two Serie A matches and was loaned out several times . Alibec was brought back to Romania by Astra Giurgiu in 2014 , after which he became a regular starter and goalscorer . He aided the team in winning its first ever national title before joining his former youth club FCSB in 2017 . Alibec fell out of favor at the capital-based club , transferred back to Astra and changed countries again in 2020 with Kayserispor . Alibec is a full international for Romania from 2015 , and played at the UEFA Euro 2016 . He has previously represented the nations under-17 , under-19 and under-21 teams . Club career . Early years . At the age of ten , after only playing ball on the beaches of native Mangalia , Alibec chose to focus entirely on football and joined Callatis Mangalias youth setup . He had a brief spell with Steaua Bucureștis juniors before making his senior debut on 27 September 2008 with Farul Constanța , where he managed to score two goals in 18 Liga I matches . Internazionale . In July 2009 , it was announced that Alibec signed a four-year contract with Italian club Inter Milan . On 19 May 2010 , Alibec scored a goal in each half to give Inter victory over Bayern Munich in the UEFA Under-18 Challenge match , part of UEFA Grassroots Day . Alibec made his Serie A debut on 21 November 2010 , coming on as a 68th-minute substitute for Jonathan Biabiany in a 1–2 defeat to Chievo Verona . He was in rich form in the Campionato Primavera Girone B after scoring eight goals in nine games . On 24 August 2011 , Alibec was loaned to Belgian Pro League side Mechelen on a one-year deal . Astra Giurgiu . In January 2014 , Romanian club Astra Giurgiu transferred Alibec for an undisclosed fee , with the player penning a four-and-a-half-year contract . He established himself as one of the top leagues best players , ending the 2015–16 campaign with 33 matches and 20 goals all competitions comprised as Astra claimed its first-ever championship title . On 18 August 2016 , Alibec netted the equaliser in a 1–1 draw with West Ham United in the first leg of the UEFA Europa League play-off round . He went on to make five appearances and score two goals in the group stage of the latter competition , with his notable display throughout 2016 winning him the Romanian Footballer of the Year award . FCSB . On 5 January 2017 , Alibec moved to FCSB on a five-year deal for a transfer fee in the region of €2 million . His buyout clause was set at €20 million . He scored his first competitive goal from the penalty spot in a league game against CFR Cluj on 5 February . On 2 August 2017 , Alibec scored his first European goal for the Roș-albaștrii in a UEFA Champions League third qualifying round 4–1 away win over Viktoria Plzeň . After twelve matches without goal in the 2017–18 Liga I , Alibec finally found the net on 3 February 2018 , in a 2–1 away victory against Gaz Metan Mediaș . Return to Astra Giurgiu . In July 2018 , after falling out of favor at FCSB , Alibec returned to Astra Giurgiu in a transfer rumoured to be worth €1.4 million . He managed to regain his form during his spell back at the Marin Anastasovici Stadium , as he scored 22 times in 61 games in all competitions . Kayserispor . On 2 October 2020 , the following day he officially transferred to Turkey with Kayserispor , where he joined former Astra teammates Silviu Lung Jr . and Cristian Săpunaru . He recorded his first goals in the Süper Lig on 19 January 2021 , in a 2–0 victory over defending champions İstanbul Başakşehir . International career . Alibec played for Romanias under-17 , under-19 and under-21 teams . On 11 October 2015 , after being called up on several occasions in the past , Alibec gained his first cap for the full side in the last UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match against Faroe Islands , replacing Bogdan Stancu in the 90th minute . In June 2016 , he was picked by Anghel Iordănescu for his squad at the final tournament in France and appeared as a substitute in Romanias opening game , a 2–1 defeat to the host . Personal life . Alibecs father and uncle , Gevrim and Gelil , are Romanian tatars and played football together for about ten years at FC Neptun in the third division . Career statistics . International goals . ( Romania score listed first , score column indicates score after each Alibec goal ) Honours . Club . Internazionale - Supercoppa Italiana : 2010 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2010 Astra Giurgiu - Liga I : 2015–16 - Cupa României : 2013–14 , Runner-up 2018–19 - Supercupa României : 2014 , 2016 Individual . - Gazeta Sporturilor Romanian Footballer of the Year : 2016 - Gala Fotbalului Românesc Romanian Footballer of the Year : 2016 - DigiSport Liga I Player of the Month : December 2015 , April 2016 , May 2017 - Liga I Team of the Season : 2016–17
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[
"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo"
] |
hard
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Which school did Ismael Aguilar Barajas go to in Jul 1979?
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/wiki/Ismael_Aguilar_Barajas#P69#0
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Ismael Aguilar Barajas Ismael Aguilar Barajas is a professor and researcher in economics and sustainable development at the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Studies , Campus Monterrey ( Tec de Monterrey ) , whose work has been recognized by the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores . Aguilar Barajas received his bachelors in civil engineering from the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo in 1980 , followed by his masters and doctorate in regional and urban planning from the London School of Economics and Political Science in 1982 and 1989 respectively . He has been a tenured professor and researcher in economics at the Tec de Monterrey since 1991 , coordinator of a research group related to economic issues on Mexicos northern border . During the 2000s , research themes have included environmental sustainability , diagnostics related to water infrastructure , water and agricultural productivity , all in Mexico as well as a study on the economic integration of the northeast of Mexico with Texas . Prior to this , he was a professor and researcher at the Colegio de México and had work and consulting experience in various private and public sector entities . He has been a visiting professor in various universities in Mexico and abroad . Recognition for his research work include Level II membership in Mexicos Sistema Nacional de Investigadores as well as third place at the 2009 Rómulo Garza Prize for Social Science and Humanities Research . Aguilar Barajas also won three awards for his teaching of courses such as economic development and regional economics at the Tec de Monterrey system . H The professor has represented the Tec de Monterrey system with the Consejo Consultivo del Agua y en el Programa Interinstitucional de la Región América del Norte . Publications . Books . - Integration Económica Noreste de México-Texas – Diagnóstica y Prospective ( 2007 ) - Sustenabilidad Ambiental en la Industria : Conceptos , Tendencias Internacionales y Experiencias Mexicana ( 2005 ) - A Diez Años del TLCAN:Reorganización Industrial ( 2005 ) - A Diez Años del TLCAN : Reorganización Urbana ( 2005 ) - A Diez Años del TLCAN : Reorganizatión Industrial y Social ( 2005 ) - Industria Manufacturera de México , 1970-2005 . Un Análisis de su Producto Interno Bruto por entidad Federativo y por Subsector ( 2004 ) - Water and Sustainable Development in the Lower Rio Bravo , Mexico ( 2004 ) Chapters in books . - Desafíos del Desarrollo Regional en México ( 2008 ) - Panorama de la Estructura y Dinámica Económica del Noreste de México-Texas ( 2007 ) - Conclusiones ( Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León ( 2007 ) - Flujos de mercancías entre el estado de Texas y el noreste de México ( 2007 ) - Du mond sans frontiers au monde forteresse ( 2006 ) - Globalización Económica y el Papel de la Frontera en al Región América del Norte ( 2006 ) - Agua y Desarrollo en el Noreste de México : Una Visión Panorámica ( 2006 ) - Abasto de Agua al Area Metropolitana de Monterrey : Antecedentes , situación actual y perspectivas ( 2006 ) - Agua y Desarrollo Económico en la Cuenca Binacional del Bajo Rio Grande/Rio Bravo ( 2005 ) - Area Metropolitana de Monterrey:Avances y rezagos de una metrópoli mexicana de cara al XXI ( 2005 ) - Conclusiones ( El Colegio de Mpexico and Tec de Monterrey ) ( 2005 ) - Introducción ( El Colegio de Mpexico and Tec de Monterrey ) ( 2005 ) - El Processo de Urbanización del Area Metropolitana de Monterrey : Algunas reflexiones de la experiencia reciente ( 2004 ) - Privatizaciones fallidas en México : Reflexiones sobre el rescate de la banca ( 2004 ) - Globalización Económica y el Papel de la Frontera en la Región América del Norte ( 2004 ) - La Agenda del Desarrollo Regional en México : Retos actuales y nuevas direcciones ( 2004 ) - Managing Border Water to the Year 2020 : The Challenge for Sustainable Development ( 2003 ) - The Role of Innovation in Regional Economic Development : Some Lessons and Experiences for Policy Making ( 2003 )
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[
"London School of Economics and Political Science"
] |
hard
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Which school did Ismael Aguilar Barajas go to between Jan 1983 and Oct 1986?
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/wiki/Ismael_Aguilar_Barajas#P69#1
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Ismael Aguilar Barajas Ismael Aguilar Barajas is a professor and researcher in economics and sustainable development at the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Studies , Campus Monterrey ( Tec de Monterrey ) , whose work has been recognized by the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores . Aguilar Barajas received his bachelors in civil engineering from the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo in 1980 , followed by his masters and doctorate in regional and urban planning from the London School of Economics and Political Science in 1982 and 1989 respectively . He has been a tenured professor and researcher in economics at the Tec de Monterrey since 1991 , coordinator of a research group related to economic issues on Mexicos northern border . During the 2000s , research themes have included environmental sustainability , diagnostics related to water infrastructure , water and agricultural productivity , all in Mexico as well as a study on the economic integration of the northeast of Mexico with Texas . Prior to this , he was a professor and researcher at the Colegio de México and had work and consulting experience in various private and public sector entities . He has been a visiting professor in various universities in Mexico and abroad . Recognition for his research work include Level II membership in Mexicos Sistema Nacional de Investigadores as well as third place at the 2009 Rómulo Garza Prize for Social Science and Humanities Research . Aguilar Barajas also won three awards for his teaching of courses such as economic development and regional economics at the Tec de Monterrey system . H The professor has represented the Tec de Monterrey system with the Consejo Consultivo del Agua y en el Programa Interinstitucional de la Región América del Norte . Publications . Books . - Integration Económica Noreste de México-Texas – Diagnóstica y Prospective ( 2007 ) - Sustenabilidad Ambiental en la Industria : Conceptos , Tendencias Internacionales y Experiencias Mexicana ( 2005 ) - A Diez Años del TLCAN:Reorganización Industrial ( 2005 ) - A Diez Años del TLCAN : Reorganización Urbana ( 2005 ) - A Diez Años del TLCAN : Reorganizatión Industrial y Social ( 2005 ) - Industria Manufacturera de México , 1970-2005 . Un Análisis de su Producto Interno Bruto por entidad Federativo y por Subsector ( 2004 ) - Water and Sustainable Development in the Lower Rio Bravo , Mexico ( 2004 ) Chapters in books . - Desafíos del Desarrollo Regional en México ( 2008 ) - Panorama de la Estructura y Dinámica Económica del Noreste de México-Texas ( 2007 ) - Conclusiones ( Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León ( 2007 ) - Flujos de mercancías entre el estado de Texas y el noreste de México ( 2007 ) - Du mond sans frontiers au monde forteresse ( 2006 ) - Globalización Económica y el Papel de la Frontera en al Región América del Norte ( 2006 ) - Agua y Desarrollo en el Noreste de México : Una Visión Panorámica ( 2006 ) - Abasto de Agua al Area Metropolitana de Monterrey : Antecedentes , situación actual y perspectivas ( 2006 ) - Agua y Desarrollo Económico en la Cuenca Binacional del Bajo Rio Grande/Rio Bravo ( 2005 ) - Area Metropolitana de Monterrey:Avances y rezagos de una metrópoli mexicana de cara al XXI ( 2005 ) - Conclusiones ( El Colegio de Mpexico and Tec de Monterrey ) ( 2005 ) - Introducción ( El Colegio de Mpexico and Tec de Monterrey ) ( 2005 ) - El Processo de Urbanización del Area Metropolitana de Monterrey : Algunas reflexiones de la experiencia reciente ( 2004 ) - Privatizaciones fallidas en México : Reflexiones sobre el rescate de la banca ( 2004 ) - Globalización Económica y el Papel de la Frontera en la Región América del Norte ( 2004 ) - La Agenda del Desarrollo Regional en México : Retos actuales y nuevas direcciones ( 2004 ) - Managing Border Water to the Year 2020 : The Challenge for Sustainable Development ( 2003 ) - The Role of Innovation in Regional Economic Development : Some Lessons and Experiences for Policy Making ( 2003 )
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[
""
] |
hard
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Which school did Ismael Aguilar Barajas go to before Jun 1978?
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/wiki/Ismael_Aguilar_Barajas#P69#2
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Ismael Aguilar Barajas Ismael Aguilar Barajas is a professor and researcher in economics and sustainable development at the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Studies , Campus Monterrey ( Tec de Monterrey ) , whose work has been recognized by the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores . Aguilar Barajas received his bachelors in civil engineering from the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo in 1980 , followed by his masters and doctorate in regional and urban planning from the London School of Economics and Political Science in 1982 and 1989 respectively . He has been a tenured professor and researcher in economics at the Tec de Monterrey since 1991 , coordinator of a research group related to economic issues on Mexicos northern border . During the 2000s , research themes have included environmental sustainability , diagnostics related to water infrastructure , water and agricultural productivity , all in Mexico as well as a study on the economic integration of the northeast of Mexico with Texas . Prior to this , he was a professor and researcher at the Colegio de México and had work and consulting experience in various private and public sector entities . He has been a visiting professor in various universities in Mexico and abroad . Recognition for his research work include Level II membership in Mexicos Sistema Nacional de Investigadores as well as third place at the 2009 Rómulo Garza Prize for Social Science and Humanities Research . Aguilar Barajas also won three awards for his teaching of courses such as economic development and regional economics at the Tec de Monterrey system . H The professor has represented the Tec de Monterrey system with the Consejo Consultivo del Agua y en el Programa Interinstitucional de la Región América del Norte . Publications . Books . - Integration Económica Noreste de México-Texas – Diagnóstica y Prospective ( 2007 ) - Sustenabilidad Ambiental en la Industria : Conceptos , Tendencias Internacionales y Experiencias Mexicana ( 2005 ) - A Diez Años del TLCAN:Reorganización Industrial ( 2005 ) - A Diez Años del TLCAN : Reorganización Urbana ( 2005 ) - A Diez Años del TLCAN : Reorganizatión Industrial y Social ( 2005 ) - Industria Manufacturera de México , 1970-2005 . Un Análisis de su Producto Interno Bruto por entidad Federativo y por Subsector ( 2004 ) - Water and Sustainable Development in the Lower Rio Bravo , Mexico ( 2004 ) Chapters in books . - Desafíos del Desarrollo Regional en México ( 2008 ) - Panorama de la Estructura y Dinámica Económica del Noreste de México-Texas ( 2007 ) - Conclusiones ( Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León ( 2007 ) - Flujos de mercancías entre el estado de Texas y el noreste de México ( 2007 ) - Du mond sans frontiers au monde forteresse ( 2006 ) - Globalización Económica y el Papel de la Frontera en al Región América del Norte ( 2006 ) - Agua y Desarrollo en el Noreste de México : Una Visión Panorámica ( 2006 ) - Abasto de Agua al Area Metropolitana de Monterrey : Antecedentes , situación actual y perspectivas ( 2006 ) - Agua y Desarrollo Económico en la Cuenca Binacional del Bajo Rio Grande/Rio Bravo ( 2005 ) - Area Metropolitana de Monterrey:Avances y rezagos de una metrópoli mexicana de cara al XXI ( 2005 ) - Conclusiones ( El Colegio de Mpexico and Tec de Monterrey ) ( 2005 ) - Introducción ( El Colegio de Mpexico and Tec de Monterrey ) ( 2005 ) - El Processo de Urbanización del Area Metropolitana de Monterrey : Algunas reflexiones de la experiencia reciente ( 2004 ) - Privatizaciones fallidas en México : Reflexiones sobre el rescate de la banca ( 2004 ) - Globalización Económica y el Papel de la Frontera en la Región América del Norte ( 2004 ) - La Agenda del Desarrollo Regional en México : Retos actuales y nuevas direcciones ( 2004 ) - Managing Border Water to the Year 2020 : The Challenge for Sustainable Development ( 2003 ) - The Role of Innovation in Regional Economic Development : Some Lessons and Experiences for Policy Making ( 2003 )
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[
"Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI )"
] |
hard
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Which party was Marcelo Ebrard a member of in early 1990s?
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/wiki/Marcelo_Ebrard#P102#0
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Marcelo Ebrard Marcelo Luis Ebrard Casaubón ( ; born October 10 , 1959 ) is a Mexican politician who was affiliated with the Party of the Democratic Revolution ( PRD ) until 2015 . On 1 December 2018 he was appointed Foreign Secretary by Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador . He has previously served as president of the United Nations Global Network on Safer Cities . He was the successful candidate of the PRD-led electoral alliance to serve as Head of Government of the Federal District in the 2006 Federal District election , a position he held until 2012 . He also served as secretary-general of the former Mexican Federal District Department , minister of public security , and minister of social development of the Mexican capital . In 2010 , Ebrard was nominated as the worlds best mayor by the Project World Mayor . From 2009 to 2012 , he was the chair of the World Mayors Council on Climate Change . Personal life and education . A descendant of the French emigrant wave from Barcelonette in 1915 , Ebrard is the son of architect Marcelo Ebrard Maure and Marcela Casaubón . He received a bachelors degree in international relations from El Colegio de México , and specialized in public administration and planning at the École nationale dadministration of France . He was married to Francesca Ramos Morgan and had two daughters and one son : Francesca , Anne Dominique , and Marcelo Ebrard Ramos . He later divorced and married Mexican soap-opera actress Mariagna Pratts . In April 2011 , Marcelo Ebrard announced his divorce from Pratts through an official press release . In October 7 , 2011 , Ebrard married for the third time to Rosalinda Bueso , the former Honduran ambassador to Mexico . Political career . Ebrard became a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) in 1978 . After volunteering in the presidential campaigns of 1976 and 1982 , serving as an advisor to the secretary-general in 1988 , and being elected to the Chamber of Deputies , he left the PRI with Manuel Camacho Solís in 1995 to found the now-extinct Party of the Democratic Center ( PCD ) . In 2000 he briefly campaigned for the 2000 Head of Government election for the PCD before stepping down in March 2000 and throwing his support behind Andrés Manuel López Obrador as the candidate of the multi-party Alliance for Mexico City . Following the election , he joined López Obradors cabinet as secretary of public security in 2000 and became a member of the Party of the Democratic Revolution on September 12 , 2004 . On July 8 , 2006 , the French newspaper Le Monde ran an article indicating that Ebrard was an emerging leader of the Mexican Left . Manuel Camacho Solís , for whom Ebrard is a political protégé , has a reputation for running articles in foreign newspapers to indicate his political intentions . Many have seen this as an attempt to dismiss López Obrador and now rely on Ebrard to win the presidency in the 2012 presidential elections . On December 7 , 2010 , he was awarded the World Mayor prize in recognition of his environmental and civil-rights initiatives within the Federal District . Head of Government of the Federal District ( 2006–2012 ) . Ebrard ran as the PRDs candidate for Head of Government in the Federal District election held on 2 July 2006 , which he won with 47% of the votes . He continued and expanded programs that Manuel López Obrador has initiated . A new initiative was the Prepa Sí program , which granted scholarships to low-income students . This reduced the school-dropout rate in the city to 6% and raised the grade point average from 7.2 to 8.2 . He expanded pensions for the elderly , so that it was a right of every inhabitant of Mexico City who had reached 68 years of age , sending an initiative to the Legislative Assembly of the Federal District , to elevate it to the status of law . Among his actions having the greatest impact according to public opinion was the expropriation of properties and buildings that functioned as operational centers of crime . This included a property in the Tepito neighborhood , supposedly a drug-trafficking center ; a large area of the Iztapalapa delegation , involved in the sale of stolen car parts , and two more drug sales properties in Santa María la Ribera . Although some in the business sector criticized these actions as an attack on private property — actions that received the support of the federal government — the initiative to seize ownership of these properties , as well as the introduction of video surveillance cameras , together with social development , helped reduce the crime index by 11% in Mexico City compared to 2006 . He also created a special intelligence unit to fight against money laundering . Ebrard made significant changes to the Historic Center , returning it to the citizens of Mexico City and its visitors , by relocating the street vendors beginning in mid-2007 . His action was classified by the press as one of his governments successes , since informal traders had significantly increased their numbers in recent years . Some people criticized the decision of one of its dependencies to demolish historic buildings in the first square of the city to enable the relocation of street vendors , although it was supported by the National Institute of Anthropology and History . He also rehabilitated the Monument to the Revolution and the Alameda . In the area of health , he built hospitals in Tláhuac , Iztapalapa and Tlalpan and promoted the development of medical specialties that did not exist in Mexico Citys public health system . During his mandate , he was recognized for his actions in the fight against climate change , the construction of a mobility infrastructure , through the transformation of public transport with the EcoBici ( bike sharing ) system ; the expansion by 350% of the Metrobús system and the construction of . In 2009 he was named president of the World Mayors Council on Climate Change and in 2010 he received the World Mayor award from the City Mayors Foundation . Ebrard has stated one of his goals is the revival of the Nahuatl language . His plan calls for city workers to learn the language as an initial effort at reviving the language . Marcelo Ebrard was the first head of government of the Federal District to complete his six-year term as governor , starting on December 5 , 2006 , and ending on December 5 , 2012 . Controversy . The citys chief of police , Ebrard , and Federal Secretary of Public Safety , Ramón Huerta , were accused of not organizing a timely rescue effort when three undercover federal police officers were lynched by a mob in one of the capitals most impoverished suburbs in Tláhuac on November 23 , 2004 . After a thorough investigation , López Obrador gave Ebrard a vote of confidence , despite a request from President Fox that Obrador relieve him of his duties . Later , using his constitutional powers , Fox fired Ebrard in what critics believe was a politically motivated move to derail his political future . Ramón Huerta was also implicated in the incident , yet Fox gave Huerta his full support , and did not remove him from office . For this incident Ebrard is currently under investigation , as are the federal authorities who also failed to act . He was later reinstated as Secretary of Social Development by López Obrador . 2012 Presidential election . On March 30 , 2010 , Ebrard publicly announced his intention to contest for the candidacy of his party for the Presidency of Mexico in 2012 . As a pre-campaign platform he founded his Progressive Vanguard movement . On 11 June 2011 , the PRD movement of Jesús Ortega Nueva Izquierda , also known as Los Chuchos , named him the partys candidate for the Presidency of Mexico . In contrast , the current National Democratic Left , led by Dolores Padierna Luna , ruled in favor of Andrés Manuel López Obrador . On 15 November 2011 , it was announced that the method to select a candidate for the Presidency in 2012 , would be a series of polls , which made Andrés Manuel López Obrador a winner . Ebrard refused to compete for the candidacy of 2012 . As a formal Presidential candidate , Andrés Manuel López Obrador proposed Ebrard would be made Secretary of the Interior if he won the presidential elections , but Enrique Peña Nieto was elected president of Mexico . President of Global Network of Safer Cities . In September 2012 , Ebrard was elected to serve as president of the United Nations Global Network on Safer Cities which is part of the Urban Initiatives through the United Nations . He renounced his position on 3 February 2014 , in order to contend for the Presidency of the PRD . Secretary of Foreign Affairs . Ebrard was part of López Obradors 2018 campaign team , responsible for interaction in Mexicos northwestern states . After López Obrador won the election on July 1 , 2018 , he was announced as the Secretary of Foreign Affairs a couple of days later , replacing Héctor Vasconcelos , who would instead become a Senator . During the resignation of Evo Morales and his government in November 2019 , Ebrard viewed the situation as a coup and offered political asylum to Morales . Further reading . - Diccionario biográfico del gobierno mexicano ( 1992 ) , Ed . Fondo de Cultura Económica , Mexico External links . - Marcelo Ebrards Official Website - CityMayors profile - Marcelo Ebrard at esmas.com - Le Monde Article on Le Monde proclaiming Ebrard as the new leader of the Mexican Left - Wedding and Divorce Article on El Universal on how Manuel Camacho will dismiss López Obrador in favor of Marcelo Ebrard . - Article on El Universal on Ebrards wedding registry - Recibe el PRD capitalino pruebas de la afiliación de Marcelo Ebrard ( The Federal District PRD chapter received Marcelo Ebrards proof of membership ) , article on La Jornada - Marcelo Ebrard
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[
"Party of the Democratic Center ( PCD )"
] |
hard
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Which party was Marcelo Ebrard a member of between Jun 1999 and Sep 1999?
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/wiki/Marcelo_Ebrard#P102#1
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Marcelo Ebrard Marcelo Luis Ebrard Casaubón ( ; born October 10 , 1959 ) is a Mexican politician who was affiliated with the Party of the Democratic Revolution ( PRD ) until 2015 . On 1 December 2018 he was appointed Foreign Secretary by Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador . He has previously served as president of the United Nations Global Network on Safer Cities . He was the successful candidate of the PRD-led electoral alliance to serve as Head of Government of the Federal District in the 2006 Federal District election , a position he held until 2012 . He also served as secretary-general of the former Mexican Federal District Department , minister of public security , and minister of social development of the Mexican capital . In 2010 , Ebrard was nominated as the worlds best mayor by the Project World Mayor . From 2009 to 2012 , he was the chair of the World Mayors Council on Climate Change . Personal life and education . A descendant of the French emigrant wave from Barcelonette in 1915 , Ebrard is the son of architect Marcelo Ebrard Maure and Marcela Casaubón . He received a bachelors degree in international relations from El Colegio de México , and specialized in public administration and planning at the École nationale dadministration of France . He was married to Francesca Ramos Morgan and had two daughters and one son : Francesca , Anne Dominique , and Marcelo Ebrard Ramos . He later divorced and married Mexican soap-opera actress Mariagna Pratts . In April 2011 , Marcelo Ebrard announced his divorce from Pratts through an official press release . In October 7 , 2011 , Ebrard married for the third time to Rosalinda Bueso , the former Honduran ambassador to Mexico . Political career . Ebrard became a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) in 1978 . After volunteering in the presidential campaigns of 1976 and 1982 , serving as an advisor to the secretary-general in 1988 , and being elected to the Chamber of Deputies , he left the PRI with Manuel Camacho Solís in 1995 to found the now-extinct Party of the Democratic Center ( PCD ) . In 2000 he briefly campaigned for the 2000 Head of Government election for the PCD before stepping down in March 2000 and throwing his support behind Andrés Manuel López Obrador as the candidate of the multi-party Alliance for Mexico City . Following the election , he joined López Obradors cabinet as secretary of public security in 2000 and became a member of the Party of the Democratic Revolution on September 12 , 2004 . On July 8 , 2006 , the French newspaper Le Monde ran an article indicating that Ebrard was an emerging leader of the Mexican Left . Manuel Camacho Solís , for whom Ebrard is a political protégé , has a reputation for running articles in foreign newspapers to indicate his political intentions . Many have seen this as an attempt to dismiss López Obrador and now rely on Ebrard to win the presidency in the 2012 presidential elections . On December 7 , 2010 , he was awarded the World Mayor prize in recognition of his environmental and civil-rights initiatives within the Federal District . Head of Government of the Federal District ( 2006–2012 ) . Ebrard ran as the PRDs candidate for Head of Government in the Federal District election held on 2 July 2006 , which he won with 47% of the votes . He continued and expanded programs that Manuel López Obrador has initiated . A new initiative was the Prepa Sí program , which granted scholarships to low-income students . This reduced the school-dropout rate in the city to 6% and raised the grade point average from 7.2 to 8.2 . He expanded pensions for the elderly , so that it was a right of every inhabitant of Mexico City who had reached 68 years of age , sending an initiative to the Legislative Assembly of the Federal District , to elevate it to the status of law . Among his actions having the greatest impact according to public opinion was the expropriation of properties and buildings that functioned as operational centers of crime . This included a property in the Tepito neighborhood , supposedly a drug-trafficking center ; a large area of the Iztapalapa delegation , involved in the sale of stolen car parts , and two more drug sales properties in Santa María la Ribera . Although some in the business sector criticized these actions as an attack on private property — actions that received the support of the federal government — the initiative to seize ownership of these properties , as well as the introduction of video surveillance cameras , together with social development , helped reduce the crime index by 11% in Mexico City compared to 2006 . He also created a special intelligence unit to fight against money laundering . Ebrard made significant changes to the Historic Center , returning it to the citizens of Mexico City and its visitors , by relocating the street vendors beginning in mid-2007 . His action was classified by the press as one of his governments successes , since informal traders had significantly increased their numbers in recent years . Some people criticized the decision of one of its dependencies to demolish historic buildings in the first square of the city to enable the relocation of street vendors , although it was supported by the National Institute of Anthropology and History . He also rehabilitated the Monument to the Revolution and the Alameda . In the area of health , he built hospitals in Tláhuac , Iztapalapa and Tlalpan and promoted the development of medical specialties that did not exist in Mexico Citys public health system . During his mandate , he was recognized for his actions in the fight against climate change , the construction of a mobility infrastructure , through the transformation of public transport with the EcoBici ( bike sharing ) system ; the expansion by 350% of the Metrobús system and the construction of . In 2009 he was named president of the World Mayors Council on Climate Change and in 2010 he received the World Mayor award from the City Mayors Foundation . Ebrard has stated one of his goals is the revival of the Nahuatl language . His plan calls for city workers to learn the language as an initial effort at reviving the language . Marcelo Ebrard was the first head of government of the Federal District to complete his six-year term as governor , starting on December 5 , 2006 , and ending on December 5 , 2012 . Controversy . The citys chief of police , Ebrard , and Federal Secretary of Public Safety , Ramón Huerta , were accused of not organizing a timely rescue effort when three undercover federal police officers were lynched by a mob in one of the capitals most impoverished suburbs in Tláhuac on November 23 , 2004 . After a thorough investigation , López Obrador gave Ebrard a vote of confidence , despite a request from President Fox that Obrador relieve him of his duties . Later , using his constitutional powers , Fox fired Ebrard in what critics believe was a politically motivated move to derail his political future . Ramón Huerta was also implicated in the incident , yet Fox gave Huerta his full support , and did not remove him from office . For this incident Ebrard is currently under investigation , as are the federal authorities who also failed to act . He was later reinstated as Secretary of Social Development by López Obrador . 2012 Presidential election . On March 30 , 2010 , Ebrard publicly announced his intention to contest for the candidacy of his party for the Presidency of Mexico in 2012 . As a pre-campaign platform he founded his Progressive Vanguard movement . On 11 June 2011 , the PRD movement of Jesús Ortega Nueva Izquierda , also known as Los Chuchos , named him the partys candidate for the Presidency of Mexico . In contrast , the current National Democratic Left , led by Dolores Padierna Luna , ruled in favor of Andrés Manuel López Obrador . On 15 November 2011 , it was announced that the method to select a candidate for the Presidency in 2012 , would be a series of polls , which made Andrés Manuel López Obrador a winner . Ebrard refused to compete for the candidacy of 2012 . As a formal Presidential candidate , Andrés Manuel López Obrador proposed Ebrard would be made Secretary of the Interior if he won the presidential elections , but Enrique Peña Nieto was elected president of Mexico . President of Global Network of Safer Cities . In September 2012 , Ebrard was elected to serve as president of the United Nations Global Network on Safer Cities which is part of the Urban Initiatives through the United Nations . He renounced his position on 3 February 2014 , in order to contend for the Presidency of the PRD . Secretary of Foreign Affairs . Ebrard was part of López Obradors 2018 campaign team , responsible for interaction in Mexicos northwestern states . After López Obrador won the election on July 1 , 2018 , he was announced as the Secretary of Foreign Affairs a couple of days later , replacing Héctor Vasconcelos , who would instead become a Senator . During the resignation of Evo Morales and his government in November 2019 , Ebrard viewed the situation as a coup and offered political asylum to Morales . Further reading . - Diccionario biográfico del gobierno mexicano ( 1992 ) , Ed . Fondo de Cultura Económica , Mexico External links . - Marcelo Ebrards Official Website - CityMayors profile - Marcelo Ebrard at esmas.com - Le Monde Article on Le Monde proclaiming Ebrard as the new leader of the Mexican Left - Wedding and Divorce Article on El Universal on how Manuel Camacho will dismiss López Obrador in favor of Marcelo Ebrard . - Article on El Universal on Ebrards wedding registry - Recibe el PRD capitalino pruebas de la afiliación de Marcelo Ebrard ( The Federal District PRD chapter received Marcelo Ebrards proof of membership ) , article on La Jornada - Marcelo Ebrard
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Which party was Marcelo Ebrard a member of in Sep 2001?
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/wiki/Marcelo_Ebrard#P102#2
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Marcelo Ebrard Marcelo Luis Ebrard Casaubón ( ; born October 10 , 1959 ) is a Mexican politician who was affiliated with the Party of the Democratic Revolution ( PRD ) until 2015 . On 1 December 2018 he was appointed Foreign Secretary by Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador . He has previously served as president of the United Nations Global Network on Safer Cities . He was the successful candidate of the PRD-led electoral alliance to serve as Head of Government of the Federal District in the 2006 Federal District election , a position he held until 2012 . He also served as secretary-general of the former Mexican Federal District Department , minister of public security , and minister of social development of the Mexican capital . In 2010 , Ebrard was nominated as the worlds best mayor by the Project World Mayor . From 2009 to 2012 , he was the chair of the World Mayors Council on Climate Change . Personal life and education . A descendant of the French emigrant wave from Barcelonette in 1915 , Ebrard is the son of architect Marcelo Ebrard Maure and Marcela Casaubón . He received a bachelors degree in international relations from El Colegio de México , and specialized in public administration and planning at the École nationale dadministration of France . He was married to Francesca Ramos Morgan and had two daughters and one son : Francesca , Anne Dominique , and Marcelo Ebrard Ramos . He later divorced and married Mexican soap-opera actress Mariagna Pratts . In April 2011 , Marcelo Ebrard announced his divorce from Pratts through an official press release . In October 7 , 2011 , Ebrard married for the third time to Rosalinda Bueso , the former Honduran ambassador to Mexico . Political career . Ebrard became a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) in 1978 . After volunteering in the presidential campaigns of 1976 and 1982 , serving as an advisor to the secretary-general in 1988 , and being elected to the Chamber of Deputies , he left the PRI with Manuel Camacho Solís in 1995 to found the now-extinct Party of the Democratic Center ( PCD ) . In 2000 he briefly campaigned for the 2000 Head of Government election for the PCD before stepping down in March 2000 and throwing his support behind Andrés Manuel López Obrador as the candidate of the multi-party Alliance for Mexico City . Following the election , he joined López Obradors cabinet as secretary of public security in 2000 and became a member of the Party of the Democratic Revolution on September 12 , 2004 . On July 8 , 2006 , the French newspaper Le Monde ran an article indicating that Ebrard was an emerging leader of the Mexican Left . Manuel Camacho Solís , for whom Ebrard is a political protégé , has a reputation for running articles in foreign newspapers to indicate his political intentions . Many have seen this as an attempt to dismiss López Obrador and now rely on Ebrard to win the presidency in the 2012 presidential elections . On December 7 , 2010 , he was awarded the World Mayor prize in recognition of his environmental and civil-rights initiatives within the Federal District . Head of Government of the Federal District ( 2006–2012 ) . Ebrard ran as the PRDs candidate for Head of Government in the Federal District election held on 2 July 2006 , which he won with 47% of the votes . He continued and expanded programs that Manuel López Obrador has initiated . A new initiative was the Prepa Sí program , which granted scholarships to low-income students . This reduced the school-dropout rate in the city to 6% and raised the grade point average from 7.2 to 8.2 . He expanded pensions for the elderly , so that it was a right of every inhabitant of Mexico City who had reached 68 years of age , sending an initiative to the Legislative Assembly of the Federal District , to elevate it to the status of law . Among his actions having the greatest impact according to public opinion was the expropriation of properties and buildings that functioned as operational centers of crime . This included a property in the Tepito neighborhood , supposedly a drug-trafficking center ; a large area of the Iztapalapa delegation , involved in the sale of stolen car parts , and two more drug sales properties in Santa María la Ribera . Although some in the business sector criticized these actions as an attack on private property — actions that received the support of the federal government — the initiative to seize ownership of these properties , as well as the introduction of video surveillance cameras , together with social development , helped reduce the crime index by 11% in Mexico City compared to 2006 . He also created a special intelligence unit to fight against money laundering . Ebrard made significant changes to the Historic Center , returning it to the citizens of Mexico City and its visitors , by relocating the street vendors beginning in mid-2007 . His action was classified by the press as one of his governments successes , since informal traders had significantly increased their numbers in recent years . Some people criticized the decision of one of its dependencies to demolish historic buildings in the first square of the city to enable the relocation of street vendors , although it was supported by the National Institute of Anthropology and History . He also rehabilitated the Monument to the Revolution and the Alameda . In the area of health , he built hospitals in Tláhuac , Iztapalapa and Tlalpan and promoted the development of medical specialties that did not exist in Mexico Citys public health system . During his mandate , he was recognized for his actions in the fight against climate change , the construction of a mobility infrastructure , through the transformation of public transport with the EcoBici ( bike sharing ) system ; the expansion by 350% of the Metrobús system and the construction of . In 2009 he was named president of the World Mayors Council on Climate Change and in 2010 he received the World Mayor award from the City Mayors Foundation . Ebrard has stated one of his goals is the revival of the Nahuatl language . His plan calls for city workers to learn the language as an initial effort at reviving the language . Marcelo Ebrard was the first head of government of the Federal District to complete his six-year term as governor , starting on December 5 , 2006 , and ending on December 5 , 2012 . Controversy . The citys chief of police , Ebrard , and Federal Secretary of Public Safety , Ramón Huerta , were accused of not organizing a timely rescue effort when three undercover federal police officers were lynched by a mob in one of the capitals most impoverished suburbs in Tláhuac on November 23 , 2004 . After a thorough investigation , López Obrador gave Ebrard a vote of confidence , despite a request from President Fox that Obrador relieve him of his duties . Later , using his constitutional powers , Fox fired Ebrard in what critics believe was a politically motivated move to derail his political future . Ramón Huerta was also implicated in the incident , yet Fox gave Huerta his full support , and did not remove him from office . For this incident Ebrard is currently under investigation , as are the federal authorities who also failed to act . He was later reinstated as Secretary of Social Development by López Obrador . 2012 Presidential election . On March 30 , 2010 , Ebrard publicly announced his intention to contest for the candidacy of his party for the Presidency of Mexico in 2012 . As a pre-campaign platform he founded his Progressive Vanguard movement . On 11 June 2011 , the PRD movement of Jesús Ortega Nueva Izquierda , also known as Los Chuchos , named him the partys candidate for the Presidency of Mexico . In contrast , the current National Democratic Left , led by Dolores Padierna Luna , ruled in favor of Andrés Manuel López Obrador . On 15 November 2011 , it was announced that the method to select a candidate for the Presidency in 2012 , would be a series of polls , which made Andrés Manuel López Obrador a winner . Ebrard refused to compete for the candidacy of 2012 . As a formal Presidential candidate , Andrés Manuel López Obrador proposed Ebrard would be made Secretary of the Interior if he won the presidential elections , but Enrique Peña Nieto was elected president of Mexico . President of Global Network of Safer Cities . In September 2012 , Ebrard was elected to serve as president of the United Nations Global Network on Safer Cities which is part of the Urban Initiatives through the United Nations . He renounced his position on 3 February 2014 , in order to contend for the Presidency of the PRD . Secretary of Foreign Affairs . Ebrard was part of López Obradors 2018 campaign team , responsible for interaction in Mexicos northwestern states . After López Obrador won the election on July 1 , 2018 , he was announced as the Secretary of Foreign Affairs a couple of days later , replacing Héctor Vasconcelos , who would instead become a Senator . During the resignation of Evo Morales and his government in November 2019 , Ebrard viewed the situation as a coup and offered political asylum to Morales . Further reading . - Diccionario biográfico del gobierno mexicano ( 1992 ) , Ed . Fondo de Cultura Económica , Mexico External links . - Marcelo Ebrards Official Website - CityMayors profile - Marcelo Ebrard at esmas.com - Le Monde Article on Le Monde proclaiming Ebrard as the new leader of the Mexican Left - Wedding and Divorce Article on El Universal on how Manuel Camacho will dismiss López Obrador in favor of Marcelo Ebrard . - Article on El Universal on Ebrards wedding registry - Recibe el PRD capitalino pruebas de la afiliación de Marcelo Ebrard ( The Federal District PRD chapter received Marcelo Ebrards proof of membership ) , article on La Jornada - Marcelo Ebrard
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Which party was Marcelo Ebrard a member of between Apr 2018 and Nov 2018?
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/wiki/Marcelo_Ebrard#P102#3
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Marcelo Ebrard Marcelo Luis Ebrard Casaubón ( ; born October 10 , 1959 ) is a Mexican politician who was affiliated with the Party of the Democratic Revolution ( PRD ) until 2015 . On 1 December 2018 he was appointed Foreign Secretary by Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador . He has previously served as president of the United Nations Global Network on Safer Cities . He was the successful candidate of the PRD-led electoral alliance to serve as Head of Government of the Federal District in the 2006 Federal District election , a position he held until 2012 . He also served as secretary-general of the former Mexican Federal District Department , minister of public security , and minister of social development of the Mexican capital . In 2010 , Ebrard was nominated as the worlds best mayor by the Project World Mayor . From 2009 to 2012 , he was the chair of the World Mayors Council on Climate Change . Personal life and education . A descendant of the French emigrant wave from Barcelonette in 1915 , Ebrard is the son of architect Marcelo Ebrard Maure and Marcela Casaubón . He received a bachelors degree in international relations from El Colegio de México , and specialized in public administration and planning at the École nationale dadministration of France . He was married to Francesca Ramos Morgan and had two daughters and one son : Francesca , Anne Dominique , and Marcelo Ebrard Ramos . He later divorced and married Mexican soap-opera actress Mariagna Pratts . In April 2011 , Marcelo Ebrard announced his divorce from Pratts through an official press release . In October 7 , 2011 , Ebrard married for the third time to Rosalinda Bueso , the former Honduran ambassador to Mexico . Political career . Ebrard became a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) in 1978 . After volunteering in the presidential campaigns of 1976 and 1982 , serving as an advisor to the secretary-general in 1988 , and being elected to the Chamber of Deputies , he left the PRI with Manuel Camacho Solís in 1995 to found the now-extinct Party of the Democratic Center ( PCD ) . In 2000 he briefly campaigned for the 2000 Head of Government election for the PCD before stepping down in March 2000 and throwing his support behind Andrés Manuel López Obrador as the candidate of the multi-party Alliance for Mexico City . Following the election , he joined López Obradors cabinet as secretary of public security in 2000 and became a member of the Party of the Democratic Revolution on September 12 , 2004 . On July 8 , 2006 , the French newspaper Le Monde ran an article indicating that Ebrard was an emerging leader of the Mexican Left . Manuel Camacho Solís , for whom Ebrard is a political protégé , has a reputation for running articles in foreign newspapers to indicate his political intentions . Many have seen this as an attempt to dismiss López Obrador and now rely on Ebrard to win the presidency in the 2012 presidential elections . On December 7 , 2010 , he was awarded the World Mayor prize in recognition of his environmental and civil-rights initiatives within the Federal District . Head of Government of the Federal District ( 2006–2012 ) . Ebrard ran as the PRDs candidate for Head of Government in the Federal District election held on 2 July 2006 , which he won with 47% of the votes . He continued and expanded programs that Manuel López Obrador has initiated . A new initiative was the Prepa Sí program , which granted scholarships to low-income students . This reduced the school-dropout rate in the city to 6% and raised the grade point average from 7.2 to 8.2 . He expanded pensions for the elderly , so that it was a right of every inhabitant of Mexico City who had reached 68 years of age , sending an initiative to the Legislative Assembly of the Federal District , to elevate it to the status of law . Among his actions having the greatest impact according to public opinion was the expropriation of properties and buildings that functioned as operational centers of crime . This included a property in the Tepito neighborhood , supposedly a drug-trafficking center ; a large area of the Iztapalapa delegation , involved in the sale of stolen car parts , and two more drug sales properties in Santa María la Ribera . Although some in the business sector criticized these actions as an attack on private property — actions that received the support of the federal government — the initiative to seize ownership of these properties , as well as the introduction of video surveillance cameras , together with social development , helped reduce the crime index by 11% in Mexico City compared to 2006 . He also created a special intelligence unit to fight against money laundering . Ebrard made significant changes to the Historic Center , returning it to the citizens of Mexico City and its visitors , by relocating the street vendors beginning in mid-2007 . His action was classified by the press as one of his governments successes , since informal traders had significantly increased their numbers in recent years . Some people criticized the decision of one of its dependencies to demolish historic buildings in the first square of the city to enable the relocation of street vendors , although it was supported by the National Institute of Anthropology and History . He also rehabilitated the Monument to the Revolution and the Alameda . In the area of health , he built hospitals in Tláhuac , Iztapalapa and Tlalpan and promoted the development of medical specialties that did not exist in Mexico Citys public health system . During his mandate , he was recognized for his actions in the fight against climate change , the construction of a mobility infrastructure , through the transformation of public transport with the EcoBici ( bike sharing ) system ; the expansion by 350% of the Metrobús system and the construction of . In 2009 he was named president of the World Mayors Council on Climate Change and in 2010 he received the World Mayor award from the City Mayors Foundation . Ebrard has stated one of his goals is the revival of the Nahuatl language . His plan calls for city workers to learn the language as an initial effort at reviving the language . Marcelo Ebrard was the first head of government of the Federal District to complete his six-year term as governor , starting on December 5 , 2006 , and ending on December 5 , 2012 . Controversy . The citys chief of police , Ebrard , and Federal Secretary of Public Safety , Ramón Huerta , were accused of not organizing a timely rescue effort when three undercover federal police officers were lynched by a mob in one of the capitals most impoverished suburbs in Tláhuac on November 23 , 2004 . After a thorough investigation , López Obrador gave Ebrard a vote of confidence , despite a request from President Fox that Obrador relieve him of his duties . Later , using his constitutional powers , Fox fired Ebrard in what critics believe was a politically motivated move to derail his political future . Ramón Huerta was also implicated in the incident , yet Fox gave Huerta his full support , and did not remove him from office . For this incident Ebrard is currently under investigation , as are the federal authorities who also failed to act . He was later reinstated as Secretary of Social Development by López Obrador . 2012 Presidential election . On March 30 , 2010 , Ebrard publicly announced his intention to contest for the candidacy of his party for the Presidency of Mexico in 2012 . As a pre-campaign platform he founded his Progressive Vanguard movement . On 11 June 2011 , the PRD movement of Jesús Ortega Nueva Izquierda , also known as Los Chuchos , named him the partys candidate for the Presidency of Mexico . In contrast , the current National Democratic Left , led by Dolores Padierna Luna , ruled in favor of Andrés Manuel López Obrador . On 15 November 2011 , it was announced that the method to select a candidate for the Presidency in 2012 , would be a series of polls , which made Andrés Manuel López Obrador a winner . Ebrard refused to compete for the candidacy of 2012 . As a formal Presidential candidate , Andrés Manuel López Obrador proposed Ebrard would be made Secretary of the Interior if he won the presidential elections , but Enrique Peña Nieto was elected president of Mexico . President of Global Network of Safer Cities . In September 2012 , Ebrard was elected to serve as president of the United Nations Global Network on Safer Cities which is part of the Urban Initiatives through the United Nations . He renounced his position on 3 February 2014 , in order to contend for the Presidency of the PRD . Secretary of Foreign Affairs . Ebrard was part of López Obradors 2018 campaign team , responsible for interaction in Mexicos northwestern states . After López Obrador won the election on July 1 , 2018 , he was announced as the Secretary of Foreign Affairs a couple of days later , replacing Héctor Vasconcelos , who would instead become a Senator . During the resignation of Evo Morales and his government in November 2019 , Ebrard viewed the situation as a coup and offered political asylum to Morales . Further reading . - Diccionario biográfico del gobierno mexicano ( 1992 ) , Ed . Fondo de Cultura Económica , Mexico External links . - Marcelo Ebrards Official Website - CityMayors profile - Marcelo Ebrard at esmas.com - Le Monde Article on Le Monde proclaiming Ebrard as the new leader of the Mexican Left - Wedding and Divorce Article on El Universal on how Manuel Camacho will dismiss López Obrador in favor of Marcelo Ebrard . - Article on El Universal on Ebrards wedding registry - Recibe el PRD capitalino pruebas de la afiliación de Marcelo Ebrard ( The Federal District PRD chapter received Marcelo Ebrards proof of membership ) , article on La Jornada - Marcelo Ebrard
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Raja Krishnamoorthi went to which school before Feb 1990?
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/wiki/Raja_Krishnamoorthi#P69#0
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Raja Krishnamoorthi Subramanian Raja Krishnamoorthi ( born July 19 , 1973 ) is an American businessman and politician serving as the U.S . Representative from since 2017 . The district includes many of Chicagos northwestern suburbs , such as Hoffman Estates , Elgin , Schaumburg , Wood Dale , and Elk Grove Village . He was elected to succeed Tammy Duckworth , who gave up the seat to run for the U.S . Senate . Krishnamoorthi is a member of the Democratic Party and serves on the House Oversight Committee and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence . He is also chair of the Oversight Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy , and serves as an Assistant Whip . Early life and education . Krishnamoorthi was born in 1973 into a Tamil-speaking family in New Delhi , India . His family moved to Buffalo , New York when he was three months old so that his father could attend graduate school . Though some early economic hardships necessitated living in public housing and using food assistance for a time , in 1980 , the Krishnamoorthis moved to Peoria , Illinois where his father became a professor at Bradley University and they enjoyed a middle-class upbringing . Krishnamoorthi attended public schools in Peoria and was a valedictorian of his graduating class at Richwoods High School . Krishnamoorthi attended Princeton University , where he earned a bachelors degree in mechanical engineering summa cum laude . He then received a Juris Doctor with honors from Harvard Law School . During law school , Krishnamoorthi was managing editor of the Harvard Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Law Review , and published a law review article on the implementation of Local School Councils in Chicago public elementary schools . Early career . After graduating from Harvard , Krishnamoorthi served as a law clerk for Joan B . Gottschall and worked on Barack Obamas 2000 election campaign for the United States House of Representatives . He also served as an issues director for Obamas 2004 campaign for the United States Senate , and aided in the development of Obamas 2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address . After being appointed to the Board of the Illinois Housing Development Authority , Krishnamoorthi practiced law and then served as a special assistant attorney general , helping start the states anti-corruption unit under Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan . He served as deputy state treasurer for Illinois Treasurer Alexi Giannoulias from 2007 to 2009 and then as Vice-Chairman of the Illinois Innovation Council . He was the president of high-tech small businesses in the Chicago area until he resigned before entering Congress to eliminate any conflicts of interest . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . In 2010 , Krishnamoorthi ran for the Democratic Party nomination for Illinois Comptroller . He lost the primary election to David E . Miller by less than 1% of the vote . In 2012 he ran for the Democratic nomination for the U.S . House of Representatives seat in , and lost to Tammy Duckworth . When Duckworth ran for the U.S . Senate in 2016 , Krishnamoorthi again declared his candidacy for the U.S . House of Representatives . He won the March 2016 primary election with 57% of the vote , to Michael Nolands 29% and Deb Bullwinkels 13% . Krishnamoorthi defeated Republican Pete DiCianni in the November general election , capturing 58.1% of the vote after a campaign in which he vowed to fight for middle-class families in Congress . Tenure . Krishnamoorthi was sworn into office on January 3 , 2017 , stating , I will continue to focus on the middle class and our commitment to ensure that hard work is rewarded . While Krishnamoorthi attended President Donald Trumps January 2017 inauguration , he said he did so in part because I want President Trump to look at the crowd and Congress and see on day one that he will be strongly opposed if he continues to pursue policies that hurt working families . The day before the inauguration , Krishnamoorthi was included in a list featured in The Guardian of up-and-coming leaders of the Trump resistance in Washington . The day after the inauguration , Krishnamoorthi told a crowd of more than 250,000 at the Chicago Womens March , Todays march was about people from every walk of life coming together to declare their support for the rights of women and all Americans . Womens rights are human rights . A loud chorus of voices including mine will speak up for the rights of women and all Americans to make a better life in this country . Later that week , Krishnamoorthi delivered a speech on the House floor in opposition to a Trump administration decision to block an Obama administration policy that would have reduced mortgage costs for lower and middle-income families by hundreds of dollars per year . He closed his remarks by referencing Trumps campaign slogan , saying , the Trump administrations order to make mortgages more expensive will not strengthen our economy . It will not create jobs . And it will not make America great again . But it will make life harder for working families . In 2019 , Krishnamoorthi became the first Hindu-American to preside over the U.S . House as speaker pro tempore . In 2021 , at the beginning of the 117th Congress , Krishnamoorthi was appointed to the Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis and named Co-Chair of the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Immigration Task Force as well as Vice-Chair of the LGBTQ+ Equality Caucus . Education , job training and workforce development . In June 2017 , the House unanimously passed the Thompson-Krishnamoorthi Strengthening Career and Technical Education for the 21st Century Act , which would overhaul the Carl D . Perkins Career and Technical Education Act and provide more flexibility to states . In November 2017 , Krishnamoorthi and GT Thompson co-led a letter to the Senate education committee with 235 fellow members of the House urging them to take up the legislation . The Strengthening Career and Technical Education for the 21st Century Act passed the Senate and was signed into law by President Trump in July 2018 . Krishnamoorthi is also a co-author of the College Transparency Act , which would enable the federal government to gather and publish data on university performance , including enrollment , course completion rates , and employment after graduation , thereby empowering students and their families to make more informed decisions about where and whether to enroll in post-secondary education . The majority of House members support the bill but it has yet to receive a vote . Defense of state and local tax ( SALT ) deduction . During the tax reform debate in Congress , Krishnamoorthi spoke out numerous times against the proposed elimination of the state and local tax ( SALT ) deduction and its impact on working families in Illinois . In October 2017 , he sent two letters about the proposed deduction , one to Illinois Governor Bruce Rauner alongside fellow Illinois members Foster and Luis Gutierrez and one to the Chair and Ranking Member of the Ways and Means Committee , urging them to preserve the deduction . Environmental issues and green technology . The first piece of legislation Krishnamoorthi introduced as a member of Congress was H . Res . 85 , a resolution expressing the commitment of the House of Representatives to continue to support U.S . pledges made in the Paris Climate Agreement . In introducing the resolution , Krishnamoorthi cited rising global temperatures and the need for the U.S . to address both the threats posed to the country and the economic potential of green technology . Health care . During a January 2017 floor debate in the House of Representatives , Krishnamoorthi argued against repealing the Affordable Care Act . Citing his experience running small businesses , Krishnamoorthi said , repealing without replacing the Affordable Care Act would devastate our economy and harm millions of middle-class families . Within the 8th district of Illinois , we could lose upwards of over $550 million from our economy and over 4,000 jobs . I know firsthand how important health coverage is to workers and to business . Without the protections of the Affordable Care Act , we will see fewer entrepreneurs take the risk of starting a business and fewer workers take the risk of working for a start-up . In September 2017 , Krishnamoorthi co-led a letter to the Department of Health and Human Services with Oversight and Government Reform Committee Ranking Member Elijah Cummings requesting documents and information related to the decision to schedule outages of HealthCare.gov during the 2017 open enrollment period . Presidential pardons . In July 2017 , Krishnamoorthi introduced the Presidential Pardon Transparency Act , which would require that all presidential pardons be disclosed to the public within three days of being granted . The legislation followed reports that Trump was consulting senior aides and the White House counsel about his ability to pardon associates , family members , and himself . The bill did not receive a vote and was reintroduced in 2019 . Trump administration security clearance issues . In October 2017 , Krishnamoorthi questioned the director of the National Background Investigations Bureau about the number of mistakes made in Senior Presidential Advisor Jared Kushners security clearance during a hearing by the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform . In response to repeated questioning about whether he could recall if there has ever been an applicant having to submit four addenda detailing over 100 errors and omissions being able to maintain their security clearance once those errors have been identified , Director Phalen said that he had never seen that level of mistakes . Immigration and Trump administrations travel ban . On January 28 , 2017 , Trumps executive order placing restrictions on people entering the U.S . from seven Muslim-majority countries caused 18 travelers arriving at OHare International Airport to be detained and questioned by federal officers , including a family of legal permanent residents and their 18-month-old baby , who held U.S . citizenship . Krishnamoorthi arrived at OHare within hours to speak to immigration officials but was told they were unavailable . While joining a protest at the airport Krishnamoorthi said of the detentions , They applied legally , theyve been vetted and theyve been here , in many cases , for decades , and they were detained by their own country at the airport . So many of our businesses rely on green card holders . How are we supposed to attract these people if they think theyll be detained at the airport if they go abroad for a wedding , or just to show their baby to relatives ? In a WGN radio interview the next morning , Krishnamoorthi denounced Trumps immigration initiative , calling it the worst executive order you could draw up to unify the country . On November 16 , Krishnamoorthi co-led a letter to the Department of Homeland Security , alongside Democratic Caucus Chairman Joe Crowley , Luis Gutierrez of Illinois , Adriano Espaillat of New York , and 60 Democratic cosigners , about the postal services delays that caused hundreds of DACA renewal applications to arrive after the October 5 deadline . The Department later reversed its position and announced that it would allow those affected to resend their applications . National security . Krishnamoorthi authored the KREMLIN Act , which passed the House with bipartisan support in March 2019 . The bill would require the Director of National Intelligence to provide intelligence assessments to Congress about the posture and intentions of the Russian Federation and its leaders toward NATO and NATO members . Krishnamoorthi also authored the Seeding Enterprises in the Microelectronics Industry ( SEMI ) Act and the Geospatial Partnership for Security ( GPS ) Act . The SEMI Act would allocate $15 million for research and development of new microelectronics and computing technologies through the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity ( IARPA ) . The GPS Act would provide additional funding to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency ( NGA ) for the purposes of improving access and cooperation between the NGA and commercial geospatial intelligence data and services . First impeachment of Donald Trump . As a member of both the House Oversight Committee and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , Krishnamoorthi was closely involved in Trumps impeachment . The Oversight and Intelligence Committees were both tasked with investigating the accusations against Trump , and as a member of the Intelligence Committee , Krishnamoorthi also took part in televised public hearings , questioning various witnesses brought before the Committee . Storming of the U.S . Capitol and the second impeachment of Donald Trump . After Trump supporters stormed the U.S . Capitol on January 6 , 2021 , Krishnamoorthi advocated Trumps removal through either impeachment or the 25th amendment . In the ensuing second impeachment of Trump , he voted to impeach after saying on the House floor , My parents brought me as an infant to America because they knew its the land of democracy . Its the beacon of hope for all the world ; we called it the American dream . When Donald Trump told rioters to go to the capitol and fight like hell , he incited an attack on the capitol and the ideals comprising the American dream . Im voting for impeachment because I know were still the country my parents believed in , and I will fight like hell for it . Vaping and e-cigarettes . Time magazine called Krishnamoorthi the vaping industry’s biggest enemy in D.C . In July 2019 , as chairman of the House Oversight Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy , he held hearings investigating the industry’s marketing practices , especially those allegedly aimed at children . In the wake of this investigation , the FDA issued a warning letter to e-cigarette manufacturer Juul Labs , which then halted all domestic marketing and advertising . Krishnamoorthi has also authored or co-sponsored several pieces of legislation aimed at curbing e-cigarette use , including the Protecting American Lungs and Reversing the Youth Tobacco Epidemic Act of 2020 , which passed the House in February 2020 . He also successfully advocated increased funding for youth e-cigarette prevention programs in the combined omnibus spending bill and Covid-19 relief package that was signed into law on December 27 , 2020 . Accountability in federal contracting . In his capacity as a member of the Oversight and Government Reform Committee , Krishnamoorthi has raised concerns over the Whitefish Energy contract with the Puerto Rican government to rebuild the islands electrical grid and the no-audit clauses in its contract . In October , Krishnamoorthi wrote to the Chair and Ranking Member of the Oversight and Government Reform urging them to convene hearings on the contract and the full scope of anti-auditing language in all government contracts . COVID-19 pandemic . During the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 , Krishnamoorthi co-sponsored the $2.2 trillion CARES Act , the first stimulus package , signed into law in March . He also voted for the HEROES Act , House Democrats initial attempt at a second stimulus bill , which passed the House in May but never came up for a vote in the Senate . Additionally , Krishnamoorthi authored or co-sponsored several other pieces of legislation to address the pandemics health and economic impact , including the Coronavirus Health Care Worker Wellness Act and the Paycheck Protection Program Flexibility Act , which was signed into law in June . After passing the second stimulus package in December 2020 , Krishnamoorthi also voted in favor of increasing the direct stimulus payments from $600 to $2000 . As chair of the House Oversight Subcommittee on Consumer and Economic Policy , Krishnamoorthi led several investigations into the federal response to the pandemic , including the federal ventilator shortage and the Trump administration’s misuse of CDC funds for partisan political messaging , funds that were originally intended for a public awareness campaign . After public outcry , the Department of Health and Human Services canceled the campaign using celebrities who had been vetted , in part , based on their political leanings . Krishnamoorthi also led an investigation into the FDA’s failure to properly regulate serological antibody tests during the pandemics early phase . In the spring and early summer , the FDA allowed manufacturers to self-validate serological test kits , and a House Oversight Subcommittee on Consumer and Economic Policy investigation Krishnamoorthi led found that the FDA was not reviewing antibody test kits that went on the market .. . and had failed even to ask for information that would have allowed FDA to conduct a cursory review of the tests’ effectiveness . After this investigation , the FDA changed its policy , requiring manufacturers of serological antibody tests to seek Emergency Use Authorization ( EUA ) within 10 days . In 2021 , Krishnamoorthi was also appointed to the Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis . Armenia–Azerbaijan conflict . In October 2020 , Krishnamoorthi co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo condemning Azerbaijan’s offensive operations against the Armenian-populated enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh . He also co-sponsored H . Res . 1165 , which condemned Azerbaijans military operations in Nagorno-Karabakh , and denounced Turkish interference in the conflict . As a part of the House-passed FY2021 Appropriations bill , Krishnamoorthi co-authored an amendment to add millions of dollars in funding for de-mining in the Nagorno Karabakh region . Other congressional investigations and oversight activities . In November 2020 , Krishnamoorthi led investigations into the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) s failure to establish side-impact test standards for children’s car seats and boosters , effectively allowing manufacturers to create their own standards . Some manufacturers were found to be selling booster seats that had been shown to be unsafe in the companies own safety tests . Krishnamoorthi successfully advocated for a provision in the FY2021 omnibus spending bill , which was signed into law on December 27 , 2020 , requiring the NHTSA to issue federal regulations for side-impact crash tests for booster seats . In September 2020 , Krishnamoorthi opened an investigation into the sale and lease of government vehicles with active safety recalls by the General Services Administration ( GSA ) , publicly calling on the GSA to cease the sale and lease of such vehicles . This followed the passage of a House appropriations bill that included an amendment Krishnamoorthi and Representative Jan Schakowsky introduced prohibiting the GSA from selling recalled cars at auction . In November 2020 , Krishnamoorthi called for the investigation of Senator David Perdue’s stock trades involving a defense contractor while he was on the Senate Armed Services Committee . In May 2020 , Krishnamoorthi had called for members of Congress to be banned from trading individual stocks in response to allegations of insider trading against Senator Richard Burr and others . During an Oversight Committee hearing into the Sackler family and Purdue Pharmas role in the opioid epidemic , Krishnamoorthi sharply criticized members of the Sackler family as well as Purdue Pharma executives , calling on Purdue Pharma president Craig Landau to take responsibility for the company’s involvement in the opioid crisis and forgo the $3.5 million bonus he was then seeking from Purdue Pharma , while the company was struggling to pay out damages to victims of the opioid OxyContin . Committee assignments . - Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence - Subcommittee on Intelligence Modernization and Readiness ( INMAR ) - Subcommittee on Strategic Technologies and Advanced Research ( STAR ) - Committee on Oversight and Government Reform - Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on the Environment - Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis Source : Caucus memberships . - New Democrat Coalition - Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus ( Co-Chair of the CAPAC Immigration Task Force ) - Congressional Solar Caucus ( Co-Founder ) - Congressional Caucus to End the Youth Vaping Epidemic ( Co-Founder ) - Middle Class Jobs Caucus ( Co-Founder ) - LGBT Equality Caucus ( Vice-Chair ) - Manufacturing Caucus - Congressional Cooperative Business Caucus - Municipal Bond Caucus - Tech Accountability Caucus - Congressional Travel and Tourism Caucus - Congressional Fire Services Caucus - Congressional Career and Technical Education Caucus - Congressional Arts Caucus - Community College Caucus - Congressional Citizen Legislature Caucus - General Aviation Caucus - Quiet Skies Caucus - Candy Caucus - Small Brewers Caucus - Dietary Supplement Caucus - Pro-Choice - Black Maternal Health Caucus - Task Force to Combat Heroin Epidemic - Diabetes Caucus - Rare Disease Caucus - Childhood Cancer Caucus - Lyme Disease Caucus - Autism Caucus - Congressional Animal Protection Caucus - Sri Lanka Caucus Personal life . Krishnamoorthis wife Priya is a doctor . They live in Schaumburg , Illinois , with their three children . In January 2017 , Krishnamoorthi , a lifelong Chicago Cubs fan , and his elder son attended the Cubs official White House commemoration of their World Series victory .
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Raja Krishnamoorthi went to which school in late 1990s?
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Raja Krishnamoorthi Subramanian Raja Krishnamoorthi ( born July 19 , 1973 ) is an American businessman and politician serving as the U.S . Representative from since 2017 . The district includes many of Chicagos northwestern suburbs , such as Hoffman Estates , Elgin , Schaumburg , Wood Dale , and Elk Grove Village . He was elected to succeed Tammy Duckworth , who gave up the seat to run for the U.S . Senate . Krishnamoorthi is a member of the Democratic Party and serves on the House Oversight Committee and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence . He is also chair of the Oversight Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy , and serves as an Assistant Whip . Early life and education . Krishnamoorthi was born in 1973 into a Tamil-speaking family in New Delhi , India . His family moved to Buffalo , New York when he was three months old so that his father could attend graduate school . Though some early economic hardships necessitated living in public housing and using food assistance for a time , in 1980 , the Krishnamoorthis moved to Peoria , Illinois where his father became a professor at Bradley University and they enjoyed a middle-class upbringing . Krishnamoorthi attended public schools in Peoria and was a valedictorian of his graduating class at Richwoods High School . Krishnamoorthi attended Princeton University , where he earned a bachelors degree in mechanical engineering summa cum laude . He then received a Juris Doctor with honors from Harvard Law School . During law school , Krishnamoorthi was managing editor of the Harvard Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Law Review , and published a law review article on the implementation of Local School Councils in Chicago public elementary schools . Early career . After graduating from Harvard , Krishnamoorthi served as a law clerk for Joan B . Gottschall and worked on Barack Obamas 2000 election campaign for the United States House of Representatives . He also served as an issues director for Obamas 2004 campaign for the United States Senate , and aided in the development of Obamas 2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address . After being appointed to the Board of the Illinois Housing Development Authority , Krishnamoorthi practiced law and then served as a special assistant attorney general , helping start the states anti-corruption unit under Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan . He served as deputy state treasurer for Illinois Treasurer Alexi Giannoulias from 2007 to 2009 and then as Vice-Chairman of the Illinois Innovation Council . He was the president of high-tech small businesses in the Chicago area until he resigned before entering Congress to eliminate any conflicts of interest . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . In 2010 , Krishnamoorthi ran for the Democratic Party nomination for Illinois Comptroller . He lost the primary election to David E . Miller by less than 1% of the vote . In 2012 he ran for the Democratic nomination for the U.S . House of Representatives seat in , and lost to Tammy Duckworth . When Duckworth ran for the U.S . Senate in 2016 , Krishnamoorthi again declared his candidacy for the U.S . House of Representatives . He won the March 2016 primary election with 57% of the vote , to Michael Nolands 29% and Deb Bullwinkels 13% . Krishnamoorthi defeated Republican Pete DiCianni in the November general election , capturing 58.1% of the vote after a campaign in which he vowed to fight for middle-class families in Congress . Tenure . Krishnamoorthi was sworn into office on January 3 , 2017 , stating , I will continue to focus on the middle class and our commitment to ensure that hard work is rewarded . While Krishnamoorthi attended President Donald Trumps January 2017 inauguration , he said he did so in part because I want President Trump to look at the crowd and Congress and see on day one that he will be strongly opposed if he continues to pursue policies that hurt working families . The day before the inauguration , Krishnamoorthi was included in a list featured in The Guardian of up-and-coming leaders of the Trump resistance in Washington . The day after the inauguration , Krishnamoorthi told a crowd of more than 250,000 at the Chicago Womens March , Todays march was about people from every walk of life coming together to declare their support for the rights of women and all Americans . Womens rights are human rights . A loud chorus of voices including mine will speak up for the rights of women and all Americans to make a better life in this country . Later that week , Krishnamoorthi delivered a speech on the House floor in opposition to a Trump administration decision to block an Obama administration policy that would have reduced mortgage costs for lower and middle-income families by hundreds of dollars per year . He closed his remarks by referencing Trumps campaign slogan , saying , the Trump administrations order to make mortgages more expensive will not strengthen our economy . It will not create jobs . And it will not make America great again . But it will make life harder for working families . In 2019 , Krishnamoorthi became the first Hindu-American to preside over the U.S . House as speaker pro tempore . In 2021 , at the beginning of the 117th Congress , Krishnamoorthi was appointed to the Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis and named Co-Chair of the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Immigration Task Force as well as Vice-Chair of the LGBTQ+ Equality Caucus . Education , job training and workforce development . In June 2017 , the House unanimously passed the Thompson-Krishnamoorthi Strengthening Career and Technical Education for the 21st Century Act , which would overhaul the Carl D . Perkins Career and Technical Education Act and provide more flexibility to states . In November 2017 , Krishnamoorthi and GT Thompson co-led a letter to the Senate education committee with 235 fellow members of the House urging them to take up the legislation . The Strengthening Career and Technical Education for the 21st Century Act passed the Senate and was signed into law by President Trump in July 2018 . Krishnamoorthi is also a co-author of the College Transparency Act , which would enable the federal government to gather and publish data on university performance , including enrollment , course completion rates , and employment after graduation , thereby empowering students and their families to make more informed decisions about where and whether to enroll in post-secondary education . The majority of House members support the bill but it has yet to receive a vote . Defense of state and local tax ( SALT ) deduction . During the tax reform debate in Congress , Krishnamoorthi spoke out numerous times against the proposed elimination of the state and local tax ( SALT ) deduction and its impact on working families in Illinois . In October 2017 , he sent two letters about the proposed deduction , one to Illinois Governor Bruce Rauner alongside fellow Illinois members Foster and Luis Gutierrez and one to the Chair and Ranking Member of the Ways and Means Committee , urging them to preserve the deduction . Environmental issues and green technology . The first piece of legislation Krishnamoorthi introduced as a member of Congress was H . Res . 85 , a resolution expressing the commitment of the House of Representatives to continue to support U.S . pledges made in the Paris Climate Agreement . In introducing the resolution , Krishnamoorthi cited rising global temperatures and the need for the U.S . to address both the threats posed to the country and the economic potential of green technology . Health care . During a January 2017 floor debate in the House of Representatives , Krishnamoorthi argued against repealing the Affordable Care Act . Citing his experience running small businesses , Krishnamoorthi said , repealing without replacing the Affordable Care Act would devastate our economy and harm millions of middle-class families . Within the 8th district of Illinois , we could lose upwards of over $550 million from our economy and over 4,000 jobs . I know firsthand how important health coverage is to workers and to business . Without the protections of the Affordable Care Act , we will see fewer entrepreneurs take the risk of starting a business and fewer workers take the risk of working for a start-up . In September 2017 , Krishnamoorthi co-led a letter to the Department of Health and Human Services with Oversight and Government Reform Committee Ranking Member Elijah Cummings requesting documents and information related to the decision to schedule outages of HealthCare.gov during the 2017 open enrollment period . Presidential pardons . In July 2017 , Krishnamoorthi introduced the Presidential Pardon Transparency Act , which would require that all presidential pardons be disclosed to the public within three days of being granted . The legislation followed reports that Trump was consulting senior aides and the White House counsel about his ability to pardon associates , family members , and himself . The bill did not receive a vote and was reintroduced in 2019 . Trump administration security clearance issues . In October 2017 , Krishnamoorthi questioned the director of the National Background Investigations Bureau about the number of mistakes made in Senior Presidential Advisor Jared Kushners security clearance during a hearing by the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform . In response to repeated questioning about whether he could recall if there has ever been an applicant having to submit four addenda detailing over 100 errors and omissions being able to maintain their security clearance once those errors have been identified , Director Phalen said that he had never seen that level of mistakes . Immigration and Trump administrations travel ban . On January 28 , 2017 , Trumps executive order placing restrictions on people entering the U.S . from seven Muslim-majority countries caused 18 travelers arriving at OHare International Airport to be detained and questioned by federal officers , including a family of legal permanent residents and their 18-month-old baby , who held U.S . citizenship . Krishnamoorthi arrived at OHare within hours to speak to immigration officials but was told they were unavailable . While joining a protest at the airport Krishnamoorthi said of the detentions , They applied legally , theyve been vetted and theyve been here , in many cases , for decades , and they were detained by their own country at the airport . So many of our businesses rely on green card holders . How are we supposed to attract these people if they think theyll be detained at the airport if they go abroad for a wedding , or just to show their baby to relatives ? In a WGN radio interview the next morning , Krishnamoorthi denounced Trumps immigration initiative , calling it the worst executive order you could draw up to unify the country . On November 16 , Krishnamoorthi co-led a letter to the Department of Homeland Security , alongside Democratic Caucus Chairman Joe Crowley , Luis Gutierrez of Illinois , Adriano Espaillat of New York , and 60 Democratic cosigners , about the postal services delays that caused hundreds of DACA renewal applications to arrive after the October 5 deadline . The Department later reversed its position and announced that it would allow those affected to resend their applications . National security . Krishnamoorthi authored the KREMLIN Act , which passed the House with bipartisan support in March 2019 . The bill would require the Director of National Intelligence to provide intelligence assessments to Congress about the posture and intentions of the Russian Federation and its leaders toward NATO and NATO members . Krishnamoorthi also authored the Seeding Enterprises in the Microelectronics Industry ( SEMI ) Act and the Geospatial Partnership for Security ( GPS ) Act . The SEMI Act would allocate $15 million for research and development of new microelectronics and computing technologies through the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity ( IARPA ) . The GPS Act would provide additional funding to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency ( NGA ) for the purposes of improving access and cooperation between the NGA and commercial geospatial intelligence data and services . First impeachment of Donald Trump . As a member of both the House Oversight Committee and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , Krishnamoorthi was closely involved in Trumps impeachment . The Oversight and Intelligence Committees were both tasked with investigating the accusations against Trump , and as a member of the Intelligence Committee , Krishnamoorthi also took part in televised public hearings , questioning various witnesses brought before the Committee . Storming of the U.S . Capitol and the second impeachment of Donald Trump . After Trump supporters stormed the U.S . Capitol on January 6 , 2021 , Krishnamoorthi advocated Trumps removal through either impeachment or the 25th amendment . In the ensuing second impeachment of Trump , he voted to impeach after saying on the House floor , My parents brought me as an infant to America because they knew its the land of democracy . Its the beacon of hope for all the world ; we called it the American dream . When Donald Trump told rioters to go to the capitol and fight like hell , he incited an attack on the capitol and the ideals comprising the American dream . Im voting for impeachment because I know were still the country my parents believed in , and I will fight like hell for it . Vaping and e-cigarettes . Time magazine called Krishnamoorthi the vaping industry’s biggest enemy in D.C . In July 2019 , as chairman of the House Oversight Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy , he held hearings investigating the industry’s marketing practices , especially those allegedly aimed at children . In the wake of this investigation , the FDA issued a warning letter to e-cigarette manufacturer Juul Labs , which then halted all domestic marketing and advertising . Krishnamoorthi has also authored or co-sponsored several pieces of legislation aimed at curbing e-cigarette use , including the Protecting American Lungs and Reversing the Youth Tobacco Epidemic Act of 2020 , which passed the House in February 2020 . He also successfully advocated increased funding for youth e-cigarette prevention programs in the combined omnibus spending bill and Covid-19 relief package that was signed into law on December 27 , 2020 . Accountability in federal contracting . In his capacity as a member of the Oversight and Government Reform Committee , Krishnamoorthi has raised concerns over the Whitefish Energy contract with the Puerto Rican government to rebuild the islands electrical grid and the no-audit clauses in its contract . In October , Krishnamoorthi wrote to the Chair and Ranking Member of the Oversight and Government Reform urging them to convene hearings on the contract and the full scope of anti-auditing language in all government contracts . COVID-19 pandemic . During the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 , Krishnamoorthi co-sponsored the $2.2 trillion CARES Act , the first stimulus package , signed into law in March . He also voted for the HEROES Act , House Democrats initial attempt at a second stimulus bill , which passed the House in May but never came up for a vote in the Senate . Additionally , Krishnamoorthi authored or co-sponsored several other pieces of legislation to address the pandemics health and economic impact , including the Coronavirus Health Care Worker Wellness Act and the Paycheck Protection Program Flexibility Act , which was signed into law in June . After passing the second stimulus package in December 2020 , Krishnamoorthi also voted in favor of increasing the direct stimulus payments from $600 to $2000 . As chair of the House Oversight Subcommittee on Consumer and Economic Policy , Krishnamoorthi led several investigations into the federal response to the pandemic , including the federal ventilator shortage and the Trump administration’s misuse of CDC funds for partisan political messaging , funds that were originally intended for a public awareness campaign . After public outcry , the Department of Health and Human Services canceled the campaign using celebrities who had been vetted , in part , based on their political leanings . Krishnamoorthi also led an investigation into the FDA’s failure to properly regulate serological antibody tests during the pandemics early phase . In the spring and early summer , the FDA allowed manufacturers to self-validate serological test kits , and a House Oversight Subcommittee on Consumer and Economic Policy investigation Krishnamoorthi led found that the FDA was not reviewing antibody test kits that went on the market .. . and had failed even to ask for information that would have allowed FDA to conduct a cursory review of the tests’ effectiveness . After this investigation , the FDA changed its policy , requiring manufacturers of serological antibody tests to seek Emergency Use Authorization ( EUA ) within 10 days . In 2021 , Krishnamoorthi was also appointed to the Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis . Armenia–Azerbaijan conflict . In October 2020 , Krishnamoorthi co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo condemning Azerbaijan’s offensive operations against the Armenian-populated enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh . He also co-sponsored H . Res . 1165 , which condemned Azerbaijans military operations in Nagorno-Karabakh , and denounced Turkish interference in the conflict . As a part of the House-passed FY2021 Appropriations bill , Krishnamoorthi co-authored an amendment to add millions of dollars in funding for de-mining in the Nagorno Karabakh region . Other congressional investigations and oversight activities . In November 2020 , Krishnamoorthi led investigations into the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) s failure to establish side-impact test standards for children’s car seats and boosters , effectively allowing manufacturers to create their own standards . Some manufacturers were found to be selling booster seats that had been shown to be unsafe in the companies own safety tests . Krishnamoorthi successfully advocated for a provision in the FY2021 omnibus spending bill , which was signed into law on December 27 , 2020 , requiring the NHTSA to issue federal regulations for side-impact crash tests for booster seats . In September 2020 , Krishnamoorthi opened an investigation into the sale and lease of government vehicles with active safety recalls by the General Services Administration ( GSA ) , publicly calling on the GSA to cease the sale and lease of such vehicles . This followed the passage of a House appropriations bill that included an amendment Krishnamoorthi and Representative Jan Schakowsky introduced prohibiting the GSA from selling recalled cars at auction . In November 2020 , Krishnamoorthi called for the investigation of Senator David Perdue’s stock trades involving a defense contractor while he was on the Senate Armed Services Committee . In May 2020 , Krishnamoorthi had called for members of Congress to be banned from trading individual stocks in response to allegations of insider trading against Senator Richard Burr and others . During an Oversight Committee hearing into the Sackler family and Purdue Pharmas role in the opioid epidemic , Krishnamoorthi sharply criticized members of the Sackler family as well as Purdue Pharma executives , calling on Purdue Pharma president Craig Landau to take responsibility for the company’s involvement in the opioid crisis and forgo the $3.5 million bonus he was then seeking from Purdue Pharma , while the company was struggling to pay out damages to victims of the opioid OxyContin . Committee assignments . - Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence - Subcommittee on Intelligence Modernization and Readiness ( INMAR ) - Subcommittee on Strategic Technologies and Advanced Research ( STAR ) - Committee on Oversight and Government Reform - Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on the Environment - Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis Source : Caucus memberships . - New Democrat Coalition - Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus ( Co-Chair of the CAPAC Immigration Task Force ) - Congressional Solar Caucus ( Co-Founder ) - Congressional Caucus to End the Youth Vaping Epidemic ( Co-Founder ) - Middle Class Jobs Caucus ( Co-Founder ) - LGBT Equality Caucus ( Vice-Chair ) - Manufacturing Caucus - Congressional Cooperative Business Caucus - Municipal Bond Caucus - Tech Accountability Caucus - Congressional Travel and Tourism Caucus - Congressional Fire Services Caucus - Congressional Career and Technical Education Caucus - Congressional Arts Caucus - Community College Caucus - Congressional Citizen Legislature Caucus - General Aviation Caucus - Quiet Skies Caucus - Candy Caucus - Small Brewers Caucus - Dietary Supplement Caucus - Pro-Choice - Black Maternal Health Caucus - Task Force to Combat Heroin Epidemic - Diabetes Caucus - Rare Disease Caucus - Childhood Cancer Caucus - Lyme Disease Caucus - Autism Caucus - Congressional Animal Protection Caucus - Sri Lanka Caucus Personal life . Krishnamoorthis wife Priya is a doctor . They live in Schaumburg , Illinois , with their three children . In January 2017 , Krishnamoorthi , a lifelong Chicago Cubs fan , and his elder son attended the Cubs official White House commemoration of their World Series victory .
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Raja Krishnamoorthi went to which school between Jan 2001 and May 2004?
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Raja Krishnamoorthi Subramanian Raja Krishnamoorthi ( born July 19 , 1973 ) is an American businessman and politician serving as the U.S . Representative from since 2017 . The district includes many of Chicagos northwestern suburbs , such as Hoffman Estates , Elgin , Schaumburg , Wood Dale , and Elk Grove Village . He was elected to succeed Tammy Duckworth , who gave up the seat to run for the U.S . Senate . Krishnamoorthi is a member of the Democratic Party and serves on the House Oversight Committee and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence . He is also chair of the Oversight Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy , and serves as an Assistant Whip . Early life and education . Krishnamoorthi was born in 1973 into a Tamil-speaking family in New Delhi , India . His family moved to Buffalo , New York when he was three months old so that his father could attend graduate school . Though some early economic hardships necessitated living in public housing and using food assistance for a time , in 1980 , the Krishnamoorthis moved to Peoria , Illinois where his father became a professor at Bradley University and they enjoyed a middle-class upbringing . Krishnamoorthi attended public schools in Peoria and was a valedictorian of his graduating class at Richwoods High School . Krishnamoorthi attended Princeton University , where he earned a bachelors degree in mechanical engineering summa cum laude . He then received a Juris Doctor with honors from Harvard Law School . During law school , Krishnamoorthi was managing editor of the Harvard Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Law Review , and published a law review article on the implementation of Local School Councils in Chicago public elementary schools . Early career . After graduating from Harvard , Krishnamoorthi served as a law clerk for Joan B . Gottschall and worked on Barack Obamas 2000 election campaign for the United States House of Representatives . He also served as an issues director for Obamas 2004 campaign for the United States Senate , and aided in the development of Obamas 2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address . After being appointed to the Board of the Illinois Housing Development Authority , Krishnamoorthi practiced law and then served as a special assistant attorney general , helping start the states anti-corruption unit under Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan . He served as deputy state treasurer for Illinois Treasurer Alexi Giannoulias from 2007 to 2009 and then as Vice-Chairman of the Illinois Innovation Council . He was the president of high-tech small businesses in the Chicago area until he resigned before entering Congress to eliminate any conflicts of interest . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . In 2010 , Krishnamoorthi ran for the Democratic Party nomination for Illinois Comptroller . He lost the primary election to David E . Miller by less than 1% of the vote . In 2012 he ran for the Democratic nomination for the U.S . House of Representatives seat in , and lost to Tammy Duckworth . When Duckworth ran for the U.S . Senate in 2016 , Krishnamoorthi again declared his candidacy for the U.S . House of Representatives . He won the March 2016 primary election with 57% of the vote , to Michael Nolands 29% and Deb Bullwinkels 13% . Krishnamoorthi defeated Republican Pete DiCianni in the November general election , capturing 58.1% of the vote after a campaign in which he vowed to fight for middle-class families in Congress . Tenure . Krishnamoorthi was sworn into office on January 3 , 2017 , stating , I will continue to focus on the middle class and our commitment to ensure that hard work is rewarded . While Krishnamoorthi attended President Donald Trumps January 2017 inauguration , he said he did so in part because I want President Trump to look at the crowd and Congress and see on day one that he will be strongly opposed if he continues to pursue policies that hurt working families . The day before the inauguration , Krishnamoorthi was included in a list featured in The Guardian of up-and-coming leaders of the Trump resistance in Washington . The day after the inauguration , Krishnamoorthi told a crowd of more than 250,000 at the Chicago Womens March , Todays march was about people from every walk of life coming together to declare their support for the rights of women and all Americans . Womens rights are human rights . A loud chorus of voices including mine will speak up for the rights of women and all Americans to make a better life in this country . Later that week , Krishnamoorthi delivered a speech on the House floor in opposition to a Trump administration decision to block an Obama administration policy that would have reduced mortgage costs for lower and middle-income families by hundreds of dollars per year . He closed his remarks by referencing Trumps campaign slogan , saying , the Trump administrations order to make mortgages more expensive will not strengthen our economy . It will not create jobs . And it will not make America great again . But it will make life harder for working families . In 2019 , Krishnamoorthi became the first Hindu-American to preside over the U.S . House as speaker pro tempore . In 2021 , at the beginning of the 117th Congress , Krishnamoorthi was appointed to the Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis and named Co-Chair of the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Immigration Task Force as well as Vice-Chair of the LGBTQ+ Equality Caucus . Education , job training and workforce development . In June 2017 , the House unanimously passed the Thompson-Krishnamoorthi Strengthening Career and Technical Education for the 21st Century Act , which would overhaul the Carl D . Perkins Career and Technical Education Act and provide more flexibility to states . In November 2017 , Krishnamoorthi and GT Thompson co-led a letter to the Senate education committee with 235 fellow members of the House urging them to take up the legislation . The Strengthening Career and Technical Education for the 21st Century Act passed the Senate and was signed into law by President Trump in July 2018 . Krishnamoorthi is also a co-author of the College Transparency Act , which would enable the federal government to gather and publish data on university performance , including enrollment , course completion rates , and employment after graduation , thereby empowering students and their families to make more informed decisions about where and whether to enroll in post-secondary education . The majority of House members support the bill but it has yet to receive a vote . Defense of state and local tax ( SALT ) deduction . During the tax reform debate in Congress , Krishnamoorthi spoke out numerous times against the proposed elimination of the state and local tax ( SALT ) deduction and its impact on working families in Illinois . In October 2017 , he sent two letters about the proposed deduction , one to Illinois Governor Bruce Rauner alongside fellow Illinois members Foster and Luis Gutierrez and one to the Chair and Ranking Member of the Ways and Means Committee , urging them to preserve the deduction . Environmental issues and green technology . The first piece of legislation Krishnamoorthi introduced as a member of Congress was H . Res . 85 , a resolution expressing the commitment of the House of Representatives to continue to support U.S . pledges made in the Paris Climate Agreement . In introducing the resolution , Krishnamoorthi cited rising global temperatures and the need for the U.S . to address both the threats posed to the country and the economic potential of green technology . Health care . During a January 2017 floor debate in the House of Representatives , Krishnamoorthi argued against repealing the Affordable Care Act . Citing his experience running small businesses , Krishnamoorthi said , repealing without replacing the Affordable Care Act would devastate our economy and harm millions of middle-class families . Within the 8th district of Illinois , we could lose upwards of over $550 million from our economy and over 4,000 jobs . I know firsthand how important health coverage is to workers and to business . Without the protections of the Affordable Care Act , we will see fewer entrepreneurs take the risk of starting a business and fewer workers take the risk of working for a start-up . In September 2017 , Krishnamoorthi co-led a letter to the Department of Health and Human Services with Oversight and Government Reform Committee Ranking Member Elijah Cummings requesting documents and information related to the decision to schedule outages of HealthCare.gov during the 2017 open enrollment period . Presidential pardons . In July 2017 , Krishnamoorthi introduced the Presidential Pardon Transparency Act , which would require that all presidential pardons be disclosed to the public within three days of being granted . The legislation followed reports that Trump was consulting senior aides and the White House counsel about his ability to pardon associates , family members , and himself . The bill did not receive a vote and was reintroduced in 2019 . Trump administration security clearance issues . In October 2017 , Krishnamoorthi questioned the director of the National Background Investigations Bureau about the number of mistakes made in Senior Presidential Advisor Jared Kushners security clearance during a hearing by the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform . In response to repeated questioning about whether he could recall if there has ever been an applicant having to submit four addenda detailing over 100 errors and omissions being able to maintain their security clearance once those errors have been identified , Director Phalen said that he had never seen that level of mistakes . Immigration and Trump administrations travel ban . On January 28 , 2017 , Trumps executive order placing restrictions on people entering the U.S . from seven Muslim-majority countries caused 18 travelers arriving at OHare International Airport to be detained and questioned by federal officers , including a family of legal permanent residents and their 18-month-old baby , who held U.S . citizenship . Krishnamoorthi arrived at OHare within hours to speak to immigration officials but was told they were unavailable . While joining a protest at the airport Krishnamoorthi said of the detentions , They applied legally , theyve been vetted and theyve been here , in many cases , for decades , and they were detained by their own country at the airport . So many of our businesses rely on green card holders . How are we supposed to attract these people if they think theyll be detained at the airport if they go abroad for a wedding , or just to show their baby to relatives ? In a WGN radio interview the next morning , Krishnamoorthi denounced Trumps immigration initiative , calling it the worst executive order you could draw up to unify the country . On November 16 , Krishnamoorthi co-led a letter to the Department of Homeland Security , alongside Democratic Caucus Chairman Joe Crowley , Luis Gutierrez of Illinois , Adriano Espaillat of New York , and 60 Democratic cosigners , about the postal services delays that caused hundreds of DACA renewal applications to arrive after the October 5 deadline . The Department later reversed its position and announced that it would allow those affected to resend their applications . National security . Krishnamoorthi authored the KREMLIN Act , which passed the House with bipartisan support in March 2019 . The bill would require the Director of National Intelligence to provide intelligence assessments to Congress about the posture and intentions of the Russian Federation and its leaders toward NATO and NATO members . Krishnamoorthi also authored the Seeding Enterprises in the Microelectronics Industry ( SEMI ) Act and the Geospatial Partnership for Security ( GPS ) Act . The SEMI Act would allocate $15 million for research and development of new microelectronics and computing technologies through the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity ( IARPA ) . The GPS Act would provide additional funding to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency ( NGA ) for the purposes of improving access and cooperation between the NGA and commercial geospatial intelligence data and services . First impeachment of Donald Trump . As a member of both the House Oversight Committee and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , Krishnamoorthi was closely involved in Trumps impeachment . The Oversight and Intelligence Committees were both tasked with investigating the accusations against Trump , and as a member of the Intelligence Committee , Krishnamoorthi also took part in televised public hearings , questioning various witnesses brought before the Committee . Storming of the U.S . Capitol and the second impeachment of Donald Trump . After Trump supporters stormed the U.S . Capitol on January 6 , 2021 , Krishnamoorthi advocated Trumps removal through either impeachment or the 25th amendment . In the ensuing second impeachment of Trump , he voted to impeach after saying on the House floor , My parents brought me as an infant to America because they knew its the land of democracy . Its the beacon of hope for all the world ; we called it the American dream . When Donald Trump told rioters to go to the capitol and fight like hell , he incited an attack on the capitol and the ideals comprising the American dream . Im voting for impeachment because I know were still the country my parents believed in , and I will fight like hell for it . Vaping and e-cigarettes . Time magazine called Krishnamoorthi the vaping industry’s biggest enemy in D.C . In July 2019 , as chairman of the House Oversight Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy , he held hearings investigating the industry’s marketing practices , especially those allegedly aimed at children . In the wake of this investigation , the FDA issued a warning letter to e-cigarette manufacturer Juul Labs , which then halted all domestic marketing and advertising . Krishnamoorthi has also authored or co-sponsored several pieces of legislation aimed at curbing e-cigarette use , including the Protecting American Lungs and Reversing the Youth Tobacco Epidemic Act of 2020 , which passed the House in February 2020 . He also successfully advocated increased funding for youth e-cigarette prevention programs in the combined omnibus spending bill and Covid-19 relief package that was signed into law on December 27 , 2020 . Accountability in federal contracting . In his capacity as a member of the Oversight and Government Reform Committee , Krishnamoorthi has raised concerns over the Whitefish Energy contract with the Puerto Rican government to rebuild the islands electrical grid and the no-audit clauses in its contract . In October , Krishnamoorthi wrote to the Chair and Ranking Member of the Oversight and Government Reform urging them to convene hearings on the contract and the full scope of anti-auditing language in all government contracts . COVID-19 pandemic . During the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 , Krishnamoorthi co-sponsored the $2.2 trillion CARES Act , the first stimulus package , signed into law in March . He also voted for the HEROES Act , House Democrats initial attempt at a second stimulus bill , which passed the House in May but never came up for a vote in the Senate . Additionally , Krishnamoorthi authored or co-sponsored several other pieces of legislation to address the pandemics health and economic impact , including the Coronavirus Health Care Worker Wellness Act and the Paycheck Protection Program Flexibility Act , which was signed into law in June . After passing the second stimulus package in December 2020 , Krishnamoorthi also voted in favor of increasing the direct stimulus payments from $600 to $2000 . As chair of the House Oversight Subcommittee on Consumer and Economic Policy , Krishnamoorthi led several investigations into the federal response to the pandemic , including the federal ventilator shortage and the Trump administration’s misuse of CDC funds for partisan political messaging , funds that were originally intended for a public awareness campaign . After public outcry , the Department of Health and Human Services canceled the campaign using celebrities who had been vetted , in part , based on their political leanings . Krishnamoorthi also led an investigation into the FDA’s failure to properly regulate serological antibody tests during the pandemics early phase . In the spring and early summer , the FDA allowed manufacturers to self-validate serological test kits , and a House Oversight Subcommittee on Consumer and Economic Policy investigation Krishnamoorthi led found that the FDA was not reviewing antibody test kits that went on the market .. . and had failed even to ask for information that would have allowed FDA to conduct a cursory review of the tests’ effectiveness . After this investigation , the FDA changed its policy , requiring manufacturers of serological antibody tests to seek Emergency Use Authorization ( EUA ) within 10 days . In 2021 , Krishnamoorthi was also appointed to the Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis . Armenia–Azerbaijan conflict . In October 2020 , Krishnamoorthi co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo condemning Azerbaijan’s offensive operations against the Armenian-populated enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh . He also co-sponsored H . Res . 1165 , which condemned Azerbaijans military operations in Nagorno-Karabakh , and denounced Turkish interference in the conflict . As a part of the House-passed FY2021 Appropriations bill , Krishnamoorthi co-authored an amendment to add millions of dollars in funding for de-mining in the Nagorno Karabakh region . Other congressional investigations and oversight activities . In November 2020 , Krishnamoorthi led investigations into the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) s failure to establish side-impact test standards for children’s car seats and boosters , effectively allowing manufacturers to create their own standards . Some manufacturers were found to be selling booster seats that had been shown to be unsafe in the companies own safety tests . Krishnamoorthi successfully advocated for a provision in the FY2021 omnibus spending bill , which was signed into law on December 27 , 2020 , requiring the NHTSA to issue federal regulations for side-impact crash tests for booster seats . In September 2020 , Krishnamoorthi opened an investigation into the sale and lease of government vehicles with active safety recalls by the General Services Administration ( GSA ) , publicly calling on the GSA to cease the sale and lease of such vehicles . This followed the passage of a House appropriations bill that included an amendment Krishnamoorthi and Representative Jan Schakowsky introduced prohibiting the GSA from selling recalled cars at auction . In November 2020 , Krishnamoorthi called for the investigation of Senator David Perdue’s stock trades involving a defense contractor while he was on the Senate Armed Services Committee . In May 2020 , Krishnamoorthi had called for members of Congress to be banned from trading individual stocks in response to allegations of insider trading against Senator Richard Burr and others . During an Oversight Committee hearing into the Sackler family and Purdue Pharmas role in the opioid epidemic , Krishnamoorthi sharply criticized members of the Sackler family as well as Purdue Pharma executives , calling on Purdue Pharma president Craig Landau to take responsibility for the company’s involvement in the opioid crisis and forgo the $3.5 million bonus he was then seeking from Purdue Pharma , while the company was struggling to pay out damages to victims of the opioid OxyContin . Committee assignments . - Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence - Subcommittee on Intelligence Modernization and Readiness ( INMAR ) - Subcommittee on Strategic Technologies and Advanced Research ( STAR ) - Committee on Oversight and Government Reform - Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on the Environment - Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis Source : Caucus memberships . - New Democrat Coalition - Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus ( Co-Chair of the CAPAC Immigration Task Force ) - Congressional Solar Caucus ( Co-Founder ) - Congressional Caucus to End the Youth Vaping Epidemic ( Co-Founder ) - Middle Class Jobs Caucus ( Co-Founder ) - LGBT Equality Caucus ( Vice-Chair ) - Manufacturing Caucus - Congressional Cooperative Business Caucus - Municipal Bond Caucus - Tech Accountability Caucus - Congressional Travel and Tourism Caucus - Congressional Fire Services Caucus - Congressional Career and Technical Education Caucus - Congressional Arts Caucus - Community College Caucus - Congressional Citizen Legislature Caucus - General Aviation Caucus - Quiet Skies Caucus - Candy Caucus - Small Brewers Caucus - Dietary Supplement Caucus - Pro-Choice - Black Maternal Health Caucus - Task Force to Combat Heroin Epidemic - Diabetes Caucus - Rare Disease Caucus - Childhood Cancer Caucus - Lyme Disease Caucus - Autism Caucus - Congressional Animal Protection Caucus - Sri Lanka Caucus Personal life . Krishnamoorthis wife Priya is a doctor . They live in Schaumburg , Illinois , with their three children . In January 2017 , Krishnamoorthi , a lifelong Chicago Cubs fan , and his elder son attended the Cubs official White House commemoration of their World Series victory .
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[
"Chorley"
] |
hard
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Lee Trundle played for which team in Feb 1995?
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/wiki/Lee_Trundle#P54#0
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Lee Trundle Lee Christopher Trundle ( born 10 October 1976 ) is an English footballer who plays as a striker for Cymru South side Ammanford . He also works as the club ambassador and youth team coach for Championship side Swansea City . Trundles career began in the English non-league system , where he played for Burscough , Chorley , Stalybridge Celtic , Southport and Bamber Bridge , before signing for Welsh Premier League side Rhyl . He managed to net 15 goals in 18 matches for Rhyl , and his performances earned him a move to Football League side Wrexham in 2001 . Trundle made a name for himself in professional football during a four-year spell for Swansea City , where he scored 78 goals in 146 appearances between 2003 and 2007 . In July 2007 , he left Swansea and signed with Bristol City , though he only scored 8 times in 3 seasons and was loaned out to both Leeds United and back to Swansea . In 2010 , following his release from Bristol City , Trundle returned to the top tier of Welsh football and signed for Neath . He spent two years with the club , scoring 26 goals in 59 matches , but found himself a free agent once more when Neath were liquidated in 2012 . In a surprise move , Trundle rejoined the Football League in the summer of 2012 at the age of 35 , signing for League One side Preston North End . However , a lengthy injury saw him lose out on a first team position , and he left Preston in February 2013 through a mutual termination of his contract . Stints with non-league clubs Chester and Marine followed before Trundle retired from football at the age of 36 . However , in August 2016 , he came out of retirement to sign for Welsh Division Two club Llanelli Town , scoring 86 goals in 59 appearances during back-to-back promotions . In May 2018 , Trundle signed for Welsh Division One side Haverfordwest County on a week-by-week basis . Early life . Born in Liverpool , Merseyside , Trundle attended St Edmund of Canterbury Catholic High School in Huyton . Playing career . Early career . Trundle was a late entrant into professional and league football , playing for non-league teams Burscough , Stalybridge Celtic , Southport , Bamber Bridge and Chorley before joining Welsh Premier League club Rhyl in 2000 . Wrexham . Within six months , he had been snapped up by Brian Flynn to play for Wrexham where he played 78 matches ( plus a further 24 as substitute ) in all competitions and scored 30 goals in a little over two years . A goalscoring account which was started by a bicycle kick to start a second half comeback from 2–0 which culminated in a 3–2 victory for Wrexham against Walsall on 24 February 2001 . Swansea City . In the summer of 2003 , Trundle received a free transfer and moved south to link up with Flynn who had now become manager of Swansea City . He instantly became a North Bank favourite with his goalscoring exploits and extraordinary tricks , scoring on his debut at the Vetch against Bury , and netting his first hat-trick for the club in the following match at Cheltenham , becoming the last of the three Swansea players who scored hat-tricks in three consecutive league matches , the only time this has happened for the club . Trundle scored 78 goals in 146 appearances for Swansea , making it by far the most prolific period of his career . In his time at Swansea , Trundle became a minor celebrity in the match , with his extrovert displays of skill ( or showboating ) bringing him to national attention via the Soccer AM television show on Sky Sports . Tim Lovejoy revealed in his autobiography that Trundle himself regularly contacted the show with footage of himself in action . In October 2005 , he was the subject of a £750,000 transfer bid by Sheffield Wednesday which Swansea rejected . Days later , he signed an image rights contract with his club which offered a portion of revenues from merchandise featuring his image . He was believed to be the first player outside the Premier League to do so . Bristol City . Despite the best efforts of Swansea City , Trundle agreed to sign for Bristol City on 27 July 2007 , although the deal was not officially completed until 30 July due to an administrative error . He was given permission by Swansea and the Welsh FA to play in Bristol Citys pre-season friendly against Yeovil Town before he officially completed the deal , scoring and providing an assist in a 2–2 draw at Ashton Gate . It is believed Bristol City made four offers for the striker . Their final offer of £1,000,000 was accepted after Trundle handed in a transfer request . Trundle scored his first goals , a brace , for Bristol City against Scunthorpe on 25 August 2007 . Leeds United . Trundle joined Leeds United on a one-month loan on 9 January 2009 and was allocated the number 35 shirt . Former Swansea teammate Andy Robinson played a big part in recommending Leeds to Trundle . He made his debut for Leeds as a second-half substitute in the 2–0 loss to Carlisle United at Elland Road . He scored his only goal for the club on his first starting appearance , in a 2–0 win at Brighton on 17 January . Leeds extended Trundles stay at Elland Road for a further month , but his loan expired on 10 March 2009 and he returned to Bristol City . Return to Swansea . On 27 August 2009 , Trundle joined his former club Swansea City on loan until 1 January 2010 and this was later extended till the end of the season . Trundle played 20 league games and scored five goals in just two starts . Since Trundle rejoined Swansea , he failed to play a full 90 minutes . Trundle made no secret that he wanted to earn a permanent deal and wanted to end his career at Swansea City . He was not offered a playing contract by the club but was offered a coaching role . Trundle subsequently refused the role . Neath . In July 2010 , Trundle returned to the Welsh Premier League with Neath , making his debut for the club on the opening day of the 2010–11 season in a 2–1 defeat to Bangor City . Neath were wound up at the end of the 2011–12 season due to ongoing financial problems , leaving Trundle without a club . Preston North End . On 20 July 2012 , Trundle signed a one-year deal with Preston North End . Trundle had impressed on trial at Deepdale after being invited to join up with the club for pre-season training . The 35-year-old featured for North End in their pre-season friendlies against Southport and Chorley and scored a superb solo goal in the draw against Chorley . However , shortly after signing for the Lilywhites , it was announced he had suffered a knee injury which manager Graham Westley believed would keep Trundle out for around 4 months . On 1 December , he appeared on the bench for a Second Round FA Cup tie at home against Gillingham , and he came off the bench in injury time during the 2–0 win for the Lilywhites . He left Preston on 8 February through a mutual termination of his contract . Chester . It was announced on 18 February 2013 that the 36-year-old signed for Conference North side Chester until the end of the 2012–2013 season . Marine . On 28 March 2013 , Northern Premier League side Marine confirmed that they had completed the signing of Trundle for an undisclosed fee . On 30 March 2013 he scored on his debut on against Nantwich Town . Trundle left Marine and retired from competitive football at the end of the season . Llanelli Town . On 21 August 2016 , Trundle came out of retirement to sign for Welsh Football League Division Two club Llanelli Town . On 27 August 2016 , he scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 3–2 win against Aberdare Town . This was the first of nine hat-tricks across the season in all competitions for the veteran striker , as Llanelli went on to lift both the Division Two title and the Welsh Football League Challenge Cup . Trundle continued his impressive form in his second season at the club , scoring 33 goals in 28 appearances across all competitions as Llanelli won the Division One title by 15 points . However , the team missed out on a double-double by losing 2–1 to third-tier Trefelin BGC in the final of the Welsh Football League Challenge Cup . Following Llanellis promotion to the Welsh Premier League , Trundle announced on Twitter that he would be leaving the club as his work commitments as club ambassador for Swansea City would prevent him from travelling to away games further afield . Haverfordwest County . On 29 May 2018 , Welsh Division One side Haverfordwest County announced that Trundle had agreed to join them for the 2018–19 season . He made his debut for the club on 18 August 2018 , scoring four goals in a 10–1 home win over Pontypridd Town . Trundle left the club in December 2018 due to work commitments , having scored 12 goals before his departure . Trefelin BGC . In December 2018 , Trundle signed for Welsh Division Three side Trefelin BGC . Trundle had previously represented Trefelins veterans team . He scored on his debut against Trethomas Bluebirds . Ammanford . In June 2019 he joined Ammanford . Coaching career . On 25 June 2013 , it was confirmed that Trundle was to return to Swansea City , to take on the role as the first official club ambassador and a coach for the 9- to 19-year-olds . Career statistics . Source : Honours . Club . Wrexham - FAW Premier Cup : 2000–01 , 2002–03 Swansea City - Football League Trophy : 2005–06 - FAW Premier Cup : 2004–05 , 2005–06 Llanelli Town - Welsh Football League Division One : 2017–18 - Welsh Football League Division Two : 2016–17 - Welsh Football League Challenge Cup : 2016–17 Personal life . Trundle has been an Everton fan since he was a child . In March 2007 , Trundle moved in with pop singer and Atomic Kitten star Liz McClarnon . The couple split in November 2007 . Trundle also performed Let it Snow for Prestons 2012 Christmas light switch on , before turning on the lights alongside singers , Matt Cardle and Russell Watson . External links . - Welsh Premier profile
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[
"Stalybridge Celtic"
] |
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Lee Trundle played for which team between Mar 1997 and Aug 1997?
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/wiki/Lee_Trundle#P54#1
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Lee Trundle Lee Christopher Trundle ( born 10 October 1976 ) is an English footballer who plays as a striker for Cymru South side Ammanford . He also works as the club ambassador and youth team coach for Championship side Swansea City . Trundles career began in the English non-league system , where he played for Burscough , Chorley , Stalybridge Celtic , Southport and Bamber Bridge , before signing for Welsh Premier League side Rhyl . He managed to net 15 goals in 18 matches for Rhyl , and his performances earned him a move to Football League side Wrexham in 2001 . Trundle made a name for himself in professional football during a four-year spell for Swansea City , where he scored 78 goals in 146 appearances between 2003 and 2007 . In July 2007 , he left Swansea and signed with Bristol City , though he only scored 8 times in 3 seasons and was loaned out to both Leeds United and back to Swansea . In 2010 , following his release from Bristol City , Trundle returned to the top tier of Welsh football and signed for Neath . He spent two years with the club , scoring 26 goals in 59 matches , but found himself a free agent once more when Neath were liquidated in 2012 . In a surprise move , Trundle rejoined the Football League in the summer of 2012 at the age of 35 , signing for League One side Preston North End . However , a lengthy injury saw him lose out on a first team position , and he left Preston in February 2013 through a mutual termination of his contract . Stints with non-league clubs Chester and Marine followed before Trundle retired from football at the age of 36 . However , in August 2016 , he came out of retirement to sign for Welsh Division Two club Llanelli Town , scoring 86 goals in 59 appearances during back-to-back promotions . In May 2018 , Trundle signed for Welsh Division One side Haverfordwest County on a week-by-week basis . Early life . Born in Liverpool , Merseyside , Trundle attended St Edmund of Canterbury Catholic High School in Huyton . Playing career . Early career . Trundle was a late entrant into professional and league football , playing for non-league teams Burscough , Stalybridge Celtic , Southport , Bamber Bridge and Chorley before joining Welsh Premier League club Rhyl in 2000 . Wrexham . Within six months , he had been snapped up by Brian Flynn to play for Wrexham where he played 78 matches ( plus a further 24 as substitute ) in all competitions and scored 30 goals in a little over two years . A goalscoring account which was started by a bicycle kick to start a second half comeback from 2–0 which culminated in a 3–2 victory for Wrexham against Walsall on 24 February 2001 . Swansea City . In the summer of 2003 , Trundle received a free transfer and moved south to link up with Flynn who had now become manager of Swansea City . He instantly became a North Bank favourite with his goalscoring exploits and extraordinary tricks , scoring on his debut at the Vetch against Bury , and netting his first hat-trick for the club in the following match at Cheltenham , becoming the last of the three Swansea players who scored hat-tricks in three consecutive league matches , the only time this has happened for the club . Trundle scored 78 goals in 146 appearances for Swansea , making it by far the most prolific period of his career . In his time at Swansea , Trundle became a minor celebrity in the match , with his extrovert displays of skill ( or showboating ) bringing him to national attention via the Soccer AM television show on Sky Sports . Tim Lovejoy revealed in his autobiography that Trundle himself regularly contacted the show with footage of himself in action . In October 2005 , he was the subject of a £750,000 transfer bid by Sheffield Wednesday which Swansea rejected . Days later , he signed an image rights contract with his club which offered a portion of revenues from merchandise featuring his image . He was believed to be the first player outside the Premier League to do so . Bristol City . Despite the best efforts of Swansea City , Trundle agreed to sign for Bristol City on 27 July 2007 , although the deal was not officially completed until 30 July due to an administrative error . He was given permission by Swansea and the Welsh FA to play in Bristol Citys pre-season friendly against Yeovil Town before he officially completed the deal , scoring and providing an assist in a 2–2 draw at Ashton Gate . It is believed Bristol City made four offers for the striker . Their final offer of £1,000,000 was accepted after Trundle handed in a transfer request . Trundle scored his first goals , a brace , for Bristol City against Scunthorpe on 25 August 2007 . Leeds United . Trundle joined Leeds United on a one-month loan on 9 January 2009 and was allocated the number 35 shirt . Former Swansea teammate Andy Robinson played a big part in recommending Leeds to Trundle . He made his debut for Leeds as a second-half substitute in the 2–0 loss to Carlisle United at Elland Road . He scored his only goal for the club on his first starting appearance , in a 2–0 win at Brighton on 17 January . Leeds extended Trundles stay at Elland Road for a further month , but his loan expired on 10 March 2009 and he returned to Bristol City . Return to Swansea . On 27 August 2009 , Trundle joined his former club Swansea City on loan until 1 January 2010 and this was later extended till the end of the season . Trundle played 20 league games and scored five goals in just two starts . Since Trundle rejoined Swansea , he failed to play a full 90 minutes . Trundle made no secret that he wanted to earn a permanent deal and wanted to end his career at Swansea City . He was not offered a playing contract by the club but was offered a coaching role . Trundle subsequently refused the role . Neath . In July 2010 , Trundle returned to the Welsh Premier League with Neath , making his debut for the club on the opening day of the 2010–11 season in a 2–1 defeat to Bangor City . Neath were wound up at the end of the 2011–12 season due to ongoing financial problems , leaving Trundle without a club . Preston North End . On 20 July 2012 , Trundle signed a one-year deal with Preston North End . Trundle had impressed on trial at Deepdale after being invited to join up with the club for pre-season training . The 35-year-old featured for North End in their pre-season friendlies against Southport and Chorley and scored a superb solo goal in the draw against Chorley . However , shortly after signing for the Lilywhites , it was announced he had suffered a knee injury which manager Graham Westley believed would keep Trundle out for around 4 months . On 1 December , he appeared on the bench for a Second Round FA Cup tie at home against Gillingham , and he came off the bench in injury time during the 2–0 win for the Lilywhites . He left Preston on 8 February through a mutual termination of his contract . Chester . It was announced on 18 February 2013 that the 36-year-old signed for Conference North side Chester until the end of the 2012–2013 season . Marine . On 28 March 2013 , Northern Premier League side Marine confirmed that they had completed the signing of Trundle for an undisclosed fee . On 30 March 2013 he scored on his debut on against Nantwich Town . Trundle left Marine and retired from competitive football at the end of the season . Llanelli Town . On 21 August 2016 , Trundle came out of retirement to sign for Welsh Football League Division Two club Llanelli Town . On 27 August 2016 , he scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 3–2 win against Aberdare Town . This was the first of nine hat-tricks across the season in all competitions for the veteran striker , as Llanelli went on to lift both the Division Two title and the Welsh Football League Challenge Cup . Trundle continued his impressive form in his second season at the club , scoring 33 goals in 28 appearances across all competitions as Llanelli won the Division One title by 15 points . However , the team missed out on a double-double by losing 2–1 to third-tier Trefelin BGC in the final of the Welsh Football League Challenge Cup . Following Llanellis promotion to the Welsh Premier League , Trundle announced on Twitter that he would be leaving the club as his work commitments as club ambassador for Swansea City would prevent him from travelling to away games further afield . Haverfordwest County . On 29 May 2018 , Welsh Division One side Haverfordwest County announced that Trundle had agreed to join them for the 2018–19 season . He made his debut for the club on 18 August 2018 , scoring four goals in a 10–1 home win over Pontypridd Town . Trundle left the club in December 2018 due to work commitments , having scored 12 goals before his departure . Trefelin BGC . In December 2018 , Trundle signed for Welsh Division Three side Trefelin BGC . Trundle had previously represented Trefelins veterans team . He scored on his debut against Trethomas Bluebirds . Ammanford . In June 2019 he joined Ammanford . Coaching career . On 25 June 2013 , it was confirmed that Trundle was to return to Swansea City , to take on the role as the first official club ambassador and a coach for the 9- to 19-year-olds . Career statistics . Source : Honours . Club . Wrexham - FAW Premier Cup : 2000–01 , 2002–03 Swansea City - Football League Trophy : 2005–06 - FAW Premier Cup : 2004–05 , 2005–06 Llanelli Town - Welsh Football League Division One : 2017–18 - Welsh Football League Division Two : 2016–17 - Welsh Football League Challenge Cup : 2016–17 Personal life . Trundle has been an Everton fan since he was a child . In March 2007 , Trundle moved in with pop singer and Atomic Kitten star Liz McClarnon . The couple split in November 2007 . Trundle also performed Let it Snow for Prestons 2012 Christmas light switch on , before turning on the lights alongside singers , Matt Cardle and Russell Watson . External links . - Welsh Premier profile
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[
"Rhyl"
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hard
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Lee Trundle played for which team between Dec 2000 and Dec 2000?
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/wiki/Lee_Trundle#P54#2
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Lee Trundle Lee Christopher Trundle ( born 10 October 1976 ) is an English footballer who plays as a striker for Cymru South side Ammanford . He also works as the club ambassador and youth team coach for Championship side Swansea City . Trundles career began in the English non-league system , where he played for Burscough , Chorley , Stalybridge Celtic , Southport and Bamber Bridge , before signing for Welsh Premier League side Rhyl . He managed to net 15 goals in 18 matches for Rhyl , and his performances earned him a move to Football League side Wrexham in 2001 . Trundle made a name for himself in professional football during a four-year spell for Swansea City , where he scored 78 goals in 146 appearances between 2003 and 2007 . In July 2007 , he left Swansea and signed with Bristol City , though he only scored 8 times in 3 seasons and was loaned out to both Leeds United and back to Swansea . In 2010 , following his release from Bristol City , Trundle returned to the top tier of Welsh football and signed for Neath . He spent two years with the club , scoring 26 goals in 59 matches , but found himself a free agent once more when Neath were liquidated in 2012 . In a surprise move , Trundle rejoined the Football League in the summer of 2012 at the age of 35 , signing for League One side Preston North End . However , a lengthy injury saw him lose out on a first team position , and he left Preston in February 2013 through a mutual termination of his contract . Stints with non-league clubs Chester and Marine followed before Trundle retired from football at the age of 36 . However , in August 2016 , he came out of retirement to sign for Welsh Division Two club Llanelli Town , scoring 86 goals in 59 appearances during back-to-back promotions . In May 2018 , Trundle signed for Welsh Division One side Haverfordwest County on a week-by-week basis . Early life . Born in Liverpool , Merseyside , Trundle attended St Edmund of Canterbury Catholic High School in Huyton . Playing career . Early career . Trundle was a late entrant into professional and league football , playing for non-league teams Burscough , Stalybridge Celtic , Southport , Bamber Bridge and Chorley before joining Welsh Premier League club Rhyl in 2000 . Wrexham . Within six months , he had been snapped up by Brian Flynn to play for Wrexham where he played 78 matches ( plus a further 24 as substitute ) in all competitions and scored 30 goals in a little over two years . A goalscoring account which was started by a bicycle kick to start a second half comeback from 2–0 which culminated in a 3–2 victory for Wrexham against Walsall on 24 February 2001 . Swansea City . In the summer of 2003 , Trundle received a free transfer and moved south to link up with Flynn who had now become manager of Swansea City . He instantly became a North Bank favourite with his goalscoring exploits and extraordinary tricks , scoring on his debut at the Vetch against Bury , and netting his first hat-trick for the club in the following match at Cheltenham , becoming the last of the three Swansea players who scored hat-tricks in three consecutive league matches , the only time this has happened for the club . Trundle scored 78 goals in 146 appearances for Swansea , making it by far the most prolific period of his career . In his time at Swansea , Trundle became a minor celebrity in the match , with his extrovert displays of skill ( or showboating ) bringing him to national attention via the Soccer AM television show on Sky Sports . Tim Lovejoy revealed in his autobiography that Trundle himself regularly contacted the show with footage of himself in action . In October 2005 , he was the subject of a £750,000 transfer bid by Sheffield Wednesday which Swansea rejected . Days later , he signed an image rights contract with his club which offered a portion of revenues from merchandise featuring his image . He was believed to be the first player outside the Premier League to do so . Bristol City . Despite the best efforts of Swansea City , Trundle agreed to sign for Bristol City on 27 July 2007 , although the deal was not officially completed until 30 July due to an administrative error . He was given permission by Swansea and the Welsh FA to play in Bristol Citys pre-season friendly against Yeovil Town before he officially completed the deal , scoring and providing an assist in a 2–2 draw at Ashton Gate . It is believed Bristol City made four offers for the striker . Their final offer of £1,000,000 was accepted after Trundle handed in a transfer request . Trundle scored his first goals , a brace , for Bristol City against Scunthorpe on 25 August 2007 . Leeds United . Trundle joined Leeds United on a one-month loan on 9 January 2009 and was allocated the number 35 shirt . Former Swansea teammate Andy Robinson played a big part in recommending Leeds to Trundle . He made his debut for Leeds as a second-half substitute in the 2–0 loss to Carlisle United at Elland Road . He scored his only goal for the club on his first starting appearance , in a 2–0 win at Brighton on 17 January . Leeds extended Trundles stay at Elland Road for a further month , but his loan expired on 10 March 2009 and he returned to Bristol City . Return to Swansea . On 27 August 2009 , Trundle joined his former club Swansea City on loan until 1 January 2010 and this was later extended till the end of the season . Trundle played 20 league games and scored five goals in just two starts . Since Trundle rejoined Swansea , he failed to play a full 90 minutes . Trundle made no secret that he wanted to earn a permanent deal and wanted to end his career at Swansea City . He was not offered a playing contract by the club but was offered a coaching role . Trundle subsequently refused the role . Neath . In July 2010 , Trundle returned to the Welsh Premier League with Neath , making his debut for the club on the opening day of the 2010–11 season in a 2–1 defeat to Bangor City . Neath were wound up at the end of the 2011–12 season due to ongoing financial problems , leaving Trundle without a club . Preston North End . On 20 July 2012 , Trundle signed a one-year deal with Preston North End . Trundle had impressed on trial at Deepdale after being invited to join up with the club for pre-season training . The 35-year-old featured for North End in their pre-season friendlies against Southport and Chorley and scored a superb solo goal in the draw against Chorley . However , shortly after signing for the Lilywhites , it was announced he had suffered a knee injury which manager Graham Westley believed would keep Trundle out for around 4 months . On 1 December , he appeared on the bench for a Second Round FA Cup tie at home against Gillingham , and he came off the bench in injury time during the 2–0 win for the Lilywhites . He left Preston on 8 February through a mutual termination of his contract . Chester . It was announced on 18 February 2013 that the 36-year-old signed for Conference North side Chester until the end of the 2012–2013 season . Marine . On 28 March 2013 , Northern Premier League side Marine confirmed that they had completed the signing of Trundle for an undisclosed fee . On 30 March 2013 he scored on his debut on against Nantwich Town . Trundle left Marine and retired from competitive football at the end of the season . Llanelli Town . On 21 August 2016 , Trundle came out of retirement to sign for Welsh Football League Division Two club Llanelli Town . On 27 August 2016 , he scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 3–2 win against Aberdare Town . This was the first of nine hat-tricks across the season in all competitions for the veteran striker , as Llanelli went on to lift both the Division Two title and the Welsh Football League Challenge Cup . Trundle continued his impressive form in his second season at the club , scoring 33 goals in 28 appearances across all competitions as Llanelli won the Division One title by 15 points . However , the team missed out on a double-double by losing 2–1 to third-tier Trefelin BGC in the final of the Welsh Football League Challenge Cup . Following Llanellis promotion to the Welsh Premier League , Trundle announced on Twitter that he would be leaving the club as his work commitments as club ambassador for Swansea City would prevent him from travelling to away games further afield . Haverfordwest County . On 29 May 2018 , Welsh Division One side Haverfordwest County announced that Trundle had agreed to join them for the 2018–19 season . He made his debut for the club on 18 August 2018 , scoring four goals in a 10–1 home win over Pontypridd Town . Trundle left the club in December 2018 due to work commitments , having scored 12 goals before his departure . Trefelin BGC . In December 2018 , Trundle signed for Welsh Division Three side Trefelin BGC . Trundle had previously represented Trefelins veterans team . He scored on his debut against Trethomas Bluebirds . Ammanford . In June 2019 he joined Ammanford . Coaching career . On 25 June 2013 , it was confirmed that Trundle was to return to Swansea City , to take on the role as the first official club ambassador and a coach for the 9- to 19-year-olds . Career statistics . Source : Honours . Club . Wrexham - FAW Premier Cup : 2000–01 , 2002–03 Swansea City - Football League Trophy : 2005–06 - FAW Premier Cup : 2004–05 , 2005–06 Llanelli Town - Welsh Football League Division One : 2017–18 - Welsh Football League Division Two : 2016–17 - Welsh Football League Challenge Cup : 2016–17 Personal life . Trundle has been an Everton fan since he was a child . In March 2007 , Trundle moved in with pop singer and Atomic Kitten star Liz McClarnon . The couple split in November 2007 . Trundle also performed Let it Snow for Prestons 2012 Christmas light switch on , before turning on the lights alongside singers , Matt Cardle and Russell Watson . External links . - Welsh Premier profile
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[
"Wrexham"
] |
hard
|
Lee Trundle played for which team between Apr 2001 and Nov 2002?
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/wiki/Lee_Trundle#P54#3
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Lee Trundle Lee Christopher Trundle ( born 10 October 1976 ) is an English footballer who plays as a striker for Cymru South side Ammanford . He also works as the club ambassador and youth team coach for Championship side Swansea City . Trundles career began in the English non-league system , where he played for Burscough , Chorley , Stalybridge Celtic , Southport and Bamber Bridge , before signing for Welsh Premier League side Rhyl . He managed to net 15 goals in 18 matches for Rhyl , and his performances earned him a move to Football League side Wrexham in 2001 . Trundle made a name for himself in professional football during a four-year spell for Swansea City , where he scored 78 goals in 146 appearances between 2003 and 2007 . In July 2007 , he left Swansea and signed with Bristol City , though he only scored 8 times in 3 seasons and was loaned out to both Leeds United and back to Swansea . In 2010 , following his release from Bristol City , Trundle returned to the top tier of Welsh football and signed for Neath . He spent two years with the club , scoring 26 goals in 59 matches , but found himself a free agent once more when Neath were liquidated in 2012 . In a surprise move , Trundle rejoined the Football League in the summer of 2012 at the age of 35 , signing for League One side Preston North End . However , a lengthy injury saw him lose out on a first team position , and he left Preston in February 2013 through a mutual termination of his contract . Stints with non-league clubs Chester and Marine followed before Trundle retired from football at the age of 36 . However , in August 2016 , he came out of retirement to sign for Welsh Division Two club Llanelli Town , scoring 86 goals in 59 appearances during back-to-back promotions . In May 2018 , Trundle signed for Welsh Division One side Haverfordwest County on a week-by-week basis . Early life . Born in Liverpool , Merseyside , Trundle attended St Edmund of Canterbury Catholic High School in Huyton . Playing career . Early career . Trundle was a late entrant into professional and league football , playing for non-league teams Burscough , Stalybridge Celtic , Southport , Bamber Bridge and Chorley before joining Welsh Premier League club Rhyl in 2000 . Wrexham . Within six months , he had been snapped up by Brian Flynn to play for Wrexham where he played 78 matches ( plus a further 24 as substitute ) in all competitions and scored 30 goals in a little over two years . A goalscoring account which was started by a bicycle kick to start a second half comeback from 2–0 which culminated in a 3–2 victory for Wrexham against Walsall on 24 February 2001 . Swansea City . In the summer of 2003 , Trundle received a free transfer and moved south to link up with Flynn who had now become manager of Swansea City . He instantly became a North Bank favourite with his goalscoring exploits and extraordinary tricks , scoring on his debut at the Vetch against Bury , and netting his first hat-trick for the club in the following match at Cheltenham , becoming the last of the three Swansea players who scored hat-tricks in three consecutive league matches , the only time this has happened for the club . Trundle scored 78 goals in 146 appearances for Swansea , making it by far the most prolific period of his career . In his time at Swansea , Trundle became a minor celebrity in the match , with his extrovert displays of skill ( or showboating ) bringing him to national attention via the Soccer AM television show on Sky Sports . Tim Lovejoy revealed in his autobiography that Trundle himself regularly contacted the show with footage of himself in action . In October 2005 , he was the subject of a £750,000 transfer bid by Sheffield Wednesday which Swansea rejected . Days later , he signed an image rights contract with his club which offered a portion of revenues from merchandise featuring his image . He was believed to be the first player outside the Premier League to do so . Bristol City . Despite the best efforts of Swansea City , Trundle agreed to sign for Bristol City on 27 July 2007 , although the deal was not officially completed until 30 July due to an administrative error . He was given permission by Swansea and the Welsh FA to play in Bristol Citys pre-season friendly against Yeovil Town before he officially completed the deal , scoring and providing an assist in a 2–2 draw at Ashton Gate . It is believed Bristol City made four offers for the striker . Their final offer of £1,000,000 was accepted after Trundle handed in a transfer request . Trundle scored his first goals , a brace , for Bristol City against Scunthorpe on 25 August 2007 . Leeds United . Trundle joined Leeds United on a one-month loan on 9 January 2009 and was allocated the number 35 shirt . Former Swansea teammate Andy Robinson played a big part in recommending Leeds to Trundle . He made his debut for Leeds as a second-half substitute in the 2–0 loss to Carlisle United at Elland Road . He scored his only goal for the club on his first starting appearance , in a 2–0 win at Brighton on 17 January . Leeds extended Trundles stay at Elland Road for a further month , but his loan expired on 10 March 2009 and he returned to Bristol City . Return to Swansea . On 27 August 2009 , Trundle joined his former club Swansea City on loan until 1 January 2010 and this was later extended till the end of the season . Trundle played 20 league games and scored five goals in just two starts . Since Trundle rejoined Swansea , he failed to play a full 90 minutes . Trundle made no secret that he wanted to earn a permanent deal and wanted to end his career at Swansea City . He was not offered a playing contract by the club but was offered a coaching role . Trundle subsequently refused the role . Neath . In July 2010 , Trundle returned to the Welsh Premier League with Neath , making his debut for the club on the opening day of the 2010–11 season in a 2–1 defeat to Bangor City . Neath were wound up at the end of the 2011–12 season due to ongoing financial problems , leaving Trundle without a club . Preston North End . On 20 July 2012 , Trundle signed a one-year deal with Preston North End . Trundle had impressed on trial at Deepdale after being invited to join up with the club for pre-season training . The 35-year-old featured for North End in their pre-season friendlies against Southport and Chorley and scored a superb solo goal in the draw against Chorley . However , shortly after signing for the Lilywhites , it was announced he had suffered a knee injury which manager Graham Westley believed would keep Trundle out for around 4 months . On 1 December , he appeared on the bench for a Second Round FA Cup tie at home against Gillingham , and he came off the bench in injury time during the 2–0 win for the Lilywhites . He left Preston on 8 February through a mutual termination of his contract . Chester . It was announced on 18 February 2013 that the 36-year-old signed for Conference North side Chester until the end of the 2012–2013 season . Marine . On 28 March 2013 , Northern Premier League side Marine confirmed that they had completed the signing of Trundle for an undisclosed fee . On 30 March 2013 he scored on his debut on against Nantwich Town . Trundle left Marine and retired from competitive football at the end of the season . Llanelli Town . On 21 August 2016 , Trundle came out of retirement to sign for Welsh Football League Division Two club Llanelli Town . On 27 August 2016 , he scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 3–2 win against Aberdare Town . This was the first of nine hat-tricks across the season in all competitions for the veteran striker , as Llanelli went on to lift both the Division Two title and the Welsh Football League Challenge Cup . Trundle continued his impressive form in his second season at the club , scoring 33 goals in 28 appearances across all competitions as Llanelli won the Division One title by 15 points . However , the team missed out on a double-double by losing 2–1 to third-tier Trefelin BGC in the final of the Welsh Football League Challenge Cup . Following Llanellis promotion to the Welsh Premier League , Trundle announced on Twitter that he would be leaving the club as his work commitments as club ambassador for Swansea City would prevent him from travelling to away games further afield . Haverfordwest County . On 29 May 2018 , Welsh Division One side Haverfordwest County announced that Trundle had agreed to join them for the 2018–19 season . He made his debut for the club on 18 August 2018 , scoring four goals in a 10–1 home win over Pontypridd Town . Trundle left the club in December 2018 due to work commitments , having scored 12 goals before his departure . Trefelin BGC . In December 2018 , Trundle signed for Welsh Division Three side Trefelin BGC . Trundle had previously represented Trefelins veterans team . He scored on his debut against Trethomas Bluebirds . Ammanford . In June 2019 he joined Ammanford . Coaching career . On 25 June 2013 , it was confirmed that Trundle was to return to Swansea City , to take on the role as the first official club ambassador and a coach for the 9- to 19-year-olds . Career statistics . Source : Honours . Club . Wrexham - FAW Premier Cup : 2000–01 , 2002–03 Swansea City - Football League Trophy : 2005–06 - FAW Premier Cup : 2004–05 , 2005–06 Llanelli Town - Welsh Football League Division One : 2017–18 - Welsh Football League Division Two : 2016–17 - Welsh Football League Challenge Cup : 2016–17 Personal life . Trundle has been an Everton fan since he was a child . In March 2007 , Trundle moved in with pop singer and Atomic Kitten star Liz McClarnon . The couple split in November 2007 . Trundle also performed Let it Snow for Prestons 2012 Christmas light switch on , before turning on the lights alongside singers , Matt Cardle and Russell Watson . External links . - Welsh Premier profile
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[
"Swansea City"
] |
hard
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Lee Trundle played for which team in Dec 2003?
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/wiki/Lee_Trundle#P54#4
|
Lee Trundle Lee Christopher Trundle ( born 10 October 1976 ) is an English footballer who plays as a striker for Cymru South side Ammanford . He also works as the club ambassador and youth team coach for Championship side Swansea City . Trundles career began in the English non-league system , where he played for Burscough , Chorley , Stalybridge Celtic , Southport and Bamber Bridge , before signing for Welsh Premier League side Rhyl . He managed to net 15 goals in 18 matches for Rhyl , and his performances earned him a move to Football League side Wrexham in 2001 . Trundle made a name for himself in professional football during a four-year spell for Swansea City , where he scored 78 goals in 146 appearances between 2003 and 2007 . In July 2007 , he left Swansea and signed with Bristol City , though he only scored 8 times in 3 seasons and was loaned out to both Leeds United and back to Swansea . In 2010 , following his release from Bristol City , Trundle returned to the top tier of Welsh football and signed for Neath . He spent two years with the club , scoring 26 goals in 59 matches , but found himself a free agent once more when Neath were liquidated in 2012 . In a surprise move , Trundle rejoined the Football League in the summer of 2012 at the age of 35 , signing for League One side Preston North End . However , a lengthy injury saw him lose out on a first team position , and he left Preston in February 2013 through a mutual termination of his contract . Stints with non-league clubs Chester and Marine followed before Trundle retired from football at the age of 36 . However , in August 2016 , he came out of retirement to sign for Welsh Division Two club Llanelli Town , scoring 86 goals in 59 appearances during back-to-back promotions . In May 2018 , Trundle signed for Welsh Division One side Haverfordwest County on a week-by-week basis . Early life . Born in Liverpool , Merseyside , Trundle attended St Edmund of Canterbury Catholic High School in Huyton . Playing career . Early career . Trundle was a late entrant into professional and league football , playing for non-league teams Burscough , Stalybridge Celtic , Southport , Bamber Bridge and Chorley before joining Welsh Premier League club Rhyl in 2000 . Wrexham . Within six months , he had been snapped up by Brian Flynn to play for Wrexham where he played 78 matches ( plus a further 24 as substitute ) in all competitions and scored 30 goals in a little over two years . A goalscoring account which was started by a bicycle kick to start a second half comeback from 2–0 which culminated in a 3–2 victory for Wrexham against Walsall on 24 February 2001 . Swansea City . In the summer of 2003 , Trundle received a free transfer and moved south to link up with Flynn who had now become manager of Swansea City . He instantly became a North Bank favourite with his goalscoring exploits and extraordinary tricks , scoring on his debut at the Vetch against Bury , and netting his first hat-trick for the club in the following match at Cheltenham , becoming the last of the three Swansea players who scored hat-tricks in three consecutive league matches , the only time this has happened for the club . Trundle scored 78 goals in 146 appearances for Swansea , making it by far the most prolific period of his career . In his time at Swansea , Trundle became a minor celebrity in the match , with his extrovert displays of skill ( or showboating ) bringing him to national attention via the Soccer AM television show on Sky Sports . Tim Lovejoy revealed in his autobiography that Trundle himself regularly contacted the show with footage of himself in action . In October 2005 , he was the subject of a £750,000 transfer bid by Sheffield Wednesday which Swansea rejected . Days later , he signed an image rights contract with his club which offered a portion of revenues from merchandise featuring his image . He was believed to be the first player outside the Premier League to do so . Bristol City . Despite the best efforts of Swansea City , Trundle agreed to sign for Bristol City on 27 July 2007 , although the deal was not officially completed until 30 July due to an administrative error . He was given permission by Swansea and the Welsh FA to play in Bristol Citys pre-season friendly against Yeovil Town before he officially completed the deal , scoring and providing an assist in a 2–2 draw at Ashton Gate . It is believed Bristol City made four offers for the striker . Their final offer of £1,000,000 was accepted after Trundle handed in a transfer request . Trundle scored his first goals , a brace , for Bristol City against Scunthorpe on 25 August 2007 . Leeds United . Trundle joined Leeds United on a one-month loan on 9 January 2009 and was allocated the number 35 shirt . Former Swansea teammate Andy Robinson played a big part in recommending Leeds to Trundle . He made his debut for Leeds as a second-half substitute in the 2–0 loss to Carlisle United at Elland Road . He scored his only goal for the club on his first starting appearance , in a 2–0 win at Brighton on 17 January . Leeds extended Trundles stay at Elland Road for a further month , but his loan expired on 10 March 2009 and he returned to Bristol City . Return to Swansea . On 27 August 2009 , Trundle joined his former club Swansea City on loan until 1 January 2010 and this was later extended till the end of the season . Trundle played 20 league games and scored five goals in just two starts . Since Trundle rejoined Swansea , he failed to play a full 90 minutes . Trundle made no secret that he wanted to earn a permanent deal and wanted to end his career at Swansea City . He was not offered a playing contract by the club but was offered a coaching role . Trundle subsequently refused the role . Neath . In July 2010 , Trundle returned to the Welsh Premier League with Neath , making his debut for the club on the opening day of the 2010–11 season in a 2–1 defeat to Bangor City . Neath were wound up at the end of the 2011–12 season due to ongoing financial problems , leaving Trundle without a club . Preston North End . On 20 July 2012 , Trundle signed a one-year deal with Preston North End . Trundle had impressed on trial at Deepdale after being invited to join up with the club for pre-season training . The 35-year-old featured for North End in their pre-season friendlies against Southport and Chorley and scored a superb solo goal in the draw against Chorley . However , shortly after signing for the Lilywhites , it was announced he had suffered a knee injury which manager Graham Westley believed would keep Trundle out for around 4 months . On 1 December , he appeared on the bench for a Second Round FA Cup tie at home against Gillingham , and he came off the bench in injury time during the 2–0 win for the Lilywhites . He left Preston on 8 February through a mutual termination of his contract . Chester . It was announced on 18 February 2013 that the 36-year-old signed for Conference North side Chester until the end of the 2012–2013 season . Marine . On 28 March 2013 , Northern Premier League side Marine confirmed that they had completed the signing of Trundle for an undisclosed fee . On 30 March 2013 he scored on his debut on against Nantwich Town . Trundle left Marine and retired from competitive football at the end of the season . Llanelli Town . On 21 August 2016 , Trundle came out of retirement to sign for Welsh Football League Division Two club Llanelli Town . On 27 August 2016 , he scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 3–2 win against Aberdare Town . This was the first of nine hat-tricks across the season in all competitions for the veteran striker , as Llanelli went on to lift both the Division Two title and the Welsh Football League Challenge Cup . Trundle continued his impressive form in his second season at the club , scoring 33 goals in 28 appearances across all competitions as Llanelli won the Division One title by 15 points . However , the team missed out on a double-double by losing 2–1 to third-tier Trefelin BGC in the final of the Welsh Football League Challenge Cup . Following Llanellis promotion to the Welsh Premier League , Trundle announced on Twitter that he would be leaving the club as his work commitments as club ambassador for Swansea City would prevent him from travelling to away games further afield . Haverfordwest County . On 29 May 2018 , Welsh Division One side Haverfordwest County announced that Trundle had agreed to join them for the 2018–19 season . He made his debut for the club on 18 August 2018 , scoring four goals in a 10–1 home win over Pontypridd Town . Trundle left the club in December 2018 due to work commitments , having scored 12 goals before his departure . Trefelin BGC . In December 2018 , Trundle signed for Welsh Division Three side Trefelin BGC . Trundle had previously represented Trefelins veterans team . He scored on his debut against Trethomas Bluebirds . Ammanford . In June 2019 he joined Ammanford . Coaching career . On 25 June 2013 , it was confirmed that Trundle was to return to Swansea City , to take on the role as the first official club ambassador and a coach for the 9- to 19-year-olds . Career statistics . Source : Honours . Club . Wrexham - FAW Premier Cup : 2000–01 , 2002–03 Swansea City - Football League Trophy : 2005–06 - FAW Premier Cup : 2004–05 , 2005–06 Llanelli Town - Welsh Football League Division One : 2017–18 - Welsh Football League Division Two : 2016–17 - Welsh Football League Challenge Cup : 2016–17 Personal life . Trundle has been an Everton fan since he was a child . In March 2007 , Trundle moved in with pop singer and Atomic Kitten star Liz McClarnon . The couple split in November 2007 . Trundle also performed Let it Snow for Prestons 2012 Christmas light switch on , before turning on the lights alongside singers , Matt Cardle and Russell Watson . External links . - Welsh Premier profile
|
[
"Neath"
] |
hard
|
Lee Trundle played for which team in Feb 2010?
|
/wiki/Lee_Trundle#P54#5
|
Lee Trundle Lee Christopher Trundle ( born 10 October 1976 ) is an English footballer who plays as a striker for Cymru South side Ammanford . He also works as the club ambassador and youth team coach for Championship side Swansea City . Trundles career began in the English non-league system , where he played for Burscough , Chorley , Stalybridge Celtic , Southport and Bamber Bridge , before signing for Welsh Premier League side Rhyl . He managed to net 15 goals in 18 matches for Rhyl , and his performances earned him a move to Football League side Wrexham in 2001 . Trundle made a name for himself in professional football during a four-year spell for Swansea City , where he scored 78 goals in 146 appearances between 2003 and 2007 . In July 2007 , he left Swansea and signed with Bristol City , though he only scored 8 times in 3 seasons and was loaned out to both Leeds United and back to Swansea . In 2010 , following his release from Bristol City , Trundle returned to the top tier of Welsh football and signed for Neath . He spent two years with the club , scoring 26 goals in 59 matches , but found himself a free agent once more when Neath were liquidated in 2012 . In a surprise move , Trundle rejoined the Football League in the summer of 2012 at the age of 35 , signing for League One side Preston North End . However , a lengthy injury saw him lose out on a first team position , and he left Preston in February 2013 through a mutual termination of his contract . Stints with non-league clubs Chester and Marine followed before Trundle retired from football at the age of 36 . However , in August 2016 , he came out of retirement to sign for Welsh Division Two club Llanelli Town , scoring 86 goals in 59 appearances during back-to-back promotions . In May 2018 , Trundle signed for Welsh Division One side Haverfordwest County on a week-by-week basis . Early life . Born in Liverpool , Merseyside , Trundle attended St Edmund of Canterbury Catholic High School in Huyton . Playing career . Early career . Trundle was a late entrant into professional and league football , playing for non-league teams Burscough , Stalybridge Celtic , Southport , Bamber Bridge and Chorley before joining Welsh Premier League club Rhyl in 2000 . Wrexham . Within six months , he had been snapped up by Brian Flynn to play for Wrexham where he played 78 matches ( plus a further 24 as substitute ) in all competitions and scored 30 goals in a little over two years . A goalscoring account which was started by a bicycle kick to start a second half comeback from 2–0 which culminated in a 3–2 victory for Wrexham against Walsall on 24 February 2001 . Swansea City . In the summer of 2003 , Trundle received a free transfer and moved south to link up with Flynn who had now become manager of Swansea City . He instantly became a North Bank favourite with his goalscoring exploits and extraordinary tricks , scoring on his debut at the Vetch against Bury , and netting his first hat-trick for the club in the following match at Cheltenham , becoming the last of the three Swansea players who scored hat-tricks in three consecutive league matches , the only time this has happened for the club . Trundle scored 78 goals in 146 appearances for Swansea , making it by far the most prolific period of his career . In his time at Swansea , Trundle became a minor celebrity in the match , with his extrovert displays of skill ( or showboating ) bringing him to national attention via the Soccer AM television show on Sky Sports . Tim Lovejoy revealed in his autobiography that Trundle himself regularly contacted the show with footage of himself in action . In October 2005 , he was the subject of a £750,000 transfer bid by Sheffield Wednesday which Swansea rejected . Days later , he signed an image rights contract with his club which offered a portion of revenues from merchandise featuring his image . He was believed to be the first player outside the Premier League to do so . Bristol City . Despite the best efforts of Swansea City , Trundle agreed to sign for Bristol City on 27 July 2007 , although the deal was not officially completed until 30 July due to an administrative error . He was given permission by Swansea and the Welsh FA to play in Bristol Citys pre-season friendly against Yeovil Town before he officially completed the deal , scoring and providing an assist in a 2–2 draw at Ashton Gate . It is believed Bristol City made four offers for the striker . Their final offer of £1,000,000 was accepted after Trundle handed in a transfer request . Trundle scored his first goals , a brace , for Bristol City against Scunthorpe on 25 August 2007 . Leeds United . Trundle joined Leeds United on a one-month loan on 9 January 2009 and was allocated the number 35 shirt . Former Swansea teammate Andy Robinson played a big part in recommending Leeds to Trundle . He made his debut for Leeds as a second-half substitute in the 2–0 loss to Carlisle United at Elland Road . He scored his only goal for the club on his first starting appearance , in a 2–0 win at Brighton on 17 January . Leeds extended Trundles stay at Elland Road for a further month , but his loan expired on 10 March 2009 and he returned to Bristol City . Return to Swansea . On 27 August 2009 , Trundle joined his former club Swansea City on loan until 1 January 2010 and this was later extended till the end of the season . Trundle played 20 league games and scored five goals in just two starts . Since Trundle rejoined Swansea , he failed to play a full 90 minutes . Trundle made no secret that he wanted to earn a permanent deal and wanted to end his career at Swansea City . He was not offered a playing contract by the club but was offered a coaching role . Trundle subsequently refused the role . Neath . In July 2010 , Trundle returned to the Welsh Premier League with Neath , making his debut for the club on the opening day of the 2010–11 season in a 2–1 defeat to Bangor City . Neath were wound up at the end of the 2011–12 season due to ongoing financial problems , leaving Trundle without a club . Preston North End . On 20 July 2012 , Trundle signed a one-year deal with Preston North End . Trundle had impressed on trial at Deepdale after being invited to join up with the club for pre-season training . The 35-year-old featured for North End in their pre-season friendlies against Southport and Chorley and scored a superb solo goal in the draw against Chorley . However , shortly after signing for the Lilywhites , it was announced he had suffered a knee injury which manager Graham Westley believed would keep Trundle out for around 4 months . On 1 December , he appeared on the bench for a Second Round FA Cup tie at home against Gillingham , and he came off the bench in injury time during the 2–0 win for the Lilywhites . He left Preston on 8 February through a mutual termination of his contract . Chester . It was announced on 18 February 2013 that the 36-year-old signed for Conference North side Chester until the end of the 2012–2013 season . Marine . On 28 March 2013 , Northern Premier League side Marine confirmed that they had completed the signing of Trundle for an undisclosed fee . On 30 March 2013 he scored on his debut on against Nantwich Town . Trundle left Marine and retired from competitive football at the end of the season . Llanelli Town . On 21 August 2016 , Trundle came out of retirement to sign for Welsh Football League Division Two club Llanelli Town . On 27 August 2016 , he scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 3–2 win against Aberdare Town . This was the first of nine hat-tricks across the season in all competitions for the veteran striker , as Llanelli went on to lift both the Division Two title and the Welsh Football League Challenge Cup . Trundle continued his impressive form in his second season at the club , scoring 33 goals in 28 appearances across all competitions as Llanelli won the Division One title by 15 points . However , the team missed out on a double-double by losing 2–1 to third-tier Trefelin BGC in the final of the Welsh Football League Challenge Cup . Following Llanellis promotion to the Welsh Premier League , Trundle announced on Twitter that he would be leaving the club as his work commitments as club ambassador for Swansea City would prevent him from travelling to away games further afield . Haverfordwest County . On 29 May 2018 , Welsh Division One side Haverfordwest County announced that Trundle had agreed to join them for the 2018–19 season . He made his debut for the club on 18 August 2018 , scoring four goals in a 10–1 home win over Pontypridd Town . Trundle left the club in December 2018 due to work commitments , having scored 12 goals before his departure . Trefelin BGC . In December 2018 , Trundle signed for Welsh Division Three side Trefelin BGC . Trundle had previously represented Trefelins veterans team . He scored on his debut against Trethomas Bluebirds . Ammanford . In June 2019 he joined Ammanford . Coaching career . On 25 June 2013 , it was confirmed that Trundle was to return to Swansea City , to take on the role as the first official club ambassador and a coach for the 9- to 19-year-olds . Career statistics . Source : Honours . Club . Wrexham - FAW Premier Cup : 2000–01 , 2002–03 Swansea City - Football League Trophy : 2005–06 - FAW Premier Cup : 2004–05 , 2005–06 Llanelli Town - Welsh Football League Division One : 2017–18 - Welsh Football League Division Two : 2016–17 - Welsh Football League Challenge Cup : 2016–17 Personal life . Trundle has been an Everton fan since he was a child . In March 2007 , Trundle moved in with pop singer and Atomic Kitten star Liz McClarnon . The couple split in November 2007 . Trundle also performed Let it Snow for Prestons 2012 Christmas light switch on , before turning on the lights alongside singers , Matt Cardle and Russell Watson . External links . - Welsh Premier profile
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[
"Preston North End"
] |
hard
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Lee Trundle played for which team between Jan 2012 and Dec 2012?
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/wiki/Lee_Trundle#P54#6
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Lee Trundle Lee Christopher Trundle ( born 10 October 1976 ) is an English footballer who plays as a striker for Cymru South side Ammanford . He also works as the club ambassador and youth team coach for Championship side Swansea City . Trundles career began in the English non-league system , where he played for Burscough , Chorley , Stalybridge Celtic , Southport and Bamber Bridge , before signing for Welsh Premier League side Rhyl . He managed to net 15 goals in 18 matches for Rhyl , and his performances earned him a move to Football League side Wrexham in 2001 . Trundle made a name for himself in professional football during a four-year spell for Swansea City , where he scored 78 goals in 146 appearances between 2003 and 2007 . In July 2007 , he left Swansea and signed with Bristol City , though he only scored 8 times in 3 seasons and was loaned out to both Leeds United and back to Swansea . In 2010 , following his release from Bristol City , Trundle returned to the top tier of Welsh football and signed for Neath . He spent two years with the club , scoring 26 goals in 59 matches , but found himself a free agent once more when Neath were liquidated in 2012 . In a surprise move , Trundle rejoined the Football League in the summer of 2012 at the age of 35 , signing for League One side Preston North End . However , a lengthy injury saw him lose out on a first team position , and he left Preston in February 2013 through a mutual termination of his contract . Stints with non-league clubs Chester and Marine followed before Trundle retired from football at the age of 36 . However , in August 2016 , he came out of retirement to sign for Welsh Division Two club Llanelli Town , scoring 86 goals in 59 appearances during back-to-back promotions . In May 2018 , Trundle signed for Welsh Division One side Haverfordwest County on a week-by-week basis . Early life . Born in Liverpool , Merseyside , Trundle attended St Edmund of Canterbury Catholic High School in Huyton . Playing career . Early career . Trundle was a late entrant into professional and league football , playing for non-league teams Burscough , Stalybridge Celtic , Southport , Bamber Bridge and Chorley before joining Welsh Premier League club Rhyl in 2000 . Wrexham . Within six months , he had been snapped up by Brian Flynn to play for Wrexham where he played 78 matches ( plus a further 24 as substitute ) in all competitions and scored 30 goals in a little over two years . A goalscoring account which was started by a bicycle kick to start a second half comeback from 2–0 which culminated in a 3–2 victory for Wrexham against Walsall on 24 February 2001 . Swansea City . In the summer of 2003 , Trundle received a free transfer and moved south to link up with Flynn who had now become manager of Swansea City . He instantly became a North Bank favourite with his goalscoring exploits and extraordinary tricks , scoring on his debut at the Vetch against Bury , and netting his first hat-trick for the club in the following match at Cheltenham , becoming the last of the three Swansea players who scored hat-tricks in three consecutive league matches , the only time this has happened for the club . Trundle scored 78 goals in 146 appearances for Swansea , making it by far the most prolific period of his career . In his time at Swansea , Trundle became a minor celebrity in the match , with his extrovert displays of skill ( or showboating ) bringing him to national attention via the Soccer AM television show on Sky Sports . Tim Lovejoy revealed in his autobiography that Trundle himself regularly contacted the show with footage of himself in action . In October 2005 , he was the subject of a £750,000 transfer bid by Sheffield Wednesday which Swansea rejected . Days later , he signed an image rights contract with his club which offered a portion of revenues from merchandise featuring his image . He was believed to be the first player outside the Premier League to do so . Bristol City . Despite the best efforts of Swansea City , Trundle agreed to sign for Bristol City on 27 July 2007 , although the deal was not officially completed until 30 July due to an administrative error . He was given permission by Swansea and the Welsh FA to play in Bristol Citys pre-season friendly against Yeovil Town before he officially completed the deal , scoring and providing an assist in a 2–2 draw at Ashton Gate . It is believed Bristol City made four offers for the striker . Their final offer of £1,000,000 was accepted after Trundle handed in a transfer request . Trundle scored his first goals , a brace , for Bristol City against Scunthorpe on 25 August 2007 . Leeds United . Trundle joined Leeds United on a one-month loan on 9 January 2009 and was allocated the number 35 shirt . Former Swansea teammate Andy Robinson played a big part in recommending Leeds to Trundle . He made his debut for Leeds as a second-half substitute in the 2–0 loss to Carlisle United at Elland Road . He scored his only goal for the club on his first starting appearance , in a 2–0 win at Brighton on 17 January . Leeds extended Trundles stay at Elland Road for a further month , but his loan expired on 10 March 2009 and he returned to Bristol City . Return to Swansea . On 27 August 2009 , Trundle joined his former club Swansea City on loan until 1 January 2010 and this was later extended till the end of the season . Trundle played 20 league games and scored five goals in just two starts . Since Trundle rejoined Swansea , he failed to play a full 90 minutes . Trundle made no secret that he wanted to earn a permanent deal and wanted to end his career at Swansea City . He was not offered a playing contract by the club but was offered a coaching role . Trundle subsequently refused the role . Neath . In July 2010 , Trundle returned to the Welsh Premier League with Neath , making his debut for the club on the opening day of the 2010–11 season in a 2–1 defeat to Bangor City . Neath were wound up at the end of the 2011–12 season due to ongoing financial problems , leaving Trundle without a club . Preston North End . On 20 July 2012 , Trundle signed a one-year deal with Preston North End . Trundle had impressed on trial at Deepdale after being invited to join up with the club for pre-season training . The 35-year-old featured for North End in their pre-season friendlies against Southport and Chorley and scored a superb solo goal in the draw against Chorley . However , shortly after signing for the Lilywhites , it was announced he had suffered a knee injury which manager Graham Westley believed would keep Trundle out for around 4 months . On 1 December , he appeared on the bench for a Second Round FA Cup tie at home against Gillingham , and he came off the bench in injury time during the 2–0 win for the Lilywhites . He left Preston on 8 February through a mutual termination of his contract . Chester . It was announced on 18 February 2013 that the 36-year-old signed for Conference North side Chester until the end of the 2012–2013 season . Marine . On 28 March 2013 , Northern Premier League side Marine confirmed that they had completed the signing of Trundle for an undisclosed fee . On 30 March 2013 he scored on his debut on against Nantwich Town . Trundle left Marine and retired from competitive football at the end of the season . Llanelli Town . On 21 August 2016 , Trundle came out of retirement to sign for Welsh Football League Division Two club Llanelli Town . On 27 August 2016 , he scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 3–2 win against Aberdare Town . This was the first of nine hat-tricks across the season in all competitions for the veteran striker , as Llanelli went on to lift both the Division Two title and the Welsh Football League Challenge Cup . Trundle continued his impressive form in his second season at the club , scoring 33 goals in 28 appearances across all competitions as Llanelli won the Division One title by 15 points . However , the team missed out on a double-double by losing 2–1 to third-tier Trefelin BGC in the final of the Welsh Football League Challenge Cup . Following Llanellis promotion to the Welsh Premier League , Trundle announced on Twitter that he would be leaving the club as his work commitments as club ambassador for Swansea City would prevent him from travelling to away games further afield . Haverfordwest County . On 29 May 2018 , Welsh Division One side Haverfordwest County announced that Trundle had agreed to join them for the 2018–19 season . He made his debut for the club on 18 August 2018 , scoring four goals in a 10–1 home win over Pontypridd Town . Trundle left the club in December 2018 due to work commitments , having scored 12 goals before his departure . Trefelin BGC . In December 2018 , Trundle signed for Welsh Division Three side Trefelin BGC . Trundle had previously represented Trefelins veterans team . He scored on his debut against Trethomas Bluebirds . Ammanford . In June 2019 he joined Ammanford . Coaching career . On 25 June 2013 , it was confirmed that Trundle was to return to Swansea City , to take on the role as the first official club ambassador and a coach for the 9- to 19-year-olds . Career statistics . Source : Honours . Club . Wrexham - FAW Premier Cup : 2000–01 , 2002–03 Swansea City - Football League Trophy : 2005–06 - FAW Premier Cup : 2004–05 , 2005–06 Llanelli Town - Welsh Football League Division One : 2017–18 - Welsh Football League Division Two : 2016–17 - Welsh Football League Challenge Cup : 2016–17 Personal life . Trundle has been an Everton fan since he was a child . In March 2007 , Trundle moved in with pop singer and Atomic Kitten star Liz McClarnon . The couple split in November 2007 . Trundle also performed Let it Snow for Prestons 2012 Christmas light switch on , before turning on the lights alongside singers , Matt Cardle and Russell Watson . External links . - Welsh Premier profile
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[
"Lieutenant Governor"
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What position did David B. Hill take in Jun 1884?
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/wiki/David_B._Hill#P39#0
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David B . Hill David Bennett Hill ( August 29 , 1843October 20 , 1910 ) was an American politician from New York who was the 29th Governor of New York from 1885 to 1891 and represented New York in the United States Senate from 1892 to 1897 . In 1892 , he made an unsuccessful bid for President on a platform of bimetallism , but lost the nomination to Grover Cleveland , his longtime political rival and former running mate . Early life and career . David B . Hill was born on August 29 , 1843 in Havana , New York . He was educated locally , studied law , and began a practice in Elmira in 1864 . In 1864 , he was named Elmira City Attorney . Hill represented Chemung County in the New York State Assembly in 1871 and 1872 . Hill was elected an alderman of Elmira in 1880 , Mayor of Elmira in 1882 , and was President of the New York State Bar Association from 1886 to 1887 . Hill served as Lieutenant Governor from 1883 to 1885 , elected in 1882 on the ticket with Governor Grover Cleveland . Governor of New York . Hill became governor in 1885 , when Cleveland resigned to take office as President of the United States . Hill won election to the office of governor in his own right in 1885 and 1888 . While Cleveland had publicly advocated for civil service reform , Hill embraced the role of patronage in politics and built up a strong following . During Hills tenure as governor , the Democratic Party organization in New York polarized between those loyal to Hill and those who favored Cleveland . As governor , Hill opposed attempts to enact civil service reform and tax liquor . He supported regulation of tenement housing and labor reforms such as maximum work hours . On May 15 , 1885 , Hill signed a bill establishing a Forest Preserve of 715,000 acres that was to remain permanently as wild forest lands . This tract soon became the Adirondack Park . During his tenure as governor , William Kemmler was executed in the electric chair , the first inmate in the country ever to be put to death in this manner . On April 23 , 1889 , Hill vetoed a bill from the state legislature that would block the street construction at the Polo Grounds . He also vetoed two attempts at ballot reform by the Republican legislature . United States Senate . After the 1888 elections , which saw the defeat of Cleveland and the re-election of Hill , Hill established effective control over the state Democratic Party . Democratic gains in the 1890 elections gave the Democratic Party a majority in the legislature . The legislature elected Hill to the Senate in January 1891 , but Hill did not take the seat until January 1892 , after his term as Governor expired . In 1892 , Hill sought the Democratic nomination for President of the United States , running as a supporter of bimetallism . At the 1892 Democratic National Convention , Cleveland defeated Hill and Governor of Iowa Horace Boies on the first ballot . Cleveland went on to defeat President Benjamin Harrison in the general election . As Senator , Hill blocked President Clevelands two appointments to the U.S . Supreme Court , William B . Hornblower and Wheeler H . Peckham , both New York judges who had opposed Hills political machine . In 1894 , Hill was defeated by Republican Levi P . Morton when , as a sitting U.S senator , he ran again for governor again . In 1896 , Hill initially opposed the nomination of William Jennings Bryan for President , but supported Bryan in the general election against the Clevelandite Gold Democrats . In 1897 , Hill was defeated for re-election by Republican Thomas C . Platt . Later career and death . Hill received significant support for the vice presidential nomination at the 1900 Democratic National Convention , but the party nominated former Vice President Adlai Stevenson I . Hill served as the campaign manager of Democratic presidential nominee Alton Parker in the 1904 presidential election . Hill died at Wolferts Roost , his country home near Albany on October 20 , 1910 , from the effects of Brights Disease and heart disease . He was buried in Montour Cemetery in Mountour Falls . External links . - A Jeffersonian Governor : David Bennett Hill
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[
"Governor of New York"
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What position did David B. Hill take in late 1880s?
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/wiki/David_B._Hill#P39#1
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David B . Hill David Bennett Hill ( August 29 , 1843October 20 , 1910 ) was an American politician from New York who was the 29th Governor of New York from 1885 to 1891 and represented New York in the United States Senate from 1892 to 1897 . In 1892 , he made an unsuccessful bid for President on a platform of bimetallism , but lost the nomination to Grover Cleveland , his longtime political rival and former running mate . Early life and career . David B . Hill was born on August 29 , 1843 in Havana , New York . He was educated locally , studied law , and began a practice in Elmira in 1864 . In 1864 , he was named Elmira City Attorney . Hill represented Chemung County in the New York State Assembly in 1871 and 1872 . Hill was elected an alderman of Elmira in 1880 , Mayor of Elmira in 1882 , and was President of the New York State Bar Association from 1886 to 1887 . Hill served as Lieutenant Governor from 1883 to 1885 , elected in 1882 on the ticket with Governor Grover Cleveland . Governor of New York . Hill became governor in 1885 , when Cleveland resigned to take office as President of the United States . Hill won election to the office of governor in his own right in 1885 and 1888 . While Cleveland had publicly advocated for civil service reform , Hill embraced the role of patronage in politics and built up a strong following . During Hills tenure as governor , the Democratic Party organization in New York polarized between those loyal to Hill and those who favored Cleveland . As governor , Hill opposed attempts to enact civil service reform and tax liquor . He supported regulation of tenement housing and labor reforms such as maximum work hours . On May 15 , 1885 , Hill signed a bill establishing a Forest Preserve of 715,000 acres that was to remain permanently as wild forest lands . This tract soon became the Adirondack Park . During his tenure as governor , William Kemmler was executed in the electric chair , the first inmate in the country ever to be put to death in this manner . On April 23 , 1889 , Hill vetoed a bill from the state legislature that would block the street construction at the Polo Grounds . He also vetoed two attempts at ballot reform by the Republican legislature . United States Senate . After the 1888 elections , which saw the defeat of Cleveland and the re-election of Hill , Hill established effective control over the state Democratic Party . Democratic gains in the 1890 elections gave the Democratic Party a majority in the legislature . The legislature elected Hill to the Senate in January 1891 , but Hill did not take the seat until January 1892 , after his term as Governor expired . In 1892 , Hill sought the Democratic nomination for President of the United States , running as a supporter of bimetallism . At the 1892 Democratic National Convention , Cleveland defeated Hill and Governor of Iowa Horace Boies on the first ballot . Cleveland went on to defeat President Benjamin Harrison in the general election . As Senator , Hill blocked President Clevelands two appointments to the U.S . Supreme Court , William B . Hornblower and Wheeler H . Peckham , both New York judges who had opposed Hills political machine . In 1894 , Hill was defeated by Republican Levi P . Morton when , as a sitting U.S senator , he ran again for governor again . In 1896 , Hill initially opposed the nomination of William Jennings Bryan for President , but supported Bryan in the general election against the Clevelandite Gold Democrats . In 1897 , Hill was defeated for re-election by Republican Thomas C . Platt . Later career and death . Hill received significant support for the vice presidential nomination at the 1900 Democratic National Convention , but the party nominated former Vice President Adlai Stevenson I . Hill served as the campaign manager of Democratic presidential nominee Alton Parker in the 1904 presidential election . Hill died at Wolferts Roost , his country home near Albany on October 20 , 1910 , from the effects of Brights Disease and heart disease . He was buried in Montour Cemetery in Mountour Falls . External links . - A Jeffersonian Governor : David Bennett Hill
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[
""
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What position did David B. Hill take after Aug 1896?
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/wiki/David_B._Hill#P39#2
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David B . Hill David Bennett Hill ( August 29 , 1843October 20 , 1910 ) was an American politician from New York who was the 29th Governor of New York from 1885 to 1891 and represented New York in the United States Senate from 1892 to 1897 . In 1892 , he made an unsuccessful bid for President on a platform of bimetallism , but lost the nomination to Grover Cleveland , his longtime political rival and former running mate . Early life and career . David B . Hill was born on August 29 , 1843 in Havana , New York . He was educated locally , studied law , and began a practice in Elmira in 1864 . In 1864 , he was named Elmira City Attorney . Hill represented Chemung County in the New York State Assembly in 1871 and 1872 . Hill was elected an alderman of Elmira in 1880 , Mayor of Elmira in 1882 , and was President of the New York State Bar Association from 1886 to 1887 . Hill served as Lieutenant Governor from 1883 to 1885 , elected in 1882 on the ticket with Governor Grover Cleveland . Governor of New York . Hill became governor in 1885 , when Cleveland resigned to take office as President of the United States . Hill won election to the office of governor in his own right in 1885 and 1888 . While Cleveland had publicly advocated for civil service reform , Hill embraced the role of patronage in politics and built up a strong following . During Hills tenure as governor , the Democratic Party organization in New York polarized between those loyal to Hill and those who favored Cleveland . As governor , Hill opposed attempts to enact civil service reform and tax liquor . He supported regulation of tenement housing and labor reforms such as maximum work hours . On May 15 , 1885 , Hill signed a bill establishing a Forest Preserve of 715,000 acres that was to remain permanently as wild forest lands . This tract soon became the Adirondack Park . During his tenure as governor , William Kemmler was executed in the electric chair , the first inmate in the country ever to be put to death in this manner . On April 23 , 1889 , Hill vetoed a bill from the state legislature that would block the street construction at the Polo Grounds . He also vetoed two attempts at ballot reform by the Republican legislature . United States Senate . After the 1888 elections , which saw the defeat of Cleveland and the re-election of Hill , Hill established effective control over the state Democratic Party . Democratic gains in the 1890 elections gave the Democratic Party a majority in the legislature . The legislature elected Hill to the Senate in January 1891 , but Hill did not take the seat until January 1892 , after his term as Governor expired . In 1892 , Hill sought the Democratic nomination for President of the United States , running as a supporter of bimetallism . At the 1892 Democratic National Convention , Cleveland defeated Hill and Governor of Iowa Horace Boies on the first ballot . Cleveland went on to defeat President Benjamin Harrison in the general election . As Senator , Hill blocked President Clevelands two appointments to the U.S . Supreme Court , William B . Hornblower and Wheeler H . Peckham , both New York judges who had opposed Hills political machine . In 1894 , Hill was defeated by Republican Levi P . Morton when , as a sitting U.S senator , he ran again for governor again . In 1896 , Hill initially opposed the nomination of William Jennings Bryan for President , but supported Bryan in the general election against the Clevelandite Gold Democrats . In 1897 , Hill was defeated for re-election by Republican Thomas C . Platt . Later career and death . Hill received significant support for the vice presidential nomination at the 1900 Democratic National Convention , but the party nominated former Vice President Adlai Stevenson I . Hill served as the campaign manager of Democratic presidential nominee Alton Parker in the 1904 presidential election . Hill died at Wolferts Roost , his country home near Albany on October 20 , 1910 , from the effects of Brights Disease and heart disease . He was buried in Montour Cemetery in Mountour Falls . External links . - A Jeffersonian Governor : David Bennett Hill
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[
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What organization or association or team did Sirarpie Der Nersessian join in 1947?
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/wiki/Sirarpie_Der_Nersessian#P463#0
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Sirarpie Der Nersessian Sirarpie Der Nersessian ( 5 September 18965 July 1989 ) was an Armenian art historian , who specialized in Armenian and Byzantine studies . Der Nersessian was a renowned academic and a pioneer in Armenian art history . She taught at several institutions in the United States , including Wellesley College in Massachusetts and as Henri Focillon Professor of Art and Archaeology at Harvard University . She was a senior fellow at Dumbarton Oaks , its deputy director from 1954 to 1955 and 1961–62 and a member of its Board of Scholars . Der Nersessian was also a member of several international institutions such as the British Academy ( 1975 ) , the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres ( 1978 ) and the Armenian Academy of Sciences ( 1966 ) . Biography . Education . Der Nersessian was born the youngest of three children in Constantinople in 1896 . She came from a well-to-do family and her maternal uncle happened to be the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople , Malachia Ormanian . Her parents died while she was still young : her mother Akabi , when she was nine , and her father Mihran , when she was eighteen . She attended the Esayan Academy and the English Girls School in Constantinople , gaining fluency in Armenian , English and French at an early age . In 1915 , during the height of the Armenian genocide , Der Nersessian and her sister Arax ( by then orphans ) were forced to leave for Europe , where they took up residence in Geneva . Der Nersessian studied at the University of Geneva for several years until settling in Paris , France in 1919 . Der Nersessian was admitted to Sorbonne University , studying history at the École des Hautes Études de luniversité de Paris . She studied under the notable Byzantinologists Charles Diehl and Gabriel Millet and art historian Henri Focillon . In 1922 , she became Millets assistant , and with his help , published one of her first articles in 1929 . The two theses ( graduates students then had to submit two theses ) that she presented for her doctorat detat , Lillustration du roman de Barlaam et Joasaph and a paper on Armenian illuminated manuscripts during the late medieval period , were well-received ( earning a Mention très honorable ) , and both of them were awarded with prizes by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres and Revue des Études Grecques when they were published in 1937 . Professor and pioneer . In 1930 , Der Nersessian moved to the United States at the suggestion of her three mentors , Byzantinists Charles Rufus Morey , Albert M . Friend Jr. , and Walter Cook , becoming a part-time lecturer at Wellesley College in Massachusetts . She taught art history at Wellesley , quickly gaining a full professorship and later becoming the chairwoman of the Department of Art History and Director of Farnsworth Museum . Der Nersessian was the first woman to teach Byzantine art at a womans college , the first woman to be decorated with the medal of Saint Gregory the Illuminator by Catholicos Vazgen I in 1960 , the first woman invited to lecture at the Collège de France in Paris , the only woman in her time to gain full professorship at Dumbarton Oaks , and the second woman to be honored with a gold medal from the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1970 . In 1947 , she received the Achievement Award from the American Association of University Women . Der Nersessian remained at Dumbarton Oaks until 1978 , when she retired to France and lived with her sister in Paris . Upon retirement , she had her entire library shipped to the Matenadaran in Yerevan , so as to better help Armenian scholars in their studies . Shortly after her death in 1989 , an endowment fund for prospective art history students in Armenia , Fonds Sirarpie Der Neressian at the Institut de Recherches sur les Miniatures Arméno-Byzantines , was created in her honor . Bibliography . Der Nersessians work primarily concerned Armenian art history , including the study of church architecture , illuminated manuscripts , miniatures and sculpture . Below is a partial list of books and articles that she authored . Her 1945 book , Armenia and the Byzantine Empire , was praised by art historians David Talbot Rice , Jurgis Baltrušaitis , and Alexander Vasiliev . Vasiliev wrote in his review of the book that she is the best authority of our day on Armenian history , art , and civilization . Books . - Armenia and the Byzantine Empire . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 1945 . - Aghtamar : Church of the Holy Cross . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 1964 . - Armenian Manuscripts in the Walters Art Gallery . Baltimore : The Trustees , 1973 . - Armenian miniatures from Isfahan . Brussels : Les Editeurs d’Art Associés , 1986 . - The Armenians . New York : Praeger , 1969 . - LArt arménien . Paris : Art européen . Publications filmées dart et dhistoire , 1965 . - Lillustration du roman de Barlaam et Joasaph . Paris : de Boccard , 1937 . - Miniature Painting in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia from the Twelfth to the Fourteenth Century . Washington D.C. : Dumbarton Oaks Studies , 1993 . Articles . - The Armenian Chronicle of the Constable Smpad or of the Royal Historian . Dumbarton Oaks Papers , Vol . 13 , 1959 , pp . 141–168 . - An Armenian Gospel of the Fifteenth Century . The Boston Public Library Quarterly . 1950 , pp . 3–20 . - A General View of the Manuscripts of San Lazarro . Bazmavep . Venice , 1947 , pp . 269–272 . - Pagan and Christian Art in Egypt . An exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum . The Art Bulletin . Vol . 33 , 1941 , pp . 165–167 . - Two Miracles of the Virgin in the Poems of Gautier de Coincy . Dumbarton Oaks Papers , Vol . 41 , 1987 , pp . 157–163 . - The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia , A History of the Crusades , edited by Kenneth M . Setton , 1969 .
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[
"British Academy"
] |
hard
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What organization or association or team did Sirarpie Der Nersessian join in 1975?
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/wiki/Sirarpie_Der_Nersessian#P463#1
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Sirarpie Der Nersessian Sirarpie Der Nersessian ( 5 September 18965 July 1989 ) was an Armenian art historian , who specialized in Armenian and Byzantine studies . Der Nersessian was a renowned academic and a pioneer in Armenian art history . She taught at several institutions in the United States , including Wellesley College in Massachusetts and as Henri Focillon Professor of Art and Archaeology at Harvard University . She was a senior fellow at Dumbarton Oaks , its deputy director from 1954 to 1955 and 1961–62 and a member of its Board of Scholars . Der Nersessian was also a member of several international institutions such as the British Academy ( 1975 ) , the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres ( 1978 ) and the Armenian Academy of Sciences ( 1966 ) . Biography . Education . Der Nersessian was born the youngest of three children in Constantinople in 1896 . She came from a well-to-do family and her maternal uncle happened to be the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople , Malachia Ormanian . Her parents died while she was still young : her mother Akabi , when she was nine , and her father Mihran , when she was eighteen . She attended the Esayan Academy and the English Girls School in Constantinople , gaining fluency in Armenian , English and French at an early age . In 1915 , during the height of the Armenian genocide , Der Nersessian and her sister Arax ( by then orphans ) were forced to leave for Europe , where they took up residence in Geneva . Der Nersessian studied at the University of Geneva for several years until settling in Paris , France in 1919 . Der Nersessian was admitted to Sorbonne University , studying history at the École des Hautes Études de luniversité de Paris . She studied under the notable Byzantinologists Charles Diehl and Gabriel Millet and art historian Henri Focillon . In 1922 , she became Millets assistant , and with his help , published one of her first articles in 1929 . The two theses ( graduates students then had to submit two theses ) that she presented for her doctorat detat , Lillustration du roman de Barlaam et Joasaph and a paper on Armenian illuminated manuscripts during the late medieval period , were well-received ( earning a Mention très honorable ) , and both of them were awarded with prizes by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres and Revue des Études Grecques when they were published in 1937 . Professor and pioneer . In 1930 , Der Nersessian moved to the United States at the suggestion of her three mentors , Byzantinists Charles Rufus Morey , Albert M . Friend Jr. , and Walter Cook , becoming a part-time lecturer at Wellesley College in Massachusetts . She taught art history at Wellesley , quickly gaining a full professorship and later becoming the chairwoman of the Department of Art History and Director of Farnsworth Museum . Der Nersessian was the first woman to teach Byzantine art at a womans college , the first woman to be decorated with the medal of Saint Gregory the Illuminator by Catholicos Vazgen I in 1960 , the first woman invited to lecture at the Collège de France in Paris , the only woman in her time to gain full professorship at Dumbarton Oaks , and the second woman to be honored with a gold medal from the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1970 . In 1947 , she received the Achievement Award from the American Association of University Women . Der Nersessian remained at Dumbarton Oaks until 1978 , when she retired to France and lived with her sister in Paris . Upon retirement , she had her entire library shipped to the Matenadaran in Yerevan , so as to better help Armenian scholars in their studies . Shortly after her death in 1989 , an endowment fund for prospective art history students in Armenia , Fonds Sirarpie Der Neressian at the Institut de Recherches sur les Miniatures Arméno-Byzantines , was created in her honor . Bibliography . Der Nersessians work primarily concerned Armenian art history , including the study of church architecture , illuminated manuscripts , miniatures and sculpture . Below is a partial list of books and articles that she authored . Her 1945 book , Armenia and the Byzantine Empire , was praised by art historians David Talbot Rice , Jurgis Baltrušaitis , and Alexander Vasiliev . Vasiliev wrote in his review of the book that she is the best authority of our day on Armenian history , art , and civilization . Books . - Armenia and the Byzantine Empire . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 1945 . - Aghtamar : Church of the Holy Cross . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 1964 . - Armenian Manuscripts in the Walters Art Gallery . Baltimore : The Trustees , 1973 . - Armenian miniatures from Isfahan . Brussels : Les Editeurs d’Art Associés , 1986 . - The Armenians . New York : Praeger , 1969 . - LArt arménien . Paris : Art européen . Publications filmées dart et dhistoire , 1965 . - Lillustration du roman de Barlaam et Joasaph . Paris : de Boccard , 1937 . - Miniature Painting in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia from the Twelfth to the Fourteenth Century . Washington D.C. : Dumbarton Oaks Studies , 1993 . Articles . - The Armenian Chronicle of the Constable Smpad or of the Royal Historian . Dumbarton Oaks Papers , Vol . 13 , 1959 , pp . 141–168 . - An Armenian Gospel of the Fifteenth Century . The Boston Public Library Quarterly . 1950 , pp . 3–20 . - A General View of the Manuscripts of San Lazarro . Bazmavep . Venice , 1947 , pp . 269–272 . - Pagan and Christian Art in Egypt . An exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum . The Art Bulletin . Vol . 33 , 1941 , pp . 165–167 . - Two Miracles of the Virgin in the Poems of Gautier de Coincy . Dumbarton Oaks Papers , Vol . 41 , 1987 , pp . 157–163 . - The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia , A History of the Crusades , edited by Kenneth M . Setton , 1969 .
|
[
"Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres"
] |
hard
|
What organization or association or team did Sirarpie Der Nersessian join in 1978?
|
/wiki/Sirarpie_Der_Nersessian#P463#2
|
Sirarpie Der Nersessian Sirarpie Der Nersessian ( 5 September 18965 July 1989 ) was an Armenian art historian , who specialized in Armenian and Byzantine studies . Der Nersessian was a renowned academic and a pioneer in Armenian art history . She taught at several institutions in the United States , including Wellesley College in Massachusetts and as Henri Focillon Professor of Art and Archaeology at Harvard University . She was a senior fellow at Dumbarton Oaks , its deputy director from 1954 to 1955 and 1961–62 and a member of its Board of Scholars . Der Nersessian was also a member of several international institutions such as the British Academy ( 1975 ) , the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres ( 1978 ) and the Armenian Academy of Sciences ( 1966 ) . Biography . Education . Der Nersessian was born the youngest of three children in Constantinople in 1896 . She came from a well-to-do family and her maternal uncle happened to be the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople , Malachia Ormanian . Her parents died while she was still young : her mother Akabi , when she was nine , and her father Mihran , when she was eighteen . She attended the Esayan Academy and the English Girls School in Constantinople , gaining fluency in Armenian , English and French at an early age . In 1915 , during the height of the Armenian genocide , Der Nersessian and her sister Arax ( by then orphans ) were forced to leave for Europe , where they took up residence in Geneva . Der Nersessian studied at the University of Geneva for several years until settling in Paris , France in 1919 . Der Nersessian was admitted to Sorbonne University , studying history at the École des Hautes Études de luniversité de Paris . She studied under the notable Byzantinologists Charles Diehl and Gabriel Millet and art historian Henri Focillon . In 1922 , she became Millets assistant , and with his help , published one of her first articles in 1929 . The two theses ( graduates students then had to submit two theses ) that she presented for her doctorat detat , Lillustration du roman de Barlaam et Joasaph and a paper on Armenian illuminated manuscripts during the late medieval period , were well-received ( earning a Mention très honorable ) , and both of them were awarded with prizes by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres and Revue des Études Grecques when they were published in 1937 . Professor and pioneer . In 1930 , Der Nersessian moved to the United States at the suggestion of her three mentors , Byzantinists Charles Rufus Morey , Albert M . Friend Jr. , and Walter Cook , becoming a part-time lecturer at Wellesley College in Massachusetts . She taught art history at Wellesley , quickly gaining a full professorship and later becoming the chairwoman of the Department of Art History and Director of Farnsworth Museum . Der Nersessian was the first woman to teach Byzantine art at a womans college , the first woman to be decorated with the medal of Saint Gregory the Illuminator by Catholicos Vazgen I in 1960 , the first woman invited to lecture at the Collège de France in Paris , the only woman in her time to gain full professorship at Dumbarton Oaks , and the second woman to be honored with a gold medal from the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1970 . In 1947 , she received the Achievement Award from the American Association of University Women . Der Nersessian remained at Dumbarton Oaks until 1978 , when she retired to France and lived with her sister in Paris . Upon retirement , she had her entire library shipped to the Matenadaran in Yerevan , so as to better help Armenian scholars in their studies . Shortly after her death in 1989 , an endowment fund for prospective art history students in Armenia , Fonds Sirarpie Der Neressian at the Institut de Recherches sur les Miniatures Arméno-Byzantines , was created in her honor . Bibliography . Der Nersessians work primarily concerned Armenian art history , including the study of church architecture , illuminated manuscripts , miniatures and sculpture . Below is a partial list of books and articles that she authored . Her 1945 book , Armenia and the Byzantine Empire , was praised by art historians David Talbot Rice , Jurgis Baltrušaitis , and Alexander Vasiliev . Vasiliev wrote in his review of the book that she is the best authority of our day on Armenian history , art , and civilization . Books . - Armenia and the Byzantine Empire . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 1945 . - Aghtamar : Church of the Holy Cross . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 1964 . - Armenian Manuscripts in the Walters Art Gallery . Baltimore : The Trustees , 1973 . - Armenian miniatures from Isfahan . Brussels : Les Editeurs d’Art Associés , 1986 . - The Armenians . New York : Praeger , 1969 . - LArt arménien . Paris : Art européen . Publications filmées dart et dhistoire , 1965 . - Lillustration du roman de Barlaam et Joasaph . Paris : de Boccard , 1937 . - Miniature Painting in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia from the Twelfth to the Fourteenth Century . Washington D.C. : Dumbarton Oaks Studies , 1993 . Articles . - The Armenian Chronicle of the Constable Smpad or of the Royal Historian . Dumbarton Oaks Papers , Vol . 13 , 1959 , pp . 141–168 . - An Armenian Gospel of the Fifteenth Century . The Boston Public Library Quarterly . 1950 , pp . 3–20 . - A General View of the Manuscripts of San Lazarro . Bazmavep . Venice , 1947 , pp . 269–272 . - Pagan and Christian Art in Egypt . An exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum . The Art Bulletin . Vol . 33 , 1941 , pp . 165–167 . - Two Miracles of the Virgin in the Poems of Gautier de Coincy . Dumbarton Oaks Papers , Vol . 41 , 1987 , pp . 157–163 . - The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia , A History of the Crusades , edited by Kenneth M . Setton , 1969 .
|
[
"Armenian Academy of Sciences"
] |
hard
|
What organization or association or team did Sirarpie Der Nersessian join in 1966?
|
/wiki/Sirarpie_Der_Nersessian#P463#3
|
Sirarpie Der Nersessian Sirarpie Der Nersessian ( 5 September 18965 July 1989 ) was an Armenian art historian , who specialized in Armenian and Byzantine studies . Der Nersessian was a renowned academic and a pioneer in Armenian art history . She taught at several institutions in the United States , including Wellesley College in Massachusetts and as Henri Focillon Professor of Art and Archaeology at Harvard University . She was a senior fellow at Dumbarton Oaks , its deputy director from 1954 to 1955 and 1961–62 and a member of its Board of Scholars . Der Nersessian was also a member of several international institutions such as the British Academy ( 1975 ) , the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres ( 1978 ) and the Armenian Academy of Sciences ( 1966 ) . Biography . Education . Der Nersessian was born the youngest of three children in Constantinople in 1896 . She came from a well-to-do family and her maternal uncle happened to be the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople , Malachia Ormanian . Her parents died while she was still young : her mother Akabi , when she was nine , and her father Mihran , when she was eighteen . She attended the Esayan Academy and the English Girls School in Constantinople , gaining fluency in Armenian , English and French at an early age . In 1915 , during the height of the Armenian genocide , Der Nersessian and her sister Arax ( by then orphans ) were forced to leave for Europe , where they took up residence in Geneva . Der Nersessian studied at the University of Geneva for several years until settling in Paris , France in 1919 . Der Nersessian was admitted to Sorbonne University , studying history at the École des Hautes Études de luniversité de Paris . She studied under the notable Byzantinologists Charles Diehl and Gabriel Millet and art historian Henri Focillon . In 1922 , she became Millets assistant , and with his help , published one of her first articles in 1929 . The two theses ( graduates students then had to submit two theses ) that she presented for her doctorat detat , Lillustration du roman de Barlaam et Joasaph and a paper on Armenian illuminated manuscripts during the late medieval period , were well-received ( earning a Mention très honorable ) , and both of them were awarded with prizes by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres and Revue des Études Grecques when they were published in 1937 . Professor and pioneer . In 1930 , Der Nersessian moved to the United States at the suggestion of her three mentors , Byzantinists Charles Rufus Morey , Albert M . Friend Jr. , and Walter Cook , becoming a part-time lecturer at Wellesley College in Massachusetts . She taught art history at Wellesley , quickly gaining a full professorship and later becoming the chairwoman of the Department of Art History and Director of Farnsworth Museum . Der Nersessian was the first woman to teach Byzantine art at a womans college , the first woman to be decorated with the medal of Saint Gregory the Illuminator by Catholicos Vazgen I in 1960 , the first woman invited to lecture at the Collège de France in Paris , the only woman in her time to gain full professorship at Dumbarton Oaks , and the second woman to be honored with a gold medal from the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1970 . In 1947 , she received the Achievement Award from the American Association of University Women . Der Nersessian remained at Dumbarton Oaks until 1978 , when she retired to France and lived with her sister in Paris . Upon retirement , she had her entire library shipped to the Matenadaran in Yerevan , so as to better help Armenian scholars in their studies . Shortly after her death in 1989 , an endowment fund for prospective art history students in Armenia , Fonds Sirarpie Der Neressian at the Institut de Recherches sur les Miniatures Arméno-Byzantines , was created in her honor . Bibliography . Der Nersessians work primarily concerned Armenian art history , including the study of church architecture , illuminated manuscripts , miniatures and sculpture . Below is a partial list of books and articles that she authored . Her 1945 book , Armenia and the Byzantine Empire , was praised by art historians David Talbot Rice , Jurgis Baltrušaitis , and Alexander Vasiliev . Vasiliev wrote in his review of the book that she is the best authority of our day on Armenian history , art , and civilization . Books . - Armenia and the Byzantine Empire . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 1945 . - Aghtamar : Church of the Holy Cross . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 1964 . - Armenian Manuscripts in the Walters Art Gallery . Baltimore : The Trustees , 1973 . - Armenian miniatures from Isfahan . Brussels : Les Editeurs d’Art Associés , 1986 . - The Armenians . New York : Praeger , 1969 . - LArt arménien . Paris : Art européen . Publications filmées dart et dhistoire , 1965 . - Lillustration du roman de Barlaam et Joasaph . Paris : de Boccard , 1937 . - Miniature Painting in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia from the Twelfth to the Fourteenth Century . Washington D.C. : Dumbarton Oaks Studies , 1993 . Articles . - The Armenian Chronicle of the Constable Smpad or of the Royal Historian . Dumbarton Oaks Papers , Vol . 13 , 1959 , pp . 141–168 . - An Armenian Gospel of the Fifteenth Century . The Boston Public Library Quarterly . 1950 , pp . 3–20 . - A General View of the Manuscripts of San Lazarro . Bazmavep . Venice , 1947 , pp . 269–272 . - Pagan and Christian Art in Egypt . An exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum . The Art Bulletin . Vol . 33 , 1941 , pp . 165–167 . - Two Miracles of the Virgin in the Poems of Gautier de Coincy . Dumbarton Oaks Papers , Vol . 41 , 1987 , pp . 157–163 . - The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia , A History of the Crusades , edited by Kenneth M . Setton , 1969 .
|
[
"Leeds United"
] |
hard
|
Which team did Jamie Clapham play for in Feb 1995?
|
/wiki/Jamie_Clapham#P54#0
|
Jamie Clapham James Richard Clapham ( born 7 December 1975 ) is an English former professional footballer who was until June 2018 the assistant head coach of Leeds United . He played as a left back from 1994 to 2011 , notably in the Premier League for Tottenham Hotspur , Ipswich Town and Birmingham City . He has also played for Leyton Orient , Bristol Rovers , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Leicester City , Leeds United , Notts County , Lincoln City and Kettering Town . He began his coaching career with Middlesbrough . Playing career . Tottenham Hotspur . Clapham was born in Lincoln , Lincolnshire . His career started at Tottenham Hotspur with Clapham playing for the Spurs first XI in the 1995 UEFA Intertoto Cup . Subsequently , he made one first-team league appearance for Spurs , a 2–1 defeat to Coventry City on 11 May 1997 . Clapham had loan spells at Leyton Orient ( six games between 29 January and 22 February 1997 ) and Bristol Rovers ( five games between 27 March and 26 April the same year ) . Ipswich Town . The next season saw him loaned to Ipswich Town for two months between 9 January and 12 March 1998 , the move then becoming permanent for a fee of £300,000 . He made a total of 175 full and 20 substitute appearances in the league for Ipswich and scored eight goals , the most notable coming from his left-footed free kicks . In 1999 , he was voted Ipswich Towns Player of the Year . He also tasted European action with the club , playing 12 games in the UEFA Cup in two successive campaigns , 2001–02 and 2002–03 . Ipswich Towns relegation in 2002 led to the club going into administration and created a need to sell players . Clapham was one such player as he was sold . Birmingham City . He joined Premier League club Birmingham City for £1.3 million in 2003 after four years at Portman Road . He settled into the team and was a virtual ever-present until a hamstring injury forced him out in December 2003 . His recovery was hampered when he suffered shingles during February 2004 , and he was unable to return until April . In the following two seasons , he remained a squad player with competition for his slot from a number of players , such as Stan Lazaridis and Julian Gray , limiting his appearances . In May 2006 , he was released by the club as they slipped from the top flight . In all , he played 84 league games over three seasons and scored once , against Manchester United in December 2005 . Wolverhampton Wanderers . In July 2006 , Clapham had a trial with Sheffield United and played 75 minutes of a pre-season clash with Rotherham United . He also received interest from Ipswich Town before choosing to sign for Championship club Wolverhampton Wanderers in August 2006 on a two-year deal . He played in just 26 league games during the 2006–07 season , without scoring , and was put on the transfer list at the end of it . However , there were no takers for the defender in the close season and he began the 2007–08 campaign still at Molineux . Leeds United ( loan ) . He was loaned out to League One Leeds United in August 2007 and remained at Elland Road for three months , becoming Leeds first choice left back , the club was given a 15-point deduction at the start of that season and Clapham was instrumental at playing a part in Leeds impressive early season form . Leicester City . He failed to break back into Wolves first team after his return and was released to join Leicester City on 31 January 2008 . Clapham was released in May 2008 . Notts County . After a period in July training with West Bromwich Albion , managed by former Ipswich teammate Tony Mowbray , he joined Southend United on trial but was not offered a contract . After two weeks training with Notts County , he signed a short-term deal with the League Two club in September 2008 , then in January 2009 , he signed an 18-month contract extension to keep him at the club until May 2010 . He and seven other players were released at the end of the 2009–10 season . Lincoln City . He signed a one-year contract with League Two club Lincoln City in July 2010 . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 win over Macclesfield Town on 9 October , and scored again in an FA Cup defeat to Hereford United . He was not offered a new contract after a mass clearout of players after Lincolns relegation from the Football League . Kettering Town . In August 2011 he signed for Kettering Town after a trial . A month later , after manager Morell Maison was replaced by Mark Stimson , Clapham left the club . Coaching career . Tony Mowbray appointed Clapham to a coaching role in Championship club Middlesbroughs academy after Steve Agnew left for Hull City in 2012 . Clapham managed the clubs under-21 team , and assisted new manager Aitor Karanka with the first team from November 2013 to March 2014 . In June 2015 , he rejoined Mowbray on the coaching staff at Coventry City . In September 2016 , Barnsley manager Paul Heckingbottom brought Clapham into the club as first-team coach on a short-term deal . A few weeks later , his tenure was extended to the end of the season , and extended again in July 2017 . Heckingbottom was appointed head coach of Leeds United on 6 February 2018 , and took Clapham with him as his assistant . When Heckingbottom was dismissed at the end of the season , Clapham also left the club . Personal life . Claphams father , Graham Clapham , and grandfather , Bert Wilkinson , were also professional footballers . Honours . Ipswich Town - Football League First Division play-offs : 2000 Notts County - Football League Two : 2009–10 Individual - Ipswich Town F.C . Player of the Year : 1998–99
|
[
"Birmingham City"
] |
hard
|
Which team did Jamie Clapham play for in Dec 2004?
|
/wiki/Jamie_Clapham#P54#1
|
Jamie Clapham James Richard Clapham ( born 7 December 1975 ) is an English former professional footballer who was until June 2018 the assistant head coach of Leeds United . He played as a left back from 1994 to 2011 , notably in the Premier League for Tottenham Hotspur , Ipswich Town and Birmingham City . He has also played for Leyton Orient , Bristol Rovers , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Leicester City , Leeds United , Notts County , Lincoln City and Kettering Town . He began his coaching career with Middlesbrough . Playing career . Tottenham Hotspur . Clapham was born in Lincoln , Lincolnshire . His career started at Tottenham Hotspur with Clapham playing for the Spurs first XI in the 1995 UEFA Intertoto Cup . Subsequently , he made one first-team league appearance for Spurs , a 2–1 defeat to Coventry City on 11 May 1997 . Clapham had loan spells at Leyton Orient ( six games between 29 January and 22 February 1997 ) and Bristol Rovers ( five games between 27 March and 26 April the same year ) . Ipswich Town . The next season saw him loaned to Ipswich Town for two months between 9 January and 12 March 1998 , the move then becoming permanent for a fee of £300,000 . He made a total of 175 full and 20 substitute appearances in the league for Ipswich and scored eight goals , the most notable coming from his left-footed free kicks . In 1999 , he was voted Ipswich Towns Player of the Year . He also tasted European action with the club , playing 12 games in the UEFA Cup in two successive campaigns , 2001–02 and 2002–03 . Ipswich Towns relegation in 2002 led to the club going into administration and created a need to sell players . Clapham was one such player as he was sold . Birmingham City . He joined Premier League club Birmingham City for £1.3 million in 2003 after four years at Portman Road . He settled into the team and was a virtual ever-present until a hamstring injury forced him out in December 2003 . His recovery was hampered when he suffered shingles during February 2004 , and he was unable to return until April . In the following two seasons , he remained a squad player with competition for his slot from a number of players , such as Stan Lazaridis and Julian Gray , limiting his appearances . In May 2006 , he was released by the club as they slipped from the top flight . In all , he played 84 league games over three seasons and scored once , against Manchester United in December 2005 . Wolverhampton Wanderers . In July 2006 , Clapham had a trial with Sheffield United and played 75 minutes of a pre-season clash with Rotherham United . He also received interest from Ipswich Town before choosing to sign for Championship club Wolverhampton Wanderers in August 2006 on a two-year deal . He played in just 26 league games during the 2006–07 season , without scoring , and was put on the transfer list at the end of it . However , there were no takers for the defender in the close season and he began the 2007–08 campaign still at Molineux . Leeds United ( loan ) . He was loaned out to League One Leeds United in August 2007 and remained at Elland Road for three months , becoming Leeds first choice left back , the club was given a 15-point deduction at the start of that season and Clapham was instrumental at playing a part in Leeds impressive early season form . Leicester City . He failed to break back into Wolves first team after his return and was released to join Leicester City on 31 January 2008 . Clapham was released in May 2008 . Notts County . After a period in July training with West Bromwich Albion , managed by former Ipswich teammate Tony Mowbray , he joined Southend United on trial but was not offered a contract . After two weeks training with Notts County , he signed a short-term deal with the League Two club in September 2008 , then in January 2009 , he signed an 18-month contract extension to keep him at the club until May 2010 . He and seven other players were released at the end of the 2009–10 season . Lincoln City . He signed a one-year contract with League Two club Lincoln City in July 2010 . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 win over Macclesfield Town on 9 October , and scored again in an FA Cup defeat to Hereford United . He was not offered a new contract after a mass clearout of players after Lincolns relegation from the Football League . Kettering Town . In August 2011 he signed for Kettering Town after a trial . A month later , after manager Morell Maison was replaced by Mark Stimson , Clapham left the club . Coaching career . Tony Mowbray appointed Clapham to a coaching role in Championship club Middlesbroughs academy after Steve Agnew left for Hull City in 2012 . Clapham managed the clubs under-21 team , and assisted new manager Aitor Karanka with the first team from November 2013 to March 2014 . In June 2015 , he rejoined Mowbray on the coaching staff at Coventry City . In September 2016 , Barnsley manager Paul Heckingbottom brought Clapham into the club as first-team coach on a short-term deal . A few weeks later , his tenure was extended to the end of the season , and extended again in July 2017 . Heckingbottom was appointed head coach of Leeds United on 6 February 2018 , and took Clapham with him as his assistant . When Heckingbottom was dismissed at the end of the season , Clapham also left the club . Personal life . Claphams father , Graham Clapham , and grandfather , Bert Wilkinson , were also professional footballers . Honours . Ipswich Town - Football League First Division play-offs : 2000 Notts County - Football League Two : 2009–10 Individual - Ipswich Town F.C . Player of the Year : 1998–99
|
[
"Leicester City"
] |
hard
|
Which team did Jamie Clapham play for in Aug 2009?
|
/wiki/Jamie_Clapham#P54#2
|
Jamie Clapham James Richard Clapham ( born 7 December 1975 ) is an English former professional footballer who was until June 2018 the assistant head coach of Leeds United . He played as a left back from 1994 to 2011 , notably in the Premier League for Tottenham Hotspur , Ipswich Town and Birmingham City . He has also played for Leyton Orient , Bristol Rovers , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Leicester City , Leeds United , Notts County , Lincoln City and Kettering Town . He began his coaching career with Middlesbrough . Playing career . Tottenham Hotspur . Clapham was born in Lincoln , Lincolnshire . His career started at Tottenham Hotspur with Clapham playing for the Spurs first XI in the 1995 UEFA Intertoto Cup . Subsequently , he made one first-team league appearance for Spurs , a 2–1 defeat to Coventry City on 11 May 1997 . Clapham had loan spells at Leyton Orient ( six games between 29 January and 22 February 1997 ) and Bristol Rovers ( five games between 27 March and 26 April the same year ) . Ipswich Town . The next season saw him loaned to Ipswich Town for two months between 9 January and 12 March 1998 , the move then becoming permanent for a fee of £300,000 . He made a total of 175 full and 20 substitute appearances in the league for Ipswich and scored eight goals , the most notable coming from his left-footed free kicks . In 1999 , he was voted Ipswich Towns Player of the Year . He also tasted European action with the club , playing 12 games in the UEFA Cup in two successive campaigns , 2001–02 and 2002–03 . Ipswich Towns relegation in 2002 led to the club going into administration and created a need to sell players . Clapham was one such player as he was sold . Birmingham City . He joined Premier League club Birmingham City for £1.3 million in 2003 after four years at Portman Road . He settled into the team and was a virtual ever-present until a hamstring injury forced him out in December 2003 . His recovery was hampered when he suffered shingles during February 2004 , and he was unable to return until April . In the following two seasons , he remained a squad player with competition for his slot from a number of players , such as Stan Lazaridis and Julian Gray , limiting his appearances . In May 2006 , he was released by the club as they slipped from the top flight . In all , he played 84 league games over three seasons and scored once , against Manchester United in December 2005 . Wolverhampton Wanderers . In July 2006 , Clapham had a trial with Sheffield United and played 75 minutes of a pre-season clash with Rotherham United . He also received interest from Ipswich Town before choosing to sign for Championship club Wolverhampton Wanderers in August 2006 on a two-year deal . He played in just 26 league games during the 2006–07 season , without scoring , and was put on the transfer list at the end of it . However , there were no takers for the defender in the close season and he began the 2007–08 campaign still at Molineux . Leeds United ( loan ) . He was loaned out to League One Leeds United in August 2007 and remained at Elland Road for three months , becoming Leeds first choice left back , the club was given a 15-point deduction at the start of that season and Clapham was instrumental at playing a part in Leeds impressive early season form . Leicester City . He failed to break back into Wolves first team after his return and was released to join Leicester City on 31 January 2008 . Clapham was released in May 2008 . Notts County . After a period in July training with West Bromwich Albion , managed by former Ipswich teammate Tony Mowbray , he joined Southend United on trial but was not offered a contract . After two weeks training with Notts County , he signed a short-term deal with the League Two club in September 2008 , then in January 2009 , he signed an 18-month contract extension to keep him at the club until May 2010 . He and seven other players were released at the end of the 2009–10 season . Lincoln City . He signed a one-year contract with League Two club Lincoln City in July 2010 . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 win over Macclesfield Town on 9 October , and scored again in an FA Cup defeat to Hereford United . He was not offered a new contract after a mass clearout of players after Lincolns relegation from the Football League . Kettering Town . In August 2011 he signed for Kettering Town after a trial . A month later , after manager Morell Maison was replaced by Mark Stimson , Clapham left the club . Coaching career . Tony Mowbray appointed Clapham to a coaching role in Championship club Middlesbroughs academy after Steve Agnew left for Hull City in 2012 . Clapham managed the clubs under-21 team , and assisted new manager Aitor Karanka with the first team from November 2013 to March 2014 . In June 2015 , he rejoined Mowbray on the coaching staff at Coventry City . In September 2016 , Barnsley manager Paul Heckingbottom brought Clapham into the club as first-team coach on a short-term deal . A few weeks later , his tenure was extended to the end of the season , and extended again in July 2017 . Heckingbottom was appointed head coach of Leeds United on 6 February 2018 , and took Clapham with him as his assistant . When Heckingbottom was dismissed at the end of the season , Clapham also left the club . Personal life . Claphams father , Graham Clapham , and grandfather , Bert Wilkinson , were also professional footballers . Honours . Ipswich Town - Football League First Division play-offs : 2000 Notts County - Football League Two : 2009–10 Individual - Ipswich Town F.C . Player of the Year : 1998–99
|
[
"Lincoln City"
] |
hard
|
Which team did Jamie Clapham play for in Dec 2010?
|
/wiki/Jamie_Clapham#P54#3
|
Jamie Clapham James Richard Clapham ( born 7 December 1975 ) is an English former professional footballer who was until June 2018 the assistant head coach of Leeds United . He played as a left back from 1994 to 2011 , notably in the Premier League for Tottenham Hotspur , Ipswich Town and Birmingham City . He has also played for Leyton Orient , Bristol Rovers , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Leicester City , Leeds United , Notts County , Lincoln City and Kettering Town . He began his coaching career with Middlesbrough . Playing career . Tottenham Hotspur . Clapham was born in Lincoln , Lincolnshire . His career started at Tottenham Hotspur with Clapham playing for the Spurs first XI in the 1995 UEFA Intertoto Cup . Subsequently , he made one first-team league appearance for Spurs , a 2–1 defeat to Coventry City on 11 May 1997 . Clapham had loan spells at Leyton Orient ( six games between 29 January and 22 February 1997 ) and Bristol Rovers ( five games between 27 March and 26 April the same year ) . Ipswich Town . The next season saw him loaned to Ipswich Town for two months between 9 January and 12 March 1998 , the move then becoming permanent for a fee of £300,000 . He made a total of 175 full and 20 substitute appearances in the league for Ipswich and scored eight goals , the most notable coming from his left-footed free kicks . In 1999 , he was voted Ipswich Towns Player of the Year . He also tasted European action with the club , playing 12 games in the UEFA Cup in two successive campaigns , 2001–02 and 2002–03 . Ipswich Towns relegation in 2002 led to the club going into administration and created a need to sell players . Clapham was one such player as he was sold . Birmingham City . He joined Premier League club Birmingham City for £1.3 million in 2003 after four years at Portman Road . He settled into the team and was a virtual ever-present until a hamstring injury forced him out in December 2003 . His recovery was hampered when he suffered shingles during February 2004 , and he was unable to return until April . In the following two seasons , he remained a squad player with competition for his slot from a number of players , such as Stan Lazaridis and Julian Gray , limiting his appearances . In May 2006 , he was released by the club as they slipped from the top flight . In all , he played 84 league games over three seasons and scored once , against Manchester United in December 2005 . Wolverhampton Wanderers . In July 2006 , Clapham had a trial with Sheffield United and played 75 minutes of a pre-season clash with Rotherham United . He also received interest from Ipswich Town before choosing to sign for Championship club Wolverhampton Wanderers in August 2006 on a two-year deal . He played in just 26 league games during the 2006–07 season , without scoring , and was put on the transfer list at the end of it . However , there were no takers for the defender in the close season and he began the 2007–08 campaign still at Molineux . Leeds United ( loan ) . He was loaned out to League One Leeds United in August 2007 and remained at Elland Road for three months , becoming Leeds first choice left back , the club was given a 15-point deduction at the start of that season and Clapham was instrumental at playing a part in Leeds impressive early season form . Leicester City . He failed to break back into Wolves first team after his return and was released to join Leicester City on 31 January 2008 . Clapham was released in May 2008 . Notts County . After a period in July training with West Bromwich Albion , managed by former Ipswich teammate Tony Mowbray , he joined Southend United on trial but was not offered a contract . After two weeks training with Notts County , he signed a short-term deal with the League Two club in September 2008 , then in January 2009 , he signed an 18-month contract extension to keep him at the club until May 2010 . He and seven other players were released at the end of the 2009–10 season . Lincoln City . He signed a one-year contract with League Two club Lincoln City in July 2010 . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 win over Macclesfield Town on 9 October , and scored again in an FA Cup defeat to Hereford United . He was not offered a new contract after a mass clearout of players after Lincolns relegation from the Football League . Kettering Town . In August 2011 he signed for Kettering Town after a trial . A month later , after manager Morell Maison was replaced by Mark Stimson , Clapham left the club . Coaching career . Tony Mowbray appointed Clapham to a coaching role in Championship club Middlesbroughs academy after Steve Agnew left for Hull City in 2012 . Clapham managed the clubs under-21 team , and assisted new manager Aitor Karanka with the first team from November 2013 to March 2014 . In June 2015 , he rejoined Mowbray on the coaching staff at Coventry City . In September 2016 , Barnsley manager Paul Heckingbottom brought Clapham into the club as first-team coach on a short-term deal . A few weeks later , his tenure was extended to the end of the season , and extended again in July 2017 . Heckingbottom was appointed head coach of Leeds United on 6 February 2018 , and took Clapham with him as his assistant . When Heckingbottom was dismissed at the end of the season , Clapham also left the club . Personal life . Claphams father , Graham Clapham , and grandfather , Bert Wilkinson , were also professional footballers . Honours . Ipswich Town - Football League First Division play-offs : 2000 Notts County - Football League Two : 2009–10 Individual - Ipswich Town F.C . Player of the Year : 1998–99
|
[
"Dundee"
] |
hard
|
Bobby Linn played for which team before Aug 2003?
|
/wiki/Bobby_Linn#P54#0
|
Bobby Linn Robert Linn ( born 10 October 1985 ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a striker , he plays for Scottish Championship club Arbroath . Linn started his career with Dundee before signing for Peterhead . He then moved to Greenock Morton , from whom he joined East Fife , initially on loan . After spending a year in the Juniors with Ballingry Rovers , Linn signed for Arbroath in June 2013 . Career . Linn began his career with Dundee , making his debut as a substitute for Fabián Caballero in a 1–0 win against Partick Thistle in the Scottish Premier League on 18 October 2003 , with his first goal coming on 3 December 2003 , the winning goal in extra-time in a 1–0 win against Hearts in the Scottish League Cup . On 22 September 2004 , Linn left Dundee after having his contract terminated by mutual consent . Linn then signed for Peterhead of the Scottish Third Division in October 2004 . In Peterheads match against Stranraer on 15 September 2006 , he scored four goals in a 5–2 victory , and went on to win the Scottish Football League Player of the Month award for September . On 6 January 2007 , Linn signed for Grenock Morton on a two-and-a-half-year contract . He made his debut from the bench , at home to Alloa Athletic on 13 January 2007 . In October 2007 , having not featured regularly for Morton in the early matches of the season , Linn was loaned to East Fife for the remainder of the season , although it was then discovered that the rules only allowed the loan to last for three months . He scored on his debut as a substitute in a 4–0 win against Albion Rovers . Linn signed permanently for East Fife on 2 January 2008 . Ahead of the 2012–13 season , Linn dropped down to the Junior Leagues signing for Ballingry Rovers . In June 2013 , Arbroath manager Paul Sheerin signed Linn on a one-year contract and he was rewarded for his early season form with a new two-year deal halfway through the 2013–14 season . Linn was named SPFL Player of the Year and PFA Scotland Players Player of the Year in Scottish League One for the 2018–2019 season after scoring 23 goals , helping Arbroath clinch the League One title . Personal life . Linn works as a bin man . Honours . - Greenock Morton - Scottish League Second Division : 2006–07 - East Fife - Scottish League Third Division : 2007–08 - Arbroath - Scottish League Two : 2016–17 - Scottish League One : 2018–19 Individual - Scottish Football League Young Player of the Month : October 2005 - Scottish Football League Player of the Month : September 2006 - Scottish League Two Player of the Month : September 2015 - Scottish League One Player of the Month : September 2018 - SPFL Scottish League One Player of the Year : 2018–19 - PFA Scotland Scottish League Two Players Player of the Year : 2014–15 - PFA Scotland Scottish League One Players Player of the Year : 2018–19 - PFA Scotland Scottish League Two Team of the Year : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 - PFA Scotland Scottish League One Team of the Year : 2018–19
|
[
"Peterhead"
] |
hard
|
Bobby Linn played for which team between Jan 2005 and Sep 2006?
|
/wiki/Bobby_Linn#P54#1
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Bobby Linn Robert Linn ( born 10 October 1985 ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a striker , he plays for Scottish Championship club Arbroath . Linn started his career with Dundee before signing for Peterhead . He then moved to Greenock Morton , from whom he joined East Fife , initially on loan . After spending a year in the Juniors with Ballingry Rovers , Linn signed for Arbroath in June 2013 . Career . Linn began his career with Dundee , making his debut as a substitute for Fabián Caballero in a 1–0 win against Partick Thistle in the Scottish Premier League on 18 October 2003 , with his first goal coming on 3 December 2003 , the winning goal in extra-time in a 1–0 win against Hearts in the Scottish League Cup . On 22 September 2004 , Linn left Dundee after having his contract terminated by mutual consent . Linn then signed for Peterhead of the Scottish Third Division in October 2004 . In Peterheads match against Stranraer on 15 September 2006 , he scored four goals in a 5–2 victory , and went on to win the Scottish Football League Player of the Month award for September . On 6 January 2007 , Linn signed for Grenock Morton on a two-and-a-half-year contract . He made his debut from the bench , at home to Alloa Athletic on 13 January 2007 . In October 2007 , having not featured regularly for Morton in the early matches of the season , Linn was loaned to East Fife for the remainder of the season , although it was then discovered that the rules only allowed the loan to last for three months . He scored on his debut as a substitute in a 4–0 win against Albion Rovers . Linn signed permanently for East Fife on 2 January 2008 . Ahead of the 2012–13 season , Linn dropped down to the Junior Leagues signing for Ballingry Rovers . In June 2013 , Arbroath manager Paul Sheerin signed Linn on a one-year contract and he was rewarded for his early season form with a new two-year deal halfway through the 2013–14 season . Linn was named SPFL Player of the Year and PFA Scotland Players Player of the Year in Scottish League One for the 2018–2019 season after scoring 23 goals , helping Arbroath clinch the League One title . Personal life . Linn works as a bin man . Honours . - Greenock Morton - Scottish League Second Division : 2006–07 - East Fife - Scottish League Third Division : 2007–08 - Arbroath - Scottish League Two : 2016–17 - Scottish League One : 2018–19 Individual - Scottish Football League Young Player of the Month : October 2005 - Scottish Football League Player of the Month : September 2006 - Scottish League Two Player of the Month : September 2015 - Scottish League One Player of the Month : September 2018 - SPFL Scottish League One Player of the Year : 2018–19 - PFA Scotland Scottish League Two Players Player of the Year : 2014–15 - PFA Scotland Scottish League One Players Player of the Year : 2018–19 - PFA Scotland Scottish League Two Team of the Year : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 - PFA Scotland Scottish League One Team of the Year : 2018–19
|
[
"East Fife"
] |
hard
|
Bobby Linn played for which team between May 2007 and Sep 2008?
|
/wiki/Bobby_Linn#P54#2
|
Bobby Linn Robert Linn ( born 10 October 1985 ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a striker , he plays for Scottish Championship club Arbroath . Linn started his career with Dundee before signing for Peterhead . He then moved to Greenock Morton , from whom he joined East Fife , initially on loan . After spending a year in the Juniors with Ballingry Rovers , Linn signed for Arbroath in June 2013 . Career . Linn began his career with Dundee , making his debut as a substitute for Fabián Caballero in a 1–0 win against Partick Thistle in the Scottish Premier League on 18 October 2003 , with his first goal coming on 3 December 2003 , the winning goal in extra-time in a 1–0 win against Hearts in the Scottish League Cup . On 22 September 2004 , Linn left Dundee after having his contract terminated by mutual consent . Linn then signed for Peterhead of the Scottish Third Division in October 2004 . In Peterheads match against Stranraer on 15 September 2006 , he scored four goals in a 5–2 victory , and went on to win the Scottish Football League Player of the Month award for September . On 6 January 2007 , Linn signed for Grenock Morton on a two-and-a-half-year contract . He made his debut from the bench , at home to Alloa Athletic on 13 January 2007 . In October 2007 , having not featured regularly for Morton in the early matches of the season , Linn was loaned to East Fife for the remainder of the season , although it was then discovered that the rules only allowed the loan to last for three months . He scored on his debut as a substitute in a 4–0 win against Albion Rovers . Linn signed permanently for East Fife on 2 January 2008 . Ahead of the 2012–13 season , Linn dropped down to the Junior Leagues signing for Ballingry Rovers . In June 2013 , Arbroath manager Paul Sheerin signed Linn on a one-year contract and he was rewarded for his early season form with a new two-year deal halfway through the 2013–14 season . Linn was named SPFL Player of the Year and PFA Scotland Players Player of the Year in Scottish League One for the 2018–2019 season after scoring 23 goals , helping Arbroath clinch the League One title . Personal life . Linn works as a bin man . Honours . - Greenock Morton - Scottish League Second Division : 2006–07 - East Fife - Scottish League Third Division : 2007–08 - Arbroath - Scottish League Two : 2016–17 - Scottish League One : 2018–19 Individual - Scottish Football League Young Player of the Month : October 2005 - Scottish Football League Player of the Month : September 2006 - Scottish League Two Player of the Month : September 2015 - Scottish League One Player of the Month : September 2018 - SPFL Scottish League One Player of the Year : 2018–19 - PFA Scotland Scottish League Two Players Player of the Year : 2014–15 - PFA Scotland Scottish League One Players Player of the Year : 2018–19 - PFA Scotland Scottish League Two Team of the Year : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 - PFA Scotland Scottish League One Team of the Year : 2018–19
|
[
"Ballingry Rovers"
] |
hard
|
Bobby Linn played for which team between Jul 2012 and Sep 2012?
|
/wiki/Bobby_Linn#P54#3
|
Bobby Linn Robert Linn ( born 10 October 1985 ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a striker , he plays for Scottish Championship club Arbroath . Linn started his career with Dundee before signing for Peterhead . He then moved to Greenock Morton , from whom he joined East Fife , initially on loan . After spending a year in the Juniors with Ballingry Rovers , Linn signed for Arbroath in June 2013 . Career . Linn began his career with Dundee , making his debut as a substitute for Fabián Caballero in a 1–0 win against Partick Thistle in the Scottish Premier League on 18 October 2003 , with his first goal coming on 3 December 2003 , the winning goal in extra-time in a 1–0 win against Hearts in the Scottish League Cup . On 22 September 2004 , Linn left Dundee after having his contract terminated by mutual consent . Linn then signed for Peterhead of the Scottish Third Division in October 2004 . In Peterheads match against Stranraer on 15 September 2006 , he scored four goals in a 5–2 victory , and went on to win the Scottish Football League Player of the Month award for September . On 6 January 2007 , Linn signed for Grenock Morton on a two-and-a-half-year contract . He made his debut from the bench , at home to Alloa Athletic on 13 January 2007 . In October 2007 , having not featured regularly for Morton in the early matches of the season , Linn was loaned to East Fife for the remainder of the season , although it was then discovered that the rules only allowed the loan to last for three months . He scored on his debut as a substitute in a 4–0 win against Albion Rovers . Linn signed permanently for East Fife on 2 January 2008 . Ahead of the 2012–13 season , Linn dropped down to the Junior Leagues signing for Ballingry Rovers . In June 2013 , Arbroath manager Paul Sheerin signed Linn on a one-year contract and he was rewarded for his early season form with a new two-year deal halfway through the 2013–14 season . Linn was named SPFL Player of the Year and PFA Scotland Players Player of the Year in Scottish League One for the 2018–2019 season after scoring 23 goals , helping Arbroath clinch the League One title . Personal life . Linn works as a bin man . Honours . - Greenock Morton - Scottish League Second Division : 2006–07 - East Fife - Scottish League Third Division : 2007–08 - Arbroath - Scottish League Two : 2016–17 - Scottish League One : 2018–19 Individual - Scottish Football League Young Player of the Month : October 2005 - Scottish Football League Player of the Month : September 2006 - Scottish League Two Player of the Month : September 2015 - Scottish League One Player of the Month : September 2018 - SPFL Scottish League One Player of the Year : 2018–19 - PFA Scotland Scottish League Two Players Player of the Year : 2014–15 - PFA Scotland Scottish League One Players Player of the Year : 2018–19 - PFA Scotland Scottish League Two Team of the Year : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 - PFA Scotland Scottish League One Team of the Year : 2018–19
|
[
"Arbroath"
] |
hard
|
Bobby Linn played for which team in Dec 2013?
|
/wiki/Bobby_Linn#P54#4
|
Bobby Linn Robert Linn ( born 10 October 1985 ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a striker , he plays for Scottish Championship club Arbroath . Linn started his career with Dundee before signing for Peterhead . He then moved to Greenock Morton , from whom he joined East Fife , initially on loan . After spending a year in the Juniors with Ballingry Rovers , Linn signed for Arbroath in June 2013 . Career . Linn began his career with Dundee , making his debut as a substitute for Fabián Caballero in a 1–0 win against Partick Thistle in the Scottish Premier League on 18 October 2003 , with his first goal coming on 3 December 2003 , the winning goal in extra-time in a 1–0 win against Hearts in the Scottish League Cup . On 22 September 2004 , Linn left Dundee after having his contract terminated by mutual consent . Linn then signed for Peterhead of the Scottish Third Division in October 2004 . In Peterheads match against Stranraer on 15 September 2006 , he scored four goals in a 5–2 victory , and went on to win the Scottish Football League Player of the Month award for September . On 6 January 2007 , Linn signed for Grenock Morton on a two-and-a-half-year contract . He made his debut from the bench , at home to Alloa Athletic on 13 January 2007 . In October 2007 , having not featured regularly for Morton in the early matches of the season , Linn was loaned to East Fife for the remainder of the season , although it was then discovered that the rules only allowed the loan to last for three months . He scored on his debut as a substitute in a 4–0 win against Albion Rovers . Linn signed permanently for East Fife on 2 January 2008 . Ahead of the 2012–13 season , Linn dropped down to the Junior Leagues signing for Ballingry Rovers . In June 2013 , Arbroath manager Paul Sheerin signed Linn on a one-year contract and he was rewarded for his early season form with a new two-year deal halfway through the 2013–14 season . Linn was named SPFL Player of the Year and PFA Scotland Players Player of the Year in Scottish League One for the 2018–2019 season after scoring 23 goals , helping Arbroath clinch the League One title . Personal life . Linn works as a bin man . Honours . - Greenock Morton - Scottish League Second Division : 2006–07 - East Fife - Scottish League Third Division : 2007–08 - Arbroath - Scottish League Two : 2016–17 - Scottish League One : 2018–19 Individual - Scottish Football League Young Player of the Month : October 2005 - Scottish Football League Player of the Month : September 2006 - Scottish League Two Player of the Month : September 2015 - Scottish League One Player of the Month : September 2018 - SPFL Scottish League One Player of the Year : 2018–19 - PFA Scotland Scottish League Two Players Player of the Year : 2014–15 - PFA Scotland Scottish League One Players Player of the Year : 2018–19 - PFA Scotland Scottish League Two Team of the Year : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 - PFA Scotland Scottish League One Team of the Year : 2018–19
|
[
"Leganés before"
] |
hard
|
Cristóbal Márquez played for which team between Jan 2004 and Oct 2005?
|
/wiki/Cristóbal_Márquez#P54#0
|
Cristóbal Márquez Cristóbal Márquez Crespo ( born 21 April 1984 ) , known simply as Cristóbal , is a Spanish footballer who plays for CF Fuenlabrada as a midfielder . Club career . Early career and Villarreal B . Born in Madrid , Cristóbal was in the ranks of local CD Leganés before joining Levante UD in 2005 , being assigned to their reserves in Segunda División B . He was also loaned to UB Conquense and UD San Sebastián de los Reyes in the same league . After Levante Bs relegation in 2008 , Cristóbal joined Valencian Community neighbours Villarreal CF , also for their second team . He contributed eight goals in total in his first season as they won promotion to Segunda División , including one in the playoff semi-final win against Lorca Deportiva CF . Villarreal . Cristóbal made his first-team debut for the club on 26 August 2010 , in the second leg of the UEFA Europa League play-offs away to Belarus FC Dnepr Mogilev having already won 5–0 at home in the first game ; he started and was sent off in the 67th minute of a 2–1 away win . The following 15 January he made the first of two La Liga appearances , as an 86th-minute substitute for Borja Valero in a 4–2 home victory over CA Osasuna ; on 27 February he started at Racing de Santander as Juan Carlos Garrido rested his regulars due to an extended European run , and was taken off for Santi Cazorla just past the hour mark in a 2–2 draw . On 31 March 2011 , Cristóbal was loaned to second-tier Elche CF for the rest of the campaign , after injuries to David Generelo and Miguel Linares . He scored in consecutive away draws at RC Celta de Vigo and Granada CF in late May , as his side ended up losing the playoff final to the latter on the away goals rule . Abroad . Cristóbal moved abroad for the first time in July 2011 , signing for an undisclosed fee to FC Karpaty Lviv in the Ukrainian Premier League , who also counted compatriot Borja Gómez Pérez in their ranks . He made 12 total appearances during his tenur , and scored the equaliser in a 2–1 home loss to FC Metalist Kharkiv on 28 August ; he returned on loan to Elche on 28 January 2012 . In July 2013 , Cristóbal sued Karpaty for unpaid wages , winning €600,000 and becoming a free agent . Fellow Spaniard Ramon Tribulietx , manager of Oceanian champions Auckland City FC , signed him to the New Zealanders with the lure of the clubs participation at the years FIFA Club World Cup . He played three Championship matches , scoring twice in a 4–4 home draw against Hawkes Bay United FC on 22 December . After further stints at Olympiacos Volou 1937 F.C . ( Greece ) and PS Mitra Kukar ( Indonesia ) , Cristóbal returned to Spain to play the 2015–16 season at third-tier CD Toledo . After play-off elimination by Hércules CF , he transferred to Anorthosis Famagusta FC of the Cypriot First Division in June 2016 . Fuenlabrada . Unused in his few weeks on the Eastern Mediterranean island , Cristóbal came back to the Spanish third division and his native Community of Madrid on 31 August 2016 , with CF Fuenlabrada . He played regularly in three consecutive play-off seasons , culminating in a championship win in 2019 and the teams first ever promotion to the second tier ; his 42 total games earned him a one-year contract extension with the option of a second , at the age of 35 . On 2 February 2020 , in a 1–0 home loss to Girona FC , Cristóbal was sent off for a high challenge on Álex Granell ; the challenge was downgraded to a yellow card after review by the video assistant referee , and he was called back from the changing room . Seconds later , before play reinitiated , he was dismissed again for a clash of heads with the same opponent . External links . - LaLiga profile
|
[
"UD San Sebastián de los Reyes"
] |
hard
|
Cristóbal Márquez played for which team in Feb 2006?
|
/wiki/Cristóbal_Márquez#P54#1
|
Cristóbal Márquez Cristóbal Márquez Crespo ( born 21 April 1984 ) , known simply as Cristóbal , is a Spanish footballer who plays for CF Fuenlabrada as a midfielder . Club career . Early career and Villarreal B . Born in Madrid , Cristóbal was in the ranks of local CD Leganés before joining Levante UD in 2005 , being assigned to their reserves in Segunda División B . He was also loaned to UB Conquense and UD San Sebastián de los Reyes in the same league . After Levante Bs relegation in 2008 , Cristóbal joined Valencian Community neighbours Villarreal CF , also for their second team . He contributed eight goals in total in his first season as they won promotion to Segunda División , including one in the playoff semi-final win against Lorca Deportiva CF . Villarreal . Cristóbal made his first-team debut for the club on 26 August 2010 , in the second leg of the UEFA Europa League play-offs away to Belarus FC Dnepr Mogilev having already won 5–0 at home in the first game ; he started and was sent off in the 67th minute of a 2–1 away win . The following 15 January he made the first of two La Liga appearances , as an 86th-minute substitute for Borja Valero in a 4–2 home victory over CA Osasuna ; on 27 February he started at Racing de Santander as Juan Carlos Garrido rested his regulars due to an extended European run , and was taken off for Santi Cazorla just past the hour mark in a 2–2 draw . On 31 March 2011 , Cristóbal was loaned to second-tier Elche CF for the rest of the campaign , after injuries to David Generelo and Miguel Linares . He scored in consecutive away draws at RC Celta de Vigo and Granada CF in late May , as his side ended up losing the playoff final to the latter on the away goals rule . Abroad . Cristóbal moved abroad for the first time in July 2011 , signing for an undisclosed fee to FC Karpaty Lviv in the Ukrainian Premier League , who also counted compatriot Borja Gómez Pérez in their ranks . He made 12 total appearances during his tenur , and scored the equaliser in a 2–1 home loss to FC Metalist Kharkiv on 28 August ; he returned on loan to Elche on 28 January 2012 . In July 2013 , Cristóbal sued Karpaty for unpaid wages , winning €600,000 and becoming a free agent . Fellow Spaniard Ramon Tribulietx , manager of Oceanian champions Auckland City FC , signed him to the New Zealanders with the lure of the clubs participation at the years FIFA Club World Cup . He played three Championship matches , scoring twice in a 4–4 home draw against Hawkes Bay United FC on 22 December . After further stints at Olympiacos Volou 1937 F.C . ( Greece ) and PS Mitra Kukar ( Indonesia ) , Cristóbal returned to Spain to play the 2015–16 season at third-tier CD Toledo . After play-off elimination by Hércules CF , he transferred to Anorthosis Famagusta FC of the Cypriot First Division in June 2016 . Fuenlabrada . Unused in his few weeks on the Eastern Mediterranean island , Cristóbal came back to the Spanish third division and his native Community of Madrid on 31 August 2016 , with CF Fuenlabrada . He played regularly in three consecutive play-off seasons , culminating in a championship win in 2019 and the teams first ever promotion to the second tier ; his 42 total games earned him a one-year contract extension with the option of a second , at the age of 35 . On 2 February 2020 , in a 1–0 home loss to Girona FC , Cristóbal was sent off for a high challenge on Álex Granell ; the challenge was downgraded to a yellow card after review by the video assistant referee , and he was called back from the changing room . Seconds later , before play reinitiated , he was dismissed again for a clash of heads with the same opponent . External links . - LaLiga profile
|
[
"Villarreal B"
] |
hard
|
Cristóbal Márquez played for which team between Jun 2009 and Aug 2009?
|
/wiki/Cristóbal_Márquez#P54#2
|
Cristóbal Márquez Cristóbal Márquez Crespo ( born 21 April 1984 ) , known simply as Cristóbal , is a Spanish footballer who plays for CF Fuenlabrada as a midfielder . Club career . Early career and Villarreal B . Born in Madrid , Cristóbal was in the ranks of local CD Leganés before joining Levante UD in 2005 , being assigned to their reserves in Segunda División B . He was also loaned to UB Conquense and UD San Sebastián de los Reyes in the same league . After Levante Bs relegation in 2008 , Cristóbal joined Valencian Community neighbours Villarreal CF , also for their second team . He contributed eight goals in total in his first season as they won promotion to Segunda División , including one in the playoff semi-final win against Lorca Deportiva CF . Villarreal . Cristóbal made his first-team debut for the club on 26 August 2010 , in the second leg of the UEFA Europa League play-offs away to Belarus FC Dnepr Mogilev having already won 5–0 at home in the first game ; he started and was sent off in the 67th minute of a 2–1 away win . The following 15 January he made the first of two La Liga appearances , as an 86th-minute substitute for Borja Valero in a 4–2 home victory over CA Osasuna ; on 27 February he started at Racing de Santander as Juan Carlos Garrido rested his regulars due to an extended European run , and was taken off for Santi Cazorla just past the hour mark in a 2–2 draw . On 31 March 2011 , Cristóbal was loaned to second-tier Elche CF for the rest of the campaign , after injuries to David Generelo and Miguel Linares . He scored in consecutive away draws at RC Celta de Vigo and Granada CF in late May , as his side ended up losing the playoff final to the latter on the away goals rule . Abroad . Cristóbal moved abroad for the first time in July 2011 , signing for an undisclosed fee to FC Karpaty Lviv in the Ukrainian Premier League , who also counted compatriot Borja Gómez Pérez in their ranks . He made 12 total appearances during his tenur , and scored the equaliser in a 2–1 home loss to FC Metalist Kharkiv on 28 August ; he returned on loan to Elche on 28 January 2012 . In July 2013 , Cristóbal sued Karpaty for unpaid wages , winning €600,000 and becoming a free agent . Fellow Spaniard Ramon Tribulietx , manager of Oceanian champions Auckland City FC , signed him to the New Zealanders with the lure of the clubs participation at the years FIFA Club World Cup . He played three Championship matches , scoring twice in a 4–4 home draw against Hawkes Bay United FC on 22 December . After further stints at Olympiacos Volou 1937 F.C . ( Greece ) and PS Mitra Kukar ( Indonesia ) , Cristóbal returned to Spain to play the 2015–16 season at third-tier CD Toledo . After play-off elimination by Hércules CF , he transferred to Anorthosis Famagusta FC of the Cypriot First Division in June 2016 . Fuenlabrada . Unused in his few weeks on the Eastern Mediterranean island , Cristóbal came back to the Spanish third division and his native Community of Madrid on 31 August 2016 , with CF Fuenlabrada . He played regularly in three consecutive play-off seasons , culminating in a championship win in 2019 and the teams first ever promotion to the second tier ; his 42 total games earned him a one-year contract extension with the option of a second , at the age of 35 . On 2 February 2020 , in a 1–0 home loss to Girona FC , Cristóbal was sent off for a high challenge on Álex Granell ; the challenge was downgraded to a yellow card after review by the video assistant referee , and he was called back from the changing room . Seconds later , before play reinitiated , he was dismissed again for a clash of heads with the same opponent . External links . - LaLiga profile
|
[
"Villarreal"
] |
hard
|
Cristóbal Márquez played for which team between Feb 2010 and Jun 2010?
|
/wiki/Cristóbal_Márquez#P54#3
|
Cristóbal Márquez Cristóbal Márquez Crespo ( born 21 April 1984 ) , known simply as Cristóbal , is a Spanish footballer who plays for CF Fuenlabrada as a midfielder . Club career . Early career and Villarreal B . Born in Madrid , Cristóbal was in the ranks of local CD Leganés before joining Levante UD in 2005 , being assigned to their reserves in Segunda División B . He was also loaned to UB Conquense and UD San Sebastián de los Reyes in the same league . After Levante Bs relegation in 2008 , Cristóbal joined Valencian Community neighbours Villarreal CF , also for their second team . He contributed eight goals in total in his first season as they won promotion to Segunda División , including one in the playoff semi-final win against Lorca Deportiva CF . Villarreal . Cristóbal made his first-team debut for the club on 26 August 2010 , in the second leg of the UEFA Europa League play-offs away to Belarus FC Dnepr Mogilev having already won 5–0 at home in the first game ; he started and was sent off in the 67th minute of a 2–1 away win . The following 15 January he made the first of two La Liga appearances , as an 86th-minute substitute for Borja Valero in a 4–2 home victory over CA Osasuna ; on 27 February he started at Racing de Santander as Juan Carlos Garrido rested his regulars due to an extended European run , and was taken off for Santi Cazorla just past the hour mark in a 2–2 draw . On 31 March 2011 , Cristóbal was loaned to second-tier Elche CF for the rest of the campaign , after injuries to David Generelo and Miguel Linares . He scored in consecutive away draws at RC Celta de Vigo and Granada CF in late May , as his side ended up losing the playoff final to the latter on the away goals rule . Abroad . Cristóbal moved abroad for the first time in July 2011 , signing for an undisclosed fee to FC Karpaty Lviv in the Ukrainian Premier League , who also counted compatriot Borja Gómez Pérez in their ranks . He made 12 total appearances during his tenur , and scored the equaliser in a 2–1 home loss to FC Metalist Kharkiv on 28 August ; he returned on loan to Elche on 28 January 2012 . In July 2013 , Cristóbal sued Karpaty for unpaid wages , winning €600,000 and becoming a free agent . Fellow Spaniard Ramon Tribulietx , manager of Oceanian champions Auckland City FC , signed him to the New Zealanders with the lure of the clubs participation at the years FIFA Club World Cup . He played three Championship matches , scoring twice in a 4–4 home draw against Hawkes Bay United FC on 22 December . After further stints at Olympiacos Volou 1937 F.C . ( Greece ) and PS Mitra Kukar ( Indonesia ) , Cristóbal returned to Spain to play the 2015–16 season at third-tier CD Toledo . After play-off elimination by Hércules CF , he transferred to Anorthosis Famagusta FC of the Cypriot First Division in June 2016 . Fuenlabrada . Unused in his few weeks on the Eastern Mediterranean island , Cristóbal came back to the Spanish third division and his native Community of Madrid on 31 August 2016 , with CF Fuenlabrada . He played regularly in three consecutive play-off seasons , culminating in a championship win in 2019 and the teams first ever promotion to the second tier ; his 42 total games earned him a one-year contract extension with the option of a second , at the age of 35 . On 2 February 2020 , in a 1–0 home loss to Girona FC , Cristóbal was sent off for a high challenge on Álex Granell ; the challenge was downgraded to a yellow card after review by the video assistant referee , and he was called back from the changing room . Seconds later , before play reinitiated , he was dismissed again for a clash of heads with the same opponent . External links . - LaLiga profile
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[
"Karpaty Lviv"
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hard
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Cristóbal Márquez played for which team after Aug 2012?
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/wiki/Cristóbal_Márquez#P54#4
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Cristóbal Márquez Cristóbal Márquez Crespo ( born 21 April 1984 ) , known simply as Cristóbal , is a Spanish footballer who plays for CF Fuenlabrada as a midfielder . Club career . Early career and Villarreal B . Born in Madrid , Cristóbal was in the ranks of local CD Leganés before joining Levante UD in 2005 , being assigned to their reserves in Segunda División B . He was also loaned to UB Conquense and UD San Sebastián de los Reyes in the same league . After Levante Bs relegation in 2008 , Cristóbal joined Valencian Community neighbours Villarreal CF , also for their second team . He contributed eight goals in total in his first season as they won promotion to Segunda División , including one in the playoff semi-final win against Lorca Deportiva CF . Villarreal . Cristóbal made his first-team debut for the club on 26 August 2010 , in the second leg of the UEFA Europa League play-offs away to Belarus FC Dnepr Mogilev having already won 5–0 at home in the first game ; he started and was sent off in the 67th minute of a 2–1 away win . The following 15 January he made the first of two La Liga appearances , as an 86th-minute substitute for Borja Valero in a 4–2 home victory over CA Osasuna ; on 27 February he started at Racing de Santander as Juan Carlos Garrido rested his regulars due to an extended European run , and was taken off for Santi Cazorla just past the hour mark in a 2–2 draw . On 31 March 2011 , Cristóbal was loaned to second-tier Elche CF for the rest of the campaign , after injuries to David Generelo and Miguel Linares . He scored in consecutive away draws at RC Celta de Vigo and Granada CF in late May , as his side ended up losing the playoff final to the latter on the away goals rule . Abroad . Cristóbal moved abroad for the first time in July 2011 , signing for an undisclosed fee to FC Karpaty Lviv in the Ukrainian Premier League , who also counted compatriot Borja Gómez Pérez in their ranks . He made 12 total appearances during his tenur , and scored the equaliser in a 2–1 home loss to FC Metalist Kharkiv on 28 August ; he returned on loan to Elche on 28 January 2012 . In July 2013 , Cristóbal sued Karpaty for unpaid wages , winning €600,000 and becoming a free agent . Fellow Spaniard Ramon Tribulietx , manager of Oceanian champions Auckland City FC , signed him to the New Zealanders with the lure of the clubs participation at the years FIFA Club World Cup . He played three Championship matches , scoring twice in a 4–4 home draw against Hawkes Bay United FC on 22 December . After further stints at Olympiacos Volou 1937 F.C . ( Greece ) and PS Mitra Kukar ( Indonesia ) , Cristóbal returned to Spain to play the 2015–16 season at third-tier CD Toledo . After play-off elimination by Hércules CF , he transferred to Anorthosis Famagusta FC of the Cypriot First Division in June 2016 . Fuenlabrada . Unused in his few weeks on the Eastern Mediterranean island , Cristóbal came back to the Spanish third division and his native Community of Madrid on 31 August 2016 , with CF Fuenlabrada . He played regularly in three consecutive play-off seasons , culminating in a championship win in 2019 and the teams first ever promotion to the second tier ; his 42 total games earned him a one-year contract extension with the option of a second , at the age of 35 . On 2 February 2020 , in a 1–0 home loss to Girona FC , Cristóbal was sent off for a high challenge on Álex Granell ; the challenge was downgraded to a yellow card after review by the video assistant referee , and he was called back from the changing room . Seconds later , before play reinitiated , he was dismissed again for a clash of heads with the same opponent . External links . - LaLiga profile
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[
"Deputy Under-Secretary"
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What was the position of Alexander Cadogan before Oct 1934?
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/wiki/Alexander_Cadogan#P39#0
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Alexander Cadogan Sir Alexander Montagu George Cadogan ( 25 November 1884 – 9 July 1968 ) was a British diplomat and civil servant . He was Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs from 1938 to 1946 . His long tenure of the Permanent Secretarys office makes him one of the central figures of British policy before and during the Second World War . His diaries are a source of great value and give a sharp sense of the man and his life . Like most senior officials at the Foreign Office , he was bitterly critical of the appeasement policies of the 1930s but admitted that until British rearmament was better advanced , there were few other options . In particular , he stressed that without an American commitment to joint defence against Japan , Britain would be torn between the eastern and western spheres . Conflict with Germany would automatically expose Britains Asian Empire to Japanese aggression . Background and education . Cadogan was brought up in a distinguished and wealthy aristocratic family as the seventh son and youngest child of George Cadogan , 5th Earl Cadogan , and his first wife Lady Beatrix Jane Craven , daughter of William Craven , 2nd Earl of Craven . He was the brother of Henry Cadogan , Viscount Chelsea , Gerald Cadogan , 6th Earl Cadogan , William Cadogan , and Sir Edward Cadogan . He was educated at Eton and Balliol College , Oxford , where he read History . Early Foreign Service career . Cadogan had a distinguished career in the Diplomatic Service , serving from 1908 to 1950 . His first posting was to Constantinople , where he spent two happy years learning the craft of diplomacy and playing upon the head of Chancery a series of ingenious practical jokes . Cadogans second posting was in Vienna , and during the First World War , he served in the Foreign Office in London . At the end of the First World War , he served at the Versailles Peace Conference . In 1923 , he became the head of the League of Nations section of the Foreign Office and remained quite optimistic about the prospects for the League . He was less confident about the prospects of success for the Disarmament Conference in Geneva and became quite frustrated at the lack of trust necessary for joint disarmament . Performing this work , he developed an appreciation for his colleague and superior , Anthony Eden . Cadogan found him agreeable , and in a 1933 letter to his wife , he wrote , He seems to me to have a very good idea of what is right and what is wrong , and if he thinks a thing is right he goes all out for it , hard , and if he thinks a thing is wrong , ten million wild hordes wont make him do it . Eden returned the admiration , writing that Cadogan carried out his thankless task with a rare blend of intelligence , sensibility , and patience . In 1933 , with Adolf Hitler in power and the fate of the Disarmament Conference clear , Cadogan accepted a posting at the British legation in Peking . The family arrived in 1934 , after the Chinese government had evacuated Peking because of troubles with Japan . He met with Chiang Kai-shek and attempted to persuade him of Britains support . Despite the lack of a real Chinese government , Cadogan did his best but lacked support from the Foreign Office . In 1935 , after his recommendation to extend a loan to the Chinese government was again denied , he wrote that with all their protestations that they mean to stay in China , they do nothing . And staying will cost them something in money or effort or risk . The Chinese are becoming sick of us . And there is no use my keeping in touch with them if I never can give them an encouragement at all . In 1936 , Cadogan received a request from the newly appointed Secretary of State , Anthony Eden , offering him the post of joint Deputy Under-Secretary . He regretted leaving China so suddenly but took up the offer and returned to London . Things there had grown much worse since his departure . Italy had attacked Abyssinia and Germany had reoccupied the Rhineland . Assessing the situation , Cadogan advised a revision of the more vindictive elements of the Treaty of Versailles , which was really more in the nature of an armistice . However , this suggestion was not taken up by Sir Robert Vansittart or Eden . It was felt that modifying the Treaty would only increase Germanys ambitions . Cadogan disagreed and wrote in his diary : I believe that , so long as she is allowed to nurse her resentment to her bosom , her claims increase with her armaments . He wanted to engage Germany in an effort to get German grievances set down on paper and was not as troubled by his colleagues about the possibility of German domination of Central Europe . Cadogan grew impatient with the lack of strategic direction in the Foreign Office . He complained , It cant be said that our policy so far has been successful . In fact we havent got a policy ; we merely wait to see what will happen to us next . Permanent Under-Secretary . In 1938 , Cadogan replaced Robert Vansittart as Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office . He considered his predecessors style to be emotional and disordered compared to Cadogans terse and efficient manner . There were , however , no significant divergences in policy although Vansittarts detestation of the dictators was more publicly known . Cadogan served in this capacity from 1938 to 1946 and represented Britain at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in 1944 , where he became well acquainted with Edward Stettinius and Andrei Gromyko . His work there was greatly respected . Winston Churchill told Parliament , His Majestys Government could have had no abler representative that Sir Alexander Cadogan and there is no doubt that a most valuable task has been discharged . In preparation for the Yalta Conference , Cadogan expended a great deal of effort attempting to bring the London Poles under Stanislaw Mikolajczyk around to the idea of losing their eastern territories to the Soviet Union . After 22,000 Polish officers and intellectuals were shot by the Soviets in Katyn , Cadogan wrote in his diary on 18 June 1943 that years before Katyn the Soviet Government made a habit of butchering their own citizens by the 10,000s , and if we could fling ourselves into their arms in 1941 , I dont know that Katyn makes our position more delicate . The blood of Russians cries as loud to heaven as that of Poles . But its very nasty . How can Poles ever live amicably alongside Russians , and how can we discuss with Russians execution of German war criminals , when we have condoned this ? He was also involved in discussions about the composition of provisional governments in Yugoslavia and Greece . Cadogan then accompanied the British delegation to the Yalta Conference in 1945 . David Dilks , the editor of his published diaries , notes , He looked on Yalta much as he had looked at Munich . Both agreements entailed serious injury to the rights of states which could not defend themselves against large and predatory neighbours ; both reflected the military and geographical facts ; neither was a matter for pride or for fierce self-reproach , since it hardly lay in British power at the material time to do other ; both looked better on signature than in the hard after-light . Cadogan wrote in his diary in January 1944 : They [ the Soviet diplomats ] are the most stinking creepy set of Jews Ive ever come across . United Nations . At the end of the war Cadogan had hoped for the Washington embassy but it went to another capable career diplomat , Sir Archibald Clark Kerr . Instead , it is probably his experience with the League of Nations and his prominent role at Dumbarton Oaks that made Clement Attlee appoint Cadogan the first Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations . He served in this capacity from 1946 to 1950 . During his time at the UN , as David Dilks points out , British diplomacy had to be conducted from a precarious position of over-commitment and economic instability . Cadogan expressed great frustration with the inflexibility of his Soviet counterparts , who were forbidden from mixing with other delegations or informal exchanges of views . At one point , he asked himself , How can ten men discuss with a ventriloquists doll ? He saw many parallels between Soviet actions at the beginning of the Cold War and those of the Germans on the eve of the Second World War . He remarked to Winston Churchill , What forces itself on ones attention is the degree to which everything favours the evildoer , if he is blatant enough . Any honest Government fights ( in peacetime ) with two hands tied behind its back . The brilliant blatancy of the Russians is something that we can admire but cannot emulate . It gives them a great advantage . Although he was never celebrated as a public figure , Cadogan enjoyed great prestige within diplomatic circles . He was widely respected for his ability , character and experience . He and his wife cultivated a large and varied number of friends by entertaining at their Long Island home , Hillandale . Later life . In 1952 , Cadogan was made Chairman of Board of Governors of the BBC by Winston Churchill , who had returned to office the previous year . When Cadogan expressed his concern that he lacked appropriate qualifications , Churchill replied , There are no qualifications . All you have to do is to be fair . Cadogan added , And sensible , I suppose . Churchill nodded . On his appointment , he confessed that he had never seen a BBC television programme and that what he had seen of American television , he disliked . He served until 1957 . In the last decade of his life , Cadogan gradually shed his commitments and devoted more time to his late-blooming interest in art . Honours . Cadogan was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1939 , a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1941 , admitted to the Privy Council in 1946 and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1951 . Family . Cadogan married Lady Theodosia Acheson , daughter of Archibald Acheson , 4th Earl of Gosford , in 1912 . They had a son and three daughters . He died in July 1968 , aged 83 . Lady Theodosia Cadogan died in October 1977 .
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[
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hard
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What was the position of Alexander Cadogan after Sep 1945?
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/wiki/Alexander_Cadogan#P39#1
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Alexander Cadogan Sir Alexander Montagu George Cadogan ( 25 November 1884 – 9 July 1968 ) was a British diplomat and civil servant . He was Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs from 1938 to 1946 . His long tenure of the Permanent Secretarys office makes him one of the central figures of British policy before and during the Second World War . His diaries are a source of great value and give a sharp sense of the man and his life . Like most senior officials at the Foreign Office , he was bitterly critical of the appeasement policies of the 1930s but admitted that until British rearmament was better advanced , there were few other options . In particular , he stressed that without an American commitment to joint defence against Japan , Britain would be torn between the eastern and western spheres . Conflict with Germany would automatically expose Britains Asian Empire to Japanese aggression . Background and education . Cadogan was brought up in a distinguished and wealthy aristocratic family as the seventh son and youngest child of George Cadogan , 5th Earl Cadogan , and his first wife Lady Beatrix Jane Craven , daughter of William Craven , 2nd Earl of Craven . He was the brother of Henry Cadogan , Viscount Chelsea , Gerald Cadogan , 6th Earl Cadogan , William Cadogan , and Sir Edward Cadogan . He was educated at Eton and Balliol College , Oxford , where he read History . Early Foreign Service career . Cadogan had a distinguished career in the Diplomatic Service , serving from 1908 to 1950 . His first posting was to Constantinople , where he spent two happy years learning the craft of diplomacy and playing upon the head of Chancery a series of ingenious practical jokes . Cadogans second posting was in Vienna , and during the First World War , he served in the Foreign Office in London . At the end of the First World War , he served at the Versailles Peace Conference . In 1923 , he became the head of the League of Nations section of the Foreign Office and remained quite optimistic about the prospects for the League . He was less confident about the prospects of success for the Disarmament Conference in Geneva and became quite frustrated at the lack of trust necessary for joint disarmament . Performing this work , he developed an appreciation for his colleague and superior , Anthony Eden . Cadogan found him agreeable , and in a 1933 letter to his wife , he wrote , He seems to me to have a very good idea of what is right and what is wrong , and if he thinks a thing is right he goes all out for it , hard , and if he thinks a thing is wrong , ten million wild hordes wont make him do it . Eden returned the admiration , writing that Cadogan carried out his thankless task with a rare blend of intelligence , sensibility , and patience . In 1933 , with Adolf Hitler in power and the fate of the Disarmament Conference clear , Cadogan accepted a posting at the British legation in Peking . The family arrived in 1934 , after the Chinese government had evacuated Peking because of troubles with Japan . He met with Chiang Kai-shek and attempted to persuade him of Britains support . Despite the lack of a real Chinese government , Cadogan did his best but lacked support from the Foreign Office . In 1935 , after his recommendation to extend a loan to the Chinese government was again denied , he wrote that with all their protestations that they mean to stay in China , they do nothing . And staying will cost them something in money or effort or risk . The Chinese are becoming sick of us . And there is no use my keeping in touch with them if I never can give them an encouragement at all . In 1936 , Cadogan received a request from the newly appointed Secretary of State , Anthony Eden , offering him the post of joint Deputy Under-Secretary . He regretted leaving China so suddenly but took up the offer and returned to London . Things there had grown much worse since his departure . Italy had attacked Abyssinia and Germany had reoccupied the Rhineland . Assessing the situation , Cadogan advised a revision of the more vindictive elements of the Treaty of Versailles , which was really more in the nature of an armistice . However , this suggestion was not taken up by Sir Robert Vansittart or Eden . It was felt that modifying the Treaty would only increase Germanys ambitions . Cadogan disagreed and wrote in his diary : I believe that , so long as she is allowed to nurse her resentment to her bosom , her claims increase with her armaments . He wanted to engage Germany in an effort to get German grievances set down on paper and was not as troubled by his colleagues about the possibility of German domination of Central Europe . Cadogan grew impatient with the lack of strategic direction in the Foreign Office . He complained , It cant be said that our policy so far has been successful . In fact we havent got a policy ; we merely wait to see what will happen to us next . Permanent Under-Secretary . In 1938 , Cadogan replaced Robert Vansittart as Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office . He considered his predecessors style to be emotional and disordered compared to Cadogans terse and efficient manner . There were , however , no significant divergences in policy although Vansittarts detestation of the dictators was more publicly known . Cadogan served in this capacity from 1938 to 1946 and represented Britain at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in 1944 , where he became well acquainted with Edward Stettinius and Andrei Gromyko . His work there was greatly respected . Winston Churchill told Parliament , His Majestys Government could have had no abler representative that Sir Alexander Cadogan and there is no doubt that a most valuable task has been discharged . In preparation for the Yalta Conference , Cadogan expended a great deal of effort attempting to bring the London Poles under Stanislaw Mikolajczyk around to the idea of losing their eastern territories to the Soviet Union . After 22,000 Polish officers and intellectuals were shot by the Soviets in Katyn , Cadogan wrote in his diary on 18 June 1943 that years before Katyn the Soviet Government made a habit of butchering their own citizens by the 10,000s , and if we could fling ourselves into their arms in 1941 , I dont know that Katyn makes our position more delicate . The blood of Russians cries as loud to heaven as that of Poles . But its very nasty . How can Poles ever live amicably alongside Russians , and how can we discuss with Russians execution of German war criminals , when we have condoned this ? He was also involved in discussions about the composition of provisional governments in Yugoslavia and Greece . Cadogan then accompanied the British delegation to the Yalta Conference in 1945 . David Dilks , the editor of his published diaries , notes , He looked on Yalta much as he had looked at Munich . Both agreements entailed serious injury to the rights of states which could not defend themselves against large and predatory neighbours ; both reflected the military and geographical facts ; neither was a matter for pride or for fierce self-reproach , since it hardly lay in British power at the material time to do other ; both looked better on signature than in the hard after-light . Cadogan wrote in his diary in January 1944 : They [ the Soviet diplomats ] are the most stinking creepy set of Jews Ive ever come across . United Nations . At the end of the war Cadogan had hoped for the Washington embassy but it went to another capable career diplomat , Sir Archibald Clark Kerr . Instead , it is probably his experience with the League of Nations and his prominent role at Dumbarton Oaks that made Clement Attlee appoint Cadogan the first Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations . He served in this capacity from 1946 to 1950 . During his time at the UN , as David Dilks points out , British diplomacy had to be conducted from a precarious position of over-commitment and economic instability . Cadogan expressed great frustration with the inflexibility of his Soviet counterparts , who were forbidden from mixing with other delegations or informal exchanges of views . At one point , he asked himself , How can ten men discuss with a ventriloquists doll ? He saw many parallels between Soviet actions at the beginning of the Cold War and those of the Germans on the eve of the Second World War . He remarked to Winston Churchill , What forces itself on ones attention is the degree to which everything favours the evildoer , if he is blatant enough . Any honest Government fights ( in peacetime ) with two hands tied behind its back . The brilliant blatancy of the Russians is something that we can admire but cannot emulate . It gives them a great advantage . Although he was never celebrated as a public figure , Cadogan enjoyed great prestige within diplomatic circles . He was widely respected for his ability , character and experience . He and his wife cultivated a large and varied number of friends by entertaining at their Long Island home , Hillandale . Later life . In 1952 , Cadogan was made Chairman of Board of Governors of the BBC by Winston Churchill , who had returned to office the previous year . When Cadogan expressed his concern that he lacked appropriate qualifications , Churchill replied , There are no qualifications . All you have to do is to be fair . Cadogan added , And sensible , I suppose . Churchill nodded . On his appointment , he confessed that he had never seen a BBC television programme and that what he had seen of American television , he disliked . He served until 1957 . In the last decade of his life , Cadogan gradually shed his commitments and devoted more time to his late-blooming interest in art . Honours . Cadogan was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1939 , a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1941 , admitted to the Privy Council in 1946 and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1951 . Family . Cadogan married Lady Theodosia Acheson , daughter of Archibald Acheson , 4th Earl of Gosford , in 1912 . They had a son and three daughters . He died in July 1968 , aged 83 . Lady Theodosia Cadogan died in October 1977 .
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[
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hard
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What was the position of Alexander Cadogan between Feb 1929 and Feb 1933?
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/wiki/Alexander_Cadogan#P39#2
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Alexander Cadogan Sir Alexander Montagu George Cadogan ( 25 November 1884 – 9 July 1968 ) was a British diplomat and civil servant . He was Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs from 1938 to 1946 . His long tenure of the Permanent Secretarys office makes him one of the central figures of British policy before and during the Second World War . His diaries are a source of great value and give a sharp sense of the man and his life . Like most senior officials at the Foreign Office , he was bitterly critical of the appeasement policies of the 1930s but admitted that until British rearmament was better advanced , there were few other options . In particular , he stressed that without an American commitment to joint defence against Japan , Britain would be torn between the eastern and western spheres . Conflict with Germany would automatically expose Britains Asian Empire to Japanese aggression . Background and education . Cadogan was brought up in a distinguished and wealthy aristocratic family as the seventh son and youngest child of George Cadogan , 5th Earl Cadogan , and his first wife Lady Beatrix Jane Craven , daughter of William Craven , 2nd Earl of Craven . He was the brother of Henry Cadogan , Viscount Chelsea , Gerald Cadogan , 6th Earl Cadogan , William Cadogan , and Sir Edward Cadogan . He was educated at Eton and Balliol College , Oxford , where he read History . Early Foreign Service career . Cadogan had a distinguished career in the Diplomatic Service , serving from 1908 to 1950 . His first posting was to Constantinople , where he spent two happy years learning the craft of diplomacy and playing upon the head of Chancery a series of ingenious practical jokes . Cadogans second posting was in Vienna , and during the First World War , he served in the Foreign Office in London . At the end of the First World War , he served at the Versailles Peace Conference . In 1923 , he became the head of the League of Nations section of the Foreign Office and remained quite optimistic about the prospects for the League . He was less confident about the prospects of success for the Disarmament Conference in Geneva and became quite frustrated at the lack of trust necessary for joint disarmament . Performing this work , he developed an appreciation for his colleague and superior , Anthony Eden . Cadogan found him agreeable , and in a 1933 letter to his wife , he wrote , He seems to me to have a very good idea of what is right and what is wrong , and if he thinks a thing is right he goes all out for it , hard , and if he thinks a thing is wrong , ten million wild hordes wont make him do it . Eden returned the admiration , writing that Cadogan carried out his thankless task with a rare blend of intelligence , sensibility , and patience . In 1933 , with Adolf Hitler in power and the fate of the Disarmament Conference clear , Cadogan accepted a posting at the British legation in Peking . The family arrived in 1934 , after the Chinese government had evacuated Peking because of troubles with Japan . He met with Chiang Kai-shek and attempted to persuade him of Britains support . Despite the lack of a real Chinese government , Cadogan did his best but lacked support from the Foreign Office . In 1935 , after his recommendation to extend a loan to the Chinese government was again denied , he wrote that with all their protestations that they mean to stay in China , they do nothing . And staying will cost them something in money or effort or risk . The Chinese are becoming sick of us . And there is no use my keeping in touch with them if I never can give them an encouragement at all . In 1936 , Cadogan received a request from the newly appointed Secretary of State , Anthony Eden , offering him the post of joint Deputy Under-Secretary . He regretted leaving China so suddenly but took up the offer and returned to London . Things there had grown much worse since his departure . Italy had attacked Abyssinia and Germany had reoccupied the Rhineland . Assessing the situation , Cadogan advised a revision of the more vindictive elements of the Treaty of Versailles , which was really more in the nature of an armistice . However , this suggestion was not taken up by Sir Robert Vansittart or Eden . It was felt that modifying the Treaty would only increase Germanys ambitions . Cadogan disagreed and wrote in his diary : I believe that , so long as she is allowed to nurse her resentment to her bosom , her claims increase with her armaments . He wanted to engage Germany in an effort to get German grievances set down on paper and was not as troubled by his colleagues about the possibility of German domination of Central Europe . Cadogan grew impatient with the lack of strategic direction in the Foreign Office . He complained , It cant be said that our policy so far has been successful . In fact we havent got a policy ; we merely wait to see what will happen to us next . Permanent Under-Secretary . In 1938 , Cadogan replaced Robert Vansittart as Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office . He considered his predecessors style to be emotional and disordered compared to Cadogans terse and efficient manner . There were , however , no significant divergences in policy although Vansittarts detestation of the dictators was more publicly known . Cadogan served in this capacity from 1938 to 1946 and represented Britain at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in 1944 , where he became well acquainted with Edward Stettinius and Andrei Gromyko . His work there was greatly respected . Winston Churchill told Parliament , His Majestys Government could have had no abler representative that Sir Alexander Cadogan and there is no doubt that a most valuable task has been discharged . In preparation for the Yalta Conference , Cadogan expended a great deal of effort attempting to bring the London Poles under Stanislaw Mikolajczyk around to the idea of losing their eastern territories to the Soviet Union . After 22,000 Polish officers and intellectuals were shot by the Soviets in Katyn , Cadogan wrote in his diary on 18 June 1943 that years before Katyn the Soviet Government made a habit of butchering their own citizens by the 10,000s , and if we could fling ourselves into their arms in 1941 , I dont know that Katyn makes our position more delicate . The blood of Russians cries as loud to heaven as that of Poles . But its very nasty . How can Poles ever live amicably alongside Russians , and how can we discuss with Russians execution of German war criminals , when we have condoned this ? He was also involved in discussions about the composition of provisional governments in Yugoslavia and Greece . Cadogan then accompanied the British delegation to the Yalta Conference in 1945 . David Dilks , the editor of his published diaries , notes , He looked on Yalta much as he had looked at Munich . Both agreements entailed serious injury to the rights of states which could not defend themselves against large and predatory neighbours ; both reflected the military and geographical facts ; neither was a matter for pride or for fierce self-reproach , since it hardly lay in British power at the material time to do other ; both looked better on signature than in the hard after-light . Cadogan wrote in his diary in January 1944 : They [ the Soviet diplomats ] are the most stinking creepy set of Jews Ive ever come across . United Nations . At the end of the war Cadogan had hoped for the Washington embassy but it went to another capable career diplomat , Sir Archibald Clark Kerr . Instead , it is probably his experience with the League of Nations and his prominent role at Dumbarton Oaks that made Clement Attlee appoint Cadogan the first Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations . He served in this capacity from 1946 to 1950 . During his time at the UN , as David Dilks points out , British diplomacy had to be conducted from a precarious position of over-commitment and economic instability . Cadogan expressed great frustration with the inflexibility of his Soviet counterparts , who were forbidden from mixing with other delegations or informal exchanges of views . At one point , he asked himself , How can ten men discuss with a ventriloquists doll ? He saw many parallels between Soviet actions at the beginning of the Cold War and those of the Germans on the eve of the Second World War . He remarked to Winston Churchill , What forces itself on ones attention is the degree to which everything favours the evildoer , if he is blatant enough . Any honest Government fights ( in peacetime ) with two hands tied behind its back . The brilliant blatancy of the Russians is something that we can admire but cannot emulate . It gives them a great advantage . Although he was never celebrated as a public figure , Cadogan enjoyed great prestige within diplomatic circles . He was widely respected for his ability , character and experience . He and his wife cultivated a large and varied number of friends by entertaining at their Long Island home , Hillandale . Later life . In 1952 , Cadogan was made Chairman of Board of Governors of the BBC by Winston Churchill , who had returned to office the previous year . When Cadogan expressed his concern that he lacked appropriate qualifications , Churchill replied , There are no qualifications . All you have to do is to be fair . Cadogan added , And sensible , I suppose . Churchill nodded . On his appointment , he confessed that he had never seen a BBC television programme and that what he had seen of American television , he disliked . He served until 1957 . In the last decade of his life , Cadogan gradually shed his commitments and devoted more time to his late-blooming interest in art . Honours . Cadogan was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1939 , a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1941 , admitted to the Privy Council in 1946 and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1951 . Family . Cadogan married Lady Theodosia Acheson , daughter of Archibald Acheson , 4th Earl of Gosford , in 1912 . They had a son and three daughters . He died in July 1968 , aged 83 . Lady Theodosia Cadogan died in October 1977 .
|
[
"Balkan"
] |
hard
|
Which team did the player Plamen Iliev (footballer, born 1991) belong to between Aug 2009 and Sep 2009?
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/wiki/Plamen_Iliev_(footballer,_born_1991)#P54#0
|
Plamen Iliev ( footballer , born 1991 ) Plamen Ivanov Iliev ( ; born 30 November 1991 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Ludogorets Razgrad and the Bulgarian national team . Iliev spent his early years with his hometown club Balkan Botevgrad , before joining Vidima-Rakovskis youth academy in 2006 . He made his professional debut in 2009 at the age of 17 and quickly became a regular starter . In December 2010 , Iliev moved to Levski Sofia for an undisclosed fee . Four and a half years later he signed for Romanian club Botoșani . In February 2017 , he moved to Astra Giurgiu where he stayed two years before he returned to Bulgaria to join up with Ludogorets Razgrad . A former regular for Bulgaria at Under-21 level , Iliev made his senior international debut in May 2012 . Club career . Vidima-Rakovski . In his youth years in Botevgrad , Iliev started to play football at Balkan . He joined Vidima-Rakovski when he was fourteen years old and signed his first professional contract in 2009 . At the beginning of the 2009–10 season , Iliev was added to Vidimas senior squad by manager Dimitar Todorov . He made his B Group debut in the starting line-up on 8 August 2009 in a 1–1 draw against Kom-Minyor . During the season he became first choice goalkeeper and earned 23 appearances , helping his team to win promotion to the A Group . Iliev was also the first choice keeper for the team from Sevlievo in the first half of the 2010–11 season and earned praise for his performances . Levski Sofia . On 17 December 2010 , Iliev was sold to Levski Sofia . He made his debut for Levski against Lokomotiv Sofia on 6 March 2011 , with Iliev succeeding in keeping a clean sheet . On 6 April 2012 , Iliev was appointed as Levskis captain , but became vice-captain for the 2012–13 season , as new coach Ilian Iliev decided to give the captains armband to Stanislav Angelov . On 14 September 2012 , Iliev signed a new contract keeping him at the club until 2016 . Botoșani . On 5 June 2015 , Iliev moved abroad for the first time , agreeing to a three-year deal with Romanian Liga I club FC Botoșani . Astra Giurgiu . Following his good display at Botoșani , Iliev was signed by defending champions Astra Giurgiu on 1 February 2017 . He kept a clean sheet in his competitive debut against Politehnica Iași , with Astra conceding two goals before his substitution . On 3 April , Iliev saved two penalties in six minutes , but in an eventual 1–2 home loss to Viitorul Constanța . After the departure of Silviu Lung Jr . to Kayserispor in the summer of 2017 , Iliev became the starting goalkeeper for Astra . Ludogorets Razgrad . On 7 January 2019 , Ludogorets Razgrad confirmed that Iliev had signed a preliminary contract under the Bosman ruling and is set to join the team as a free agent in June 2019 if the negotiations between Astra and Ludogorets in January didnt end with a transfer agreement , but on 12 January the teams reached an agreement and Iliev joined the team for an undisclosed fee . International career . Since 2010 Iliev has been a regular with the Bulgaria U21 side , gradually becoming first choice , taking over from Stefano Kunchev . On 11 October 2011 , he was sent off in the last minute of Bulgarias 3–2 win against Luxembourg U21 in a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualifier after an altercation with Tom Laterza . Iliev was subsequently banned for 3 matches . Iliev received his first call-up to the senior team of his country in 2011 and made his debut on 29 May 2012 , in the 0–2 loss against Turkey in a friendly match after replacing Stoyan Kolev in the 76th minute . Iliev appeared as a starter for the first time in the 2–1 win over Kazakhstan in another exhibition match held on 4 June 2013 , managing to keep a clean sheet , with Bulgaria conceding after his replacement . On 31 August 2017 , he saved a penalty taken by Emil Forsberg and the subsequent shot from the rebound in the 16th minute of the game in a historical 3–2 home win against Sweden . Iliev established himself as the first choice goalkeeper during Petar Houbchevs tenure as manager . Personal life . Iliev has a daughter , Isabella , and a son , Vladi . Honours . Club . - Levski Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : Runner-up 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Astra Giurgiu - Cupa României : Runner-up 2016–17 - Ludogorets Razgrad - First Professional Football League ( 2 ) : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2019 Individual . Best goalkeeper in the Bulgarian First League - 2019
|
[
"Levski Sofia"
] |
hard
|
Which team did the player Plamen Iliev (footballer, born 1991) belong to in Jul 2010?
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/wiki/Plamen_Iliev_(footballer,_born_1991)#P54#1
|
Plamen Iliev ( footballer , born 1991 ) Plamen Ivanov Iliev ( ; born 30 November 1991 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Ludogorets Razgrad and the Bulgarian national team . Iliev spent his early years with his hometown club Balkan Botevgrad , before joining Vidima-Rakovskis youth academy in 2006 . He made his professional debut in 2009 at the age of 17 and quickly became a regular starter . In December 2010 , Iliev moved to Levski Sofia for an undisclosed fee . Four and a half years later he signed for Romanian club Botoșani . In February 2017 , he moved to Astra Giurgiu where he stayed two years before he returned to Bulgaria to join up with Ludogorets Razgrad . A former regular for Bulgaria at Under-21 level , Iliev made his senior international debut in May 2012 . Club career . Vidima-Rakovski . In his youth years in Botevgrad , Iliev started to play football at Balkan . He joined Vidima-Rakovski when he was fourteen years old and signed his first professional contract in 2009 . At the beginning of the 2009–10 season , Iliev was added to Vidimas senior squad by manager Dimitar Todorov . He made his B Group debut in the starting line-up on 8 August 2009 in a 1–1 draw against Kom-Minyor . During the season he became first choice goalkeeper and earned 23 appearances , helping his team to win promotion to the A Group . Iliev was also the first choice keeper for the team from Sevlievo in the first half of the 2010–11 season and earned praise for his performances . Levski Sofia . On 17 December 2010 , Iliev was sold to Levski Sofia . He made his debut for Levski against Lokomotiv Sofia on 6 March 2011 , with Iliev succeeding in keeping a clean sheet . On 6 April 2012 , Iliev was appointed as Levskis captain , but became vice-captain for the 2012–13 season , as new coach Ilian Iliev decided to give the captains armband to Stanislav Angelov . On 14 September 2012 , Iliev signed a new contract keeping him at the club until 2016 . Botoșani . On 5 June 2015 , Iliev moved abroad for the first time , agreeing to a three-year deal with Romanian Liga I club FC Botoșani . Astra Giurgiu . Following his good display at Botoșani , Iliev was signed by defending champions Astra Giurgiu on 1 February 2017 . He kept a clean sheet in his competitive debut against Politehnica Iași , with Astra conceding two goals before his substitution . On 3 April , Iliev saved two penalties in six minutes , but in an eventual 1–2 home loss to Viitorul Constanța . After the departure of Silviu Lung Jr . to Kayserispor in the summer of 2017 , Iliev became the starting goalkeeper for Astra . Ludogorets Razgrad . On 7 January 2019 , Ludogorets Razgrad confirmed that Iliev had signed a preliminary contract under the Bosman ruling and is set to join the team as a free agent in June 2019 if the negotiations between Astra and Ludogorets in January didnt end with a transfer agreement , but on 12 January the teams reached an agreement and Iliev joined the team for an undisclosed fee . International career . Since 2010 Iliev has been a regular with the Bulgaria U21 side , gradually becoming first choice , taking over from Stefano Kunchev . On 11 October 2011 , he was sent off in the last minute of Bulgarias 3–2 win against Luxembourg U21 in a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualifier after an altercation with Tom Laterza . Iliev was subsequently banned for 3 matches . Iliev received his first call-up to the senior team of his country in 2011 and made his debut on 29 May 2012 , in the 0–2 loss against Turkey in a friendly match after replacing Stoyan Kolev in the 76th minute . Iliev appeared as a starter for the first time in the 2–1 win over Kazakhstan in another exhibition match held on 4 June 2013 , managing to keep a clean sheet , with Bulgaria conceding after his replacement . On 31 August 2017 , he saved a penalty taken by Emil Forsberg and the subsequent shot from the rebound in the 16th minute of the game in a historical 3–2 home win against Sweden . Iliev established himself as the first choice goalkeeper during Petar Houbchevs tenure as manager . Personal life . Iliev has a daughter , Isabella , and a son , Vladi . Honours . Club . - Levski Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : Runner-up 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Astra Giurgiu - Cupa României : Runner-up 2016–17 - Ludogorets Razgrad - First Professional Football League ( 2 ) : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2019 Individual . Best goalkeeper in the Bulgarian First League - 2019
|
[
"Levski"
] |
hard
|
Which team did the player Plamen Iliev (footballer, born 1991) belong to between Nov 2011 and Dec 2011?
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/wiki/Plamen_Iliev_(footballer,_born_1991)#P54#2
|
Plamen Iliev ( footballer , born 1991 ) Plamen Ivanov Iliev ( ; born 30 November 1991 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Ludogorets Razgrad and the Bulgarian national team . Iliev spent his early years with his hometown club Balkan Botevgrad , before joining Vidima-Rakovskis youth academy in 2006 . He made his professional debut in 2009 at the age of 17 and quickly became a regular starter . In December 2010 , Iliev moved to Levski Sofia for an undisclosed fee . Four and a half years later he signed for Romanian club Botoșani . In February 2017 , he moved to Astra Giurgiu where he stayed two years before he returned to Bulgaria to join up with Ludogorets Razgrad . A former regular for Bulgaria at Under-21 level , Iliev made his senior international debut in May 2012 . Club career . Vidima-Rakovski . In his youth years in Botevgrad , Iliev started to play football at Balkan . He joined Vidima-Rakovski when he was fourteen years old and signed his first professional contract in 2009 . At the beginning of the 2009–10 season , Iliev was added to Vidimas senior squad by manager Dimitar Todorov . He made his B Group debut in the starting line-up on 8 August 2009 in a 1–1 draw against Kom-Minyor . During the season he became first choice goalkeeper and earned 23 appearances , helping his team to win promotion to the A Group . Iliev was also the first choice keeper for the team from Sevlievo in the first half of the 2010–11 season and earned praise for his performances . Levski Sofia . On 17 December 2010 , Iliev was sold to Levski Sofia . He made his debut for Levski against Lokomotiv Sofia on 6 March 2011 , with Iliev succeeding in keeping a clean sheet . On 6 April 2012 , Iliev was appointed as Levskis captain , but became vice-captain for the 2012–13 season , as new coach Ilian Iliev decided to give the captains armband to Stanislav Angelov . On 14 September 2012 , Iliev signed a new contract keeping him at the club until 2016 . Botoșani . On 5 June 2015 , Iliev moved abroad for the first time , agreeing to a three-year deal with Romanian Liga I club FC Botoșani . Astra Giurgiu . Following his good display at Botoșani , Iliev was signed by defending champions Astra Giurgiu on 1 February 2017 . He kept a clean sheet in his competitive debut against Politehnica Iași , with Astra conceding two goals before his substitution . On 3 April , Iliev saved two penalties in six minutes , but in an eventual 1–2 home loss to Viitorul Constanța . After the departure of Silviu Lung Jr . to Kayserispor in the summer of 2017 , Iliev became the starting goalkeeper for Astra . Ludogorets Razgrad . On 7 January 2019 , Ludogorets Razgrad confirmed that Iliev had signed a preliminary contract under the Bosman ruling and is set to join the team as a free agent in June 2019 if the negotiations between Astra and Ludogorets in January didnt end with a transfer agreement , but on 12 January the teams reached an agreement and Iliev joined the team for an undisclosed fee . International career . Since 2010 Iliev has been a regular with the Bulgaria U21 side , gradually becoming first choice , taking over from Stefano Kunchev . On 11 October 2011 , he was sent off in the last minute of Bulgarias 3–2 win against Luxembourg U21 in a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualifier after an altercation with Tom Laterza . Iliev was subsequently banned for 3 matches . Iliev received his first call-up to the senior team of his country in 2011 and made his debut on 29 May 2012 , in the 0–2 loss against Turkey in a friendly match after replacing Stoyan Kolev in the 76th minute . Iliev appeared as a starter for the first time in the 2–1 win over Kazakhstan in another exhibition match held on 4 June 2013 , managing to keep a clean sheet , with Bulgaria conceding after his replacement . On 31 August 2017 , he saved a penalty taken by Emil Forsberg and the subsequent shot from the rebound in the 16th minute of the game in a historical 3–2 home win against Sweden . Iliev established himself as the first choice goalkeeper during Petar Houbchevs tenure as manager . Personal life . Iliev has a daughter , Isabella , and a son , Vladi . Honours . Club . - Levski Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : Runner-up 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Astra Giurgiu - Cupa României : Runner-up 2016–17 - Ludogorets Razgrad - First Professional Football League ( 2 ) : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2019 Individual . Best goalkeeper in the Bulgarian First League - 2019
|
[
"Levskis"
] |
hard
|
Which team did the player Plamen Iliev (footballer, born 1991) belong to in Jun 2013?
|
/wiki/Plamen_Iliev_(footballer,_born_1991)#P54#3
|
Plamen Iliev ( footballer , born 1991 ) Plamen Ivanov Iliev ( ; born 30 November 1991 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Ludogorets Razgrad and the Bulgarian national team . Iliev spent his early years with his hometown club Balkan Botevgrad , before joining Vidima-Rakovskis youth academy in 2006 . He made his professional debut in 2009 at the age of 17 and quickly became a regular starter . In December 2010 , Iliev moved to Levski Sofia for an undisclosed fee . Four and a half years later he signed for Romanian club Botoșani . In February 2017 , he moved to Astra Giurgiu where he stayed two years before he returned to Bulgaria to join up with Ludogorets Razgrad . A former regular for Bulgaria at Under-21 level , Iliev made his senior international debut in May 2012 . Club career . Vidima-Rakovski . In his youth years in Botevgrad , Iliev started to play football at Balkan . He joined Vidima-Rakovski when he was fourteen years old and signed his first professional contract in 2009 . At the beginning of the 2009–10 season , Iliev was added to Vidimas senior squad by manager Dimitar Todorov . He made his B Group debut in the starting line-up on 8 August 2009 in a 1–1 draw against Kom-Minyor . During the season he became first choice goalkeeper and earned 23 appearances , helping his team to win promotion to the A Group . Iliev was also the first choice keeper for the team from Sevlievo in the first half of the 2010–11 season and earned praise for his performances . Levski Sofia . On 17 December 2010 , Iliev was sold to Levski Sofia . He made his debut for Levski against Lokomotiv Sofia on 6 March 2011 , with Iliev succeeding in keeping a clean sheet . On 6 April 2012 , Iliev was appointed as Levskis captain , but became vice-captain for the 2012–13 season , as new coach Ilian Iliev decided to give the captains armband to Stanislav Angelov . On 14 September 2012 , Iliev signed a new contract keeping him at the club until 2016 . Botoșani . On 5 June 2015 , Iliev moved abroad for the first time , agreeing to a three-year deal with Romanian Liga I club FC Botoșani . Astra Giurgiu . Following his good display at Botoșani , Iliev was signed by defending champions Astra Giurgiu on 1 February 2017 . He kept a clean sheet in his competitive debut against Politehnica Iași , with Astra conceding two goals before his substitution . On 3 April , Iliev saved two penalties in six minutes , but in an eventual 1–2 home loss to Viitorul Constanța . After the departure of Silviu Lung Jr . to Kayserispor in the summer of 2017 , Iliev became the starting goalkeeper for Astra . Ludogorets Razgrad . On 7 January 2019 , Ludogorets Razgrad confirmed that Iliev had signed a preliminary contract under the Bosman ruling and is set to join the team as a free agent in June 2019 if the negotiations between Astra and Ludogorets in January didnt end with a transfer agreement , but on 12 January the teams reached an agreement and Iliev joined the team for an undisclosed fee . International career . Since 2010 Iliev has been a regular with the Bulgaria U21 side , gradually becoming first choice , taking over from Stefano Kunchev . On 11 October 2011 , he was sent off in the last minute of Bulgarias 3–2 win against Luxembourg U21 in a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualifier after an altercation with Tom Laterza . Iliev was subsequently banned for 3 matches . Iliev received his first call-up to the senior team of his country in 2011 and made his debut on 29 May 2012 , in the 0–2 loss against Turkey in a friendly match after replacing Stoyan Kolev in the 76th minute . Iliev appeared as a starter for the first time in the 2–1 win over Kazakhstan in another exhibition match held on 4 June 2013 , managing to keep a clean sheet , with Bulgaria conceding after his replacement . On 31 August 2017 , he saved a penalty taken by Emil Forsberg and the subsequent shot from the rebound in the 16th minute of the game in a historical 3–2 home win against Sweden . Iliev established himself as the first choice goalkeeper during Petar Houbchevs tenure as manager . Personal life . Iliev has a daughter , Isabella , and a son , Vladi . Honours . Club . - Levski Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : Runner-up 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Astra Giurgiu - Cupa României : Runner-up 2016–17 - Ludogorets Razgrad - First Professional Football League ( 2 ) : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2019 Individual . Best goalkeeper in the Bulgarian First League - 2019
|
[
"FC Botoșani"
] |
hard
|
Which team did the player Plamen Iliev (footballer, born 1991) belong to in Feb 2015?
|
/wiki/Plamen_Iliev_(footballer,_born_1991)#P54#4
|
Plamen Iliev ( footballer , born 1991 ) Plamen Ivanov Iliev ( ; born 30 November 1991 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Ludogorets Razgrad and the Bulgarian national team . Iliev spent his early years with his hometown club Balkan Botevgrad , before joining Vidima-Rakovskis youth academy in 2006 . He made his professional debut in 2009 at the age of 17 and quickly became a regular starter . In December 2010 , Iliev moved to Levski Sofia for an undisclosed fee . Four and a half years later he signed for Romanian club Botoșani . In February 2017 , he moved to Astra Giurgiu where he stayed two years before he returned to Bulgaria to join up with Ludogorets Razgrad . A former regular for Bulgaria at Under-21 level , Iliev made his senior international debut in May 2012 . Club career . Vidima-Rakovski . In his youth years in Botevgrad , Iliev started to play football at Balkan . He joined Vidima-Rakovski when he was fourteen years old and signed his first professional contract in 2009 . At the beginning of the 2009–10 season , Iliev was added to Vidimas senior squad by manager Dimitar Todorov . He made his B Group debut in the starting line-up on 8 August 2009 in a 1–1 draw against Kom-Minyor . During the season he became first choice goalkeeper and earned 23 appearances , helping his team to win promotion to the A Group . Iliev was also the first choice keeper for the team from Sevlievo in the first half of the 2010–11 season and earned praise for his performances . Levski Sofia . On 17 December 2010 , Iliev was sold to Levski Sofia . He made his debut for Levski against Lokomotiv Sofia on 6 March 2011 , with Iliev succeeding in keeping a clean sheet . On 6 April 2012 , Iliev was appointed as Levskis captain , but became vice-captain for the 2012–13 season , as new coach Ilian Iliev decided to give the captains armband to Stanislav Angelov . On 14 September 2012 , Iliev signed a new contract keeping him at the club until 2016 . Botoșani . On 5 June 2015 , Iliev moved abroad for the first time , agreeing to a three-year deal with Romanian Liga I club FC Botoșani . Astra Giurgiu . Following his good display at Botoșani , Iliev was signed by defending champions Astra Giurgiu on 1 February 2017 . He kept a clean sheet in his competitive debut against Politehnica Iași , with Astra conceding two goals before his substitution . On 3 April , Iliev saved two penalties in six minutes , but in an eventual 1–2 home loss to Viitorul Constanța . After the departure of Silviu Lung Jr . to Kayserispor in the summer of 2017 , Iliev became the starting goalkeeper for Astra . Ludogorets Razgrad . On 7 January 2019 , Ludogorets Razgrad confirmed that Iliev had signed a preliminary contract under the Bosman ruling and is set to join the team as a free agent in June 2019 if the negotiations between Astra and Ludogorets in January didnt end with a transfer agreement , but on 12 January the teams reached an agreement and Iliev joined the team for an undisclosed fee . International career . Since 2010 Iliev has been a regular with the Bulgaria U21 side , gradually becoming first choice , taking over from Stefano Kunchev . On 11 October 2011 , he was sent off in the last minute of Bulgarias 3–2 win against Luxembourg U21 in a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualifier after an altercation with Tom Laterza . Iliev was subsequently banned for 3 matches . Iliev received his first call-up to the senior team of his country in 2011 and made his debut on 29 May 2012 , in the 0–2 loss against Turkey in a friendly match after replacing Stoyan Kolev in the 76th minute . Iliev appeared as a starter for the first time in the 2–1 win over Kazakhstan in another exhibition match held on 4 June 2013 , managing to keep a clean sheet , with Bulgaria conceding after his replacement . On 31 August 2017 , he saved a penalty taken by Emil Forsberg and the subsequent shot from the rebound in the 16th minute of the game in a historical 3–2 home win against Sweden . Iliev established himself as the first choice goalkeeper during Petar Houbchevs tenure as manager . Personal life . Iliev has a daughter , Isabella , and a son , Vladi . Honours . Club . - Levski Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : Runner-up 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Astra Giurgiu - Cupa României : Runner-up 2016–17 - Ludogorets Razgrad - First Professional Football League ( 2 ) : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2019 Individual . Best goalkeeper in the Bulgarian First League - 2019
|
[
"Astra Giurgiu"
] |
hard
|
Which team did the player Plamen Iliev (footballer, born 1991) belong to after Jun 2017?
|
/wiki/Plamen_Iliev_(footballer,_born_1991)#P54#5
|
Plamen Iliev ( footballer , born 1991 ) Plamen Ivanov Iliev ( ; born 30 November 1991 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Ludogorets Razgrad and the Bulgarian national team . Iliev spent his early years with his hometown club Balkan Botevgrad , before joining Vidima-Rakovskis youth academy in 2006 . He made his professional debut in 2009 at the age of 17 and quickly became a regular starter . In December 2010 , Iliev moved to Levski Sofia for an undisclosed fee . Four and a half years later he signed for Romanian club Botoșani . In February 2017 , he moved to Astra Giurgiu where he stayed two years before he returned to Bulgaria to join up with Ludogorets Razgrad . A former regular for Bulgaria at Under-21 level , Iliev made his senior international debut in May 2012 . Club career . Vidima-Rakovski . In his youth years in Botevgrad , Iliev started to play football at Balkan . He joined Vidima-Rakovski when he was fourteen years old and signed his first professional contract in 2009 . At the beginning of the 2009–10 season , Iliev was added to Vidimas senior squad by manager Dimitar Todorov . He made his B Group debut in the starting line-up on 8 August 2009 in a 1–1 draw against Kom-Minyor . During the season he became first choice goalkeeper and earned 23 appearances , helping his team to win promotion to the A Group . Iliev was also the first choice keeper for the team from Sevlievo in the first half of the 2010–11 season and earned praise for his performances . Levski Sofia . On 17 December 2010 , Iliev was sold to Levski Sofia . He made his debut for Levski against Lokomotiv Sofia on 6 March 2011 , with Iliev succeeding in keeping a clean sheet . On 6 April 2012 , Iliev was appointed as Levskis captain , but became vice-captain for the 2012–13 season , as new coach Ilian Iliev decided to give the captains armband to Stanislav Angelov . On 14 September 2012 , Iliev signed a new contract keeping him at the club until 2016 . Botoșani . On 5 June 2015 , Iliev moved abroad for the first time , agreeing to a three-year deal with Romanian Liga I club FC Botoșani . Astra Giurgiu . Following his good display at Botoșani , Iliev was signed by defending champions Astra Giurgiu on 1 February 2017 . He kept a clean sheet in his competitive debut against Politehnica Iași , with Astra conceding two goals before his substitution . On 3 April , Iliev saved two penalties in six minutes , but in an eventual 1–2 home loss to Viitorul Constanța . After the departure of Silviu Lung Jr . to Kayserispor in the summer of 2017 , Iliev became the starting goalkeeper for Astra . Ludogorets Razgrad . On 7 January 2019 , Ludogorets Razgrad confirmed that Iliev had signed a preliminary contract under the Bosman ruling and is set to join the team as a free agent in June 2019 if the negotiations between Astra and Ludogorets in January didnt end with a transfer agreement , but on 12 January the teams reached an agreement and Iliev joined the team for an undisclosed fee . International career . Since 2010 Iliev has been a regular with the Bulgaria U21 side , gradually becoming first choice , taking over from Stefano Kunchev . On 11 October 2011 , he was sent off in the last minute of Bulgarias 3–2 win against Luxembourg U21 in a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualifier after an altercation with Tom Laterza . Iliev was subsequently banned for 3 matches . Iliev received his first call-up to the senior team of his country in 2011 and made his debut on 29 May 2012 , in the 0–2 loss against Turkey in a friendly match after replacing Stoyan Kolev in the 76th minute . Iliev appeared as a starter for the first time in the 2–1 win over Kazakhstan in another exhibition match held on 4 June 2013 , managing to keep a clean sheet , with Bulgaria conceding after his replacement . On 31 August 2017 , he saved a penalty taken by Emil Forsberg and the subsequent shot from the rebound in the 16th minute of the game in a historical 3–2 home win against Sweden . Iliev established himself as the first choice goalkeeper during Petar Houbchevs tenure as manager . Personal life . Iliev has a daughter , Isabella , and a son , Vladi . Honours . Club . - Levski Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : Runner-up 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Astra Giurgiu - Cupa României : Runner-up 2016–17 - Ludogorets Razgrad - First Professional Football League ( 2 ) : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2019 Individual . Best goalkeeper in the Bulgarian First League - 2019
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[
""
] |
hard
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Where was John Barrow (American politician) educated before Oct 1972?
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/wiki/John_Barrow_(American_politician)#P69#0
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John Barrow ( American politician ) John Jenkins Barrow ( born October 31 , 1955 ) is an American politician who was the U.S . Representative for from 2005 to 2015 . The district includes much of the Georgia side of the Central Savannah River Area and includes counties as far south as Coffee County and as far west as Laurens County . He is a member of the Democratic Party . As a Democratic congressman in an increasingly Republican district , Barrow was targeted for defeat by Republican strategists from the time he was first elected . Twice the GOP-controlled Georgia General Assembly redrew his district , forcing him to move first from Athens to Savannah and then from Savannah to Augusta to remain a resident of his district . He was ultimately defeated in his 2014 bid for re-election . Barrow was the Democratic nominee for Georgia Secretary of State in 2018 , but lost in a run-off election . Education , early career , and family . Barrow was born in Athens , Georgia , to Judge James Barrow and his wife , Phyllis ( Jenkins ) Barrow , who both had served as military officers during World War II . His family has deep roots in the Athens area , and according to his staff he is a great-great-nephew of David Crenshaw Barrow Jr. , for whom nearby Barrow County was named . Through his Barrow ancestors he is related to 19th-century Georgia Gov . Wilson Lumpkin . Barrow graduated from the University of Georgia with a political science degree in 1976 . While a student , he was a member of the universitys Demosthenian Literary Society . In 1979 , he earned a Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School . After graduation , he entered private practice as a lawyer , working until his election to public office . Barrow is married to the former Angèle Hawkins of Atlanta . Together they have 5 children : Charlie , Manette , Alex , James , and Ruth . Athens-Clarke County politics . In 1990 , voters from the City of Athens and Clarke County voted to consolidate the two governing bodies . Barrow was elected to the newly created Athens-Clarke County Commission , representing the countys fourth district . He won re-election in 1992 , 1996 , and in 2000 . U.S . House of Representatives . Legislation . Barrow sponsored 59 bills of his own , including : 109th Congress ( 2005–2006 ) . - H.R . 2073 , a bill to create a tax credit for businesses with no more than 50 employees equal to 50% of the amount paid by the employer for health insurance coverage for the businesss employees , introduced May 4 , 2005 . A version of this tax credit would later be included as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( PPACA ) . - H.R . 5694 , introduced June 28 , 2006 , reintroduced in the 110th Congress as H.R . 1473 , the 111th Congress as H.R . 1662 and the 112th Congress as H.R . 4283 , a bill to require states to recommend the purchasing of liability insurance for child care centers , and to require child care centers to disclose whether the center carries current liability insurance 1 ) publicly and conspicuously in the service area of the premises of the center , and 2 ) in a written notice to each childs parents or legal guardian . Child care centers would be required to receive a signature from at least one of the childs parents verifying that he or she has received the notice , and would be required to maintain records of these signatures while the child is receiving care and for one year thereafter . While this bill has yet to become law , many states , including Georgia , have adopted their own versions of it . 110th Congress ( 2007–2008 ) . - H.R . 1563 , a bill to require Medicare Advantage organizations to provide at least the same amount provided under Medicare Part A or B if such services had been provided under either of those programs for critical access rural hospitals , introduced March 19 , 2007 - H.R . 2398 , a bill to create the National Institute of Food and Agriculture to promote research aimed at improving agriculture , introduced June 21 , 2007 . This bills provisions were included in the 2008 U.S . farm bill . - H.R . 3607 , a bill to increase the allowable HOPE Scholarship tax credit from $1,000 to $2,000 , allow it to be used for four taxable years , and allow it to include expenditures on books , classroom supplies , and housing , introduced September 20 , 2007 - H.R . 5897 , a bill to create a registry of individuals exposed to excess formaldehyde in the Federal Emergency Management Agencys temporary housing units after Hurricane Katrina , to study the adverse effects of this excess exposure , and to provide free health care and counseling to individuals in the registry who are suffering from adverse effects of excess formaldehyde exposure linked to the temporary housing units , introduced April 24 , 2008 , reintroduced in the 111th Congress as H.R . 1661 - H.R . 5918 , a bill to create a program to make it easier for small businesses to provide health insurance coverage to their employees , introduced April 29 , 2008 . A version of this program would later be included as the PPACAs Small Business Health Options Program . 111th Congress ( 2009–2010 ) . - H.R . 3652 , a bill to require the Secretary of Health and Human Services to create minimum education and certification standards for physicians who administer medical imaging and radiation therapy , introduced September 25 , 2009 - H.R . 5594 , a bill to create a program to award competitive grants to technical schools to pay for up to $2,000 in tuition costs for unemployed individuals enrolled or accepted at the school , introduced June 24 , 2010 , reintroduced in the 112th Congress as H.R . 2851 112th Congress ( 2011–2012 ) . - H.R . 3121 , a bill to require Congress to approve of any contract , grant , or loan awarded to any entity from the federal government if its value exceeds $100 million for a single fiscal year , introduced October 6 , 2011 - H.R . 4167 , a bill to create a refundable tax credit for businesses whose employees average wages rise in excess of inflation to partially offset these costs , up to a maximum of $500,000 per calendar year , introduced March 8 , 2012 - H.R . 6144 , a bill to reduce the allowable amount of expenditures on new vehicles for federal employees , excluding vehicles acquired for national security purposes , introduced September 18 , 2012 - H.R . 6499 , a bill to subject the pay of members of Congress to budgetary cuts under the Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act , introduced September 21 , 2012 113th Congress ( 2013–2014 ) . - H.R . 37 , introduced January 3 , 2013 , a bill to repeal the employer mandate , individual mandate , and the Independent Payment Advisory Board of the PPACA , to prohibit the Environmental Protection Agency from awarding any type of financial assistance to any entity for the purpose of preventing or controlling air pollution if that financial assistance would be used outside of the United States , and to grant the Office of Management and Budget the authority to consolidate existing government agencies and programs if doing so would increase government efficiency . H.R . 37 also contains modified provisions of some bills sponsored by Barrow in the 112th Congress : H.R . 3121 , 6144 , and 6499 . - H.R . 223 , a bill to prohibit states from redrawing congressional districts more than once after each 10-year reapportionment unless ordered to do so by a court so that the districts comply with the U.S . Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , introduced January 14 , 2013 - H.R . 4331 , a bill to reduce the number of limousines in the federal vehicle fleet by 50% , introduced March 27 , 2014 - H.R . 4591 , introduced May 7 , 2014 , a bill to direct the Secretary of Labor to develop a strategy to deal with the countrys skill gap ( which the bill defines ) . H.R . 4591 also contains modified provisions of some bills sponsored by Barrow in the 111th and 112th Congresses : H.R . 5594 and 4167 . Committee assignments . - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Environment and Economy - Subcommittee on Commerce , Manufacturing and Trade - Subcommittee on Energy and Power - Subcommittee on Health Elections . 2004 . In 2004 , Barrow entered the Democratic primary for Georgias 12th District . The 12th had been one of the districts Georgia gained as a result of the 2000 United States Census , and stretched from Athens to Augusta . The district , with its 40% African-American population , had supposedly been drawn for a Democrat . However , Republican college professor Max Burns had won the seat in 2002 because of ethical questions surrounding the Democratic nominee , Charles Champ Walker , Jr . Barrow won a four-way primary and went on to defeat Burns by 52% to 48% . 2006 . At the same time Barrow was elected , the Republicans won control of both houses of the Georgia state legislature for the first time since Reconstruction . One of their first acts was a rare mid-decade redistricting that targeted Barrow and the other white Democrat in the Georgia delegation , Jim Marshall . One proposed map , seriously considered , would have drawn his home in Athens into the heavily Republican 9th District of seven-term incumbent Nathan Deal , while throwing the other half of Athens into the equally Republican 10th District of six-term incumbent Charlie Norwood . The final plan was somewhat less draconian , but shifted all of Athens to the 10th District . Rather than face certain defeat , Barrow moved from his ancestral home of Athens to Savannah in the newly redrawn 12th . The new 12th was slightly less Democratic than its predecessor . It now included several Republican-leaning Savannah suburbs that had previously been in the heavily Republican 1st District . Barrow faced Burns in the general election and won by only 864 votes — the narrowest margin of any Democratic incumbent nationwide . However , he trounced Burns in Chatham and Richmond counties — home to Democratic-leaning Savannah and Augusta , respectively ( as well as more than half the districts population ) — by a total of over 17,000 votes . Barrows 2006 candidacy faced not only the mid-decade redistricting but also two visits by President George W . Bush to the district , campaigning by national figures on behalf of Burns ( including RNC Chair Ken Mehlman and U.S . Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert ) and popular Governor Sonny Perdues reelection bid . 2008 . In the 2008 election , Barrow faced a primary challenge from State Senator Regina Thomas , who represents a majority-black district in Savannah . Barrow won the Democratic nomination with 76% of the vote over Thomas with 24% of the vote , 96% of the precincts reporting . He easily defeated his Republican challenger , former congressional aide John Stone , with 66% percent of the vote . Support for Obama . Barrow aligned himself closely with Barack Obama during the 2008 presidential primary . He endorsed Obama months before he won enough delegates to clinch the nomination . Obama reciprocated by recording a sixty-second radio advertisement for Barrow , who was in a contested primary . Obama said , Were going to need John Barrow back in Congress to help change Washington and get our country back on track . It was the first time Obama got involved with a Georgia election . Barrow later touted his supported from Obama in a direct-mail piece that said he works hand-in-hand with Obama . 2010 . Barrow won re-election defeating Republican nominee Ray McKinney 57%-43% . Augusta Chronicle editorial . In a 2010 editorial , the Augusta Chronicle called John Barrow perhaps the most shameless , duplicitous , self-serving politician of his era . The editorial was written after it was discovered that he sent two diametrically opposed mailers to voters in his district - one saying he works hand in hand with President Obama , and another saying he stood up to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi . In closing , the editorial stated : That Mr . Barrow is two-faced has been revealed by his own hand . Why voters would reward that kind of disingenuous condescension is beyond us . 2012 . Following the 2010 census , the Republican-controlled state legislature significantly altered the 12th . It lost its share of Savannah , while gaining all of Augusta and most of its suburbs . However , a number of heavily Republican areas near Savannah remained in the 12th . On paper , the reconfigured 12th was strongly Republican ; had it existed in 2008 , John McCain would have carried it with 58 percent of the vote . By comparison , Barack Obama carried the old 12th with 54 percent of the vote . Since Barrows home in Savannah was drawn into Jack Kingstons 1st district , he moved to Augusta in the reconfigured 12th and sought election there . In April 2011 , the National Journal named Barrow one of the ten most endangered Democrats . However , in the general election , Barrow managed to defeat Republican State Representative Lee Anderson 54%-46% . According to an editorial in the Augusta Chronicle , this was mainly because Anderson was almost invisible during the campaign ; notably , he never debated Barrow . Mitt Romney won the district with 55 percent of the vote . 2014 . In the 2014 Democratic primaries , Barrow went unopposed . Republican Rick W . Allen defeated John Barrow in the November 2014 elections . 2018 . While considered to be a potential candidate for Governor of Georgia in the 2018 election , Barrow decided instead to pursue the office of Georgia Secretary of State . He announced his candidacy on September 24 , 2017 and won the Democratic primary . Neither Barrow nor his Republican opponent , Brad Raffensperger , received 50% of the vote in the 2018 general election , so a run-off election was held . In that election , Barrow lost by approximately 57,000 votes . 2020 . Barrow is running for a seat on the Georgia Supreme Court that was made open by the retirement of Justice Robert Benham . Political views . Barrow is a Blue Dog Democrat as well as a member of the New Democrat Coalition . Based on Barrows bill sponsorship , the GovTrack website has classified him as a centrist Democrat . Following the defeat of fellow Georgia Democrat Jim Marshall in 2010 , he was the only white Democratic congressman from the Deep South . Barrow got a 75% rating from the NAACP , which indicates a mixed record on civil rights ; 83% from U.S . Border Control , indicating a sealed-border stance ; 25% from Americans United for Separation of Church and State , indicating a mixed record on church-state separation ; 0% from Citizens for Tax Justice , indicating opposition to progressive tax structure ; 100% from the Campaign for Americas Future , indicating support for energy independence ; -10 from NORML , indicating a hard-on-drugs stance ; 36% from the National Right to Life Committee , indicating a mixed record on abortion . Health care . In November 2009 , Barrow was one of 39 Democrats to vote against the Affordable Health Care for America Act . In March 2010 , he was one of 34 to vote against the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 . The bill passed the House 219-212 . In January 2011 , Barrow voted against repealing the law . Gun rights . Rep . Barrow received more money from the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) during the 2014 election cycle than any other Democrat in the nation ( $9,900 ) . Gay rights . Barrow voted to repeal dont ask , dont tell , and he voted for the Matthew Shepard Hate Crimes Act . He supported conferring marriage benefits to same sex couples by means of civil unions but was opposed to gay marriage . During his first campaign he was accused of flip-flopping on the issue of a proposed constitutional amendment that would ban same sex marriage , but he defended his position by explaining that the amendment he opposed would have prevented states from recognizing civil unions while the amendment he supported would have allowed states to recognize civil unions . He voted to uphold the Defense of Marriage Act , which allowed states to recognize same-sex marriages but also allowed states to refuse to recognize same sex marriages granted under the laws of other states . Abortion . Barrows voting record on abortion is mixed . In 2007 , Barrow received a 100% approval rating from NARAL Pro-Choice America , a pro-choice group , and also received a 0% approval rating from the National Right to Life Committee , a pro-Life organization . However , in 2006 , he received only a 35% approval rating from NARAL , and in November 2009 , he voted to allow insurance plans to offer abortion coverage , as long as it wasnt subsidized by the government . Stimulus spending . Barrow voted for the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act . He was one of 44 Democrats in the House to vote against the American Clean Energy and Security Act , also known as the cap and trade bill . Intellectual property . In 2011 , Rep . Barrow became a co-sponsor of Bill H.R.3261 otherwise known as the Stop Online Piracy Act .
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John Barrow ( American politician ) John Jenkins Barrow ( born October 31 , 1955 ) is an American politician who was the U.S . Representative for from 2005 to 2015 . The district includes much of the Georgia side of the Central Savannah River Area and includes counties as far south as Coffee County and as far west as Laurens County . He is a member of the Democratic Party . As a Democratic congressman in an increasingly Republican district , Barrow was targeted for defeat by Republican strategists from the time he was first elected . Twice the GOP-controlled Georgia General Assembly redrew his district , forcing him to move first from Athens to Savannah and then from Savannah to Augusta to remain a resident of his district . He was ultimately defeated in his 2014 bid for re-election . Barrow was the Democratic nominee for Georgia Secretary of State in 2018 , but lost in a run-off election . Education , early career , and family . Barrow was born in Athens , Georgia , to Judge James Barrow and his wife , Phyllis ( Jenkins ) Barrow , who both had served as military officers during World War II . His family has deep roots in the Athens area , and according to his staff he is a great-great-nephew of David Crenshaw Barrow Jr. , for whom nearby Barrow County was named . Through his Barrow ancestors he is related to 19th-century Georgia Gov . Wilson Lumpkin . Barrow graduated from the University of Georgia with a political science degree in 1976 . While a student , he was a member of the universitys Demosthenian Literary Society . In 1979 , he earned a Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School . After graduation , he entered private practice as a lawyer , working until his election to public office . Barrow is married to the former Angèle Hawkins of Atlanta . Together they have 5 children : Charlie , Manette , Alex , James , and Ruth . Athens-Clarke County politics . In 1990 , voters from the City of Athens and Clarke County voted to consolidate the two governing bodies . Barrow was elected to the newly created Athens-Clarke County Commission , representing the countys fourth district . He won re-election in 1992 , 1996 , and in 2000 . U.S . House of Representatives . Legislation . Barrow sponsored 59 bills of his own , including : 109th Congress ( 2005–2006 ) . - H.R . 2073 , a bill to create a tax credit for businesses with no more than 50 employees equal to 50% of the amount paid by the employer for health insurance coverage for the businesss employees , introduced May 4 , 2005 . A version of this tax credit would later be included as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( PPACA ) . - H.R . 5694 , introduced June 28 , 2006 , reintroduced in the 110th Congress as H.R . 1473 , the 111th Congress as H.R . 1662 and the 112th Congress as H.R . 4283 , a bill to require states to recommend the purchasing of liability insurance for child care centers , and to require child care centers to disclose whether the center carries current liability insurance 1 ) publicly and conspicuously in the service area of the premises of the center , and 2 ) in a written notice to each childs parents or legal guardian . Child care centers would be required to receive a signature from at least one of the childs parents verifying that he or she has received the notice , and would be required to maintain records of these signatures while the child is receiving care and for one year thereafter . While this bill has yet to become law , many states , including Georgia , have adopted their own versions of it . 110th Congress ( 2007–2008 ) . - H.R . 1563 , a bill to require Medicare Advantage organizations to provide at least the same amount provided under Medicare Part A or B if such services had been provided under either of those programs for critical access rural hospitals , introduced March 19 , 2007 - H.R . 2398 , a bill to create the National Institute of Food and Agriculture to promote research aimed at improving agriculture , introduced June 21 , 2007 . This bills provisions were included in the 2008 U.S . farm bill . - H.R . 3607 , a bill to increase the allowable HOPE Scholarship tax credit from $1,000 to $2,000 , allow it to be used for four taxable years , and allow it to include expenditures on books , classroom supplies , and housing , introduced September 20 , 2007 - H.R . 5897 , a bill to create a registry of individuals exposed to excess formaldehyde in the Federal Emergency Management Agencys temporary housing units after Hurricane Katrina , to study the adverse effects of this excess exposure , and to provide free health care and counseling to individuals in the registry who are suffering from adverse effects of excess formaldehyde exposure linked to the temporary housing units , introduced April 24 , 2008 , reintroduced in the 111th Congress as H.R . 1661 - H.R . 5918 , a bill to create a program to make it easier for small businesses to provide health insurance coverage to their employees , introduced April 29 , 2008 . A version of this program would later be included as the PPACAs Small Business Health Options Program . 111th Congress ( 2009–2010 ) . - H.R . 3652 , a bill to require the Secretary of Health and Human Services to create minimum education and certification standards for physicians who administer medical imaging and radiation therapy , introduced September 25 , 2009 - H.R . 5594 , a bill to create a program to award competitive grants to technical schools to pay for up to $2,000 in tuition costs for unemployed individuals enrolled or accepted at the school , introduced June 24 , 2010 , reintroduced in the 112th Congress as H.R . 2851 112th Congress ( 2011–2012 ) . - H.R . 3121 , a bill to require Congress to approve of any contract , grant , or loan awarded to any entity from the federal government if its value exceeds $100 million for a single fiscal year , introduced October 6 , 2011 - H.R . 4167 , a bill to create a refundable tax credit for businesses whose employees average wages rise in excess of inflation to partially offset these costs , up to a maximum of $500,000 per calendar year , introduced March 8 , 2012 - H.R . 6144 , a bill to reduce the allowable amount of expenditures on new vehicles for federal employees , excluding vehicles acquired for national security purposes , introduced September 18 , 2012 - H.R . 6499 , a bill to subject the pay of members of Congress to budgetary cuts under the Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act , introduced September 21 , 2012 113th Congress ( 2013–2014 ) . - H.R . 37 , introduced January 3 , 2013 , a bill to repeal the employer mandate , individual mandate , and the Independent Payment Advisory Board of the PPACA , to prohibit the Environmental Protection Agency from awarding any type of financial assistance to any entity for the purpose of preventing or controlling air pollution if that financial assistance would be used outside of the United States , and to grant the Office of Management and Budget the authority to consolidate existing government agencies and programs if doing so would increase government efficiency . H.R . 37 also contains modified provisions of some bills sponsored by Barrow in the 112th Congress : H.R . 3121 , 6144 , and 6499 . - H.R . 223 , a bill to prohibit states from redrawing congressional districts more than once after each 10-year reapportionment unless ordered to do so by a court so that the districts comply with the U.S . Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , introduced January 14 , 2013 - H.R . 4331 , a bill to reduce the number of limousines in the federal vehicle fleet by 50% , introduced March 27 , 2014 - H.R . 4591 , introduced May 7 , 2014 , a bill to direct the Secretary of Labor to develop a strategy to deal with the countrys skill gap ( which the bill defines ) . H.R . 4591 also contains modified provisions of some bills sponsored by Barrow in the 111th and 112th Congresses : H.R . 5594 and 4167 . Committee assignments . - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Environment and Economy - Subcommittee on Commerce , Manufacturing and Trade - Subcommittee on Energy and Power - Subcommittee on Health Elections . 2004 . In 2004 , Barrow entered the Democratic primary for Georgias 12th District . The 12th had been one of the districts Georgia gained as a result of the 2000 United States Census , and stretched from Athens to Augusta . The district , with its 40% African-American population , had supposedly been drawn for a Democrat . However , Republican college professor Max Burns had won the seat in 2002 because of ethical questions surrounding the Democratic nominee , Charles Champ Walker , Jr . Barrow won a four-way primary and went on to defeat Burns by 52% to 48% . 2006 . At the same time Barrow was elected , the Republicans won control of both houses of the Georgia state legislature for the first time since Reconstruction . One of their first acts was a rare mid-decade redistricting that targeted Barrow and the other white Democrat in the Georgia delegation , Jim Marshall . One proposed map , seriously considered , would have drawn his home in Athens into the heavily Republican 9th District of seven-term incumbent Nathan Deal , while throwing the other half of Athens into the equally Republican 10th District of six-term incumbent Charlie Norwood . The final plan was somewhat less draconian , but shifted all of Athens to the 10th District . Rather than face certain defeat , Barrow moved from his ancestral home of Athens to Savannah in the newly redrawn 12th . The new 12th was slightly less Democratic than its predecessor . It now included several Republican-leaning Savannah suburbs that had previously been in the heavily Republican 1st District . Barrow faced Burns in the general election and won by only 864 votes — the narrowest margin of any Democratic incumbent nationwide . However , he trounced Burns in Chatham and Richmond counties — home to Democratic-leaning Savannah and Augusta , respectively ( as well as more than half the districts population ) — by a total of over 17,000 votes . Barrows 2006 candidacy faced not only the mid-decade redistricting but also two visits by President George W . Bush to the district , campaigning by national figures on behalf of Burns ( including RNC Chair Ken Mehlman and U.S . Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert ) and popular Governor Sonny Perdues reelection bid . 2008 . In the 2008 election , Barrow faced a primary challenge from State Senator Regina Thomas , who represents a majority-black district in Savannah . Barrow won the Democratic nomination with 76% of the vote over Thomas with 24% of the vote , 96% of the precincts reporting . He easily defeated his Republican challenger , former congressional aide John Stone , with 66% percent of the vote . Support for Obama . Barrow aligned himself closely with Barack Obama during the 2008 presidential primary . He endorsed Obama months before he won enough delegates to clinch the nomination . Obama reciprocated by recording a sixty-second radio advertisement for Barrow , who was in a contested primary . Obama said , Were going to need John Barrow back in Congress to help change Washington and get our country back on track . It was the first time Obama got involved with a Georgia election . Barrow later touted his supported from Obama in a direct-mail piece that said he works hand-in-hand with Obama . 2010 . Barrow won re-election defeating Republican nominee Ray McKinney 57%-43% . Augusta Chronicle editorial . In a 2010 editorial , the Augusta Chronicle called John Barrow perhaps the most shameless , duplicitous , self-serving politician of his era . The editorial was written after it was discovered that he sent two diametrically opposed mailers to voters in his district - one saying he works hand in hand with President Obama , and another saying he stood up to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi . In closing , the editorial stated : That Mr . Barrow is two-faced has been revealed by his own hand . Why voters would reward that kind of disingenuous condescension is beyond us . 2012 . Following the 2010 census , the Republican-controlled state legislature significantly altered the 12th . It lost its share of Savannah , while gaining all of Augusta and most of its suburbs . However , a number of heavily Republican areas near Savannah remained in the 12th . On paper , the reconfigured 12th was strongly Republican ; had it existed in 2008 , John McCain would have carried it with 58 percent of the vote . By comparison , Barack Obama carried the old 12th with 54 percent of the vote . Since Barrows home in Savannah was drawn into Jack Kingstons 1st district , he moved to Augusta in the reconfigured 12th and sought election there . In April 2011 , the National Journal named Barrow one of the ten most endangered Democrats . However , in the general election , Barrow managed to defeat Republican State Representative Lee Anderson 54%-46% . According to an editorial in the Augusta Chronicle , this was mainly because Anderson was almost invisible during the campaign ; notably , he never debated Barrow . Mitt Romney won the district with 55 percent of the vote . 2014 . In the 2014 Democratic primaries , Barrow went unopposed . Republican Rick W . Allen defeated John Barrow in the November 2014 elections . 2018 . While considered to be a potential candidate for Governor of Georgia in the 2018 election , Barrow decided instead to pursue the office of Georgia Secretary of State . He announced his candidacy on September 24 , 2017 and won the Democratic primary . Neither Barrow nor his Republican opponent , Brad Raffensperger , received 50% of the vote in the 2018 general election , so a run-off election was held . In that election , Barrow lost by approximately 57,000 votes . 2020 . Barrow is running for a seat on the Georgia Supreme Court that was made open by the retirement of Justice Robert Benham . Political views . Barrow is a Blue Dog Democrat as well as a member of the New Democrat Coalition . Based on Barrows bill sponsorship , the GovTrack website has classified him as a centrist Democrat . Following the defeat of fellow Georgia Democrat Jim Marshall in 2010 , he was the only white Democratic congressman from the Deep South . Barrow got a 75% rating from the NAACP , which indicates a mixed record on civil rights ; 83% from U.S . Border Control , indicating a sealed-border stance ; 25% from Americans United for Separation of Church and State , indicating a mixed record on church-state separation ; 0% from Citizens for Tax Justice , indicating opposition to progressive tax structure ; 100% from the Campaign for Americas Future , indicating support for energy independence ; -10 from NORML , indicating a hard-on-drugs stance ; 36% from the National Right to Life Committee , indicating a mixed record on abortion . Health care . In November 2009 , Barrow was one of 39 Democrats to vote against the Affordable Health Care for America Act . In March 2010 , he was one of 34 to vote against the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 . The bill passed the House 219-212 . In January 2011 , Barrow voted against repealing the law . Gun rights . Rep . Barrow received more money from the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) during the 2014 election cycle than any other Democrat in the nation ( $9,900 ) . Gay rights . Barrow voted to repeal dont ask , dont tell , and he voted for the Matthew Shepard Hate Crimes Act . He supported conferring marriage benefits to same sex couples by means of civil unions but was opposed to gay marriage . During his first campaign he was accused of flip-flopping on the issue of a proposed constitutional amendment that would ban same sex marriage , but he defended his position by explaining that the amendment he opposed would have prevented states from recognizing civil unions while the amendment he supported would have allowed states to recognize civil unions . He voted to uphold the Defense of Marriage Act , which allowed states to recognize same-sex marriages but also allowed states to refuse to recognize same sex marriages granted under the laws of other states . Abortion . Barrows voting record on abortion is mixed . In 2007 , Barrow received a 100% approval rating from NARAL Pro-Choice America , a pro-choice group , and also received a 0% approval rating from the National Right to Life Committee , a pro-Life organization . However , in 2006 , he received only a 35% approval rating from NARAL , and in November 2009 , he voted to allow insurance plans to offer abortion coverage , as long as it wasnt subsidized by the government . Stimulus spending . Barrow voted for the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act . He was one of 44 Democrats in the House to vote against the American Clean Energy and Security Act , also known as the cap and trade bill . Intellectual property . In 2011 , Rep . Barrow became a co-sponsor of Bill H.R.3261 otherwise known as the Stop Online Piracy Act .
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John Barrow ( American politician ) John Jenkins Barrow ( born October 31 , 1955 ) is an American politician who was the U.S . Representative for from 2005 to 2015 . The district includes much of the Georgia side of the Central Savannah River Area and includes counties as far south as Coffee County and as far west as Laurens County . He is a member of the Democratic Party . As a Democratic congressman in an increasingly Republican district , Barrow was targeted for defeat by Republican strategists from the time he was first elected . Twice the GOP-controlled Georgia General Assembly redrew his district , forcing him to move first from Athens to Savannah and then from Savannah to Augusta to remain a resident of his district . He was ultimately defeated in his 2014 bid for re-election . Barrow was the Democratic nominee for Georgia Secretary of State in 2018 , but lost in a run-off election . Education , early career , and family . Barrow was born in Athens , Georgia , to Judge James Barrow and his wife , Phyllis ( Jenkins ) Barrow , who both had served as military officers during World War II . His family has deep roots in the Athens area , and according to his staff he is a great-great-nephew of David Crenshaw Barrow Jr. , for whom nearby Barrow County was named . Through his Barrow ancestors he is related to 19th-century Georgia Gov . Wilson Lumpkin . Barrow graduated from the University of Georgia with a political science degree in 1976 . While a student , he was a member of the universitys Demosthenian Literary Society . In 1979 , he earned a Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School . After graduation , he entered private practice as a lawyer , working until his election to public office . Barrow is married to the former Angèle Hawkins of Atlanta . Together they have 5 children : Charlie , Manette , Alex , James , and Ruth . Athens-Clarke County politics . In 1990 , voters from the City of Athens and Clarke County voted to consolidate the two governing bodies . Barrow was elected to the newly created Athens-Clarke County Commission , representing the countys fourth district . He won re-election in 1992 , 1996 , and in 2000 . U.S . House of Representatives . Legislation . Barrow sponsored 59 bills of his own , including : 109th Congress ( 2005–2006 ) . - H.R . 2073 , a bill to create a tax credit for businesses with no more than 50 employees equal to 50% of the amount paid by the employer for health insurance coverage for the businesss employees , introduced May 4 , 2005 . A version of this tax credit would later be included as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( PPACA ) . - H.R . 5694 , introduced June 28 , 2006 , reintroduced in the 110th Congress as H.R . 1473 , the 111th Congress as H.R . 1662 and the 112th Congress as H.R . 4283 , a bill to require states to recommend the purchasing of liability insurance for child care centers , and to require child care centers to disclose whether the center carries current liability insurance 1 ) publicly and conspicuously in the service area of the premises of the center , and 2 ) in a written notice to each childs parents or legal guardian . Child care centers would be required to receive a signature from at least one of the childs parents verifying that he or she has received the notice , and would be required to maintain records of these signatures while the child is receiving care and for one year thereafter . While this bill has yet to become law , many states , including Georgia , have adopted their own versions of it . 110th Congress ( 2007–2008 ) . - H.R . 1563 , a bill to require Medicare Advantage organizations to provide at least the same amount provided under Medicare Part A or B if such services had been provided under either of those programs for critical access rural hospitals , introduced March 19 , 2007 - H.R . 2398 , a bill to create the National Institute of Food and Agriculture to promote research aimed at improving agriculture , introduced June 21 , 2007 . This bills provisions were included in the 2008 U.S . farm bill . - H.R . 3607 , a bill to increase the allowable HOPE Scholarship tax credit from $1,000 to $2,000 , allow it to be used for four taxable years , and allow it to include expenditures on books , classroom supplies , and housing , introduced September 20 , 2007 - H.R . 5897 , a bill to create a registry of individuals exposed to excess formaldehyde in the Federal Emergency Management Agencys temporary housing units after Hurricane Katrina , to study the adverse effects of this excess exposure , and to provide free health care and counseling to individuals in the registry who are suffering from adverse effects of excess formaldehyde exposure linked to the temporary housing units , introduced April 24 , 2008 , reintroduced in the 111th Congress as H.R . 1661 - H.R . 5918 , a bill to create a program to make it easier for small businesses to provide health insurance coverage to their employees , introduced April 29 , 2008 . A version of this program would later be included as the PPACAs Small Business Health Options Program . 111th Congress ( 2009–2010 ) . - H.R . 3652 , a bill to require the Secretary of Health and Human Services to create minimum education and certification standards for physicians who administer medical imaging and radiation therapy , introduced September 25 , 2009 - H.R . 5594 , a bill to create a program to award competitive grants to technical schools to pay for up to $2,000 in tuition costs for unemployed individuals enrolled or accepted at the school , introduced June 24 , 2010 , reintroduced in the 112th Congress as H.R . 2851 112th Congress ( 2011–2012 ) . - H.R . 3121 , a bill to require Congress to approve of any contract , grant , or loan awarded to any entity from the federal government if its value exceeds $100 million for a single fiscal year , introduced October 6 , 2011 - H.R . 4167 , a bill to create a refundable tax credit for businesses whose employees average wages rise in excess of inflation to partially offset these costs , up to a maximum of $500,000 per calendar year , introduced March 8 , 2012 - H.R . 6144 , a bill to reduce the allowable amount of expenditures on new vehicles for federal employees , excluding vehicles acquired for national security purposes , introduced September 18 , 2012 - H.R . 6499 , a bill to subject the pay of members of Congress to budgetary cuts under the Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act , introduced September 21 , 2012 113th Congress ( 2013–2014 ) . - H.R . 37 , introduced January 3 , 2013 , a bill to repeal the employer mandate , individual mandate , and the Independent Payment Advisory Board of the PPACA , to prohibit the Environmental Protection Agency from awarding any type of financial assistance to any entity for the purpose of preventing or controlling air pollution if that financial assistance would be used outside of the United States , and to grant the Office of Management and Budget the authority to consolidate existing government agencies and programs if doing so would increase government efficiency . H.R . 37 also contains modified provisions of some bills sponsored by Barrow in the 112th Congress : H.R . 3121 , 6144 , and 6499 . - H.R . 223 , a bill to prohibit states from redrawing congressional districts more than once after each 10-year reapportionment unless ordered to do so by a court so that the districts comply with the U.S . Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , introduced January 14 , 2013 - H.R . 4331 , a bill to reduce the number of limousines in the federal vehicle fleet by 50% , introduced March 27 , 2014 - H.R . 4591 , introduced May 7 , 2014 , a bill to direct the Secretary of Labor to develop a strategy to deal with the countrys skill gap ( which the bill defines ) . H.R . 4591 also contains modified provisions of some bills sponsored by Barrow in the 111th and 112th Congresses : H.R . 5594 and 4167 . Committee assignments . - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Environment and Economy - Subcommittee on Commerce , Manufacturing and Trade - Subcommittee on Energy and Power - Subcommittee on Health Elections . 2004 . In 2004 , Barrow entered the Democratic primary for Georgias 12th District . The 12th had been one of the districts Georgia gained as a result of the 2000 United States Census , and stretched from Athens to Augusta . The district , with its 40% African-American population , had supposedly been drawn for a Democrat . However , Republican college professor Max Burns had won the seat in 2002 because of ethical questions surrounding the Democratic nominee , Charles Champ Walker , Jr . Barrow won a four-way primary and went on to defeat Burns by 52% to 48% . 2006 . At the same time Barrow was elected , the Republicans won control of both houses of the Georgia state legislature for the first time since Reconstruction . One of their first acts was a rare mid-decade redistricting that targeted Barrow and the other white Democrat in the Georgia delegation , Jim Marshall . One proposed map , seriously considered , would have drawn his home in Athens into the heavily Republican 9th District of seven-term incumbent Nathan Deal , while throwing the other half of Athens into the equally Republican 10th District of six-term incumbent Charlie Norwood . The final plan was somewhat less draconian , but shifted all of Athens to the 10th District . Rather than face certain defeat , Barrow moved from his ancestral home of Athens to Savannah in the newly redrawn 12th . The new 12th was slightly less Democratic than its predecessor . It now included several Republican-leaning Savannah suburbs that had previously been in the heavily Republican 1st District . Barrow faced Burns in the general election and won by only 864 votes — the narrowest margin of any Democratic incumbent nationwide . However , he trounced Burns in Chatham and Richmond counties — home to Democratic-leaning Savannah and Augusta , respectively ( as well as more than half the districts population ) — by a total of over 17,000 votes . Barrows 2006 candidacy faced not only the mid-decade redistricting but also two visits by President George W . Bush to the district , campaigning by national figures on behalf of Burns ( including RNC Chair Ken Mehlman and U.S . Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert ) and popular Governor Sonny Perdues reelection bid . 2008 . In the 2008 election , Barrow faced a primary challenge from State Senator Regina Thomas , who represents a majority-black district in Savannah . Barrow won the Democratic nomination with 76% of the vote over Thomas with 24% of the vote , 96% of the precincts reporting . He easily defeated his Republican challenger , former congressional aide John Stone , with 66% percent of the vote . Support for Obama . Barrow aligned himself closely with Barack Obama during the 2008 presidential primary . He endorsed Obama months before he won enough delegates to clinch the nomination . Obama reciprocated by recording a sixty-second radio advertisement for Barrow , who was in a contested primary . Obama said , Were going to need John Barrow back in Congress to help change Washington and get our country back on track . It was the first time Obama got involved with a Georgia election . Barrow later touted his supported from Obama in a direct-mail piece that said he works hand-in-hand with Obama . 2010 . Barrow won re-election defeating Republican nominee Ray McKinney 57%-43% . Augusta Chronicle editorial . In a 2010 editorial , the Augusta Chronicle called John Barrow perhaps the most shameless , duplicitous , self-serving politician of his era . The editorial was written after it was discovered that he sent two diametrically opposed mailers to voters in his district - one saying he works hand in hand with President Obama , and another saying he stood up to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi . In closing , the editorial stated : That Mr . Barrow is two-faced has been revealed by his own hand . Why voters would reward that kind of disingenuous condescension is beyond us . 2012 . Following the 2010 census , the Republican-controlled state legislature significantly altered the 12th . It lost its share of Savannah , while gaining all of Augusta and most of its suburbs . However , a number of heavily Republican areas near Savannah remained in the 12th . On paper , the reconfigured 12th was strongly Republican ; had it existed in 2008 , John McCain would have carried it with 58 percent of the vote . By comparison , Barack Obama carried the old 12th with 54 percent of the vote . Since Barrows home in Savannah was drawn into Jack Kingstons 1st district , he moved to Augusta in the reconfigured 12th and sought election there . In April 2011 , the National Journal named Barrow one of the ten most endangered Democrats . However , in the general election , Barrow managed to defeat Republican State Representative Lee Anderson 54%-46% . According to an editorial in the Augusta Chronicle , this was mainly because Anderson was almost invisible during the campaign ; notably , he never debated Barrow . Mitt Romney won the district with 55 percent of the vote . 2014 . In the 2014 Democratic primaries , Barrow went unopposed . Republican Rick W . Allen defeated John Barrow in the November 2014 elections . 2018 . While considered to be a potential candidate for Governor of Georgia in the 2018 election , Barrow decided instead to pursue the office of Georgia Secretary of State . He announced his candidacy on September 24 , 2017 and won the Democratic primary . Neither Barrow nor his Republican opponent , Brad Raffensperger , received 50% of the vote in the 2018 general election , so a run-off election was held . In that election , Barrow lost by approximately 57,000 votes . 2020 . Barrow is running for a seat on the Georgia Supreme Court that was made open by the retirement of Justice Robert Benham . Political views . Barrow is a Blue Dog Democrat as well as a member of the New Democrat Coalition . Based on Barrows bill sponsorship , the GovTrack website has classified him as a centrist Democrat . Following the defeat of fellow Georgia Democrat Jim Marshall in 2010 , he was the only white Democratic congressman from the Deep South . Barrow got a 75% rating from the NAACP , which indicates a mixed record on civil rights ; 83% from U.S . Border Control , indicating a sealed-border stance ; 25% from Americans United for Separation of Church and State , indicating a mixed record on church-state separation ; 0% from Citizens for Tax Justice , indicating opposition to progressive tax structure ; 100% from the Campaign for Americas Future , indicating support for energy independence ; -10 from NORML , indicating a hard-on-drugs stance ; 36% from the National Right to Life Committee , indicating a mixed record on abortion . Health care . In November 2009 , Barrow was one of 39 Democrats to vote against the Affordable Health Care for America Act . In March 2010 , he was one of 34 to vote against the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 . The bill passed the House 219-212 . In January 2011 , Barrow voted against repealing the law . Gun rights . Rep . Barrow received more money from the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) during the 2014 election cycle than any other Democrat in the nation ( $9,900 ) . Gay rights . Barrow voted to repeal dont ask , dont tell , and he voted for the Matthew Shepard Hate Crimes Act . He supported conferring marriage benefits to same sex couples by means of civil unions but was opposed to gay marriage . During his first campaign he was accused of flip-flopping on the issue of a proposed constitutional amendment that would ban same sex marriage , but he defended his position by explaining that the amendment he opposed would have prevented states from recognizing civil unions while the amendment he supported would have allowed states to recognize civil unions . He voted to uphold the Defense of Marriage Act , which allowed states to recognize same-sex marriages but also allowed states to refuse to recognize same sex marriages granted under the laws of other states . Abortion . Barrows voting record on abortion is mixed . In 2007 , Barrow received a 100% approval rating from NARAL Pro-Choice America , a pro-choice group , and also received a 0% approval rating from the National Right to Life Committee , a pro-Life organization . However , in 2006 , he received only a 35% approval rating from NARAL , and in November 2009 , he voted to allow insurance plans to offer abortion coverage , as long as it wasnt subsidized by the government . Stimulus spending . Barrow voted for the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act . He was one of 44 Democrats in the House to vote against the American Clean Energy and Security Act , also known as the cap and trade bill . Intellectual property . In 2011 , Rep . Barrow became a co-sponsor of Bill H.R.3261 otherwise known as the Stop Online Piracy Act .
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Michael Grimm (politician) went to which school before Apr 1987?
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Michael Grimm ( politician ) Michael Gerard Grimm ( born February 7 , 1970 ) is an American politician and convicted felon , who represented New York in the United States Congress from 2011 to 2015 until his conviction and resignation from Congress . Grimm represented New Yorks 13th congressional district during his first term , after which he represented New Yorks 11th congressional district . Both districts consisted of Staten Island and parts of Brooklyn . Grimm is a member of the Republican Party , and during his time in office was the only Republican to represent a significant portion of New York City . On April 28 , 2014 , Grimm was charged by federal authorities with 20 counts of fraud , federal tax evasion , and perjury . On December 23 , 2014 , he pleaded guilty to a single count of felony tax fraud , and acknowledged committing perjury , hiring illegal immigrants , and committing wire fraud . After initially vowing to retain his seat , Grimm announced on December 30 , 2014 , that he would resign from Congress effective January 5 , 2015 . On May 5 , 2015 , Daniel M . Donovan Jr . won the special election to replace Grimm . On July 17 , 2015 , Grimm was sentenced to eight months in prison for tax evasion . He began his prison term on September 22 , 2015 after a brief delay for medical treatments . On October 1 , 2017 , Grimm launched a campaign to attempt to win back his old House seat in the 11th district . On June 26 , 2018 , he lost in the Republican primary . Early life and education . Grimm was raised as a Catholic in Queens , New York , the son of Petrina ( née Castronova ) and Gerard Grimm . He is of German , Irish , and Sicilian descent . He graduated from Archbishop Molloy High School in 1988 . Grimm entered active duty with the U.S . Marine Corps in 1989 . He received a combat promotion to corporal , and was awarded the Combat Action Ribbon , Navy Unit Commendation , the Meritorious Unit Commendation , among other awards . Grimm received a BBA in accounting from Baruch College in 1994 . He transferred to the U.S . Marine Corps Reserve and was discharged from service in 1997 . He received a Juris Doctor ( magna cum laude ) from New York Law School in 2002 . Career . Federal Bureau of Investigation ( 1991–2006 ) . Grimm entered the FBI as a clerk in 1991 . In 1995 , he entered the FBI Academy in Quantico Station , Virginia . He graduated as a special agent and was certified to become an undercover agent . He transitioned into undercover agent work , eventually working in the FBI Gambino Squad , and was assigned to the inside activities of Peter Gotti , John Gottis brother . Grimm worked for the FBI as an agent for 9 years . In 2011 , Evan Ratliff , writing for The New Yorker , reported that Grimm had been the subject of an internal investigation into allegations that he abused his authority as a FBI agent in a nightclub in 1999 . At the time of the New Yorker report , the New York City Police Department and U.S . Justice Department had not released documents regarding the alleged incident . Grimm stated that the incident had been fully investigated and that he had been cleared of all allegations . During his time with the FBI , Grimm spent two years posing as a small-cap stockbroker , uncovering white-collar criminals on Wall Street . According to Grimm , the firm was involved in money laundering , making false trades , and manipulating stocks . After building a strong case for two years , he and the firms partners were arrested together , at which point the police informed the group that they had been infiltrated by an undercover agent . Grimm stated in 2011 that he has long been aware of the possibility that people may try to take revenge on him . He left the FBI in 2006 , citing his exhaustion from working long hours . Business and finance ( 2006–2010 ) . Before joining the FBI , Grimm worked for a year for Whale Securities , an investment banking firm . Shortly before leaving the bureau , Grimm invested in a luxury Texas development . In 2006 , Grimm founded a small health food restaurant in Manhattan called Healthalicious . He co-owned and served as principal and chief executive officer of Austin Refuel Transport , an Austin , Texas-based bio-fuel company . As of 2011 , Grimm owned 28% of the company , although he is no longer involved in daily operations nor is he CEO . In July 2011 , the New York Daily News reported that Austin Refuel Transport had received 11 safety violations in two U.S . Department of Transportation checkups . Grimms spokesman said that he now has no authority or managerial role in the daily activities of the company . He is simply a silent investor . U.S . House of Representatives ( 2011–2015 ) . Elections . 2010 . Grimm launched his campaign for the 13th New York Congressional District seat on January 23 , 2010 . He was endorsed by former NYC mayor Rudy Giuliani as well as Guy Molinari , a former U.S . Representative and Staten Island Borough President . He was also endorsed by the Conservative Party of New York State . He was challenged by Michael Allegretti who was endorsed by former six-term U.S . Representative Vito Fossella , the Staten Island Republican Party , State Senator Andrew Lanza , and State Assemblyman Lou Tobacco . Allegretti worked for the nonprofit Climate Group and cited his relationships with NYC Mayor Michael R . Bloomberg and former British Prime Minister Tony Blair . Grimm chose not to contest the Staten Islands party endorsement because of their corrupt political culture and sham convention . Grimms primary win was divisive for the Republican Party leadership , which favored Allegretti . His campaign gained national attention from the Tea Party and the National Republican Congressional Committee , which contributed $90,000 to Grimms campaign . He received endorsements from high-profile Republicans , including Giuliani , John McCain , Sarah Palin , and former President George H.W . Bush , who applauded his service in the Gulf War . Grimm faced incumbent Michael McMahon in the general election . On October 12 , the Staten Island Advance reported that it had been receiving emails from the McMahon campaign attacking Grimms business credentials . Grimm reportedly admitted in an interview with the Staten Island Advance that his former restaurant in Manhattan , Healthalicious , had been on the verge of bankruptcy , forcing him to sell his stake in it . A major difference between the two candidates was the issue of the U.S . economic stimulus package , which the Advance called the starkest contrast among the two candidates . Grimm stated that the stimulus was a huge waste of taxpayer money and ineffective in generating job creation and economic recovery , whereas McMahon cited improvements in the state budget and renovations on the Staten Island Expressway and the Saint George Ferry Terminal as direct successes of the stimulus . On November 2 , 2010 , Grimm defeated McMahon in the race , 51% to 48% . The Advance reported that Grimm won in large part due to his political signs , which became popular among his supporters . They stated , McMahon raised my property taxes 18.5% . 2012 . After redistricting , Grimms district was renumbered the 11th District . He was challenged by Democrat Mark Murphy , a former aide to New York City Public Advocate Bill de Blasio . Grimm won reelection to a second term , 53%–46% . 2014 . In 2014 Grimm received the backing of the Staten Island Republican party and the Independence Party , who called him a truly independent voice for his constituents . He faced Democratic Party nominee Domenic Recchia in the general election . Grimm was endorsed by the Association of Flight Attendants-CWA , the International Union of Painters and Allied Trades , the United Transportation Union , and the Humane Society Legislative Fund . Grimm defeated Recchia on election night , November 5 , 2014 . 2018 . On October 1 , 2017 , Grimm launched a campaign for reelection to his old House seat in New Yorks 11th District . On May 30 , 2018 , President Donald Trump endorsed incumbent Representative Dan Donovan . Donovan defeated Grimm in the June 26 Republican primary , 63.9% to 36.1% . Tenure . During a Sean Hannity interview of all freshmen Republican members , Representative-Elect Grimm took exception to being asked if he was a conservative . He replied that he was American first and that we have become way too polarized , indicating a desire for compromise with Democrats . Grimm did not join the Tea Party Caucus in the House , instead joining the more moderate Republican Main Street Partnership . Fiscal issues . Grimm was appointed to the House Financial Services Committee , which the Staten Island Advance considered a major opportunity for Grimm to influence the debate on financial reform . Roughly 70,000 of his constituents were involved in financial services , making this a vital issue for his political profile . Grimm introduced legislation that would prohibit potential whistle-blowers from receiving a cash reward from the Securities and Exchange Commission unless they report wrongdoing to their employers before reporting it to the SEC . Grimm voted for the fiscal cliff compromise bill that permanently extended most of the Bush tax cuts . Gun control . After the 2011 Tucson shooting , Grimm voiced support for security-based situational awareness training , including how to spot suspicious people , when to run for an exit , and how to keep guards at close range . Grimm also said congressmen should consider carrying firearms . House Leader John Boehner called his suggestions an excellent idea and indicated that security would be a major focus for Congress in 2011 . Abortion . Grimm voted in favor of the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act , a bill banning abortions after the 20th week of fertilization . Healthcare . Grimm voted to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in the House , as he had promised during his campaign . He was called hypocritical by several Democrats for enrolling in the congressional health-care plan . Immigration . Grimm has expressed support for immigration reform and was one of six Republicans to vote against an amendment that would have resumed deportation of Dreamers . Israel . Grimm was appointed to the House Republican Israel Caucus in January 2011 , serving as co-chair . In February 2011 , as House Republicans were pushing for deep cuts in discretionary spending , Grimm wrote a letter to Eric Cantor saying he would vote against any budget that reduced aid to Israel . Grimm was also named chair of the House Republican Policy Committees Task Force on Foreign Policy . Syria . Grimm opposed a military strike on the Assad regime in Syria , stating , I am no longer convinced that a U.S . strike on Syria will yield a benefit to the United States that will not be greatly outweighed by the extreme cost of war . Fundraising allegations by Rabbi Pinto . According to a January 27 , 2012 , New York Times article , several followers of Orthodox Rabbi Yoshiyahu Yosef Pinto said Grimms campaign had accepted questionable donations . Three of Pintos followers reportedly said that Grimm or Ofer Biton , a top aide of Pintos , had told them that the campaign would find a way to accept donations that were over the legal limit . Grimm stated , Any suggestion that I was involved in any activities that may run afoul of the campaign finance laws is categorically false and belied by my life of public service protecting and enforcing the laws of this country . Hurricane Sandy aid . In June 2013 , Grimm stated that he believed water fees should be waived for survivors of Hurricane Sandy who had been displaced from their homes . Under New York Citys Department of Environmental Protection rules , all homeowners are subject to a minimum charge of $1.19 per day , even if a home uses no water during a given period . Residents who had been displaced from their homes for long periods of time received water bills over $500 for damaged , vacant properties . Grimm called the bills ridiculous , saying , Thats $500 these people could use to replace a washer or dryer or refrigerator swept out to sea during Sandy . Confrontation with reporter . On January 28 , 2014 , NY1-TV political reporter Michael Scotto was interviewing Grimm in a balcony hallway of the U.S . Capitol building about the recently concluded 2014 State of the Union Address . He then tried to question Grimm about a campaign finance investigation . Grimm said he would not discuss the investigation . As Scotto started to mention the investigation again , Grimm walked off . Scotto then turned to the camera and implied that Grimm did not want to face the issue on camera . Grimm then threatened Scotto , saying that he would break [ Scotto ] in half , as well as threatening to throw Scotto over the balcony . Grimm issued a statement defending his behavior , saying that he was annoyed by what he called a disrespectful cheap shot from Scotto . The next day , Grimm contacted Scotto to offer an apology for his behavior , which Scotto deemed sincere . Grimm also issued a written apology , saying , I shouldnt have allowed my emotions to get the better of me and lose my cool . An unnamed former staffer for Grimm and NY1-TV political director Bob Hardt reported that Grimm had behaved in a similar manner to other reporters on previous occasions . Flood insurance reform . In early 2014 , Grimm and Bill Cassidy cosponsored the Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act . In March 2014 , the bill was passed by the U.S . Senate and signed into law by President Obama . The law repealed exponential increases in flood-insurance rates for homeowners in flood-prone areas , preventing skyrocketing flood insurance premiums for 5.5 million Americans . Environmental views . According to Politico , in April 2014 , Grimm became the first sitting House Republican to stop denying the science that humans cause climate change . Grimm stated , The majority of respected scientists say that its conclusive , the evidence is clear . So I dont think the jury is out . Committee assignments . - Committee on Financial Services - Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government-Sponsored Enterprises - Subcommittee on Monetary Policy and Trade - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Caucus memberships . - Congressional Gaming Caucus - Friends of Switzerland Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - House Republican Israel Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - House Oceans Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - International Conservation Caucus - Sportsmens Caucus Federal criminal investigation and conviction . In August 2012 , the office of the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York said it was investigating Grimms 2010 campaign . In November 2012 , the House Ethics Committee decided to inquire into the campaign but agreed to defer consideration of it at the Department of Justices request . On January 10 , 2014 , the FBI arrested Diana Durand on charges that she had illegally donated more than $10,000 to Grimms 2010 campaign . Durand allegedly gave the campaign $4,800 , the legal limit , but then used straw donors to donate more than $10,000 illegally . The FBI also charged Durand with lying to federal agents about the matter . Grimm denied any wrongdoing . In September 2014 , Durand pled guilty to making illegal contributions to Grimms 2010 campaign . The investigation , which originally focused on Grimms 2010 fundraising , branched out to include Grimms prior business dealings . On April 25 , 2014 , Grimms attorney was advised by the U.S . Attorneys office that his client would be indicted on criminal charges related to Healthalicious . On April 28 , prosecutors unsealed a 20-count indictment charging that Grimm and others concealed over $1 million of the restaurants sales and wages from both the U.S . federal government and the State of New York . Grimm surrendered to the FBI that morning . Grimm pled not guilty to all charges and was released on $400,000 bond . He told reporters that he not only had every intention of fighting the charges , but also of staying in office and running for a third term . On December 23 , 2014 , less than two months after winning reelection , Grimm pled guilty to one charge of felony tax evasion . He admitted to under-reporting Healthaliciouss revenues by over $900,000 over four years and to filing false tax returns based on that under-reported income . He also admitted to using the under-reported receipts to pay restaurant expenses , as well as to make under-the-table cash payments to employees . As part of the plea bargain , the other charges were dropped , but Grimm admitted to two of the offenses in the original indictment : knowingly employing people ineligible to work in the United States and lying in a 2013 deposition . The crimes to which he pled guilty carried a prison sentence of up to 30 months . At first Grimm admitted making mistakes , but told a reporter he would absolutely not resign . But on December 29 , 2014 , it was reported that after discussing the matter with House Speaker John Boehner , Grimm had changed his mind and would decline to take his seat for a third term . He resigned from Congress on January 5 , 2015 . A special election to replace him was held on May 5 , 2015 , and Staten Island District Attorney Daniel Donovan , a Republican , was elected to the seat . On July 17 , 2015 , U.S . District Judge Pamela K . Chen suggested that Grimms moral compass needs some reorientation and sentenced him to eight months in prison . He surrendered on September 22 , 2015 , after a brief delay for medical treatment . He was released on May 20 , 2016 , after serving seven months . Had Grimm not resigned , his role in Congress would have likely been very limited . Longstanding House rules state that a member convicted of a felony should not take part in floor votes or committee work until the House Ethics Committee reviews the matter . Although there is no constitutional rule barring a convicted felon from voting , Boehner and the Republican leadership would have strongly discouraged Grimm from doing so , and the House Ethics Committee has indicated in the past that convicted felons can be disciplined if they do take part in committee or floor votes . Personal life . Grimm lives on Staten Island . He is divorced with no children .
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Michael Grimm (politician) went to which school after Jul 1999?
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Michael Grimm ( politician ) Michael Gerard Grimm ( born February 7 , 1970 ) is an American politician and convicted felon , who represented New York in the United States Congress from 2011 to 2015 until his conviction and resignation from Congress . Grimm represented New Yorks 13th congressional district during his first term , after which he represented New Yorks 11th congressional district . Both districts consisted of Staten Island and parts of Brooklyn . Grimm is a member of the Republican Party , and during his time in office was the only Republican to represent a significant portion of New York City . On April 28 , 2014 , Grimm was charged by federal authorities with 20 counts of fraud , federal tax evasion , and perjury . On December 23 , 2014 , he pleaded guilty to a single count of felony tax fraud , and acknowledged committing perjury , hiring illegal immigrants , and committing wire fraud . After initially vowing to retain his seat , Grimm announced on December 30 , 2014 , that he would resign from Congress effective January 5 , 2015 . On May 5 , 2015 , Daniel M . Donovan Jr . won the special election to replace Grimm . On July 17 , 2015 , Grimm was sentenced to eight months in prison for tax evasion . He began his prison term on September 22 , 2015 after a brief delay for medical treatments . On October 1 , 2017 , Grimm launched a campaign to attempt to win back his old House seat in the 11th district . On June 26 , 2018 , he lost in the Republican primary . Early life and education . Grimm was raised as a Catholic in Queens , New York , the son of Petrina ( née Castronova ) and Gerard Grimm . He is of German , Irish , and Sicilian descent . He graduated from Archbishop Molloy High School in 1988 . Grimm entered active duty with the U.S . Marine Corps in 1989 . He received a combat promotion to corporal , and was awarded the Combat Action Ribbon , Navy Unit Commendation , the Meritorious Unit Commendation , among other awards . Grimm received a BBA in accounting from Baruch College in 1994 . He transferred to the U.S . Marine Corps Reserve and was discharged from service in 1997 . He received a Juris Doctor ( magna cum laude ) from New York Law School in 2002 . Career . Federal Bureau of Investigation ( 1991–2006 ) . Grimm entered the FBI as a clerk in 1991 . In 1995 , he entered the FBI Academy in Quantico Station , Virginia . He graduated as a special agent and was certified to become an undercover agent . He transitioned into undercover agent work , eventually working in the FBI Gambino Squad , and was assigned to the inside activities of Peter Gotti , John Gottis brother . Grimm worked for the FBI as an agent for 9 years . In 2011 , Evan Ratliff , writing for The New Yorker , reported that Grimm had been the subject of an internal investigation into allegations that he abused his authority as a FBI agent in a nightclub in 1999 . At the time of the New Yorker report , the New York City Police Department and U.S . Justice Department had not released documents regarding the alleged incident . Grimm stated that the incident had been fully investigated and that he had been cleared of all allegations . During his time with the FBI , Grimm spent two years posing as a small-cap stockbroker , uncovering white-collar criminals on Wall Street . According to Grimm , the firm was involved in money laundering , making false trades , and manipulating stocks . After building a strong case for two years , he and the firms partners were arrested together , at which point the police informed the group that they had been infiltrated by an undercover agent . Grimm stated in 2011 that he has long been aware of the possibility that people may try to take revenge on him . He left the FBI in 2006 , citing his exhaustion from working long hours . Business and finance ( 2006–2010 ) . Before joining the FBI , Grimm worked for a year for Whale Securities , an investment banking firm . Shortly before leaving the bureau , Grimm invested in a luxury Texas development . In 2006 , Grimm founded a small health food restaurant in Manhattan called Healthalicious . He co-owned and served as principal and chief executive officer of Austin Refuel Transport , an Austin , Texas-based bio-fuel company . As of 2011 , Grimm owned 28% of the company , although he is no longer involved in daily operations nor is he CEO . In July 2011 , the New York Daily News reported that Austin Refuel Transport had received 11 safety violations in two U.S . Department of Transportation checkups . Grimms spokesman said that he now has no authority or managerial role in the daily activities of the company . He is simply a silent investor . U.S . House of Representatives ( 2011–2015 ) . Elections . 2010 . Grimm launched his campaign for the 13th New York Congressional District seat on January 23 , 2010 . He was endorsed by former NYC mayor Rudy Giuliani as well as Guy Molinari , a former U.S . Representative and Staten Island Borough President . He was also endorsed by the Conservative Party of New York State . He was challenged by Michael Allegretti who was endorsed by former six-term U.S . Representative Vito Fossella , the Staten Island Republican Party , State Senator Andrew Lanza , and State Assemblyman Lou Tobacco . Allegretti worked for the nonprofit Climate Group and cited his relationships with NYC Mayor Michael R . Bloomberg and former British Prime Minister Tony Blair . Grimm chose not to contest the Staten Islands party endorsement because of their corrupt political culture and sham convention . Grimms primary win was divisive for the Republican Party leadership , which favored Allegretti . His campaign gained national attention from the Tea Party and the National Republican Congressional Committee , which contributed $90,000 to Grimms campaign . He received endorsements from high-profile Republicans , including Giuliani , John McCain , Sarah Palin , and former President George H.W . Bush , who applauded his service in the Gulf War . Grimm faced incumbent Michael McMahon in the general election . On October 12 , the Staten Island Advance reported that it had been receiving emails from the McMahon campaign attacking Grimms business credentials . Grimm reportedly admitted in an interview with the Staten Island Advance that his former restaurant in Manhattan , Healthalicious , had been on the verge of bankruptcy , forcing him to sell his stake in it . A major difference between the two candidates was the issue of the U.S . economic stimulus package , which the Advance called the starkest contrast among the two candidates . Grimm stated that the stimulus was a huge waste of taxpayer money and ineffective in generating job creation and economic recovery , whereas McMahon cited improvements in the state budget and renovations on the Staten Island Expressway and the Saint George Ferry Terminal as direct successes of the stimulus . On November 2 , 2010 , Grimm defeated McMahon in the race , 51% to 48% . The Advance reported that Grimm won in large part due to his political signs , which became popular among his supporters . They stated , McMahon raised my property taxes 18.5% . 2012 . After redistricting , Grimms district was renumbered the 11th District . He was challenged by Democrat Mark Murphy , a former aide to New York City Public Advocate Bill de Blasio . Grimm won reelection to a second term , 53%–46% . 2014 . In 2014 Grimm received the backing of the Staten Island Republican party and the Independence Party , who called him a truly independent voice for his constituents . He faced Democratic Party nominee Domenic Recchia in the general election . Grimm was endorsed by the Association of Flight Attendants-CWA , the International Union of Painters and Allied Trades , the United Transportation Union , and the Humane Society Legislative Fund . Grimm defeated Recchia on election night , November 5 , 2014 . 2018 . On October 1 , 2017 , Grimm launched a campaign for reelection to his old House seat in New Yorks 11th District . On May 30 , 2018 , President Donald Trump endorsed incumbent Representative Dan Donovan . Donovan defeated Grimm in the June 26 Republican primary , 63.9% to 36.1% . Tenure . During a Sean Hannity interview of all freshmen Republican members , Representative-Elect Grimm took exception to being asked if he was a conservative . He replied that he was American first and that we have become way too polarized , indicating a desire for compromise with Democrats . Grimm did not join the Tea Party Caucus in the House , instead joining the more moderate Republican Main Street Partnership . Fiscal issues . Grimm was appointed to the House Financial Services Committee , which the Staten Island Advance considered a major opportunity for Grimm to influence the debate on financial reform . Roughly 70,000 of his constituents were involved in financial services , making this a vital issue for his political profile . Grimm introduced legislation that would prohibit potential whistle-blowers from receiving a cash reward from the Securities and Exchange Commission unless they report wrongdoing to their employers before reporting it to the SEC . Grimm voted for the fiscal cliff compromise bill that permanently extended most of the Bush tax cuts . Gun control . After the 2011 Tucson shooting , Grimm voiced support for security-based situational awareness training , including how to spot suspicious people , when to run for an exit , and how to keep guards at close range . Grimm also said congressmen should consider carrying firearms . House Leader John Boehner called his suggestions an excellent idea and indicated that security would be a major focus for Congress in 2011 . Abortion . Grimm voted in favor of the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act , a bill banning abortions after the 20th week of fertilization . Healthcare . Grimm voted to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in the House , as he had promised during his campaign . He was called hypocritical by several Democrats for enrolling in the congressional health-care plan . Immigration . Grimm has expressed support for immigration reform and was one of six Republicans to vote against an amendment that would have resumed deportation of Dreamers . Israel . Grimm was appointed to the House Republican Israel Caucus in January 2011 , serving as co-chair . In February 2011 , as House Republicans were pushing for deep cuts in discretionary spending , Grimm wrote a letter to Eric Cantor saying he would vote against any budget that reduced aid to Israel . Grimm was also named chair of the House Republican Policy Committees Task Force on Foreign Policy . Syria . Grimm opposed a military strike on the Assad regime in Syria , stating , I am no longer convinced that a U.S . strike on Syria will yield a benefit to the United States that will not be greatly outweighed by the extreme cost of war . Fundraising allegations by Rabbi Pinto . According to a January 27 , 2012 , New York Times article , several followers of Orthodox Rabbi Yoshiyahu Yosef Pinto said Grimms campaign had accepted questionable donations . Three of Pintos followers reportedly said that Grimm or Ofer Biton , a top aide of Pintos , had told them that the campaign would find a way to accept donations that were over the legal limit . Grimm stated , Any suggestion that I was involved in any activities that may run afoul of the campaign finance laws is categorically false and belied by my life of public service protecting and enforcing the laws of this country . Hurricane Sandy aid . In June 2013 , Grimm stated that he believed water fees should be waived for survivors of Hurricane Sandy who had been displaced from their homes . Under New York Citys Department of Environmental Protection rules , all homeowners are subject to a minimum charge of $1.19 per day , even if a home uses no water during a given period . Residents who had been displaced from their homes for long periods of time received water bills over $500 for damaged , vacant properties . Grimm called the bills ridiculous , saying , Thats $500 these people could use to replace a washer or dryer or refrigerator swept out to sea during Sandy . Confrontation with reporter . On January 28 , 2014 , NY1-TV political reporter Michael Scotto was interviewing Grimm in a balcony hallway of the U.S . Capitol building about the recently concluded 2014 State of the Union Address . He then tried to question Grimm about a campaign finance investigation . Grimm said he would not discuss the investigation . As Scotto started to mention the investigation again , Grimm walked off . Scotto then turned to the camera and implied that Grimm did not want to face the issue on camera . Grimm then threatened Scotto , saying that he would break [ Scotto ] in half , as well as threatening to throw Scotto over the balcony . Grimm issued a statement defending his behavior , saying that he was annoyed by what he called a disrespectful cheap shot from Scotto . The next day , Grimm contacted Scotto to offer an apology for his behavior , which Scotto deemed sincere . Grimm also issued a written apology , saying , I shouldnt have allowed my emotions to get the better of me and lose my cool . An unnamed former staffer for Grimm and NY1-TV political director Bob Hardt reported that Grimm had behaved in a similar manner to other reporters on previous occasions . Flood insurance reform . In early 2014 , Grimm and Bill Cassidy cosponsored the Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act . In March 2014 , the bill was passed by the U.S . Senate and signed into law by President Obama . The law repealed exponential increases in flood-insurance rates for homeowners in flood-prone areas , preventing skyrocketing flood insurance premiums for 5.5 million Americans . Environmental views . According to Politico , in April 2014 , Grimm became the first sitting House Republican to stop denying the science that humans cause climate change . Grimm stated , The majority of respected scientists say that its conclusive , the evidence is clear . So I dont think the jury is out . Committee assignments . - Committee on Financial Services - Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government-Sponsored Enterprises - Subcommittee on Monetary Policy and Trade - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Caucus memberships . - Congressional Gaming Caucus - Friends of Switzerland Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - House Republican Israel Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - House Oceans Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - International Conservation Caucus - Sportsmens Caucus Federal criminal investigation and conviction . In August 2012 , the office of the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York said it was investigating Grimms 2010 campaign . In November 2012 , the House Ethics Committee decided to inquire into the campaign but agreed to defer consideration of it at the Department of Justices request . On January 10 , 2014 , the FBI arrested Diana Durand on charges that she had illegally donated more than $10,000 to Grimms 2010 campaign . Durand allegedly gave the campaign $4,800 , the legal limit , but then used straw donors to donate more than $10,000 illegally . The FBI also charged Durand with lying to federal agents about the matter . Grimm denied any wrongdoing . In September 2014 , Durand pled guilty to making illegal contributions to Grimms 2010 campaign . The investigation , which originally focused on Grimms 2010 fundraising , branched out to include Grimms prior business dealings . On April 25 , 2014 , Grimms attorney was advised by the U.S . Attorneys office that his client would be indicted on criminal charges related to Healthalicious . On April 28 , prosecutors unsealed a 20-count indictment charging that Grimm and others concealed over $1 million of the restaurants sales and wages from both the U.S . federal government and the State of New York . Grimm surrendered to the FBI that morning . Grimm pled not guilty to all charges and was released on $400,000 bond . He told reporters that he not only had every intention of fighting the charges , but also of staying in office and running for a third term . On December 23 , 2014 , less than two months after winning reelection , Grimm pled guilty to one charge of felony tax evasion . He admitted to under-reporting Healthaliciouss revenues by over $900,000 over four years and to filing false tax returns based on that under-reported income . He also admitted to using the under-reported receipts to pay restaurant expenses , as well as to make under-the-table cash payments to employees . As part of the plea bargain , the other charges were dropped , but Grimm admitted to two of the offenses in the original indictment : knowingly employing people ineligible to work in the United States and lying in a 2013 deposition . The crimes to which he pled guilty carried a prison sentence of up to 30 months . At first Grimm admitted making mistakes , but told a reporter he would absolutely not resign . But on December 29 , 2014 , it was reported that after discussing the matter with House Speaker John Boehner , Grimm had changed his mind and would decline to take his seat for a third term . He resigned from Congress on January 5 , 2015 . A special election to replace him was held on May 5 , 2015 , and Staten Island District Attorney Daniel Donovan , a Republican , was elected to the seat . On July 17 , 2015 , U.S . District Judge Pamela K . Chen suggested that Grimms moral compass needs some reorientation and sentenced him to eight months in prison . He surrendered on September 22 , 2015 , after a brief delay for medical treatment . He was released on May 20 , 2016 , after serving seven months . Had Grimm not resigned , his role in Congress would have likely been very limited . Longstanding House rules state that a member convicted of a felony should not take part in floor votes or committee work until the House Ethics Committee reviews the matter . Although there is no constitutional rule barring a convicted felon from voting , Boehner and the Republican leadership would have strongly discouraged Grimm from doing so , and the House Ethics Committee has indicated in the past that convicted felons can be disciplined if they do take part in committee or floor votes . Personal life . Grimm lives on Staten Island . He is divorced with no children .
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Michael Grimm (politician) went to which school before Jan 1978?
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Michael Grimm ( politician ) Michael Gerard Grimm ( born February 7 , 1970 ) is an American politician and convicted felon , who represented New York in the United States Congress from 2011 to 2015 until his conviction and resignation from Congress . Grimm represented New Yorks 13th congressional district during his first term , after which he represented New Yorks 11th congressional district . Both districts consisted of Staten Island and parts of Brooklyn . Grimm is a member of the Republican Party , and during his time in office was the only Republican to represent a significant portion of New York City . On April 28 , 2014 , Grimm was charged by federal authorities with 20 counts of fraud , federal tax evasion , and perjury . On December 23 , 2014 , he pleaded guilty to a single count of felony tax fraud , and acknowledged committing perjury , hiring illegal immigrants , and committing wire fraud . After initially vowing to retain his seat , Grimm announced on December 30 , 2014 , that he would resign from Congress effective January 5 , 2015 . On May 5 , 2015 , Daniel M . Donovan Jr . won the special election to replace Grimm . On July 17 , 2015 , Grimm was sentenced to eight months in prison for tax evasion . He began his prison term on September 22 , 2015 after a brief delay for medical treatments . On October 1 , 2017 , Grimm launched a campaign to attempt to win back his old House seat in the 11th district . On June 26 , 2018 , he lost in the Republican primary . Early life and education . Grimm was raised as a Catholic in Queens , New York , the son of Petrina ( née Castronova ) and Gerard Grimm . He is of German , Irish , and Sicilian descent . He graduated from Archbishop Molloy High School in 1988 . Grimm entered active duty with the U.S . Marine Corps in 1989 . He received a combat promotion to corporal , and was awarded the Combat Action Ribbon , Navy Unit Commendation , the Meritorious Unit Commendation , among other awards . Grimm received a BBA in accounting from Baruch College in 1994 . He transferred to the U.S . Marine Corps Reserve and was discharged from service in 1997 . He received a Juris Doctor ( magna cum laude ) from New York Law School in 2002 . Career . Federal Bureau of Investigation ( 1991–2006 ) . Grimm entered the FBI as a clerk in 1991 . In 1995 , he entered the FBI Academy in Quantico Station , Virginia . He graduated as a special agent and was certified to become an undercover agent . He transitioned into undercover agent work , eventually working in the FBI Gambino Squad , and was assigned to the inside activities of Peter Gotti , John Gottis brother . Grimm worked for the FBI as an agent for 9 years . In 2011 , Evan Ratliff , writing for The New Yorker , reported that Grimm had been the subject of an internal investigation into allegations that he abused his authority as a FBI agent in a nightclub in 1999 . At the time of the New Yorker report , the New York City Police Department and U.S . Justice Department had not released documents regarding the alleged incident . Grimm stated that the incident had been fully investigated and that he had been cleared of all allegations . During his time with the FBI , Grimm spent two years posing as a small-cap stockbroker , uncovering white-collar criminals on Wall Street . According to Grimm , the firm was involved in money laundering , making false trades , and manipulating stocks . After building a strong case for two years , he and the firms partners were arrested together , at which point the police informed the group that they had been infiltrated by an undercover agent . Grimm stated in 2011 that he has long been aware of the possibility that people may try to take revenge on him . He left the FBI in 2006 , citing his exhaustion from working long hours . Business and finance ( 2006–2010 ) . Before joining the FBI , Grimm worked for a year for Whale Securities , an investment banking firm . Shortly before leaving the bureau , Grimm invested in a luxury Texas development . In 2006 , Grimm founded a small health food restaurant in Manhattan called Healthalicious . He co-owned and served as principal and chief executive officer of Austin Refuel Transport , an Austin , Texas-based bio-fuel company . As of 2011 , Grimm owned 28% of the company , although he is no longer involved in daily operations nor is he CEO . In July 2011 , the New York Daily News reported that Austin Refuel Transport had received 11 safety violations in two U.S . Department of Transportation checkups . Grimms spokesman said that he now has no authority or managerial role in the daily activities of the company . He is simply a silent investor . U.S . House of Representatives ( 2011–2015 ) . Elections . 2010 . Grimm launched his campaign for the 13th New York Congressional District seat on January 23 , 2010 . He was endorsed by former NYC mayor Rudy Giuliani as well as Guy Molinari , a former U.S . Representative and Staten Island Borough President . He was also endorsed by the Conservative Party of New York State . He was challenged by Michael Allegretti who was endorsed by former six-term U.S . Representative Vito Fossella , the Staten Island Republican Party , State Senator Andrew Lanza , and State Assemblyman Lou Tobacco . Allegretti worked for the nonprofit Climate Group and cited his relationships with NYC Mayor Michael R . Bloomberg and former British Prime Minister Tony Blair . Grimm chose not to contest the Staten Islands party endorsement because of their corrupt political culture and sham convention . Grimms primary win was divisive for the Republican Party leadership , which favored Allegretti . His campaign gained national attention from the Tea Party and the National Republican Congressional Committee , which contributed $90,000 to Grimms campaign . He received endorsements from high-profile Republicans , including Giuliani , John McCain , Sarah Palin , and former President George H.W . Bush , who applauded his service in the Gulf War . Grimm faced incumbent Michael McMahon in the general election . On October 12 , the Staten Island Advance reported that it had been receiving emails from the McMahon campaign attacking Grimms business credentials . Grimm reportedly admitted in an interview with the Staten Island Advance that his former restaurant in Manhattan , Healthalicious , had been on the verge of bankruptcy , forcing him to sell his stake in it . A major difference between the two candidates was the issue of the U.S . economic stimulus package , which the Advance called the starkest contrast among the two candidates . Grimm stated that the stimulus was a huge waste of taxpayer money and ineffective in generating job creation and economic recovery , whereas McMahon cited improvements in the state budget and renovations on the Staten Island Expressway and the Saint George Ferry Terminal as direct successes of the stimulus . On November 2 , 2010 , Grimm defeated McMahon in the race , 51% to 48% . The Advance reported that Grimm won in large part due to his political signs , which became popular among his supporters . They stated , McMahon raised my property taxes 18.5% . 2012 . After redistricting , Grimms district was renumbered the 11th District . He was challenged by Democrat Mark Murphy , a former aide to New York City Public Advocate Bill de Blasio . Grimm won reelection to a second term , 53%–46% . 2014 . In 2014 Grimm received the backing of the Staten Island Republican party and the Independence Party , who called him a truly independent voice for his constituents . He faced Democratic Party nominee Domenic Recchia in the general election . Grimm was endorsed by the Association of Flight Attendants-CWA , the International Union of Painters and Allied Trades , the United Transportation Union , and the Humane Society Legislative Fund . Grimm defeated Recchia on election night , November 5 , 2014 . 2018 . On October 1 , 2017 , Grimm launched a campaign for reelection to his old House seat in New Yorks 11th District . On May 30 , 2018 , President Donald Trump endorsed incumbent Representative Dan Donovan . Donovan defeated Grimm in the June 26 Republican primary , 63.9% to 36.1% . Tenure . During a Sean Hannity interview of all freshmen Republican members , Representative-Elect Grimm took exception to being asked if he was a conservative . He replied that he was American first and that we have become way too polarized , indicating a desire for compromise with Democrats . Grimm did not join the Tea Party Caucus in the House , instead joining the more moderate Republican Main Street Partnership . Fiscal issues . Grimm was appointed to the House Financial Services Committee , which the Staten Island Advance considered a major opportunity for Grimm to influence the debate on financial reform . Roughly 70,000 of his constituents were involved in financial services , making this a vital issue for his political profile . Grimm introduced legislation that would prohibit potential whistle-blowers from receiving a cash reward from the Securities and Exchange Commission unless they report wrongdoing to their employers before reporting it to the SEC . Grimm voted for the fiscal cliff compromise bill that permanently extended most of the Bush tax cuts . Gun control . After the 2011 Tucson shooting , Grimm voiced support for security-based situational awareness training , including how to spot suspicious people , when to run for an exit , and how to keep guards at close range . Grimm also said congressmen should consider carrying firearms . House Leader John Boehner called his suggestions an excellent idea and indicated that security would be a major focus for Congress in 2011 . Abortion . Grimm voted in favor of the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act , a bill banning abortions after the 20th week of fertilization . Healthcare . Grimm voted to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in the House , as he had promised during his campaign . He was called hypocritical by several Democrats for enrolling in the congressional health-care plan . Immigration . Grimm has expressed support for immigration reform and was one of six Republicans to vote against an amendment that would have resumed deportation of Dreamers . Israel . Grimm was appointed to the House Republican Israel Caucus in January 2011 , serving as co-chair . In February 2011 , as House Republicans were pushing for deep cuts in discretionary spending , Grimm wrote a letter to Eric Cantor saying he would vote against any budget that reduced aid to Israel . Grimm was also named chair of the House Republican Policy Committees Task Force on Foreign Policy . Syria . Grimm opposed a military strike on the Assad regime in Syria , stating , I am no longer convinced that a U.S . strike on Syria will yield a benefit to the United States that will not be greatly outweighed by the extreme cost of war . Fundraising allegations by Rabbi Pinto . According to a January 27 , 2012 , New York Times article , several followers of Orthodox Rabbi Yoshiyahu Yosef Pinto said Grimms campaign had accepted questionable donations . Three of Pintos followers reportedly said that Grimm or Ofer Biton , a top aide of Pintos , had told them that the campaign would find a way to accept donations that were over the legal limit . Grimm stated , Any suggestion that I was involved in any activities that may run afoul of the campaign finance laws is categorically false and belied by my life of public service protecting and enforcing the laws of this country . Hurricane Sandy aid . In June 2013 , Grimm stated that he believed water fees should be waived for survivors of Hurricane Sandy who had been displaced from their homes . Under New York Citys Department of Environmental Protection rules , all homeowners are subject to a minimum charge of $1.19 per day , even if a home uses no water during a given period . Residents who had been displaced from their homes for long periods of time received water bills over $500 for damaged , vacant properties . Grimm called the bills ridiculous , saying , Thats $500 these people could use to replace a washer or dryer or refrigerator swept out to sea during Sandy . Confrontation with reporter . On January 28 , 2014 , NY1-TV political reporter Michael Scotto was interviewing Grimm in a balcony hallway of the U.S . Capitol building about the recently concluded 2014 State of the Union Address . He then tried to question Grimm about a campaign finance investigation . Grimm said he would not discuss the investigation . As Scotto started to mention the investigation again , Grimm walked off . Scotto then turned to the camera and implied that Grimm did not want to face the issue on camera . Grimm then threatened Scotto , saying that he would break [ Scotto ] in half , as well as threatening to throw Scotto over the balcony . Grimm issued a statement defending his behavior , saying that he was annoyed by what he called a disrespectful cheap shot from Scotto . The next day , Grimm contacted Scotto to offer an apology for his behavior , which Scotto deemed sincere . Grimm also issued a written apology , saying , I shouldnt have allowed my emotions to get the better of me and lose my cool . An unnamed former staffer for Grimm and NY1-TV political director Bob Hardt reported that Grimm had behaved in a similar manner to other reporters on previous occasions . Flood insurance reform . In early 2014 , Grimm and Bill Cassidy cosponsored the Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act . In March 2014 , the bill was passed by the U.S . Senate and signed into law by President Obama . The law repealed exponential increases in flood-insurance rates for homeowners in flood-prone areas , preventing skyrocketing flood insurance premiums for 5.5 million Americans . Environmental views . According to Politico , in April 2014 , Grimm became the first sitting House Republican to stop denying the science that humans cause climate change . Grimm stated , The majority of respected scientists say that its conclusive , the evidence is clear . So I dont think the jury is out . Committee assignments . - Committee on Financial Services - Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government-Sponsored Enterprises - Subcommittee on Monetary Policy and Trade - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Caucus memberships . - Congressional Gaming Caucus - Friends of Switzerland Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - House Republican Israel Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - House Oceans Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - International Conservation Caucus - Sportsmens Caucus Federal criminal investigation and conviction . In August 2012 , the office of the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York said it was investigating Grimms 2010 campaign . In November 2012 , the House Ethics Committee decided to inquire into the campaign but agreed to defer consideration of it at the Department of Justices request . On January 10 , 2014 , the FBI arrested Diana Durand on charges that she had illegally donated more than $10,000 to Grimms 2010 campaign . Durand allegedly gave the campaign $4,800 , the legal limit , but then used straw donors to donate more than $10,000 illegally . The FBI also charged Durand with lying to federal agents about the matter . Grimm denied any wrongdoing . In September 2014 , Durand pled guilty to making illegal contributions to Grimms 2010 campaign . The investigation , which originally focused on Grimms 2010 fundraising , branched out to include Grimms prior business dealings . On April 25 , 2014 , Grimms attorney was advised by the U.S . Attorneys office that his client would be indicted on criminal charges related to Healthalicious . On April 28 , prosecutors unsealed a 20-count indictment charging that Grimm and others concealed over $1 million of the restaurants sales and wages from both the U.S . federal government and the State of New York . Grimm surrendered to the FBI that morning . Grimm pled not guilty to all charges and was released on $400,000 bond . He told reporters that he not only had every intention of fighting the charges , but also of staying in office and running for a third term . On December 23 , 2014 , less than two months after winning reelection , Grimm pled guilty to one charge of felony tax evasion . He admitted to under-reporting Healthaliciouss revenues by over $900,000 over four years and to filing false tax returns based on that under-reported income . He also admitted to using the under-reported receipts to pay restaurant expenses , as well as to make under-the-table cash payments to employees . As part of the plea bargain , the other charges were dropped , but Grimm admitted to two of the offenses in the original indictment : knowingly employing people ineligible to work in the United States and lying in a 2013 deposition . The crimes to which he pled guilty carried a prison sentence of up to 30 months . At first Grimm admitted making mistakes , but told a reporter he would absolutely not resign . But on December 29 , 2014 , it was reported that after discussing the matter with House Speaker John Boehner , Grimm had changed his mind and would decline to take his seat for a third term . He resigned from Congress on January 5 , 2015 . A special election to replace him was held on May 5 , 2015 , and Staten Island District Attorney Daniel Donovan , a Republican , was elected to the seat . On July 17 , 2015 , U.S . District Judge Pamela K . Chen suggested that Grimms moral compass needs some reorientation and sentenced him to eight months in prison . He surrendered on September 22 , 2015 , after a brief delay for medical treatment . He was released on May 20 , 2016 , after serving seven months . Had Grimm not resigned , his role in Congress would have likely been very limited . Longstanding House rules state that a member convicted of a felony should not take part in floor votes or committee work until the House Ethics Committee reviews the matter . Although there is no constitutional rule barring a convicted felon from voting , Boehner and the Republican leadership would have strongly discouraged Grimm from doing so , and the House Ethics Committee has indicated in the past that convicted felons can be disciplined if they do take part in committee or floor votes . Personal life . Grimm lives on Staten Island . He is divorced with no children .
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Who directed or managed All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions in May 1985?
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All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions The All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions ( , OPZZ ) is a national trade union center founded in 1984 . History . Following the decisions of the Polish government declaring the Solidarity trade union illegal , the OPZZ was created on 24 November 1984 according to the 1982 trade union act which made trade union pluralism illegal . The OPZZ inherited all of Solidaritys property , and also that of the former Association of Trade Unions . It was part of the pro-government Patriotic Movement for National Revival ( Patriotyczny Ruch Odrodzenia Narodowego - PRON ) . In 1985 it joined the World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) . Until 1990 the OPZZ was tied closely to the Polish United Workers Party ( PZPR ) . Following the end of communist rule in Poland the federation aligned with various post-communist and social-democratic parties ( e.g . Democratic Left Alliance , SLD ) . In 2006 the OPZZ affiliated to the European Trade Union Confederation and the International Trade Union Confederation . In the summer of 2006 , Roman Giertych , the Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland and a stalwart of the ultra-right-wing and chauvinistic League of Polish Families , voiced his support for the confiscation of OPZZ property and the dissolution of the organization , branding it a mouthpiece of the Social-Democratic Union ( SLD ) and the heir of the Communist PZPR . Activities . The mission of OPZZ is stated as the defence of social and workers right of the trade unions . OPZZ has strongly supported the demands of state owned industry sector . The OPZZ is governed by Congress ( Kongres ) , Council ( Rada ) and Presidium ( Prezydium ) . OPZZ associates 90 nationwide trade union organisations ( uniform trade unions and federations ) grouped in 12 branches : 1 . Raw materials and power industry 2 . Manufacturing 3 . Education , science and culture 4 . Health care and social insurance 5 . Agriculture and food economy 6 . Construction , forestry , wood industry , environment protection and water economy 7 . Municipal economy 8 . Co-operatives 9 . Trade and services 10 . Transport and maritime economy 11 . Railways 12 . Communication OPZZ also has its internal territorial structures , with territorial range corresponding to the administrative division of the country . These are voivodship ( regional ) councils ( 16 ) and powiat ( district ) councils ( 240 ) . In 2013 , the OPZZ was estimated to have 500,000 members . Presidents of OPZZ . - Alfred Miodowicz ( until December 1991 ) - Ewa Spychalska ( 1991-1996 ) - Józef Wiaderny ( 1996-2002 ) - Maciej Manicki ( 2002-2004 ) - Jan Guz ( 2004–2019 )
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Who directed or managed All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions in May 1994?
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/wiki/All-Poland_Alliance_of_Trade_Unions#P1037#1
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All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions The All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions ( , OPZZ ) is a national trade union center founded in 1984 . History . Following the decisions of the Polish government declaring the Solidarity trade union illegal , the OPZZ was created on 24 November 1984 according to the 1982 trade union act which made trade union pluralism illegal . The OPZZ inherited all of Solidaritys property , and also that of the former Association of Trade Unions . It was part of the pro-government Patriotic Movement for National Revival ( Patriotyczny Ruch Odrodzenia Narodowego - PRON ) . In 1985 it joined the World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) . Until 1990 the OPZZ was tied closely to the Polish United Workers Party ( PZPR ) . Following the end of communist rule in Poland the federation aligned with various post-communist and social-democratic parties ( e.g . Democratic Left Alliance , SLD ) . In 2006 the OPZZ affiliated to the European Trade Union Confederation and the International Trade Union Confederation . In the summer of 2006 , Roman Giertych , the Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland and a stalwart of the ultra-right-wing and chauvinistic League of Polish Families , voiced his support for the confiscation of OPZZ property and the dissolution of the organization , branding it a mouthpiece of the Social-Democratic Union ( SLD ) and the heir of the Communist PZPR . Activities . The mission of OPZZ is stated as the defence of social and workers right of the trade unions . OPZZ has strongly supported the demands of state owned industry sector . The OPZZ is governed by Congress ( Kongres ) , Council ( Rada ) and Presidium ( Prezydium ) . OPZZ associates 90 nationwide trade union organisations ( uniform trade unions and federations ) grouped in 12 branches : 1 . Raw materials and power industry 2 . Manufacturing 3 . Education , science and culture 4 . Health care and social insurance 5 . Agriculture and food economy 6 . Construction , forestry , wood industry , environment protection and water economy 7 . Municipal economy 8 . Co-operatives 9 . Trade and services 10 . Transport and maritime economy 11 . Railways 12 . Communication OPZZ also has its internal territorial structures , with territorial range corresponding to the administrative division of the country . These are voivodship ( regional ) councils ( 16 ) and powiat ( district ) councils ( 240 ) . In 2013 , the OPZZ was estimated to have 500,000 members . Presidents of OPZZ . - Alfred Miodowicz ( until December 1991 ) - Ewa Spychalska ( 1991-1996 ) - Józef Wiaderny ( 1996-2002 ) - Maciej Manicki ( 2002-2004 ) - Jan Guz ( 2004–2019 )
|
[
"Józef Wiaderny"
] |
hard
|
Who directed or managed All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions in Dec 2001?
|
/wiki/All-Poland_Alliance_of_Trade_Unions#P1037#2
|
All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions The All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions ( , OPZZ ) is a national trade union center founded in 1984 . History . Following the decisions of the Polish government declaring the Solidarity trade union illegal , the OPZZ was created on 24 November 1984 according to the 1982 trade union act which made trade union pluralism illegal . The OPZZ inherited all of Solidaritys property , and also that of the former Association of Trade Unions . It was part of the pro-government Patriotic Movement for National Revival ( Patriotyczny Ruch Odrodzenia Narodowego - PRON ) . In 1985 it joined the World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) . Until 1990 the OPZZ was tied closely to the Polish United Workers Party ( PZPR ) . Following the end of communist rule in Poland the federation aligned with various post-communist and social-democratic parties ( e.g . Democratic Left Alliance , SLD ) . In 2006 the OPZZ affiliated to the European Trade Union Confederation and the International Trade Union Confederation . In the summer of 2006 , Roman Giertych , the Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland and a stalwart of the ultra-right-wing and chauvinistic League of Polish Families , voiced his support for the confiscation of OPZZ property and the dissolution of the organization , branding it a mouthpiece of the Social-Democratic Union ( SLD ) and the heir of the Communist PZPR . Activities . The mission of OPZZ is stated as the defence of social and workers right of the trade unions . OPZZ has strongly supported the demands of state owned industry sector . The OPZZ is governed by Congress ( Kongres ) , Council ( Rada ) and Presidium ( Prezydium ) . OPZZ associates 90 nationwide trade union organisations ( uniform trade unions and federations ) grouped in 12 branches : 1 . Raw materials and power industry 2 . Manufacturing 3 . Education , science and culture 4 . Health care and social insurance 5 . Agriculture and food economy 6 . Construction , forestry , wood industry , environment protection and water economy 7 . Municipal economy 8 . Co-operatives 9 . Trade and services 10 . Transport and maritime economy 11 . Railways 12 . Communication OPZZ also has its internal territorial structures , with territorial range corresponding to the administrative division of the country . These are voivodship ( regional ) councils ( 16 ) and powiat ( district ) councils ( 240 ) . In 2013 , the OPZZ was estimated to have 500,000 members . Presidents of OPZZ . - Alfred Miodowicz ( until December 1991 ) - Ewa Spychalska ( 1991-1996 ) - Józef Wiaderny ( 1996-2002 ) - Maciej Manicki ( 2002-2004 ) - Jan Guz ( 2004–2019 )
|
[
"Maciej Manicki"
] |
hard
|
Who directed or managed All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions between Sep 2002 and Jul 2003?
|
/wiki/All-Poland_Alliance_of_Trade_Unions#P1037#3
|
All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions The All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions ( , OPZZ ) is a national trade union center founded in 1984 . History . Following the decisions of the Polish government declaring the Solidarity trade union illegal , the OPZZ was created on 24 November 1984 according to the 1982 trade union act which made trade union pluralism illegal . The OPZZ inherited all of Solidaritys property , and also that of the former Association of Trade Unions . It was part of the pro-government Patriotic Movement for National Revival ( Patriotyczny Ruch Odrodzenia Narodowego - PRON ) . In 1985 it joined the World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) . Until 1990 the OPZZ was tied closely to the Polish United Workers Party ( PZPR ) . Following the end of communist rule in Poland the federation aligned with various post-communist and social-democratic parties ( e.g . Democratic Left Alliance , SLD ) . In 2006 the OPZZ affiliated to the European Trade Union Confederation and the International Trade Union Confederation . In the summer of 2006 , Roman Giertych , the Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland and a stalwart of the ultra-right-wing and chauvinistic League of Polish Families , voiced his support for the confiscation of OPZZ property and the dissolution of the organization , branding it a mouthpiece of the Social-Democratic Union ( SLD ) and the heir of the Communist PZPR . Activities . The mission of OPZZ is stated as the defence of social and workers right of the trade unions . OPZZ has strongly supported the demands of state owned industry sector . The OPZZ is governed by Congress ( Kongres ) , Council ( Rada ) and Presidium ( Prezydium ) . OPZZ associates 90 nationwide trade union organisations ( uniform trade unions and federations ) grouped in 12 branches : 1 . Raw materials and power industry 2 . Manufacturing 3 . Education , science and culture 4 . Health care and social insurance 5 . Agriculture and food economy 6 . Construction , forestry , wood industry , environment protection and water economy 7 . Municipal economy 8 . Co-operatives 9 . Trade and services 10 . Transport and maritime economy 11 . Railways 12 . Communication OPZZ also has its internal territorial structures , with territorial range corresponding to the administrative division of the country . These are voivodship ( regional ) councils ( 16 ) and powiat ( district ) councils ( 240 ) . In 2013 , the OPZZ was estimated to have 500,000 members . Presidents of OPZZ . - Alfred Miodowicz ( until December 1991 ) - Ewa Spychalska ( 1991-1996 ) - Józef Wiaderny ( 1996-2002 ) - Maciej Manicki ( 2002-2004 ) - Jan Guz ( 2004–2019 )
|
[
"Jan Guz"
] |
hard
|
Who directed or managed All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions after Dec 2009?
|
/wiki/All-Poland_Alliance_of_Trade_Unions#P1037#4
|
All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions The All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions ( , OPZZ ) is a national trade union center founded in 1984 . History . Following the decisions of the Polish government declaring the Solidarity trade union illegal , the OPZZ was created on 24 November 1984 according to the 1982 trade union act which made trade union pluralism illegal . The OPZZ inherited all of Solidaritys property , and also that of the former Association of Trade Unions . It was part of the pro-government Patriotic Movement for National Revival ( Patriotyczny Ruch Odrodzenia Narodowego - PRON ) . In 1985 it joined the World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) . Until 1990 the OPZZ was tied closely to the Polish United Workers Party ( PZPR ) . Following the end of communist rule in Poland the federation aligned with various post-communist and social-democratic parties ( e.g . Democratic Left Alliance , SLD ) . In 2006 the OPZZ affiliated to the European Trade Union Confederation and the International Trade Union Confederation . In the summer of 2006 , Roman Giertych , the Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland and a stalwart of the ultra-right-wing and chauvinistic League of Polish Families , voiced his support for the confiscation of OPZZ property and the dissolution of the organization , branding it a mouthpiece of the Social-Democratic Union ( SLD ) and the heir of the Communist PZPR . Activities . The mission of OPZZ is stated as the defence of social and workers right of the trade unions . OPZZ has strongly supported the demands of state owned industry sector . The OPZZ is governed by Congress ( Kongres ) , Council ( Rada ) and Presidium ( Prezydium ) . OPZZ associates 90 nationwide trade union organisations ( uniform trade unions and federations ) grouped in 12 branches : 1 . Raw materials and power industry 2 . Manufacturing 3 . Education , science and culture 4 . Health care and social insurance 5 . Agriculture and food economy 6 . Construction , forestry , wood industry , environment protection and water economy 7 . Municipal economy 8 . Co-operatives 9 . Trade and services 10 . Transport and maritime economy 11 . Railways 12 . Communication OPZZ also has its internal territorial structures , with territorial range corresponding to the administrative division of the country . These are voivodship ( regional ) councils ( 16 ) and powiat ( district ) councils ( 240 ) . In 2013 , the OPZZ was estimated to have 500,000 members . Presidents of OPZZ . - Alfred Miodowicz ( until December 1991 ) - Ewa Spychalska ( 1991-1996 ) - Józef Wiaderny ( 1996-2002 ) - Maciej Manicki ( 2002-2004 ) - Jan Guz ( 2004–2019 )
|
[
"Peyman"
] |
hard
|
Which team did Vahid Shamsaei play for between Dec 1999 and Jul 2001?
|
/wiki/Vahid_Shamsaei#P54#0
|
Vahid Shamsaei Vahid Shamsaei ( ; born 21 September 1975 ) is an Iranian professional futsal coach and former player . He was a Pivot and he scored 392 goals in international matches . Shamsaei has been named AFC Futsal Player of the Year on three occasions ( 2007 , 2008 and 2015 ) . He has also won eight AFC Futsal Championships with Iran . Shamsaei is regarded as the Ali Daei of futsal by the Asian Football Confederation . International career . He is the leading goalscorer for the national team , the seven time Top Goalscorer of the Asian Futsal Championship . On 19 May 2007 after scoring one goal against Japan in Irans 4–1 victory in the final of the 2007 AFC Futsal Championship , he scored his 316th national goal . He is officially the worlds Top Futsal Goalscorer with 82 goals ahead of Manoel Tobias of Brazil national futsal team , the previous holder of the title with 302 goals . Honours . Player . - Country - AFC Futsal Championship - Champion ( 8 ) : 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 - Third place ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2012 - Asian Indoor Games - Champion ( 1 ) : 2005 - Confederations Futsal Cup - Champion ( 1 ) : 2009 - WAFF Futsal Championship - Champion ( 1 ) : 2012 - Club - AFC Futsal Club Championship - Champion ( 2 ) : 2010 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2015 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Iranian Futsal Super League - Champions ( 6 ) : 2007–08 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) - 2008–09 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2009–10 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2013–14 ( Dabiri ) - 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2015-16 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Runner-Up ( 5 ) : 2004–05 ( Eram Kish ) - 2005–06 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) - 2011-12 ( Giti Pasand ) - 2017–18 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2020–21 ( Giti Pasand ) Manager . - Iranian Futsal Super League - Champions ( 2 ) : 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2015-16 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Runner-Up ( 2 ) : 2017–18 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2020–21 ( Giti Pasand ) Individual . - Best player : - AFC Futsal Player of the Year : 2007 - 2008 - 2015 - MVP AFC Futsal Championship : - 2000 - 2003 - 2007 - 2008 - MVP AFC Futsal Club Championship : 2010 - 2015 - MVP Futsal Confederations Cup : 2009 - International special award ( 2007–08 ) shared with Ali Daei ( Iran Football Federation Award ) - Best futsal player of Iran ( 2007–08 ) - Top Goalscorer - Worlds Top Futsal Goalscorer of All Time ( 392 goals ) - AFC Futsal Championship : 2001 ( 31 ) - 2002 ( 26 ) - 2003 ( 24 ) - 2004 ( 32 ) - 2005 ( 23 ) - 2006 ( 16 ) - 2008 ( 13 ) - 2012 ( 7 ) - AFC Futsal Championship Top Goalscorer of All Time ( 194 goals ) = 2000 ( 11 ) - 2001 ( 31 ) - 2002 ( 26 ) - 2003 ( 24 ) - 2004 ( 32 ) - 2005 ( 23 ) - 2006 ( 16 ) - 2007 ( 11 ) - 2008 ( 13 ) - 2012 ( 7 ) - Asian Indoor Games : 2005 ( 31 ) - AFC Futsal Club Championship , 2010 ( 17 ) - 2015 ( 10 ) - WAFF Futsal Championship : 2012 ( 8 goals ) - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2000–01 ( Peyman ) ( 34 goals ) - 2004–05 ( Eram Kish ) ( 38 goals ) - 2005–06 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) ( 55 goals ) - 2008–09 ( Foolad Mahan ) ( 32 goals ) - 2009–10 ( Foolad Mahan ) ( 34 goals ) - Best Manager - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2013–14 ( Dabiri ) - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei )
|
[
""
] |
hard
|
Which team did Vahid Shamsaei play for between Apr 2002 and Apr 2003?
|
/wiki/Vahid_Shamsaei#P54#1
|
Vahid Shamsaei Vahid Shamsaei ( ; born 21 September 1975 ) is an Iranian professional futsal coach and former player . He was a Pivot and he scored 392 goals in international matches . Shamsaei has been named AFC Futsal Player of the Year on three occasions ( 2007 , 2008 and 2015 ) . He has also won eight AFC Futsal Championships with Iran . Shamsaei is regarded as the Ali Daei of futsal by the Asian Football Confederation . International career . He is the leading goalscorer for the national team , the seven time Top Goalscorer of the Asian Futsal Championship . On 19 May 2007 after scoring one goal against Japan in Irans 4–1 victory in the final of the 2007 AFC Futsal Championship , he scored his 316th national goal . He is officially the worlds Top Futsal Goalscorer with 82 goals ahead of Manoel Tobias of Brazil national futsal team , the previous holder of the title with 302 goals . Honours . Player . - Country - AFC Futsal Championship - Champion ( 8 ) : 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 - Third place ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2012 - Asian Indoor Games - Champion ( 1 ) : 2005 - Confederations Futsal Cup - Champion ( 1 ) : 2009 - WAFF Futsal Championship - Champion ( 1 ) : 2012 - Club - AFC Futsal Club Championship - Champion ( 2 ) : 2010 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2015 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Iranian Futsal Super League - Champions ( 6 ) : 2007–08 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) - 2008–09 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2009–10 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2013–14 ( Dabiri ) - 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2015-16 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Runner-Up ( 5 ) : 2004–05 ( Eram Kish ) - 2005–06 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) - 2011-12 ( Giti Pasand ) - 2017–18 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2020–21 ( Giti Pasand ) Manager . - Iranian Futsal Super League - Champions ( 2 ) : 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2015-16 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Runner-Up ( 2 ) : 2017–18 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2020–21 ( Giti Pasand ) Individual . - Best player : - AFC Futsal Player of the Year : 2007 - 2008 - 2015 - MVP AFC Futsal Championship : - 2000 - 2003 - 2007 - 2008 - MVP AFC Futsal Club Championship : 2010 - 2015 - MVP Futsal Confederations Cup : 2009 - International special award ( 2007–08 ) shared with Ali Daei ( Iran Football Federation Award ) - Best futsal player of Iran ( 2007–08 ) - Top Goalscorer - Worlds Top Futsal Goalscorer of All Time ( 392 goals ) - AFC Futsal Championship : 2001 ( 31 ) - 2002 ( 26 ) - 2003 ( 24 ) - 2004 ( 32 ) - 2005 ( 23 ) - 2006 ( 16 ) - 2008 ( 13 ) - 2012 ( 7 ) - AFC Futsal Championship Top Goalscorer of All Time ( 194 goals ) = 2000 ( 11 ) - 2001 ( 31 ) - 2002 ( 26 ) - 2003 ( 24 ) - 2004 ( 32 ) - 2005 ( 23 ) - 2006 ( 16 ) - 2007 ( 11 ) - 2008 ( 13 ) - 2012 ( 7 ) - Asian Indoor Games : 2005 ( 31 ) - AFC Futsal Club Championship , 2010 ( 17 ) - 2015 ( 10 ) - WAFF Futsal Championship : 2012 ( 8 goals ) - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2000–01 ( Peyman ) ( 34 goals ) - 2004–05 ( Eram Kish ) ( 38 goals ) - 2005–06 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) ( 55 goals ) - 2008–09 ( Foolad Mahan ) ( 32 goals ) - 2009–10 ( Foolad Mahan ) ( 34 goals ) - Best Manager - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2013–14 ( Dabiri ) - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei )
|
[
"Eram Kish"
] |
hard
|
Which team did Vahid Shamsaei play for between Mar 2004 and Oct 2004?
|
/wiki/Vahid_Shamsaei#P54#2
|
Vahid Shamsaei Vahid Shamsaei ( ; born 21 September 1975 ) is an Iranian professional futsal coach and former player . He was a Pivot and he scored 392 goals in international matches . Shamsaei has been named AFC Futsal Player of the Year on three occasions ( 2007 , 2008 and 2015 ) . He has also won eight AFC Futsal Championships with Iran . Shamsaei is regarded as the Ali Daei of futsal by the Asian Football Confederation . International career . He is the leading goalscorer for the national team , the seven time Top Goalscorer of the Asian Futsal Championship . On 19 May 2007 after scoring one goal against Japan in Irans 4–1 victory in the final of the 2007 AFC Futsal Championship , he scored his 316th national goal . He is officially the worlds Top Futsal Goalscorer with 82 goals ahead of Manoel Tobias of Brazil national futsal team , the previous holder of the title with 302 goals . Honours . Player . - Country - AFC Futsal Championship - Champion ( 8 ) : 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 - Third place ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2012 - Asian Indoor Games - Champion ( 1 ) : 2005 - Confederations Futsal Cup - Champion ( 1 ) : 2009 - WAFF Futsal Championship - Champion ( 1 ) : 2012 - Club - AFC Futsal Club Championship - Champion ( 2 ) : 2010 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2015 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Iranian Futsal Super League - Champions ( 6 ) : 2007–08 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) - 2008–09 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2009–10 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2013–14 ( Dabiri ) - 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2015-16 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Runner-Up ( 5 ) : 2004–05 ( Eram Kish ) - 2005–06 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) - 2011-12 ( Giti Pasand ) - 2017–18 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2020–21 ( Giti Pasand ) Manager . - Iranian Futsal Super League - Champions ( 2 ) : 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2015-16 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Runner-Up ( 2 ) : 2017–18 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2020–21 ( Giti Pasand ) Individual . - Best player : - AFC Futsal Player of the Year : 2007 - 2008 - 2015 - MVP AFC Futsal Championship : - 2000 - 2003 - 2007 - 2008 - MVP AFC Futsal Club Championship : 2010 - 2015 - MVP Futsal Confederations Cup : 2009 - International special award ( 2007–08 ) shared with Ali Daei ( Iran Football Federation Award ) - Best futsal player of Iran ( 2007–08 ) - Top Goalscorer - Worlds Top Futsal Goalscorer of All Time ( 392 goals ) - AFC Futsal Championship : 2001 ( 31 ) - 2002 ( 26 ) - 2003 ( 24 ) - 2004 ( 32 ) - 2005 ( 23 ) - 2006 ( 16 ) - 2008 ( 13 ) - 2012 ( 7 ) - AFC Futsal Championship Top Goalscorer of All Time ( 194 goals ) = 2000 ( 11 ) - 2001 ( 31 ) - 2002 ( 26 ) - 2003 ( 24 ) - 2004 ( 32 ) - 2005 ( 23 ) - 2006 ( 16 ) - 2007 ( 11 ) - 2008 ( 13 ) - 2012 ( 7 ) - Asian Indoor Games : 2005 ( 31 ) - AFC Futsal Club Championship , 2010 ( 17 ) - 2015 ( 10 ) - WAFF Futsal Championship : 2012 ( 8 goals ) - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2000–01 ( Peyman ) ( 34 goals ) - 2004–05 ( Eram Kish ) ( 38 goals ) - 2005–06 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) ( 55 goals ) - 2008–09 ( Foolad Mahan ) ( 32 goals ) - 2009–10 ( Foolad Mahan ) ( 34 goals ) - Best Manager - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2013–14 ( Dabiri ) - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei )
|
[
"Tam Iran Khodro",
"national team"
] |
hard
|
Which team did Vahid Shamsaei play for in Apr 2005?
|
/wiki/Vahid_Shamsaei#P54#3
|
Vahid Shamsaei Vahid Shamsaei ( ; born 21 September 1975 ) is an Iranian professional futsal coach and former player . He was a Pivot and he scored 392 goals in international matches . Shamsaei has been named AFC Futsal Player of the Year on three occasions ( 2007 , 2008 and 2015 ) . He has also won eight AFC Futsal Championships with Iran . Shamsaei is regarded as the Ali Daei of futsal by the Asian Football Confederation . International career . He is the leading goalscorer for the national team , the seven time Top Goalscorer of the Asian Futsal Championship . On 19 May 2007 after scoring one goal against Japan in Irans 4–1 victory in the final of the 2007 AFC Futsal Championship , he scored his 316th national goal . He is officially the worlds Top Futsal Goalscorer with 82 goals ahead of Manoel Tobias of Brazil national futsal team , the previous holder of the title with 302 goals . Honours . Player . - Country - AFC Futsal Championship - Champion ( 8 ) : 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 - Third place ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2012 - Asian Indoor Games - Champion ( 1 ) : 2005 - Confederations Futsal Cup - Champion ( 1 ) : 2009 - WAFF Futsal Championship - Champion ( 1 ) : 2012 - Club - AFC Futsal Club Championship - Champion ( 2 ) : 2010 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2015 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Iranian Futsal Super League - Champions ( 6 ) : 2007–08 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) - 2008–09 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2009–10 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2013–14 ( Dabiri ) - 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2015-16 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Runner-Up ( 5 ) : 2004–05 ( Eram Kish ) - 2005–06 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) - 2011-12 ( Giti Pasand ) - 2017–18 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2020–21 ( Giti Pasand ) Manager . - Iranian Futsal Super League - Champions ( 2 ) : 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2015-16 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Runner-Up ( 2 ) : 2017–18 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2020–21 ( Giti Pasand ) Individual . - Best player : - AFC Futsal Player of the Year : 2007 - 2008 - 2015 - MVP AFC Futsal Championship : - 2000 - 2003 - 2007 - 2008 - MVP AFC Futsal Club Championship : 2010 - 2015 - MVP Futsal Confederations Cup : 2009 - International special award ( 2007–08 ) shared with Ali Daei ( Iran Football Federation Award ) - Best futsal player of Iran ( 2007–08 ) - Top Goalscorer - Worlds Top Futsal Goalscorer of All Time ( 392 goals ) - AFC Futsal Championship : 2001 ( 31 ) - 2002 ( 26 ) - 2003 ( 24 ) - 2004 ( 32 ) - 2005 ( 23 ) - 2006 ( 16 ) - 2008 ( 13 ) - 2012 ( 7 ) - AFC Futsal Championship Top Goalscorer of All Time ( 194 goals ) = 2000 ( 11 ) - 2001 ( 31 ) - 2002 ( 26 ) - 2003 ( 24 ) - 2004 ( 32 ) - 2005 ( 23 ) - 2006 ( 16 ) - 2007 ( 11 ) - 2008 ( 13 ) - 2012 ( 7 ) - Asian Indoor Games : 2005 ( 31 ) - AFC Futsal Club Championship , 2010 ( 17 ) - 2015 ( 10 ) - WAFF Futsal Championship : 2012 ( 8 goals ) - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2000–01 ( Peyman ) ( 34 goals ) - 2004–05 ( Eram Kish ) ( 38 goals ) - 2005–06 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) ( 55 goals ) - 2008–09 ( Foolad Mahan ) ( 32 goals ) - 2009–10 ( Foolad Mahan ) ( 34 goals ) - Best Manager - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2013–14 ( Dabiri ) - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei )
|
[
"Foolad Mahan",
"national team"
] |
hard
|
Which team did Vahid Shamsaei play for in Dec 2009?
|
/wiki/Vahid_Shamsaei#P54#4
|
Vahid Shamsaei Vahid Shamsaei ( ; born 21 September 1975 ) is an Iranian professional futsal coach and former player . He was a Pivot and he scored 392 goals in international matches . Shamsaei has been named AFC Futsal Player of the Year on three occasions ( 2007 , 2008 and 2015 ) . He has also won eight AFC Futsal Championships with Iran . Shamsaei is regarded as the Ali Daei of futsal by the Asian Football Confederation . International career . He is the leading goalscorer for the national team , the seven time Top Goalscorer of the Asian Futsal Championship . On 19 May 2007 after scoring one goal against Japan in Irans 4–1 victory in the final of the 2007 AFC Futsal Championship , he scored his 316th national goal . He is officially the worlds Top Futsal Goalscorer with 82 goals ahead of Manoel Tobias of Brazil national futsal team , the previous holder of the title with 302 goals . Honours . Player . - Country - AFC Futsal Championship - Champion ( 8 ) : 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 - Third place ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2012 - Asian Indoor Games - Champion ( 1 ) : 2005 - Confederations Futsal Cup - Champion ( 1 ) : 2009 - WAFF Futsal Championship - Champion ( 1 ) : 2012 - Club - AFC Futsal Club Championship - Champion ( 2 ) : 2010 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2015 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Iranian Futsal Super League - Champions ( 6 ) : 2007–08 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) - 2008–09 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2009–10 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2013–14 ( Dabiri ) - 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2015-16 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Runner-Up ( 5 ) : 2004–05 ( Eram Kish ) - 2005–06 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) - 2011-12 ( Giti Pasand ) - 2017–18 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2020–21 ( Giti Pasand ) Manager . - Iranian Futsal Super League - Champions ( 2 ) : 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2015-16 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Runner-Up ( 2 ) : 2017–18 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2020–21 ( Giti Pasand ) Individual . - Best player : - AFC Futsal Player of the Year : 2007 - 2008 - 2015 - MVP AFC Futsal Championship : - 2000 - 2003 - 2007 - 2008 - MVP AFC Futsal Club Championship : 2010 - 2015 - MVP Futsal Confederations Cup : 2009 - International special award ( 2007–08 ) shared with Ali Daei ( Iran Football Federation Award ) - Best futsal player of Iran ( 2007–08 ) - Top Goalscorer - Worlds Top Futsal Goalscorer of All Time ( 392 goals ) - AFC Futsal Championship : 2001 ( 31 ) - 2002 ( 26 ) - 2003 ( 24 ) - 2004 ( 32 ) - 2005 ( 23 ) - 2006 ( 16 ) - 2008 ( 13 ) - 2012 ( 7 ) - AFC Futsal Championship Top Goalscorer of All Time ( 194 goals ) = 2000 ( 11 ) - 2001 ( 31 ) - 2002 ( 26 ) - 2003 ( 24 ) - 2004 ( 32 ) - 2005 ( 23 ) - 2006 ( 16 ) - 2007 ( 11 ) - 2008 ( 13 ) - 2012 ( 7 ) - Asian Indoor Games : 2005 ( 31 ) - AFC Futsal Club Championship , 2010 ( 17 ) - 2015 ( 10 ) - WAFF Futsal Championship : 2012 ( 8 goals ) - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2000–01 ( Peyman ) ( 34 goals ) - 2004–05 ( Eram Kish ) ( 38 goals ) - 2005–06 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) ( 55 goals ) - 2008–09 ( Foolad Mahan ) ( 32 goals ) - 2009–10 ( Foolad Mahan ) ( 34 goals ) - Best Manager - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2013–14 ( Dabiri ) - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei )
|
[
"Giti Pasand",
"national team"
] |
hard
|
Which team did Vahid Shamsaei play for in Apr 2011?
|
/wiki/Vahid_Shamsaei#P54#5
|
Vahid Shamsaei Vahid Shamsaei ( ; born 21 September 1975 ) is an Iranian professional futsal coach and former player . He was a Pivot and he scored 392 goals in international matches . Shamsaei has been named AFC Futsal Player of the Year on three occasions ( 2007 , 2008 and 2015 ) . He has also won eight AFC Futsal Championships with Iran . Shamsaei is regarded as the Ali Daei of futsal by the Asian Football Confederation . International career . He is the leading goalscorer for the national team , the seven time Top Goalscorer of the Asian Futsal Championship . On 19 May 2007 after scoring one goal against Japan in Irans 4–1 victory in the final of the 2007 AFC Futsal Championship , he scored his 316th national goal . He is officially the worlds Top Futsal Goalscorer with 82 goals ahead of Manoel Tobias of Brazil national futsal team , the previous holder of the title with 302 goals . Honours . Player . - Country - AFC Futsal Championship - Champion ( 8 ) : 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 - Third place ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2012 - Asian Indoor Games - Champion ( 1 ) : 2005 - Confederations Futsal Cup - Champion ( 1 ) : 2009 - WAFF Futsal Championship - Champion ( 1 ) : 2012 - Club - AFC Futsal Club Championship - Champion ( 2 ) : 2010 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2015 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Iranian Futsal Super League - Champions ( 6 ) : 2007–08 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) - 2008–09 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2009–10 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2013–14 ( Dabiri ) - 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2015-16 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Runner-Up ( 5 ) : 2004–05 ( Eram Kish ) - 2005–06 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) - 2011-12 ( Giti Pasand ) - 2017–18 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2020–21 ( Giti Pasand ) Manager . - Iranian Futsal Super League - Champions ( 2 ) : 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2015-16 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Runner-Up ( 2 ) : 2017–18 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2020–21 ( Giti Pasand ) Individual . - Best player : - AFC Futsal Player of the Year : 2007 - 2008 - 2015 - MVP AFC Futsal Championship : - 2000 - 2003 - 2007 - 2008 - MVP AFC Futsal Club Championship : 2010 - 2015 - MVP Futsal Confederations Cup : 2009 - International special award ( 2007–08 ) shared with Ali Daei ( Iran Football Federation Award ) - Best futsal player of Iran ( 2007–08 ) - Top Goalscorer - Worlds Top Futsal Goalscorer of All Time ( 392 goals ) - AFC Futsal Championship : 2001 ( 31 ) - 2002 ( 26 ) - 2003 ( 24 ) - 2004 ( 32 ) - 2005 ( 23 ) - 2006 ( 16 ) - 2008 ( 13 ) - 2012 ( 7 ) - AFC Futsal Championship Top Goalscorer of All Time ( 194 goals ) = 2000 ( 11 ) - 2001 ( 31 ) - 2002 ( 26 ) - 2003 ( 24 ) - 2004 ( 32 ) - 2005 ( 23 ) - 2006 ( 16 ) - 2007 ( 11 ) - 2008 ( 13 ) - 2012 ( 7 ) - Asian Indoor Games : 2005 ( 31 ) - AFC Futsal Club Championship , 2010 ( 17 ) - 2015 ( 10 ) - WAFF Futsal Championship : 2012 ( 8 goals ) - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2000–01 ( Peyman ) ( 34 goals ) - 2004–05 ( Eram Kish ) ( 38 goals ) - 2005–06 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) ( 55 goals ) - 2008–09 ( Foolad Mahan ) ( 32 goals ) - 2009–10 ( Foolad Mahan ) ( 34 goals ) - Best Manager - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2013–14 ( Dabiri ) - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei )
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[
"Dabiri"
] |
hard
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Which team did Vahid Shamsaei play for in Dec 2013?
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/wiki/Vahid_Shamsaei#P54#6
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Vahid Shamsaei Vahid Shamsaei ( ; born 21 September 1975 ) is an Iranian professional futsal coach and former player . He was a Pivot and he scored 392 goals in international matches . Shamsaei has been named AFC Futsal Player of the Year on three occasions ( 2007 , 2008 and 2015 ) . He has also won eight AFC Futsal Championships with Iran . Shamsaei is regarded as the Ali Daei of futsal by the Asian Football Confederation . International career . He is the leading goalscorer for the national team , the seven time Top Goalscorer of the Asian Futsal Championship . On 19 May 2007 after scoring one goal against Japan in Irans 4–1 victory in the final of the 2007 AFC Futsal Championship , he scored his 316th national goal . He is officially the worlds Top Futsal Goalscorer with 82 goals ahead of Manoel Tobias of Brazil national futsal team , the previous holder of the title with 302 goals . Honours . Player . - Country - AFC Futsal Championship - Champion ( 8 ) : 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 - Third place ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2012 - Asian Indoor Games - Champion ( 1 ) : 2005 - Confederations Futsal Cup - Champion ( 1 ) : 2009 - WAFF Futsal Championship - Champion ( 1 ) : 2012 - Club - AFC Futsal Club Championship - Champion ( 2 ) : 2010 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2015 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Iranian Futsal Super League - Champions ( 6 ) : 2007–08 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) - 2008–09 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2009–10 ( Foolad Mahan ) - 2013–14 ( Dabiri ) - 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2015-16 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Runner-Up ( 5 ) : 2004–05 ( Eram Kish ) - 2005–06 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) - 2011-12 ( Giti Pasand ) - 2017–18 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2020–21 ( Giti Pasand ) Manager . - Iranian Futsal Super League - Champions ( 2 ) : 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2015-16 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - Runner-Up ( 2 ) : 2017–18 ( Tasisat Daryaei ) - 2020–21 ( Giti Pasand ) Individual . - Best player : - AFC Futsal Player of the Year : 2007 - 2008 - 2015 - MVP AFC Futsal Championship : - 2000 - 2003 - 2007 - 2008 - MVP AFC Futsal Club Championship : 2010 - 2015 - MVP Futsal Confederations Cup : 2009 - International special award ( 2007–08 ) shared with Ali Daei ( Iran Football Federation Award ) - Best futsal player of Iran ( 2007–08 ) - Top Goalscorer - Worlds Top Futsal Goalscorer of All Time ( 392 goals ) - AFC Futsal Championship : 2001 ( 31 ) - 2002 ( 26 ) - 2003 ( 24 ) - 2004 ( 32 ) - 2005 ( 23 ) - 2006 ( 16 ) - 2008 ( 13 ) - 2012 ( 7 ) - AFC Futsal Championship Top Goalscorer of All Time ( 194 goals ) = 2000 ( 11 ) - 2001 ( 31 ) - 2002 ( 26 ) - 2003 ( 24 ) - 2004 ( 32 ) - 2005 ( 23 ) - 2006 ( 16 ) - 2007 ( 11 ) - 2008 ( 13 ) - 2012 ( 7 ) - Asian Indoor Games : 2005 ( 31 ) - AFC Futsal Club Championship , 2010 ( 17 ) - 2015 ( 10 ) - WAFF Futsal Championship : 2012 ( 8 goals ) - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2000–01 ( Peyman ) ( 34 goals ) - 2004–05 ( Eram Kish ) ( 38 goals ) - 2005–06 ( Tam Iran Khodro ) ( 55 goals ) - 2008–09 ( Foolad Mahan ) ( 32 goals ) - 2009–10 ( Foolad Mahan ) ( 34 goals ) - Best Manager - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2013–14 ( Dabiri ) - Iranian Futsal Super League : 2014–15 ( Tasisat Daryaei )
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[
""
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hard
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João Pereira (footballer, born 1984) played for which team between May 2000 and Jul 2000?
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/wiki/João_Pereira_(footballer,_born_1984)#P54#0
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João Pereira ( footballer , born 1984 ) João Pedro da Silva Pereira ( born 25 February 1984 ) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played mainly as a right back . An attacking wingback , he was also known for his fiery temperament that led to altercations with adversary players and referees numerous times . In his country , he represented both Benfica and Sporting CP , amassing Primeira Liga totals of 232 matches and nine goals and winning the 2005 national championship with the former . He also spent two and a half seasons in Spain with Valencia and four in Turkey with Trabzonspor , winning the 2019–20 Turkish Cup before returning to Sporting in February 2021 , where he again won the domestic league . Internationally , Pereira represented Portugal at Euro 2012 and the 2014 World Cup . Club career . Benfica . Pereira was born in Lisbon . A product of local S.L . Benficas youth system , he first appeared with its first team on 17 August 2003 in a 0–0 away draw against Boavista FC , and finished his debut season with 25 Primeira Liga appearances , mostly as a midfielder . Pereira was part of the Benfica squad that won the 2005 championship , starting often , until a fallout with coach Ronald Koeman relegated him to the bench and later to the B side . He was sold to Gil Vicente F.C . – also in the top flight – in the summer of 2006 , after a previous loan to the same club . Braga . In 2007–08 , fully reconverted into a right back , Pereira joined S.C . Braga , as another player in the position , Luís Filipe , went the other way . An undisputed starter from the beginning , he scored his first goal for the Minho side on 22 February 2009 , a 2–1 last-minute winner at Associação Naval 1º de Maio . He also collected a total of 17 yellow cards and two red in his first two seasons . Sporting . On 22 December 2009 , Pereira moved to Sporting CP for a fee of €3 million ; at the time , Braga led the league alongside Benfica with 12 points in advance to his new club , with the Lions eventually finishing fourth . Pereira again featured regularly for Sporting in the 2010–11 campaign , both as a defender and a midfielder , as his team ranked in third position . On 30 April 2011 , he scored in a 2–1 home victory over Portimonense S.C . but was also sent off midway through the second half ( after teammate André Santos ) for repeatedly and severely insulting referee Duarte Gomes . Valencia . On 24 May 2012 , Pereira signed with Valencia CF in Spain for €3.6 million , penning a 3+1 contract . He made his official debut on 19 August , playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–1 away draw against Real Madrid . Pereira was a starter in his first two years with the Che but , after the arrival of manager Nuno Espírito Santo for 2014–15 , was relegated to third-choice right-back . Hannover . In the January 2015 transfer window , Pereira signed for Bundesliga club Hannover 96 until the end of the season . He made his league debut on 7 February , playing the second half of a 1–2 away loss to Hamburger SV . Return to Sporting . On 13 July 2015 , Pereira returned to Sporting on a two-year deal with a €45 million buyout clause , as a replacement for Southampton-bound Cédric Soares . He made his debut on 9 August , featuring the full 90 minutes as they beat Benfica 1–0 to lift the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira at the Estádio Algarve . Thirteen days later he received his third red card for the club – all direct – for conceding a penalty in a 1–1 home draw against F.C . Paços de Ferreira . Trabzonspor . In December 2016 , Pereira was coveted by Trabzonspor , who were told to pay at least €1.5 million for his signature . Early in the new year , he cancelled his contract that was due to expire in the summer and joined the Süper Lig club . Pereira played four matches in the 2019–20 Turkish Cup , including the entire 2–0 final win over Alanyaspor . On 25 January 2021 , he left the Şenol Güneş Stadium as a free agent . Third Sporting stint . On 1 February 2021 , shortly before his 37th birthday , Pereira returned to Sporting on a short-term deal ; it was agreed that at its conclusion he would remain at the club as a coach . International career . Pereira was first called to the Portugal senior team in October 2010 , following the appointment of new coach Paulo Bento . He made his debut in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier against Denmark , and also started in the following match – in the same competition – in Iceland , with the national side winning both games 3–1 . On 19 May 2014 , Pereira was named in the final 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In the first game , against Germany , he committed a penalty on Mario Götze that resulted in the first goal scored by Thomas Müller , in an eventual 0–4 loss . Honours . Benfica - Primeira Liga : 2004–05 - Taça de Portugal : 2003–04 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2005 Braga - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2008 Sporting - Primeira Liga : 2020–21 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2015 Trabzonspor - Turkish Cup : 2019–20 External links . - National team data
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[
""
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hard
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João Pereira (footballer, born 1984) played for which team in Oct 2002?
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/wiki/João_Pereira_(footballer,_born_1984)#P54#1
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João Pereira ( footballer , born 1984 ) João Pedro da Silva Pereira ( born 25 February 1984 ) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played mainly as a right back . An attacking wingback , he was also known for his fiery temperament that led to altercations with adversary players and referees numerous times . In his country , he represented both Benfica and Sporting CP , amassing Primeira Liga totals of 232 matches and nine goals and winning the 2005 national championship with the former . He also spent two and a half seasons in Spain with Valencia and four in Turkey with Trabzonspor , winning the 2019–20 Turkish Cup before returning to Sporting in February 2021 , where he again won the domestic league . Internationally , Pereira represented Portugal at Euro 2012 and the 2014 World Cup . Club career . Benfica . Pereira was born in Lisbon . A product of local S.L . Benficas youth system , he first appeared with its first team on 17 August 2003 in a 0–0 away draw against Boavista FC , and finished his debut season with 25 Primeira Liga appearances , mostly as a midfielder . Pereira was part of the Benfica squad that won the 2005 championship , starting often , until a fallout with coach Ronald Koeman relegated him to the bench and later to the B side . He was sold to Gil Vicente F.C . – also in the top flight – in the summer of 2006 , after a previous loan to the same club . Braga . In 2007–08 , fully reconverted into a right back , Pereira joined S.C . Braga , as another player in the position , Luís Filipe , went the other way . An undisputed starter from the beginning , he scored his first goal for the Minho side on 22 February 2009 , a 2–1 last-minute winner at Associação Naval 1º de Maio . He also collected a total of 17 yellow cards and two red in his first two seasons . Sporting . On 22 December 2009 , Pereira moved to Sporting CP for a fee of €3 million ; at the time , Braga led the league alongside Benfica with 12 points in advance to his new club , with the Lions eventually finishing fourth . Pereira again featured regularly for Sporting in the 2010–11 campaign , both as a defender and a midfielder , as his team ranked in third position . On 30 April 2011 , he scored in a 2–1 home victory over Portimonense S.C . but was also sent off midway through the second half ( after teammate André Santos ) for repeatedly and severely insulting referee Duarte Gomes . Valencia . On 24 May 2012 , Pereira signed with Valencia CF in Spain for €3.6 million , penning a 3+1 contract . He made his official debut on 19 August , playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–1 away draw against Real Madrid . Pereira was a starter in his first two years with the Che but , after the arrival of manager Nuno Espírito Santo for 2014–15 , was relegated to third-choice right-back . Hannover . In the January 2015 transfer window , Pereira signed for Bundesliga club Hannover 96 until the end of the season . He made his league debut on 7 February , playing the second half of a 1–2 away loss to Hamburger SV . Return to Sporting . On 13 July 2015 , Pereira returned to Sporting on a two-year deal with a €45 million buyout clause , as a replacement for Southampton-bound Cédric Soares . He made his debut on 9 August , featuring the full 90 minutes as they beat Benfica 1–0 to lift the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira at the Estádio Algarve . Thirteen days later he received his third red card for the club – all direct – for conceding a penalty in a 1–1 home draw against F.C . Paços de Ferreira . Trabzonspor . In December 2016 , Pereira was coveted by Trabzonspor , who were told to pay at least €1.5 million for his signature . Early in the new year , he cancelled his contract that was due to expire in the summer and joined the Süper Lig club . Pereira played four matches in the 2019–20 Turkish Cup , including the entire 2–0 final win over Alanyaspor . On 25 January 2021 , he left the Şenol Güneş Stadium as a free agent . Third Sporting stint . On 1 February 2021 , shortly before his 37th birthday , Pereira returned to Sporting on a short-term deal ; it was agreed that at its conclusion he would remain at the club as a coach . International career . Pereira was first called to the Portugal senior team in October 2010 , following the appointment of new coach Paulo Bento . He made his debut in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier against Denmark , and also started in the following match – in the same competition – in Iceland , with the national side winning both games 3–1 . On 19 May 2014 , Pereira was named in the final 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In the first game , against Germany , he committed a penalty on Mario Götze that resulted in the first goal scored by Thomas Müller , in an eventual 0–4 loss . Honours . Benfica - Primeira Liga : 2004–05 - Taça de Portugal : 2003–04 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2005 Braga - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2008 Sporting - Primeira Liga : 2020–21 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2015 Trabzonspor - Turkish Cup : 2019–20 External links . - National team data
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[
"Benfica"
] |
hard
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João Pereira (footballer, born 1984) played for which team between Nov 2004 and Feb 2005?
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/wiki/João_Pereira_(footballer,_born_1984)#P54#2
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João Pereira ( footballer , born 1984 ) João Pedro da Silva Pereira ( born 25 February 1984 ) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played mainly as a right back . An attacking wingback , he was also known for his fiery temperament that led to altercations with adversary players and referees numerous times . In his country , he represented both Benfica and Sporting CP , amassing Primeira Liga totals of 232 matches and nine goals and winning the 2005 national championship with the former . He also spent two and a half seasons in Spain with Valencia and four in Turkey with Trabzonspor , winning the 2019–20 Turkish Cup before returning to Sporting in February 2021 , where he again won the domestic league . Internationally , Pereira represented Portugal at Euro 2012 and the 2014 World Cup . Club career . Benfica . Pereira was born in Lisbon . A product of local S.L . Benficas youth system , he first appeared with its first team on 17 August 2003 in a 0–0 away draw against Boavista FC , and finished his debut season with 25 Primeira Liga appearances , mostly as a midfielder . Pereira was part of the Benfica squad that won the 2005 championship , starting often , until a fallout with coach Ronald Koeman relegated him to the bench and later to the B side . He was sold to Gil Vicente F.C . – also in the top flight – in the summer of 2006 , after a previous loan to the same club . Braga . In 2007–08 , fully reconverted into a right back , Pereira joined S.C . Braga , as another player in the position , Luís Filipe , went the other way . An undisputed starter from the beginning , he scored his first goal for the Minho side on 22 February 2009 , a 2–1 last-minute winner at Associação Naval 1º de Maio . He also collected a total of 17 yellow cards and two red in his first two seasons . Sporting . On 22 December 2009 , Pereira moved to Sporting CP for a fee of €3 million ; at the time , Braga led the league alongside Benfica with 12 points in advance to his new club , with the Lions eventually finishing fourth . Pereira again featured regularly for Sporting in the 2010–11 campaign , both as a defender and a midfielder , as his team ranked in third position . On 30 April 2011 , he scored in a 2–1 home victory over Portimonense S.C . but was also sent off midway through the second half ( after teammate André Santos ) for repeatedly and severely insulting referee Duarte Gomes . Valencia . On 24 May 2012 , Pereira signed with Valencia CF in Spain for €3.6 million , penning a 3+1 contract . He made his official debut on 19 August , playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–1 away draw against Real Madrid . Pereira was a starter in his first two years with the Che but , after the arrival of manager Nuno Espírito Santo for 2014–15 , was relegated to third-choice right-back . Hannover . In the January 2015 transfer window , Pereira signed for Bundesliga club Hannover 96 until the end of the season . He made his league debut on 7 February , playing the second half of a 1–2 away loss to Hamburger SV . Return to Sporting . On 13 July 2015 , Pereira returned to Sporting on a two-year deal with a €45 million buyout clause , as a replacement for Southampton-bound Cédric Soares . He made his debut on 9 August , featuring the full 90 minutes as they beat Benfica 1–0 to lift the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira at the Estádio Algarve . Thirteen days later he received his third red card for the club – all direct – for conceding a penalty in a 1–1 home draw against F.C . Paços de Ferreira . Trabzonspor . In December 2016 , Pereira was coveted by Trabzonspor , who were told to pay at least €1.5 million for his signature . Early in the new year , he cancelled his contract that was due to expire in the summer and joined the Süper Lig club . Pereira played four matches in the 2019–20 Turkish Cup , including the entire 2–0 final win over Alanyaspor . On 25 January 2021 , he left the Şenol Güneş Stadium as a free agent . Third Sporting stint . On 1 February 2021 , shortly before his 37th birthday , Pereira returned to Sporting on a short-term deal ; it was agreed that at its conclusion he would remain at the club as a coach . International career . Pereira was first called to the Portugal senior team in October 2010 , following the appointment of new coach Paulo Bento . He made his debut in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier against Denmark , and also started in the following match – in the same competition – in Iceland , with the national side winning both games 3–1 . On 19 May 2014 , Pereira was named in the final 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In the first game , against Germany , he committed a penalty on Mario Götze that resulted in the first goal scored by Thomas Müller , in an eventual 0–4 loss . Honours . Benfica - Primeira Liga : 2004–05 - Taça de Portugal : 2003–04 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2005 Braga - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2008 Sporting - Primeira Liga : 2020–21 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2015 Trabzonspor - Turkish Cup : 2019–20 External links . - National team data
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[
"Gil Vicente F.C ."
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hard
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João Pereira (footballer, born 1984) played for which team in Sep 2006?
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/wiki/João_Pereira_(footballer,_born_1984)#P54#3
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João Pereira ( footballer , born 1984 ) João Pedro da Silva Pereira ( born 25 February 1984 ) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played mainly as a right back . An attacking wingback , he was also known for his fiery temperament that led to altercations with adversary players and referees numerous times . In his country , he represented both Benfica and Sporting CP , amassing Primeira Liga totals of 232 matches and nine goals and winning the 2005 national championship with the former . He also spent two and a half seasons in Spain with Valencia and four in Turkey with Trabzonspor , winning the 2019–20 Turkish Cup before returning to Sporting in February 2021 , where he again won the domestic league . Internationally , Pereira represented Portugal at Euro 2012 and the 2014 World Cup . Club career . Benfica . Pereira was born in Lisbon . A product of local S.L . Benficas youth system , he first appeared with its first team on 17 August 2003 in a 0–0 away draw against Boavista FC , and finished his debut season with 25 Primeira Liga appearances , mostly as a midfielder . Pereira was part of the Benfica squad that won the 2005 championship , starting often , until a fallout with coach Ronald Koeman relegated him to the bench and later to the B side . He was sold to Gil Vicente F.C . – also in the top flight – in the summer of 2006 , after a previous loan to the same club . Braga . In 2007–08 , fully reconverted into a right back , Pereira joined S.C . Braga , as another player in the position , Luís Filipe , went the other way . An undisputed starter from the beginning , he scored his first goal for the Minho side on 22 February 2009 , a 2–1 last-minute winner at Associação Naval 1º de Maio . He also collected a total of 17 yellow cards and two red in his first two seasons . Sporting . On 22 December 2009 , Pereira moved to Sporting CP for a fee of €3 million ; at the time , Braga led the league alongside Benfica with 12 points in advance to his new club , with the Lions eventually finishing fourth . Pereira again featured regularly for Sporting in the 2010–11 campaign , both as a defender and a midfielder , as his team ranked in third position . On 30 April 2011 , he scored in a 2–1 home victory over Portimonense S.C . but was also sent off midway through the second half ( after teammate André Santos ) for repeatedly and severely insulting referee Duarte Gomes . Valencia . On 24 May 2012 , Pereira signed with Valencia CF in Spain for €3.6 million , penning a 3+1 contract . He made his official debut on 19 August , playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–1 away draw against Real Madrid . Pereira was a starter in his first two years with the Che but , after the arrival of manager Nuno Espírito Santo for 2014–15 , was relegated to third-choice right-back . Hannover . In the January 2015 transfer window , Pereira signed for Bundesliga club Hannover 96 until the end of the season . He made his league debut on 7 February , playing the second half of a 1–2 away loss to Hamburger SV . Return to Sporting . On 13 July 2015 , Pereira returned to Sporting on a two-year deal with a €45 million buyout clause , as a replacement for Southampton-bound Cédric Soares . He made his debut on 9 August , featuring the full 90 minutes as they beat Benfica 1–0 to lift the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira at the Estádio Algarve . Thirteen days later he received his third red card for the club – all direct – for conceding a penalty in a 1–1 home draw against F.C . Paços de Ferreira . Trabzonspor . In December 2016 , Pereira was coveted by Trabzonspor , who were told to pay at least €1.5 million for his signature . Early in the new year , he cancelled his contract that was due to expire in the summer and joined the Süper Lig club . Pereira played four matches in the 2019–20 Turkish Cup , including the entire 2–0 final win over Alanyaspor . On 25 January 2021 , he left the Şenol Güneş Stadium as a free agent . Third Sporting stint . On 1 February 2021 , shortly before his 37th birthday , Pereira returned to Sporting on a short-term deal ; it was agreed that at its conclusion he would remain at the club as a coach . International career . Pereira was first called to the Portugal senior team in October 2010 , following the appointment of new coach Paulo Bento . He made his debut in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier against Denmark , and also started in the following match – in the same competition – in Iceland , with the national side winning both games 3–1 . On 19 May 2014 , Pereira was named in the final 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In the first game , against Germany , he committed a penalty on Mario Götze that resulted in the first goal scored by Thomas Müller , in an eventual 0–4 loss . Honours . Benfica - Primeira Liga : 2004–05 - Taça de Portugal : 2003–04 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2005 Braga - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2008 Sporting - Primeira Liga : 2020–21 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2015 Trabzonspor - Turkish Cup : 2019–20 External links . - National team data
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[
"S.C . Braga"
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hard
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João Pereira (footballer, born 1984) played for which team in Jun 2008?
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/wiki/João_Pereira_(footballer,_born_1984)#P54#4
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João Pereira ( footballer , born 1984 ) João Pedro da Silva Pereira ( born 25 February 1984 ) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played mainly as a right back . An attacking wingback , he was also known for his fiery temperament that led to altercations with adversary players and referees numerous times . In his country , he represented both Benfica and Sporting CP , amassing Primeira Liga totals of 232 matches and nine goals and winning the 2005 national championship with the former . He also spent two and a half seasons in Spain with Valencia and four in Turkey with Trabzonspor , winning the 2019–20 Turkish Cup before returning to Sporting in February 2021 , where he again won the domestic league . Internationally , Pereira represented Portugal at Euro 2012 and the 2014 World Cup . Club career . Benfica . Pereira was born in Lisbon . A product of local S.L . Benficas youth system , he first appeared with its first team on 17 August 2003 in a 0–0 away draw against Boavista FC , and finished his debut season with 25 Primeira Liga appearances , mostly as a midfielder . Pereira was part of the Benfica squad that won the 2005 championship , starting often , until a fallout with coach Ronald Koeman relegated him to the bench and later to the B side . He was sold to Gil Vicente F.C . – also in the top flight – in the summer of 2006 , after a previous loan to the same club . Braga . In 2007–08 , fully reconverted into a right back , Pereira joined S.C . Braga , as another player in the position , Luís Filipe , went the other way . An undisputed starter from the beginning , he scored his first goal for the Minho side on 22 February 2009 , a 2–1 last-minute winner at Associação Naval 1º de Maio . He also collected a total of 17 yellow cards and two red in his first two seasons . Sporting . On 22 December 2009 , Pereira moved to Sporting CP for a fee of €3 million ; at the time , Braga led the league alongside Benfica with 12 points in advance to his new club , with the Lions eventually finishing fourth . Pereira again featured regularly for Sporting in the 2010–11 campaign , both as a defender and a midfielder , as his team ranked in third position . On 30 April 2011 , he scored in a 2–1 home victory over Portimonense S.C . but was also sent off midway through the second half ( after teammate André Santos ) for repeatedly and severely insulting referee Duarte Gomes . Valencia . On 24 May 2012 , Pereira signed with Valencia CF in Spain for €3.6 million , penning a 3+1 contract . He made his official debut on 19 August , playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–1 away draw against Real Madrid . Pereira was a starter in his first two years with the Che but , after the arrival of manager Nuno Espírito Santo for 2014–15 , was relegated to third-choice right-back . Hannover . In the January 2015 transfer window , Pereira signed for Bundesliga club Hannover 96 until the end of the season . He made his league debut on 7 February , playing the second half of a 1–2 away loss to Hamburger SV . Return to Sporting . On 13 July 2015 , Pereira returned to Sporting on a two-year deal with a €45 million buyout clause , as a replacement for Southampton-bound Cédric Soares . He made his debut on 9 August , featuring the full 90 minutes as they beat Benfica 1–0 to lift the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira at the Estádio Algarve . Thirteen days later he received his third red card for the club – all direct – for conceding a penalty in a 1–1 home draw against F.C . Paços de Ferreira . Trabzonspor . In December 2016 , Pereira was coveted by Trabzonspor , who were told to pay at least €1.5 million for his signature . Early in the new year , he cancelled his contract that was due to expire in the summer and joined the Süper Lig club . Pereira played four matches in the 2019–20 Turkish Cup , including the entire 2–0 final win over Alanyaspor . On 25 January 2021 , he left the Şenol Güneş Stadium as a free agent . Third Sporting stint . On 1 February 2021 , shortly before his 37th birthday , Pereira returned to Sporting on a short-term deal ; it was agreed that at its conclusion he would remain at the club as a coach . International career . Pereira was first called to the Portugal senior team in October 2010 , following the appointment of new coach Paulo Bento . He made his debut in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier against Denmark , and also started in the following match – in the same competition – in Iceland , with the national side winning both games 3–1 . On 19 May 2014 , Pereira was named in the final 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In the first game , against Germany , he committed a penalty on Mario Götze that resulted in the first goal scored by Thomas Müller , in an eventual 0–4 loss . Honours . Benfica - Primeira Liga : 2004–05 - Taça de Portugal : 2003–04 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2005 Braga - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2008 Sporting - Primeira Liga : 2020–21 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2015 Trabzonspor - Turkish Cup : 2019–20 External links . - National team data
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[
"Sporting CP"
] |
hard
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João Pereira (footballer, born 1984) played for which team between Sep 2011 and Dec 2011?
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/wiki/João_Pereira_(footballer,_born_1984)#P54#5
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João Pereira ( footballer , born 1984 ) João Pedro da Silva Pereira ( born 25 February 1984 ) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played mainly as a right back . An attacking wingback , he was also known for his fiery temperament that led to altercations with adversary players and referees numerous times . In his country , he represented both Benfica and Sporting CP , amassing Primeira Liga totals of 232 matches and nine goals and winning the 2005 national championship with the former . He also spent two and a half seasons in Spain with Valencia and four in Turkey with Trabzonspor , winning the 2019–20 Turkish Cup before returning to Sporting in February 2021 , where he again won the domestic league . Internationally , Pereira represented Portugal at Euro 2012 and the 2014 World Cup . Club career . Benfica . Pereira was born in Lisbon . A product of local S.L . Benficas youth system , he first appeared with its first team on 17 August 2003 in a 0–0 away draw against Boavista FC , and finished his debut season with 25 Primeira Liga appearances , mostly as a midfielder . Pereira was part of the Benfica squad that won the 2005 championship , starting often , until a fallout with coach Ronald Koeman relegated him to the bench and later to the B side . He was sold to Gil Vicente F.C . – also in the top flight – in the summer of 2006 , after a previous loan to the same club . Braga . In 2007–08 , fully reconverted into a right back , Pereira joined S.C . Braga , as another player in the position , Luís Filipe , went the other way . An undisputed starter from the beginning , he scored his first goal for the Minho side on 22 February 2009 , a 2–1 last-minute winner at Associação Naval 1º de Maio . He also collected a total of 17 yellow cards and two red in his first two seasons . Sporting . On 22 December 2009 , Pereira moved to Sporting CP for a fee of €3 million ; at the time , Braga led the league alongside Benfica with 12 points in advance to his new club , with the Lions eventually finishing fourth . Pereira again featured regularly for Sporting in the 2010–11 campaign , both as a defender and a midfielder , as his team ranked in third position . On 30 April 2011 , he scored in a 2–1 home victory over Portimonense S.C . but was also sent off midway through the second half ( after teammate André Santos ) for repeatedly and severely insulting referee Duarte Gomes . Valencia . On 24 May 2012 , Pereira signed with Valencia CF in Spain for €3.6 million , penning a 3+1 contract . He made his official debut on 19 August , playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–1 away draw against Real Madrid . Pereira was a starter in his first two years with the Che but , after the arrival of manager Nuno Espírito Santo for 2014–15 , was relegated to third-choice right-back . Hannover . In the January 2015 transfer window , Pereira signed for Bundesliga club Hannover 96 until the end of the season . He made his league debut on 7 February , playing the second half of a 1–2 away loss to Hamburger SV . Return to Sporting . On 13 July 2015 , Pereira returned to Sporting on a two-year deal with a €45 million buyout clause , as a replacement for Southampton-bound Cédric Soares . He made his debut on 9 August , featuring the full 90 minutes as they beat Benfica 1–0 to lift the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira at the Estádio Algarve . Thirteen days later he received his third red card for the club – all direct – for conceding a penalty in a 1–1 home draw against F.C . Paços de Ferreira . Trabzonspor . In December 2016 , Pereira was coveted by Trabzonspor , who were told to pay at least €1.5 million for his signature . Early in the new year , he cancelled his contract that was due to expire in the summer and joined the Süper Lig club . Pereira played four matches in the 2019–20 Turkish Cup , including the entire 2–0 final win over Alanyaspor . On 25 January 2021 , he left the Şenol Güneş Stadium as a free agent . Third Sporting stint . On 1 February 2021 , shortly before his 37th birthday , Pereira returned to Sporting on a short-term deal ; it was agreed that at its conclusion he would remain at the club as a coach . International career . Pereira was first called to the Portugal senior team in October 2010 , following the appointment of new coach Paulo Bento . He made his debut in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier against Denmark , and also started in the following match – in the same competition – in Iceland , with the national side winning both games 3–1 . On 19 May 2014 , Pereira was named in the final 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In the first game , against Germany , he committed a penalty on Mario Götze that resulted in the first goal scored by Thomas Müller , in an eventual 0–4 loss . Honours . Benfica - Primeira Liga : 2004–05 - Taça de Portugal : 2003–04 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2005 Braga - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2008 Sporting - Primeira Liga : 2020–21 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2015 Trabzonspor - Turkish Cup : 2019–20 External links . - National team data
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[
"Valencia"
] |
hard
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João Pereira (footballer, born 1984) played for which team between Feb 2013 and Nov 2013?
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/wiki/João_Pereira_(footballer,_born_1984)#P54#6
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João Pereira ( footballer , born 1984 ) João Pedro da Silva Pereira ( born 25 February 1984 ) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played mainly as a right back . An attacking wingback , he was also known for his fiery temperament that led to altercations with adversary players and referees numerous times . In his country , he represented both Benfica and Sporting CP , amassing Primeira Liga totals of 232 matches and nine goals and winning the 2005 national championship with the former . He also spent two and a half seasons in Spain with Valencia and four in Turkey with Trabzonspor , winning the 2019–20 Turkish Cup before returning to Sporting in February 2021 , where he again won the domestic league . Internationally , Pereira represented Portugal at Euro 2012 and the 2014 World Cup . Club career . Benfica . Pereira was born in Lisbon . A product of local S.L . Benficas youth system , he first appeared with its first team on 17 August 2003 in a 0–0 away draw against Boavista FC , and finished his debut season with 25 Primeira Liga appearances , mostly as a midfielder . Pereira was part of the Benfica squad that won the 2005 championship , starting often , until a fallout with coach Ronald Koeman relegated him to the bench and later to the B side . He was sold to Gil Vicente F.C . – also in the top flight – in the summer of 2006 , after a previous loan to the same club . Braga . In 2007–08 , fully reconverted into a right back , Pereira joined S.C . Braga , as another player in the position , Luís Filipe , went the other way . An undisputed starter from the beginning , he scored his first goal for the Minho side on 22 February 2009 , a 2–1 last-minute winner at Associação Naval 1º de Maio . He also collected a total of 17 yellow cards and two red in his first two seasons . Sporting . On 22 December 2009 , Pereira moved to Sporting CP for a fee of €3 million ; at the time , Braga led the league alongside Benfica with 12 points in advance to his new club , with the Lions eventually finishing fourth . Pereira again featured regularly for Sporting in the 2010–11 campaign , both as a defender and a midfielder , as his team ranked in third position . On 30 April 2011 , he scored in a 2–1 home victory over Portimonense S.C . but was also sent off midway through the second half ( after teammate André Santos ) for repeatedly and severely insulting referee Duarte Gomes . Valencia . On 24 May 2012 , Pereira signed with Valencia CF in Spain for €3.6 million , penning a 3+1 contract . He made his official debut on 19 August , playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–1 away draw against Real Madrid . Pereira was a starter in his first two years with the Che but , after the arrival of manager Nuno Espírito Santo for 2014–15 , was relegated to third-choice right-back . Hannover . In the January 2015 transfer window , Pereira signed for Bundesliga club Hannover 96 until the end of the season . He made his league debut on 7 February , playing the second half of a 1–2 away loss to Hamburger SV . Return to Sporting . On 13 July 2015 , Pereira returned to Sporting on a two-year deal with a €45 million buyout clause , as a replacement for Southampton-bound Cédric Soares . He made his debut on 9 August , featuring the full 90 minutes as they beat Benfica 1–0 to lift the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira at the Estádio Algarve . Thirteen days later he received his third red card for the club – all direct – for conceding a penalty in a 1–1 home draw against F.C . Paços de Ferreira . Trabzonspor . In December 2016 , Pereira was coveted by Trabzonspor , who were told to pay at least €1.5 million for his signature . Early in the new year , he cancelled his contract that was due to expire in the summer and joined the Süper Lig club . Pereira played four matches in the 2019–20 Turkish Cup , including the entire 2–0 final win over Alanyaspor . On 25 January 2021 , he left the Şenol Güneş Stadium as a free agent . Third Sporting stint . On 1 February 2021 , shortly before his 37th birthday , Pereira returned to Sporting on a short-term deal ; it was agreed that at its conclusion he would remain at the club as a coach . International career . Pereira was first called to the Portugal senior team in October 2010 , following the appointment of new coach Paulo Bento . He made his debut in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier against Denmark , and also started in the following match – in the same competition – in Iceland , with the national side winning both games 3–1 . On 19 May 2014 , Pereira was named in the final 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In the first game , against Germany , he committed a penalty on Mario Götze that resulted in the first goal scored by Thomas Müller , in an eventual 0–4 loss . Honours . Benfica - Primeira Liga : 2004–05 - Taça de Portugal : 2003–04 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2005 Braga - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2008 Sporting - Primeira Liga : 2020–21 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2015 Trabzonspor - Turkish Cup : 2019–20 External links . - National team data
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[
"Hannover 96",
"Sporting CP"
] |
hard
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João Pereira (footballer, born 1984) played for which team after Jul 2015?
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/wiki/João_Pereira_(footballer,_born_1984)#P54#7
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João Pereira ( footballer , born 1984 ) João Pedro da Silva Pereira ( born 25 February 1984 ) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played mainly as a right back . An attacking wingback , he was also known for his fiery temperament that led to altercations with adversary players and referees numerous times . In his country , he represented both Benfica and Sporting CP , amassing Primeira Liga totals of 232 matches and nine goals and winning the 2005 national championship with the former . He also spent two and a half seasons in Spain with Valencia and four in Turkey with Trabzonspor , winning the 2019–20 Turkish Cup before returning to Sporting in February 2021 , where he again won the domestic league . Internationally , Pereira represented Portugal at Euro 2012 and the 2014 World Cup . Club career . Benfica . Pereira was born in Lisbon . A product of local S.L . Benficas youth system , he first appeared with its first team on 17 August 2003 in a 0–0 away draw against Boavista FC , and finished his debut season with 25 Primeira Liga appearances , mostly as a midfielder . Pereira was part of the Benfica squad that won the 2005 championship , starting often , until a fallout with coach Ronald Koeman relegated him to the bench and later to the B side . He was sold to Gil Vicente F.C . – also in the top flight – in the summer of 2006 , after a previous loan to the same club . Braga . In 2007–08 , fully reconverted into a right back , Pereira joined S.C . Braga , as another player in the position , Luís Filipe , went the other way . An undisputed starter from the beginning , he scored his first goal for the Minho side on 22 February 2009 , a 2–1 last-minute winner at Associação Naval 1º de Maio . He also collected a total of 17 yellow cards and two red in his first two seasons . Sporting . On 22 December 2009 , Pereira moved to Sporting CP for a fee of €3 million ; at the time , Braga led the league alongside Benfica with 12 points in advance to his new club , with the Lions eventually finishing fourth . Pereira again featured regularly for Sporting in the 2010–11 campaign , both as a defender and a midfielder , as his team ranked in third position . On 30 April 2011 , he scored in a 2–1 home victory over Portimonense S.C . but was also sent off midway through the second half ( after teammate André Santos ) for repeatedly and severely insulting referee Duarte Gomes . Valencia . On 24 May 2012 , Pereira signed with Valencia CF in Spain for €3.6 million , penning a 3+1 contract . He made his official debut on 19 August , playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–1 away draw against Real Madrid . Pereira was a starter in his first two years with the Che but , after the arrival of manager Nuno Espírito Santo for 2014–15 , was relegated to third-choice right-back . Hannover . In the January 2015 transfer window , Pereira signed for Bundesliga club Hannover 96 until the end of the season . He made his league debut on 7 February , playing the second half of a 1–2 away loss to Hamburger SV . Return to Sporting . On 13 July 2015 , Pereira returned to Sporting on a two-year deal with a €45 million buyout clause , as a replacement for Southampton-bound Cédric Soares . He made his debut on 9 August , featuring the full 90 minutes as they beat Benfica 1–0 to lift the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira at the Estádio Algarve . Thirteen days later he received his third red card for the club – all direct – for conceding a penalty in a 1–1 home draw against F.C . Paços de Ferreira . Trabzonspor . In December 2016 , Pereira was coveted by Trabzonspor , who were told to pay at least €1.5 million for his signature . Early in the new year , he cancelled his contract that was due to expire in the summer and joined the Süper Lig club . Pereira played four matches in the 2019–20 Turkish Cup , including the entire 2–0 final win over Alanyaspor . On 25 January 2021 , he left the Şenol Güneş Stadium as a free agent . Third Sporting stint . On 1 February 2021 , shortly before his 37th birthday , Pereira returned to Sporting on a short-term deal ; it was agreed that at its conclusion he would remain at the club as a coach . International career . Pereira was first called to the Portugal senior team in October 2010 , following the appointment of new coach Paulo Bento . He made his debut in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier against Denmark , and also started in the following match – in the same competition – in Iceland , with the national side winning both games 3–1 . On 19 May 2014 , Pereira was named in the final 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In the first game , against Germany , he committed a penalty on Mario Götze that resulted in the first goal scored by Thomas Müller , in an eventual 0–4 loss . Honours . Benfica - Primeira Liga : 2004–05 - Taça de Portugal : 2003–04 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2005 Braga - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2008 Sporting - Primeira Liga : 2020–21 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2015 Trabzonspor - Turkish Cup : 2019–20 External links . - National team data
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[
"French Finance Ministry"
] |
hard
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Who was the occupant of Louvre Palace before Aug 1691?
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/wiki/Louvre_Palace#P466#0
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Louvre Palace The Louvre Palace ( , ) , often referred to in French simply as Louvre , is an iconic building of the French state located on the Right Bank of the Seine in Paris , occupying a vast expanse of land between the Tuileries Gardens and the church of Saint-Germain lAuxerrois . Originally a military facility , it has served numerous government-related functions in the past , including intermittently as a royal residence between the 14th and 18th centuries . It is now mostly used by the Louvre Museum , which first opened there in 1793 . Whereas the area had been inhabited for thousands of years , the Louvre’s history starts around 1190 with its first construction as a fortress defending the western front of the Wall of Philip II Augustus . The Louvres oldest section still standing above ground , its Lescot Wing , dates from the late 1540s , when Francis I started the replacement of the medieval castle with a new design inspired by classical antiquity and Italian Renaissance architecture . Most parts of the current building were constructed in the 17th and 19th centuries . For more than three centuries , the history of the Louvre has been closely intertwined with that of the Tuileries Palace , created to its west by Catherine de Medici in 1564 and finally demolished in 1883 . The Tuileries was the main seat of French executive power during the last third of that period , from the return of the King and his court from Versailles in October 1789 to the Paris Commune which decided to burn it down in its final days in May 1871 . The Pavillon de Flore and Pavillon de Marsan , which used to respectively mark the southern and northern ends of the Tuileries , are now considered part of the Louvre Palace . The Carrousel Garden , first created in the late 19th century in what used to be the great courtyard of the Tuileries ( or Cour du Carrousel ) , is now considered part of the Tuileries Garden . Besides the world-class status of the eponymous museum , the Louvre Palace stands apart in Paris , France and even Europe , for its uniquely rich history and the multiple layers of legacy thereof that have been preserved to this day . In 1924 , the Baedeker guide to Paris called it the largest and most splendid palace in the world . General description . This sections provides a summary description of the present-day complex and its main constituent parts . Location and layout . The Louvre Palace is situated on the right bank of the Seine , between the Quai François Mitterrand to its south , the to its west ( thus named since 1957 ; formerly and , converted into an underpass in 1987-1989 ) , the Rue de Rivoli to its north , and the Place du Louvre to its east . The complex occupies about 40 hectares with buildings distributed around two main open spaces : the eastern Cour Carrée ( square courtyard ) , which is closed by four wings that form the square of its name , and the central Cour Napoléon , which is open on its western side , beyond the thoroughfare known as Place du Carrousel , towards the Carrousel Garden and the rest of the Tuileries Garden . Since 1988 , the Louvre Pyramid in the middle of the Cour Napoléon has marked the center of the Louvre complex . At the same time , the Louvre Museum has adopted a toponymy developed by the Carbone Smolan Agency to refer to the three clusters of building that surround that central focus point : - To the east , the Sully Wing is the square-shaped set of buildings that surrounds the Cour Carrée , named after Maximilien de Béthune , Duke of Sully . It includes the 16th-century Lescot Wing and the footprint of the Medieval Louvre whose remains are displayed underground ; - To the south , the Denon Wing is the array of buildings between the Cour Napoléon and the Seine , named named after the Louvres first director Vivant Denon . the Louvres southwestern wing is the Aile de Flore . The long Grande Galerie runs on the first floor for much of the length of this building , on the Seine-facing side . - To the north , the Richelieu Wing is the almost-symmetrical array of buildings between the Cour Napoléon and the rue de Rivoli , named after Cardinal Richelieu . Its western extension alongside rue de Rivoli is the , itself continued by the Aile de Marsan . The Louvre Museum occupies most of the palaces space , but not all of it . The main other users are at the buildings two western tips : in the southwestern Aile de Flore , the École du Louvre and Center for Research and Restoration of Museums of France ( C2RMF ) ; and in the northwestern Aile de Marsan , the Musée des Arts Décoratifs . In total , some 51,615 square meters ( 555,000 square feet ) in the palace complex are devoted to public exhibition floor space . Many sections of the Louvre are referred to as wings ( ) and pavilions ( ) - typically , the pavilions are the blocks at either the end or the center of a wing . In the Louvres context , the word wing does not denote a peripheral location : the Lescot Wing , in particular , was built as the Louvres main corps de logis . Given the Louvre wings length and the fact that they typically abutted parts of the city with streets and private buildings , several of them have passageways on the ground floor which in the Louvres specific context are called . Toponymy . The origin of the name Louvre is unclear . French historian Henri Sauval , probably writing in the 1660s , stated that he had seen in an old Latin-Saxon glossary , Leouar is translated castle and thus took Leouar to be the origin of Louvre . According to Keith Briggs , Sauvals theory is often repeated , even in recent books , but this glossary has never been seen again , and Sauvals idea is viewed as obsolete . Briggs suggests that H . J . Wolfs proposal in 1969 that Louvre derives instead from Latin Rubras , meaning red soil , is more plausible . David Hanser suggests instead that the word may come from French , a place where dogs were trained to chase wolves . Beyond the name of the palace itself , the toponymy of the Louvre can be treacherous . Partly because of the buildings long history and links to changing politics , different names have applied at different times to the same structures or rooms . For example , what used to be known in the 17th and 18th centuries the or is now generally referred to as Pavillon de lHorloge , or ( especially when considered from the west ) , or also after the architect Jacques Lemercier who first designed it in 1624 . In some cases , the same name has designated different parts of the building at different times . For example , in the 19th century , the referred to what was later called the ( still later , ) , on the south side of the Grande Galerie facing the Seine , before becoming the name for the main pavilion of the Richelieu Wing on the rue de Rivoli , its exact symmetrical point from the Louvre Pyramid . The main room on the first floor of the Lescot Wing has been the , , , , in the 16th and 17th centuries . It was fragmented into apartments during the 18th century , then recreated in the early 19th and called successively , or ( the latter also being the name of two other ceremonial rooms , created in the 1850s and 1860s respectively ) ; then as part of the museum , , after 1871 in honor of donor Louis La Caze , and eventually , its current name . The room immediately below , generally known as , has also been called or in the past , among other names . Sully Wing . The Sully Wing forms a square of approximately side length . The protruding sections at the corners and center of each side are known as . Clockwise from the northwest corner , they are named as follows : ( after a now-disappeared street ) , ( after the nearby ) , , ( also ) , , , , and , the latter also known as . The section between the Pavillon du Roi and the Pavillon Sully , known as the Lescot Wing ( ) as it was designed by architect Pierre Lescot , is the oldest standing part of the entire Louvre Palace . The section between the Pavillon Sully and the Pavillon de Beauvais , which was modeled after the Lescot Wing by architect Jacques Lemercier , is similarly known as the Lemercier Wing ( ) . The eastern wing is the , named after its iconic eastern façade , the Louvre Colonnade initially designed by Charles Perrault . Denon and Flore Wings . On the southern side of the Cour Napoléon , the Denon Wings three main pavilions are named respectively , from east to west , after Napoleon-era officials Pierre Daru , Vivant Denon and Nicolas François Mollien . Between these and the wing facing the seine are three courtyards , from east to west the ( covered as a glass atrium since 1934 ) , ( ground floor covered since 2012 ) , and . On the side of the Seine , this wing starts with the north–south bordering a side garden known as the , and continues westwards along the Quai François Mitterrand with the Salon Carré , Grande Galerie , and Pavillon de Flore . In the middle of the Grande Galerie are the , a composition of three monumental arches flanked by two narrow pavilions named respectively after the Duke of Lesdiguières and Henri de La Trémoille ( and ) . Further west are the , a protruding structure on the northern side , the , a passageway to the quay , the on the north side , now the main entrance to the École du Louvre , and finally the Pavillon de Flore . Richelieu and Marsan Wings . Similarly , on the northern side of the Cour Napoléon are , from east to west , the pavilions named after Jean-Baptiste Colbert , Cardinal Richelieu , and Anne Robert Jacques Turgot . Between these and the rue de Rivoli are three courtyards , from east to west the ( formerly ) , ( formerly or ) , and ( formerly or ) . On the side facing the rue de Rivoli , the main salient feature is the , which connects to the through the ground-floor ( formerly ) between the and . Further west are the and the , built in the early 19th century and named after the nearby , then the and the Pavillon de Marsan , both rebuilt by Hector Lefuel in the 1870s . Pyramid and underground spaces . The Louvre Pyramid , built in the 1980s on a design by I . M . Pei , is now the centerpiece of the entire Louvre complex . It leads to the underground which in turn serves a vast complex of underground spaces , including the Carrousel du Louvre commercial mall around an inverted pyramid further west . Architectural style . The present-day Louvre Palace is a vast complex of wings and pavilions which , although superficially homogeneous in scale and architecture , is the result of many phases of building , modification , destruction and reconstruction . Building history . This section focuses on matters of design , construction and decoration , leaving aside the fitting or remodeling of exhibition spaces within the museum , which are described in the article Louvre . No fewer than twenty building campaigns have been identified in the history of the Louvre Palace . The architect of the largest such campaign , Hector Lefuel , crisply summarized the identity of the complex by noting : ( translatable as The Louvre is a building that has gone through a lot ) . In the early 1920s author , who would soon become the Louvres Director , noted that it has become , through the very slow pace of its development , the most representative monument of our national life . Late 12th and 13th centuries . In 1190 King Philip II of France , who was about to leave for the Third Crusade , ordered the construction of a defensive wall all around Paris . To protect the city , he opted to build the Louvre as a fortress just outside the walls junction with the Seine on its right bank , on the road to the Duchy of Normandy that was still controlled by his English rivals . Completed in 1202 , the new fortress was situated in what is now the southwest quadrant of the Cour Carrée , and some of its remains , excavated between late 1983 and late 1985 , are conserved underground . The original Louvre was nearly square in plan , at seventy-eight by seventy-two meters , and enclosed by a 2.6-metre thick crenellated and machicolated curtain wall . The entire structure was surrounded by a water-filled moat . On the outside of the walls were ten round defensive towers : one at each corner and at the center of the northern and western sides , and two pairs respectively flanking the narrow gates on the southern and eastern sides . In the courtyard , slightly offset to the northeast , was the cylindrical keep ( or ) , thirty meters high and fifteen meters wide with 4-meter-thick external walls . The keep was encircled by a deep , dry ditch with stone counterscarps to help prevent the scaling of its walls with ladders . Accommodations in the fortress were supplied by the vaulted chambers of the keep as well as two wings built against the insides of the curtain walls of the western and southern sides . The circular plans of the towers and the keep avoided the dead angles created by square or rectangular designs which allowed attackers to approach out of firing range . Cylindrical keeps were typical of French castles at the time , but few were as large as the Louvres . Louis IX added constructions in the 1230s , included the medieval Louvres main ceremonial room or in which several historical events took place , and the castles first chapel . The partly preserved basement part of that program was rediscovered during heating installations at the Louvre in 1882-1883 , and has since then been known successively as the and , after renovation in the 1980s , as the . 14th century . In the late 1350s , the growth of the city and the insecurity brought by the Hundred Years War led Etienne Marcel , provost of the merchants ( i.e . municipal leader ) of Paris , to initiate the construction of a new protective wall beyond that of Philip II . King Charles V continued the project in the 1360s , and it was later known as the Wall of Charles V . From its westernmost point at the Tour du Bois , the new wall extended east along the north bank of the Seine to the old wall , enclosing the Louvre and greatly reducing its military value . Remains of that wall have been uncovered and reconstructed in the present-day Louvres Carrousel du Louvre . Shortly after becoming king in 1364 Charles V abandoned the Palais de la Cité , which he associated with the insurgency led by Etienne Marcel , and made the Louvre into a royal residence for the first time , with the transformation designed by his architect . This was a political statement as well as a utility project - one scholar wrote that Charles V made the Louvre his political manifesto in stone and referred to it as a remarkably discursive monument-a form of architectural rhetoric that proclaimed the revitalization of France after years of internal strife and external menace . The curtain wall was pierced with windows , new wings added to the courtyard , and elaborate chimneys , turrets , and pinnacles to the top . Known as the ( pretty Louvre ) , Charles Vs palace was memorably pictured in the illustration The Month of October of the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry . 15th century . In the late 14th and early 15th centuries , the preferred royal residence in Paris was the Hôtel Saint-Pol in what became the Marais , until the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War resulted in the monarchy leaving Paris altogether ; in the 1420s and 1430s Charles VII resided largely at or near Bourges , whereas his rival English claimant Henry VIs representative , the Duke of Bedford , generally resided in his base of Rouen , and while in Paris in his Hôtel des Tournelles . Even after Charles VIIs ceremonial entry into Paris in 1437 and after the effective end of the Hundred Years War in 1453 , French monarchs preferred residing in the Châteaux of the Loire Valley , the Palace of Fontainebleau or , when in Paris , at the Château de Vincennes or the Hôtel des Tournelles . Meanwhile , the Louvre Castle was left in a state of increasing disrepair . 16th century . In 1528 , after returning from his captivity in Spain following his defeat at Pavia , Francis I ordered the demolition of the Louvres old keep . In 1546 he formally commissioned the architect Pierre Lescot and sculptor Jean Goujon to modernize the Louvre into a Renaissance style palace , but the project appears to have actually started in 1545 since Lescot ordered stone deliveries in December of that year . The death of Francis I in 1547 interrupted the work , but it restarted under Franciss successor Henry II who on ordered changes in the buildings design . Lescot tore down the western wing of the old Louvre Castle and rebuilt it as what has become known as the Lescot Wing , ending on the southern side with the Pavillon du Roi . In the latter , he designed in 1556 the ceiling for Henry IIs bedroom, } still largely preserved after relocation in 1829 to the Louvres Colonnade Wing , for which he departed from the French tradition of beamed ceilings . On the ground floor , Lescot installed monumental stone caryatids based on classical precedents in the , now known as the . On the northern end of the new wing , Lescot created a monumental staircase in the 1550s , long known as the ( now , with sculpted ceilings attributed to Jean Goujon . During the early 1560s , Lescot demolished the southern wing of the old Louvre and started to replace it with a duplication of the Lescot Wing . His plan may have been to create a square complex of a similar size as the old Louvre , not dissimilar to the Château dÉcouen that had been recently completed on Jean Bullants design , with an identical third wing to the north and a lower , entrance wing on the eastern side . Some authors , however , reckon that the first plans to extend the Louvres courtyard to its current size by doubling the lengths of the wings may have been conceived as early as Henry IIs reign , even though the implementation only started in the 1620s . Lescot also designed the Petite Galerie , which ran from the southwest corner of the Louvre to the Seine . A message to Charles , Cardinal of Lorraine in March 1558 mentions that new rooms should be furnished for Easter with tapestry . All work stopped in the late 1560s , however , as the Wars of Religion gathered momentum . In the meantime , beginning in 1564 , Catherine de Medici directed the building of a new residence to the west , outside the wall of Charles V . It became known as the Tuileries Palace because it was built on the site of old tile factories ( ) . Architect Philibert de lOrme started the project , and was replaced after his death in 1570 by Jean Bullant . A letter of March 1565 indicates that Catherine de Medici already considered a building to connect the Tuileries with the older Louvre building . Henry IV , Frances new king from 1589 ( the first from the House of Bourbon ) and master of Paris from 1594 , is associated with the further articulation of what became known as the ( Grand Design ) of uniting the Louvre and the Tuileries in a single building , together with the extension of the eastern courtyard to the current dimensions of the Cour Carrée . From early 1595 he directed the construction of the Grande Galerie , designed by his competing architects Louis Métezeau and Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau , who are respectively credited with the eastern and western sections of the building by a long tradition of scholarship . This major addition , about 460 meters long , was built along the bank of the Seine . On the ground floor at the eastern end of the new wing , Métezeau created a lavishly decorated room that was known as the or , later called and now . At the time , the room on the first floor above , later Salon Carré , was known as or . Henry IV also had the first floor of the Petite Galerie built up and decorated as the , with portraits of the former kings and queens of France . A portrait of Marie de Medici by Frans Pourbus the Younger , still in the Louvre , is a rare remnant of this series . 17th century . In 1624 , Louis XIII initiated the construction on a new building echoing the Pavillon du Roi on the northern end of the Lescot Wing , now known as the Pavillon de lHorloge , and of a wing further north that would start the quadrupling of the Louvres courtyard . Architect Jacques Lemercier won the design competition against Jean Androuet du Cerceau , Clément II Métezeau , and the son of Salomon de Brosse . The works were stopped in 1628 at a time of hardship for the kingdom and state finances , and only progressed very slowly until 1639 . In 1639 Lemercier started the construction of a new staircase mirroring Lescots , which has since been often been wrongly referred to as . That staircase was still unfinished when the Fronde again interrupted the works in the 1640s , and its decoration has never been completed since then . At that time , much of the construction ( though not the decoration ) of the new wing had been completed , but the northern pavilion , or , designed by Lemercier similarly as Lescots Pavillon du Roi , had barely been started . On the southern side , Lemercier commissioned Nicolas Poussin to decorate the ceiling of the Grande Galerie . Poussin arrived from Rome in early 1641 , but returned to Italy in November 1642 leaving the work unfinished . During Louis XIVs minority and the Fronde , from 1643 to 1652 the Louvre was left empty as the royal family stayed at the Palais-Royal or outside of Paris ; the Grande Galerie served as a wheat warehouse and deteriorated . On , the king and the court ceremonially re-entered the Louvre and made it their residence again , initiating a new burst of construction that would last to the late 1670s . By 1660 the and the western half of the northern wing had been completed . Meanwhile Anne of Austria , like Marie de Medici as queen mother before her , inhabited the ground-floor apartment in the Cour Carrées southern wing . She extended it to the ground floor of the Petite Galerie , which had previously been the venue for the Kings Council That summer apartment was fitted by architect Louis Le Vau , who had succeeded Lemercier upon the latters death in 1654 . The ceilings , decorated in 1655-1658 by Giovanni Francesco Romanelli who had been recommended by Cardinal Mazarin , are still extant in the suite of rooms now known as the . In 1659 , Louis XIV instigated a new phase of construction under Le Vau and painter Charles Le Brun . Le Vau oversaw the remodeling and completion of the Tuileries Palace , and at the Louvre , the completion of the walls of the north wing and of the eastern half of the south wing . On , a fire destroyed the attic of the and much of the in the Petite Galerie ( though not Anne of Austrias ground-floor apartment ) . Le Vau was tasked by Louis XIV to lead the reconstruction . He rebuilt the as the more ornate Galerie dApollon , created a new suite of rooms flanking it to the west ( the , later ) with a new façade on what became known as the ( later , , and now ) , and expanded the former on the northern side as well as making it double-height , creating the Salon Carré in its current dimensions . From 1668 to 1678 the Grande Galerie was also decorated with wood panelling , even though that work was left unfinished . The Salon Carré , however , was still undecorated when the court left for Versailles in the late 1670s . Meanwhile , landscape architect André Le Nôtre redesigned the Tuileries , first created in 1564 in the Italian style , as a French formal garden . The other major project of the 1660s was to create the Louvres façade towards the city and thus complete the Cour Carrée on its eastern side . It involved a convoiluted process , with the kings minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert first sidelining Le Vau and then calling the aging maestro Gian Lorenzo Bernini from Italy . Bernini stayed in Paris from May 1665 to 1666 but his designs did not gather approval , even though some building works started on their basis . Eventually a committee comprising Le Vau , Charles Le Brun and Claude Perrault designed the Louvre Colonnade on a flamboyant and highly influential architectural concept . Works started in 1667 and the exterior structures were largely completed by 1674 , but would not be fully decorated and roofed until the early 19th century under Napoleon . To harmonize the Louvres exterior , the decision was made in 1668 to create a new façade in front of Le Vaus for the southern wing , designed by the same architectural committee , albeit not on the northern side which was just being completed by then . The works at the louvre , however , stopped in the late 1670s as the king redirected all construction budgets at the Palace of Versailles , despite his minister Colberts insistence on completing the Louvre . Louis XIV had already left the Louvre from the beginning of 1666 , immediately after the death of his mother Anne of Austria in her ground-floor apartment , and would never reside there again , preferring Versailles , Vincennes , Saint-Germain-en-Laye , or if he had to be in Paris , the Tuileries . From the 1680s a new era started for the Louvre , with comparatively little external construction and fragmentation of its interior spaces across a variety of different uses . 18th century . After the definitive departure of the royal court for Versailles in 1682 , the Louvre became occupied by multiple individuals and organizations , either by royal favor or simply squatting . Its tenants included the infant Mariana Victoria of Spain during her stay in Paris in the early 1720s , artists , craftsmen , the Academies , and various royal officers . For example , in 1743 courtier and author Michel de Bonneval was granted the right to refurbish much of the wing between the and the into his own house on his own expense , including 28 rooms on the ground floor and two mezzanine levels , and an own entrance on the Cour Carrée . After Bonnevals death in 1766 his family was able to keep the house for a few more years . Some new houses were even erected in the middle of the Cour Carrée , but were eventually torn down on the initiative of the Marquis de Marigny in early 1756 . A follow-up 1758 decision led to the clearance of buildings on most of what is now the Place du Louvre in front of the Colonnade , except for the remaining parts of the Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon which were preserved for a few more years . Marigny had ambitious plans for the completion of the Cour Carrée , but their execution was cut short in the late 1750s by the adverse developments of the Seven Years War . Jacques-Germain Soufflot removed the chimneys of Le Vaus dome above the Pavillon des Arts , which were in poor condition , and designed the northern passageway ( ) of the Cour Carrée in the late 1750s . The southern was later designed by and completed in 1780 . Three arched were also opened in 1760 under the Grande Galerie , through the and immediately to its west . The 1790s were a time of turmoil for the Louvre as for the rest of France . On , the king and court were forced to return from Versailles and settled in the Tuileries Palace ; many courtiers moved into the Louvre . Many of these in turn emigrated during the French Revolution , and more artists swiftly moved into their vacated Louvre apartments . 19th century . In December 1804 , Napoleon appointed Pierre Fontaine as architect of the Tuileries and the Louvre . Fontaine had forged a strong professional bond with his slightly younger colleague Charles Percier . Between 1805 and 1810 Percier and Fontaine completed the works of the Cour Carrée that had been left unfinished since the 1670s , despite Marignys repairs around 1760 . They opted to equalize its northern and southern wing with an attic modeled on the architecture of the Colonnade wing , thus removing the existing second-floor ornamentation and sculptures , of which some were by Jean Goujon and his workshop . The Cour Carrée and Colonnade wing were completed in 1808–1809 , and Percier and Fontaine created the monumental staircase on the latters southern and northern ends between 1807 and 1811 . Percier and Fontaine also created the monumental decoration of most of the ground-floor rooms around the Cour Carrée , most of which still retain it , including their renovation of Jean Goujons . On the first floor , they recreated the former of the Lescot Wing , which had been partitioned in the 18th century , and gave it double height by creating a visitors gallery in what had formerly been the Lescot Wings attic . Further west , Percier and Fontaine created the monumental entrance for the Louvre Museum ( called since 1804 ) . This opened from what was at the time called the , abutting the Lescot Wing to the west , into the , the monumental room at the northern end of the . The entrance door was dominated by a colossal bronze head of the emperor , by Lorenzo Bartolini . Visitors could either visit the classical antiquities collection ( ) in Anne of Austrias rooms or in the redecorated ground floor of the Cour Carrées southern wing to the left , or they could turn right and access Percier and Fontaines new monumental staircase , leading to both the Salon Carré and the ( formerly ) on the first floor ( replaced in the 1850s by the Escalier Daru ) . The two architects also remade the interior design of the Grande Galerie , in which they created nine sections separated by groups of monumental columns , and a system of roof lighting with lateral skylights . On the eastern front of the Tuileries Palace , Percier and Fontaine had the existing buildings cleared away to create a vast open space , the Cour du Carrousel , which they had closed with an iron fence in 1801 . Somewhat ironically , the clearance effort was facilitated by the Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise , a failed bomb attack on Napoleon on , which damaged many of the neighborhoods building that were later demolished without compensation . In the middle of the Cour du Carrousel , the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel was erected in 1806–1808 to commemorate Napoleons military victories . On , Percier and Fontaines plan for the completion of the of uniting the Louvre and the Tuileries was approved , following a design competition among forty-seven participants . Works started immediately afterwards to build an entirely new wing starting from the Pavillon de Marsan , with the intent to expand it all the way to the Pavillon de Beauvais on the northwestern corner of the Cour Carrée . By the end of Napoleons rule the works had progressed up to the . The architectural design of the southern façade of that wing replicated that attributed to Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau for the western section of the Grande Galerie . Percier and Fontaine were retained by Louis XVIII at the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration , and kept working on the decoration projects they had started under Napoleon . The was opened to the public on . But there were no further budget allocations for the completion of the Louvre Palace during the reigns of Louis XVIII , Charles X and Louis-Philippe I , while the kings resided in the Tuileries . By 1825 , Percier and Fontaines northern wing had only been built up to the , and made no progress in the following 25 years . Further attempts at budget appropriations to complete the Louvre , led by Adolphe Thiers in 1833 and again in 1840 , were rejected by the . From the early days of the Second Republic , a greater level of ambition for the Louvre was again signaled . On , the provisional government published an order that renamed the louvre as the ( Peoples Palace ) and heralded the project to complete it and dedicate it to the exhibition of art and industry as well as the National Library . During the Republics brief existence , the palace was extensively restored by Louvre architect Félix Duban , especially the exterior façades of the Petite Galerie and Grande Galerie , on which Duban designed the ornate portal now known as . Expropriation arrangements were made for the completion of the Louvre and the rue de Rivoli , and the remaining buildings that cluttered the space that is now the Cour Napoléon were cleared away. . No new buildings had been started , however , by the time of the December 1851 coup détat . On this basis , Napoleon III was able to finally unite the Louvre with the Tuileries in a single , coherent building complex . The plan of the Louvres expansion were made by Louis Visconti , a disciple of Percier , who died suddenly in December 1853 and was succeeded in early 1854 by Hector Lefuel . Lefuel developed Viscontis plan into a higher and more ornate building concept , and executed it at record speed so that the was inaugurated by the emperor on . The new buildings were arranged around the space then called , later and , since the 20th century , Cour Napoléon . Before his death , Visconti also had time to rearrange the Louvres gardens outside the Cour Carrée , namely the to the south , the to the east and the to the north , and also designed the Orangerie and Jeu de Paume on the western end of the Tuileries Garden . In the 1860s , Lefuel also demolished the Pavillon de Flore and nearly half of the Grande Galerie , and reconstructed them on a modified design that included the passageway known as the ( later , now Porte des Lions ) , a new for state functions , and the monumental replacing those created in 1760 near the . At the end of the Paris Commune on , the Tuileries Palace was burned down , as also was the Louvre Imperial Library in what is now the Richelieu Wing . The rest of palace , including the museum , was saved by the efforts of troopers , firemen and museum curators . In the 1870s , the ever-resourceful Lefuel led the repairs to the Pavillon de Flore , and reconstructed the Pavillon de Marsan between 1874 and 1879 . In 1877 , a bronze Genius of Arts by Antonin Mercié was installed in the place of Antoine-Louis Baryes equestrian statue of Napoleon III , which had been toppled in September 1870 . Meanwhile , the fate of the Tuileries ruins kept being debated . Both Lefuel and influential architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc advocated their preservation and the building reconstruction , but after the latter died in 1879 and Lefuel in 1880 , the Third Republic opted to erase that memory of the former monarchy . The final decision was made in 1882 and executed in 1883 , thus forever changing the Louvres layout . Later projects to rebuild the Tuileries have resurfaced intermittently but never went very far . A tall was planned in 1884 and erected in 1888 in front of the two gardens on what is now the Cour Napoléon . That initiative carried heavy political symbolism , since Gambetta was widely viewed as the founder of the Third Republic , and his outsized celebration in the middle of Napoleon IIIs landmark thus affirmed the final victory of republicanism over monarchism nearly a century after the French Revolution . Most of the monuments sculptures were in bronze and in 1941 were melted for military use by German occupying forces . What remained of the Gambetta Monument was dismantled in 1954 . 20th century . Some long unfinished parts of Lefuels expansion were only completed in the early 20th century , such as between 1900 and 1910 , by Louvre architects Gaston Redon and following Lefuels general design . Aside from the interior refurbishment of the Pavillon de Flore in the 1960s , there was little change to the Louvres architecture during most of the 20th century . The most notable was the initiative taken in 1964 by minister André Malraux to excavate and reveal the basement level of the Louvre Colonnade , thus removing the and giving the Place du Louvre its current shape . In September 1981 , newly elected French President François Mitterrand proposed the Grand Louvre plan to move the Finance Ministry out of the Richelieu Wing , allowing the museum to expand dramatically . American architect I . M . Pei was awarded the project and in late 1983 proposed a modernist glass pyramid for the central courtyard . The Louvre Pyramid and its underground lobby , the , opened to the public on . A second phase of the Grand Louvre project , completed in 1993 , created underground space below the Place du Carrousel to accommodate car parks , multi-purpose exhibition halls and a shopping mall named Carrousel du Louvre . Daylight is provided at the intersection of its axes by the Louvre Inverted Pyramid ( ) , a humorous reference to its bigger , right-side-up sister upstairs . The Louvres new spaces in the reconstructed Richelieu Wing were near-simultaneously inaugurated in November 1993 . The third phase of the Grand Louvre , mostly executed by the late 1990s , involved the refurbishment of the museums galleries in the Sully and Denon Wings where much exhibition space had been freed during the project second phase . The renovation of the Carrousel Garden was also completed in 2001 Non-museum uses . Whereas the name Louvre Palace refers to its intermittent role as a monarchical residence , this is neither its original nor its present function . The Louvre has always been associated with French state power and representation , under many modalities that have varied within the vast building and across its long history . Percier and Fontaine thus captured something of the long-term identity of the Louvre when they described it in 1833 as viewed as the shrine of [ French ] monarchy , now much less devoted to the usual residence of the sovereign than to the great state functions , pomp , festivities , solennities and public ceremonies . The uses of the Louvre Palace for purposes of museum exhibitions are covered in the respective articles Louvre ( including the history of past displays in the Louvre Museum of artefacts that have now been moved to other locations ) and Musée des Arts Décoratifs , Paris . Military facility . The Louvre started as a military facility and retained military uses during most of its history . The initial rationale in 1190 for building a reinforced fortress on the western end of the new fortifications of Paris was the lingering threat of English-held Normandy . After the construction of the Wall of Charles V , the Louvre was still part of the defensive arrangements for the city , as the wall continued along the Seine between it and the farther west , but it was no longer on the frontline . In the next centuries , there was no rationale for specific defenses of the Louvre against foreign invasion , but the palace long retained defensive features such as moats to guard against the political troubles that regularly engulfed Paris . The Louvre hosted a significant arsenal in the 15th and most of the 16th centuries , until its transfer in 1572 to the facility that is now the Bibliothèque de lArsenal . From 1697 on , the French states collection of plans-reliefs was stored in the Grande Galerie , of which it occupied all the space by 1754 with about 120 items placed on wooden tables . The plans-reliefs were used to study and prepare defensive and offensive siege operations of the fortified cities and strongholds they represented . In 1777 , as plans started being made to create a museum in the Grande Galerie , the plans-reliefs were removed to the Hôtel des Invalides , where most of them are still displayed in the Musée des Plans-Reliefs . Meanwhile , a collection of models of ships and navy yards , initially started by naval engineer Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau , was displayed between 1752 and 1793 in a next to the Académie des Sciencess rooms on the first floor of the Lescot Wing . That collection later formed the core of the maritime museum created in 1827 , which remained at the Louvre until 1943 and is now the Musée national de la Marine . During Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion , the new building program included barracks for the Imperial Guard in the new North ( Richelieu ) Wing , and for the Cent-gardes Squadron in the South ( Denon ) Wing . Feudal apex . The round keep of Philip IIs Louvre Castle became the symbolic location from which all the kings fiefs depended . The traditional formula for these , that they depended on the king for his great keep of the Louvre ( ) remained in use until the 18th century , long after the keep itself had been demolished in the 1520s . Archive . Philip II also created a permanent repository for the royal archive at the Louvre , following the loss of the French kings previously itinerant records at the Battle of Fréteval ( 1194 ) . That archive , known as the Trésor des Chartes , was relocated under Louis IX to the Palais de la Cité in 1231 . A number of state archives were again lodged in the Louvres vacant spaces in the 18th century , e.g . the minutes of the in the attic of the Lescot Wing , and the archives of the Conseil du Roi in several ground-floor rooms in the late 1720s . The kingdoms diplomatic archives were kept in the Pavillon de lHorloge until their transfer to Versailles in 1763 , after which the archives of the Maison du Roi and of the soon took their place . In 1770 , the archives of the Chambre des Comptes were placed in the Louvres attic , followed by the archives of the Marshals of France in 1778 and those of the Order of Saint Michael in 1780 . In 1825 , after the Conseil dÉtat had been relocated to the Lemercier Wing , its archives were moved to the entresol below the Grande Galerie , near the . Prison . The Louvre became a high-profile prison in the immediate aftermath of the Battle of Bouvines in July 1214 , as Ferdinand , Count of Flanders was taken into captivity by Philip II . Ferdinand stayed there for 12 years . Other celebrity inmates included Enguerrand IV de Coucy in the 1250s , Guy , Count of Flanders in 1304 , Louis de Dampierre in 1310 , Enguerrand de Marigny in 1314 , John of Montfort in 1341-1345 , Charles II of Navarre in 1356 , and Jean III de Grailly from 1372 to his death there in 1375 . The Louvre was reserved for high-ranking prisoners , while other state captives were held in the Grand Châtelet . Its use as a prison declined after the completion of the Bastille in the 1370s , but was not ended : for example , Antoine de Chabannes was held at the Louvre in 1462–1463 , John II , Duke of Alençon in 1474-1476 , and Leonora Dori in 1617 upon the assassination of her husband Concino Concini at the Louvres entrance following Louis XIIIs orders . Treasury . Under Philip II and his immediate successors , the royal treasure was kept in the Paris precinct of the Knights Templar , located at the present-day Square du Temple . King Philip IV created a second treasury at the Louvre , whose first documented evidence dates from 1296 . Following the suppression of the Templars Order by the same Philip IV in the early 14th century , the Louvre became the sole location of the kings treasury in Paris , which remained there in various forms until the late 17th century . In the 16th century , following the reorganization into the in 1523 , it was kept in one of the remaining medieval towers of the Louvre Castle , with a dedicated guard . Place of worship . By contrast to the Palais de la Cité with its soaring Sainte-Chapelle , the religious function was never particularly prominent at the Louvre . The royal household used the nearby Saint-Germain lAuxerrois as their parish church . The Louvres first chapel , built by Louis IX in the 1230s , was of modest size . At the time when Louis XIV resided at the Louvre , a new chapel was established on the first floor of the Pavillon de lHorloge and consecrated on as Our Lady of Peace and of Saint Louis , the reference to peace being made in the context of negotiation with Spain that resulted later that year in the Treaty of the Pyrenees . This room was of double height , including what is now the pavilions second floor ( or attic ) . In 1915 , the Louvres architect considered restoring that volume to its original height of more than 12 meters , but did not complete that plan . In planning the Louvres expansion and reunion with the Tuileries , Napoleon insisted that a major church should be part of the complex . In 1810 Percier and Fontaine made plans to build it on the northern side of the present-day Cour Napoléon . Its entrance would have been through a new protruding structure now known as the , facing the symmetrical entrance of the Louvre museum on the southern side in the . The church was to be dedicated to Saint Napoleon , a hitherto obscure figure promoted by Napoleon as patron saint of his incipient dynasty ( Napoleon also instituted a national holiday on his birthday on 15 August and called it the ) . It was intended to equal in greatness and magnificence that of the Château de Versailles ( i.e . the Palace Chapel ) . Percier and Fontaine initiated work on the Rotonde de Beauvais , which was completed during Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion , but the construction of the main church building was never started . Ceremonial venue . The Louvre became a premier space for state and public ceremonies in Paris from at least the very beginning of the 14th century . In 1303 , the Louvre was the venue of the second-ever meeting of Frances Estates General , in the wake of the first meeting the previous year ; they were held in the of the castles western wing . On the occasion of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IVs visit to Paris in 1377-1378 , the main banquet was held at the Palais de la Cité but the French king used the Louvres on the next day to give a major speech on his political position in the conflict now known as the Hundred Years War . The medieval Louvres western wing was were the ceremonial spaces were located , and that geography did not change with the 16th centurys reconstruction as Lescot Wing . Following the latter , most major functions were held either on the ground-floor room now known as , or in the first-floor room then known under various names ( see above ) and now as the . A number of betrothals and weddings were concluded and celebrated at the Louvre . These included the betrothal of Henry of Brabant and Joan of Valois on , the weddings of Charles of Orléans and Isabella of Valois on , of John of Brittany and Joan of France on , of Charles of France and Marie of Anjou on , of Francis of Nevers and Marguerite of Bourbon-La Marche on , of Francis of France and Mary Stuart on , of Duke Charles III of Lorraine and Claude of France on ; the betrothal of Edward VI of England and Elisabeth of Valois on ; the weddings of Henry of Navarre and Margaret of Valois on , of François de Bourbon and Jeanne de Coesme on , of Louis II of Condé ( the Grand Condé ) and Claire-Clémence de Maillé on , of Charles Amadeus of Savoy and Élisabeth de Bourbon on , of Armand de Bourbon and Anne Marie Martinozzi on , and of Henri Jules of Condé and Anne Henriette of Bavaria on . Another grimmer occasion was just after the assassination of King Henry IV , when the kings coffin was put to lay in state in the of the Lescot Wing . During the Bourbon Restoration , the Lescot Wings first-floor room , recreated by Percier and Fontaine as the , was used for the ceremonial sessions of the parliament , even though the ordinary sessions were held in other buildings - the Palais Bourbon for the Lower Chamber and the Luxembourg Palace for the Chamber of Peers . From 1857 onwards , the new in the South ( Denon ) Wing of Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion was used for similar purposes . That role of the Louvre disappeared following the end of the French monarchy in 1870 . Royal residence . For centuries , the seat of executive power in Paris had been established at the Palais de la Cité , at or near the spot where Julian had been proclaimed Roman Emperor back in 360 CE . The political turmoil that followed the death of Philip IV , however , led to the emergence of rival centers of power in and around Paris , of which the Louvre was one . In 1316 Clementia of Hungary , the widow of recently deceased king Louis X , spent much of her pregnancy at the Château de Vincennes but resided at the Louvre when she gave birth to baby king John I on , who died five days later . John was thus the only king of France born at the Louvre , and one of only two who died there ( the other one being Henry IV on following his fatal stabbing in the rue de la Ferronnerie ) . Philip VI occasionally resided at the Louvre , as documented by some of his letters in mid-1328 . King John II is also likely to have resided at the Louvre in 1347 , since his daughter Joan of Valois was betrothed there to Henry of Brabant on , and his short-lived daughter Marguerite was born at the Louvre on . Charles V of France , who had survived the invasion of the Cité by Étienne Marcels partisans in 1358 , decided that a less central location would be preferable for his safety . In 1360 he initiated the construction of the Hôtel Saint-Pol , and upon becoming king in 1364 started transforming the Louvre into a permanent royal residence . After Charles Vs death , his successor Charles VI mainly stayed at the Hôtel Saint-Pol , but as he was incapacitated by mental illness , his wife Isabeau of Bavaria resided in the Louvre and ruled from there . Later 15th-century kings did not reside in the Louvre , nor did either Francis I or Henry II even as they partly converted the Louvre as a Renaissance palace . The royal family only came back to reside in the newly rebuilt complex following Catherine de’ Medici’s abandonment of the Hôtel des Tournelles after her husband Henry II’s traumatic death there in July 1559 . From then , the king and court would stay mainly in the Louvre until Louis XIVs departure in 1666 , albeit with two significant interruptions , at the height of the French Wars of Religion between 1588 and 1594 , and during Louis XIVs minority and the Fronde between 1643 and 1652 . The royal family and court also made frequent stays in alternative palaces , especially at Vincennes ( where Charles IX died on ) , Saint-Germain-en-Laye ( where Louis XIV was born on and Louis XIII died on ) , and the Fontainebleau ( where Louis XIII was born on ) . The child Louis XV also briefly resided in the Louvres in 1719 , as the Tuileries were undergoing refurbishment . Both Louis XIV in the 1660s and Napoleon in the 1810s made plans to establish their main residence in the Colonnade Wing , but none of these respective projects came to fruition . Library . Charles V was renowned for his interest in books ( thus his moniker which translates as learned as well as wise ) , and in 1368 established a library of about 900 volumes on three levels inside the northwestern tower of the Louvre , then renamed from to . The next year he appointed , one of his officials , as the librarian . This action has been widely viewed as foundational , transitioning from the kings prior practice of keeping books as individual objects to organizing a collection with proper cataloguing ; as such , Charles Vs library is generally considered a precursor to the French National Library , even though it was dismantled in the 15th century . In 1767 , a project to relocate the Royal Library inside the Louvre was presented by Jacques-Germain Soufflot , endorsed by Superintendent de Marigny and approved by Louis XV , but remained stillborn for lack of funds . A similar project was endorsed by Napoleon from February 1805 , for which Percier and Fontaine planned a new Library wing as the centerpiece of their program to fill the space between Louvre and Tuileries , but it was not implemented either . A separate and smaller was formed from book collections seized during the Revolution and grew during the 19th centurys successive regimes . Initially located in the Tuileries in 1800 , it was moved to the Grande Galeries entresol in 1805 . In 1860 it was moved to a new space created by Lefuel on the second floor of the new North ( Richelieu ) Wing of Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion , whose main pavilion on the rue de Rivoli was accordingly named . The new library was served by an elegant staircase , now , and was decorated by and Alexandre-Dominique Denuelle . Sadly , it was destroyed by arson in May 1871 at the same time as the Tuileries , and only a few of its precious holdings could be saved . Yet another library , the ( BCMN ) , was gradually developed by the curators , mainly during the 20th century , and located on half of the attic of the Cour Carrées southern wing , on the river-facing side . The transfer of its collections to the new Institut National dHistoire de lArt was planned in the 1990s and executed in early 2016 after much delay . Several smaller libraries remain in the Louvre : a in the BCMNs former spaces , open to the public ; a specialized scholarly library on art of the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East , located on the and thus known as the ; and two other specialized libraries , respectively on painting in the and decorative arts in the . Guest residence for foreign sovereigns and royals . The Louvre was the Parisian home of the Emperors who came to visit France : Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV stayed there in early 1378 ; Byzantine Emperor Manuel II from June 1400 to November 1402 , using it as his base for several trips across Europe ; Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund in March and April 1416 ; and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1539–1540 . In the late 1640s as the royal family had temporarily left the Louvre , Queen Henrietta Maria of England spent some of her Parisian exile in the apartment of the Queen Mother , on the ground floor of the southern wing of the Cour Carrée , where in early February 1649 she learned about the execution of her husband Charles I . In 1717 , the was made available to Peter the Great during his visit in Paris , but the Czar preferred to stay in the less grandiose . In 1722 , the same apartment became the temporary residence of Infanta Mariana Victoria of Spain , who was promised to marry the young Louis XV . She stayed there three years , after which diplomatic developments led to the cancelation of the marriage project and to her return to Spain . This episode remains in the name of the garden in front of the Petite Galerie , known since as the . The courtyard on the other side of the wing , previously known as , was also known as the for much of the 18th century ( and later , now ) . In the 1860s , Napoleon III decided to create a prestige apartment for visiting sovereigns in the Aile de Flore , close to his own apartment in the Tuileries Palace . Lefuel designed it with a monumental , the decoration of which he led between 1873 and 1878 even though the monarchy had fallen in the meantime . That project , however , was left unfinished , and in 1901-1902 its richly decorated upper section was repurposed into a room which is now the study gallery of the Louvres department of graphical arts . Entertainment venue . Entertainment performances such as tournaments , games , balls and theater were a core part of court life at the time when the Louvre was a royal residence . In 1610 , a gladiator-style fight between a man and a lion was organized in the Louvres courtyard , which King Henry IV watched from inside the building . Theatrical representations were particularly significant in the period following the return of the court to the Louvre in 1652 . Molière first performed in front of the king in the large first-floor room of the Lescot Wing on , playing his and . Following that performances success , he was granted use of a space first in the Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon and then , after the latters demolition to make space for the Louvre Colonnade , at the Palais-Royal . Molière again performed at the Louvre on when he directed , with Louis XIV himself playing a cameo role as an Egyptian , in the main room of the Queen Mother on the ground floor of the Cour Carrées southern wing . On , Jean Racines was created at the Louvre in Louis XIVs presence . Some lavish entertainment performances left such a mark on collective memory that parts of the Louvre came to be named after them . Thus , the Place du Carrousel preserves the memory of the of 5-6 June 1662 , and the Pavillon de Flore is named after the that was first performed there on . Napoleon decided to build a new venue for the Paris Opera as part of his project to complete the Louvre and its reunion with the Tuileries . In 1810 Percier and Fontaine planned a new opera house north of what is now the Cour Napoléon , on a similar footprint to the present-day , with main entrance on the northern side facing the Palais-Royal . That project , however , was not implemented . Nor was Napoleon IIIs plan in the 1860s to build a large theater room in the Aile de Marsan as a symmetrical counterpart to the he created in the southern Aile de Flore . In 1996 , the Comédie-Française opened the in the underground spaces of the Carrousel du Louvre , its third venue ( after its main Palais-Royal facility and the Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier ) . Residence of artists and craftsmen . On , Henry IV published letters patent heralding his decision to invite hundreds of artists and craftsmen to live and work on the floors under the Grande Galerie . Simultaneously , Henry established a tapestry factory there , which remained until its transfer to the Gobelins Manufactory in 1671 . Creators who lived under the Grande Galerie in the 17th and 18th centuries included Louis Le Vau , Théophraste Renaudot from 1648 to 1653 , André Charles Boulle , Jean-Baptiste Pigalle , Augustin Pajou , Maurice Quentin de La Tour , Claude-Joseph Vernet , Carle Vernet , Horace Vernet ( who was born there ) , Jean-Baptiste Greuze , Jean-Honoré Fragonard , and Hubert Robert . Following the departure of the royal court to Versailles in the 1670s , a number of individuals , many of which were artists , obtained the privilege to establish their residence in parts of the formerly royal palace . These included Jacques-Louis David in the southeastern corner of the Cour Carrée and Charles-André van Loo in the Galerie dApollon . On , Napoleon had the artists and others who lived in the Cour Carrée all expelled , and in 1806 put a final end to the creators lodgings under the Grande Galerie . Royal mint . In July 1609 , Henry IV transferred the mint to a space the Grande Galerie , from its previous location on the Île de la Cité . The Louvre mint specialized in the production of medals , tokens and commemorative coins , and was correspondingly known as the , whereas common coin kept being produced at the on behind Saint-Germain lAuxerrois as had been the case since the 13th century . The Louvres medals mint was led by prominent artists that included Guillaume Dupré , Jean Varin , and . It closed during the French Revolution but was revived in 1804 by Vivant Denon . By imperial decree of , it was relocated from the Louvre to the Hôtel des Monnaies where the had moved in 1775 . Residence of senior courtiers and officials . In the 17th century , the second floor of the Pavillon du Roi was the home of Charles dAlbert , duc de Luynes until 1621 , then of Gaston , Duke of Orléans , and from 1652 of Cardinal Mazarin who also establishes his nieces in thee second-floor attic of the Lescot Wing. . Nicolas Fouquet and his successor Jean-Baptiste Colbert similarly lived on the upper floors of the Pavillon du Roi , above the Kings bedchamber . New prestige apartments for regime dignitaries were created as part of Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion . The main one , in the North ( Richelieu ) Wing , was used by Charles de Morny and after 1871 became the apartment of the Finance Minister . As such it featured prominently in Raymond Depardon’s documentary , shot during the presidential election campaign of then minister Valéry Giscard d’Estaing in early 1974 . The apartment was renovated in the early 1990s and is now a part of the Louvres decorative arts department , known as . Another official apartment was created for the imperial Great Equerry ( ) , in the South ( Denon ) Wing , with entrance through an ornate portico in the . Part of that large apartment was converted in the 1990s into the museums exhibition space for northern European sculpture , while another part has been used since 1912 as offices for the Louvres director and their staff . Lefuel also created two successive apartments for the Louvres director Émilien de Nieuwerkerke , the first in former rooms of the Académie de peinture , and when these had to be demolished to build the Escalier Daru , on the first floor of the Cour Carrées northern wing . National printing house . A first printing workshop appeared in the Louvre in the 1620s . In 1640 , superintendent François Sublet de Noyers established it as a royal printing house , the , putting an end to the monarchys prior practice of subcontracting its printing tasks to individual entrepreneurs such as Robert Estienne . The royal printing house , soon known as , was first led by and his descendants , then by members of the throughout the 18th century until 1792 . It was relocated to the Hôtel de Toulouse in 1795 , then the in 1809 . In the early 1850s in the early stages of Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion , projects were made to relocate the national printing house ( then known as ) in the new building of the Louvre , now the Richelieu Wing . These plans were criticized by Ludovic Vitet among others , and were not implemented . Academic and educational facility . In the late 17th century , the Louvre started to become the seat of the French royal academies . First , in 1672 Colbert allowed the Académie Française to meet on the ground floor of the Pavillon du Roi , in the Guards Room of the former Queen Mothers apartment . Soon the Académie moved to the ground floor of the Lemercier Wing on the Cour Carrée , and also maintained its library there . The Académie des Inscriptions joined it in nearby rooms . The Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture had been established in the Grande Galerie until 1661 , and returned to the Louvre in 1692 , establishing itself in the Salon Carré and the nearby wing built by Le Vau on the , next to the where a number of the kings paintings were kept . The Académie royale darchitecture moved to the Queens apartment ( in the southern wing of the Cour Carrée ) in 1692 . After a fire in 1740 it moved to the ground floor of the north wing . The Académie des Sciences also moved to the Louvre in the 1690s , and in 1699 moved from the ground-floor to the former kings room , namely the , the ( antechamber ) and the former ( now which was partitioned at that time . The , a diplomats training school , took over in the 1710s the large room on the third floor of the Pavillon de lHorloge ( now partitioned into offices ) . From 1725 , the Salon Carré , recently vacated with the return to Spain of the child Mariana Victoria , was used by the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture for its yearly exhibition , which took from it its name of Salon . From 1763 , the Académie also overtook the Galerie dApollon . During the French Revolution , all academies were deemed to be fatally tainted by the Ancien régime associations and terminated on . Barely more than two years later , however , they were recreated as the Institut de France on , ceremonially inaugurated in the Lescot Wings ground-floor room ( the Louvres ) on . On Napoleon decided to relocate the Institut from the Louvre to its current seat at the former Collège des Quatre-Nations , which had been closed in 1791 . The Salon restarted on a yearly basis in the Salon Carré , until the Revolution of 1848 . That year , the Louvres energetic new director Philippe-Auguste Jeanron had it relocated to the Tuileries , so that the Salon Carré could be fully devoted to the museums permanent exhibition . From 1857 the salon moved on from there to the newly built Palais de lIndustrie . The École du Louvre was created in 1882 with the mission to extract from the collections the knowledge they contain , and to train curators , missionaries and excavators . The schools curriculum originally focused on archaeology but soon expanded to related disciplines , such as art history and museography . In the early years , the schools sessions were held in the in two rooms of the former apartment of the great equerry , with entrance from the quayside . A large underground classroom , the named after art historian and Louvre curator Louis Courajod , was built in 1932 on architect Albert Ferrans design under the . It was replaced in the 1990s by the still larger , also underground on the northern end of the Carrousel du Louvre . The former was then transformed into exhibition rooms in which the Louvres Coptic art collection is now displayed , including the architectonic pieces from Bawit . Securities exchange . The national securities exchange ( or ) was located at the Louvre between and , in the former apartment of the Queen Mother ( on the southern wing of the Cour Carrée and/or of the Petite Galerie ) . This followed nearly two years of closure during which off-exchange speculation on Assignats went wild , after decades of operation of the Bourse in the Hôtel de Nevers from to . In September 1795 the Bourse again closed for a few months ; it reopened in January 1796 in the Church of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires where it stayed until 1807 . Administrative office building . During the Ancien Régime , administrative staff numbers in the machinery of government remained small and were dwarfed by the number of courtiers and domestic servants . That changed in the 19th century as the administrative arms of the state became increasingly significant , and the Louvre as a quintessential government building reflected that new reality . In 1824 , the first floor of the Lemercier Wing on the western side of the Cour Carrée was awarded to the Conseil dÉtat , which remained there until 1832 . The painted ceilings of that era are still preserved , with law-related allegorical themes . The office footprint within the Louvre increased considerably with Napoleon IIIs expansion . The new North ( Richelieu ) Wing included offices for the , the short-lived ( 1858-1860 ) , the ( separated from the in 1860 ) , and ( briefly ) the created in early 1870 , as well as the Directorate of Telegraphs . On , a mere few days after the Tuileries fire , Frances government head Adolphe Thiers attributed all administrative offices and barracks space in the Louvres northern wing to the French Finance Ministry , whose buildings on the other side of the rue de Rivoli had been entirely destroyed . The Finance Ministry remained there for more than a century , until the late 1980s . A meeting of finance ministers of the Group of Seven countries , hosted at the Louvre on , gave its name to the Louvre Accord . Further west , projects were made in the 1880s to relocate the National Court of Audit ( ) - whose previous offices in the Palais dOrsay , where the Musée dOrsay now stands , had also been burned down - in the which had just been reconstructed and expanded by Lefuel . Only archives of the Court were deposited there , however , and these spaces were eventually attributed in 1897 to what is now the Musée des Arts Décoratifs . From 1878 the Aile de Flore was used by the Prefect of the Seine Department and the Municipal Council of Paris which held its meetings in Napoleon IIIs Salle des Sessions , following the destruction of the Hôtel de Ville at the end of the Commune . They moved back into the reconstructed Hôtel de Ville in the early 1890s , after which the Ministry of Colonies was installed in the Flore Wing from 1893 to 1909 . The museum then planned to expand into the Flore Wing but that was thwarted during World War I as the facility was used by the wartime bond issuance service . The Finance Ministry , together with the it created in 1933 , remained there and stayed until 1961 . The Louvre museum itself keeps offices in various parts of the building , e.g . in the former apartment of the Great Equerry ( museum direction ) , on the top floors of the Pavillon de lHorloge , and in part of the entresol under the Grande Galerie . Sculpture garden . While the Louvre is rich with architectural sculpture , its position in the midst of a bustling city neighborhood was long unfavorable to the display of freestanding sculpture , with few exceptions that included the temporary display of a colossal statue of Vulcan in the Louvres courtyard during Charles Vs visit in 1540 . That changed during the 19th century , however , as the Louvres open spaces multiplied and the public taste for sculpture and monuments simultaneously increased . An early project was made in the late 1820s to place the Great Sphinx of Tanis in the center of the Cour Carrée , but was not implemented . Instead , on an equestrian statue of Ferdinand Philippe , Duke of Orléans was placed on that spot , itself a second cast of a monument by Carlo Marochetti erected in Algiers earlier that year . But that did not last long , and the statue was relocated to Versailles shortly after the Revolution of 1848 ( it was moved again in 1971 to its present location at the Château dEu ) . Early Second Empire plans to erect equestrian statues of Francis I in the Cour Carrée ( by Auguste Clésinger ) and Louis XIV and Napoleon respectively in the two squares of the Cour Napoléon were left unrealized . Sculpted monuments mushroomed around the Louvre in the late 19th and early 20th century . Most of them were removed in 1933 on the initiative of Education Minister Anatole de Monzie , due to changing tastes : - Marble monument to François Boucher by Jean-Paul Aubé ( 1890 ) , in the , removed in 1933 and now at the Municipal Museum in Longwy - Equestrian statue of Diego Velázquez by Emmanuel Frémiet ( 1892 ) , in the , relocated in 1933 to the Casa de Velázquez in Madrid and destroyed during the Spanish Civil War - Marble version of the group titled , a celebration of the resistance of Belfort during the Franco-Prussian War by Antonin Mercié , installed in 1894 in the Carrousel Garden , removed in 1933 and now at Fort Mont-Valérien - Marble statue of Ernest Meissonier by Antonin Mercié ( 1895 ) , in the , removed in 1966 and relocated in 1980 in the at Poissy - Monument to Auguste Raffet by Emmanuel Frémiet ( 1896 ) , in the , bronze parts melted in the early 1940s during the German occupation , the rest removed in 1966 - Bronze statue of Jean-Léon Gérôme sculpting his Gladiators , by Aimé Morot ( 1909 ) , in the , removed in 1967 and now at the Musée dOrsay - Marble statue of Paris during the War 1914-1918 by Albert Bartholomé ( 1921 ) , removed in 1933 and kept in a damaged state in the Bois de Vincennes In 1907 , then an undersecratary of state in charge of Frances fine arts policy , fostered the creation of a sculpture garden in the western octagonal garden of the Cour Napoléon , dubbed the campo santo . The monumental bronze group Le Temps et le Génie de l’Art by Victor Ségoffin was placed in the center in 1908 . Around it were allegorical and commemorative sculptures : - The sons of Cain , bronze by Paul Landowski ( 1906 ) , now in the Tuileries Garden - Architecture , Côte-dOr stone , also by Landowski ( 1908 ) , since 1933 on in Reims , - Painting , marble by ( 1909 ) , now at the in Le Mans - Pierre de Montreuil , marble by Henri Bouchard ( 1909 ) , since 1935 in a public garden next to the Basilica of Saint-Denis - Michel Colombe , bronze by Jean Boucher ( 1909 ) , moved to Tours in 1933 and melted in 1942 - Puget , marble by François-Léon Sicard ( 1910 ) , since 1933 on in Marseille - Poussin , marble by Constant Roux ( 1911 ) , since 1934 in Les Andelys - Hardouin-Mansart , bronze by Ernest Henri Dubois ( 1908 ) , since the 1930s at the of Les Invalides - Watteau , marble by Henri-Édouard Lombard ( 1909 ) , since 1937 in front of the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Valenciennes - Houdon , marble by Paul Gasq ( 1909 ) , since 1935 in Lisieux - Corot , marble by François-Raoul Larche ( 1908 ) , since 1935 in Ville-dAvray Two more memorials , of Rude by Sicard and Chardin by Larche , were commissionned but not completed . All these sculptures , except Landowskis Sons of Cain , were also removed in 1933 . Ségoffins group was transferred to the southern French town of Saint-Gaudens in 1935 , and melted down during World War II . Landowskis Sons of Cain was eventually moved in 1984 to its current location on the of the Tuileries Garden . In the eastern octagonal garden , an , by Paul Wayland Bartlett , was erected in 1908 . This initiative had been sponsored in 1899 by American diplomat Robert John Thompson in gratitude of the French gift of the Statue of Liberty , and originally intended for a dedication at Lafayettes grave at the Picpus Cemetery during the Exposition Universelle of 1900 . In preparation for the Grand Louvre remodeling , the Lafayette monument was moved in 1985 to its current location on the Cours-la-Reine . In 1964 , Culture Minister André Malraux decided to install in the Carrousel Garden 21 bronze sculptures by Aristide Maillol which had been donated to the French state by the sculptors former model and muse , Dina Vierny , including casts of Air , Action in Chains , The Mountain , and The River . The Maillol statues were rearranged during the overhaul of the garden in the 1990s . Most recently , as part of the Grand Louvre project designed by I . M . Pei , a cast made in lead in 1986 of the marble Equestrian statue of Louis XIV by Gian Lorenzo Bernini has been placed in the Cour Napoléon , in front of the Louvre Pyramid and marking the end of Pariss . This was intended as a tribute to Berninis past role as architect of the Louvre in 1664-1666 , even though his plans were not executed . Research facility . The was created in 1932 to support research on paintings and leverage new analysis techniques . In 1968 it became the , with a national mandate but still located at the Louvre . In 1998 , this laboratory wwas merged with the to form the Center for Research and Restoration of Museums of France ( C2RMF ) , located in the Pavillon de Flore . Shopping and dining venue . In addition to cafés inside the museum , namely the and in the eponymous pavilions , two restaurants are established in the Louvre Palace above ground : - The , opened in 1994 in the Richelieu Wing with a terrace on the Cour Napoléon , named after the Louvres nearby and designed by - , opened in 2016 in the Aile de Marsan with a terrace on the Carrousel Garden , designed by Joseph Dirand and replacing a previous restaurant on the same spot called More restaurants have operated underground since the opening of the Grand Louvre spaces in the late 1980s and early 1990s , respectively below the Louvre Pyramid and in the Carrousel du Louvre shopping mall . Chronological plan of the construction of the Louvre . The oldest part of the above-ground Louvre is the southwest corner of the square block that faces the center of Paris to the east . This corner section , consisting of the Lescot Wing ( 1 ) and the north side of the western part of the south wing ( 2 ) , was designed and constructed in the 16th century by Pierre Lescot , who replaced the corresponding wings of the medieval Louvre ( not shown ) . Later that century , the Petite Galerie ( 4 ) was added , connecting the Louvre to the section of the wall of Charles V which ran along the north bank of the Seine toward the Tuileries Palace ( 3 , 5 , 8 , 11 , 14 ; destroyed by fire in 1871 ) . Around 1600 , during the reign of Henry IV , the wall along the river was replaced with the Grande Galerie ( 6 , 7 ) , which provided a covered passage from the Louvre to Tuileries Palace and later was the first part of the Louvre to become a museum . The Lescot Wing was expanded north with the Lemercier Wing ( 9 ) under Louis XIII , and in the second half of the 17th century , during the reign of Louis XIV , the Petite Galerie was enlarged ( 10 , 13 ) and the remaining wings around the Square Court ( 12 , 16 ) were constructed , but not totally completed until the first part of the 19th century under Napoleon , who also added the Arc du Carrousel ( 17 ) and parts of the north wing ( 17 ) along the rue de Rivoli . Later in the 19th century , the north wing was slightly extended ( 18 ) by Louis XVIII . From 1852 to 1857 , Napoleon III connected the north wing to the buildings surrounding the Square Court with the Richelieu Wing ( 19 , north part ) and enlarged the Grande Galerie with the Denon Wing ( 19 , south part ) . In 1861–1870 his architect Hector Lefuel carried out further work , replacing the Pavillon de Flore and the western section of the Grande Galerie ( 7 ) and adding the Pavillon des Sessions ( 20 , also known as the Pavillon des États ) . In 1874–1880 he replaced the Pavillon de Marsan ( 15 ) and extended the south facade of the adjacent Marsan Wing ( 21 ) . References . - Ballon , Hilary ( 1991 ) . The Paris of Henri IV : Architecture and Urbanism . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The MIT Press . . - Berger , Robert W . ( 1993 ) . The Palace of the Sun : The Louvre of Louis XIV . University Park : The Pennsylvania State University Press . . - Berty , Adolphe ( 1868 ) . Topographie historique du vieux Paris . Région du Louvre et des Tuileries . Tome 2 . Paris : Imprimerie Impériale . Copy at Gallica . - Bezombes , Dominique , editor ( 1994 ) . The Grand Louvre : History of a Project . Paris : Moniteur . . - Biasini , Émile ; Lebrat , Jean ; Bezombes , Dominique ; Vincent , Jean-Michel ( 1989 ) . The Grand Louvre : A Museum Transfigured 1981–1993 . Paris : Electa Moniteur . . - Blunt , Anthony ; Beresford , Richard ( 1999 ) . Art and architecture in France , 1500–1700 . New Haven : Yale University Press . . - Bresc-Bautier , Genevieve ( 1995 ) . The Louvre : An Architectural History . New York : The Vendome Press . . - Briggs , Keith ( 2008 ) . The Domesday Book castle LVVRE . Journal of the English Place-Name Society , vol . 40 , pp . 113–118 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . - Christ , Yvan ( 1949 ) . Le Louvre et les Tuileries : Histoire architecturale dun double palais . [ Paris ] : Éditions Tel . . - Edwards , Henry Sutherland ( 1893 ) . Old and New Paris : Its History , Its People , and Its Places . Paris : Cassell . View at Google Books . Retrieved 30 April 2008 . - Hautecoeur , Louis ( 1940 ) . Histoire du Louvre : Le Château – Le Palais – Le Musée , des origines à nos jours , 1200–1940 , 2nd edition . Paris : Administration provisoire dimprimerie . . - Lowry , Bates ( 1956 ) . Palais du Louvre , 1528–1624 : The Development of a Sixteenth-Century Architectural Complex ( thesis/dissertation ) . University of Chicago . . ProQuest - Mignot , Claude ( 1999 ) . The Pocket Louvre : A Visitors Guide to 500 Works . New York : Abbeville Press . . - Ochterbeck , Cynthia Clayton , editor ( 2009 ) . The Green Guide Paris , pp . 168–201 . Greenville , South Carolina : Michelin Maps and Guides . . - Sauval , Henri ( 1724 ) . Histoire et recherches des antiquités de la ville de Paris , vol . 2 , Paris : C . Moette and J . Chardon . Copy at Google Books . - Sturdy , David ( 1995 ) . Science and social status : the members of the Académie des sciences 1666–1750 . Woodbridge , Suffolk , U.K. : Boydell Press . . Preview at Google Books . External links . - A virtual visit of the Louvre - Panoramic view of the pyramid and the Cour Napoléon
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Louvre Palace The Louvre Palace ( , ) , often referred to in French simply as Louvre , is an iconic building of the French state located on the Right Bank of the Seine in Paris , occupying a vast expanse of land between the Tuileries Gardens and the church of Saint-Germain lAuxerrois . Originally a military facility , it has served numerous government-related functions in the past , including intermittently as a royal residence between the 14th and 18th centuries . It is now mostly used by the Louvre Museum , which first opened there in 1793 . Whereas the area had been inhabited for thousands of years , the Louvre’s history starts around 1190 with its first construction as a fortress defending the western front of the Wall of Philip II Augustus . The Louvres oldest section still standing above ground , its Lescot Wing , dates from the late 1540s , when Francis I started the replacement of the medieval castle with a new design inspired by classical antiquity and Italian Renaissance architecture . Most parts of the current building were constructed in the 17th and 19th centuries . For more than three centuries , the history of the Louvre has been closely intertwined with that of the Tuileries Palace , created to its west by Catherine de Medici in 1564 and finally demolished in 1883 . The Tuileries was the main seat of French executive power during the last third of that period , from the return of the King and his court from Versailles in October 1789 to the Paris Commune which decided to burn it down in its final days in May 1871 . The Pavillon de Flore and Pavillon de Marsan , which used to respectively mark the southern and northern ends of the Tuileries , are now considered part of the Louvre Palace . The Carrousel Garden , first created in the late 19th century in what used to be the great courtyard of the Tuileries ( or Cour du Carrousel ) , is now considered part of the Tuileries Garden . Besides the world-class status of the eponymous museum , the Louvre Palace stands apart in Paris , France and even Europe , for its uniquely rich history and the multiple layers of legacy thereof that have been preserved to this day . In 1924 , the Baedeker guide to Paris called it the largest and most splendid palace in the world . General description . This sections provides a summary description of the present-day complex and its main constituent parts . Location and layout . The Louvre Palace is situated on the right bank of the Seine , between the Quai François Mitterrand to its south , the to its west ( thus named since 1957 ; formerly and , converted into an underpass in 1987-1989 ) , the Rue de Rivoli to its north , and the Place du Louvre to its east . The complex occupies about 40 hectares with buildings distributed around two main open spaces : the eastern Cour Carrée ( square courtyard ) , which is closed by four wings that form the square of its name , and the central Cour Napoléon , which is open on its western side , beyond the thoroughfare known as Place du Carrousel , towards the Carrousel Garden and the rest of the Tuileries Garden . Since 1988 , the Louvre Pyramid in the middle of the Cour Napoléon has marked the center of the Louvre complex . At the same time , the Louvre Museum has adopted a toponymy developed by the Carbone Smolan Agency to refer to the three clusters of building that surround that central focus point : - To the east , the Sully Wing is the square-shaped set of buildings that surrounds the Cour Carrée , named after Maximilien de Béthune , Duke of Sully . It includes the 16th-century Lescot Wing and the footprint of the Medieval Louvre whose remains are displayed underground ; - To the south , the Denon Wing is the array of buildings between the Cour Napoléon and the Seine , named named after the Louvres first director Vivant Denon . the Louvres southwestern wing is the Aile de Flore . The long Grande Galerie runs on the first floor for much of the length of this building , on the Seine-facing side . - To the north , the Richelieu Wing is the almost-symmetrical array of buildings between the Cour Napoléon and the rue de Rivoli , named after Cardinal Richelieu . Its western extension alongside rue de Rivoli is the , itself continued by the Aile de Marsan . The Louvre Museum occupies most of the palaces space , but not all of it . The main other users are at the buildings two western tips : in the southwestern Aile de Flore , the École du Louvre and Center for Research and Restoration of Museums of France ( C2RMF ) ; and in the northwestern Aile de Marsan , the Musée des Arts Décoratifs . In total , some 51,615 square meters ( 555,000 square feet ) in the palace complex are devoted to public exhibition floor space . Many sections of the Louvre are referred to as wings ( ) and pavilions ( ) - typically , the pavilions are the blocks at either the end or the center of a wing . In the Louvres context , the word wing does not denote a peripheral location : the Lescot Wing , in particular , was built as the Louvres main corps de logis . Given the Louvre wings length and the fact that they typically abutted parts of the city with streets and private buildings , several of them have passageways on the ground floor which in the Louvres specific context are called . Toponymy . The origin of the name Louvre is unclear . French historian Henri Sauval , probably writing in the 1660s , stated that he had seen in an old Latin-Saxon glossary , Leouar is translated castle and thus took Leouar to be the origin of Louvre . According to Keith Briggs , Sauvals theory is often repeated , even in recent books , but this glossary has never been seen again , and Sauvals idea is viewed as obsolete . Briggs suggests that H . J . Wolfs proposal in 1969 that Louvre derives instead from Latin Rubras , meaning red soil , is more plausible . David Hanser suggests instead that the word may come from French , a place where dogs were trained to chase wolves . Beyond the name of the palace itself , the toponymy of the Louvre can be treacherous . Partly because of the buildings long history and links to changing politics , different names have applied at different times to the same structures or rooms . For example , what used to be known in the 17th and 18th centuries the or is now generally referred to as Pavillon de lHorloge , or ( especially when considered from the west ) , or also after the architect Jacques Lemercier who first designed it in 1624 . In some cases , the same name has designated different parts of the building at different times . For example , in the 19th century , the referred to what was later called the ( still later , ) , on the south side of the Grande Galerie facing the Seine , before becoming the name for the main pavilion of the Richelieu Wing on the rue de Rivoli , its exact symmetrical point from the Louvre Pyramid . The main room on the first floor of the Lescot Wing has been the , , , , in the 16th and 17th centuries . It was fragmented into apartments during the 18th century , then recreated in the early 19th and called successively , or ( the latter also being the name of two other ceremonial rooms , created in the 1850s and 1860s respectively ) ; then as part of the museum , , after 1871 in honor of donor Louis La Caze , and eventually , its current name . The room immediately below , generally known as , has also been called or in the past , among other names . Sully Wing . The Sully Wing forms a square of approximately side length . The protruding sections at the corners and center of each side are known as . Clockwise from the northwest corner , they are named as follows : ( after a now-disappeared street ) , ( after the nearby ) , , ( also ) , , , , and , the latter also known as . The section between the Pavillon du Roi and the Pavillon Sully , known as the Lescot Wing ( ) as it was designed by architect Pierre Lescot , is the oldest standing part of the entire Louvre Palace . The section between the Pavillon Sully and the Pavillon de Beauvais , which was modeled after the Lescot Wing by architect Jacques Lemercier , is similarly known as the Lemercier Wing ( ) . The eastern wing is the , named after its iconic eastern façade , the Louvre Colonnade initially designed by Charles Perrault . Denon and Flore Wings . On the southern side of the Cour Napoléon , the Denon Wings three main pavilions are named respectively , from east to west , after Napoleon-era officials Pierre Daru , Vivant Denon and Nicolas François Mollien . Between these and the wing facing the seine are three courtyards , from east to west the ( covered as a glass atrium since 1934 ) , ( ground floor covered since 2012 ) , and . On the side of the Seine , this wing starts with the north–south bordering a side garden known as the , and continues westwards along the Quai François Mitterrand with the Salon Carré , Grande Galerie , and Pavillon de Flore . In the middle of the Grande Galerie are the , a composition of three monumental arches flanked by two narrow pavilions named respectively after the Duke of Lesdiguières and Henri de La Trémoille ( and ) . Further west are the , a protruding structure on the northern side , the , a passageway to the quay , the on the north side , now the main entrance to the École du Louvre , and finally the Pavillon de Flore . Richelieu and Marsan Wings . Similarly , on the northern side of the Cour Napoléon are , from east to west , the pavilions named after Jean-Baptiste Colbert , Cardinal Richelieu , and Anne Robert Jacques Turgot . Between these and the rue de Rivoli are three courtyards , from east to west the ( formerly ) , ( formerly or ) , and ( formerly or ) . On the side facing the rue de Rivoli , the main salient feature is the , which connects to the through the ground-floor ( formerly ) between the and . Further west are the and the , built in the early 19th century and named after the nearby , then the and the Pavillon de Marsan , both rebuilt by Hector Lefuel in the 1870s . Pyramid and underground spaces . The Louvre Pyramid , built in the 1980s on a design by I . M . Pei , is now the centerpiece of the entire Louvre complex . It leads to the underground which in turn serves a vast complex of underground spaces , including the Carrousel du Louvre commercial mall around an inverted pyramid further west . Architectural style . The present-day Louvre Palace is a vast complex of wings and pavilions which , although superficially homogeneous in scale and architecture , is the result of many phases of building , modification , destruction and reconstruction . Building history . This section focuses on matters of design , construction and decoration , leaving aside the fitting or remodeling of exhibition spaces within the museum , which are described in the article Louvre . No fewer than twenty building campaigns have been identified in the history of the Louvre Palace . The architect of the largest such campaign , Hector Lefuel , crisply summarized the identity of the complex by noting : ( translatable as The Louvre is a building that has gone through a lot ) . In the early 1920s author , who would soon become the Louvres Director , noted that it has become , through the very slow pace of its development , the most representative monument of our national life . Late 12th and 13th centuries . In 1190 King Philip II of France , who was about to leave for the Third Crusade , ordered the construction of a defensive wall all around Paris . To protect the city , he opted to build the Louvre as a fortress just outside the walls junction with the Seine on its right bank , on the road to the Duchy of Normandy that was still controlled by his English rivals . Completed in 1202 , the new fortress was situated in what is now the southwest quadrant of the Cour Carrée , and some of its remains , excavated between late 1983 and late 1985 , are conserved underground . The original Louvre was nearly square in plan , at seventy-eight by seventy-two meters , and enclosed by a 2.6-metre thick crenellated and machicolated curtain wall . The entire structure was surrounded by a water-filled moat . On the outside of the walls were ten round defensive towers : one at each corner and at the center of the northern and western sides , and two pairs respectively flanking the narrow gates on the southern and eastern sides . In the courtyard , slightly offset to the northeast , was the cylindrical keep ( or ) , thirty meters high and fifteen meters wide with 4-meter-thick external walls . The keep was encircled by a deep , dry ditch with stone counterscarps to help prevent the scaling of its walls with ladders . Accommodations in the fortress were supplied by the vaulted chambers of the keep as well as two wings built against the insides of the curtain walls of the western and southern sides . The circular plans of the towers and the keep avoided the dead angles created by square or rectangular designs which allowed attackers to approach out of firing range . Cylindrical keeps were typical of French castles at the time , but few were as large as the Louvres . Louis IX added constructions in the 1230s , included the medieval Louvres main ceremonial room or in which several historical events took place , and the castles first chapel . The partly preserved basement part of that program was rediscovered during heating installations at the Louvre in 1882-1883 , and has since then been known successively as the and , after renovation in the 1980s , as the . 14th century . In the late 1350s , the growth of the city and the insecurity brought by the Hundred Years War led Etienne Marcel , provost of the merchants ( i.e . municipal leader ) of Paris , to initiate the construction of a new protective wall beyond that of Philip II . King Charles V continued the project in the 1360s , and it was later known as the Wall of Charles V . From its westernmost point at the Tour du Bois , the new wall extended east along the north bank of the Seine to the old wall , enclosing the Louvre and greatly reducing its military value . Remains of that wall have been uncovered and reconstructed in the present-day Louvres Carrousel du Louvre . Shortly after becoming king in 1364 Charles V abandoned the Palais de la Cité , which he associated with the insurgency led by Etienne Marcel , and made the Louvre into a royal residence for the first time , with the transformation designed by his architect . This was a political statement as well as a utility project - one scholar wrote that Charles V made the Louvre his political manifesto in stone and referred to it as a remarkably discursive monument-a form of architectural rhetoric that proclaimed the revitalization of France after years of internal strife and external menace . The curtain wall was pierced with windows , new wings added to the courtyard , and elaborate chimneys , turrets , and pinnacles to the top . Known as the ( pretty Louvre ) , Charles Vs palace was memorably pictured in the illustration The Month of October of the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry . 15th century . In the late 14th and early 15th centuries , the preferred royal residence in Paris was the Hôtel Saint-Pol in what became the Marais , until the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War resulted in the monarchy leaving Paris altogether ; in the 1420s and 1430s Charles VII resided largely at or near Bourges , whereas his rival English claimant Henry VIs representative , the Duke of Bedford , generally resided in his base of Rouen , and while in Paris in his Hôtel des Tournelles . Even after Charles VIIs ceremonial entry into Paris in 1437 and after the effective end of the Hundred Years War in 1453 , French monarchs preferred residing in the Châteaux of the Loire Valley , the Palace of Fontainebleau or , when in Paris , at the Château de Vincennes or the Hôtel des Tournelles . Meanwhile , the Louvre Castle was left in a state of increasing disrepair . 16th century . In 1528 , after returning from his captivity in Spain following his defeat at Pavia , Francis I ordered the demolition of the Louvres old keep . In 1546 he formally commissioned the architect Pierre Lescot and sculptor Jean Goujon to modernize the Louvre into a Renaissance style palace , but the project appears to have actually started in 1545 since Lescot ordered stone deliveries in December of that year . The death of Francis I in 1547 interrupted the work , but it restarted under Franciss successor Henry II who on ordered changes in the buildings design . Lescot tore down the western wing of the old Louvre Castle and rebuilt it as what has become known as the Lescot Wing , ending on the southern side with the Pavillon du Roi . In the latter , he designed in 1556 the ceiling for Henry IIs bedroom, } still largely preserved after relocation in 1829 to the Louvres Colonnade Wing , for which he departed from the French tradition of beamed ceilings . On the ground floor , Lescot installed monumental stone caryatids based on classical precedents in the , now known as the . On the northern end of the new wing , Lescot created a monumental staircase in the 1550s , long known as the ( now , with sculpted ceilings attributed to Jean Goujon . During the early 1560s , Lescot demolished the southern wing of the old Louvre and started to replace it with a duplication of the Lescot Wing . His plan may have been to create a square complex of a similar size as the old Louvre , not dissimilar to the Château dÉcouen that had been recently completed on Jean Bullants design , with an identical third wing to the north and a lower , entrance wing on the eastern side . Some authors , however , reckon that the first plans to extend the Louvres courtyard to its current size by doubling the lengths of the wings may have been conceived as early as Henry IIs reign , even though the implementation only started in the 1620s . Lescot also designed the Petite Galerie , which ran from the southwest corner of the Louvre to the Seine . A message to Charles , Cardinal of Lorraine in March 1558 mentions that new rooms should be furnished for Easter with tapestry . All work stopped in the late 1560s , however , as the Wars of Religion gathered momentum . In the meantime , beginning in 1564 , Catherine de Medici directed the building of a new residence to the west , outside the wall of Charles V . It became known as the Tuileries Palace because it was built on the site of old tile factories ( ) . Architect Philibert de lOrme started the project , and was replaced after his death in 1570 by Jean Bullant . A letter of March 1565 indicates that Catherine de Medici already considered a building to connect the Tuileries with the older Louvre building . Henry IV , Frances new king from 1589 ( the first from the House of Bourbon ) and master of Paris from 1594 , is associated with the further articulation of what became known as the ( Grand Design ) of uniting the Louvre and the Tuileries in a single building , together with the extension of the eastern courtyard to the current dimensions of the Cour Carrée . From early 1595 he directed the construction of the Grande Galerie , designed by his competing architects Louis Métezeau and Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau , who are respectively credited with the eastern and western sections of the building by a long tradition of scholarship . This major addition , about 460 meters long , was built along the bank of the Seine . On the ground floor at the eastern end of the new wing , Métezeau created a lavishly decorated room that was known as the or , later called and now . At the time , the room on the first floor above , later Salon Carré , was known as or . Henry IV also had the first floor of the Petite Galerie built up and decorated as the , with portraits of the former kings and queens of France . A portrait of Marie de Medici by Frans Pourbus the Younger , still in the Louvre , is a rare remnant of this series . 17th century . In 1624 , Louis XIII initiated the construction on a new building echoing the Pavillon du Roi on the northern end of the Lescot Wing , now known as the Pavillon de lHorloge , and of a wing further north that would start the quadrupling of the Louvres courtyard . Architect Jacques Lemercier won the design competition against Jean Androuet du Cerceau , Clément II Métezeau , and the son of Salomon de Brosse . The works were stopped in 1628 at a time of hardship for the kingdom and state finances , and only progressed very slowly until 1639 . In 1639 Lemercier started the construction of a new staircase mirroring Lescots , which has since been often been wrongly referred to as . That staircase was still unfinished when the Fronde again interrupted the works in the 1640s , and its decoration has never been completed since then . At that time , much of the construction ( though not the decoration ) of the new wing had been completed , but the northern pavilion , or , designed by Lemercier similarly as Lescots Pavillon du Roi , had barely been started . On the southern side , Lemercier commissioned Nicolas Poussin to decorate the ceiling of the Grande Galerie . Poussin arrived from Rome in early 1641 , but returned to Italy in November 1642 leaving the work unfinished . During Louis XIVs minority and the Fronde , from 1643 to 1652 the Louvre was left empty as the royal family stayed at the Palais-Royal or outside of Paris ; the Grande Galerie served as a wheat warehouse and deteriorated . On , the king and the court ceremonially re-entered the Louvre and made it their residence again , initiating a new burst of construction that would last to the late 1670s . By 1660 the and the western half of the northern wing had been completed . Meanwhile Anne of Austria , like Marie de Medici as queen mother before her , inhabited the ground-floor apartment in the Cour Carrées southern wing . She extended it to the ground floor of the Petite Galerie , which had previously been the venue for the Kings Council That summer apartment was fitted by architect Louis Le Vau , who had succeeded Lemercier upon the latters death in 1654 . The ceilings , decorated in 1655-1658 by Giovanni Francesco Romanelli who had been recommended by Cardinal Mazarin , are still extant in the suite of rooms now known as the . In 1659 , Louis XIV instigated a new phase of construction under Le Vau and painter Charles Le Brun . Le Vau oversaw the remodeling and completion of the Tuileries Palace , and at the Louvre , the completion of the walls of the north wing and of the eastern half of the south wing . On , a fire destroyed the attic of the and much of the in the Petite Galerie ( though not Anne of Austrias ground-floor apartment ) . Le Vau was tasked by Louis XIV to lead the reconstruction . He rebuilt the as the more ornate Galerie dApollon , created a new suite of rooms flanking it to the west ( the , later ) with a new façade on what became known as the ( later , , and now ) , and expanded the former on the northern side as well as making it double-height , creating the Salon Carré in its current dimensions . From 1668 to 1678 the Grande Galerie was also decorated with wood panelling , even though that work was left unfinished . The Salon Carré , however , was still undecorated when the court left for Versailles in the late 1670s . Meanwhile , landscape architect André Le Nôtre redesigned the Tuileries , first created in 1564 in the Italian style , as a French formal garden . The other major project of the 1660s was to create the Louvres façade towards the city and thus complete the Cour Carrée on its eastern side . It involved a convoiluted process , with the kings minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert first sidelining Le Vau and then calling the aging maestro Gian Lorenzo Bernini from Italy . Bernini stayed in Paris from May 1665 to 1666 but his designs did not gather approval , even though some building works started on their basis . Eventually a committee comprising Le Vau , Charles Le Brun and Claude Perrault designed the Louvre Colonnade on a flamboyant and highly influential architectural concept . Works started in 1667 and the exterior structures were largely completed by 1674 , but would not be fully decorated and roofed until the early 19th century under Napoleon . To harmonize the Louvres exterior , the decision was made in 1668 to create a new façade in front of Le Vaus for the southern wing , designed by the same architectural committee , albeit not on the northern side which was just being completed by then . The works at the louvre , however , stopped in the late 1670s as the king redirected all construction budgets at the Palace of Versailles , despite his minister Colberts insistence on completing the Louvre . Louis XIV had already left the Louvre from the beginning of 1666 , immediately after the death of his mother Anne of Austria in her ground-floor apartment , and would never reside there again , preferring Versailles , Vincennes , Saint-Germain-en-Laye , or if he had to be in Paris , the Tuileries . From the 1680s a new era started for the Louvre , with comparatively little external construction and fragmentation of its interior spaces across a variety of different uses . 18th century . After the definitive departure of the royal court for Versailles in 1682 , the Louvre became occupied by multiple individuals and organizations , either by royal favor or simply squatting . Its tenants included the infant Mariana Victoria of Spain during her stay in Paris in the early 1720s , artists , craftsmen , the Academies , and various royal officers . For example , in 1743 courtier and author Michel de Bonneval was granted the right to refurbish much of the wing between the and the into his own house on his own expense , including 28 rooms on the ground floor and two mezzanine levels , and an own entrance on the Cour Carrée . After Bonnevals death in 1766 his family was able to keep the house for a few more years . Some new houses were even erected in the middle of the Cour Carrée , but were eventually torn down on the initiative of the Marquis de Marigny in early 1756 . A follow-up 1758 decision led to the clearance of buildings on most of what is now the Place du Louvre in front of the Colonnade , except for the remaining parts of the Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon which were preserved for a few more years . Marigny had ambitious plans for the completion of the Cour Carrée , but their execution was cut short in the late 1750s by the adverse developments of the Seven Years War . Jacques-Germain Soufflot removed the chimneys of Le Vaus dome above the Pavillon des Arts , which were in poor condition , and designed the northern passageway ( ) of the Cour Carrée in the late 1750s . The southern was later designed by and completed in 1780 . Three arched were also opened in 1760 under the Grande Galerie , through the and immediately to its west . The 1790s were a time of turmoil for the Louvre as for the rest of France . On , the king and court were forced to return from Versailles and settled in the Tuileries Palace ; many courtiers moved into the Louvre . Many of these in turn emigrated during the French Revolution , and more artists swiftly moved into their vacated Louvre apartments . 19th century . In December 1804 , Napoleon appointed Pierre Fontaine as architect of the Tuileries and the Louvre . Fontaine had forged a strong professional bond with his slightly younger colleague Charles Percier . Between 1805 and 1810 Percier and Fontaine completed the works of the Cour Carrée that had been left unfinished since the 1670s , despite Marignys repairs around 1760 . They opted to equalize its northern and southern wing with an attic modeled on the architecture of the Colonnade wing , thus removing the existing second-floor ornamentation and sculptures , of which some were by Jean Goujon and his workshop . The Cour Carrée and Colonnade wing were completed in 1808–1809 , and Percier and Fontaine created the monumental staircase on the latters southern and northern ends between 1807 and 1811 . Percier and Fontaine also created the monumental decoration of most of the ground-floor rooms around the Cour Carrée , most of which still retain it , including their renovation of Jean Goujons . On the first floor , they recreated the former of the Lescot Wing , which had been partitioned in the 18th century , and gave it double height by creating a visitors gallery in what had formerly been the Lescot Wings attic . Further west , Percier and Fontaine created the monumental entrance for the Louvre Museum ( called since 1804 ) . This opened from what was at the time called the , abutting the Lescot Wing to the west , into the , the monumental room at the northern end of the . The entrance door was dominated by a colossal bronze head of the emperor , by Lorenzo Bartolini . Visitors could either visit the classical antiquities collection ( ) in Anne of Austrias rooms or in the redecorated ground floor of the Cour Carrées southern wing to the left , or they could turn right and access Percier and Fontaines new monumental staircase , leading to both the Salon Carré and the ( formerly ) on the first floor ( replaced in the 1850s by the Escalier Daru ) . The two architects also remade the interior design of the Grande Galerie , in which they created nine sections separated by groups of monumental columns , and a system of roof lighting with lateral skylights . On the eastern front of the Tuileries Palace , Percier and Fontaine had the existing buildings cleared away to create a vast open space , the Cour du Carrousel , which they had closed with an iron fence in 1801 . Somewhat ironically , the clearance effort was facilitated by the Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise , a failed bomb attack on Napoleon on , which damaged many of the neighborhoods building that were later demolished without compensation . In the middle of the Cour du Carrousel , the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel was erected in 1806–1808 to commemorate Napoleons military victories . On , Percier and Fontaines plan for the completion of the of uniting the Louvre and the Tuileries was approved , following a design competition among forty-seven participants . Works started immediately afterwards to build an entirely new wing starting from the Pavillon de Marsan , with the intent to expand it all the way to the Pavillon de Beauvais on the northwestern corner of the Cour Carrée . By the end of Napoleons rule the works had progressed up to the . The architectural design of the southern façade of that wing replicated that attributed to Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau for the western section of the Grande Galerie . Percier and Fontaine were retained by Louis XVIII at the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration , and kept working on the decoration projects they had started under Napoleon . The was opened to the public on . But there were no further budget allocations for the completion of the Louvre Palace during the reigns of Louis XVIII , Charles X and Louis-Philippe I , while the kings resided in the Tuileries . By 1825 , Percier and Fontaines northern wing had only been built up to the , and made no progress in the following 25 years . Further attempts at budget appropriations to complete the Louvre , led by Adolphe Thiers in 1833 and again in 1840 , were rejected by the . From the early days of the Second Republic , a greater level of ambition for the Louvre was again signaled . On , the provisional government published an order that renamed the louvre as the ( Peoples Palace ) and heralded the project to complete it and dedicate it to the exhibition of art and industry as well as the National Library . During the Republics brief existence , the palace was extensively restored by Louvre architect Félix Duban , especially the exterior façades of the Petite Galerie and Grande Galerie , on which Duban designed the ornate portal now known as . Expropriation arrangements were made for the completion of the Louvre and the rue de Rivoli , and the remaining buildings that cluttered the space that is now the Cour Napoléon were cleared away. . No new buildings had been started , however , by the time of the December 1851 coup détat . On this basis , Napoleon III was able to finally unite the Louvre with the Tuileries in a single , coherent building complex . The plan of the Louvres expansion were made by Louis Visconti , a disciple of Percier , who died suddenly in December 1853 and was succeeded in early 1854 by Hector Lefuel . Lefuel developed Viscontis plan into a higher and more ornate building concept , and executed it at record speed so that the was inaugurated by the emperor on . The new buildings were arranged around the space then called , later and , since the 20th century , Cour Napoléon . Before his death , Visconti also had time to rearrange the Louvres gardens outside the Cour Carrée , namely the to the south , the to the east and the to the north , and also designed the Orangerie and Jeu de Paume on the western end of the Tuileries Garden . In the 1860s , Lefuel also demolished the Pavillon de Flore and nearly half of the Grande Galerie , and reconstructed them on a modified design that included the passageway known as the ( later , now Porte des Lions ) , a new for state functions , and the monumental replacing those created in 1760 near the . At the end of the Paris Commune on , the Tuileries Palace was burned down , as also was the Louvre Imperial Library in what is now the Richelieu Wing . The rest of palace , including the museum , was saved by the efforts of troopers , firemen and museum curators . In the 1870s , the ever-resourceful Lefuel led the repairs to the Pavillon de Flore , and reconstructed the Pavillon de Marsan between 1874 and 1879 . In 1877 , a bronze Genius of Arts by Antonin Mercié was installed in the place of Antoine-Louis Baryes equestrian statue of Napoleon III , which had been toppled in September 1870 . Meanwhile , the fate of the Tuileries ruins kept being debated . Both Lefuel and influential architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc advocated their preservation and the building reconstruction , but after the latter died in 1879 and Lefuel in 1880 , the Third Republic opted to erase that memory of the former monarchy . The final decision was made in 1882 and executed in 1883 , thus forever changing the Louvres layout . Later projects to rebuild the Tuileries have resurfaced intermittently but never went very far . A tall was planned in 1884 and erected in 1888 in front of the two gardens on what is now the Cour Napoléon . That initiative carried heavy political symbolism , since Gambetta was widely viewed as the founder of the Third Republic , and his outsized celebration in the middle of Napoleon IIIs landmark thus affirmed the final victory of republicanism over monarchism nearly a century after the French Revolution . Most of the monuments sculptures were in bronze and in 1941 were melted for military use by German occupying forces . What remained of the Gambetta Monument was dismantled in 1954 . 20th century . Some long unfinished parts of Lefuels expansion were only completed in the early 20th century , such as between 1900 and 1910 , by Louvre architects Gaston Redon and following Lefuels general design . Aside from the interior refurbishment of the Pavillon de Flore in the 1960s , there was little change to the Louvres architecture during most of the 20th century . The most notable was the initiative taken in 1964 by minister André Malraux to excavate and reveal the basement level of the Louvre Colonnade , thus removing the and giving the Place du Louvre its current shape . In September 1981 , newly elected French President François Mitterrand proposed the Grand Louvre plan to move the Finance Ministry out of the Richelieu Wing , allowing the museum to expand dramatically . American architect I . M . Pei was awarded the project and in late 1983 proposed a modernist glass pyramid for the central courtyard . The Louvre Pyramid and its underground lobby , the , opened to the public on . A second phase of the Grand Louvre project , completed in 1993 , created underground space below the Place du Carrousel to accommodate car parks , multi-purpose exhibition halls and a shopping mall named Carrousel du Louvre . Daylight is provided at the intersection of its axes by the Louvre Inverted Pyramid ( ) , a humorous reference to its bigger , right-side-up sister upstairs . The Louvres new spaces in the reconstructed Richelieu Wing were near-simultaneously inaugurated in November 1993 . The third phase of the Grand Louvre , mostly executed by the late 1990s , involved the refurbishment of the museums galleries in the Sully and Denon Wings where much exhibition space had been freed during the project second phase . The renovation of the Carrousel Garden was also completed in 2001 Non-museum uses . Whereas the name Louvre Palace refers to its intermittent role as a monarchical residence , this is neither its original nor its present function . The Louvre has always been associated with French state power and representation , under many modalities that have varied within the vast building and across its long history . Percier and Fontaine thus captured something of the long-term identity of the Louvre when they described it in 1833 as viewed as the shrine of [ French ] monarchy , now much less devoted to the usual residence of the sovereign than to the great state functions , pomp , festivities , solennities and public ceremonies . The uses of the Louvre Palace for purposes of museum exhibitions are covered in the respective articles Louvre ( including the history of past displays in the Louvre Museum of artefacts that have now been moved to other locations ) and Musée des Arts Décoratifs , Paris . Military facility . The Louvre started as a military facility and retained military uses during most of its history . The initial rationale in 1190 for building a reinforced fortress on the western end of the new fortifications of Paris was the lingering threat of English-held Normandy . After the construction of the Wall of Charles V , the Louvre was still part of the defensive arrangements for the city , as the wall continued along the Seine between it and the farther west , but it was no longer on the frontline . In the next centuries , there was no rationale for specific defenses of the Louvre against foreign invasion , but the palace long retained defensive features such as moats to guard against the political troubles that regularly engulfed Paris . The Louvre hosted a significant arsenal in the 15th and most of the 16th centuries , until its transfer in 1572 to the facility that is now the Bibliothèque de lArsenal . From 1697 on , the French states collection of plans-reliefs was stored in the Grande Galerie , of which it occupied all the space by 1754 with about 120 items placed on wooden tables . The plans-reliefs were used to study and prepare defensive and offensive siege operations of the fortified cities and strongholds they represented . In 1777 , as plans started being made to create a museum in the Grande Galerie , the plans-reliefs were removed to the Hôtel des Invalides , where most of them are still displayed in the Musée des Plans-Reliefs . Meanwhile , a collection of models of ships and navy yards , initially started by naval engineer Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau , was displayed between 1752 and 1793 in a next to the Académie des Sciencess rooms on the first floor of the Lescot Wing . That collection later formed the core of the maritime museum created in 1827 , which remained at the Louvre until 1943 and is now the Musée national de la Marine . During Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion , the new building program included barracks for the Imperial Guard in the new North ( Richelieu ) Wing , and for the Cent-gardes Squadron in the South ( Denon ) Wing . Feudal apex . The round keep of Philip IIs Louvre Castle became the symbolic location from which all the kings fiefs depended . The traditional formula for these , that they depended on the king for his great keep of the Louvre ( ) remained in use until the 18th century , long after the keep itself had been demolished in the 1520s . Archive . Philip II also created a permanent repository for the royal archive at the Louvre , following the loss of the French kings previously itinerant records at the Battle of Fréteval ( 1194 ) . That archive , known as the Trésor des Chartes , was relocated under Louis IX to the Palais de la Cité in 1231 . A number of state archives were again lodged in the Louvres vacant spaces in the 18th century , e.g . the minutes of the in the attic of the Lescot Wing , and the archives of the Conseil du Roi in several ground-floor rooms in the late 1720s . The kingdoms diplomatic archives were kept in the Pavillon de lHorloge until their transfer to Versailles in 1763 , after which the archives of the Maison du Roi and of the soon took their place . In 1770 , the archives of the Chambre des Comptes were placed in the Louvres attic , followed by the archives of the Marshals of France in 1778 and those of the Order of Saint Michael in 1780 . In 1825 , after the Conseil dÉtat had been relocated to the Lemercier Wing , its archives were moved to the entresol below the Grande Galerie , near the . Prison . The Louvre became a high-profile prison in the immediate aftermath of the Battle of Bouvines in July 1214 , as Ferdinand , Count of Flanders was taken into captivity by Philip II . Ferdinand stayed there for 12 years . Other celebrity inmates included Enguerrand IV de Coucy in the 1250s , Guy , Count of Flanders in 1304 , Louis de Dampierre in 1310 , Enguerrand de Marigny in 1314 , John of Montfort in 1341-1345 , Charles II of Navarre in 1356 , and Jean III de Grailly from 1372 to his death there in 1375 . The Louvre was reserved for high-ranking prisoners , while other state captives were held in the Grand Châtelet . Its use as a prison declined after the completion of the Bastille in the 1370s , but was not ended : for example , Antoine de Chabannes was held at the Louvre in 1462–1463 , John II , Duke of Alençon in 1474-1476 , and Leonora Dori in 1617 upon the assassination of her husband Concino Concini at the Louvres entrance following Louis XIIIs orders . Treasury . Under Philip II and his immediate successors , the royal treasure was kept in the Paris precinct of the Knights Templar , located at the present-day Square du Temple . King Philip IV created a second treasury at the Louvre , whose first documented evidence dates from 1296 . Following the suppression of the Templars Order by the same Philip IV in the early 14th century , the Louvre became the sole location of the kings treasury in Paris , which remained there in various forms until the late 17th century . In the 16th century , following the reorganization into the in 1523 , it was kept in one of the remaining medieval towers of the Louvre Castle , with a dedicated guard . Place of worship . By contrast to the Palais de la Cité with its soaring Sainte-Chapelle , the religious function was never particularly prominent at the Louvre . The royal household used the nearby Saint-Germain lAuxerrois as their parish church . The Louvres first chapel , built by Louis IX in the 1230s , was of modest size . At the time when Louis XIV resided at the Louvre , a new chapel was established on the first floor of the Pavillon de lHorloge and consecrated on as Our Lady of Peace and of Saint Louis , the reference to peace being made in the context of negotiation with Spain that resulted later that year in the Treaty of the Pyrenees . This room was of double height , including what is now the pavilions second floor ( or attic ) . In 1915 , the Louvres architect considered restoring that volume to its original height of more than 12 meters , but did not complete that plan . In planning the Louvres expansion and reunion with the Tuileries , Napoleon insisted that a major church should be part of the complex . In 1810 Percier and Fontaine made plans to build it on the northern side of the present-day Cour Napoléon . Its entrance would have been through a new protruding structure now known as the , facing the symmetrical entrance of the Louvre museum on the southern side in the . The church was to be dedicated to Saint Napoleon , a hitherto obscure figure promoted by Napoleon as patron saint of his incipient dynasty ( Napoleon also instituted a national holiday on his birthday on 15 August and called it the ) . It was intended to equal in greatness and magnificence that of the Château de Versailles ( i.e . the Palace Chapel ) . Percier and Fontaine initiated work on the Rotonde de Beauvais , which was completed during Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion , but the construction of the main church building was never started . Ceremonial venue . The Louvre became a premier space for state and public ceremonies in Paris from at least the very beginning of the 14th century . In 1303 , the Louvre was the venue of the second-ever meeting of Frances Estates General , in the wake of the first meeting the previous year ; they were held in the of the castles western wing . On the occasion of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IVs visit to Paris in 1377-1378 , the main banquet was held at the Palais de la Cité but the French king used the Louvres on the next day to give a major speech on his political position in the conflict now known as the Hundred Years War . The medieval Louvres western wing was were the ceremonial spaces were located , and that geography did not change with the 16th centurys reconstruction as Lescot Wing . Following the latter , most major functions were held either on the ground-floor room now known as , or in the first-floor room then known under various names ( see above ) and now as the . A number of betrothals and weddings were concluded and celebrated at the Louvre . These included the betrothal of Henry of Brabant and Joan of Valois on , the weddings of Charles of Orléans and Isabella of Valois on , of John of Brittany and Joan of France on , of Charles of France and Marie of Anjou on , of Francis of Nevers and Marguerite of Bourbon-La Marche on , of Francis of France and Mary Stuart on , of Duke Charles III of Lorraine and Claude of France on ; the betrothal of Edward VI of England and Elisabeth of Valois on ; the weddings of Henry of Navarre and Margaret of Valois on , of François de Bourbon and Jeanne de Coesme on , of Louis II of Condé ( the Grand Condé ) and Claire-Clémence de Maillé on , of Charles Amadeus of Savoy and Élisabeth de Bourbon on , of Armand de Bourbon and Anne Marie Martinozzi on , and of Henri Jules of Condé and Anne Henriette of Bavaria on . Another grimmer occasion was just after the assassination of King Henry IV , when the kings coffin was put to lay in state in the of the Lescot Wing . During the Bourbon Restoration , the Lescot Wings first-floor room , recreated by Percier and Fontaine as the , was used for the ceremonial sessions of the parliament , even though the ordinary sessions were held in other buildings - the Palais Bourbon for the Lower Chamber and the Luxembourg Palace for the Chamber of Peers . From 1857 onwards , the new in the South ( Denon ) Wing of Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion was used for similar purposes . That role of the Louvre disappeared following the end of the French monarchy in 1870 . Royal residence . For centuries , the seat of executive power in Paris had been established at the Palais de la Cité , at or near the spot where Julian had been proclaimed Roman Emperor back in 360 CE . The political turmoil that followed the death of Philip IV , however , led to the emergence of rival centers of power in and around Paris , of which the Louvre was one . In 1316 Clementia of Hungary , the widow of recently deceased king Louis X , spent much of her pregnancy at the Château de Vincennes but resided at the Louvre when she gave birth to baby king John I on , who died five days later . John was thus the only king of France born at the Louvre , and one of only two who died there ( the other one being Henry IV on following his fatal stabbing in the rue de la Ferronnerie ) . Philip VI occasionally resided at the Louvre , as documented by some of his letters in mid-1328 . King John II is also likely to have resided at the Louvre in 1347 , since his daughter Joan of Valois was betrothed there to Henry of Brabant on , and his short-lived daughter Marguerite was born at the Louvre on . Charles V of France , who had survived the invasion of the Cité by Étienne Marcels partisans in 1358 , decided that a less central location would be preferable for his safety . In 1360 he initiated the construction of the Hôtel Saint-Pol , and upon becoming king in 1364 started transforming the Louvre into a permanent royal residence . After Charles Vs death , his successor Charles VI mainly stayed at the Hôtel Saint-Pol , but as he was incapacitated by mental illness , his wife Isabeau of Bavaria resided in the Louvre and ruled from there . Later 15th-century kings did not reside in the Louvre , nor did either Francis I or Henry II even as they partly converted the Louvre as a Renaissance palace . The royal family only came back to reside in the newly rebuilt complex following Catherine de’ Medici’s abandonment of the Hôtel des Tournelles after her husband Henry II’s traumatic death there in July 1559 . From then , the king and court would stay mainly in the Louvre until Louis XIVs departure in 1666 , albeit with two significant interruptions , at the height of the French Wars of Religion between 1588 and 1594 , and during Louis XIVs minority and the Fronde between 1643 and 1652 . The royal family and court also made frequent stays in alternative palaces , especially at Vincennes ( where Charles IX died on ) , Saint-Germain-en-Laye ( where Louis XIV was born on and Louis XIII died on ) , and the Fontainebleau ( where Louis XIII was born on ) . The child Louis XV also briefly resided in the Louvres in 1719 , as the Tuileries were undergoing refurbishment . Both Louis XIV in the 1660s and Napoleon in the 1810s made plans to establish their main residence in the Colonnade Wing , but none of these respective projects came to fruition . Library . Charles V was renowned for his interest in books ( thus his moniker which translates as learned as well as wise ) , and in 1368 established a library of about 900 volumes on three levels inside the northwestern tower of the Louvre , then renamed from to . The next year he appointed , one of his officials , as the librarian . This action has been widely viewed as foundational , transitioning from the kings prior practice of keeping books as individual objects to organizing a collection with proper cataloguing ; as such , Charles Vs library is generally considered a precursor to the French National Library , even though it was dismantled in the 15th century . In 1767 , a project to relocate the Royal Library inside the Louvre was presented by Jacques-Germain Soufflot , endorsed by Superintendent de Marigny and approved by Louis XV , but remained stillborn for lack of funds . A similar project was endorsed by Napoleon from February 1805 , for which Percier and Fontaine planned a new Library wing as the centerpiece of their program to fill the space between Louvre and Tuileries , but it was not implemented either . A separate and smaller was formed from book collections seized during the Revolution and grew during the 19th centurys successive regimes . Initially located in the Tuileries in 1800 , it was moved to the Grande Galeries entresol in 1805 . In 1860 it was moved to a new space created by Lefuel on the second floor of the new North ( Richelieu ) Wing of Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion , whose main pavilion on the rue de Rivoli was accordingly named . The new library was served by an elegant staircase , now , and was decorated by and Alexandre-Dominique Denuelle . Sadly , it was destroyed by arson in May 1871 at the same time as the Tuileries , and only a few of its precious holdings could be saved . Yet another library , the ( BCMN ) , was gradually developed by the curators , mainly during the 20th century , and located on half of the attic of the Cour Carrées southern wing , on the river-facing side . The transfer of its collections to the new Institut National dHistoire de lArt was planned in the 1990s and executed in early 2016 after much delay . Several smaller libraries remain in the Louvre : a in the BCMNs former spaces , open to the public ; a specialized scholarly library on art of the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East , located on the and thus known as the ; and two other specialized libraries , respectively on painting in the and decorative arts in the . Guest residence for foreign sovereigns and royals . The Louvre was the Parisian home of the Emperors who came to visit France : Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV stayed there in early 1378 ; Byzantine Emperor Manuel II from June 1400 to November 1402 , using it as his base for several trips across Europe ; Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund in March and April 1416 ; and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1539–1540 . In the late 1640s as the royal family had temporarily left the Louvre , Queen Henrietta Maria of England spent some of her Parisian exile in the apartment of the Queen Mother , on the ground floor of the southern wing of the Cour Carrée , where in early February 1649 she learned about the execution of her husband Charles I . In 1717 , the was made available to Peter the Great during his visit in Paris , but the Czar preferred to stay in the less grandiose . In 1722 , the same apartment became the temporary residence of Infanta Mariana Victoria of Spain , who was promised to marry the young Louis XV . She stayed there three years , after which diplomatic developments led to the cancelation of the marriage project and to her return to Spain . This episode remains in the name of the garden in front of the Petite Galerie , known since as the . The courtyard on the other side of the wing , previously known as , was also known as the for much of the 18th century ( and later , now ) . In the 1860s , Napoleon III decided to create a prestige apartment for visiting sovereigns in the Aile de Flore , close to his own apartment in the Tuileries Palace . Lefuel designed it with a monumental , the decoration of which he led between 1873 and 1878 even though the monarchy had fallen in the meantime . That project , however , was left unfinished , and in 1901-1902 its richly decorated upper section was repurposed into a room which is now the study gallery of the Louvres department of graphical arts . Entertainment venue . Entertainment performances such as tournaments , games , balls and theater were a core part of court life at the time when the Louvre was a royal residence . In 1610 , a gladiator-style fight between a man and a lion was organized in the Louvres courtyard , which King Henry IV watched from inside the building . Theatrical representations were particularly significant in the period following the return of the court to the Louvre in 1652 . Molière first performed in front of the king in the large first-floor room of the Lescot Wing on , playing his and . Following that performances success , he was granted use of a space first in the Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon and then , after the latters demolition to make space for the Louvre Colonnade , at the Palais-Royal . Molière again performed at the Louvre on when he directed , with Louis XIV himself playing a cameo role as an Egyptian , in the main room of the Queen Mother on the ground floor of the Cour Carrées southern wing . On , Jean Racines was created at the Louvre in Louis XIVs presence . Some lavish entertainment performances left such a mark on collective memory that parts of the Louvre came to be named after them . Thus , the Place du Carrousel preserves the memory of the of 5-6 June 1662 , and the Pavillon de Flore is named after the that was first performed there on . Napoleon decided to build a new venue for the Paris Opera as part of his project to complete the Louvre and its reunion with the Tuileries . In 1810 Percier and Fontaine planned a new opera house north of what is now the Cour Napoléon , on a similar footprint to the present-day , with main entrance on the northern side facing the Palais-Royal . That project , however , was not implemented . Nor was Napoleon IIIs plan in the 1860s to build a large theater room in the Aile de Marsan as a symmetrical counterpart to the he created in the southern Aile de Flore . In 1996 , the Comédie-Française opened the in the underground spaces of the Carrousel du Louvre , its third venue ( after its main Palais-Royal facility and the Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier ) . Residence of artists and craftsmen . On , Henry IV published letters patent heralding his decision to invite hundreds of artists and craftsmen to live and work on the floors under the Grande Galerie . Simultaneously , Henry established a tapestry factory there , which remained until its transfer to the Gobelins Manufactory in 1671 . Creators who lived under the Grande Galerie in the 17th and 18th centuries included Louis Le Vau , Théophraste Renaudot from 1648 to 1653 , André Charles Boulle , Jean-Baptiste Pigalle , Augustin Pajou , Maurice Quentin de La Tour , Claude-Joseph Vernet , Carle Vernet , Horace Vernet ( who was born there ) , Jean-Baptiste Greuze , Jean-Honoré Fragonard , and Hubert Robert . Following the departure of the royal court to Versailles in the 1670s , a number of individuals , many of which were artists , obtained the privilege to establish their residence in parts of the formerly royal palace . These included Jacques-Louis David in the southeastern corner of the Cour Carrée and Charles-André van Loo in the Galerie dApollon . On , Napoleon had the artists and others who lived in the Cour Carrée all expelled , and in 1806 put a final end to the creators lodgings under the Grande Galerie . Royal mint . In July 1609 , Henry IV transferred the mint to a space the Grande Galerie , from its previous location on the Île de la Cité . The Louvre mint specialized in the production of medals , tokens and commemorative coins , and was correspondingly known as the , whereas common coin kept being produced at the on behind Saint-Germain lAuxerrois as had been the case since the 13th century . The Louvres medals mint was led by prominent artists that included Guillaume Dupré , Jean Varin , and . It closed during the French Revolution but was revived in 1804 by Vivant Denon . By imperial decree of , it was relocated from the Louvre to the Hôtel des Monnaies where the had moved in 1775 . Residence of senior courtiers and officials . In the 17th century , the second floor of the Pavillon du Roi was the home of Charles dAlbert , duc de Luynes until 1621 , then of Gaston , Duke of Orléans , and from 1652 of Cardinal Mazarin who also establishes his nieces in thee second-floor attic of the Lescot Wing. . Nicolas Fouquet and his successor Jean-Baptiste Colbert similarly lived on the upper floors of the Pavillon du Roi , above the Kings bedchamber . New prestige apartments for regime dignitaries were created as part of Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion . The main one , in the North ( Richelieu ) Wing , was used by Charles de Morny and after 1871 became the apartment of the Finance Minister . As such it featured prominently in Raymond Depardon’s documentary , shot during the presidential election campaign of then minister Valéry Giscard d’Estaing in early 1974 . The apartment was renovated in the early 1990s and is now a part of the Louvres decorative arts department , known as . Another official apartment was created for the imperial Great Equerry ( ) , in the South ( Denon ) Wing , with entrance through an ornate portico in the . Part of that large apartment was converted in the 1990s into the museums exhibition space for northern European sculpture , while another part has been used since 1912 as offices for the Louvres director and their staff . Lefuel also created two successive apartments for the Louvres director Émilien de Nieuwerkerke , the first in former rooms of the Académie de peinture , and when these had to be demolished to build the Escalier Daru , on the first floor of the Cour Carrées northern wing . National printing house . A first printing workshop appeared in the Louvre in the 1620s . In 1640 , superintendent François Sublet de Noyers established it as a royal printing house , the , putting an end to the monarchys prior practice of subcontracting its printing tasks to individual entrepreneurs such as Robert Estienne . The royal printing house , soon known as , was first led by and his descendants , then by members of the throughout the 18th century until 1792 . It was relocated to the Hôtel de Toulouse in 1795 , then the in 1809 . In the early 1850s in the early stages of Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion , projects were made to relocate the national printing house ( then known as ) in the new building of the Louvre , now the Richelieu Wing . These plans were criticized by Ludovic Vitet among others , and were not implemented . Academic and educational facility . In the late 17th century , the Louvre started to become the seat of the French royal academies . First , in 1672 Colbert allowed the Académie Française to meet on the ground floor of the Pavillon du Roi , in the Guards Room of the former Queen Mothers apartment . Soon the Académie moved to the ground floor of the Lemercier Wing on the Cour Carrée , and also maintained its library there . The Académie des Inscriptions joined it in nearby rooms . The Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture had been established in the Grande Galerie until 1661 , and returned to the Louvre in 1692 , establishing itself in the Salon Carré and the nearby wing built by Le Vau on the , next to the where a number of the kings paintings were kept . The Académie royale darchitecture moved to the Queens apartment ( in the southern wing of the Cour Carrée ) in 1692 . After a fire in 1740 it moved to the ground floor of the north wing . The Académie des Sciences also moved to the Louvre in the 1690s , and in 1699 moved from the ground-floor to the former kings room , namely the , the ( antechamber ) and the former ( now which was partitioned at that time . The , a diplomats training school , took over in the 1710s the large room on the third floor of the Pavillon de lHorloge ( now partitioned into offices ) . From 1725 , the Salon Carré , recently vacated with the return to Spain of the child Mariana Victoria , was used by the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture for its yearly exhibition , which took from it its name of Salon . From 1763 , the Académie also overtook the Galerie dApollon . During the French Revolution , all academies were deemed to be fatally tainted by the Ancien régime associations and terminated on . Barely more than two years later , however , they were recreated as the Institut de France on , ceremonially inaugurated in the Lescot Wings ground-floor room ( the Louvres ) on . On Napoleon decided to relocate the Institut from the Louvre to its current seat at the former Collège des Quatre-Nations , which had been closed in 1791 . The Salon restarted on a yearly basis in the Salon Carré , until the Revolution of 1848 . That year , the Louvres energetic new director Philippe-Auguste Jeanron had it relocated to the Tuileries , so that the Salon Carré could be fully devoted to the museums permanent exhibition . From 1857 the salon moved on from there to the newly built Palais de lIndustrie . The École du Louvre was created in 1882 with the mission to extract from the collections the knowledge they contain , and to train curators , missionaries and excavators . The schools curriculum originally focused on archaeology but soon expanded to related disciplines , such as art history and museography . In the early years , the schools sessions were held in the in two rooms of the former apartment of the great equerry , with entrance from the quayside . A large underground classroom , the named after art historian and Louvre curator Louis Courajod , was built in 1932 on architect Albert Ferrans design under the . It was replaced in the 1990s by the still larger , also underground on the northern end of the Carrousel du Louvre . The former was then transformed into exhibition rooms in which the Louvres Coptic art collection is now displayed , including the architectonic pieces from Bawit . Securities exchange . The national securities exchange ( or ) was located at the Louvre between and , in the former apartment of the Queen Mother ( on the southern wing of the Cour Carrée and/or of the Petite Galerie ) . This followed nearly two years of closure during which off-exchange speculation on Assignats went wild , after decades of operation of the Bourse in the Hôtel de Nevers from to . In September 1795 the Bourse again closed for a few months ; it reopened in January 1796 in the Church of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires where it stayed until 1807 . Administrative office building . During the Ancien Régime , administrative staff numbers in the machinery of government remained small and were dwarfed by the number of courtiers and domestic servants . That changed in the 19th century as the administrative arms of the state became increasingly significant , and the Louvre as a quintessential government building reflected that new reality . In 1824 , the first floor of the Lemercier Wing on the western side of the Cour Carrée was awarded to the Conseil dÉtat , which remained there until 1832 . The painted ceilings of that era are still preserved , with law-related allegorical themes . The office footprint within the Louvre increased considerably with Napoleon IIIs expansion . The new North ( Richelieu ) Wing included offices for the , the short-lived ( 1858-1860 ) , the ( separated from the in 1860 ) , and ( briefly ) the created in early 1870 , as well as the Directorate of Telegraphs . On , a mere few days after the Tuileries fire , Frances government head Adolphe Thiers attributed all administrative offices and barracks space in the Louvres northern wing to the French Finance Ministry , whose buildings on the other side of the rue de Rivoli had been entirely destroyed . The Finance Ministry remained there for more than a century , until the late 1980s . A meeting of finance ministers of the Group of Seven countries , hosted at the Louvre on , gave its name to the Louvre Accord . Further west , projects were made in the 1880s to relocate the National Court of Audit ( ) - whose previous offices in the Palais dOrsay , where the Musée dOrsay now stands , had also been burned down - in the which had just been reconstructed and expanded by Lefuel . Only archives of the Court were deposited there , however , and these spaces were eventually attributed in 1897 to what is now the Musée des Arts Décoratifs . From 1878 the Aile de Flore was used by the Prefect of the Seine Department and the Municipal Council of Paris which held its meetings in Napoleon IIIs Salle des Sessions , following the destruction of the Hôtel de Ville at the end of the Commune . They moved back into the reconstructed Hôtel de Ville in the early 1890s , after which the Ministry of Colonies was installed in the Flore Wing from 1893 to 1909 . The museum then planned to expand into the Flore Wing but that was thwarted during World War I as the facility was used by the wartime bond issuance service . The Finance Ministry , together with the it created in 1933 , remained there and stayed until 1961 . The Louvre museum itself keeps offices in various parts of the building , e.g . in the former apartment of the Great Equerry ( museum direction ) , on the top floors of the Pavillon de lHorloge , and in part of the entresol under the Grande Galerie . Sculpture garden . While the Louvre is rich with architectural sculpture , its position in the midst of a bustling city neighborhood was long unfavorable to the display of freestanding sculpture , with few exceptions that included the temporary display of a colossal statue of Vulcan in the Louvres courtyard during Charles Vs visit in 1540 . That changed during the 19th century , however , as the Louvres open spaces multiplied and the public taste for sculpture and monuments simultaneously increased . An early project was made in the late 1820s to place the Great Sphinx of Tanis in the center of the Cour Carrée , but was not implemented . Instead , on an equestrian statue of Ferdinand Philippe , Duke of Orléans was placed on that spot , itself a second cast of a monument by Carlo Marochetti erected in Algiers earlier that year . But that did not last long , and the statue was relocated to Versailles shortly after the Revolution of 1848 ( it was moved again in 1971 to its present location at the Château dEu ) . Early Second Empire plans to erect equestrian statues of Francis I in the Cour Carrée ( by Auguste Clésinger ) and Louis XIV and Napoleon respectively in the two squares of the Cour Napoléon were left unrealized . Sculpted monuments mushroomed around the Louvre in the late 19th and early 20th century . Most of them were removed in 1933 on the initiative of Education Minister Anatole de Monzie , due to changing tastes : - Marble monument to François Boucher by Jean-Paul Aubé ( 1890 ) , in the , removed in 1933 and now at the Municipal Museum in Longwy - Equestrian statue of Diego Velázquez by Emmanuel Frémiet ( 1892 ) , in the , relocated in 1933 to the Casa de Velázquez in Madrid and destroyed during the Spanish Civil War - Marble version of the group titled , a celebration of the resistance of Belfort during the Franco-Prussian War by Antonin Mercié , installed in 1894 in the Carrousel Garden , removed in 1933 and now at Fort Mont-Valérien - Marble statue of Ernest Meissonier by Antonin Mercié ( 1895 ) , in the , removed in 1966 and relocated in 1980 in the at Poissy - Monument to Auguste Raffet by Emmanuel Frémiet ( 1896 ) , in the , bronze parts melted in the early 1940s during the German occupation , the rest removed in 1966 - Bronze statue of Jean-Léon Gérôme sculpting his Gladiators , by Aimé Morot ( 1909 ) , in the , removed in 1967 and now at the Musée dOrsay - Marble statue of Paris during the War 1914-1918 by Albert Bartholomé ( 1921 ) , removed in 1933 and kept in a damaged state in the Bois de Vincennes In 1907 , then an undersecratary of state in charge of Frances fine arts policy , fostered the creation of a sculpture garden in the western octagonal garden of the Cour Napoléon , dubbed the campo santo . The monumental bronze group Le Temps et le Génie de l’Art by Victor Ségoffin was placed in the center in 1908 . Around it were allegorical and commemorative sculptures : - The sons of Cain , bronze by Paul Landowski ( 1906 ) , now in the Tuileries Garden - Architecture , Côte-dOr stone , also by Landowski ( 1908 ) , since 1933 on in Reims , - Painting , marble by ( 1909 ) , now at the in Le Mans - Pierre de Montreuil , marble by Henri Bouchard ( 1909 ) , since 1935 in a public garden next to the Basilica of Saint-Denis - Michel Colombe , bronze by Jean Boucher ( 1909 ) , moved to Tours in 1933 and melted in 1942 - Puget , marble by François-Léon Sicard ( 1910 ) , since 1933 on in Marseille - Poussin , marble by Constant Roux ( 1911 ) , since 1934 in Les Andelys - Hardouin-Mansart , bronze by Ernest Henri Dubois ( 1908 ) , since the 1930s at the of Les Invalides - Watteau , marble by Henri-Édouard Lombard ( 1909 ) , since 1937 in front of the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Valenciennes - Houdon , marble by Paul Gasq ( 1909 ) , since 1935 in Lisieux - Corot , marble by François-Raoul Larche ( 1908 ) , since 1935 in Ville-dAvray Two more memorials , of Rude by Sicard and Chardin by Larche , were commissionned but not completed . All these sculptures , except Landowskis Sons of Cain , were also removed in 1933 . Ségoffins group was transferred to the southern French town of Saint-Gaudens in 1935 , and melted down during World War II . Landowskis Sons of Cain was eventually moved in 1984 to its current location on the of the Tuileries Garden . In the eastern octagonal garden , an , by Paul Wayland Bartlett , was erected in 1908 . This initiative had been sponsored in 1899 by American diplomat Robert John Thompson in gratitude of the French gift of the Statue of Liberty , and originally intended for a dedication at Lafayettes grave at the Picpus Cemetery during the Exposition Universelle of 1900 . In preparation for the Grand Louvre remodeling , the Lafayette monument was moved in 1985 to its current location on the Cours-la-Reine . In 1964 , Culture Minister André Malraux decided to install in the Carrousel Garden 21 bronze sculptures by Aristide Maillol which had been donated to the French state by the sculptors former model and muse , Dina Vierny , including casts of Air , Action in Chains , The Mountain , and The River . The Maillol statues were rearranged during the overhaul of the garden in the 1990s . Most recently , as part of the Grand Louvre project designed by I . M . Pei , a cast made in lead in 1986 of the marble Equestrian statue of Louis XIV by Gian Lorenzo Bernini has been placed in the Cour Napoléon , in front of the Louvre Pyramid and marking the end of Pariss . This was intended as a tribute to Berninis past role as architect of the Louvre in 1664-1666 , even though his plans were not executed . Research facility . The was created in 1932 to support research on paintings and leverage new analysis techniques . In 1968 it became the , with a national mandate but still located at the Louvre . In 1998 , this laboratory wwas merged with the to form the Center for Research and Restoration of Museums of France ( C2RMF ) , located in the Pavillon de Flore . Shopping and dining venue . In addition to cafés inside the museum , namely the and in the eponymous pavilions , two restaurants are established in the Louvre Palace above ground : - The , opened in 1994 in the Richelieu Wing with a terrace on the Cour Napoléon , named after the Louvres nearby and designed by - , opened in 2016 in the Aile de Marsan with a terrace on the Carrousel Garden , designed by Joseph Dirand and replacing a previous restaurant on the same spot called More restaurants have operated underground since the opening of the Grand Louvre spaces in the late 1980s and early 1990s , respectively below the Louvre Pyramid and in the Carrousel du Louvre shopping mall . Chronological plan of the construction of the Louvre . The oldest part of the above-ground Louvre is the southwest corner of the square block that faces the center of Paris to the east . This corner section , consisting of the Lescot Wing ( 1 ) and the north side of the western part of the south wing ( 2 ) , was designed and constructed in the 16th century by Pierre Lescot , who replaced the corresponding wings of the medieval Louvre ( not shown ) . Later that century , the Petite Galerie ( 4 ) was added , connecting the Louvre to the section of the wall of Charles V which ran along the north bank of the Seine toward the Tuileries Palace ( 3 , 5 , 8 , 11 , 14 ; destroyed by fire in 1871 ) . Around 1600 , during the reign of Henry IV , the wall along the river was replaced with the Grande Galerie ( 6 , 7 ) , which provided a covered passage from the Louvre to Tuileries Palace and later was the first part of the Louvre to become a museum . The Lescot Wing was expanded north with the Lemercier Wing ( 9 ) under Louis XIII , and in the second half of the 17th century , during the reign of Louis XIV , the Petite Galerie was enlarged ( 10 , 13 ) and the remaining wings around the Square Court ( 12 , 16 ) were constructed , but not totally completed until the first part of the 19th century under Napoleon , who also added the Arc du Carrousel ( 17 ) and parts of the north wing ( 17 ) along the rue de Rivoli . Later in the 19th century , the north wing was slightly extended ( 18 ) by Louis XVIII . From 1852 to 1857 , Napoleon III connected the north wing to the buildings surrounding the Square Court with the Richelieu Wing ( 19 , north part ) and enlarged the Grande Galerie with the Denon Wing ( 19 , south part ) . In 1861–1870 his architect Hector Lefuel carried out further work , replacing the Pavillon de Flore and the western section of the Grande Galerie ( 7 ) and adding the Pavillon des Sessions ( 20 , also known as the Pavillon des États ) . In 1874–1880 he replaced the Pavillon de Marsan ( 15 ) and extended the south facade of the adjacent Marsan Wing ( 21 ) . References . - Ballon , Hilary ( 1991 ) . The Paris of Henri IV : Architecture and Urbanism . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The MIT Press . . - Berger , Robert W . ( 1993 ) . The Palace of the Sun : The Louvre of Louis XIV . University Park : The Pennsylvania State University Press . . - Berty , Adolphe ( 1868 ) . Topographie historique du vieux Paris . Région du Louvre et des Tuileries . Tome 2 . Paris : Imprimerie Impériale . Copy at Gallica . - Bezombes , Dominique , editor ( 1994 ) . The Grand Louvre : History of a Project . Paris : Moniteur . . - Biasini , Émile ; Lebrat , Jean ; Bezombes , Dominique ; Vincent , Jean-Michel ( 1989 ) . The Grand Louvre : A Museum Transfigured 1981–1993 . Paris : Electa Moniteur . . - Blunt , Anthony ; Beresford , Richard ( 1999 ) . Art and architecture in France , 1500–1700 . New Haven : Yale University Press . . - Bresc-Bautier , Genevieve ( 1995 ) . The Louvre : An Architectural History . New York : The Vendome Press . . - Briggs , Keith ( 2008 ) . The Domesday Book castle LVVRE . Journal of the English Place-Name Society , vol . 40 , pp . 113–118 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . - Christ , Yvan ( 1949 ) . Le Louvre et les Tuileries : Histoire architecturale dun double palais . [ Paris ] : Éditions Tel . . - Edwards , Henry Sutherland ( 1893 ) . Old and New Paris : Its History , Its People , and Its Places . Paris : Cassell . View at Google Books . Retrieved 30 April 2008 . - Hautecoeur , Louis ( 1940 ) . Histoire du Louvre : Le Château – Le Palais – Le Musée , des origines à nos jours , 1200–1940 , 2nd edition . Paris : Administration provisoire dimprimerie . . - Lowry , Bates ( 1956 ) . Palais du Louvre , 1528–1624 : The Development of a Sixteenth-Century Architectural Complex ( thesis/dissertation ) . University of Chicago . . ProQuest - Mignot , Claude ( 1999 ) . The Pocket Louvre : A Visitors Guide to 500 Works . New York : Abbeville Press . . - Ochterbeck , Cynthia Clayton , editor ( 2009 ) . The Green Guide Paris , pp . 168–201 . Greenville , South Carolina : Michelin Maps and Guides . . - Sauval , Henri ( 1724 ) . Histoire et recherches des antiquités de la ville de Paris , vol . 2 , Paris : C . Moette and J . Chardon . Copy at Google Books . - Sturdy , David ( 1995 ) . Science and social status : the members of the Académie des sciences 1666–1750 . Woodbridge , Suffolk , U.K. : Boydell Press . . Preview at Google Books . External links . - A virtual visit of the Louvre - Panoramic view of the pyramid and the Cour Napoléon
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Louvre Palace The Louvre Palace ( , ) , often referred to in French simply as Louvre , is an iconic building of the French state located on the Right Bank of the Seine in Paris , occupying a vast expanse of land between the Tuileries Gardens and the church of Saint-Germain lAuxerrois . Originally a military facility , it has served numerous government-related functions in the past , including intermittently as a royal residence between the 14th and 18th centuries . It is now mostly used by the Louvre Museum , which first opened there in 1793 . Whereas the area had been inhabited for thousands of years , the Louvre’s history starts around 1190 with its first construction as a fortress defending the western front of the Wall of Philip II Augustus . The Louvres oldest section still standing above ground , its Lescot Wing , dates from the late 1540s , when Francis I started the replacement of the medieval castle with a new design inspired by classical antiquity and Italian Renaissance architecture . Most parts of the current building were constructed in the 17th and 19th centuries . For more than three centuries , the history of the Louvre has been closely intertwined with that of the Tuileries Palace , created to its west by Catherine de Medici in 1564 and finally demolished in 1883 . The Tuileries was the main seat of French executive power during the last third of that period , from the return of the King and his court from Versailles in October 1789 to the Paris Commune which decided to burn it down in its final days in May 1871 . The Pavillon de Flore and Pavillon de Marsan , which used to respectively mark the southern and northern ends of the Tuileries , are now considered part of the Louvre Palace . The Carrousel Garden , first created in the late 19th century in what used to be the great courtyard of the Tuileries ( or Cour du Carrousel ) , is now considered part of the Tuileries Garden . Besides the world-class status of the eponymous museum , the Louvre Palace stands apart in Paris , France and even Europe , for its uniquely rich history and the multiple layers of legacy thereof that have been preserved to this day . In 1924 , the Baedeker guide to Paris called it the largest and most splendid palace in the world . General description . This sections provides a summary description of the present-day complex and its main constituent parts . Location and layout . The Louvre Palace is situated on the right bank of the Seine , between the Quai François Mitterrand to its south , the to its west ( thus named since 1957 ; formerly and , converted into an underpass in 1987-1989 ) , the Rue de Rivoli to its north , and the Place du Louvre to its east . The complex occupies about 40 hectares with buildings distributed around two main open spaces : the eastern Cour Carrée ( square courtyard ) , which is closed by four wings that form the square of its name , and the central Cour Napoléon , which is open on its western side , beyond the thoroughfare known as Place du Carrousel , towards the Carrousel Garden and the rest of the Tuileries Garden . Since 1988 , the Louvre Pyramid in the middle of the Cour Napoléon has marked the center of the Louvre complex . At the same time , the Louvre Museum has adopted a toponymy developed by the Carbone Smolan Agency to refer to the three clusters of building that surround that central focus point : - To the east , the Sully Wing is the square-shaped set of buildings that surrounds the Cour Carrée , named after Maximilien de Béthune , Duke of Sully . It includes the 16th-century Lescot Wing and the footprint of the Medieval Louvre whose remains are displayed underground ; - To the south , the Denon Wing is the array of buildings between the Cour Napoléon and the Seine , named named after the Louvres first director Vivant Denon . the Louvres southwestern wing is the Aile de Flore . The long Grande Galerie runs on the first floor for much of the length of this building , on the Seine-facing side . - To the north , the Richelieu Wing is the almost-symmetrical array of buildings between the Cour Napoléon and the rue de Rivoli , named after Cardinal Richelieu . Its western extension alongside rue de Rivoli is the , itself continued by the Aile de Marsan . The Louvre Museum occupies most of the palaces space , but not all of it . The main other users are at the buildings two western tips : in the southwestern Aile de Flore , the École du Louvre and Center for Research and Restoration of Museums of France ( C2RMF ) ; and in the northwestern Aile de Marsan , the Musée des Arts Décoratifs . In total , some 51,615 square meters ( 555,000 square feet ) in the palace complex are devoted to public exhibition floor space . Many sections of the Louvre are referred to as wings ( ) and pavilions ( ) - typically , the pavilions are the blocks at either the end or the center of a wing . In the Louvres context , the word wing does not denote a peripheral location : the Lescot Wing , in particular , was built as the Louvres main corps de logis . Given the Louvre wings length and the fact that they typically abutted parts of the city with streets and private buildings , several of them have passageways on the ground floor which in the Louvres specific context are called . Toponymy . The origin of the name Louvre is unclear . French historian Henri Sauval , probably writing in the 1660s , stated that he had seen in an old Latin-Saxon glossary , Leouar is translated castle and thus took Leouar to be the origin of Louvre . According to Keith Briggs , Sauvals theory is often repeated , even in recent books , but this glossary has never been seen again , and Sauvals idea is viewed as obsolete . Briggs suggests that H . J . Wolfs proposal in 1969 that Louvre derives instead from Latin Rubras , meaning red soil , is more plausible . David Hanser suggests instead that the word may come from French , a place where dogs were trained to chase wolves . Beyond the name of the palace itself , the toponymy of the Louvre can be treacherous . Partly because of the buildings long history and links to changing politics , different names have applied at different times to the same structures or rooms . For example , what used to be known in the 17th and 18th centuries the or is now generally referred to as Pavillon de lHorloge , or ( especially when considered from the west ) , or also after the architect Jacques Lemercier who first designed it in 1624 . In some cases , the same name has designated different parts of the building at different times . For example , in the 19th century , the referred to what was later called the ( still later , ) , on the south side of the Grande Galerie facing the Seine , before becoming the name for the main pavilion of the Richelieu Wing on the rue de Rivoli , its exact symmetrical point from the Louvre Pyramid . The main room on the first floor of the Lescot Wing has been the , , , , in the 16th and 17th centuries . It was fragmented into apartments during the 18th century , then recreated in the early 19th and called successively , or ( the latter also being the name of two other ceremonial rooms , created in the 1850s and 1860s respectively ) ; then as part of the museum , , after 1871 in honor of donor Louis La Caze , and eventually , its current name . The room immediately below , generally known as , has also been called or in the past , among other names . Sully Wing . The Sully Wing forms a square of approximately side length . The protruding sections at the corners and center of each side are known as . Clockwise from the northwest corner , they are named as follows : ( after a now-disappeared street ) , ( after the nearby ) , , ( also ) , , , , and , the latter also known as . The section between the Pavillon du Roi and the Pavillon Sully , known as the Lescot Wing ( ) as it was designed by architect Pierre Lescot , is the oldest standing part of the entire Louvre Palace . The section between the Pavillon Sully and the Pavillon de Beauvais , which was modeled after the Lescot Wing by architect Jacques Lemercier , is similarly known as the Lemercier Wing ( ) . The eastern wing is the , named after its iconic eastern façade , the Louvre Colonnade initially designed by Charles Perrault . Denon and Flore Wings . On the southern side of the Cour Napoléon , the Denon Wings three main pavilions are named respectively , from east to west , after Napoleon-era officials Pierre Daru , Vivant Denon and Nicolas François Mollien . Between these and the wing facing the seine are three courtyards , from east to west the ( covered as a glass atrium since 1934 ) , ( ground floor covered since 2012 ) , and . On the side of the Seine , this wing starts with the north–south bordering a side garden known as the , and continues westwards along the Quai François Mitterrand with the Salon Carré , Grande Galerie , and Pavillon de Flore . In the middle of the Grande Galerie are the , a composition of three monumental arches flanked by two narrow pavilions named respectively after the Duke of Lesdiguières and Henri de La Trémoille ( and ) . Further west are the , a protruding structure on the northern side , the , a passageway to the quay , the on the north side , now the main entrance to the École du Louvre , and finally the Pavillon de Flore . Richelieu and Marsan Wings . Similarly , on the northern side of the Cour Napoléon are , from east to west , the pavilions named after Jean-Baptiste Colbert , Cardinal Richelieu , and Anne Robert Jacques Turgot . Between these and the rue de Rivoli are three courtyards , from east to west the ( formerly ) , ( formerly or ) , and ( formerly or ) . On the side facing the rue de Rivoli , the main salient feature is the , which connects to the through the ground-floor ( formerly ) between the and . Further west are the and the , built in the early 19th century and named after the nearby , then the and the Pavillon de Marsan , both rebuilt by Hector Lefuel in the 1870s . Pyramid and underground spaces . The Louvre Pyramid , built in the 1980s on a design by I . M . Pei , is now the centerpiece of the entire Louvre complex . It leads to the underground which in turn serves a vast complex of underground spaces , including the Carrousel du Louvre commercial mall around an inverted pyramid further west . Architectural style . The present-day Louvre Palace is a vast complex of wings and pavilions which , although superficially homogeneous in scale and architecture , is the result of many phases of building , modification , destruction and reconstruction . Building history . This section focuses on matters of design , construction and decoration , leaving aside the fitting or remodeling of exhibition spaces within the museum , which are described in the article Louvre . No fewer than twenty building campaigns have been identified in the history of the Louvre Palace . The architect of the largest such campaign , Hector Lefuel , crisply summarized the identity of the complex by noting : ( translatable as The Louvre is a building that has gone through a lot ) . In the early 1920s author , who would soon become the Louvres Director , noted that it has become , through the very slow pace of its development , the most representative monument of our national life . Late 12th and 13th centuries . In 1190 King Philip II of France , who was about to leave for the Third Crusade , ordered the construction of a defensive wall all around Paris . To protect the city , he opted to build the Louvre as a fortress just outside the walls junction with the Seine on its right bank , on the road to the Duchy of Normandy that was still controlled by his English rivals . Completed in 1202 , the new fortress was situated in what is now the southwest quadrant of the Cour Carrée , and some of its remains , excavated between late 1983 and late 1985 , are conserved underground . The original Louvre was nearly square in plan , at seventy-eight by seventy-two meters , and enclosed by a 2.6-metre thick crenellated and machicolated curtain wall . The entire structure was surrounded by a water-filled moat . On the outside of the walls were ten round defensive towers : one at each corner and at the center of the northern and western sides , and two pairs respectively flanking the narrow gates on the southern and eastern sides . In the courtyard , slightly offset to the northeast , was the cylindrical keep ( or ) , thirty meters high and fifteen meters wide with 4-meter-thick external walls . The keep was encircled by a deep , dry ditch with stone counterscarps to help prevent the scaling of its walls with ladders . Accommodations in the fortress were supplied by the vaulted chambers of the keep as well as two wings built against the insides of the curtain walls of the western and southern sides . The circular plans of the towers and the keep avoided the dead angles created by square or rectangular designs which allowed attackers to approach out of firing range . Cylindrical keeps were typical of French castles at the time , but few were as large as the Louvres . Louis IX added constructions in the 1230s , included the medieval Louvres main ceremonial room or in which several historical events took place , and the castles first chapel . The partly preserved basement part of that program was rediscovered during heating installations at the Louvre in 1882-1883 , and has since then been known successively as the and , after renovation in the 1980s , as the . 14th century . In the late 1350s , the growth of the city and the insecurity brought by the Hundred Years War led Etienne Marcel , provost of the merchants ( i.e . municipal leader ) of Paris , to initiate the construction of a new protective wall beyond that of Philip II . King Charles V continued the project in the 1360s , and it was later known as the Wall of Charles V . From its westernmost point at the Tour du Bois , the new wall extended east along the north bank of the Seine to the old wall , enclosing the Louvre and greatly reducing its military value . Remains of that wall have been uncovered and reconstructed in the present-day Louvres Carrousel du Louvre . Shortly after becoming king in 1364 Charles V abandoned the Palais de la Cité , which he associated with the insurgency led by Etienne Marcel , and made the Louvre into a royal residence for the first time , with the transformation designed by his architect . This was a political statement as well as a utility project - one scholar wrote that Charles V made the Louvre his political manifesto in stone and referred to it as a remarkably discursive monument-a form of architectural rhetoric that proclaimed the revitalization of France after years of internal strife and external menace . The curtain wall was pierced with windows , new wings added to the courtyard , and elaborate chimneys , turrets , and pinnacles to the top . Known as the ( pretty Louvre ) , Charles Vs palace was memorably pictured in the illustration The Month of October of the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry . 15th century . In the late 14th and early 15th centuries , the preferred royal residence in Paris was the Hôtel Saint-Pol in what became the Marais , until the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War resulted in the monarchy leaving Paris altogether ; in the 1420s and 1430s Charles VII resided largely at or near Bourges , whereas his rival English claimant Henry VIs representative , the Duke of Bedford , generally resided in his base of Rouen , and while in Paris in his Hôtel des Tournelles . Even after Charles VIIs ceremonial entry into Paris in 1437 and after the effective end of the Hundred Years War in 1453 , French monarchs preferred residing in the Châteaux of the Loire Valley , the Palace of Fontainebleau or , when in Paris , at the Château de Vincennes or the Hôtel des Tournelles . Meanwhile , the Louvre Castle was left in a state of increasing disrepair . 16th century . In 1528 , after returning from his captivity in Spain following his defeat at Pavia , Francis I ordered the demolition of the Louvres old keep . In 1546 he formally commissioned the architect Pierre Lescot and sculptor Jean Goujon to modernize the Louvre into a Renaissance style palace , but the project appears to have actually started in 1545 since Lescot ordered stone deliveries in December of that year . The death of Francis I in 1547 interrupted the work , but it restarted under Franciss successor Henry II who on ordered changes in the buildings design . Lescot tore down the western wing of the old Louvre Castle and rebuilt it as what has become known as the Lescot Wing , ending on the southern side with the Pavillon du Roi . In the latter , he designed in 1556 the ceiling for Henry IIs bedroom, } still largely preserved after relocation in 1829 to the Louvres Colonnade Wing , for which he departed from the French tradition of beamed ceilings . On the ground floor , Lescot installed monumental stone caryatids based on classical precedents in the , now known as the . On the northern end of the new wing , Lescot created a monumental staircase in the 1550s , long known as the ( now , with sculpted ceilings attributed to Jean Goujon . During the early 1560s , Lescot demolished the southern wing of the old Louvre and started to replace it with a duplication of the Lescot Wing . His plan may have been to create a square complex of a similar size as the old Louvre , not dissimilar to the Château dÉcouen that had been recently completed on Jean Bullants design , with an identical third wing to the north and a lower , entrance wing on the eastern side . Some authors , however , reckon that the first plans to extend the Louvres courtyard to its current size by doubling the lengths of the wings may have been conceived as early as Henry IIs reign , even though the implementation only started in the 1620s . Lescot also designed the Petite Galerie , which ran from the southwest corner of the Louvre to the Seine . A message to Charles , Cardinal of Lorraine in March 1558 mentions that new rooms should be furnished for Easter with tapestry . All work stopped in the late 1560s , however , as the Wars of Religion gathered momentum . In the meantime , beginning in 1564 , Catherine de Medici directed the building of a new residence to the west , outside the wall of Charles V . It became known as the Tuileries Palace because it was built on the site of old tile factories ( ) . Architect Philibert de lOrme started the project , and was replaced after his death in 1570 by Jean Bullant . A letter of March 1565 indicates that Catherine de Medici already considered a building to connect the Tuileries with the older Louvre building . Henry IV , Frances new king from 1589 ( the first from the House of Bourbon ) and master of Paris from 1594 , is associated with the further articulation of what became known as the ( Grand Design ) of uniting the Louvre and the Tuileries in a single building , together with the extension of the eastern courtyard to the current dimensions of the Cour Carrée . From early 1595 he directed the construction of the Grande Galerie , designed by his competing architects Louis Métezeau and Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau , who are respectively credited with the eastern and western sections of the building by a long tradition of scholarship . This major addition , about 460 meters long , was built along the bank of the Seine . On the ground floor at the eastern end of the new wing , Métezeau created a lavishly decorated room that was known as the or , later called and now . At the time , the room on the first floor above , later Salon Carré , was known as or . Henry IV also had the first floor of the Petite Galerie built up and decorated as the , with portraits of the former kings and queens of France . A portrait of Marie de Medici by Frans Pourbus the Younger , still in the Louvre , is a rare remnant of this series . 17th century . In 1624 , Louis XIII initiated the construction on a new building echoing the Pavillon du Roi on the northern end of the Lescot Wing , now known as the Pavillon de lHorloge , and of a wing further north that would start the quadrupling of the Louvres courtyard . Architect Jacques Lemercier won the design competition against Jean Androuet du Cerceau , Clément II Métezeau , and the son of Salomon de Brosse . The works were stopped in 1628 at a time of hardship for the kingdom and state finances , and only progressed very slowly until 1639 . In 1639 Lemercier started the construction of a new staircase mirroring Lescots , which has since been often been wrongly referred to as . That staircase was still unfinished when the Fronde again interrupted the works in the 1640s , and its decoration has never been completed since then . At that time , much of the construction ( though not the decoration ) of the new wing had been completed , but the northern pavilion , or , designed by Lemercier similarly as Lescots Pavillon du Roi , had barely been started . On the southern side , Lemercier commissioned Nicolas Poussin to decorate the ceiling of the Grande Galerie . Poussin arrived from Rome in early 1641 , but returned to Italy in November 1642 leaving the work unfinished . During Louis XIVs minority and the Fronde , from 1643 to 1652 the Louvre was left empty as the royal family stayed at the Palais-Royal or outside of Paris ; the Grande Galerie served as a wheat warehouse and deteriorated . On , the king and the court ceremonially re-entered the Louvre and made it their residence again , initiating a new burst of construction that would last to the late 1670s . By 1660 the and the western half of the northern wing had been completed . Meanwhile Anne of Austria , like Marie de Medici as queen mother before her , inhabited the ground-floor apartment in the Cour Carrées southern wing . She extended it to the ground floor of the Petite Galerie , which had previously been the venue for the Kings Council That summer apartment was fitted by architect Louis Le Vau , who had succeeded Lemercier upon the latters death in 1654 . The ceilings , decorated in 1655-1658 by Giovanni Francesco Romanelli who had been recommended by Cardinal Mazarin , are still extant in the suite of rooms now known as the . In 1659 , Louis XIV instigated a new phase of construction under Le Vau and painter Charles Le Brun . Le Vau oversaw the remodeling and completion of the Tuileries Palace , and at the Louvre , the completion of the walls of the north wing and of the eastern half of the south wing . On , a fire destroyed the attic of the and much of the in the Petite Galerie ( though not Anne of Austrias ground-floor apartment ) . Le Vau was tasked by Louis XIV to lead the reconstruction . He rebuilt the as the more ornate Galerie dApollon , created a new suite of rooms flanking it to the west ( the , later ) with a new façade on what became known as the ( later , , and now ) , and expanded the former on the northern side as well as making it double-height , creating the Salon Carré in its current dimensions . From 1668 to 1678 the Grande Galerie was also decorated with wood panelling , even though that work was left unfinished . The Salon Carré , however , was still undecorated when the court left for Versailles in the late 1670s . Meanwhile , landscape architect André Le Nôtre redesigned the Tuileries , first created in 1564 in the Italian style , as a French formal garden . The other major project of the 1660s was to create the Louvres façade towards the city and thus complete the Cour Carrée on its eastern side . It involved a convoiluted process , with the kings minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert first sidelining Le Vau and then calling the aging maestro Gian Lorenzo Bernini from Italy . Bernini stayed in Paris from May 1665 to 1666 but his designs did not gather approval , even though some building works started on their basis . Eventually a committee comprising Le Vau , Charles Le Brun and Claude Perrault designed the Louvre Colonnade on a flamboyant and highly influential architectural concept . Works started in 1667 and the exterior structures were largely completed by 1674 , but would not be fully decorated and roofed until the early 19th century under Napoleon . To harmonize the Louvres exterior , the decision was made in 1668 to create a new façade in front of Le Vaus for the southern wing , designed by the same architectural committee , albeit not on the northern side which was just being completed by then . The works at the louvre , however , stopped in the late 1670s as the king redirected all construction budgets at the Palace of Versailles , despite his minister Colberts insistence on completing the Louvre . Louis XIV had already left the Louvre from the beginning of 1666 , immediately after the death of his mother Anne of Austria in her ground-floor apartment , and would never reside there again , preferring Versailles , Vincennes , Saint-Germain-en-Laye , or if he had to be in Paris , the Tuileries . From the 1680s a new era started for the Louvre , with comparatively little external construction and fragmentation of its interior spaces across a variety of different uses . 18th century . After the definitive departure of the royal court for Versailles in 1682 , the Louvre became occupied by multiple individuals and organizations , either by royal favor or simply squatting . Its tenants included the infant Mariana Victoria of Spain during her stay in Paris in the early 1720s , artists , craftsmen , the Academies , and various royal officers . For example , in 1743 courtier and author Michel de Bonneval was granted the right to refurbish much of the wing between the and the into his own house on his own expense , including 28 rooms on the ground floor and two mezzanine levels , and an own entrance on the Cour Carrée . After Bonnevals death in 1766 his family was able to keep the house for a few more years . Some new houses were even erected in the middle of the Cour Carrée , but were eventually torn down on the initiative of the Marquis de Marigny in early 1756 . A follow-up 1758 decision led to the clearance of buildings on most of what is now the Place du Louvre in front of the Colonnade , except for the remaining parts of the Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon which were preserved for a few more years . Marigny had ambitious plans for the completion of the Cour Carrée , but their execution was cut short in the late 1750s by the adverse developments of the Seven Years War . Jacques-Germain Soufflot removed the chimneys of Le Vaus dome above the Pavillon des Arts , which were in poor condition , and designed the northern passageway ( ) of the Cour Carrée in the late 1750s . The southern was later designed by and completed in 1780 . Three arched were also opened in 1760 under the Grande Galerie , through the and immediately to its west . The 1790s were a time of turmoil for the Louvre as for the rest of France . On , the king and court were forced to return from Versailles and settled in the Tuileries Palace ; many courtiers moved into the Louvre . Many of these in turn emigrated during the French Revolution , and more artists swiftly moved into their vacated Louvre apartments . 19th century . In December 1804 , Napoleon appointed Pierre Fontaine as architect of the Tuileries and the Louvre . Fontaine had forged a strong professional bond with his slightly younger colleague Charles Percier . Between 1805 and 1810 Percier and Fontaine completed the works of the Cour Carrée that had been left unfinished since the 1670s , despite Marignys repairs around 1760 . They opted to equalize its northern and southern wing with an attic modeled on the architecture of the Colonnade wing , thus removing the existing second-floor ornamentation and sculptures , of which some were by Jean Goujon and his workshop . The Cour Carrée and Colonnade wing were completed in 1808–1809 , and Percier and Fontaine created the monumental staircase on the latters southern and northern ends between 1807 and 1811 . Percier and Fontaine also created the monumental decoration of most of the ground-floor rooms around the Cour Carrée , most of which still retain it , including their renovation of Jean Goujons . On the first floor , they recreated the former of the Lescot Wing , which had been partitioned in the 18th century , and gave it double height by creating a visitors gallery in what had formerly been the Lescot Wings attic . Further west , Percier and Fontaine created the monumental entrance for the Louvre Museum ( called since 1804 ) . This opened from what was at the time called the , abutting the Lescot Wing to the west , into the , the monumental room at the northern end of the . The entrance door was dominated by a colossal bronze head of the emperor , by Lorenzo Bartolini . Visitors could either visit the classical antiquities collection ( ) in Anne of Austrias rooms or in the redecorated ground floor of the Cour Carrées southern wing to the left , or they could turn right and access Percier and Fontaines new monumental staircase , leading to both the Salon Carré and the ( formerly ) on the first floor ( replaced in the 1850s by the Escalier Daru ) . The two architects also remade the interior design of the Grande Galerie , in which they created nine sections separated by groups of monumental columns , and a system of roof lighting with lateral skylights . On the eastern front of the Tuileries Palace , Percier and Fontaine had the existing buildings cleared away to create a vast open space , the Cour du Carrousel , which they had closed with an iron fence in 1801 . Somewhat ironically , the clearance effort was facilitated by the Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise , a failed bomb attack on Napoleon on , which damaged many of the neighborhoods building that were later demolished without compensation . In the middle of the Cour du Carrousel , the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel was erected in 1806–1808 to commemorate Napoleons military victories . On , Percier and Fontaines plan for the completion of the of uniting the Louvre and the Tuileries was approved , following a design competition among forty-seven participants . Works started immediately afterwards to build an entirely new wing starting from the Pavillon de Marsan , with the intent to expand it all the way to the Pavillon de Beauvais on the northwestern corner of the Cour Carrée . By the end of Napoleons rule the works had progressed up to the . The architectural design of the southern façade of that wing replicated that attributed to Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau for the western section of the Grande Galerie . Percier and Fontaine were retained by Louis XVIII at the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration , and kept working on the decoration projects they had started under Napoleon . The was opened to the public on . But there were no further budget allocations for the completion of the Louvre Palace during the reigns of Louis XVIII , Charles X and Louis-Philippe I , while the kings resided in the Tuileries . By 1825 , Percier and Fontaines northern wing had only been built up to the , and made no progress in the following 25 years . Further attempts at budget appropriations to complete the Louvre , led by Adolphe Thiers in 1833 and again in 1840 , were rejected by the . From the early days of the Second Republic , a greater level of ambition for the Louvre was again signaled . On , the provisional government published an order that renamed the louvre as the ( Peoples Palace ) and heralded the project to complete it and dedicate it to the exhibition of art and industry as well as the National Library . During the Republics brief existence , the palace was extensively restored by Louvre architect Félix Duban , especially the exterior façades of the Petite Galerie and Grande Galerie , on which Duban designed the ornate portal now known as . Expropriation arrangements were made for the completion of the Louvre and the rue de Rivoli , and the remaining buildings that cluttered the space that is now the Cour Napoléon were cleared away. . No new buildings had been started , however , by the time of the December 1851 coup détat . On this basis , Napoleon III was able to finally unite the Louvre with the Tuileries in a single , coherent building complex . The plan of the Louvres expansion were made by Louis Visconti , a disciple of Percier , who died suddenly in December 1853 and was succeeded in early 1854 by Hector Lefuel . Lefuel developed Viscontis plan into a higher and more ornate building concept , and executed it at record speed so that the was inaugurated by the emperor on . The new buildings were arranged around the space then called , later and , since the 20th century , Cour Napoléon . Before his death , Visconti also had time to rearrange the Louvres gardens outside the Cour Carrée , namely the to the south , the to the east and the to the north , and also designed the Orangerie and Jeu de Paume on the western end of the Tuileries Garden . In the 1860s , Lefuel also demolished the Pavillon de Flore and nearly half of the Grande Galerie , and reconstructed them on a modified design that included the passageway known as the ( later , now Porte des Lions ) , a new for state functions , and the monumental replacing those created in 1760 near the . At the end of the Paris Commune on , the Tuileries Palace was burned down , as also was the Louvre Imperial Library in what is now the Richelieu Wing . The rest of palace , including the museum , was saved by the efforts of troopers , firemen and museum curators . In the 1870s , the ever-resourceful Lefuel led the repairs to the Pavillon de Flore , and reconstructed the Pavillon de Marsan between 1874 and 1879 . In 1877 , a bronze Genius of Arts by Antonin Mercié was installed in the place of Antoine-Louis Baryes equestrian statue of Napoleon III , which had been toppled in September 1870 . Meanwhile , the fate of the Tuileries ruins kept being debated . Both Lefuel and influential architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc advocated their preservation and the building reconstruction , but after the latter died in 1879 and Lefuel in 1880 , the Third Republic opted to erase that memory of the former monarchy . The final decision was made in 1882 and executed in 1883 , thus forever changing the Louvres layout . Later projects to rebuild the Tuileries have resurfaced intermittently but never went very far . A tall was planned in 1884 and erected in 1888 in front of the two gardens on what is now the Cour Napoléon . That initiative carried heavy political symbolism , since Gambetta was widely viewed as the founder of the Third Republic , and his outsized celebration in the middle of Napoleon IIIs landmark thus affirmed the final victory of republicanism over monarchism nearly a century after the French Revolution . Most of the monuments sculptures were in bronze and in 1941 were melted for military use by German occupying forces . What remained of the Gambetta Monument was dismantled in 1954 . 20th century . Some long unfinished parts of Lefuels expansion were only completed in the early 20th century , such as between 1900 and 1910 , by Louvre architects Gaston Redon and following Lefuels general design . Aside from the interior refurbishment of the Pavillon de Flore in the 1960s , there was little change to the Louvres architecture during most of the 20th century . The most notable was the initiative taken in 1964 by minister André Malraux to excavate and reveal the basement level of the Louvre Colonnade , thus removing the and giving the Place du Louvre its current shape . In September 1981 , newly elected French President François Mitterrand proposed the Grand Louvre plan to move the Finance Ministry out of the Richelieu Wing , allowing the museum to expand dramatically . American architect I . M . Pei was awarded the project and in late 1983 proposed a modernist glass pyramid for the central courtyard . The Louvre Pyramid and its underground lobby , the , opened to the public on . A second phase of the Grand Louvre project , completed in 1993 , created underground space below the Place du Carrousel to accommodate car parks , multi-purpose exhibition halls and a shopping mall named Carrousel du Louvre . Daylight is provided at the intersection of its axes by the Louvre Inverted Pyramid ( ) , a humorous reference to its bigger , right-side-up sister upstairs . The Louvres new spaces in the reconstructed Richelieu Wing were near-simultaneously inaugurated in November 1993 . The third phase of the Grand Louvre , mostly executed by the late 1990s , involved the refurbishment of the museums galleries in the Sully and Denon Wings where much exhibition space had been freed during the project second phase . The renovation of the Carrousel Garden was also completed in 2001 Non-museum uses . Whereas the name Louvre Palace refers to its intermittent role as a monarchical residence , this is neither its original nor its present function . The Louvre has always been associated with French state power and representation , under many modalities that have varied within the vast building and across its long history . Percier and Fontaine thus captured something of the long-term identity of the Louvre when they described it in 1833 as viewed as the shrine of [ French ] monarchy , now much less devoted to the usual residence of the sovereign than to the great state functions , pomp , festivities , solennities and public ceremonies . The uses of the Louvre Palace for purposes of museum exhibitions are covered in the respective articles Louvre ( including the history of past displays in the Louvre Museum of artefacts that have now been moved to other locations ) and Musée des Arts Décoratifs , Paris . Military facility . The Louvre started as a military facility and retained military uses during most of its history . The initial rationale in 1190 for building a reinforced fortress on the western end of the new fortifications of Paris was the lingering threat of English-held Normandy . After the construction of the Wall of Charles V , the Louvre was still part of the defensive arrangements for the city , as the wall continued along the Seine between it and the farther west , but it was no longer on the frontline . In the next centuries , there was no rationale for specific defenses of the Louvre against foreign invasion , but the palace long retained defensive features such as moats to guard against the political troubles that regularly engulfed Paris . The Louvre hosted a significant arsenal in the 15th and most of the 16th centuries , until its transfer in 1572 to the facility that is now the Bibliothèque de lArsenal . From 1697 on , the French states collection of plans-reliefs was stored in the Grande Galerie , of which it occupied all the space by 1754 with about 120 items placed on wooden tables . The plans-reliefs were used to study and prepare defensive and offensive siege operations of the fortified cities and strongholds they represented . In 1777 , as plans started being made to create a museum in the Grande Galerie , the plans-reliefs were removed to the Hôtel des Invalides , where most of them are still displayed in the Musée des Plans-Reliefs . Meanwhile , a collection of models of ships and navy yards , initially started by naval engineer Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau , was displayed between 1752 and 1793 in a next to the Académie des Sciencess rooms on the first floor of the Lescot Wing . That collection later formed the core of the maritime museum created in 1827 , which remained at the Louvre until 1943 and is now the Musée national de la Marine . During Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion , the new building program included barracks for the Imperial Guard in the new North ( Richelieu ) Wing , and for the Cent-gardes Squadron in the South ( Denon ) Wing . Feudal apex . The round keep of Philip IIs Louvre Castle became the symbolic location from which all the kings fiefs depended . The traditional formula for these , that they depended on the king for his great keep of the Louvre ( ) remained in use until the 18th century , long after the keep itself had been demolished in the 1520s . Archive . Philip II also created a permanent repository for the royal archive at the Louvre , following the loss of the French kings previously itinerant records at the Battle of Fréteval ( 1194 ) . That archive , known as the Trésor des Chartes , was relocated under Louis IX to the Palais de la Cité in 1231 . A number of state archives were again lodged in the Louvres vacant spaces in the 18th century , e.g . the minutes of the in the attic of the Lescot Wing , and the archives of the Conseil du Roi in several ground-floor rooms in the late 1720s . The kingdoms diplomatic archives were kept in the Pavillon de lHorloge until their transfer to Versailles in 1763 , after which the archives of the Maison du Roi and of the soon took their place . In 1770 , the archives of the Chambre des Comptes were placed in the Louvres attic , followed by the archives of the Marshals of France in 1778 and those of the Order of Saint Michael in 1780 . In 1825 , after the Conseil dÉtat had been relocated to the Lemercier Wing , its archives were moved to the entresol below the Grande Galerie , near the . Prison . The Louvre became a high-profile prison in the immediate aftermath of the Battle of Bouvines in July 1214 , as Ferdinand , Count of Flanders was taken into captivity by Philip II . Ferdinand stayed there for 12 years . Other celebrity inmates included Enguerrand IV de Coucy in the 1250s , Guy , Count of Flanders in 1304 , Louis de Dampierre in 1310 , Enguerrand de Marigny in 1314 , John of Montfort in 1341-1345 , Charles II of Navarre in 1356 , and Jean III de Grailly from 1372 to his death there in 1375 . The Louvre was reserved for high-ranking prisoners , while other state captives were held in the Grand Châtelet . Its use as a prison declined after the completion of the Bastille in the 1370s , but was not ended : for example , Antoine de Chabannes was held at the Louvre in 1462–1463 , John II , Duke of Alençon in 1474-1476 , and Leonora Dori in 1617 upon the assassination of her husband Concino Concini at the Louvres entrance following Louis XIIIs orders . Treasury . Under Philip II and his immediate successors , the royal treasure was kept in the Paris precinct of the Knights Templar , located at the present-day Square du Temple . King Philip IV created a second treasury at the Louvre , whose first documented evidence dates from 1296 . Following the suppression of the Templars Order by the same Philip IV in the early 14th century , the Louvre became the sole location of the kings treasury in Paris , which remained there in various forms until the late 17th century . In the 16th century , following the reorganization into the in 1523 , it was kept in one of the remaining medieval towers of the Louvre Castle , with a dedicated guard . Place of worship . By contrast to the Palais de la Cité with its soaring Sainte-Chapelle , the religious function was never particularly prominent at the Louvre . The royal household used the nearby Saint-Germain lAuxerrois as their parish church . The Louvres first chapel , built by Louis IX in the 1230s , was of modest size . At the time when Louis XIV resided at the Louvre , a new chapel was established on the first floor of the Pavillon de lHorloge and consecrated on as Our Lady of Peace and of Saint Louis , the reference to peace being made in the context of negotiation with Spain that resulted later that year in the Treaty of the Pyrenees . This room was of double height , including what is now the pavilions second floor ( or attic ) . In 1915 , the Louvres architect considered restoring that volume to its original height of more than 12 meters , but did not complete that plan . In planning the Louvres expansion and reunion with the Tuileries , Napoleon insisted that a major church should be part of the complex . In 1810 Percier and Fontaine made plans to build it on the northern side of the present-day Cour Napoléon . Its entrance would have been through a new protruding structure now known as the , facing the symmetrical entrance of the Louvre museum on the southern side in the . The church was to be dedicated to Saint Napoleon , a hitherto obscure figure promoted by Napoleon as patron saint of his incipient dynasty ( Napoleon also instituted a national holiday on his birthday on 15 August and called it the ) . It was intended to equal in greatness and magnificence that of the Château de Versailles ( i.e . the Palace Chapel ) . Percier and Fontaine initiated work on the Rotonde de Beauvais , which was completed during Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion , but the construction of the main church building was never started . Ceremonial venue . The Louvre became a premier space for state and public ceremonies in Paris from at least the very beginning of the 14th century . In 1303 , the Louvre was the venue of the second-ever meeting of Frances Estates General , in the wake of the first meeting the previous year ; they were held in the of the castles western wing . On the occasion of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IVs visit to Paris in 1377-1378 , the main banquet was held at the Palais de la Cité but the French king used the Louvres on the next day to give a major speech on his political position in the conflict now known as the Hundred Years War . The medieval Louvres western wing was were the ceremonial spaces were located , and that geography did not change with the 16th centurys reconstruction as Lescot Wing . Following the latter , most major functions were held either on the ground-floor room now known as , or in the first-floor room then known under various names ( see above ) and now as the . A number of betrothals and weddings were concluded and celebrated at the Louvre . These included the betrothal of Henry of Brabant and Joan of Valois on , the weddings of Charles of Orléans and Isabella of Valois on , of John of Brittany and Joan of France on , of Charles of France and Marie of Anjou on , of Francis of Nevers and Marguerite of Bourbon-La Marche on , of Francis of France and Mary Stuart on , of Duke Charles III of Lorraine and Claude of France on ; the betrothal of Edward VI of England and Elisabeth of Valois on ; the weddings of Henry of Navarre and Margaret of Valois on , of François de Bourbon and Jeanne de Coesme on , of Louis II of Condé ( the Grand Condé ) and Claire-Clémence de Maillé on , of Charles Amadeus of Savoy and Élisabeth de Bourbon on , of Armand de Bourbon and Anne Marie Martinozzi on , and of Henri Jules of Condé and Anne Henriette of Bavaria on . Another grimmer occasion was just after the assassination of King Henry IV , when the kings coffin was put to lay in state in the of the Lescot Wing . During the Bourbon Restoration , the Lescot Wings first-floor room , recreated by Percier and Fontaine as the , was used for the ceremonial sessions of the parliament , even though the ordinary sessions were held in other buildings - the Palais Bourbon for the Lower Chamber and the Luxembourg Palace for the Chamber of Peers . From 1857 onwards , the new in the South ( Denon ) Wing of Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion was used for similar purposes . That role of the Louvre disappeared following the end of the French monarchy in 1870 . Royal residence . For centuries , the seat of executive power in Paris had been established at the Palais de la Cité , at or near the spot where Julian had been proclaimed Roman Emperor back in 360 CE . The political turmoil that followed the death of Philip IV , however , led to the emergence of rival centers of power in and around Paris , of which the Louvre was one . In 1316 Clementia of Hungary , the widow of recently deceased king Louis X , spent much of her pregnancy at the Château de Vincennes but resided at the Louvre when she gave birth to baby king John I on , who died five days later . John was thus the only king of France born at the Louvre , and one of only two who died there ( the other one being Henry IV on following his fatal stabbing in the rue de la Ferronnerie ) . Philip VI occasionally resided at the Louvre , as documented by some of his letters in mid-1328 . King John II is also likely to have resided at the Louvre in 1347 , since his daughter Joan of Valois was betrothed there to Henry of Brabant on , and his short-lived daughter Marguerite was born at the Louvre on . Charles V of France , who had survived the invasion of the Cité by Étienne Marcels partisans in 1358 , decided that a less central location would be preferable for his safety . In 1360 he initiated the construction of the Hôtel Saint-Pol , and upon becoming king in 1364 started transforming the Louvre into a permanent royal residence . After Charles Vs death , his successor Charles VI mainly stayed at the Hôtel Saint-Pol , but as he was incapacitated by mental illness , his wife Isabeau of Bavaria resided in the Louvre and ruled from there . Later 15th-century kings did not reside in the Louvre , nor did either Francis I or Henry II even as they partly converted the Louvre as a Renaissance palace . The royal family only came back to reside in the newly rebuilt complex following Catherine de’ Medici’s abandonment of the Hôtel des Tournelles after her husband Henry II’s traumatic death there in July 1559 . From then , the king and court would stay mainly in the Louvre until Louis XIVs departure in 1666 , albeit with two significant interruptions , at the height of the French Wars of Religion between 1588 and 1594 , and during Louis XIVs minority and the Fronde between 1643 and 1652 . The royal family and court also made frequent stays in alternative palaces , especially at Vincennes ( where Charles IX died on ) , Saint-Germain-en-Laye ( where Louis XIV was born on and Louis XIII died on ) , and the Fontainebleau ( where Louis XIII was born on ) . The child Louis XV also briefly resided in the Louvres in 1719 , as the Tuileries were undergoing refurbishment . Both Louis XIV in the 1660s and Napoleon in the 1810s made plans to establish their main residence in the Colonnade Wing , but none of these respective projects came to fruition . Library . Charles V was renowned for his interest in books ( thus his moniker which translates as learned as well as wise ) , and in 1368 established a library of about 900 volumes on three levels inside the northwestern tower of the Louvre , then renamed from to . The next year he appointed , one of his officials , as the librarian . This action has been widely viewed as foundational , transitioning from the kings prior practice of keeping books as individual objects to organizing a collection with proper cataloguing ; as such , Charles Vs library is generally considered a precursor to the French National Library , even though it was dismantled in the 15th century . In 1767 , a project to relocate the Royal Library inside the Louvre was presented by Jacques-Germain Soufflot , endorsed by Superintendent de Marigny and approved by Louis XV , but remained stillborn for lack of funds . A similar project was endorsed by Napoleon from February 1805 , for which Percier and Fontaine planned a new Library wing as the centerpiece of their program to fill the space between Louvre and Tuileries , but it was not implemented either . A separate and smaller was formed from book collections seized during the Revolution and grew during the 19th centurys successive regimes . Initially located in the Tuileries in 1800 , it was moved to the Grande Galeries entresol in 1805 . In 1860 it was moved to a new space created by Lefuel on the second floor of the new North ( Richelieu ) Wing of Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion , whose main pavilion on the rue de Rivoli was accordingly named . The new library was served by an elegant staircase , now , and was decorated by and Alexandre-Dominique Denuelle . Sadly , it was destroyed by arson in May 1871 at the same time as the Tuileries , and only a few of its precious holdings could be saved . Yet another library , the ( BCMN ) , was gradually developed by the curators , mainly during the 20th century , and located on half of the attic of the Cour Carrées southern wing , on the river-facing side . The transfer of its collections to the new Institut National dHistoire de lArt was planned in the 1990s and executed in early 2016 after much delay . Several smaller libraries remain in the Louvre : a in the BCMNs former spaces , open to the public ; a specialized scholarly library on art of the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East , located on the and thus known as the ; and two other specialized libraries , respectively on painting in the and decorative arts in the . Guest residence for foreign sovereigns and royals . The Louvre was the Parisian home of the Emperors who came to visit France : Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV stayed there in early 1378 ; Byzantine Emperor Manuel II from June 1400 to November 1402 , using it as his base for several trips across Europe ; Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund in March and April 1416 ; and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1539–1540 . In the late 1640s as the royal family had temporarily left the Louvre , Queen Henrietta Maria of England spent some of her Parisian exile in the apartment of the Queen Mother , on the ground floor of the southern wing of the Cour Carrée , where in early February 1649 she learned about the execution of her husband Charles I . In 1717 , the was made available to Peter the Great during his visit in Paris , but the Czar preferred to stay in the less grandiose . In 1722 , the same apartment became the temporary residence of Infanta Mariana Victoria of Spain , who was promised to marry the young Louis XV . She stayed there three years , after which diplomatic developments led to the cancelation of the marriage project and to her return to Spain . This episode remains in the name of the garden in front of the Petite Galerie , known since as the . The courtyard on the other side of the wing , previously known as , was also known as the for much of the 18th century ( and later , now ) . In the 1860s , Napoleon III decided to create a prestige apartment for visiting sovereigns in the Aile de Flore , close to his own apartment in the Tuileries Palace . Lefuel designed it with a monumental , the decoration of which he led between 1873 and 1878 even though the monarchy had fallen in the meantime . That project , however , was left unfinished , and in 1901-1902 its richly decorated upper section was repurposed into a room which is now the study gallery of the Louvres department of graphical arts . Entertainment venue . Entertainment performances such as tournaments , games , balls and theater were a core part of court life at the time when the Louvre was a royal residence . In 1610 , a gladiator-style fight between a man and a lion was organized in the Louvres courtyard , which King Henry IV watched from inside the building . Theatrical representations were particularly significant in the period following the return of the court to the Louvre in 1652 . Molière first performed in front of the king in the large first-floor room of the Lescot Wing on , playing his and . Following that performances success , he was granted use of a space first in the Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon and then , after the latters demolition to make space for the Louvre Colonnade , at the Palais-Royal . Molière again performed at the Louvre on when he directed , with Louis XIV himself playing a cameo role as an Egyptian , in the main room of the Queen Mother on the ground floor of the Cour Carrées southern wing . On , Jean Racines was created at the Louvre in Louis XIVs presence . Some lavish entertainment performances left such a mark on collective memory that parts of the Louvre came to be named after them . Thus , the Place du Carrousel preserves the memory of the of 5-6 June 1662 , and the Pavillon de Flore is named after the that was first performed there on . Napoleon decided to build a new venue for the Paris Opera as part of his project to complete the Louvre and its reunion with the Tuileries . In 1810 Percier and Fontaine planned a new opera house north of what is now the Cour Napoléon , on a similar footprint to the present-day , with main entrance on the northern side facing the Palais-Royal . That project , however , was not implemented . Nor was Napoleon IIIs plan in the 1860s to build a large theater room in the Aile de Marsan as a symmetrical counterpart to the he created in the southern Aile de Flore . In 1996 , the Comédie-Française opened the in the underground spaces of the Carrousel du Louvre , its third venue ( after its main Palais-Royal facility and the Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier ) . Residence of artists and craftsmen . On , Henry IV published letters patent heralding his decision to invite hundreds of artists and craftsmen to live and work on the floors under the Grande Galerie . Simultaneously , Henry established a tapestry factory there , which remained until its transfer to the Gobelins Manufactory in 1671 . Creators who lived under the Grande Galerie in the 17th and 18th centuries included Louis Le Vau , Théophraste Renaudot from 1648 to 1653 , André Charles Boulle , Jean-Baptiste Pigalle , Augustin Pajou , Maurice Quentin de La Tour , Claude-Joseph Vernet , Carle Vernet , Horace Vernet ( who was born there ) , Jean-Baptiste Greuze , Jean-Honoré Fragonard , and Hubert Robert . Following the departure of the royal court to Versailles in the 1670s , a number of individuals , many of which were artists , obtained the privilege to establish their residence in parts of the formerly royal palace . These included Jacques-Louis David in the southeastern corner of the Cour Carrée and Charles-André van Loo in the Galerie dApollon . On , Napoleon had the artists and others who lived in the Cour Carrée all expelled , and in 1806 put a final end to the creators lodgings under the Grande Galerie . Royal mint . In July 1609 , Henry IV transferred the mint to a space the Grande Galerie , from its previous location on the Île de la Cité . The Louvre mint specialized in the production of medals , tokens and commemorative coins , and was correspondingly known as the , whereas common coin kept being produced at the on behind Saint-Germain lAuxerrois as had been the case since the 13th century . The Louvres medals mint was led by prominent artists that included Guillaume Dupré , Jean Varin , and . It closed during the French Revolution but was revived in 1804 by Vivant Denon . By imperial decree of , it was relocated from the Louvre to the Hôtel des Monnaies where the had moved in 1775 . Residence of senior courtiers and officials . In the 17th century , the second floor of the Pavillon du Roi was the home of Charles dAlbert , duc de Luynes until 1621 , then of Gaston , Duke of Orléans , and from 1652 of Cardinal Mazarin who also establishes his nieces in thee second-floor attic of the Lescot Wing. . Nicolas Fouquet and his successor Jean-Baptiste Colbert similarly lived on the upper floors of the Pavillon du Roi , above the Kings bedchamber . New prestige apartments for regime dignitaries were created as part of Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion . The main one , in the North ( Richelieu ) Wing , was used by Charles de Morny and after 1871 became the apartment of the Finance Minister . As such it featured prominently in Raymond Depardon’s documentary , shot during the presidential election campaign of then minister Valéry Giscard d’Estaing in early 1974 . The apartment was renovated in the early 1990s and is now a part of the Louvres decorative arts department , known as . Another official apartment was created for the imperial Great Equerry ( ) , in the South ( Denon ) Wing , with entrance through an ornate portico in the . Part of that large apartment was converted in the 1990s into the museums exhibition space for northern European sculpture , while another part has been used since 1912 as offices for the Louvres director and their staff . Lefuel also created two successive apartments for the Louvres director Émilien de Nieuwerkerke , the first in former rooms of the Académie de peinture , and when these had to be demolished to build the Escalier Daru , on the first floor of the Cour Carrées northern wing . National printing house . A first printing workshop appeared in the Louvre in the 1620s . In 1640 , superintendent François Sublet de Noyers established it as a royal printing house , the , putting an end to the monarchys prior practice of subcontracting its printing tasks to individual entrepreneurs such as Robert Estienne . The royal printing house , soon known as , was first led by and his descendants , then by members of the throughout the 18th century until 1792 . It was relocated to the Hôtel de Toulouse in 1795 , then the in 1809 . In the early 1850s in the early stages of Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion , projects were made to relocate the national printing house ( then known as ) in the new building of the Louvre , now the Richelieu Wing . These plans were criticized by Ludovic Vitet among others , and were not implemented . Academic and educational facility . In the late 17th century , the Louvre started to become the seat of the French royal academies . First , in 1672 Colbert allowed the Académie Française to meet on the ground floor of the Pavillon du Roi , in the Guards Room of the former Queen Mothers apartment . Soon the Académie moved to the ground floor of the Lemercier Wing on the Cour Carrée , and also maintained its library there . The Académie des Inscriptions joined it in nearby rooms . The Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture had been established in the Grande Galerie until 1661 , and returned to the Louvre in 1692 , establishing itself in the Salon Carré and the nearby wing built by Le Vau on the , next to the where a number of the kings paintings were kept . The Académie royale darchitecture moved to the Queens apartment ( in the southern wing of the Cour Carrée ) in 1692 . After a fire in 1740 it moved to the ground floor of the north wing . The Académie des Sciences also moved to the Louvre in the 1690s , and in 1699 moved from the ground-floor to the former kings room , namely the , the ( antechamber ) and the former ( now which was partitioned at that time . The , a diplomats training school , took over in the 1710s the large room on the third floor of the Pavillon de lHorloge ( now partitioned into offices ) . From 1725 , the Salon Carré , recently vacated with the return to Spain of the child Mariana Victoria , was used by the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture for its yearly exhibition , which took from it its name of Salon . From 1763 , the Académie also overtook the Galerie dApollon . During the French Revolution , all academies were deemed to be fatally tainted by the Ancien régime associations and terminated on . Barely more than two years later , however , they were recreated as the Institut de France on , ceremonially inaugurated in the Lescot Wings ground-floor room ( the Louvres ) on . On Napoleon decided to relocate the Institut from the Louvre to its current seat at the former Collège des Quatre-Nations , which had been closed in 1791 . The Salon restarted on a yearly basis in the Salon Carré , until the Revolution of 1848 . That year , the Louvres energetic new director Philippe-Auguste Jeanron had it relocated to the Tuileries , so that the Salon Carré could be fully devoted to the museums permanent exhibition . From 1857 the salon moved on from there to the newly built Palais de lIndustrie . The École du Louvre was created in 1882 with the mission to extract from the collections the knowledge they contain , and to train curators , missionaries and excavators . The schools curriculum originally focused on archaeology but soon expanded to related disciplines , such as art history and museography . In the early years , the schools sessions were held in the in two rooms of the former apartment of the great equerry , with entrance from the quayside . A large underground classroom , the named after art historian and Louvre curator Louis Courajod , was built in 1932 on architect Albert Ferrans design under the . It was replaced in the 1990s by the still larger , also underground on the northern end of the Carrousel du Louvre . The former was then transformed into exhibition rooms in which the Louvres Coptic art collection is now displayed , including the architectonic pieces from Bawit . Securities exchange . The national securities exchange ( or ) was located at the Louvre between and , in the former apartment of the Queen Mother ( on the southern wing of the Cour Carrée and/or of the Petite Galerie ) . This followed nearly two years of closure during which off-exchange speculation on Assignats went wild , after decades of operation of the Bourse in the Hôtel de Nevers from to . In September 1795 the Bourse again closed for a few months ; it reopened in January 1796 in the Church of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires where it stayed until 1807 . Administrative office building . During the Ancien Régime , administrative staff numbers in the machinery of government remained small and were dwarfed by the number of courtiers and domestic servants . That changed in the 19th century as the administrative arms of the state became increasingly significant , and the Louvre as a quintessential government building reflected that new reality . In 1824 , the first floor of the Lemercier Wing on the western side of the Cour Carrée was awarded to the Conseil dÉtat , which remained there until 1832 . The painted ceilings of that era are still preserved , with law-related allegorical themes . The office footprint within the Louvre increased considerably with Napoleon IIIs expansion . The new North ( Richelieu ) Wing included offices for the , the short-lived ( 1858-1860 ) , the ( separated from the in 1860 ) , and ( briefly ) the created in early 1870 , as well as the Directorate of Telegraphs . On , a mere few days after the Tuileries fire , Frances government head Adolphe Thiers attributed all administrative offices and barracks space in the Louvres northern wing to the French Finance Ministry , whose buildings on the other side of the rue de Rivoli had been entirely destroyed . The Finance Ministry remained there for more than a century , until the late 1980s . A meeting of finance ministers of the Group of Seven countries , hosted at the Louvre on , gave its name to the Louvre Accord . Further west , projects were made in the 1880s to relocate the National Court of Audit ( ) - whose previous offices in the Palais dOrsay , where the Musée dOrsay now stands , had also been burned down - in the which had just been reconstructed and expanded by Lefuel . Only archives of the Court were deposited there , however , and these spaces were eventually attributed in 1897 to what is now the Musée des Arts Décoratifs . From 1878 the Aile de Flore was used by the Prefect of the Seine Department and the Municipal Council of Paris which held its meetings in Napoleon IIIs Salle des Sessions , following the destruction of the Hôtel de Ville at the end of the Commune . They moved back into the reconstructed Hôtel de Ville in the early 1890s , after which the Ministry of Colonies was installed in the Flore Wing from 1893 to 1909 . The museum then planned to expand into the Flore Wing but that was thwarted during World War I as the facility was used by the wartime bond issuance service . The Finance Ministry , together with the it created in 1933 , remained there and stayed until 1961 . The Louvre museum itself keeps offices in various parts of the building , e.g . in the former apartment of the Great Equerry ( museum direction ) , on the top floors of the Pavillon de lHorloge , and in part of the entresol under the Grande Galerie . Sculpture garden . While the Louvre is rich with architectural sculpture , its position in the midst of a bustling city neighborhood was long unfavorable to the display of freestanding sculpture , with few exceptions that included the temporary display of a colossal statue of Vulcan in the Louvres courtyard during Charles Vs visit in 1540 . That changed during the 19th century , however , as the Louvres open spaces multiplied and the public taste for sculpture and monuments simultaneously increased . An early project was made in the late 1820s to place the Great Sphinx of Tanis in the center of the Cour Carrée , but was not implemented . Instead , on an equestrian statue of Ferdinand Philippe , Duke of Orléans was placed on that spot , itself a second cast of a monument by Carlo Marochetti erected in Algiers earlier that year . But that did not last long , and the statue was relocated to Versailles shortly after the Revolution of 1848 ( it was moved again in 1971 to its present location at the Château dEu ) . Early Second Empire plans to erect equestrian statues of Francis I in the Cour Carrée ( by Auguste Clésinger ) and Louis XIV and Napoleon respectively in the two squares of the Cour Napoléon were left unrealized . Sculpted monuments mushroomed around the Louvre in the late 19th and early 20th century . Most of them were removed in 1933 on the initiative of Education Minister Anatole de Monzie , due to changing tastes : - Marble monument to François Boucher by Jean-Paul Aubé ( 1890 ) , in the , removed in 1933 and now at the Municipal Museum in Longwy - Equestrian statue of Diego Velázquez by Emmanuel Frémiet ( 1892 ) , in the , relocated in 1933 to the Casa de Velázquez in Madrid and destroyed during the Spanish Civil War - Marble version of the group titled , a celebration of the resistance of Belfort during the Franco-Prussian War by Antonin Mercié , installed in 1894 in the Carrousel Garden , removed in 1933 and now at Fort Mont-Valérien - Marble statue of Ernest Meissonier by Antonin Mercié ( 1895 ) , in the , removed in 1966 and relocated in 1980 in the at Poissy - Monument to Auguste Raffet by Emmanuel Frémiet ( 1896 ) , in the , bronze parts melted in the early 1940s during the German occupation , the rest removed in 1966 - Bronze statue of Jean-Léon Gérôme sculpting his Gladiators , by Aimé Morot ( 1909 ) , in the , removed in 1967 and now at the Musée dOrsay - Marble statue of Paris during the War 1914-1918 by Albert Bartholomé ( 1921 ) , removed in 1933 and kept in a damaged state in the Bois de Vincennes In 1907 , then an undersecratary of state in charge of Frances fine arts policy , fostered the creation of a sculpture garden in the western octagonal garden of the Cour Napoléon , dubbed the campo santo . The monumental bronze group Le Temps et le Génie de l’Art by Victor Ségoffin was placed in the center in 1908 . Around it were allegorical and commemorative sculptures : - The sons of Cain , bronze by Paul Landowski ( 1906 ) , now in the Tuileries Garden - Architecture , Côte-dOr stone , also by Landowski ( 1908 ) , since 1933 on in Reims , - Painting , marble by ( 1909 ) , now at the in Le Mans - Pierre de Montreuil , marble by Henri Bouchard ( 1909 ) , since 1935 in a public garden next to the Basilica of Saint-Denis - Michel Colombe , bronze by Jean Boucher ( 1909 ) , moved to Tours in 1933 and melted in 1942 - Puget , marble by François-Léon Sicard ( 1910 ) , since 1933 on in Marseille - Poussin , marble by Constant Roux ( 1911 ) , since 1934 in Les Andelys - Hardouin-Mansart , bronze by Ernest Henri Dubois ( 1908 ) , since the 1930s at the of Les Invalides - Watteau , marble by Henri-Édouard Lombard ( 1909 ) , since 1937 in front of the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Valenciennes - Houdon , marble by Paul Gasq ( 1909 ) , since 1935 in Lisieux - Corot , marble by François-Raoul Larche ( 1908 ) , since 1935 in Ville-dAvray Two more memorials , of Rude by Sicard and Chardin by Larche , were commissionned but not completed . All these sculptures , except Landowskis Sons of Cain , were also removed in 1933 . Ségoffins group was transferred to the southern French town of Saint-Gaudens in 1935 , and melted down during World War II . Landowskis Sons of Cain was eventually moved in 1984 to its current location on the of the Tuileries Garden . In the eastern octagonal garden , an , by Paul Wayland Bartlett , was erected in 1908 . This initiative had been sponsored in 1899 by American diplomat Robert John Thompson in gratitude of the French gift of the Statue of Liberty , and originally intended for a dedication at Lafayettes grave at the Picpus Cemetery during the Exposition Universelle of 1900 . In preparation for the Grand Louvre remodeling , the Lafayette monument was moved in 1985 to its current location on the Cours-la-Reine . In 1964 , Culture Minister André Malraux decided to install in the Carrousel Garden 21 bronze sculptures by Aristide Maillol which had been donated to the French state by the sculptors former model and muse , Dina Vierny , including casts of Air , Action in Chains , The Mountain , and The River . The Maillol statues were rearranged during the overhaul of the garden in the 1990s . Most recently , as part of the Grand Louvre project designed by I . M . Pei , a cast made in lead in 1986 of the marble Equestrian statue of Louis XIV by Gian Lorenzo Bernini has been placed in the Cour Napoléon , in front of the Louvre Pyramid and marking the end of Pariss . This was intended as a tribute to Berninis past role as architect of the Louvre in 1664-1666 , even though his plans were not executed . Research facility . The was created in 1932 to support research on paintings and leverage new analysis techniques . In 1968 it became the , with a national mandate but still located at the Louvre . In 1998 , this laboratory wwas merged with the to form the Center for Research and Restoration of Museums of France ( C2RMF ) , located in the Pavillon de Flore . Shopping and dining venue . In addition to cafés inside the museum , namely the and in the eponymous pavilions , two restaurants are established in the Louvre Palace above ground : - The , opened in 1994 in the Richelieu Wing with a terrace on the Cour Napoléon , named after the Louvres nearby and designed by - , opened in 2016 in the Aile de Marsan with a terrace on the Carrousel Garden , designed by Joseph Dirand and replacing a previous restaurant on the same spot called More restaurants have operated underground since the opening of the Grand Louvre spaces in the late 1980s and early 1990s , respectively below the Louvre Pyramid and in the Carrousel du Louvre shopping mall . Chronological plan of the construction of the Louvre . The oldest part of the above-ground Louvre is the southwest corner of the square block that faces the center of Paris to the east . This corner section , consisting of the Lescot Wing ( 1 ) and the north side of the western part of the south wing ( 2 ) , was designed and constructed in the 16th century by Pierre Lescot , who replaced the corresponding wings of the medieval Louvre ( not shown ) . Later that century , the Petite Galerie ( 4 ) was added , connecting the Louvre to the section of the wall of Charles V which ran along the north bank of the Seine toward the Tuileries Palace ( 3 , 5 , 8 , 11 , 14 ; destroyed by fire in 1871 ) . Around 1600 , during the reign of Henry IV , the wall along the river was replaced with the Grande Galerie ( 6 , 7 ) , which provided a covered passage from the Louvre to Tuileries Palace and later was the first part of the Louvre to become a museum . The Lescot Wing was expanded north with the Lemercier Wing ( 9 ) under Louis XIII , and in the second half of the 17th century , during the reign of Louis XIV , the Petite Galerie was enlarged ( 10 , 13 ) and the remaining wings around the Square Court ( 12 , 16 ) were constructed , but not totally completed until the first part of the 19th century under Napoleon , who also added the Arc du Carrousel ( 17 ) and parts of the north wing ( 17 ) along the rue de Rivoli . Later in the 19th century , the north wing was slightly extended ( 18 ) by Louis XVIII . From 1852 to 1857 , Napoleon III connected the north wing to the buildings surrounding the Square Court with the Richelieu Wing ( 19 , north part ) and enlarged the Grande Galerie with the Denon Wing ( 19 , south part ) . In 1861–1870 his architect Hector Lefuel carried out further work , replacing the Pavillon de Flore and the western section of the Grande Galerie ( 7 ) and adding the Pavillon des Sessions ( 20 , also known as the Pavillon des États ) . In 1874–1880 he replaced the Pavillon de Marsan ( 15 ) and extended the south facade of the adjacent Marsan Wing ( 21 ) . References . - Ballon , Hilary ( 1991 ) . The Paris of Henri IV : Architecture and Urbanism . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The MIT Press . . - Berger , Robert W . ( 1993 ) . The Palace of the Sun : The Louvre of Louis XIV . University Park : The Pennsylvania State University Press . . - Berty , Adolphe ( 1868 ) . Topographie historique du vieux Paris . Région du Louvre et des Tuileries . Tome 2 . Paris : Imprimerie Impériale . Copy at Gallica . - Bezombes , Dominique , editor ( 1994 ) . The Grand Louvre : History of a Project . Paris : Moniteur . . - Biasini , Émile ; Lebrat , Jean ; Bezombes , Dominique ; Vincent , Jean-Michel ( 1989 ) . The Grand Louvre : A Museum Transfigured 1981–1993 . Paris : Electa Moniteur . . - Blunt , Anthony ; Beresford , Richard ( 1999 ) . Art and architecture in France , 1500–1700 . New Haven : Yale University Press . . - Bresc-Bautier , Genevieve ( 1995 ) . The Louvre : An Architectural History . New York : The Vendome Press . . - Briggs , Keith ( 2008 ) . The Domesday Book castle LVVRE . Journal of the English Place-Name Society , vol . 40 , pp . 113–118 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . - Christ , Yvan ( 1949 ) . Le Louvre et les Tuileries : Histoire architecturale dun double palais . [ Paris ] : Éditions Tel . . - Edwards , Henry Sutherland ( 1893 ) . Old and New Paris : Its History , Its People , and Its Places . Paris : Cassell . View at Google Books . Retrieved 30 April 2008 . - Hautecoeur , Louis ( 1940 ) . Histoire du Louvre : Le Château – Le Palais – Le Musée , des origines à nos jours , 1200–1940 , 2nd edition . Paris : Administration provisoire dimprimerie . . - Lowry , Bates ( 1956 ) . Palais du Louvre , 1528–1624 : The Development of a Sixteenth-Century Architectural Complex ( thesis/dissertation ) . University of Chicago . . ProQuest - Mignot , Claude ( 1999 ) . The Pocket Louvre : A Visitors Guide to 500 Works . New York : Abbeville Press . . - Ochterbeck , Cynthia Clayton , editor ( 2009 ) . The Green Guide Paris , pp . 168–201 . Greenville , South Carolina : Michelin Maps and Guides . . - Sauval , Henri ( 1724 ) . Histoire et recherches des antiquités de la ville de Paris , vol . 2 , Paris : C . Moette and J . Chardon . Copy at Google Books . - Sturdy , David ( 1995 ) . Science and social status : the members of the Académie des sciences 1666–1750 . Woodbridge , Suffolk , U.K. : Boydell Press . . Preview at Google Books . External links . - A virtual visit of the Louvre - Panoramic view of the pyramid and the Cour Napoléon
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Louvre Palace The Louvre Palace ( , ) , often referred to in French simply as Louvre , is an iconic building of the French state located on the Right Bank of the Seine in Paris , occupying a vast expanse of land between the Tuileries Gardens and the church of Saint-Germain lAuxerrois . Originally a military facility , it has served numerous government-related functions in the past , including intermittently as a royal residence between the 14th and 18th centuries . It is now mostly used by the Louvre Museum , which first opened there in 1793 . Whereas the area had been inhabited for thousands of years , the Louvre’s history starts around 1190 with its first construction as a fortress defending the western front of the Wall of Philip II Augustus . The Louvres oldest section still standing above ground , its Lescot Wing , dates from the late 1540s , when Francis I started the replacement of the medieval castle with a new design inspired by classical antiquity and Italian Renaissance architecture . Most parts of the current building were constructed in the 17th and 19th centuries . For more than three centuries , the history of the Louvre has been closely intertwined with that of the Tuileries Palace , created to its west by Catherine de Medici in 1564 and finally demolished in 1883 . The Tuileries was the main seat of French executive power during the last third of that period , from the return of the King and his court from Versailles in October 1789 to the Paris Commune which decided to burn it down in its final days in May 1871 . The Pavillon de Flore and Pavillon de Marsan , which used to respectively mark the southern and northern ends of the Tuileries , are now considered part of the Louvre Palace . The Carrousel Garden , first created in the late 19th century in what used to be the great courtyard of the Tuileries ( or Cour du Carrousel ) , is now considered part of the Tuileries Garden . Besides the world-class status of the eponymous museum , the Louvre Palace stands apart in Paris , France and even Europe , for its uniquely rich history and the multiple layers of legacy thereof that have been preserved to this day . In 1924 , the Baedeker guide to Paris called it the largest and most splendid palace in the world . General description . This sections provides a summary description of the present-day complex and its main constituent parts . Location and layout . The Louvre Palace is situated on the right bank of the Seine , between the Quai François Mitterrand to its south , the to its west ( thus named since 1957 ; formerly and , converted into an underpass in 1987-1989 ) , the Rue de Rivoli to its north , and the Place du Louvre to its east . The complex occupies about 40 hectares with buildings distributed around two main open spaces : the eastern Cour Carrée ( square courtyard ) , which is closed by four wings that form the square of its name , and the central Cour Napoléon , which is open on its western side , beyond the thoroughfare known as Place du Carrousel , towards the Carrousel Garden and the rest of the Tuileries Garden . Since 1988 , the Louvre Pyramid in the middle of the Cour Napoléon has marked the center of the Louvre complex . At the same time , the Louvre Museum has adopted a toponymy developed by the Carbone Smolan Agency to refer to the three clusters of building that surround that central focus point : - To the east , the Sully Wing is the square-shaped set of buildings that surrounds the Cour Carrée , named after Maximilien de Béthune , Duke of Sully . It includes the 16th-century Lescot Wing and the footprint of the Medieval Louvre whose remains are displayed underground ; - To the south , the Denon Wing is the array of buildings between the Cour Napoléon and the Seine , named named after the Louvres first director Vivant Denon . the Louvres southwestern wing is the Aile de Flore . The long Grande Galerie runs on the first floor for much of the length of this building , on the Seine-facing side . - To the north , the Richelieu Wing is the almost-symmetrical array of buildings between the Cour Napoléon and the rue de Rivoli , named after Cardinal Richelieu . Its western extension alongside rue de Rivoli is the , itself continued by the Aile de Marsan . The Louvre Museum occupies most of the palaces space , but not all of it . The main other users are at the buildings two western tips : in the southwestern Aile de Flore , the École du Louvre and Center for Research and Restoration of Museums of France ( C2RMF ) ; and in the northwestern Aile de Marsan , the Musée des Arts Décoratifs . In total , some 51,615 square meters ( 555,000 square feet ) in the palace complex are devoted to public exhibition floor space . Many sections of the Louvre are referred to as wings ( ) and pavilions ( ) - typically , the pavilions are the blocks at either the end or the center of a wing . In the Louvres context , the word wing does not denote a peripheral location : the Lescot Wing , in particular , was built as the Louvres main corps de logis . Given the Louvre wings length and the fact that they typically abutted parts of the city with streets and private buildings , several of them have passageways on the ground floor which in the Louvres specific context are called . Toponymy . The origin of the name Louvre is unclear . French historian Henri Sauval , probably writing in the 1660s , stated that he had seen in an old Latin-Saxon glossary , Leouar is translated castle and thus took Leouar to be the origin of Louvre . According to Keith Briggs , Sauvals theory is often repeated , even in recent books , but this glossary has never been seen again , and Sauvals idea is viewed as obsolete . Briggs suggests that H . J . Wolfs proposal in 1969 that Louvre derives instead from Latin Rubras , meaning red soil , is more plausible . David Hanser suggests instead that the word may come from French , a place where dogs were trained to chase wolves . Beyond the name of the palace itself , the toponymy of the Louvre can be treacherous . Partly because of the buildings long history and links to changing politics , different names have applied at different times to the same structures or rooms . For example , what used to be known in the 17th and 18th centuries the or is now generally referred to as Pavillon de lHorloge , or ( especially when considered from the west ) , or also after the architect Jacques Lemercier who first designed it in 1624 . In some cases , the same name has designated different parts of the building at different times . For example , in the 19th century , the referred to what was later called the ( still later , ) , on the south side of the Grande Galerie facing the Seine , before becoming the name for the main pavilion of the Richelieu Wing on the rue de Rivoli , its exact symmetrical point from the Louvre Pyramid . The main room on the first floor of the Lescot Wing has been the , , , , in the 16th and 17th centuries . It was fragmented into apartments during the 18th century , then recreated in the early 19th and called successively , or ( the latter also being the name of two other ceremonial rooms , created in the 1850s and 1860s respectively ) ; then as part of the museum , , after 1871 in honor of donor Louis La Caze , and eventually , its current name . The room immediately below , generally known as , has also been called or in the past , among other names . Sully Wing . The Sully Wing forms a square of approximately side length . The protruding sections at the corners and center of each side are known as . Clockwise from the northwest corner , they are named as follows : ( after a now-disappeared street ) , ( after the nearby ) , , ( also ) , , , , and , the latter also known as . The section between the Pavillon du Roi and the Pavillon Sully , known as the Lescot Wing ( ) as it was designed by architect Pierre Lescot , is the oldest standing part of the entire Louvre Palace . The section between the Pavillon Sully and the Pavillon de Beauvais , which was modeled after the Lescot Wing by architect Jacques Lemercier , is similarly known as the Lemercier Wing ( ) . The eastern wing is the , named after its iconic eastern façade , the Louvre Colonnade initially designed by Charles Perrault . Denon and Flore Wings . On the southern side of the Cour Napoléon , the Denon Wings three main pavilions are named respectively , from east to west , after Napoleon-era officials Pierre Daru , Vivant Denon and Nicolas François Mollien . Between these and the wing facing the seine are three courtyards , from east to west the ( covered as a glass atrium since 1934 ) , ( ground floor covered since 2012 ) , and . On the side of the Seine , this wing starts with the north–south bordering a side garden known as the , and continues westwards along the Quai François Mitterrand with the Salon Carré , Grande Galerie , and Pavillon de Flore . In the middle of the Grande Galerie are the , a composition of three monumental arches flanked by two narrow pavilions named respectively after the Duke of Lesdiguières and Henri de La Trémoille ( and ) . Further west are the , a protruding structure on the northern side , the , a passageway to the quay , the on the north side , now the main entrance to the École du Louvre , and finally the Pavillon de Flore . Richelieu and Marsan Wings . Similarly , on the northern side of the Cour Napoléon are , from east to west , the pavilions named after Jean-Baptiste Colbert , Cardinal Richelieu , and Anne Robert Jacques Turgot . Between these and the rue de Rivoli are three courtyards , from east to west the ( formerly ) , ( formerly or ) , and ( formerly or ) . On the side facing the rue de Rivoli , the main salient feature is the , which connects to the through the ground-floor ( formerly ) between the and . Further west are the and the , built in the early 19th century and named after the nearby , then the and the Pavillon de Marsan , both rebuilt by Hector Lefuel in the 1870s . Pyramid and underground spaces . The Louvre Pyramid , built in the 1980s on a design by I . M . Pei , is now the centerpiece of the entire Louvre complex . It leads to the underground which in turn serves a vast complex of underground spaces , including the Carrousel du Louvre commercial mall around an inverted pyramid further west . Architectural style . The present-day Louvre Palace is a vast complex of wings and pavilions which , although superficially homogeneous in scale and architecture , is the result of many phases of building , modification , destruction and reconstruction . Building history . This section focuses on matters of design , construction and decoration , leaving aside the fitting or remodeling of exhibition spaces within the museum , which are described in the article Louvre . No fewer than twenty building campaigns have been identified in the history of the Louvre Palace . The architect of the largest such campaign , Hector Lefuel , crisply summarized the identity of the complex by noting : ( translatable as The Louvre is a building that has gone through a lot ) . In the early 1920s author , who would soon become the Louvres Director , noted that it has become , through the very slow pace of its development , the most representative monument of our national life . Late 12th and 13th centuries . In 1190 King Philip II of France , who was about to leave for the Third Crusade , ordered the construction of a defensive wall all around Paris . To protect the city , he opted to build the Louvre as a fortress just outside the walls junction with the Seine on its right bank , on the road to the Duchy of Normandy that was still controlled by his English rivals . Completed in 1202 , the new fortress was situated in what is now the southwest quadrant of the Cour Carrée , and some of its remains , excavated between late 1983 and late 1985 , are conserved underground . The original Louvre was nearly square in plan , at seventy-eight by seventy-two meters , and enclosed by a 2.6-metre thick crenellated and machicolated curtain wall . The entire structure was surrounded by a water-filled moat . On the outside of the walls were ten round defensive towers : one at each corner and at the center of the northern and western sides , and two pairs respectively flanking the narrow gates on the southern and eastern sides . In the courtyard , slightly offset to the northeast , was the cylindrical keep ( or ) , thirty meters high and fifteen meters wide with 4-meter-thick external walls . The keep was encircled by a deep , dry ditch with stone counterscarps to help prevent the scaling of its walls with ladders . Accommodations in the fortress were supplied by the vaulted chambers of the keep as well as two wings built against the insides of the curtain walls of the western and southern sides . The circular plans of the towers and the keep avoided the dead angles created by square or rectangular designs which allowed attackers to approach out of firing range . Cylindrical keeps were typical of French castles at the time , but few were as large as the Louvres . Louis IX added constructions in the 1230s , included the medieval Louvres main ceremonial room or in which several historical events took place , and the castles first chapel . The partly preserved basement part of that program was rediscovered during heating installations at the Louvre in 1882-1883 , and has since then been known successively as the and , after renovation in the 1980s , as the . 14th century . In the late 1350s , the growth of the city and the insecurity brought by the Hundred Years War led Etienne Marcel , provost of the merchants ( i.e . municipal leader ) of Paris , to initiate the construction of a new protective wall beyond that of Philip II . King Charles V continued the project in the 1360s , and it was later known as the Wall of Charles V . From its westernmost point at the Tour du Bois , the new wall extended east along the north bank of the Seine to the old wall , enclosing the Louvre and greatly reducing its military value . Remains of that wall have been uncovered and reconstructed in the present-day Louvres Carrousel du Louvre . Shortly after becoming king in 1364 Charles V abandoned the Palais de la Cité , which he associated with the insurgency led by Etienne Marcel , and made the Louvre into a royal residence for the first time , with the transformation designed by his architect . This was a political statement as well as a utility project - one scholar wrote that Charles V made the Louvre his political manifesto in stone and referred to it as a remarkably discursive monument-a form of architectural rhetoric that proclaimed the revitalization of France after years of internal strife and external menace . The curtain wall was pierced with windows , new wings added to the courtyard , and elaborate chimneys , turrets , and pinnacles to the top . Known as the ( pretty Louvre ) , Charles Vs palace was memorably pictured in the illustration The Month of October of the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry . 15th century . In the late 14th and early 15th centuries , the preferred royal residence in Paris was the Hôtel Saint-Pol in what became the Marais , until the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War resulted in the monarchy leaving Paris altogether ; in the 1420s and 1430s Charles VII resided largely at or near Bourges , whereas his rival English claimant Henry VIs representative , the Duke of Bedford , generally resided in his base of Rouen , and while in Paris in his Hôtel des Tournelles . Even after Charles VIIs ceremonial entry into Paris in 1437 and after the effective end of the Hundred Years War in 1453 , French monarchs preferred residing in the Châteaux of the Loire Valley , the Palace of Fontainebleau or , when in Paris , at the Château de Vincennes or the Hôtel des Tournelles . Meanwhile , the Louvre Castle was left in a state of increasing disrepair . 16th century . In 1528 , after returning from his captivity in Spain following his defeat at Pavia , Francis I ordered the demolition of the Louvres old keep . In 1546 he formally commissioned the architect Pierre Lescot and sculptor Jean Goujon to modernize the Louvre into a Renaissance style palace , but the project appears to have actually started in 1545 since Lescot ordered stone deliveries in December of that year . The death of Francis I in 1547 interrupted the work , but it restarted under Franciss successor Henry II who on ordered changes in the buildings design . Lescot tore down the western wing of the old Louvre Castle and rebuilt it as what has become known as the Lescot Wing , ending on the southern side with the Pavillon du Roi . In the latter , he designed in 1556 the ceiling for Henry IIs bedroom, } still largely preserved after relocation in 1829 to the Louvres Colonnade Wing , for which he departed from the French tradition of beamed ceilings . On the ground floor , Lescot installed monumental stone caryatids based on classical precedents in the , now known as the . On the northern end of the new wing , Lescot created a monumental staircase in the 1550s , long known as the ( now , with sculpted ceilings attributed to Jean Goujon . During the early 1560s , Lescot demolished the southern wing of the old Louvre and started to replace it with a duplication of the Lescot Wing . His plan may have been to create a square complex of a similar size as the old Louvre , not dissimilar to the Château dÉcouen that had been recently completed on Jean Bullants design , with an identical third wing to the north and a lower , entrance wing on the eastern side . Some authors , however , reckon that the first plans to extend the Louvres courtyard to its current size by doubling the lengths of the wings may have been conceived as early as Henry IIs reign , even though the implementation only started in the 1620s . Lescot also designed the Petite Galerie , which ran from the southwest corner of the Louvre to the Seine . A message to Charles , Cardinal of Lorraine in March 1558 mentions that new rooms should be furnished for Easter with tapestry . All work stopped in the late 1560s , however , as the Wars of Religion gathered momentum . In the meantime , beginning in 1564 , Catherine de Medici directed the building of a new residence to the west , outside the wall of Charles V . It became known as the Tuileries Palace because it was built on the site of old tile factories ( ) . Architect Philibert de lOrme started the project , and was replaced after his death in 1570 by Jean Bullant . A letter of March 1565 indicates that Catherine de Medici already considered a building to connect the Tuileries with the older Louvre building . Henry IV , Frances new king from 1589 ( the first from the House of Bourbon ) and master of Paris from 1594 , is associated with the further articulation of what became known as the ( Grand Design ) of uniting the Louvre and the Tuileries in a single building , together with the extension of the eastern courtyard to the current dimensions of the Cour Carrée . From early 1595 he directed the construction of the Grande Galerie , designed by his competing architects Louis Métezeau and Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau , who are respectively credited with the eastern and western sections of the building by a long tradition of scholarship . This major addition , about 460 meters long , was built along the bank of the Seine . On the ground floor at the eastern end of the new wing , Métezeau created a lavishly decorated room that was known as the or , later called and now . At the time , the room on the first floor above , later Salon Carré , was known as or . Henry IV also had the first floor of the Petite Galerie built up and decorated as the , with portraits of the former kings and queens of France . A portrait of Marie de Medici by Frans Pourbus the Younger , still in the Louvre , is a rare remnant of this series . 17th century . In 1624 , Louis XIII initiated the construction on a new building echoing the Pavillon du Roi on the northern end of the Lescot Wing , now known as the Pavillon de lHorloge , and of a wing further north that would start the quadrupling of the Louvres courtyard . Architect Jacques Lemercier won the design competition against Jean Androuet du Cerceau , Clément II Métezeau , and the son of Salomon de Brosse . The works were stopped in 1628 at a time of hardship for the kingdom and state finances , and only progressed very slowly until 1639 . In 1639 Lemercier started the construction of a new staircase mirroring Lescots , which has since been often been wrongly referred to as . That staircase was still unfinished when the Fronde again interrupted the works in the 1640s , and its decoration has never been completed since then . At that time , much of the construction ( though not the decoration ) of the new wing had been completed , but the northern pavilion , or , designed by Lemercier similarly as Lescots Pavillon du Roi , had barely been started . On the southern side , Lemercier commissioned Nicolas Poussin to decorate the ceiling of the Grande Galerie . Poussin arrived from Rome in early 1641 , but returned to Italy in November 1642 leaving the work unfinished . During Louis XIVs minority and the Fronde , from 1643 to 1652 the Louvre was left empty as the royal family stayed at the Palais-Royal or outside of Paris ; the Grande Galerie served as a wheat warehouse and deteriorated . On , the king and the court ceremonially re-entered the Louvre and made it their residence again , initiating a new burst of construction that would last to the late 1670s . By 1660 the and the western half of the northern wing had been completed . Meanwhile Anne of Austria , like Marie de Medici as queen mother before her , inhabited the ground-floor apartment in the Cour Carrées southern wing . She extended it to the ground floor of the Petite Galerie , which had previously been the venue for the Kings Council That summer apartment was fitted by architect Louis Le Vau , who had succeeded Lemercier upon the latters death in 1654 . The ceilings , decorated in 1655-1658 by Giovanni Francesco Romanelli who had been recommended by Cardinal Mazarin , are still extant in the suite of rooms now known as the . In 1659 , Louis XIV instigated a new phase of construction under Le Vau and painter Charles Le Brun . Le Vau oversaw the remodeling and completion of the Tuileries Palace , and at the Louvre , the completion of the walls of the north wing and of the eastern half of the south wing . On , a fire destroyed the attic of the and much of the in the Petite Galerie ( though not Anne of Austrias ground-floor apartment ) . Le Vau was tasked by Louis XIV to lead the reconstruction . He rebuilt the as the more ornate Galerie dApollon , created a new suite of rooms flanking it to the west ( the , later ) with a new façade on what became known as the ( later , , and now ) , and expanded the former on the northern side as well as making it double-height , creating the Salon Carré in its current dimensions . From 1668 to 1678 the Grande Galerie was also decorated with wood panelling , even though that work was left unfinished . The Salon Carré , however , was still undecorated when the court left for Versailles in the late 1670s . Meanwhile , landscape architect André Le Nôtre redesigned the Tuileries , first created in 1564 in the Italian style , as a French formal garden . The other major project of the 1660s was to create the Louvres façade towards the city and thus complete the Cour Carrée on its eastern side . It involved a convoiluted process , with the kings minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert first sidelining Le Vau and then calling the aging maestro Gian Lorenzo Bernini from Italy . Bernini stayed in Paris from May 1665 to 1666 but his designs did not gather approval , even though some building works started on their basis . Eventually a committee comprising Le Vau , Charles Le Brun and Claude Perrault designed the Louvre Colonnade on a flamboyant and highly influential architectural concept . Works started in 1667 and the exterior structures were largely completed by 1674 , but would not be fully decorated and roofed until the early 19th century under Napoleon . To harmonize the Louvres exterior , the decision was made in 1668 to create a new façade in front of Le Vaus for the southern wing , designed by the same architectural committee , albeit not on the northern side which was just being completed by then . The works at the louvre , however , stopped in the late 1670s as the king redirected all construction budgets at the Palace of Versailles , despite his minister Colberts insistence on completing the Louvre . Louis XIV had already left the Louvre from the beginning of 1666 , immediately after the death of his mother Anne of Austria in her ground-floor apartment , and would never reside there again , preferring Versailles , Vincennes , Saint-Germain-en-Laye , or if he had to be in Paris , the Tuileries . From the 1680s a new era started for the Louvre , with comparatively little external construction and fragmentation of its interior spaces across a variety of different uses . 18th century . After the definitive departure of the royal court for Versailles in 1682 , the Louvre became occupied by multiple individuals and organizations , either by royal favor or simply squatting . Its tenants included the infant Mariana Victoria of Spain during her stay in Paris in the early 1720s , artists , craftsmen , the Academies , and various royal officers . For example , in 1743 courtier and author Michel de Bonneval was granted the right to refurbish much of the wing between the and the into his own house on his own expense , including 28 rooms on the ground floor and two mezzanine levels , and an own entrance on the Cour Carrée . After Bonnevals death in 1766 his family was able to keep the house for a few more years . Some new houses were even erected in the middle of the Cour Carrée , but were eventually torn down on the initiative of the Marquis de Marigny in early 1756 . A follow-up 1758 decision led to the clearance of buildings on most of what is now the Place du Louvre in front of the Colonnade , except for the remaining parts of the Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon which were preserved for a few more years . Marigny had ambitious plans for the completion of the Cour Carrée , but their execution was cut short in the late 1750s by the adverse developments of the Seven Years War . Jacques-Germain Soufflot removed the chimneys of Le Vaus dome above the Pavillon des Arts , which were in poor condition , and designed the northern passageway ( ) of the Cour Carrée in the late 1750s . The southern was later designed by and completed in 1780 . Three arched were also opened in 1760 under the Grande Galerie , through the and immediately to its west . The 1790s were a time of turmoil for the Louvre as for the rest of France . On , the king and court were forced to return from Versailles and settled in the Tuileries Palace ; many courtiers moved into the Louvre . Many of these in turn emigrated during the French Revolution , and more artists swiftly moved into their vacated Louvre apartments . 19th century . In December 1804 , Napoleon appointed Pierre Fontaine as architect of the Tuileries and the Louvre . Fontaine had forged a strong professional bond with his slightly younger colleague Charles Percier . Between 1805 and 1810 Percier and Fontaine completed the works of the Cour Carrée that had been left unfinished since the 1670s , despite Marignys repairs around 1760 . They opted to equalize its northern and southern wing with an attic modeled on the architecture of the Colonnade wing , thus removing the existing second-floor ornamentation and sculptures , of which some were by Jean Goujon and his workshop . The Cour Carrée and Colonnade wing were completed in 1808–1809 , and Percier and Fontaine created the monumental staircase on the latters southern and northern ends between 1807 and 1811 . Percier and Fontaine also created the monumental decoration of most of the ground-floor rooms around the Cour Carrée , most of which still retain it , including their renovation of Jean Goujons . On the first floor , they recreated the former of the Lescot Wing , which had been partitioned in the 18th century , and gave it double height by creating a visitors gallery in what had formerly been the Lescot Wings attic . Further west , Percier and Fontaine created the monumental entrance for the Louvre Museum ( called since 1804 ) . This opened from what was at the time called the , abutting the Lescot Wing to the west , into the , the monumental room at the northern end of the . The entrance door was dominated by a colossal bronze head of the emperor , by Lorenzo Bartolini . Visitors could either visit the classical antiquities collection ( ) in Anne of Austrias rooms or in the redecorated ground floor of the Cour Carrées southern wing to the left , or they could turn right and access Percier and Fontaines new monumental staircase , leading to both the Salon Carré and the ( formerly ) on the first floor ( replaced in the 1850s by the Escalier Daru ) . The two architects also remade the interior design of the Grande Galerie , in which they created nine sections separated by groups of monumental columns , and a system of roof lighting with lateral skylights . On the eastern front of the Tuileries Palace , Percier and Fontaine had the existing buildings cleared away to create a vast open space , the Cour du Carrousel , which they had closed with an iron fence in 1801 . Somewhat ironically , the clearance effort was facilitated by the Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise , a failed bomb attack on Napoleon on , which damaged many of the neighborhoods building that were later demolished without compensation . In the middle of the Cour du Carrousel , the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel was erected in 1806–1808 to commemorate Napoleons military victories . On , Percier and Fontaines plan for the completion of the of uniting the Louvre and the Tuileries was approved , following a design competition among forty-seven participants . Works started immediately afterwards to build an entirely new wing starting from the Pavillon de Marsan , with the intent to expand it all the way to the Pavillon de Beauvais on the northwestern corner of the Cour Carrée . By the end of Napoleons rule the works had progressed up to the . The architectural design of the southern façade of that wing replicated that attributed to Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau for the western section of the Grande Galerie . Percier and Fontaine were retained by Louis XVIII at the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration , and kept working on the decoration projects they had started under Napoleon . The was opened to the public on . But there were no further budget allocations for the completion of the Louvre Palace during the reigns of Louis XVIII , Charles X and Louis-Philippe I , while the kings resided in the Tuileries . By 1825 , Percier and Fontaines northern wing had only been built up to the , and made no progress in the following 25 years . Further attempts at budget appropriations to complete the Louvre , led by Adolphe Thiers in 1833 and again in 1840 , were rejected by the . From the early days of the Second Republic , a greater level of ambition for the Louvre was again signaled . On , the provisional government published an order that renamed the louvre as the ( Peoples Palace ) and heralded the project to complete it and dedicate it to the exhibition of art and industry as well as the National Library . During the Republics brief existence , the palace was extensively restored by Louvre architect Félix Duban , especially the exterior façades of the Petite Galerie and Grande Galerie , on which Duban designed the ornate portal now known as . Expropriation arrangements were made for the completion of the Louvre and the rue de Rivoli , and the remaining buildings that cluttered the space that is now the Cour Napoléon were cleared away. . No new buildings had been started , however , by the time of the December 1851 coup détat . On this basis , Napoleon III was able to finally unite the Louvre with the Tuileries in a single , coherent building complex . The plan of the Louvres expansion were made by Louis Visconti , a disciple of Percier , who died suddenly in December 1853 and was succeeded in early 1854 by Hector Lefuel . Lefuel developed Viscontis plan into a higher and more ornate building concept , and executed it at record speed so that the was inaugurated by the emperor on . The new buildings were arranged around the space then called , later and , since the 20th century , Cour Napoléon . Before his death , Visconti also had time to rearrange the Louvres gardens outside the Cour Carrée , namely the to the south , the to the east and the to the north , and also designed the Orangerie and Jeu de Paume on the western end of the Tuileries Garden . In the 1860s , Lefuel also demolished the Pavillon de Flore and nearly half of the Grande Galerie , and reconstructed them on a modified design that included the passageway known as the ( later , now Porte des Lions ) , a new for state functions , and the monumental replacing those created in 1760 near the . At the end of the Paris Commune on , the Tuileries Palace was burned down , as also was the Louvre Imperial Library in what is now the Richelieu Wing . The rest of palace , including the museum , was saved by the efforts of troopers , firemen and museum curators . In the 1870s , the ever-resourceful Lefuel led the repairs to the Pavillon de Flore , and reconstructed the Pavillon de Marsan between 1874 and 1879 . In 1877 , a bronze Genius of Arts by Antonin Mercié was installed in the place of Antoine-Louis Baryes equestrian statue of Napoleon III , which had been toppled in September 1870 . Meanwhile , the fate of the Tuileries ruins kept being debated . Both Lefuel and influential architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc advocated their preservation and the building reconstruction , but after the latter died in 1879 and Lefuel in 1880 , the Third Republic opted to erase that memory of the former monarchy . The final decision was made in 1882 and executed in 1883 , thus forever changing the Louvres layout . Later projects to rebuild the Tuileries have resurfaced intermittently but never went very far . A tall was planned in 1884 and erected in 1888 in front of the two gardens on what is now the Cour Napoléon . That initiative carried heavy political symbolism , since Gambetta was widely viewed as the founder of the Third Republic , and his outsized celebration in the middle of Napoleon IIIs landmark thus affirmed the final victory of republicanism over monarchism nearly a century after the French Revolution . Most of the monuments sculptures were in bronze and in 1941 were melted for military use by German occupying forces . What remained of the Gambetta Monument was dismantled in 1954 . 20th century . Some long unfinished parts of Lefuels expansion were only completed in the early 20th century , such as between 1900 and 1910 , by Louvre architects Gaston Redon and following Lefuels general design . Aside from the interior refurbishment of the Pavillon de Flore in the 1960s , there was little change to the Louvres architecture during most of the 20th century . The most notable was the initiative taken in 1964 by minister André Malraux to excavate and reveal the basement level of the Louvre Colonnade , thus removing the and giving the Place du Louvre its current shape . In September 1981 , newly elected French President François Mitterrand proposed the Grand Louvre plan to move the Finance Ministry out of the Richelieu Wing , allowing the museum to expand dramatically . American architect I . M . Pei was awarded the project and in late 1983 proposed a modernist glass pyramid for the central courtyard . The Louvre Pyramid and its underground lobby , the , opened to the public on . A second phase of the Grand Louvre project , completed in 1993 , created underground space below the Place du Carrousel to accommodate car parks , multi-purpose exhibition halls and a shopping mall named Carrousel du Louvre . Daylight is provided at the intersection of its axes by the Louvre Inverted Pyramid ( ) , a humorous reference to its bigger , right-side-up sister upstairs . The Louvres new spaces in the reconstructed Richelieu Wing were near-simultaneously inaugurated in November 1993 . The third phase of the Grand Louvre , mostly executed by the late 1990s , involved the refurbishment of the museums galleries in the Sully and Denon Wings where much exhibition space had been freed during the project second phase . The renovation of the Carrousel Garden was also completed in 2001 Non-museum uses . Whereas the name Louvre Palace refers to its intermittent role as a monarchical residence , this is neither its original nor its present function . The Louvre has always been associated with French state power and representation , under many modalities that have varied within the vast building and across its long history . Percier and Fontaine thus captured something of the long-term identity of the Louvre when they described it in 1833 as viewed as the shrine of [ French ] monarchy , now much less devoted to the usual residence of the sovereign than to the great state functions , pomp , festivities , solennities and public ceremonies . The uses of the Louvre Palace for purposes of museum exhibitions are covered in the respective articles Louvre ( including the history of past displays in the Louvre Museum of artefacts that have now been moved to other locations ) and Musée des Arts Décoratifs , Paris . Military facility . The Louvre started as a military facility and retained military uses during most of its history . The initial rationale in 1190 for building a reinforced fortress on the western end of the new fortifications of Paris was the lingering threat of English-held Normandy . After the construction of the Wall of Charles V , the Louvre was still part of the defensive arrangements for the city , as the wall continued along the Seine between it and the farther west , but it was no longer on the frontline . In the next centuries , there was no rationale for specific defenses of the Louvre against foreign invasion , but the palace long retained defensive features such as moats to guard against the political troubles that regularly engulfed Paris . The Louvre hosted a significant arsenal in the 15th and most of the 16th centuries , until its transfer in 1572 to the facility that is now the Bibliothèque de lArsenal . From 1697 on , the French states collection of plans-reliefs was stored in the Grande Galerie , of which it occupied all the space by 1754 with about 120 items placed on wooden tables . The plans-reliefs were used to study and prepare defensive and offensive siege operations of the fortified cities and strongholds they represented . In 1777 , as plans started being made to create a museum in the Grande Galerie , the plans-reliefs were removed to the Hôtel des Invalides , where most of them are still displayed in the Musée des Plans-Reliefs . Meanwhile , a collection of models of ships and navy yards , initially started by naval engineer Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau , was displayed between 1752 and 1793 in a next to the Académie des Sciencess rooms on the first floor of the Lescot Wing . That collection later formed the core of the maritime museum created in 1827 , which remained at the Louvre until 1943 and is now the Musée national de la Marine . During Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion , the new building program included barracks for the Imperial Guard in the new North ( Richelieu ) Wing , and for the Cent-gardes Squadron in the South ( Denon ) Wing . Feudal apex . The round keep of Philip IIs Louvre Castle became the symbolic location from which all the kings fiefs depended . The traditional formula for these , that they depended on the king for his great keep of the Louvre ( ) remained in use until the 18th century , long after the keep itself had been demolished in the 1520s . Archive . Philip II also created a permanent repository for the royal archive at the Louvre , following the loss of the French kings previously itinerant records at the Battle of Fréteval ( 1194 ) . That archive , known as the Trésor des Chartes , was relocated under Louis IX to the Palais de la Cité in 1231 . A number of state archives were again lodged in the Louvres vacant spaces in the 18th century , e.g . the minutes of the in the attic of the Lescot Wing , and the archives of the Conseil du Roi in several ground-floor rooms in the late 1720s . The kingdoms diplomatic archives were kept in the Pavillon de lHorloge until their transfer to Versailles in 1763 , after which the archives of the Maison du Roi and of the soon took their place . In 1770 , the archives of the Chambre des Comptes were placed in the Louvres attic , followed by the archives of the Marshals of France in 1778 and those of the Order of Saint Michael in 1780 . In 1825 , after the Conseil dÉtat had been relocated to the Lemercier Wing , its archives were moved to the entresol below the Grande Galerie , near the . Prison . The Louvre became a high-profile prison in the immediate aftermath of the Battle of Bouvines in July 1214 , as Ferdinand , Count of Flanders was taken into captivity by Philip II . Ferdinand stayed there for 12 years . Other celebrity inmates included Enguerrand IV de Coucy in the 1250s , Guy , Count of Flanders in 1304 , Louis de Dampierre in 1310 , Enguerrand de Marigny in 1314 , John of Montfort in 1341-1345 , Charles II of Navarre in 1356 , and Jean III de Grailly from 1372 to his death there in 1375 . The Louvre was reserved for high-ranking prisoners , while other state captives were held in the Grand Châtelet . Its use as a prison declined after the completion of the Bastille in the 1370s , but was not ended : for example , Antoine de Chabannes was held at the Louvre in 1462–1463 , John II , Duke of Alençon in 1474-1476 , and Leonora Dori in 1617 upon the assassination of her husband Concino Concini at the Louvres entrance following Louis XIIIs orders . Treasury . Under Philip II and his immediate successors , the royal treasure was kept in the Paris precinct of the Knights Templar , located at the present-day Square du Temple . King Philip IV created a second treasury at the Louvre , whose first documented evidence dates from 1296 . Following the suppression of the Templars Order by the same Philip IV in the early 14th century , the Louvre became the sole location of the kings treasury in Paris , which remained there in various forms until the late 17th century . In the 16th century , following the reorganization into the in 1523 , it was kept in one of the remaining medieval towers of the Louvre Castle , with a dedicated guard . Place of worship . By contrast to the Palais de la Cité with its soaring Sainte-Chapelle , the religious function was never particularly prominent at the Louvre . The royal household used the nearby Saint-Germain lAuxerrois as their parish church . The Louvres first chapel , built by Louis IX in the 1230s , was of modest size . At the time when Louis XIV resided at the Louvre , a new chapel was established on the first floor of the Pavillon de lHorloge and consecrated on as Our Lady of Peace and of Saint Louis , the reference to peace being made in the context of negotiation with Spain that resulted later that year in the Treaty of the Pyrenees . This room was of double height , including what is now the pavilions second floor ( or attic ) . In 1915 , the Louvres architect considered restoring that volume to its original height of more than 12 meters , but did not complete that plan . In planning the Louvres expansion and reunion with the Tuileries , Napoleon insisted that a major church should be part of the complex . In 1810 Percier and Fontaine made plans to build it on the northern side of the present-day Cour Napoléon . Its entrance would have been through a new protruding structure now known as the , facing the symmetrical entrance of the Louvre museum on the southern side in the . The church was to be dedicated to Saint Napoleon , a hitherto obscure figure promoted by Napoleon as patron saint of his incipient dynasty ( Napoleon also instituted a national holiday on his birthday on 15 August and called it the ) . It was intended to equal in greatness and magnificence that of the Château de Versailles ( i.e . the Palace Chapel ) . Percier and Fontaine initiated work on the Rotonde de Beauvais , which was completed during Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion , but the construction of the main church building was never started . Ceremonial venue . The Louvre became a premier space for state and public ceremonies in Paris from at least the very beginning of the 14th century . In 1303 , the Louvre was the venue of the second-ever meeting of Frances Estates General , in the wake of the first meeting the previous year ; they were held in the of the castles western wing . On the occasion of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IVs visit to Paris in 1377-1378 , the main banquet was held at the Palais de la Cité but the French king used the Louvres on the next day to give a major speech on his political position in the conflict now known as the Hundred Years War . The medieval Louvres western wing was were the ceremonial spaces were located , and that geography did not change with the 16th centurys reconstruction as Lescot Wing . Following the latter , most major functions were held either on the ground-floor room now known as , or in the first-floor room then known under various names ( see above ) and now as the . A number of betrothals and weddings were concluded and celebrated at the Louvre . These included the betrothal of Henry of Brabant and Joan of Valois on , the weddings of Charles of Orléans and Isabella of Valois on , of John of Brittany and Joan of France on , of Charles of France and Marie of Anjou on , of Francis of Nevers and Marguerite of Bourbon-La Marche on , of Francis of France and Mary Stuart on , of Duke Charles III of Lorraine and Claude of France on ; the betrothal of Edward VI of England and Elisabeth of Valois on ; the weddings of Henry of Navarre and Margaret of Valois on , of François de Bourbon and Jeanne de Coesme on , of Louis II of Condé ( the Grand Condé ) and Claire-Clémence de Maillé on , of Charles Amadeus of Savoy and Élisabeth de Bourbon on , of Armand de Bourbon and Anne Marie Martinozzi on , and of Henri Jules of Condé and Anne Henriette of Bavaria on . Another grimmer occasion was just after the assassination of King Henry IV , when the kings coffin was put to lay in state in the of the Lescot Wing . During the Bourbon Restoration , the Lescot Wings first-floor room , recreated by Percier and Fontaine as the , was used for the ceremonial sessions of the parliament , even though the ordinary sessions were held in other buildings - the Palais Bourbon for the Lower Chamber and the Luxembourg Palace for the Chamber of Peers . From 1857 onwards , the new in the South ( Denon ) Wing of Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion was used for similar purposes . That role of the Louvre disappeared following the end of the French monarchy in 1870 . Royal residence . For centuries , the seat of executive power in Paris had been established at the Palais de la Cité , at or near the spot where Julian had been proclaimed Roman Emperor back in 360 CE . The political turmoil that followed the death of Philip IV , however , led to the emergence of rival centers of power in and around Paris , of which the Louvre was one . In 1316 Clementia of Hungary , the widow of recently deceased king Louis X , spent much of her pregnancy at the Château de Vincennes but resided at the Louvre when she gave birth to baby king John I on , who died five days later . John was thus the only king of France born at the Louvre , and one of only two who died there ( the other one being Henry IV on following his fatal stabbing in the rue de la Ferronnerie ) . Philip VI occasionally resided at the Louvre , as documented by some of his letters in mid-1328 . King John II is also likely to have resided at the Louvre in 1347 , since his daughter Joan of Valois was betrothed there to Henry of Brabant on , and his short-lived daughter Marguerite was born at the Louvre on . Charles V of France , who had survived the invasion of the Cité by Étienne Marcels partisans in 1358 , decided that a less central location would be preferable for his safety . In 1360 he initiated the construction of the Hôtel Saint-Pol , and upon becoming king in 1364 started transforming the Louvre into a permanent royal residence . After Charles Vs death , his successor Charles VI mainly stayed at the Hôtel Saint-Pol , but as he was incapacitated by mental illness , his wife Isabeau of Bavaria resided in the Louvre and ruled from there . Later 15th-century kings did not reside in the Louvre , nor did either Francis I or Henry II even as they partly converted the Louvre as a Renaissance palace . The royal family only came back to reside in the newly rebuilt complex following Catherine de’ Medici’s abandonment of the Hôtel des Tournelles after her husband Henry II’s traumatic death there in July 1559 . From then , the king and court would stay mainly in the Louvre until Louis XIVs departure in 1666 , albeit with two significant interruptions , at the height of the French Wars of Religion between 1588 and 1594 , and during Louis XIVs minority and the Fronde between 1643 and 1652 . The royal family and court also made frequent stays in alternative palaces , especially at Vincennes ( where Charles IX died on ) , Saint-Germain-en-Laye ( where Louis XIV was born on and Louis XIII died on ) , and the Fontainebleau ( where Louis XIII was born on ) . The child Louis XV also briefly resided in the Louvres in 1719 , as the Tuileries were undergoing refurbishment . Both Louis XIV in the 1660s and Napoleon in the 1810s made plans to establish their main residence in the Colonnade Wing , but none of these respective projects came to fruition . Library . Charles V was renowned for his interest in books ( thus his moniker which translates as learned as well as wise ) , and in 1368 established a library of about 900 volumes on three levels inside the northwestern tower of the Louvre , then renamed from to . The next year he appointed , one of his officials , as the librarian . This action has been widely viewed as foundational , transitioning from the kings prior practice of keeping books as individual objects to organizing a collection with proper cataloguing ; as such , Charles Vs library is generally considered a precursor to the French National Library , even though it was dismantled in the 15th century . In 1767 , a project to relocate the Royal Library inside the Louvre was presented by Jacques-Germain Soufflot , endorsed by Superintendent de Marigny and approved by Louis XV , but remained stillborn for lack of funds . A similar project was endorsed by Napoleon from February 1805 , for which Percier and Fontaine planned a new Library wing as the centerpiece of their program to fill the space between Louvre and Tuileries , but it was not implemented either . A separate and smaller was formed from book collections seized during the Revolution and grew during the 19th centurys successive regimes . Initially located in the Tuileries in 1800 , it was moved to the Grande Galeries entresol in 1805 . In 1860 it was moved to a new space created by Lefuel on the second floor of the new North ( Richelieu ) Wing of Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion , whose main pavilion on the rue de Rivoli was accordingly named . The new library was served by an elegant staircase , now , and was decorated by and Alexandre-Dominique Denuelle . Sadly , it was destroyed by arson in May 1871 at the same time as the Tuileries , and only a few of its precious holdings could be saved . Yet another library , the ( BCMN ) , was gradually developed by the curators , mainly during the 20th century , and located on half of the attic of the Cour Carrées southern wing , on the river-facing side . The transfer of its collections to the new Institut National dHistoire de lArt was planned in the 1990s and executed in early 2016 after much delay . Several smaller libraries remain in the Louvre : a in the BCMNs former spaces , open to the public ; a specialized scholarly library on art of the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East , located on the and thus known as the ; and two other specialized libraries , respectively on painting in the and decorative arts in the . Guest residence for foreign sovereigns and royals . The Louvre was the Parisian home of the Emperors who came to visit France : Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV stayed there in early 1378 ; Byzantine Emperor Manuel II from June 1400 to November 1402 , using it as his base for several trips across Europe ; Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund in March and April 1416 ; and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1539–1540 . In the late 1640s as the royal family had temporarily left the Louvre , Queen Henrietta Maria of England spent some of her Parisian exile in the apartment of the Queen Mother , on the ground floor of the southern wing of the Cour Carrée , where in early February 1649 she learned about the execution of her husband Charles I . In 1717 , the was made available to Peter the Great during his visit in Paris , but the Czar preferred to stay in the less grandiose . In 1722 , the same apartment became the temporary residence of Infanta Mariana Victoria of Spain , who was promised to marry the young Louis XV . She stayed there three years , after which diplomatic developments led to the cancelation of the marriage project and to her return to Spain . This episode remains in the name of the garden in front of the Petite Galerie , known since as the . The courtyard on the other side of the wing , previously known as , was also known as the for much of the 18th century ( and later , now ) . In the 1860s , Napoleon III decided to create a prestige apartment for visiting sovereigns in the Aile de Flore , close to his own apartment in the Tuileries Palace . Lefuel designed it with a monumental , the decoration of which he led between 1873 and 1878 even though the monarchy had fallen in the meantime . That project , however , was left unfinished , and in 1901-1902 its richly decorated upper section was repurposed into a room which is now the study gallery of the Louvres department of graphical arts . Entertainment venue . Entertainment performances such as tournaments , games , balls and theater were a core part of court life at the time when the Louvre was a royal residence . In 1610 , a gladiator-style fight between a man and a lion was organized in the Louvres courtyard , which King Henry IV watched from inside the building . Theatrical representations were particularly significant in the period following the return of the court to the Louvre in 1652 . Molière first performed in front of the king in the large first-floor room of the Lescot Wing on , playing his and . Following that performances success , he was granted use of a space first in the Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon and then , after the latters demolition to make space for the Louvre Colonnade , at the Palais-Royal . Molière again performed at the Louvre on when he directed , with Louis XIV himself playing a cameo role as an Egyptian , in the main room of the Queen Mother on the ground floor of the Cour Carrées southern wing . On , Jean Racines was created at the Louvre in Louis XIVs presence . Some lavish entertainment performances left such a mark on collective memory that parts of the Louvre came to be named after them . Thus , the Place du Carrousel preserves the memory of the of 5-6 June 1662 , and the Pavillon de Flore is named after the that was first performed there on . Napoleon decided to build a new venue for the Paris Opera as part of his project to complete the Louvre and its reunion with the Tuileries . In 1810 Percier and Fontaine planned a new opera house north of what is now the Cour Napoléon , on a similar footprint to the present-day , with main entrance on the northern side facing the Palais-Royal . That project , however , was not implemented . Nor was Napoleon IIIs plan in the 1860s to build a large theater room in the Aile de Marsan as a symmetrical counterpart to the he created in the southern Aile de Flore . In 1996 , the Comédie-Française opened the in the underground spaces of the Carrousel du Louvre , its third venue ( after its main Palais-Royal facility and the Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier ) . Residence of artists and craftsmen . On , Henry IV published letters patent heralding his decision to invite hundreds of artists and craftsmen to live and work on the floors under the Grande Galerie . Simultaneously , Henry established a tapestry factory there , which remained until its transfer to the Gobelins Manufactory in 1671 . Creators who lived under the Grande Galerie in the 17th and 18th centuries included Louis Le Vau , Théophraste Renaudot from 1648 to 1653 , André Charles Boulle , Jean-Baptiste Pigalle , Augustin Pajou , Maurice Quentin de La Tour , Claude-Joseph Vernet , Carle Vernet , Horace Vernet ( who was born there ) , Jean-Baptiste Greuze , Jean-Honoré Fragonard , and Hubert Robert . Following the departure of the royal court to Versailles in the 1670s , a number of individuals , many of which were artists , obtained the privilege to establish their residence in parts of the formerly royal palace . These included Jacques-Louis David in the southeastern corner of the Cour Carrée and Charles-André van Loo in the Galerie dApollon . On , Napoleon had the artists and others who lived in the Cour Carrée all expelled , and in 1806 put a final end to the creators lodgings under the Grande Galerie . Royal mint . In July 1609 , Henry IV transferred the mint to a space the Grande Galerie , from its previous location on the Île de la Cité . The Louvre mint specialized in the production of medals , tokens and commemorative coins , and was correspondingly known as the , whereas common coin kept being produced at the on behind Saint-Germain lAuxerrois as had been the case since the 13th century . The Louvres medals mint was led by prominent artists that included Guillaume Dupré , Jean Varin , and . It closed during the French Revolution but was revived in 1804 by Vivant Denon . By imperial decree of , it was relocated from the Louvre to the Hôtel des Monnaies where the had moved in 1775 . Residence of senior courtiers and officials . In the 17th century , the second floor of the Pavillon du Roi was the home of Charles dAlbert , duc de Luynes until 1621 , then of Gaston , Duke of Orléans , and from 1652 of Cardinal Mazarin who also establishes his nieces in thee second-floor attic of the Lescot Wing. . Nicolas Fouquet and his successor Jean-Baptiste Colbert similarly lived on the upper floors of the Pavillon du Roi , above the Kings bedchamber . New prestige apartments for regime dignitaries were created as part of Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion . The main one , in the North ( Richelieu ) Wing , was used by Charles de Morny and after 1871 became the apartment of the Finance Minister . As such it featured prominently in Raymond Depardon’s documentary , shot during the presidential election campaign of then minister Valéry Giscard d’Estaing in early 1974 . The apartment was renovated in the early 1990s and is now a part of the Louvres decorative arts department , known as . Another official apartment was created for the imperial Great Equerry ( ) , in the South ( Denon ) Wing , with entrance through an ornate portico in the . Part of that large apartment was converted in the 1990s into the museums exhibition space for northern European sculpture , while another part has been used since 1912 as offices for the Louvres director and their staff . Lefuel also created two successive apartments for the Louvres director Émilien de Nieuwerkerke , the first in former rooms of the Académie de peinture , and when these had to be demolished to build the Escalier Daru , on the first floor of the Cour Carrées northern wing . National printing house . A first printing workshop appeared in the Louvre in the 1620s . In 1640 , superintendent François Sublet de Noyers established it as a royal printing house , the , putting an end to the monarchys prior practice of subcontracting its printing tasks to individual entrepreneurs such as Robert Estienne . The royal printing house , soon known as , was first led by and his descendants , then by members of the throughout the 18th century until 1792 . It was relocated to the Hôtel de Toulouse in 1795 , then the in 1809 . In the early 1850s in the early stages of Napoleon IIIs Louvre expansion , projects were made to relocate the national printing house ( then known as ) in the new building of the Louvre , now the Richelieu Wing . These plans were criticized by Ludovic Vitet among others , and were not implemented . Academic and educational facility . In the late 17th century , the Louvre started to become the seat of the French royal academies . First , in 1672 Colbert allowed the Académie Française to meet on the ground floor of the Pavillon du Roi , in the Guards Room of the former Queen Mothers apartment . Soon the Académie moved to the ground floor of the Lemercier Wing on the Cour Carrée , and also maintained its library there . The Académie des Inscriptions joined it in nearby rooms . The Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture had been established in the Grande Galerie until 1661 , and returned to the Louvre in 1692 , establishing itself in the Salon Carré and the nearby wing built by Le Vau on the , next to the where a number of the kings paintings were kept . The Académie royale darchitecture moved to the Queens apartment ( in the southern wing of the Cour Carrée ) in 1692 . After a fire in 1740 it moved to the ground floor of the north wing . The Académie des Sciences also moved to the Louvre in the 1690s , and in 1699 moved from the ground-floor to the former kings room , namely the , the ( antechamber ) and the former ( now which was partitioned at that time . The , a diplomats training school , took over in the 1710s the large room on the third floor of the Pavillon de lHorloge ( now partitioned into offices ) . From 1725 , the Salon Carré , recently vacated with the return to Spain of the child Mariana Victoria , was used by the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture for its yearly exhibition , which took from it its name of Salon . From 1763 , the Académie also overtook the Galerie dApollon . During the French Revolution , all academies were deemed to be fatally tainted by the Ancien régime associations and terminated on . Barely more than two years later , however , they were recreated as the Institut de France on , ceremonially inaugurated in the Lescot Wings ground-floor room ( the Louvres ) on . On Napoleon decided to relocate the Institut from the Louvre to its current seat at the former Collège des Quatre-Nations , which had been closed in 1791 . The Salon restarted on a yearly basis in the Salon Carré , until the Revolution of 1848 . That year , the Louvres energetic new director Philippe-Auguste Jeanron had it relocated to the Tuileries , so that the Salon Carré could be fully devoted to the museums permanent exhibition . From 1857 the salon moved on from there to the newly built Palais de lIndustrie . The École du Louvre was created in 1882 with the mission to extract from the collections the knowledge they contain , and to train curators , missionaries and excavators . The schools curriculum originally focused on archaeology but soon expanded to related disciplines , such as art history and museography . In the early years , the schools sessions were held in the in two rooms of the former apartment of the great equerry , with entrance from the quayside . A large underground classroom , the named after art historian and Louvre curator Louis Courajod , was built in 1932 on architect Albert Ferrans design under the . It was replaced in the 1990s by the still larger , also underground on the northern end of the Carrousel du Louvre . The former was then transformed into exhibition rooms in which the Louvres Coptic art collection is now displayed , including the architectonic pieces from Bawit . Securities exchange . The national securities exchange ( or ) was located at the Louvre between and , in the former apartment of the Queen Mother ( on the southern wing of the Cour Carrée and/or of the Petite Galerie ) . This followed nearly two years of closure during which off-exchange speculation on Assignats went wild , after decades of operation of the Bourse in the Hôtel de Nevers from to . In September 1795 the Bourse again closed for a few months ; it reopened in January 1796 in the Church of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires where it stayed until 1807 . Administrative office building . During the Ancien Régime , administrative staff numbers in the machinery of government remained small and were dwarfed by the number of courtiers and domestic servants . That changed in the 19th century as the administrative arms of the state became increasingly significant , and the Louvre as a quintessential government building reflected that new reality . In 1824 , the first floor of the Lemercier Wing on the western side of the Cour Carrée was awarded to the Conseil dÉtat , which remained there until 1832 . The painted ceilings of that era are still preserved , with law-related allegorical themes . The office footprint within the Louvre increased considerably with Napoleon IIIs expansion . The new North ( Richelieu ) Wing included offices for the , the short-lived ( 1858-1860 ) , the ( separated from the in 1860 ) , and ( briefly ) the created in early 1870 , as well as the Directorate of Telegraphs . On , a mere few days after the Tuileries fire , Frances government head Adolphe Thiers attributed all administrative offices and barracks space in the Louvres northern wing to the French Finance Ministry , whose buildings on the other side of the rue de Rivoli had been entirely destroyed . The Finance Ministry remained there for more than a century , until the late 1980s . A meeting of finance ministers of the Group of Seven countries , hosted at the Louvre on , gave its name to the Louvre Accord . Further west , projects were made in the 1880s to relocate the National Court of Audit ( ) - whose previous offices in the Palais dOrsay , where the Musée dOrsay now stands , had also been burned down - in the which had just been reconstructed and expanded by Lefuel . Only archives of the Court were deposited there , however , and these spaces were eventually attributed in 1897 to what is now the Musée des Arts Décoratifs . From 1878 the Aile de Flore was used by the Prefect of the Seine Department and the Municipal Council of Paris which held its meetings in Napoleon IIIs Salle des Sessions , following the destruction of the Hôtel de Ville at the end of the Commune . They moved back into the reconstructed Hôtel de Ville in the early 1890s , after which the Ministry of Colonies was installed in the Flore Wing from 1893 to 1909 . The museum then planned to expand into the Flore Wing but that was thwarted during World War I as the facility was used by the wartime bond issuance service . The Finance Ministry , together with the it created in 1933 , remained there and stayed until 1961 . The Louvre museum itself keeps offices in various parts of the building , e.g . in the former apartment of the Great Equerry ( museum direction ) , on the top floors of the Pavillon de lHorloge , and in part of the entresol under the Grande Galerie . Sculpture garden . While the Louvre is rich with architectural sculpture , its position in the midst of a bustling city neighborhood was long unfavorable to the display of freestanding sculpture , with few exceptions that included the temporary display of a colossal statue of Vulcan in the Louvres courtyard during Charles Vs visit in 1540 . That changed during the 19th century , however , as the Louvres open spaces multiplied and the public taste for sculpture and monuments simultaneously increased . An early project was made in the late 1820s to place the Great Sphinx of Tanis in the center of the Cour Carrée , but was not implemented . Instead , on an equestrian statue of Ferdinand Philippe , Duke of Orléans was placed on that spot , itself a second cast of a monument by Carlo Marochetti erected in Algiers earlier that year . But that did not last long , and the statue was relocated to Versailles shortly after the Revolution of 1848 ( it was moved again in 1971 to its present location at the Château dEu ) . Early Second Empire plans to erect equestrian statues of Francis I in the Cour Carrée ( by Auguste Clésinger ) and Louis XIV and Napoleon respectively in the two squares of the Cour Napoléon were left unrealized . Sculpted monuments mushroomed around the Louvre in the late 19th and early 20th century . Most of them were removed in 1933 on the initiative of Education Minister Anatole de Monzie , due to changing tastes : - Marble monument to François Boucher by Jean-Paul Aubé ( 1890 ) , in the , removed in 1933 and now at the Municipal Museum in Longwy - Equestrian statue of Diego Velázquez by Emmanuel Frémiet ( 1892 ) , in the , relocated in 1933 to the Casa de Velázquez in Madrid and destroyed during the Spanish Civil War - Marble version of the group titled , a celebration of the resistance of Belfort during the Franco-Prussian War by Antonin Mercié , installed in 1894 in the Carrousel Garden , removed in 1933 and now at Fort Mont-Valérien - Marble statue of Ernest Meissonier by Antonin Mercié ( 1895 ) , in the , removed in 1966 and relocated in 1980 in the at Poissy - Monument to Auguste Raffet by Emmanuel Frémiet ( 1896 ) , in the , bronze parts melted in the early 1940s during the German occupation , the rest removed in 1966 - Bronze statue of Jean-Léon Gérôme sculpting his Gladiators , by Aimé Morot ( 1909 ) , in the , removed in 1967 and now at the Musée dOrsay - Marble statue of Paris during the War 1914-1918 by Albert Bartholomé ( 1921 ) , removed in 1933 and kept in a damaged state in the Bois de Vincennes In 1907 , then an undersecratary of state in charge of Frances fine arts policy , fostered the creation of a sculpture garden in the western octagonal garden of the Cour Napoléon , dubbed the campo santo . The monumental bronze group Le Temps et le Génie de l’Art by Victor Ségoffin was placed in the center in 1908 . Around it were allegorical and commemorative sculptures : - The sons of Cain , bronze by Paul Landowski ( 1906 ) , now in the Tuileries Garden - Architecture , Côte-dOr stone , also by Landowski ( 1908 ) , since 1933 on in Reims , - Painting , marble by ( 1909 ) , now at the in Le Mans - Pierre de Montreuil , marble by Henri Bouchard ( 1909 ) , since 1935 in a public garden next to the Basilica of Saint-Denis - Michel Colombe , bronze by Jean Boucher ( 1909 ) , moved to Tours in 1933 and melted in 1942 - Puget , marble by François-Léon Sicard ( 1910 ) , since 1933 on in Marseille - Poussin , marble by Constant Roux ( 1911 ) , since 1934 in Les Andelys - Hardouin-Mansart , bronze by Ernest Henri Dubois ( 1908 ) , since the 1930s at the of Les Invalides - Watteau , marble by Henri-Édouard Lombard ( 1909 ) , since 1937 in front of the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Valenciennes - Houdon , marble by Paul Gasq ( 1909 ) , since 1935 in Lisieux - Corot , marble by François-Raoul Larche ( 1908 ) , since 1935 in Ville-dAvray Two more memorials , of Rude by Sicard and Chardin by Larche , were commissionned but not completed . All these sculptures , except Landowskis Sons of Cain , were also removed in 1933 . Ségoffins group was transferred to the southern French town of Saint-Gaudens in 1935 , and melted down during World War II . Landowskis Sons of Cain was eventually moved in 1984 to its current location on the of the Tuileries Garden . In the eastern octagonal garden , an , by Paul Wayland Bartlett , was erected in 1908 . This initiative had been sponsored in 1899 by American diplomat Robert John Thompson in gratitude of the French gift of the Statue of Liberty , and originally intended for a dedication at Lafayettes grave at the Picpus Cemetery during the Exposition Universelle of 1900 . In preparation for the Grand Louvre remodeling , the Lafayette monument was moved in 1985 to its current location on the Cours-la-Reine . In 1964 , Culture Minister André Malraux decided to install in the Carrousel Garden 21 bronze sculptures by Aristide Maillol which had been donated to the French state by the sculptors former model and muse , Dina Vierny , including casts of Air , Action in Chains , The Mountain , and The River . The Maillol statues were rearranged during the overhaul of the garden in the 1990s . Most recently , as part of the Grand Louvre project designed by I . M . Pei , a cast made in lead in 1986 of the marble Equestrian statue of Louis XIV by Gian Lorenzo Bernini has been placed in the Cour Napoléon , in front of the Louvre Pyramid and marking the end of Pariss . This was intended as a tribute to Berninis past role as architect of the Louvre in 1664-1666 , even though his plans were not executed . Research facility . The was created in 1932 to support research on paintings and leverage new analysis techniques . In 1968 it became the , with a national mandate but still located at the Louvre . In 1998 , this laboratory wwas merged with the to form the Center for Research and Restoration of Museums of France ( C2RMF ) , located in the Pavillon de Flore . Shopping and dining venue . In addition to cafés inside the museum , namely the and in the eponymous pavilions , two restaurants are established in the Louvre Palace above ground : - The , opened in 1994 in the Richelieu Wing with a terrace on the Cour Napoléon , named after the Louvres nearby and designed by - , opened in 2016 in the Aile de Marsan with a terrace on the Carrousel Garden , designed by Joseph Dirand and replacing a previous restaurant on the same spot called More restaurants have operated underground since the opening of the Grand Louvre spaces in the late 1980s and early 1990s , respectively below the Louvre Pyramid and in the Carrousel du Louvre shopping mall . Chronological plan of the construction of the Louvre . The oldest part of the above-ground Louvre is the southwest corner of the square block that faces the center of Paris to the east . This corner section , consisting of the Lescot Wing ( 1 ) and the north side of the western part of the south wing ( 2 ) , was designed and constructed in the 16th century by Pierre Lescot , who replaced the corresponding wings of the medieval Louvre ( not shown ) . Later that century , the Petite Galerie ( 4 ) was added , connecting the Louvre to the section of the wall of Charles V which ran along the north bank of the Seine toward the Tuileries Palace ( 3 , 5 , 8 , 11 , 14 ; destroyed by fire in 1871 ) . Around 1600 , during the reign of Henry IV , the wall along the river was replaced with the Grande Galerie ( 6 , 7 ) , which provided a covered passage from the Louvre to Tuileries Palace and later was the first part of the Louvre to become a museum . The Lescot Wing was expanded north with the Lemercier Wing ( 9 ) under Louis XIII , and in the second half of the 17th century , during the reign of Louis XIV , the Petite Galerie was enlarged ( 10 , 13 ) and the remaining wings around the Square Court ( 12 , 16 ) were constructed , but not totally completed until the first part of the 19th century under Napoleon , who also added the Arc du Carrousel ( 17 ) and parts of the north wing ( 17 ) along the rue de Rivoli . Later in the 19th century , the north wing was slightly extended ( 18 ) by Louis XVIII . From 1852 to 1857 , Napoleon III connected the north wing to the buildings surrounding the Square Court with the Richelieu Wing ( 19 , north part ) and enlarged the Grande Galerie with the Denon Wing ( 19 , south part ) . In 1861–1870 his architect Hector Lefuel carried out further work , replacing the Pavillon de Flore and the western section of the Grande Galerie ( 7 ) and adding the Pavillon des Sessions ( 20 , also known as the Pavillon des États ) . In 1874–1880 he replaced the Pavillon de Marsan ( 15 ) and extended the south facade of the adjacent Marsan Wing ( 21 ) . References . - Ballon , Hilary ( 1991 ) . The Paris of Henri IV : Architecture and Urbanism . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The MIT Press . . - Berger , Robert W . ( 1993 ) . The Palace of the Sun : The Louvre of Louis XIV . University Park : The Pennsylvania State University Press . . - Berty , Adolphe ( 1868 ) . Topographie historique du vieux Paris . Région du Louvre et des Tuileries . Tome 2 . Paris : Imprimerie Impériale . Copy at Gallica . - Bezombes , Dominique , editor ( 1994 ) . The Grand Louvre : History of a Project . Paris : Moniteur . . - Biasini , Émile ; Lebrat , Jean ; Bezombes , Dominique ; Vincent , Jean-Michel ( 1989 ) . The Grand Louvre : A Museum Transfigured 1981–1993 . Paris : Electa Moniteur . . - Blunt , Anthony ; Beresford , Richard ( 1999 ) . Art and architecture in France , 1500–1700 . New Haven : Yale University Press . . - Bresc-Bautier , Genevieve ( 1995 ) . The Louvre : An Architectural History . New York : The Vendome Press . . - Briggs , Keith ( 2008 ) . The Domesday Book castle LVVRE . Journal of the English Place-Name Society , vol . 40 , pp . 113–118 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . - Christ , Yvan ( 1949 ) . Le Louvre et les Tuileries : Histoire architecturale dun double palais . [ Paris ] : Éditions Tel . . - Edwards , Henry Sutherland ( 1893 ) . Old and New Paris : Its History , Its People , and Its Places . Paris : Cassell . View at Google Books . Retrieved 30 April 2008 . - Hautecoeur , Louis ( 1940 ) . Histoire du Louvre : Le Château – Le Palais – Le Musée , des origines à nos jours , 1200–1940 , 2nd edition . Paris : Administration provisoire dimprimerie . . - Lowry , Bates ( 1956 ) . Palais du Louvre , 1528–1624 : The Development of a Sixteenth-Century Architectural Complex ( thesis/dissertation ) . University of Chicago . . ProQuest - Mignot , Claude ( 1999 ) . The Pocket Louvre : A Visitors Guide to 500 Works . New York : Abbeville Press . . - Ochterbeck , Cynthia Clayton , editor ( 2009 ) . The Green Guide Paris , pp . 168–201 . Greenville , South Carolina : Michelin Maps and Guides . . - Sauval , Henri ( 1724 ) . Histoire et recherches des antiquités de la ville de Paris , vol . 2 , Paris : C . Moette and J . Chardon . Copy at Google Books . - Sturdy , David ( 1995 ) . Science and social status : the members of the Académie des sciences 1666–1750 . Woodbridge , Suffolk , U.K. : Boydell Press . . Preview at Google Books . External links . - A virtual visit of the Louvre - Panoramic view of the pyramid and the Cour Napoléon
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[
"Asker"
] |
hard
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Leni Larsen Kaurin played for which team before Nov 1998?
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/wiki/Leni_Larsen_Kaurin#P54#0
|
Leni Larsen Kaurin Leni Larsen Kaurin ( born 21 March 1981 ) is a Norwegian football midfielder who has made almost 100 appearances for the Norway womens national football team . Kaurin represented her country in the 2009 and 2013 editions of the UEFA Womens Championship , as well as the 2007 and 2011 FIFA Womens World Cups . She also played at the 2008 Olympic Football Tournament . At club level she played for domestic teams Fortuna Ålesund , Asker , Team Strømmen , Stabæk and Fløya . She also played for German Frauen-Bundesliga clubs Turbine Potsdam , FFC Frankfurt and VfL Wolfsburg as well as a short stint in the North American W-League with Ottawa Fury . Club career . Kaurin was born in Ålesund , West Norway . She began her career in the youth team at Skarbøvik IF , along with male footballer John Arne Riise , who was in the year above her at school . She joined 1 . FFC Turbine Potsdam from Asker , at the end of 2007 . She was then the only Norwegian woman footballer playing in Germany . On 2 February 2010 she announced that she would transfer to 1 . FFC Frankfurt in order to have more match-time in the German top womens division and maintain her international career . Shortly afterwards she transferred again to VfL Wolfsburg . After four-and-a-half years in Germany , Kaurin decided to return to Norway and accepted a contract from Stabæk . She played for Ottawa Fury in the North American W-League during July 2012 , to get match practice ahead of Stabæks UEFA Womens Champions League campaign . When Kaurin was released by Stabæk after the 2013 season , she alleged that the teams male coach had sexually harassed her which caused her to play badly . In 2014 , she played for and coached Fløya , who were battling relegation from the 1 . divisjon . In 2016 she came out of retirement to sign for minnows Bærum SK , at the same time becoming their player developer . International career . Kaurin scored 10 times in 37 international matches for Norways age-limited teams before her debut in the senior national team , a 5–1 win over Finland at the 2001 Algarve Cup . She was disappointed to be one of the last players to be cut from the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup squad . From the beginning of 2006 she began playing more regularly for Norway . In September 2007 Kaurin played a leading role on the right wing in Norways campaign at the FIFA Womens World Cup 2007 tournament in China , where the team achieved fourth place . She is known for her ability to dribble past defenders and pass accurately into the penalty area , and as a result she assists in scoring many goals . On 9 June 2008 she was named to the Norwegian roster for the 2008 Summer Olympics to be held in Beijing , China . On 6 August 2008 she scored the first goal for Norway , playing in Qinhuangdao against the United States in the opening Olympics soccer match for both teams , a match Norway won 2–0 . The goal , after 61 seconds , was also the fastest goal in Olympic soccer history , beating the former record of four minutes . But the record only lasted six days before being broken by the United States Heather OReilly . She played for Norway at UEFA Womens Euro 2009 , where the team reached the semi-finals . In May 2011 Kaurin was selected to join Norways squad to go to the FIFA Womens World Cup 2011 in Germany in June–July 2011 . She was called up to be part of the national team for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 . In the final at Friends Arena , Kaurin was an 85th-minute substitute . Anja Mittags goal gave the Germans their sixth successive European title . External links . - Norwegian national team profile - Stabæk club profile
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[
"Asker"
] |
hard
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Leni Larsen Kaurin played for which team in Apr 2006?
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/wiki/Leni_Larsen_Kaurin#P54#1
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Leni Larsen Kaurin Leni Larsen Kaurin ( born 21 March 1981 ) is a Norwegian football midfielder who has made almost 100 appearances for the Norway womens national football team . Kaurin represented her country in the 2009 and 2013 editions of the UEFA Womens Championship , as well as the 2007 and 2011 FIFA Womens World Cups . She also played at the 2008 Olympic Football Tournament . At club level she played for domestic teams Fortuna Ålesund , Asker , Team Strømmen , Stabæk and Fløya . She also played for German Frauen-Bundesliga clubs Turbine Potsdam , FFC Frankfurt and VfL Wolfsburg as well as a short stint in the North American W-League with Ottawa Fury . Club career . Kaurin was born in Ålesund , West Norway . She began her career in the youth team at Skarbøvik IF , along with male footballer John Arne Riise , who was in the year above her at school . She joined 1 . FFC Turbine Potsdam from Asker , at the end of 2007 . She was then the only Norwegian woman footballer playing in Germany . On 2 February 2010 she announced that she would transfer to 1 . FFC Frankfurt in order to have more match-time in the German top womens division and maintain her international career . Shortly afterwards she transferred again to VfL Wolfsburg . After four-and-a-half years in Germany , Kaurin decided to return to Norway and accepted a contract from Stabæk . She played for Ottawa Fury in the North American W-League during July 2012 , to get match practice ahead of Stabæks UEFA Womens Champions League campaign . When Kaurin was released by Stabæk after the 2013 season , she alleged that the teams male coach had sexually harassed her which caused her to play badly . In 2014 , she played for and coached Fløya , who were battling relegation from the 1 . divisjon . In 2016 she came out of retirement to sign for minnows Bærum SK , at the same time becoming their player developer . International career . Kaurin scored 10 times in 37 international matches for Norways age-limited teams before her debut in the senior national team , a 5–1 win over Finland at the 2001 Algarve Cup . She was disappointed to be one of the last players to be cut from the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup squad . From the beginning of 2006 she began playing more regularly for Norway . In September 2007 Kaurin played a leading role on the right wing in Norways campaign at the FIFA Womens World Cup 2007 tournament in China , where the team achieved fourth place . She is known for her ability to dribble past defenders and pass accurately into the penalty area , and as a result she assists in scoring many goals . On 9 June 2008 she was named to the Norwegian roster for the 2008 Summer Olympics to be held in Beijing , China . On 6 August 2008 she scored the first goal for Norway , playing in Qinhuangdao against the United States in the opening Olympics soccer match for both teams , a match Norway won 2–0 . The goal , after 61 seconds , was also the fastest goal in Olympic soccer history , beating the former record of four minutes . But the record only lasted six days before being broken by the United States Heather OReilly . She played for Norway at UEFA Womens Euro 2009 , where the team reached the semi-finals . In May 2011 Kaurin was selected to join Norways squad to go to the FIFA Womens World Cup 2011 in Germany in June–July 2011 . She was called up to be part of the national team for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 . In the final at Friends Arena , Kaurin was an 85th-minute substitute . Anja Mittags goal gave the Germans their sixth successive European title . External links . - Norwegian national team profile - Stabæk club profile
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[
"FFC Turbine Potsdam"
] |
hard
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Leni Larsen Kaurin played for which team in Oct 2007?
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/wiki/Leni_Larsen_Kaurin#P54#2
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Leni Larsen Kaurin Leni Larsen Kaurin ( born 21 March 1981 ) is a Norwegian football midfielder who has made almost 100 appearances for the Norway womens national football team . Kaurin represented her country in the 2009 and 2013 editions of the UEFA Womens Championship , as well as the 2007 and 2011 FIFA Womens World Cups . She also played at the 2008 Olympic Football Tournament . At club level she played for domestic teams Fortuna Ålesund , Asker , Team Strømmen , Stabæk and Fløya . She also played for German Frauen-Bundesliga clubs Turbine Potsdam , FFC Frankfurt and VfL Wolfsburg as well as a short stint in the North American W-League with Ottawa Fury . Club career . Kaurin was born in Ålesund , West Norway . She began her career in the youth team at Skarbøvik IF , along with male footballer John Arne Riise , who was in the year above her at school . She joined 1 . FFC Turbine Potsdam from Asker , at the end of 2007 . She was then the only Norwegian woman footballer playing in Germany . On 2 February 2010 she announced that she would transfer to 1 . FFC Frankfurt in order to have more match-time in the German top womens division and maintain her international career . Shortly afterwards she transferred again to VfL Wolfsburg . After four-and-a-half years in Germany , Kaurin decided to return to Norway and accepted a contract from Stabæk . She played for Ottawa Fury in the North American W-League during July 2012 , to get match practice ahead of Stabæks UEFA Womens Champions League campaign . When Kaurin was released by Stabæk after the 2013 season , she alleged that the teams male coach had sexually harassed her which caused her to play badly . In 2014 , she played for and coached Fløya , who were battling relegation from the 1 . divisjon . In 2016 she came out of retirement to sign for minnows Bærum SK , at the same time becoming their player developer . International career . Kaurin scored 10 times in 37 international matches for Norways age-limited teams before her debut in the senior national team , a 5–1 win over Finland at the 2001 Algarve Cup . She was disappointed to be one of the last players to be cut from the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup squad . From the beginning of 2006 she began playing more regularly for Norway . In September 2007 Kaurin played a leading role on the right wing in Norways campaign at the FIFA Womens World Cup 2007 tournament in China , where the team achieved fourth place . She is known for her ability to dribble past defenders and pass accurately into the penalty area , and as a result she assists in scoring many goals . On 9 June 2008 she was named to the Norwegian roster for the 2008 Summer Olympics to be held in Beijing , China . On 6 August 2008 she scored the first goal for Norway , playing in Qinhuangdao against the United States in the opening Olympics soccer match for both teams , a match Norway won 2–0 . The goal , after 61 seconds , was also the fastest goal in Olympic soccer history , beating the former record of four minutes . But the record only lasted six days before being broken by the United States Heather OReilly . She played for Norway at UEFA Womens Euro 2009 , where the team reached the semi-finals . In May 2011 Kaurin was selected to join Norways squad to go to the FIFA Womens World Cup 2011 in Germany in June–July 2011 . She was called up to be part of the national team for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 . In the final at Friends Arena , Kaurin was an 85th-minute substitute . Anja Mittags goal gave the Germans their sixth successive European title . External links . - Norwegian national team profile - Stabæk club profile
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[
"VfL Wolfsburg"
] |
hard
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Leni Larsen Kaurin played for which team between Jun 2011 and Aug 2011?
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/wiki/Leni_Larsen_Kaurin#P54#3
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Leni Larsen Kaurin Leni Larsen Kaurin ( born 21 March 1981 ) is a Norwegian football midfielder who has made almost 100 appearances for the Norway womens national football team . Kaurin represented her country in the 2009 and 2013 editions of the UEFA Womens Championship , as well as the 2007 and 2011 FIFA Womens World Cups . She also played at the 2008 Olympic Football Tournament . At club level she played for domestic teams Fortuna Ålesund , Asker , Team Strømmen , Stabæk and Fløya . She also played for German Frauen-Bundesliga clubs Turbine Potsdam , FFC Frankfurt and VfL Wolfsburg as well as a short stint in the North American W-League with Ottawa Fury . Club career . Kaurin was born in Ålesund , West Norway . She began her career in the youth team at Skarbøvik IF , along with male footballer John Arne Riise , who was in the year above her at school . She joined 1 . FFC Turbine Potsdam from Asker , at the end of 2007 . She was then the only Norwegian woman footballer playing in Germany . On 2 February 2010 she announced that she would transfer to 1 . FFC Frankfurt in order to have more match-time in the German top womens division and maintain her international career . Shortly afterwards she transferred again to VfL Wolfsburg . After four-and-a-half years in Germany , Kaurin decided to return to Norway and accepted a contract from Stabæk . She played for Ottawa Fury in the North American W-League during July 2012 , to get match practice ahead of Stabæks UEFA Womens Champions League campaign . When Kaurin was released by Stabæk after the 2013 season , she alleged that the teams male coach had sexually harassed her which caused her to play badly . In 2014 , she played for and coached Fløya , who were battling relegation from the 1 . divisjon . In 2016 she came out of retirement to sign for minnows Bærum SK , at the same time becoming their player developer . International career . Kaurin scored 10 times in 37 international matches for Norways age-limited teams before her debut in the senior national team , a 5–1 win over Finland at the 2001 Algarve Cup . She was disappointed to be one of the last players to be cut from the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup squad . From the beginning of 2006 she began playing more regularly for Norway . In September 2007 Kaurin played a leading role on the right wing in Norways campaign at the FIFA Womens World Cup 2007 tournament in China , where the team achieved fourth place . She is known for her ability to dribble past defenders and pass accurately into the penalty area , and as a result she assists in scoring many goals . On 9 June 2008 she was named to the Norwegian roster for the 2008 Summer Olympics to be held in Beijing , China . On 6 August 2008 she scored the first goal for Norway , playing in Qinhuangdao against the United States in the opening Olympics soccer match for both teams , a match Norway won 2–0 . The goal , after 61 seconds , was also the fastest goal in Olympic soccer history , beating the former record of four minutes . But the record only lasted six days before being broken by the United States Heather OReilly . She played for Norway at UEFA Womens Euro 2009 , where the team reached the semi-finals . In May 2011 Kaurin was selected to join Norways squad to go to the FIFA Womens World Cup 2011 in Germany in June–July 2011 . She was called up to be part of the national team for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 . In the final at Friends Arena , Kaurin was an 85th-minute substitute . Anja Mittags goal gave the Germans their sixth successive European title . External links . - Norwegian national team profile - Stabæk club profile
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[
"Stabæk"
] |
hard
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Leni Larsen Kaurin played for which team between Oct 2012 and Dec 2012?
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/wiki/Leni_Larsen_Kaurin#P54#4
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Leni Larsen Kaurin Leni Larsen Kaurin ( born 21 March 1981 ) is a Norwegian football midfielder who has made almost 100 appearances for the Norway womens national football team . Kaurin represented her country in the 2009 and 2013 editions of the UEFA Womens Championship , as well as the 2007 and 2011 FIFA Womens World Cups . She also played at the 2008 Olympic Football Tournament . At club level she played for domestic teams Fortuna Ålesund , Asker , Team Strømmen , Stabæk and Fløya . She also played for German Frauen-Bundesliga clubs Turbine Potsdam , FFC Frankfurt and VfL Wolfsburg as well as a short stint in the North American W-League with Ottawa Fury . Club career . Kaurin was born in Ålesund , West Norway . She began her career in the youth team at Skarbøvik IF , along with male footballer John Arne Riise , who was in the year above her at school . She joined 1 . FFC Turbine Potsdam from Asker , at the end of 2007 . She was then the only Norwegian woman footballer playing in Germany . On 2 February 2010 she announced that she would transfer to 1 . FFC Frankfurt in order to have more match-time in the German top womens division and maintain her international career . Shortly afterwards she transferred again to VfL Wolfsburg . After four-and-a-half years in Germany , Kaurin decided to return to Norway and accepted a contract from Stabæk . She played for Ottawa Fury in the North American W-League during July 2012 , to get match practice ahead of Stabæks UEFA Womens Champions League campaign . When Kaurin was released by Stabæk after the 2013 season , she alleged that the teams male coach had sexually harassed her which caused her to play badly . In 2014 , she played for and coached Fløya , who were battling relegation from the 1 . divisjon . In 2016 she came out of retirement to sign for minnows Bærum SK , at the same time becoming their player developer . International career . Kaurin scored 10 times in 37 international matches for Norways age-limited teams before her debut in the senior national team , a 5–1 win over Finland at the 2001 Algarve Cup . She was disappointed to be one of the last players to be cut from the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup squad . From the beginning of 2006 she began playing more regularly for Norway . In September 2007 Kaurin played a leading role on the right wing in Norways campaign at the FIFA Womens World Cup 2007 tournament in China , where the team achieved fourth place . She is known for her ability to dribble past defenders and pass accurately into the penalty area , and as a result she assists in scoring many goals . On 9 June 2008 she was named to the Norwegian roster for the 2008 Summer Olympics to be held in Beijing , China . On 6 August 2008 she scored the first goal for Norway , playing in Qinhuangdao against the United States in the opening Olympics soccer match for both teams , a match Norway won 2–0 . The goal , after 61 seconds , was also the fastest goal in Olympic soccer history , beating the former record of four minutes . But the record only lasted six days before being broken by the United States Heather OReilly . She played for Norway at UEFA Womens Euro 2009 , where the team reached the semi-finals . In May 2011 Kaurin was selected to join Norways squad to go to the FIFA Womens World Cup 2011 in Germany in June–July 2011 . She was called up to be part of the national team for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 . In the final at Friends Arena , Kaurin was an 85th-minute substitute . Anja Mittags goal gave the Germans their sixth successive European title . External links . - Norwegian national team profile - Stabæk club profile
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[
"Fløya"
] |
hard
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Leni Larsen Kaurin played for which team in Jun 2014?
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/wiki/Leni_Larsen_Kaurin#P54#5
|
Leni Larsen Kaurin Leni Larsen Kaurin ( born 21 March 1981 ) is a Norwegian football midfielder who has made almost 100 appearances for the Norway womens national football team . Kaurin represented her country in the 2009 and 2013 editions of the UEFA Womens Championship , as well as the 2007 and 2011 FIFA Womens World Cups . She also played at the 2008 Olympic Football Tournament . At club level she played for domestic teams Fortuna Ålesund , Asker , Team Strømmen , Stabæk and Fløya . She also played for German Frauen-Bundesliga clubs Turbine Potsdam , FFC Frankfurt and VfL Wolfsburg as well as a short stint in the North American W-League with Ottawa Fury . Club career . Kaurin was born in Ålesund , West Norway . She began her career in the youth team at Skarbøvik IF , along with male footballer John Arne Riise , who was in the year above her at school . She joined 1 . FFC Turbine Potsdam from Asker , at the end of 2007 . She was then the only Norwegian woman footballer playing in Germany . On 2 February 2010 she announced that she would transfer to 1 . FFC Frankfurt in order to have more match-time in the German top womens division and maintain her international career . Shortly afterwards she transferred again to VfL Wolfsburg . After four-and-a-half years in Germany , Kaurin decided to return to Norway and accepted a contract from Stabæk . She played for Ottawa Fury in the North American W-League during July 2012 , to get match practice ahead of Stabæks UEFA Womens Champions League campaign . When Kaurin was released by Stabæk after the 2013 season , she alleged that the teams male coach had sexually harassed her which caused her to play badly . In 2014 , she played for and coached Fløya , who were battling relegation from the 1 . divisjon . In 2016 she came out of retirement to sign for minnows Bærum SK , at the same time becoming their player developer . International career . Kaurin scored 10 times in 37 international matches for Norways age-limited teams before her debut in the senior national team , a 5–1 win over Finland at the 2001 Algarve Cup . She was disappointed to be one of the last players to be cut from the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup squad . From the beginning of 2006 she began playing more regularly for Norway . In September 2007 Kaurin played a leading role on the right wing in Norways campaign at the FIFA Womens World Cup 2007 tournament in China , where the team achieved fourth place . She is known for her ability to dribble past defenders and pass accurately into the penalty area , and as a result she assists in scoring many goals . On 9 June 2008 she was named to the Norwegian roster for the 2008 Summer Olympics to be held in Beijing , China . On 6 August 2008 she scored the first goal for Norway , playing in Qinhuangdao against the United States in the opening Olympics soccer match for both teams , a match Norway won 2–0 . The goal , after 61 seconds , was also the fastest goal in Olympic soccer history , beating the former record of four minutes . But the record only lasted six days before being broken by the United States Heather OReilly . She played for Norway at UEFA Womens Euro 2009 , where the team reached the semi-finals . In May 2011 Kaurin was selected to join Norways squad to go to the FIFA Womens World Cup 2011 in Germany in June–July 2011 . She was called up to be part of the national team for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 . In the final at Friends Arena , Kaurin was an 85th-minute substitute . Anja Mittags goal gave the Germans their sixth successive European title . External links . - Norwegian national team profile - Stabæk club profile
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[
"Manchester City"
] |
hard
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Which team did the player Tyrone Mears belong to before Sep 2001?
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/wiki/Tyrone_Mears#P54#0
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Tyrone Mears Tyrone Mears ( born 18 February 1983 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a right back . His clubs include Bolton Wanderers , Preston North End , West Ham United , Derby County , Olympique de Marseille , Burnley , Seattle Sounders , Atlanta United , Minnesota United , and West Bromwich Albion . From Stockport in the north west of England , Mears once played for the Jamaica national football team despite not being eligible to do so . Club career . Manchester City . Mears came through the ranks at Manchester City and signed trainee forms in August 2001 . Mears only made one appearance for City , replacing Stuart Pearce as a substitute in the 84th minute against Nottingham Forest in March 2002 . On Manchester Citys promotion to the FA Premier League in 2002 , Mears first-team opportunities became limited and he was sold to Preston North End . Preston North End . Mears joined Preston in July 2002 , for a fee of £200,000 . He signed a three-year contract and was expected to provide cover for Graham Alexander . After missing out the start of the season , due to an thigh injury he suffered in the pre-season training , Mears made his debut for Preston as a substitute in a 3–3 draw with Walsall on 19 October 2002 , After playing in the reserve for a while , Mears played his first match in months against Grimsby Town on 14 December 2002 . It wasnt until on 15 April 2003 when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 5–1 loss against Reading . Though Manager Craig Brown expressed disappointment over the results , he singled out praises to Mears , including his spectacular . In his first season at Preston North End , Mears went on to make a total of 24 league and cup appearances in the 2002–03 season , as Preston finished in mid-table of the Football League Championship . In the 2003–04 season , Mears struggled to regain his first team , as he suffered a hamstring that kept him sidelined at the start of the season . It wasnt until on 27 September 2003 when he made his first appearance of the season , in a 2–1 loss against Walsall . However , he struggled to continue to in the first team , as he compete with Graham Alexander and Rob Edwards over the wing-backs position . Despite this , Mears scored his first goal of the season on 10 March 2004 , in a 3–3 draw against Sunderland and only made 14 appearances . Nevertheless , Mears was awarded the clubs most improved player this season . However , in the 2004–05 season , Mears suffered a stress fracture in the pre-season training , which put him out of the game for ten months . Despite his long-term injury , he was offered and signed a further three-year contract in March 2005 , saying I was out for 10 months so you worry about what is going to happen to you . You need to be in the team but Preston have been very good to me and I cant speak more highly of the manager . Last season to get the stress fracture was very hard but thats all behind me now and Im looking forward to a fresh start with a three-year deal . Mears made his return from the first team on 16 April 2005 , coming on as late a substitute , in a 3–0 win over Cardiff City and went on to make five appearances in the 2004–05 season . After suffering from injury at the start of the 2005–06 season , Mears managed to regain his first team place since returning from the first team and then scored his first goal of the season on 18 October 2005 , in a 2–2 draw against Cardiff City . His second goal then came on 11 February 2006 , in a 5–1 win over Luton Town . He made 39 league and cup appearances in the 2005–06 season as Preston reached the Championship play-offs semi-final . During that season , instead of having his surname Mears on the back of his shirt , he had his nickname Tye , a rare occurrence in English football . In July 2006 , after rejecting two bids from Charlton Athletic , Preston accepted an offer for Mears from West Ham United . West Ham United . Mears signed for West Ham for an initial £1 million in July 2006 , rising to £1.9 million depending on appearances and possible future international recognition with England . Mears made his West Ham United debut on 19 August 2006 , in a 3–1 win over Charlton Athletic , in the opening game of the season and then a month later , he played his first European match on 14 September 2006 , playing the whole game , in a 1–0 loss against Palermo . However , he was only to make six league and cup appearances for West Ham as he struggled to break into the first team . He memorably produced an athletic overhead clearance on the line , after Stiliyan Petrov lobbed West Ham keeper Roy Carroll in a match against Aston Villa in September 2006 . Loan to Derby County . With his opportunities in the West Ham first-team limited , he was allowed to join Derby County on loan until the end of the 2006–07 season in January 2007 . Derby manager , Billy Davies , who had managed Mears at his previous club Preston , said of him , He is a very attacking full-back with excellent pace who adds great competition . Ideally we would like to make this deal permanent in the summer . Mears made his debut as an 84th-minute substitute in a 1–0 win at Southampton on 3 February , and went on to make a total of 17 league and cup appearances , as Derby were promoted to the Premier League after beating West Bromwich Albion in the Championship play-off final in May . He went on to make seventeen appearances for the club in the 2006–07 season , during which Mears scored his first goal for Derby against Leeds United in a 2–0 win on the last day of the 2006–07 season . Mears then joined Derby permanently for £1 million on 4 July 2007 , signing a three-year contract . Manager Billy Davies said , Were delighted with this deal . Tye is a very good young full back with excellent pace and potential . We need him for the challenge ahead and I know he is committed to working hard . Mears first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came on 11 August 2007 , in a 2–2 draw against Portsmouth in the opening game of the season . However , a stress fracture sustained in January 2008 ruled him out for three months of the 2007–08 season . Mears made his return from injury against Fulham on 29 March 2008 , coming on as a late substitute , in a 2–2 draw , a game that saw Derby County relegated to the Championship next season . Despite this , Mears scored his second goal for Derby on 19 April 2008 against his former club West Ham United , which saw them lose 2–1 and made 26 appearances ( 25 in the league and once in the FA Cup ) in all competitions . Following the clubs relegation to the Championship , Mears switched number shirt from 24 to 15 after Miles Addison took his shirt . At the start of the season , Mears competed with Paul Connolly over the right-back position and played first five matches to the start of the season in all competitions . Loan to Marseille . On 29 August 2008 , Mears caused controversy when he flew to France to go on trial with Olympique de Marseille without the express permission of Derby manager Paul Jewell . Jewell responded , saying that Mears would never play for the club again whilst he was in charge , and the club fined Mears six weeks wages . Following the trial , the clubs agreed that Mears would go on loan to Marseille for the duration of the 2008–09 season , for a loan fee of £160,000 , with the French club having the option to buy him for £1.5m at the end of the loan . A combination of injury and the good form of Laurent Bonnart meant that Mears did not make his first appearance for Marseille until the UEFA Cup tie against FC Twente in mid-January . Following an injury in March that ruled Bonnart out for the rest of the season , Mears filled in at right full-back in his absence . He made his league debut against Paris Saint-Germain . His first goal for Marseille came in the second leg of a UEFA Cup knockout-stage match against Ajax . His goal , scored in the 20th minute of extra time , gave Marseille a 4–3 win on aggregate , allowing the team to progress to the competitions quarter-final round . Mears went on to make seven appearances in all competitions . Marseille decided not to take up the option of signing him at the end of his loan spell and he returned to Derby on 3 June 2009 , with his future at the club in doubt . Burnley . On 26 June 2009 , he was the subject of an accepted £500,000 ( rising to £600,000 with add-ons ) bid from Premier League side Burnley . He completed the move , signing a three-year deal on 30 June . Mears made his Burnley debut in a 2–0 defeat at Stoke City in the opening game of the season , followed up by bouncing back in the next game , with a 1–0 victory over defending champions , Manchester United . Mears then provided an assist to help the club score two goals , in a 2–0 win over Hull City on 31 October 2009 . After the match , Mears performance was praised by Manager Owen Coyle . His performances also saw him being linked with a move to Premier League rivals Sunderland , but this was denied by the club . Despite this , Mears stayed at the club and played in all 38 games as Burnley were relegated after finishing 18th in the 2009–10 Premier League and accumulated just 30 points . Nevertheless , Mears was awarded South West Clarets Player of the season , Accrington Clarets Player of the season and Earby Clarets Player of the season . Following relegation , Mears began looking for a move away from Turf Moor due to his desire to remain in the top flight . Despite this , Mears stayed at the club throughout the summer and despite the clubs good start to the 2010–11 season , Mears was suspended twice after picking up a yellow card against Nottingham Forest in the opening game of the season and another , which saw him earned a second yellow card , in a 1–0 loss against Swansea City on 28 August 2010 . Despite the suspension , Mears continued to be in the regular first team at Burnley and scored his first goal for Burnley in a 2–1 win over his former club Derby County on 27 November 2010 . In a match against Port Vale in the third round of FA Cup , Mears scored his second goal of the season and setting up one of the goals , in a 4–2 win . He went on to finish the 2010–11 season , making 49 appearance ( 44 in the league ) and scoring two times in all competitions . Bolton Wanderers . On 29 July 2011 , Mears , along with Burnley teammate Chris Eagles , joined Bolton Wanderers on a three-year contract for a joint fee in the region of £3 million . However , on 4 August he broke his leg in a training session . Manager Owen Coyle later said he expected Mears to be absent for a minimum of five months . On 24 January 2012 , Mears played his first full ninety minutes since his injury in the Reserve teams 1–0 defeat to Sunderland Reserves , he was an unused substitute in Boltons 2–1 FA Cup win over Swansea City on 28 January . He made his full debut for the club when being named in the starting line up for the game at Norwich City on 4 February , which Bolton eventually lost 2–0 . However , following the game Mears complained about a pain in the leg that had been broken the previous August and , after a screw was removed from the leg , manager Owen Coyle said he expected Mears to be out of action until late March . Afterwards , Mears didnt make another appearance for the rest of the season . In the 2012–13 season , Mears played his first match of the season in the opening game , making his first start since returning from injury , in a 2–0 loss against Burnley . Since making his return , Mears became a first team regular until he was dropped from the first team by new Manager Dougie Freedman , but managed to regain his first team place soon after . Mears then set up one of the goals on 29 December 2012 , in a 3–1 win over Birmingham City . However , as the 2012–13 season progressed , Mears suffered blood infection at first and then suffered glandular fever that kept him out for the rest of the season . Despite this , Mears went on to finish the 2012–13 season , making twenty-eight appearances in all competitions . In the 2013–14 season , Mears recovered from injury and having fallen out of favor under the management of Freedman , Mears was expected to leave the club in the summer , but stayed . By August , Mears made three appearance , playing twice in the League and once in the league against Blackburn Rovers on 31 August 2013 . Afterwards , Mears never made another appearance again , as he remained out of favor by Freedman throughout the season , having become the clubs third choice right back this season . At one point , Mears was set to join Blackpool on loan , but the move was in doubt , as he rejected the move . At the end of the 2013–14 season he was released by the club along with Chris Eagles , Zat Knight and Jay Lynch . Seattle Sounders . On 29 December 2014 , Mears joined Seattle Sounders of Major League Soccer . Terms of the deal were not disclosed per Major League Soccers policy . Mears made his Sounders debut , in the opening game of the season , where he set up one of the goals , in a 3–0 win over New England Revolution . For his performance , Mears was named in the MLS Team of the Week . It wasnt until on 4 July 2015 when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 1–0 win over D.C . United . Mears established himself in the right-back position throughout the season and made 37 appearances ( 34 in the league ) in all competitions , as he helped finished fourth place in Western Conference , sixth place overall , and reach the play-offs in the semi-final . In 2016 season , Mears continued to established himself in the first team as a right-back position despite suffering from injury at the start of the season . Shortly after recovering from a hamstring , Mears made his first appearance for the club this season on 12 March 2016 , in a 2–1 loss against Real Salt Lake . Mears went on to make 32 league appearances despite missing out 1 match , due to tactical changes at one point against FC Dallas on 14 July 2016 . Mears then helped the club reach the final of the MLS Cup to play against Toronto FC and played the whole 120 minutes throughout extra time as a right-back and win the Cup after beating Toronto 5–4 in the penalty shootout . Just one day after winning the Cup , Seattle Sounders declined Mears contract option for 2017 . Atlanta United . After his release from Seattle , Mears rights were traded to Atlanta United in exchange for $50,000 of general allocation money . Mears was released by Atlanta at the end of their 2017 season . Minnesota United . Following his release by Atlanta , Mears entered the 2017 MLS Re-Entry Draft on 15 December 2017 . He was selected by Minnesota United FC in the first round . He and the team mutually agreed to part ways in late August . West Bromwich Albion . On 28 August 2018 , Mears returned to England signing for West Bromwich Albion on a short-term contract until 1 January 2019 . He made his debut on the same day , playing against Mansfield Town in the EFL Cup in a 2–1 win . His deal was later extended by another month to run until the end of January 2019 . On 1 February 2019 , his deal was extended again until the end of the 2018–19 season . He was released at the end of the season in July 2019 . Retirement . By October 2020 Mears was retired . International career . Born and raised in England , Mears believed he had Jamaican ancestry and it was reported on 4 February 2009 , that he had accepted an offer to play for the Jamaica national football team . Mears made his debut on 11 February 2009 in a friendly match against Nigeria , playing 71 minutes of the 0–0 draw at the New Den . Mears said , It was a fantastic feeling to be selected . When John Barnes first phoned me I was really excited . Its a fantastic opportunity to play for Jamaica . Despite making an appearance for Jamaica , it was later reported that Mears father , whom he thought he qualified through , may actually be from Sierra Leone . An official from the Jamaica Football Federation stated that Jamaica fielded Mears without undergoing thorough checks because verification of a players passport is not required for friendly internationals and such matches do not affect a players international eligibility . After discovering his ineligibility to play for Jamaica , Mears petitioned FIFA to have the cap rescinded and have his ongoing eligibility to play for England reaffirmed . Personal life . Mears is studying a course in criminal justice and counter-terrorism at Southern New Hampshire University via online . Mears is a father of four children and spouse is Nadine Mears . Mears revealed he left school when he was 15 to pursue his football career . Mears holds a U.S . green card which qualifies him as a domestic player for MLS roster purposes . Honours . Seattle Sounders . - MLS Cup : 2016
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[
"Preston North End"
] |
hard
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Which team did the player Tyrone Mears belong to in Dec 2004?
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/wiki/Tyrone_Mears#P54#1
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Tyrone Mears Tyrone Mears ( born 18 February 1983 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a right back . His clubs include Bolton Wanderers , Preston North End , West Ham United , Derby County , Olympique de Marseille , Burnley , Seattle Sounders , Atlanta United , Minnesota United , and West Bromwich Albion . From Stockport in the north west of England , Mears once played for the Jamaica national football team despite not being eligible to do so . Club career . Manchester City . Mears came through the ranks at Manchester City and signed trainee forms in August 2001 . Mears only made one appearance for City , replacing Stuart Pearce as a substitute in the 84th minute against Nottingham Forest in March 2002 . On Manchester Citys promotion to the FA Premier League in 2002 , Mears first-team opportunities became limited and he was sold to Preston North End . Preston North End . Mears joined Preston in July 2002 , for a fee of £200,000 . He signed a three-year contract and was expected to provide cover for Graham Alexander . After missing out the start of the season , due to an thigh injury he suffered in the pre-season training , Mears made his debut for Preston as a substitute in a 3–3 draw with Walsall on 19 October 2002 , After playing in the reserve for a while , Mears played his first match in months against Grimsby Town on 14 December 2002 . It wasnt until on 15 April 2003 when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 5–1 loss against Reading . Though Manager Craig Brown expressed disappointment over the results , he singled out praises to Mears , including his spectacular . In his first season at Preston North End , Mears went on to make a total of 24 league and cup appearances in the 2002–03 season , as Preston finished in mid-table of the Football League Championship . In the 2003–04 season , Mears struggled to regain his first team , as he suffered a hamstring that kept him sidelined at the start of the season . It wasnt until on 27 September 2003 when he made his first appearance of the season , in a 2–1 loss against Walsall . However , he struggled to continue to in the first team , as he compete with Graham Alexander and Rob Edwards over the wing-backs position . Despite this , Mears scored his first goal of the season on 10 March 2004 , in a 3–3 draw against Sunderland and only made 14 appearances . Nevertheless , Mears was awarded the clubs most improved player this season . However , in the 2004–05 season , Mears suffered a stress fracture in the pre-season training , which put him out of the game for ten months . Despite his long-term injury , he was offered and signed a further three-year contract in March 2005 , saying I was out for 10 months so you worry about what is going to happen to you . You need to be in the team but Preston have been very good to me and I cant speak more highly of the manager . Last season to get the stress fracture was very hard but thats all behind me now and Im looking forward to a fresh start with a three-year deal . Mears made his return from the first team on 16 April 2005 , coming on as late a substitute , in a 3–0 win over Cardiff City and went on to make five appearances in the 2004–05 season . After suffering from injury at the start of the 2005–06 season , Mears managed to regain his first team place since returning from the first team and then scored his first goal of the season on 18 October 2005 , in a 2–2 draw against Cardiff City . His second goal then came on 11 February 2006 , in a 5–1 win over Luton Town . He made 39 league and cup appearances in the 2005–06 season as Preston reached the Championship play-offs semi-final . During that season , instead of having his surname Mears on the back of his shirt , he had his nickname Tye , a rare occurrence in English football . In July 2006 , after rejecting two bids from Charlton Athletic , Preston accepted an offer for Mears from West Ham United . West Ham United . Mears signed for West Ham for an initial £1 million in July 2006 , rising to £1.9 million depending on appearances and possible future international recognition with England . Mears made his West Ham United debut on 19 August 2006 , in a 3–1 win over Charlton Athletic , in the opening game of the season and then a month later , he played his first European match on 14 September 2006 , playing the whole game , in a 1–0 loss against Palermo . However , he was only to make six league and cup appearances for West Ham as he struggled to break into the first team . He memorably produced an athletic overhead clearance on the line , after Stiliyan Petrov lobbed West Ham keeper Roy Carroll in a match against Aston Villa in September 2006 . Loan to Derby County . With his opportunities in the West Ham first-team limited , he was allowed to join Derby County on loan until the end of the 2006–07 season in January 2007 . Derby manager , Billy Davies , who had managed Mears at his previous club Preston , said of him , He is a very attacking full-back with excellent pace who adds great competition . Ideally we would like to make this deal permanent in the summer . Mears made his debut as an 84th-minute substitute in a 1–0 win at Southampton on 3 February , and went on to make a total of 17 league and cup appearances , as Derby were promoted to the Premier League after beating West Bromwich Albion in the Championship play-off final in May . He went on to make seventeen appearances for the club in the 2006–07 season , during which Mears scored his first goal for Derby against Leeds United in a 2–0 win on the last day of the 2006–07 season . Mears then joined Derby permanently for £1 million on 4 July 2007 , signing a three-year contract . Manager Billy Davies said , Were delighted with this deal . Tye is a very good young full back with excellent pace and potential . We need him for the challenge ahead and I know he is committed to working hard . Mears first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came on 11 August 2007 , in a 2–2 draw against Portsmouth in the opening game of the season . However , a stress fracture sustained in January 2008 ruled him out for three months of the 2007–08 season . Mears made his return from injury against Fulham on 29 March 2008 , coming on as a late substitute , in a 2–2 draw , a game that saw Derby County relegated to the Championship next season . Despite this , Mears scored his second goal for Derby on 19 April 2008 against his former club West Ham United , which saw them lose 2–1 and made 26 appearances ( 25 in the league and once in the FA Cup ) in all competitions . Following the clubs relegation to the Championship , Mears switched number shirt from 24 to 15 after Miles Addison took his shirt . At the start of the season , Mears competed with Paul Connolly over the right-back position and played first five matches to the start of the season in all competitions . Loan to Marseille . On 29 August 2008 , Mears caused controversy when he flew to France to go on trial with Olympique de Marseille without the express permission of Derby manager Paul Jewell . Jewell responded , saying that Mears would never play for the club again whilst he was in charge , and the club fined Mears six weeks wages . Following the trial , the clubs agreed that Mears would go on loan to Marseille for the duration of the 2008–09 season , for a loan fee of £160,000 , with the French club having the option to buy him for £1.5m at the end of the loan . A combination of injury and the good form of Laurent Bonnart meant that Mears did not make his first appearance for Marseille until the UEFA Cup tie against FC Twente in mid-January . Following an injury in March that ruled Bonnart out for the rest of the season , Mears filled in at right full-back in his absence . He made his league debut against Paris Saint-Germain . His first goal for Marseille came in the second leg of a UEFA Cup knockout-stage match against Ajax . His goal , scored in the 20th minute of extra time , gave Marseille a 4–3 win on aggregate , allowing the team to progress to the competitions quarter-final round . Mears went on to make seven appearances in all competitions . Marseille decided not to take up the option of signing him at the end of his loan spell and he returned to Derby on 3 June 2009 , with his future at the club in doubt . Burnley . On 26 June 2009 , he was the subject of an accepted £500,000 ( rising to £600,000 with add-ons ) bid from Premier League side Burnley . He completed the move , signing a three-year deal on 30 June . Mears made his Burnley debut in a 2–0 defeat at Stoke City in the opening game of the season , followed up by bouncing back in the next game , with a 1–0 victory over defending champions , Manchester United . Mears then provided an assist to help the club score two goals , in a 2–0 win over Hull City on 31 October 2009 . After the match , Mears performance was praised by Manager Owen Coyle . His performances also saw him being linked with a move to Premier League rivals Sunderland , but this was denied by the club . Despite this , Mears stayed at the club and played in all 38 games as Burnley were relegated after finishing 18th in the 2009–10 Premier League and accumulated just 30 points . Nevertheless , Mears was awarded South West Clarets Player of the season , Accrington Clarets Player of the season and Earby Clarets Player of the season . Following relegation , Mears began looking for a move away from Turf Moor due to his desire to remain in the top flight . Despite this , Mears stayed at the club throughout the summer and despite the clubs good start to the 2010–11 season , Mears was suspended twice after picking up a yellow card against Nottingham Forest in the opening game of the season and another , which saw him earned a second yellow card , in a 1–0 loss against Swansea City on 28 August 2010 . Despite the suspension , Mears continued to be in the regular first team at Burnley and scored his first goal for Burnley in a 2–1 win over his former club Derby County on 27 November 2010 . In a match against Port Vale in the third round of FA Cup , Mears scored his second goal of the season and setting up one of the goals , in a 4–2 win . He went on to finish the 2010–11 season , making 49 appearance ( 44 in the league ) and scoring two times in all competitions . Bolton Wanderers . On 29 July 2011 , Mears , along with Burnley teammate Chris Eagles , joined Bolton Wanderers on a three-year contract for a joint fee in the region of £3 million . However , on 4 August he broke his leg in a training session . Manager Owen Coyle later said he expected Mears to be absent for a minimum of five months . On 24 January 2012 , Mears played his first full ninety minutes since his injury in the Reserve teams 1–0 defeat to Sunderland Reserves , he was an unused substitute in Boltons 2–1 FA Cup win over Swansea City on 28 January . He made his full debut for the club when being named in the starting line up for the game at Norwich City on 4 February , which Bolton eventually lost 2–0 . However , following the game Mears complained about a pain in the leg that had been broken the previous August and , after a screw was removed from the leg , manager Owen Coyle said he expected Mears to be out of action until late March . Afterwards , Mears didnt make another appearance for the rest of the season . In the 2012–13 season , Mears played his first match of the season in the opening game , making his first start since returning from injury , in a 2–0 loss against Burnley . Since making his return , Mears became a first team regular until he was dropped from the first team by new Manager Dougie Freedman , but managed to regain his first team place soon after . Mears then set up one of the goals on 29 December 2012 , in a 3–1 win over Birmingham City . However , as the 2012–13 season progressed , Mears suffered blood infection at first and then suffered glandular fever that kept him out for the rest of the season . Despite this , Mears went on to finish the 2012–13 season , making twenty-eight appearances in all competitions . In the 2013–14 season , Mears recovered from injury and having fallen out of favor under the management of Freedman , Mears was expected to leave the club in the summer , but stayed . By August , Mears made three appearance , playing twice in the League and once in the league against Blackburn Rovers on 31 August 2013 . Afterwards , Mears never made another appearance again , as he remained out of favor by Freedman throughout the season , having become the clubs third choice right back this season . At one point , Mears was set to join Blackpool on loan , but the move was in doubt , as he rejected the move . At the end of the 2013–14 season he was released by the club along with Chris Eagles , Zat Knight and Jay Lynch . Seattle Sounders . On 29 December 2014 , Mears joined Seattle Sounders of Major League Soccer . Terms of the deal were not disclosed per Major League Soccers policy . Mears made his Sounders debut , in the opening game of the season , where he set up one of the goals , in a 3–0 win over New England Revolution . For his performance , Mears was named in the MLS Team of the Week . It wasnt until on 4 July 2015 when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 1–0 win over D.C . United . Mears established himself in the right-back position throughout the season and made 37 appearances ( 34 in the league ) in all competitions , as he helped finished fourth place in Western Conference , sixth place overall , and reach the play-offs in the semi-final . In 2016 season , Mears continued to established himself in the first team as a right-back position despite suffering from injury at the start of the season . Shortly after recovering from a hamstring , Mears made his first appearance for the club this season on 12 March 2016 , in a 2–1 loss against Real Salt Lake . Mears went on to make 32 league appearances despite missing out 1 match , due to tactical changes at one point against FC Dallas on 14 July 2016 . Mears then helped the club reach the final of the MLS Cup to play against Toronto FC and played the whole 120 minutes throughout extra time as a right-back and win the Cup after beating Toronto 5–4 in the penalty shootout . Just one day after winning the Cup , Seattle Sounders declined Mears contract option for 2017 . Atlanta United . After his release from Seattle , Mears rights were traded to Atlanta United in exchange for $50,000 of general allocation money . Mears was released by Atlanta at the end of their 2017 season . Minnesota United . Following his release by Atlanta , Mears entered the 2017 MLS Re-Entry Draft on 15 December 2017 . He was selected by Minnesota United FC in the first round . He and the team mutually agreed to part ways in late August . West Bromwich Albion . On 28 August 2018 , Mears returned to England signing for West Bromwich Albion on a short-term contract until 1 January 2019 . He made his debut on the same day , playing against Mansfield Town in the EFL Cup in a 2–1 win . His deal was later extended by another month to run until the end of January 2019 . On 1 February 2019 , his deal was extended again until the end of the 2018–19 season . He was released at the end of the season in July 2019 . Retirement . By October 2020 Mears was retired . International career . Born and raised in England , Mears believed he had Jamaican ancestry and it was reported on 4 February 2009 , that he had accepted an offer to play for the Jamaica national football team . Mears made his debut on 11 February 2009 in a friendly match against Nigeria , playing 71 minutes of the 0–0 draw at the New Den . Mears said , It was a fantastic feeling to be selected . When John Barnes first phoned me I was really excited . Its a fantastic opportunity to play for Jamaica . Despite making an appearance for Jamaica , it was later reported that Mears father , whom he thought he qualified through , may actually be from Sierra Leone . An official from the Jamaica Football Federation stated that Jamaica fielded Mears without undergoing thorough checks because verification of a players passport is not required for friendly internationals and such matches do not affect a players international eligibility . After discovering his ineligibility to play for Jamaica , Mears petitioned FIFA to have the cap rescinded and have his ongoing eligibility to play for England reaffirmed . Personal life . Mears is studying a course in criminal justice and counter-terrorism at Southern New Hampshire University via online . Mears is a father of four children and spouse is Nadine Mears . Mears revealed he left school when he was 15 to pursue his football career . Mears holds a U.S . green card which qualifies him as a domestic player for MLS roster purposes . Honours . Seattle Sounders . - MLS Cup : 2016
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[
"West Ham United"
] |
hard
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Which team did the player Tyrone Mears belong to between Jan 2006 and Sep 2006?
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/wiki/Tyrone_Mears#P54#2
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Tyrone Mears Tyrone Mears ( born 18 February 1983 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a right back . His clubs include Bolton Wanderers , Preston North End , West Ham United , Derby County , Olympique de Marseille , Burnley , Seattle Sounders , Atlanta United , Minnesota United , and West Bromwich Albion . From Stockport in the north west of England , Mears once played for the Jamaica national football team despite not being eligible to do so . Club career . Manchester City . Mears came through the ranks at Manchester City and signed trainee forms in August 2001 . Mears only made one appearance for City , replacing Stuart Pearce as a substitute in the 84th minute against Nottingham Forest in March 2002 . On Manchester Citys promotion to the FA Premier League in 2002 , Mears first-team opportunities became limited and he was sold to Preston North End . Preston North End . Mears joined Preston in July 2002 , for a fee of £200,000 . He signed a three-year contract and was expected to provide cover for Graham Alexander . After missing out the start of the season , due to an thigh injury he suffered in the pre-season training , Mears made his debut for Preston as a substitute in a 3–3 draw with Walsall on 19 October 2002 , After playing in the reserve for a while , Mears played his first match in months against Grimsby Town on 14 December 2002 . It wasnt until on 15 April 2003 when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 5–1 loss against Reading . Though Manager Craig Brown expressed disappointment over the results , he singled out praises to Mears , including his spectacular . In his first season at Preston North End , Mears went on to make a total of 24 league and cup appearances in the 2002–03 season , as Preston finished in mid-table of the Football League Championship . In the 2003–04 season , Mears struggled to regain his first team , as he suffered a hamstring that kept him sidelined at the start of the season . It wasnt until on 27 September 2003 when he made his first appearance of the season , in a 2–1 loss against Walsall . However , he struggled to continue to in the first team , as he compete with Graham Alexander and Rob Edwards over the wing-backs position . Despite this , Mears scored his first goal of the season on 10 March 2004 , in a 3–3 draw against Sunderland and only made 14 appearances . Nevertheless , Mears was awarded the clubs most improved player this season . However , in the 2004–05 season , Mears suffered a stress fracture in the pre-season training , which put him out of the game for ten months . Despite his long-term injury , he was offered and signed a further three-year contract in March 2005 , saying I was out for 10 months so you worry about what is going to happen to you . You need to be in the team but Preston have been very good to me and I cant speak more highly of the manager . Last season to get the stress fracture was very hard but thats all behind me now and Im looking forward to a fresh start with a three-year deal . Mears made his return from the first team on 16 April 2005 , coming on as late a substitute , in a 3–0 win over Cardiff City and went on to make five appearances in the 2004–05 season . After suffering from injury at the start of the 2005–06 season , Mears managed to regain his first team place since returning from the first team and then scored his first goal of the season on 18 October 2005 , in a 2–2 draw against Cardiff City . His second goal then came on 11 February 2006 , in a 5–1 win over Luton Town . He made 39 league and cup appearances in the 2005–06 season as Preston reached the Championship play-offs semi-final . During that season , instead of having his surname Mears on the back of his shirt , he had his nickname Tye , a rare occurrence in English football . In July 2006 , after rejecting two bids from Charlton Athletic , Preston accepted an offer for Mears from West Ham United . West Ham United . Mears signed for West Ham for an initial £1 million in July 2006 , rising to £1.9 million depending on appearances and possible future international recognition with England . Mears made his West Ham United debut on 19 August 2006 , in a 3–1 win over Charlton Athletic , in the opening game of the season and then a month later , he played his first European match on 14 September 2006 , playing the whole game , in a 1–0 loss against Palermo . However , he was only to make six league and cup appearances for West Ham as he struggled to break into the first team . He memorably produced an athletic overhead clearance on the line , after Stiliyan Petrov lobbed West Ham keeper Roy Carroll in a match against Aston Villa in September 2006 . Loan to Derby County . With his opportunities in the West Ham first-team limited , he was allowed to join Derby County on loan until the end of the 2006–07 season in January 2007 . Derby manager , Billy Davies , who had managed Mears at his previous club Preston , said of him , He is a very attacking full-back with excellent pace who adds great competition . Ideally we would like to make this deal permanent in the summer . Mears made his debut as an 84th-minute substitute in a 1–0 win at Southampton on 3 February , and went on to make a total of 17 league and cup appearances , as Derby were promoted to the Premier League after beating West Bromwich Albion in the Championship play-off final in May . He went on to make seventeen appearances for the club in the 2006–07 season , during which Mears scored his first goal for Derby against Leeds United in a 2–0 win on the last day of the 2006–07 season . Mears then joined Derby permanently for £1 million on 4 July 2007 , signing a three-year contract . Manager Billy Davies said , Were delighted with this deal . Tye is a very good young full back with excellent pace and potential . We need him for the challenge ahead and I know he is committed to working hard . Mears first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came on 11 August 2007 , in a 2–2 draw against Portsmouth in the opening game of the season . However , a stress fracture sustained in January 2008 ruled him out for three months of the 2007–08 season . Mears made his return from injury against Fulham on 29 March 2008 , coming on as a late substitute , in a 2–2 draw , a game that saw Derby County relegated to the Championship next season . Despite this , Mears scored his second goal for Derby on 19 April 2008 against his former club West Ham United , which saw them lose 2–1 and made 26 appearances ( 25 in the league and once in the FA Cup ) in all competitions . Following the clubs relegation to the Championship , Mears switched number shirt from 24 to 15 after Miles Addison took his shirt . At the start of the season , Mears competed with Paul Connolly over the right-back position and played first five matches to the start of the season in all competitions . Loan to Marseille . On 29 August 2008 , Mears caused controversy when he flew to France to go on trial with Olympique de Marseille without the express permission of Derby manager Paul Jewell . Jewell responded , saying that Mears would never play for the club again whilst he was in charge , and the club fined Mears six weeks wages . Following the trial , the clubs agreed that Mears would go on loan to Marseille for the duration of the 2008–09 season , for a loan fee of £160,000 , with the French club having the option to buy him for £1.5m at the end of the loan . A combination of injury and the good form of Laurent Bonnart meant that Mears did not make his first appearance for Marseille until the UEFA Cup tie against FC Twente in mid-January . Following an injury in March that ruled Bonnart out for the rest of the season , Mears filled in at right full-back in his absence . He made his league debut against Paris Saint-Germain . His first goal for Marseille came in the second leg of a UEFA Cup knockout-stage match against Ajax . His goal , scored in the 20th minute of extra time , gave Marseille a 4–3 win on aggregate , allowing the team to progress to the competitions quarter-final round . Mears went on to make seven appearances in all competitions . Marseille decided not to take up the option of signing him at the end of his loan spell and he returned to Derby on 3 June 2009 , with his future at the club in doubt . Burnley . On 26 June 2009 , he was the subject of an accepted £500,000 ( rising to £600,000 with add-ons ) bid from Premier League side Burnley . He completed the move , signing a three-year deal on 30 June . Mears made his Burnley debut in a 2–0 defeat at Stoke City in the opening game of the season , followed up by bouncing back in the next game , with a 1–0 victory over defending champions , Manchester United . Mears then provided an assist to help the club score two goals , in a 2–0 win over Hull City on 31 October 2009 . After the match , Mears performance was praised by Manager Owen Coyle . His performances also saw him being linked with a move to Premier League rivals Sunderland , but this was denied by the club . Despite this , Mears stayed at the club and played in all 38 games as Burnley were relegated after finishing 18th in the 2009–10 Premier League and accumulated just 30 points . Nevertheless , Mears was awarded South West Clarets Player of the season , Accrington Clarets Player of the season and Earby Clarets Player of the season . Following relegation , Mears began looking for a move away from Turf Moor due to his desire to remain in the top flight . Despite this , Mears stayed at the club throughout the summer and despite the clubs good start to the 2010–11 season , Mears was suspended twice after picking up a yellow card against Nottingham Forest in the opening game of the season and another , which saw him earned a second yellow card , in a 1–0 loss against Swansea City on 28 August 2010 . Despite the suspension , Mears continued to be in the regular first team at Burnley and scored his first goal for Burnley in a 2–1 win over his former club Derby County on 27 November 2010 . In a match against Port Vale in the third round of FA Cup , Mears scored his second goal of the season and setting up one of the goals , in a 4–2 win . He went on to finish the 2010–11 season , making 49 appearance ( 44 in the league ) and scoring two times in all competitions . Bolton Wanderers . On 29 July 2011 , Mears , along with Burnley teammate Chris Eagles , joined Bolton Wanderers on a three-year contract for a joint fee in the region of £3 million . However , on 4 August he broke his leg in a training session . Manager Owen Coyle later said he expected Mears to be absent for a minimum of five months . On 24 January 2012 , Mears played his first full ninety minutes since his injury in the Reserve teams 1–0 defeat to Sunderland Reserves , he was an unused substitute in Boltons 2–1 FA Cup win over Swansea City on 28 January . He made his full debut for the club when being named in the starting line up for the game at Norwich City on 4 February , which Bolton eventually lost 2–0 . However , following the game Mears complained about a pain in the leg that had been broken the previous August and , after a screw was removed from the leg , manager Owen Coyle said he expected Mears to be out of action until late March . Afterwards , Mears didnt make another appearance for the rest of the season . In the 2012–13 season , Mears played his first match of the season in the opening game , making his first start since returning from injury , in a 2–0 loss against Burnley . Since making his return , Mears became a first team regular until he was dropped from the first team by new Manager Dougie Freedman , but managed to regain his first team place soon after . Mears then set up one of the goals on 29 December 2012 , in a 3–1 win over Birmingham City . However , as the 2012–13 season progressed , Mears suffered blood infection at first and then suffered glandular fever that kept him out for the rest of the season . Despite this , Mears went on to finish the 2012–13 season , making twenty-eight appearances in all competitions . In the 2013–14 season , Mears recovered from injury and having fallen out of favor under the management of Freedman , Mears was expected to leave the club in the summer , but stayed . By August , Mears made three appearance , playing twice in the League and once in the league against Blackburn Rovers on 31 August 2013 . Afterwards , Mears never made another appearance again , as he remained out of favor by Freedman throughout the season , having become the clubs third choice right back this season . At one point , Mears was set to join Blackpool on loan , but the move was in doubt , as he rejected the move . At the end of the 2013–14 season he was released by the club along with Chris Eagles , Zat Knight and Jay Lynch . Seattle Sounders . On 29 December 2014 , Mears joined Seattle Sounders of Major League Soccer . Terms of the deal were not disclosed per Major League Soccers policy . Mears made his Sounders debut , in the opening game of the season , where he set up one of the goals , in a 3–0 win over New England Revolution . For his performance , Mears was named in the MLS Team of the Week . It wasnt until on 4 July 2015 when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 1–0 win over D.C . United . Mears established himself in the right-back position throughout the season and made 37 appearances ( 34 in the league ) in all competitions , as he helped finished fourth place in Western Conference , sixth place overall , and reach the play-offs in the semi-final . In 2016 season , Mears continued to established himself in the first team as a right-back position despite suffering from injury at the start of the season . Shortly after recovering from a hamstring , Mears made his first appearance for the club this season on 12 March 2016 , in a 2–1 loss against Real Salt Lake . Mears went on to make 32 league appearances despite missing out 1 match , due to tactical changes at one point against FC Dallas on 14 July 2016 . Mears then helped the club reach the final of the MLS Cup to play against Toronto FC and played the whole 120 minutes throughout extra time as a right-back and win the Cup after beating Toronto 5–4 in the penalty shootout . Just one day after winning the Cup , Seattle Sounders declined Mears contract option for 2017 . Atlanta United . After his release from Seattle , Mears rights were traded to Atlanta United in exchange for $50,000 of general allocation money . Mears was released by Atlanta at the end of their 2017 season . Minnesota United . Following his release by Atlanta , Mears entered the 2017 MLS Re-Entry Draft on 15 December 2017 . He was selected by Minnesota United FC in the first round . He and the team mutually agreed to part ways in late August . West Bromwich Albion . On 28 August 2018 , Mears returned to England signing for West Bromwich Albion on a short-term contract until 1 January 2019 . He made his debut on the same day , playing against Mansfield Town in the EFL Cup in a 2–1 win . His deal was later extended by another month to run until the end of January 2019 . On 1 February 2019 , his deal was extended again until the end of the 2018–19 season . He was released at the end of the season in July 2019 . Retirement . By October 2020 Mears was retired . International career . Born and raised in England , Mears believed he had Jamaican ancestry and it was reported on 4 February 2009 , that he had accepted an offer to play for the Jamaica national football team . Mears made his debut on 11 February 2009 in a friendly match against Nigeria , playing 71 minutes of the 0–0 draw at the New Den . Mears said , It was a fantastic feeling to be selected . When John Barnes first phoned me I was really excited . Its a fantastic opportunity to play for Jamaica . Despite making an appearance for Jamaica , it was later reported that Mears father , whom he thought he qualified through , may actually be from Sierra Leone . An official from the Jamaica Football Federation stated that Jamaica fielded Mears without undergoing thorough checks because verification of a players passport is not required for friendly internationals and such matches do not affect a players international eligibility . After discovering his ineligibility to play for Jamaica , Mears petitioned FIFA to have the cap rescinded and have his ongoing eligibility to play for England reaffirmed . Personal life . Mears is studying a course in criminal justice and counter-terrorism at Southern New Hampshire University via online . Mears is a father of four children and spouse is Nadine Mears . Mears revealed he left school when he was 15 to pursue his football career . Mears holds a U.S . green card which qualifies him as a domestic player for MLS roster purposes . Honours . Seattle Sounders . - MLS Cup : 2016
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"Loan to Derby County"
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Which team did the player Tyrone Mears belong to between May 2008 and Sep 2008?
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/wiki/Tyrone_Mears#P54#3
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Tyrone Mears Tyrone Mears ( born 18 February 1983 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a right back . His clubs include Bolton Wanderers , Preston North End , West Ham United , Derby County , Olympique de Marseille , Burnley , Seattle Sounders , Atlanta United , Minnesota United , and West Bromwich Albion . From Stockport in the north west of England , Mears once played for the Jamaica national football team despite not being eligible to do so . Club career . Manchester City . Mears came through the ranks at Manchester City and signed trainee forms in August 2001 . Mears only made one appearance for City , replacing Stuart Pearce as a substitute in the 84th minute against Nottingham Forest in March 2002 . On Manchester Citys promotion to the FA Premier League in 2002 , Mears first-team opportunities became limited and he was sold to Preston North End . Preston North End . Mears joined Preston in July 2002 , for a fee of £200,000 . He signed a three-year contract and was expected to provide cover for Graham Alexander . After missing out the start of the season , due to an thigh injury he suffered in the pre-season training , Mears made his debut for Preston as a substitute in a 3–3 draw with Walsall on 19 October 2002 , After playing in the reserve for a while , Mears played his first match in months against Grimsby Town on 14 December 2002 . It wasnt until on 15 April 2003 when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 5–1 loss against Reading . Though Manager Craig Brown expressed disappointment over the results , he singled out praises to Mears , including his spectacular . In his first season at Preston North End , Mears went on to make a total of 24 league and cup appearances in the 2002–03 season , as Preston finished in mid-table of the Football League Championship . In the 2003–04 season , Mears struggled to regain his first team , as he suffered a hamstring that kept him sidelined at the start of the season . It wasnt until on 27 September 2003 when he made his first appearance of the season , in a 2–1 loss against Walsall . However , he struggled to continue to in the first team , as he compete with Graham Alexander and Rob Edwards over the wing-backs position . Despite this , Mears scored his first goal of the season on 10 March 2004 , in a 3–3 draw against Sunderland and only made 14 appearances . Nevertheless , Mears was awarded the clubs most improved player this season . However , in the 2004–05 season , Mears suffered a stress fracture in the pre-season training , which put him out of the game for ten months . Despite his long-term injury , he was offered and signed a further three-year contract in March 2005 , saying I was out for 10 months so you worry about what is going to happen to you . You need to be in the team but Preston have been very good to me and I cant speak more highly of the manager . Last season to get the stress fracture was very hard but thats all behind me now and Im looking forward to a fresh start with a three-year deal . Mears made his return from the first team on 16 April 2005 , coming on as late a substitute , in a 3–0 win over Cardiff City and went on to make five appearances in the 2004–05 season . After suffering from injury at the start of the 2005–06 season , Mears managed to regain his first team place since returning from the first team and then scored his first goal of the season on 18 October 2005 , in a 2–2 draw against Cardiff City . His second goal then came on 11 February 2006 , in a 5–1 win over Luton Town . He made 39 league and cup appearances in the 2005–06 season as Preston reached the Championship play-offs semi-final . During that season , instead of having his surname Mears on the back of his shirt , he had his nickname Tye , a rare occurrence in English football . In July 2006 , after rejecting two bids from Charlton Athletic , Preston accepted an offer for Mears from West Ham United . West Ham United . Mears signed for West Ham for an initial £1 million in July 2006 , rising to £1.9 million depending on appearances and possible future international recognition with England . Mears made his West Ham United debut on 19 August 2006 , in a 3–1 win over Charlton Athletic , in the opening game of the season and then a month later , he played his first European match on 14 September 2006 , playing the whole game , in a 1–0 loss against Palermo . However , he was only to make six league and cup appearances for West Ham as he struggled to break into the first team . He memorably produced an athletic overhead clearance on the line , after Stiliyan Petrov lobbed West Ham keeper Roy Carroll in a match against Aston Villa in September 2006 . Loan to Derby County . With his opportunities in the West Ham first-team limited , he was allowed to join Derby County on loan until the end of the 2006–07 season in January 2007 . Derby manager , Billy Davies , who had managed Mears at his previous club Preston , said of him , He is a very attacking full-back with excellent pace who adds great competition . Ideally we would like to make this deal permanent in the summer . Mears made his debut as an 84th-minute substitute in a 1–0 win at Southampton on 3 February , and went on to make a total of 17 league and cup appearances , as Derby were promoted to the Premier League after beating West Bromwich Albion in the Championship play-off final in May . He went on to make seventeen appearances for the club in the 2006–07 season , during which Mears scored his first goal for Derby against Leeds United in a 2–0 win on the last day of the 2006–07 season . Mears then joined Derby permanently for £1 million on 4 July 2007 , signing a three-year contract . Manager Billy Davies said , Were delighted with this deal . Tye is a very good young full back with excellent pace and potential . We need him for the challenge ahead and I know he is committed to working hard . Mears first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came on 11 August 2007 , in a 2–2 draw against Portsmouth in the opening game of the season . However , a stress fracture sustained in January 2008 ruled him out for three months of the 2007–08 season . Mears made his return from injury against Fulham on 29 March 2008 , coming on as a late substitute , in a 2–2 draw , a game that saw Derby County relegated to the Championship next season . Despite this , Mears scored his second goal for Derby on 19 April 2008 against his former club West Ham United , which saw them lose 2–1 and made 26 appearances ( 25 in the league and once in the FA Cup ) in all competitions . Following the clubs relegation to the Championship , Mears switched number shirt from 24 to 15 after Miles Addison took his shirt . At the start of the season , Mears competed with Paul Connolly over the right-back position and played first five matches to the start of the season in all competitions . Loan to Marseille . On 29 August 2008 , Mears caused controversy when he flew to France to go on trial with Olympique de Marseille without the express permission of Derby manager Paul Jewell . Jewell responded , saying that Mears would never play for the club again whilst he was in charge , and the club fined Mears six weeks wages . Following the trial , the clubs agreed that Mears would go on loan to Marseille for the duration of the 2008–09 season , for a loan fee of £160,000 , with the French club having the option to buy him for £1.5m at the end of the loan . A combination of injury and the good form of Laurent Bonnart meant that Mears did not make his first appearance for Marseille until the UEFA Cup tie against FC Twente in mid-January . Following an injury in March that ruled Bonnart out for the rest of the season , Mears filled in at right full-back in his absence . He made his league debut against Paris Saint-Germain . His first goal for Marseille came in the second leg of a UEFA Cup knockout-stage match against Ajax . His goal , scored in the 20th minute of extra time , gave Marseille a 4–3 win on aggregate , allowing the team to progress to the competitions quarter-final round . Mears went on to make seven appearances in all competitions . Marseille decided not to take up the option of signing him at the end of his loan spell and he returned to Derby on 3 June 2009 , with his future at the club in doubt . Burnley . On 26 June 2009 , he was the subject of an accepted £500,000 ( rising to £600,000 with add-ons ) bid from Premier League side Burnley . He completed the move , signing a three-year deal on 30 June . Mears made his Burnley debut in a 2–0 defeat at Stoke City in the opening game of the season , followed up by bouncing back in the next game , with a 1–0 victory over defending champions , Manchester United . Mears then provided an assist to help the club score two goals , in a 2–0 win over Hull City on 31 October 2009 . After the match , Mears performance was praised by Manager Owen Coyle . His performances also saw him being linked with a move to Premier League rivals Sunderland , but this was denied by the club . Despite this , Mears stayed at the club and played in all 38 games as Burnley were relegated after finishing 18th in the 2009–10 Premier League and accumulated just 30 points . Nevertheless , Mears was awarded South West Clarets Player of the season , Accrington Clarets Player of the season and Earby Clarets Player of the season . Following relegation , Mears began looking for a move away from Turf Moor due to his desire to remain in the top flight . Despite this , Mears stayed at the club throughout the summer and despite the clubs good start to the 2010–11 season , Mears was suspended twice after picking up a yellow card against Nottingham Forest in the opening game of the season and another , which saw him earned a second yellow card , in a 1–0 loss against Swansea City on 28 August 2010 . Despite the suspension , Mears continued to be in the regular first team at Burnley and scored his first goal for Burnley in a 2–1 win over his former club Derby County on 27 November 2010 . In a match against Port Vale in the third round of FA Cup , Mears scored his second goal of the season and setting up one of the goals , in a 4–2 win . He went on to finish the 2010–11 season , making 49 appearance ( 44 in the league ) and scoring two times in all competitions . Bolton Wanderers . On 29 July 2011 , Mears , along with Burnley teammate Chris Eagles , joined Bolton Wanderers on a three-year contract for a joint fee in the region of £3 million . However , on 4 August he broke his leg in a training session . Manager Owen Coyle later said he expected Mears to be absent for a minimum of five months . On 24 January 2012 , Mears played his first full ninety minutes since his injury in the Reserve teams 1–0 defeat to Sunderland Reserves , he was an unused substitute in Boltons 2–1 FA Cup win over Swansea City on 28 January . He made his full debut for the club when being named in the starting line up for the game at Norwich City on 4 February , which Bolton eventually lost 2–0 . However , following the game Mears complained about a pain in the leg that had been broken the previous August and , after a screw was removed from the leg , manager Owen Coyle said he expected Mears to be out of action until late March . Afterwards , Mears didnt make another appearance for the rest of the season . In the 2012–13 season , Mears played his first match of the season in the opening game , making his first start since returning from injury , in a 2–0 loss against Burnley . Since making his return , Mears became a first team regular until he was dropped from the first team by new Manager Dougie Freedman , but managed to regain his first team place soon after . Mears then set up one of the goals on 29 December 2012 , in a 3–1 win over Birmingham City . However , as the 2012–13 season progressed , Mears suffered blood infection at first and then suffered glandular fever that kept him out for the rest of the season . Despite this , Mears went on to finish the 2012–13 season , making twenty-eight appearances in all competitions . In the 2013–14 season , Mears recovered from injury and having fallen out of favor under the management of Freedman , Mears was expected to leave the club in the summer , but stayed . By August , Mears made three appearance , playing twice in the League and once in the league against Blackburn Rovers on 31 August 2013 . Afterwards , Mears never made another appearance again , as he remained out of favor by Freedman throughout the season , having become the clubs third choice right back this season . At one point , Mears was set to join Blackpool on loan , but the move was in doubt , as he rejected the move . At the end of the 2013–14 season he was released by the club along with Chris Eagles , Zat Knight and Jay Lynch . Seattle Sounders . On 29 December 2014 , Mears joined Seattle Sounders of Major League Soccer . Terms of the deal were not disclosed per Major League Soccers policy . Mears made his Sounders debut , in the opening game of the season , where he set up one of the goals , in a 3–0 win over New England Revolution . For his performance , Mears was named in the MLS Team of the Week . It wasnt until on 4 July 2015 when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 1–0 win over D.C . United . Mears established himself in the right-back position throughout the season and made 37 appearances ( 34 in the league ) in all competitions , as he helped finished fourth place in Western Conference , sixth place overall , and reach the play-offs in the semi-final . In 2016 season , Mears continued to established himself in the first team as a right-back position despite suffering from injury at the start of the season . Shortly after recovering from a hamstring , Mears made his first appearance for the club this season on 12 March 2016 , in a 2–1 loss against Real Salt Lake . Mears went on to make 32 league appearances despite missing out 1 match , due to tactical changes at one point against FC Dallas on 14 July 2016 . Mears then helped the club reach the final of the MLS Cup to play against Toronto FC and played the whole 120 minutes throughout extra time as a right-back and win the Cup after beating Toronto 5–4 in the penalty shootout . Just one day after winning the Cup , Seattle Sounders declined Mears contract option for 2017 . Atlanta United . After his release from Seattle , Mears rights were traded to Atlanta United in exchange for $50,000 of general allocation money . Mears was released by Atlanta at the end of their 2017 season . Minnesota United . Following his release by Atlanta , Mears entered the 2017 MLS Re-Entry Draft on 15 December 2017 . He was selected by Minnesota United FC in the first round . He and the team mutually agreed to part ways in late August . West Bromwich Albion . On 28 August 2018 , Mears returned to England signing for West Bromwich Albion on a short-term contract until 1 January 2019 . He made his debut on the same day , playing against Mansfield Town in the EFL Cup in a 2–1 win . His deal was later extended by another month to run until the end of January 2019 . On 1 February 2019 , his deal was extended again until the end of the 2018–19 season . He was released at the end of the season in July 2019 . Retirement . By October 2020 Mears was retired . International career . Born and raised in England , Mears believed he had Jamaican ancestry and it was reported on 4 February 2009 , that he had accepted an offer to play for the Jamaica national football team . Mears made his debut on 11 February 2009 in a friendly match against Nigeria , playing 71 minutes of the 0–0 draw at the New Den . Mears said , It was a fantastic feeling to be selected . When John Barnes first phoned me I was really excited . Its a fantastic opportunity to play for Jamaica . Despite making an appearance for Jamaica , it was later reported that Mears father , whom he thought he qualified through , may actually be from Sierra Leone . An official from the Jamaica Football Federation stated that Jamaica fielded Mears without undergoing thorough checks because verification of a players passport is not required for friendly internationals and such matches do not affect a players international eligibility . After discovering his ineligibility to play for Jamaica , Mears petitioned FIFA to have the cap rescinded and have his ongoing eligibility to play for England reaffirmed . Personal life . Mears is studying a course in criminal justice and counter-terrorism at Southern New Hampshire University via online . Mears is a father of four children and spouse is Nadine Mears . Mears revealed he left school when he was 15 to pursue his football career . Mears holds a U.S . green card which qualifies him as a domestic player for MLS roster purposes . Honours . Seattle Sounders . - MLS Cup : 2016
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"Burnley"
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hard
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Which team did the player Tyrone Mears belong to between May 2010 and Nov 2010?
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/wiki/Tyrone_Mears#P54#4
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Tyrone Mears Tyrone Mears ( born 18 February 1983 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a right back . His clubs include Bolton Wanderers , Preston North End , West Ham United , Derby County , Olympique de Marseille , Burnley , Seattle Sounders , Atlanta United , Minnesota United , and West Bromwich Albion . From Stockport in the north west of England , Mears once played for the Jamaica national football team despite not being eligible to do so . Club career . Manchester City . Mears came through the ranks at Manchester City and signed trainee forms in August 2001 . Mears only made one appearance for City , replacing Stuart Pearce as a substitute in the 84th minute against Nottingham Forest in March 2002 . On Manchester Citys promotion to the FA Premier League in 2002 , Mears first-team opportunities became limited and he was sold to Preston North End . Preston North End . Mears joined Preston in July 2002 , for a fee of £200,000 . He signed a three-year contract and was expected to provide cover for Graham Alexander . After missing out the start of the season , due to an thigh injury he suffered in the pre-season training , Mears made his debut for Preston as a substitute in a 3–3 draw with Walsall on 19 October 2002 , After playing in the reserve for a while , Mears played his first match in months against Grimsby Town on 14 December 2002 . It wasnt until on 15 April 2003 when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 5–1 loss against Reading . Though Manager Craig Brown expressed disappointment over the results , he singled out praises to Mears , including his spectacular . In his first season at Preston North End , Mears went on to make a total of 24 league and cup appearances in the 2002–03 season , as Preston finished in mid-table of the Football League Championship . In the 2003–04 season , Mears struggled to regain his first team , as he suffered a hamstring that kept him sidelined at the start of the season . It wasnt until on 27 September 2003 when he made his first appearance of the season , in a 2–1 loss against Walsall . However , he struggled to continue to in the first team , as he compete with Graham Alexander and Rob Edwards over the wing-backs position . Despite this , Mears scored his first goal of the season on 10 March 2004 , in a 3–3 draw against Sunderland and only made 14 appearances . Nevertheless , Mears was awarded the clubs most improved player this season . However , in the 2004–05 season , Mears suffered a stress fracture in the pre-season training , which put him out of the game for ten months . Despite his long-term injury , he was offered and signed a further three-year contract in March 2005 , saying I was out for 10 months so you worry about what is going to happen to you . You need to be in the team but Preston have been very good to me and I cant speak more highly of the manager . Last season to get the stress fracture was very hard but thats all behind me now and Im looking forward to a fresh start with a three-year deal . Mears made his return from the first team on 16 April 2005 , coming on as late a substitute , in a 3–0 win over Cardiff City and went on to make five appearances in the 2004–05 season . After suffering from injury at the start of the 2005–06 season , Mears managed to regain his first team place since returning from the first team and then scored his first goal of the season on 18 October 2005 , in a 2–2 draw against Cardiff City . His second goal then came on 11 February 2006 , in a 5–1 win over Luton Town . He made 39 league and cup appearances in the 2005–06 season as Preston reached the Championship play-offs semi-final . During that season , instead of having his surname Mears on the back of his shirt , he had his nickname Tye , a rare occurrence in English football . In July 2006 , after rejecting two bids from Charlton Athletic , Preston accepted an offer for Mears from West Ham United . West Ham United . Mears signed for West Ham for an initial £1 million in July 2006 , rising to £1.9 million depending on appearances and possible future international recognition with England . Mears made his West Ham United debut on 19 August 2006 , in a 3–1 win over Charlton Athletic , in the opening game of the season and then a month later , he played his first European match on 14 September 2006 , playing the whole game , in a 1–0 loss against Palermo . However , he was only to make six league and cup appearances for West Ham as he struggled to break into the first team . He memorably produced an athletic overhead clearance on the line , after Stiliyan Petrov lobbed West Ham keeper Roy Carroll in a match against Aston Villa in September 2006 . Loan to Derby County . With his opportunities in the West Ham first-team limited , he was allowed to join Derby County on loan until the end of the 2006–07 season in January 2007 . Derby manager , Billy Davies , who had managed Mears at his previous club Preston , said of him , He is a very attacking full-back with excellent pace who adds great competition . Ideally we would like to make this deal permanent in the summer . Mears made his debut as an 84th-minute substitute in a 1–0 win at Southampton on 3 February , and went on to make a total of 17 league and cup appearances , as Derby were promoted to the Premier League after beating West Bromwich Albion in the Championship play-off final in May . He went on to make seventeen appearances for the club in the 2006–07 season , during which Mears scored his first goal for Derby against Leeds United in a 2–0 win on the last day of the 2006–07 season . Mears then joined Derby permanently for £1 million on 4 July 2007 , signing a three-year contract . Manager Billy Davies said , Were delighted with this deal . Tye is a very good young full back with excellent pace and potential . We need him for the challenge ahead and I know he is committed to working hard . Mears first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came on 11 August 2007 , in a 2–2 draw against Portsmouth in the opening game of the season . However , a stress fracture sustained in January 2008 ruled him out for three months of the 2007–08 season . Mears made his return from injury against Fulham on 29 March 2008 , coming on as a late substitute , in a 2–2 draw , a game that saw Derby County relegated to the Championship next season . Despite this , Mears scored his second goal for Derby on 19 April 2008 against his former club West Ham United , which saw them lose 2–1 and made 26 appearances ( 25 in the league and once in the FA Cup ) in all competitions . Following the clubs relegation to the Championship , Mears switched number shirt from 24 to 15 after Miles Addison took his shirt . At the start of the season , Mears competed with Paul Connolly over the right-back position and played first five matches to the start of the season in all competitions . Loan to Marseille . On 29 August 2008 , Mears caused controversy when he flew to France to go on trial with Olympique de Marseille without the express permission of Derby manager Paul Jewell . Jewell responded , saying that Mears would never play for the club again whilst he was in charge , and the club fined Mears six weeks wages . Following the trial , the clubs agreed that Mears would go on loan to Marseille for the duration of the 2008–09 season , for a loan fee of £160,000 , with the French club having the option to buy him for £1.5m at the end of the loan . A combination of injury and the good form of Laurent Bonnart meant that Mears did not make his first appearance for Marseille until the UEFA Cup tie against FC Twente in mid-January . Following an injury in March that ruled Bonnart out for the rest of the season , Mears filled in at right full-back in his absence . He made his league debut against Paris Saint-Germain . His first goal for Marseille came in the second leg of a UEFA Cup knockout-stage match against Ajax . His goal , scored in the 20th minute of extra time , gave Marseille a 4–3 win on aggregate , allowing the team to progress to the competitions quarter-final round . Mears went on to make seven appearances in all competitions . Marseille decided not to take up the option of signing him at the end of his loan spell and he returned to Derby on 3 June 2009 , with his future at the club in doubt . Burnley . On 26 June 2009 , he was the subject of an accepted £500,000 ( rising to £600,000 with add-ons ) bid from Premier League side Burnley . He completed the move , signing a three-year deal on 30 June . Mears made his Burnley debut in a 2–0 defeat at Stoke City in the opening game of the season , followed up by bouncing back in the next game , with a 1–0 victory over defending champions , Manchester United . Mears then provided an assist to help the club score two goals , in a 2–0 win over Hull City on 31 October 2009 . After the match , Mears performance was praised by Manager Owen Coyle . His performances also saw him being linked with a move to Premier League rivals Sunderland , but this was denied by the club . Despite this , Mears stayed at the club and played in all 38 games as Burnley were relegated after finishing 18th in the 2009–10 Premier League and accumulated just 30 points . Nevertheless , Mears was awarded South West Clarets Player of the season , Accrington Clarets Player of the season and Earby Clarets Player of the season . Following relegation , Mears began looking for a move away from Turf Moor due to his desire to remain in the top flight . Despite this , Mears stayed at the club throughout the summer and despite the clubs good start to the 2010–11 season , Mears was suspended twice after picking up a yellow card against Nottingham Forest in the opening game of the season and another , which saw him earned a second yellow card , in a 1–0 loss against Swansea City on 28 August 2010 . Despite the suspension , Mears continued to be in the regular first team at Burnley and scored his first goal for Burnley in a 2–1 win over his former club Derby County on 27 November 2010 . In a match against Port Vale in the third round of FA Cup , Mears scored his second goal of the season and setting up one of the goals , in a 4–2 win . He went on to finish the 2010–11 season , making 49 appearance ( 44 in the league ) and scoring two times in all competitions . Bolton Wanderers . On 29 July 2011 , Mears , along with Burnley teammate Chris Eagles , joined Bolton Wanderers on a three-year contract for a joint fee in the region of £3 million . However , on 4 August he broke his leg in a training session . Manager Owen Coyle later said he expected Mears to be absent for a minimum of five months . On 24 January 2012 , Mears played his first full ninety minutes since his injury in the Reserve teams 1–0 defeat to Sunderland Reserves , he was an unused substitute in Boltons 2–1 FA Cup win over Swansea City on 28 January . He made his full debut for the club when being named in the starting line up for the game at Norwich City on 4 February , which Bolton eventually lost 2–0 . However , following the game Mears complained about a pain in the leg that had been broken the previous August and , after a screw was removed from the leg , manager Owen Coyle said he expected Mears to be out of action until late March . Afterwards , Mears didnt make another appearance for the rest of the season . In the 2012–13 season , Mears played his first match of the season in the opening game , making his first start since returning from injury , in a 2–0 loss against Burnley . Since making his return , Mears became a first team regular until he was dropped from the first team by new Manager Dougie Freedman , but managed to regain his first team place soon after . Mears then set up one of the goals on 29 December 2012 , in a 3–1 win over Birmingham City . However , as the 2012–13 season progressed , Mears suffered blood infection at first and then suffered glandular fever that kept him out for the rest of the season . Despite this , Mears went on to finish the 2012–13 season , making twenty-eight appearances in all competitions . In the 2013–14 season , Mears recovered from injury and having fallen out of favor under the management of Freedman , Mears was expected to leave the club in the summer , but stayed . By August , Mears made three appearance , playing twice in the League and once in the league against Blackburn Rovers on 31 August 2013 . Afterwards , Mears never made another appearance again , as he remained out of favor by Freedman throughout the season , having become the clubs third choice right back this season . At one point , Mears was set to join Blackpool on loan , but the move was in doubt , as he rejected the move . At the end of the 2013–14 season he was released by the club along with Chris Eagles , Zat Knight and Jay Lynch . Seattle Sounders . On 29 December 2014 , Mears joined Seattle Sounders of Major League Soccer . Terms of the deal were not disclosed per Major League Soccers policy . Mears made his Sounders debut , in the opening game of the season , where he set up one of the goals , in a 3–0 win over New England Revolution . For his performance , Mears was named in the MLS Team of the Week . It wasnt until on 4 July 2015 when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 1–0 win over D.C . United . Mears established himself in the right-back position throughout the season and made 37 appearances ( 34 in the league ) in all competitions , as he helped finished fourth place in Western Conference , sixth place overall , and reach the play-offs in the semi-final . In 2016 season , Mears continued to established himself in the first team as a right-back position despite suffering from injury at the start of the season . Shortly after recovering from a hamstring , Mears made his first appearance for the club this season on 12 March 2016 , in a 2–1 loss against Real Salt Lake . Mears went on to make 32 league appearances despite missing out 1 match , due to tactical changes at one point against FC Dallas on 14 July 2016 . Mears then helped the club reach the final of the MLS Cup to play against Toronto FC and played the whole 120 minutes throughout extra time as a right-back and win the Cup after beating Toronto 5–4 in the penalty shootout . Just one day after winning the Cup , Seattle Sounders declined Mears contract option for 2017 . Atlanta United . After his release from Seattle , Mears rights were traded to Atlanta United in exchange for $50,000 of general allocation money . Mears was released by Atlanta at the end of their 2017 season . Minnesota United . Following his release by Atlanta , Mears entered the 2017 MLS Re-Entry Draft on 15 December 2017 . He was selected by Minnesota United FC in the first round . He and the team mutually agreed to part ways in late August . West Bromwich Albion . On 28 August 2018 , Mears returned to England signing for West Bromwich Albion on a short-term contract until 1 January 2019 . He made his debut on the same day , playing against Mansfield Town in the EFL Cup in a 2–1 win . His deal was later extended by another month to run until the end of January 2019 . On 1 February 2019 , his deal was extended again until the end of the 2018–19 season . He was released at the end of the season in July 2019 . Retirement . By October 2020 Mears was retired . International career . Born and raised in England , Mears believed he had Jamaican ancestry and it was reported on 4 February 2009 , that he had accepted an offer to play for the Jamaica national football team . Mears made his debut on 11 February 2009 in a friendly match against Nigeria , playing 71 minutes of the 0–0 draw at the New Den . Mears said , It was a fantastic feeling to be selected . When John Barnes first phoned me I was really excited . Its a fantastic opportunity to play for Jamaica . Despite making an appearance for Jamaica , it was later reported that Mears father , whom he thought he qualified through , may actually be from Sierra Leone . An official from the Jamaica Football Federation stated that Jamaica fielded Mears without undergoing thorough checks because verification of a players passport is not required for friendly internationals and such matches do not affect a players international eligibility . After discovering his ineligibility to play for Jamaica , Mears petitioned FIFA to have the cap rescinded and have his ongoing eligibility to play for England reaffirmed . Personal life . Mears is studying a course in criminal justice and counter-terrorism at Southern New Hampshire University via online . Mears is a father of four children and spouse is Nadine Mears . Mears revealed he left school when he was 15 to pursue his football career . Mears holds a U.S . green card which qualifies him as a domestic player for MLS roster purposes . Honours . Seattle Sounders . - MLS Cup : 2016
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"Bolton Wanderers"
] |
hard
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Which team did the player Tyrone Mears belong to in Feb 2012?
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/wiki/Tyrone_Mears#P54#5
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Tyrone Mears Tyrone Mears ( born 18 February 1983 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a right back . His clubs include Bolton Wanderers , Preston North End , West Ham United , Derby County , Olympique de Marseille , Burnley , Seattle Sounders , Atlanta United , Minnesota United , and West Bromwich Albion . From Stockport in the north west of England , Mears once played for the Jamaica national football team despite not being eligible to do so . Club career . Manchester City . Mears came through the ranks at Manchester City and signed trainee forms in August 2001 . Mears only made one appearance for City , replacing Stuart Pearce as a substitute in the 84th minute against Nottingham Forest in March 2002 . On Manchester Citys promotion to the FA Premier League in 2002 , Mears first-team opportunities became limited and he was sold to Preston North End . Preston North End . Mears joined Preston in July 2002 , for a fee of £200,000 . He signed a three-year contract and was expected to provide cover for Graham Alexander . After missing out the start of the season , due to an thigh injury he suffered in the pre-season training , Mears made his debut for Preston as a substitute in a 3–3 draw with Walsall on 19 October 2002 , After playing in the reserve for a while , Mears played his first match in months against Grimsby Town on 14 December 2002 . It wasnt until on 15 April 2003 when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 5–1 loss against Reading . Though Manager Craig Brown expressed disappointment over the results , he singled out praises to Mears , including his spectacular . In his first season at Preston North End , Mears went on to make a total of 24 league and cup appearances in the 2002–03 season , as Preston finished in mid-table of the Football League Championship . In the 2003–04 season , Mears struggled to regain his first team , as he suffered a hamstring that kept him sidelined at the start of the season . It wasnt until on 27 September 2003 when he made his first appearance of the season , in a 2–1 loss against Walsall . However , he struggled to continue to in the first team , as he compete with Graham Alexander and Rob Edwards over the wing-backs position . Despite this , Mears scored his first goal of the season on 10 March 2004 , in a 3–3 draw against Sunderland and only made 14 appearances . Nevertheless , Mears was awarded the clubs most improved player this season . However , in the 2004–05 season , Mears suffered a stress fracture in the pre-season training , which put him out of the game for ten months . Despite his long-term injury , he was offered and signed a further three-year contract in March 2005 , saying I was out for 10 months so you worry about what is going to happen to you . You need to be in the team but Preston have been very good to me and I cant speak more highly of the manager . Last season to get the stress fracture was very hard but thats all behind me now and Im looking forward to a fresh start with a three-year deal . Mears made his return from the first team on 16 April 2005 , coming on as late a substitute , in a 3–0 win over Cardiff City and went on to make five appearances in the 2004–05 season . After suffering from injury at the start of the 2005–06 season , Mears managed to regain his first team place since returning from the first team and then scored his first goal of the season on 18 October 2005 , in a 2–2 draw against Cardiff City . His second goal then came on 11 February 2006 , in a 5–1 win over Luton Town . He made 39 league and cup appearances in the 2005–06 season as Preston reached the Championship play-offs semi-final . During that season , instead of having his surname Mears on the back of his shirt , he had his nickname Tye , a rare occurrence in English football . In July 2006 , after rejecting two bids from Charlton Athletic , Preston accepted an offer for Mears from West Ham United . West Ham United . Mears signed for West Ham for an initial £1 million in July 2006 , rising to £1.9 million depending on appearances and possible future international recognition with England . Mears made his West Ham United debut on 19 August 2006 , in a 3–1 win over Charlton Athletic , in the opening game of the season and then a month later , he played his first European match on 14 September 2006 , playing the whole game , in a 1–0 loss against Palermo . However , he was only to make six league and cup appearances for West Ham as he struggled to break into the first team . He memorably produced an athletic overhead clearance on the line , after Stiliyan Petrov lobbed West Ham keeper Roy Carroll in a match against Aston Villa in September 2006 . Loan to Derby County . With his opportunities in the West Ham first-team limited , he was allowed to join Derby County on loan until the end of the 2006–07 season in January 2007 . Derby manager , Billy Davies , who had managed Mears at his previous club Preston , said of him , He is a very attacking full-back with excellent pace who adds great competition . Ideally we would like to make this deal permanent in the summer . Mears made his debut as an 84th-minute substitute in a 1–0 win at Southampton on 3 February , and went on to make a total of 17 league and cup appearances , as Derby were promoted to the Premier League after beating West Bromwich Albion in the Championship play-off final in May . He went on to make seventeen appearances for the club in the 2006–07 season , during which Mears scored his first goal for Derby against Leeds United in a 2–0 win on the last day of the 2006–07 season . Mears then joined Derby permanently for £1 million on 4 July 2007 , signing a three-year contract . Manager Billy Davies said , Were delighted with this deal . Tye is a very good young full back with excellent pace and potential . We need him for the challenge ahead and I know he is committed to working hard . Mears first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came on 11 August 2007 , in a 2–2 draw against Portsmouth in the opening game of the season . However , a stress fracture sustained in January 2008 ruled him out for three months of the 2007–08 season . Mears made his return from injury against Fulham on 29 March 2008 , coming on as a late substitute , in a 2–2 draw , a game that saw Derby County relegated to the Championship next season . Despite this , Mears scored his second goal for Derby on 19 April 2008 against his former club West Ham United , which saw them lose 2–1 and made 26 appearances ( 25 in the league and once in the FA Cup ) in all competitions . Following the clubs relegation to the Championship , Mears switched number shirt from 24 to 15 after Miles Addison took his shirt . At the start of the season , Mears competed with Paul Connolly over the right-back position and played first five matches to the start of the season in all competitions . Loan to Marseille . On 29 August 2008 , Mears caused controversy when he flew to France to go on trial with Olympique de Marseille without the express permission of Derby manager Paul Jewell . Jewell responded , saying that Mears would never play for the club again whilst he was in charge , and the club fined Mears six weeks wages . Following the trial , the clubs agreed that Mears would go on loan to Marseille for the duration of the 2008–09 season , for a loan fee of £160,000 , with the French club having the option to buy him for £1.5m at the end of the loan . A combination of injury and the good form of Laurent Bonnart meant that Mears did not make his first appearance for Marseille until the UEFA Cup tie against FC Twente in mid-January . Following an injury in March that ruled Bonnart out for the rest of the season , Mears filled in at right full-back in his absence . He made his league debut against Paris Saint-Germain . His first goal for Marseille came in the second leg of a UEFA Cup knockout-stage match against Ajax . His goal , scored in the 20th minute of extra time , gave Marseille a 4–3 win on aggregate , allowing the team to progress to the competitions quarter-final round . Mears went on to make seven appearances in all competitions . Marseille decided not to take up the option of signing him at the end of his loan spell and he returned to Derby on 3 June 2009 , with his future at the club in doubt . Burnley . On 26 June 2009 , he was the subject of an accepted £500,000 ( rising to £600,000 with add-ons ) bid from Premier League side Burnley . He completed the move , signing a three-year deal on 30 June . Mears made his Burnley debut in a 2–0 defeat at Stoke City in the opening game of the season , followed up by bouncing back in the next game , with a 1–0 victory over defending champions , Manchester United . Mears then provided an assist to help the club score two goals , in a 2–0 win over Hull City on 31 October 2009 . After the match , Mears performance was praised by Manager Owen Coyle . His performances also saw him being linked with a move to Premier League rivals Sunderland , but this was denied by the club . Despite this , Mears stayed at the club and played in all 38 games as Burnley were relegated after finishing 18th in the 2009–10 Premier League and accumulated just 30 points . Nevertheless , Mears was awarded South West Clarets Player of the season , Accrington Clarets Player of the season and Earby Clarets Player of the season . Following relegation , Mears began looking for a move away from Turf Moor due to his desire to remain in the top flight . Despite this , Mears stayed at the club throughout the summer and despite the clubs good start to the 2010–11 season , Mears was suspended twice after picking up a yellow card against Nottingham Forest in the opening game of the season and another , which saw him earned a second yellow card , in a 1–0 loss against Swansea City on 28 August 2010 . Despite the suspension , Mears continued to be in the regular first team at Burnley and scored his first goal for Burnley in a 2–1 win over his former club Derby County on 27 November 2010 . In a match against Port Vale in the third round of FA Cup , Mears scored his second goal of the season and setting up one of the goals , in a 4–2 win . He went on to finish the 2010–11 season , making 49 appearance ( 44 in the league ) and scoring two times in all competitions . Bolton Wanderers . On 29 July 2011 , Mears , along with Burnley teammate Chris Eagles , joined Bolton Wanderers on a three-year contract for a joint fee in the region of £3 million . However , on 4 August he broke his leg in a training session . Manager Owen Coyle later said he expected Mears to be absent for a minimum of five months . On 24 January 2012 , Mears played his first full ninety minutes since his injury in the Reserve teams 1–0 defeat to Sunderland Reserves , he was an unused substitute in Boltons 2–1 FA Cup win over Swansea City on 28 January . He made his full debut for the club when being named in the starting line up for the game at Norwich City on 4 February , which Bolton eventually lost 2–0 . However , following the game Mears complained about a pain in the leg that had been broken the previous August and , after a screw was removed from the leg , manager Owen Coyle said he expected Mears to be out of action until late March . Afterwards , Mears didnt make another appearance for the rest of the season . In the 2012–13 season , Mears played his first match of the season in the opening game , making his first start since returning from injury , in a 2–0 loss against Burnley . Since making his return , Mears became a first team regular until he was dropped from the first team by new Manager Dougie Freedman , but managed to regain his first team place soon after . Mears then set up one of the goals on 29 December 2012 , in a 3–1 win over Birmingham City . However , as the 2012–13 season progressed , Mears suffered blood infection at first and then suffered glandular fever that kept him out for the rest of the season . Despite this , Mears went on to finish the 2012–13 season , making twenty-eight appearances in all competitions . In the 2013–14 season , Mears recovered from injury and having fallen out of favor under the management of Freedman , Mears was expected to leave the club in the summer , but stayed . By August , Mears made three appearance , playing twice in the League and once in the league against Blackburn Rovers on 31 August 2013 . Afterwards , Mears never made another appearance again , as he remained out of favor by Freedman throughout the season , having become the clubs third choice right back this season . At one point , Mears was set to join Blackpool on loan , but the move was in doubt , as he rejected the move . At the end of the 2013–14 season he was released by the club along with Chris Eagles , Zat Knight and Jay Lynch . Seattle Sounders . On 29 December 2014 , Mears joined Seattle Sounders of Major League Soccer . Terms of the deal were not disclosed per Major League Soccers policy . Mears made his Sounders debut , in the opening game of the season , where he set up one of the goals , in a 3–0 win over New England Revolution . For his performance , Mears was named in the MLS Team of the Week . It wasnt until on 4 July 2015 when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 1–0 win over D.C . United . Mears established himself in the right-back position throughout the season and made 37 appearances ( 34 in the league ) in all competitions , as he helped finished fourth place in Western Conference , sixth place overall , and reach the play-offs in the semi-final . In 2016 season , Mears continued to established himself in the first team as a right-back position despite suffering from injury at the start of the season . Shortly after recovering from a hamstring , Mears made his first appearance for the club this season on 12 March 2016 , in a 2–1 loss against Real Salt Lake . Mears went on to make 32 league appearances despite missing out 1 match , due to tactical changes at one point against FC Dallas on 14 July 2016 . Mears then helped the club reach the final of the MLS Cup to play against Toronto FC and played the whole 120 minutes throughout extra time as a right-back and win the Cup after beating Toronto 5–4 in the penalty shootout . Just one day after winning the Cup , Seattle Sounders declined Mears contract option for 2017 . Atlanta United . After his release from Seattle , Mears rights were traded to Atlanta United in exchange for $50,000 of general allocation money . Mears was released by Atlanta at the end of their 2017 season . Minnesota United . Following his release by Atlanta , Mears entered the 2017 MLS Re-Entry Draft on 15 December 2017 . He was selected by Minnesota United FC in the first round . He and the team mutually agreed to part ways in late August . West Bromwich Albion . On 28 August 2018 , Mears returned to England signing for West Bromwich Albion on a short-term contract until 1 January 2019 . He made his debut on the same day , playing against Mansfield Town in the EFL Cup in a 2–1 win . His deal was later extended by another month to run until the end of January 2019 . On 1 February 2019 , his deal was extended again until the end of the 2018–19 season . He was released at the end of the season in July 2019 . Retirement . By October 2020 Mears was retired . International career . Born and raised in England , Mears believed he had Jamaican ancestry and it was reported on 4 February 2009 , that he had accepted an offer to play for the Jamaica national football team . Mears made his debut on 11 February 2009 in a friendly match against Nigeria , playing 71 minutes of the 0–0 draw at the New Den . Mears said , It was a fantastic feeling to be selected . When John Barnes first phoned me I was really excited . Its a fantastic opportunity to play for Jamaica . Despite making an appearance for Jamaica , it was later reported that Mears father , whom he thought he qualified through , may actually be from Sierra Leone . An official from the Jamaica Football Federation stated that Jamaica fielded Mears without undergoing thorough checks because verification of a players passport is not required for friendly internationals and such matches do not affect a players international eligibility . After discovering his ineligibility to play for Jamaica , Mears petitioned FIFA to have the cap rescinded and have his ongoing eligibility to play for England reaffirmed . Personal life . Mears is studying a course in criminal justice and counter-terrorism at Southern New Hampshire University via online . Mears is a father of four children and spouse is Nadine Mears . Mears revealed he left school when he was 15 to pursue his football career . Mears holds a U.S . green card which qualifies him as a domestic player for MLS roster purposes . Honours . Seattle Sounders . - MLS Cup : 2016
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[
"Seattle Sounders"
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hard
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Which team did the player Tyrone Mears belong to between Oct 2015 and Dec 2015?
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/wiki/Tyrone_Mears#P54#6
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Tyrone Mears Tyrone Mears ( born 18 February 1983 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a right back . His clubs include Bolton Wanderers , Preston North End , West Ham United , Derby County , Olympique de Marseille , Burnley , Seattle Sounders , Atlanta United , Minnesota United , and West Bromwich Albion . From Stockport in the north west of England , Mears once played for the Jamaica national football team despite not being eligible to do so . Club career . Manchester City . Mears came through the ranks at Manchester City and signed trainee forms in August 2001 . Mears only made one appearance for City , replacing Stuart Pearce as a substitute in the 84th minute against Nottingham Forest in March 2002 . On Manchester Citys promotion to the FA Premier League in 2002 , Mears first-team opportunities became limited and he was sold to Preston North End . Preston North End . Mears joined Preston in July 2002 , for a fee of £200,000 . He signed a three-year contract and was expected to provide cover for Graham Alexander . After missing out the start of the season , due to an thigh injury he suffered in the pre-season training , Mears made his debut for Preston as a substitute in a 3–3 draw with Walsall on 19 October 2002 , After playing in the reserve for a while , Mears played his first match in months against Grimsby Town on 14 December 2002 . It wasnt until on 15 April 2003 when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 5–1 loss against Reading . Though Manager Craig Brown expressed disappointment over the results , he singled out praises to Mears , including his spectacular . In his first season at Preston North End , Mears went on to make a total of 24 league and cup appearances in the 2002–03 season , as Preston finished in mid-table of the Football League Championship . In the 2003–04 season , Mears struggled to regain his first team , as he suffered a hamstring that kept him sidelined at the start of the season . It wasnt until on 27 September 2003 when he made his first appearance of the season , in a 2–1 loss against Walsall . However , he struggled to continue to in the first team , as he compete with Graham Alexander and Rob Edwards over the wing-backs position . Despite this , Mears scored his first goal of the season on 10 March 2004 , in a 3–3 draw against Sunderland and only made 14 appearances . Nevertheless , Mears was awarded the clubs most improved player this season . However , in the 2004–05 season , Mears suffered a stress fracture in the pre-season training , which put him out of the game for ten months . Despite his long-term injury , he was offered and signed a further three-year contract in March 2005 , saying I was out for 10 months so you worry about what is going to happen to you . You need to be in the team but Preston have been very good to me and I cant speak more highly of the manager . Last season to get the stress fracture was very hard but thats all behind me now and Im looking forward to a fresh start with a three-year deal . Mears made his return from the first team on 16 April 2005 , coming on as late a substitute , in a 3–0 win over Cardiff City and went on to make five appearances in the 2004–05 season . After suffering from injury at the start of the 2005–06 season , Mears managed to regain his first team place since returning from the first team and then scored his first goal of the season on 18 October 2005 , in a 2–2 draw against Cardiff City . His second goal then came on 11 February 2006 , in a 5–1 win over Luton Town . He made 39 league and cup appearances in the 2005–06 season as Preston reached the Championship play-offs semi-final . During that season , instead of having his surname Mears on the back of his shirt , he had his nickname Tye , a rare occurrence in English football . In July 2006 , after rejecting two bids from Charlton Athletic , Preston accepted an offer for Mears from West Ham United . West Ham United . Mears signed for West Ham for an initial £1 million in July 2006 , rising to £1.9 million depending on appearances and possible future international recognition with England . Mears made his West Ham United debut on 19 August 2006 , in a 3–1 win over Charlton Athletic , in the opening game of the season and then a month later , he played his first European match on 14 September 2006 , playing the whole game , in a 1–0 loss against Palermo . However , he was only to make six league and cup appearances for West Ham as he struggled to break into the first team . He memorably produced an athletic overhead clearance on the line , after Stiliyan Petrov lobbed West Ham keeper Roy Carroll in a match against Aston Villa in September 2006 . Loan to Derby County . With his opportunities in the West Ham first-team limited , he was allowed to join Derby County on loan until the end of the 2006–07 season in January 2007 . Derby manager , Billy Davies , who had managed Mears at his previous club Preston , said of him , He is a very attacking full-back with excellent pace who adds great competition . Ideally we would like to make this deal permanent in the summer . Mears made his debut as an 84th-minute substitute in a 1–0 win at Southampton on 3 February , and went on to make a total of 17 league and cup appearances , as Derby were promoted to the Premier League after beating West Bromwich Albion in the Championship play-off final in May . He went on to make seventeen appearances for the club in the 2006–07 season , during which Mears scored his first goal for Derby against Leeds United in a 2–0 win on the last day of the 2006–07 season . Mears then joined Derby permanently for £1 million on 4 July 2007 , signing a three-year contract . Manager Billy Davies said , Were delighted with this deal . Tye is a very good young full back with excellent pace and potential . We need him for the challenge ahead and I know he is committed to working hard . Mears first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came on 11 August 2007 , in a 2–2 draw against Portsmouth in the opening game of the season . However , a stress fracture sustained in January 2008 ruled him out for three months of the 2007–08 season . Mears made his return from injury against Fulham on 29 March 2008 , coming on as a late substitute , in a 2–2 draw , a game that saw Derby County relegated to the Championship next season . Despite this , Mears scored his second goal for Derby on 19 April 2008 against his former club West Ham United , which saw them lose 2–1 and made 26 appearances ( 25 in the league and once in the FA Cup ) in all competitions . Following the clubs relegation to the Championship , Mears switched number shirt from 24 to 15 after Miles Addison took his shirt . At the start of the season , Mears competed with Paul Connolly over the right-back position and played first five matches to the start of the season in all competitions . Loan to Marseille . On 29 August 2008 , Mears caused controversy when he flew to France to go on trial with Olympique de Marseille without the express permission of Derby manager Paul Jewell . Jewell responded , saying that Mears would never play for the club again whilst he was in charge , and the club fined Mears six weeks wages . Following the trial , the clubs agreed that Mears would go on loan to Marseille for the duration of the 2008–09 season , for a loan fee of £160,000 , with the French club having the option to buy him for £1.5m at the end of the loan . A combination of injury and the good form of Laurent Bonnart meant that Mears did not make his first appearance for Marseille until the UEFA Cup tie against FC Twente in mid-January . Following an injury in March that ruled Bonnart out for the rest of the season , Mears filled in at right full-back in his absence . He made his league debut against Paris Saint-Germain . His first goal for Marseille came in the second leg of a UEFA Cup knockout-stage match against Ajax . His goal , scored in the 20th minute of extra time , gave Marseille a 4–3 win on aggregate , allowing the team to progress to the competitions quarter-final round . Mears went on to make seven appearances in all competitions . Marseille decided not to take up the option of signing him at the end of his loan spell and he returned to Derby on 3 June 2009 , with his future at the club in doubt . Burnley . On 26 June 2009 , he was the subject of an accepted £500,000 ( rising to £600,000 with add-ons ) bid from Premier League side Burnley . He completed the move , signing a three-year deal on 30 June . Mears made his Burnley debut in a 2–0 defeat at Stoke City in the opening game of the season , followed up by bouncing back in the next game , with a 1–0 victory over defending champions , Manchester United . Mears then provided an assist to help the club score two goals , in a 2–0 win over Hull City on 31 October 2009 . After the match , Mears performance was praised by Manager Owen Coyle . His performances also saw him being linked with a move to Premier League rivals Sunderland , but this was denied by the club . Despite this , Mears stayed at the club and played in all 38 games as Burnley were relegated after finishing 18th in the 2009–10 Premier League and accumulated just 30 points . Nevertheless , Mears was awarded South West Clarets Player of the season , Accrington Clarets Player of the season and Earby Clarets Player of the season . Following relegation , Mears began looking for a move away from Turf Moor due to his desire to remain in the top flight . Despite this , Mears stayed at the club throughout the summer and despite the clubs good start to the 2010–11 season , Mears was suspended twice after picking up a yellow card against Nottingham Forest in the opening game of the season and another , which saw him earned a second yellow card , in a 1–0 loss against Swansea City on 28 August 2010 . Despite the suspension , Mears continued to be in the regular first team at Burnley and scored his first goal for Burnley in a 2–1 win over his former club Derby County on 27 November 2010 . In a match against Port Vale in the third round of FA Cup , Mears scored his second goal of the season and setting up one of the goals , in a 4–2 win . He went on to finish the 2010–11 season , making 49 appearance ( 44 in the league ) and scoring two times in all competitions . Bolton Wanderers . On 29 July 2011 , Mears , along with Burnley teammate Chris Eagles , joined Bolton Wanderers on a three-year contract for a joint fee in the region of £3 million . However , on 4 August he broke his leg in a training session . Manager Owen Coyle later said he expected Mears to be absent for a minimum of five months . On 24 January 2012 , Mears played his first full ninety minutes since his injury in the Reserve teams 1–0 defeat to Sunderland Reserves , he was an unused substitute in Boltons 2–1 FA Cup win over Swansea City on 28 January . He made his full debut for the club when being named in the starting line up for the game at Norwich City on 4 February , which Bolton eventually lost 2–0 . However , following the game Mears complained about a pain in the leg that had been broken the previous August and , after a screw was removed from the leg , manager Owen Coyle said he expected Mears to be out of action until late March . Afterwards , Mears didnt make another appearance for the rest of the season . In the 2012–13 season , Mears played his first match of the season in the opening game , making his first start since returning from injury , in a 2–0 loss against Burnley . Since making his return , Mears became a first team regular until he was dropped from the first team by new Manager Dougie Freedman , but managed to regain his first team place soon after . Mears then set up one of the goals on 29 December 2012 , in a 3–1 win over Birmingham City . However , as the 2012–13 season progressed , Mears suffered blood infection at first and then suffered glandular fever that kept him out for the rest of the season . Despite this , Mears went on to finish the 2012–13 season , making twenty-eight appearances in all competitions . In the 2013–14 season , Mears recovered from injury and having fallen out of favor under the management of Freedman , Mears was expected to leave the club in the summer , but stayed . By August , Mears made three appearance , playing twice in the League and once in the league against Blackburn Rovers on 31 August 2013 . Afterwards , Mears never made another appearance again , as he remained out of favor by Freedman throughout the season , having become the clubs third choice right back this season . At one point , Mears was set to join Blackpool on loan , but the move was in doubt , as he rejected the move . At the end of the 2013–14 season he was released by the club along with Chris Eagles , Zat Knight and Jay Lynch . Seattle Sounders . On 29 December 2014 , Mears joined Seattle Sounders of Major League Soccer . Terms of the deal were not disclosed per Major League Soccers policy . Mears made his Sounders debut , in the opening game of the season , where he set up one of the goals , in a 3–0 win over New England Revolution . For his performance , Mears was named in the MLS Team of the Week . It wasnt until on 4 July 2015 when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 1–0 win over D.C . United . Mears established himself in the right-back position throughout the season and made 37 appearances ( 34 in the league ) in all competitions , as he helped finished fourth place in Western Conference , sixth place overall , and reach the play-offs in the semi-final . In 2016 season , Mears continued to established himself in the first team as a right-back position despite suffering from injury at the start of the season . Shortly after recovering from a hamstring , Mears made his first appearance for the club this season on 12 March 2016 , in a 2–1 loss against Real Salt Lake . Mears went on to make 32 league appearances despite missing out 1 match , due to tactical changes at one point against FC Dallas on 14 July 2016 . Mears then helped the club reach the final of the MLS Cup to play against Toronto FC and played the whole 120 minutes throughout extra time as a right-back and win the Cup after beating Toronto 5–4 in the penalty shootout . Just one day after winning the Cup , Seattle Sounders declined Mears contract option for 2017 . Atlanta United . After his release from Seattle , Mears rights were traded to Atlanta United in exchange for $50,000 of general allocation money . Mears was released by Atlanta at the end of their 2017 season . Minnesota United . Following his release by Atlanta , Mears entered the 2017 MLS Re-Entry Draft on 15 December 2017 . He was selected by Minnesota United FC in the first round . He and the team mutually agreed to part ways in late August . West Bromwich Albion . On 28 August 2018 , Mears returned to England signing for West Bromwich Albion on a short-term contract until 1 January 2019 . He made his debut on the same day , playing against Mansfield Town in the EFL Cup in a 2–1 win . His deal was later extended by another month to run until the end of January 2019 . On 1 February 2019 , his deal was extended again until the end of the 2018–19 season . He was released at the end of the season in July 2019 . Retirement . By October 2020 Mears was retired . International career . Born and raised in England , Mears believed he had Jamaican ancestry and it was reported on 4 February 2009 , that he had accepted an offer to play for the Jamaica national football team . Mears made his debut on 11 February 2009 in a friendly match against Nigeria , playing 71 minutes of the 0–0 draw at the New Den . Mears said , It was a fantastic feeling to be selected . When John Barnes first phoned me I was really excited . Its a fantastic opportunity to play for Jamaica . Despite making an appearance for Jamaica , it was later reported that Mears father , whom he thought he qualified through , may actually be from Sierra Leone . An official from the Jamaica Football Federation stated that Jamaica fielded Mears without undergoing thorough checks because verification of a players passport is not required for friendly internationals and such matches do not affect a players international eligibility . After discovering his ineligibility to play for Jamaica , Mears petitioned FIFA to have the cap rescinded and have his ongoing eligibility to play for England reaffirmed . Personal life . Mears is studying a course in criminal justice and counter-terrorism at Southern New Hampshire University via online . Mears is a father of four children and spouse is Nadine Mears . Mears revealed he left school when he was 15 to pursue his football career . Mears holds a U.S . green card which qualifies him as a domestic player for MLS roster purposes . Honours . Seattle Sounders . - MLS Cup : 2016
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[
""
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hard
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Which country did Kirov, Kirov Oblast belong to between Nov 1588 and Mar 1680?
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/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast#P17#0
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Kirov , Kirov Oblast Kirov ( ) is the largest city and administrative center of Kirov Oblast , Russia . It is located on the Vyatka River in European Russia , 896 km northeast of Moscow . Its population is 518,348 ( in 2020 ) . Kirov is a historical , cultural , industrial , and scientific center of Priurale ( territory on the west side of the Ural Mountains ) ; place of origin for Dymkovo toys ; the most eastern city founded during the times of Kievan Rus . The city also had the names of Khlynov ( , from 1457 to 1780 ) , and Vyatka ( , until 1934 ) . History . Principality and republic . The native Slavic tribe of Central Russia and Volga regions , the Vyatichis ( also called Viatichi ) , mixed here with the Novgorodian Slovenes and Finno-Ugric people . According to the medieval chronicles the first Russian settlements in the area appeared in 12th century . Kirov itself was first mentioned ( as Vyatka ) for the first time in 1374 when Novgorod ushkuyniks plundered it on their way to Bolghar . Vyatka was governed by a public assembly ( veche ) as other Northern Russian republics of Pskov and Novgorod . At different times in the late 14th and 15th centuries Vyatka militias raided Ustyug , Novgorod and Tatar lands on Kama and Volga . Vyatka supported Yury of Zvenigorod during the Muscovite Civil War and after his party lost the victorious Vasily II sent Muscovite armies twice against Vyatka to subjugate it and eventually it was forced to accept the suzerainty of Moscow while retaining a significant measure of autonomy . In 1469 Vyatka allied with Khan Ibrahim of the Khanate of Kazan and did not take part in the campaign of Ivan III against the khanate . After several unsuccessful campaigns by Moscow against Vyatka in 1480s , the latter was finally annexed in 1489 . Part of Grand Duchy of Moscow and Russian Empire . Khlynov became known throughout Russia for its clay statuettes and whistles . The towns oldest surviving monument is the Assumption Cathedral ( 1689 ) , an imposing structure surmounted by five globular domes . In 1780 , Catherine the Great renamed the town Vyatka and made it the seat of Vyatka Governorate . The town also served as a place of exile , notably for Alexander Herzen , Alexander Vitberg , and Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin . By the end of the 19th century , it was an important station on the Trans-Siberian railway . Soviet and post-Soviet period . In December 1934 , it was renamed for the Soviet leader Sergey Kirov , who had been assassinated on December 1 . However , whilst the name Kirov has remained since the dissolution of the Soviet Union , numerous institutions such as the university bear the former name of Vyatka . Administrative and municipal status . Kirov is the administrative center of the oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is , together with 134 rural localities , incorporated as the City of Kirov—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the City of Kirov is incorporated as Kirov Urban Okrug . Economy . Kirov is a major transport hub ( railway ; Trans-Siberian main ) and river port . It is served by Kirov Pobedilovo airport . During the 1990s this airport was closed and for several years provided only irregular service . During the 2003-2006 summer seasons there were signs of a revival in air transportation as several companies attempted to establish flight routes from Kirov to Moscow and Krasnodar . Since 2006 Kirov airport has been used by a local company operating flights to Moscow . The Kirov River port went bankrupt in the late 1990s and all its river boats were sold to other regions . Kirov is a center of machine building ; metallurgy , light , the printing trade , biochemical and the timber industry . Culture . Museums . - Kirov Regional Museum - Kirov Regional Art Museum in honor V.M . and A.M . Vasnetsov Vyatka Museum of Art , one of the oldest museums in Russia , was founded in 1910 by local artists . The idea of creation belongs to natives of Vyatka land , brothers artists Viktor Vasnetsov and Apollinary Vasnetsov . At the core of the collection — works that received the most part in the 1910-1920s from the State Museum Fund , private collections and as gifts — from patrons and artists . Today the museum has more than fifteen thousand exhibits and is located in four buildings in Kirov downtown . - Museum of K.E . Tsiolkovsky , Aviation & Space - Vyatka cabinet of curiosities - Kirov diorama - House-Museum of M.E . Saltykov-Shchedrin - Museum of A . Green - House-Museum of N . Khokhryakova - Kirov exhibition hall - Kirov Planetarium - Vyatka paleontological museum Theaters . - Kirov Oblast Drama Theater - Kirov State Puppet Theater - Kirov State Theater of Young Spectators Theater of the Spasskaya Circus . - Kirov State Circus According to a report in Pravda dated January 4 , 2005 , Kirov is known as the city of twins for the unusually high number of multiple births there . According to a report , the city is home to a high concentration of red-haired individuals . Sports . Rodina plays in the highest division of Russian Bandy League . Their home arena has a capacity of 7500 . It was the venue of the national final in 2013 . Rodina-2 will participate in the Russian Rink Bandy Cup 2017 . Education . Kirov is the home of Vyatka State University , former Vyatka University for the Humanities , Vyatka Agricultural Academy and Kirov State Medical University . Climate . Kirov has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) . Summers are warm and rainy , coupled with cool nights , while winters are cold and extremely snowy , with snow falling on most days during winter . Twin towns – sister cities . Kirov is twinned with : - Siedlce , Poland Notable people . - Anna Alminova ( born 1985 ) , middle-distance runner - Yuri Ardashev ( born 1965 ) , theater director , actor - Ekaterina Atalik ( born 1982 ) , chess player - Mikhail Bagayev ( born 1985 ) , association football player - Aleksey Borovitin ( born 1954 ) , ski jumper - Yevgeny Charushin ( 1901–1965 ) , illustrator , author of childrens literature - Oksana Domnina ( born 1984 ) , ice dancer - Vyacheslav Dryagin ( 1940–2002 ) , Nordic combined skier - Boris Farmakovsky ( 1870–1928 ) , historian , archaeologist - Bl . Leonid Feodorov ( 1879–1935 ) , first Exarch of the Russian Byzantine Catholic Church - Matvey Gusev ( 1826–1866 ) , astronomer - Maria Isakova ( 1918–2011 ) , speed skater - Kirill Khaliavin ( born 1990 ) , ice dancer - Lev Knyazev ( 1926–2012 ) , writer - Olga Kuragina ( born 1959 ) , athlete - Alexey Kuzmichev ( born 1962 ) , businessman - Boris Kuznetsov ( born 1944 ) , lawyer - Andrei Malykh ( born 1988 ) , association football player - Ksenia Monko ( born 1922 ) , ice dancer - Sergey Obukhov ( born 1974 ) , bandy player - Svetlana Pletnyova ( 1926–2008 ) , historian , archaeologist - Aleksei Pugin ( born 1987 ) , association football player - Ivan Shefer ( born 1983 ) , ice dancer - Yekaterina Shikhova ( born 1985 ) , speed skater - Alexei Sitnikov ( born 1986 ) , ice dancer - Alexander Stolbov ( born 1929 ) , painter - Nikolai Tchaikovsky ( 1851–1926 ) , revolutionary , politician - Mikhail Tyufyakov ( born 1974 ) , association football player and manager - Vladimir Urin ( born 1947 ) , theater director , actor - Yuri Vshivtsev ( 1940–2010 ) , association football player - Valentin Yanin ( born 1929 ) , historian , archaeologist - Julia Zlobina ( born 1989 ) , ice dancer - Polina Khonina ( born 1998 ) , rhythmic gymnast Further reading . - Vyatka . Materials for the History of the 17th and 18th Centuries ( 1887 ) ( Вятка . Материалы для истории города XVII и XVIII столетий ) at Runivers.ru in DjVu and PDF formats External links . - Official website of Kirov - Unofficial website of Kirov
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[
"Russian Empire"
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hard
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Which country did Kirov, Kirov Oblast belong to between Apr 1883 and Dec 1914?
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/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast#P17#1
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Kirov , Kirov Oblast Kirov ( ) is the largest city and administrative center of Kirov Oblast , Russia . It is located on the Vyatka River in European Russia , 896 km northeast of Moscow . Its population is 518,348 ( in 2020 ) . Kirov is a historical , cultural , industrial , and scientific center of Priurale ( territory on the west side of the Ural Mountains ) ; place of origin for Dymkovo toys ; the most eastern city founded during the times of Kievan Rus . The city also had the names of Khlynov ( , from 1457 to 1780 ) , and Vyatka ( , until 1934 ) . History . Principality and republic . The native Slavic tribe of Central Russia and Volga regions , the Vyatichis ( also called Viatichi ) , mixed here with the Novgorodian Slovenes and Finno-Ugric people . According to the medieval chronicles the first Russian settlements in the area appeared in 12th century . Kirov itself was first mentioned ( as Vyatka ) for the first time in 1374 when Novgorod ushkuyniks plundered it on their way to Bolghar . Vyatka was governed by a public assembly ( veche ) as other Northern Russian republics of Pskov and Novgorod . At different times in the late 14th and 15th centuries Vyatka militias raided Ustyug , Novgorod and Tatar lands on Kama and Volga . Vyatka supported Yury of Zvenigorod during the Muscovite Civil War and after his party lost the victorious Vasily II sent Muscovite armies twice against Vyatka to subjugate it and eventually it was forced to accept the suzerainty of Moscow while retaining a significant measure of autonomy . In 1469 Vyatka allied with Khan Ibrahim of the Khanate of Kazan and did not take part in the campaign of Ivan III against the khanate . After several unsuccessful campaigns by Moscow against Vyatka in 1480s , the latter was finally annexed in 1489 . Part of Grand Duchy of Moscow and Russian Empire . Khlynov became known throughout Russia for its clay statuettes and whistles . The towns oldest surviving monument is the Assumption Cathedral ( 1689 ) , an imposing structure surmounted by five globular domes . In 1780 , Catherine the Great renamed the town Vyatka and made it the seat of Vyatka Governorate . The town also served as a place of exile , notably for Alexander Herzen , Alexander Vitberg , and Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin . By the end of the 19th century , it was an important station on the Trans-Siberian railway . Soviet and post-Soviet period . In December 1934 , it was renamed for the Soviet leader Sergey Kirov , who had been assassinated on December 1 . However , whilst the name Kirov has remained since the dissolution of the Soviet Union , numerous institutions such as the university bear the former name of Vyatka . Administrative and municipal status . Kirov is the administrative center of the oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is , together with 134 rural localities , incorporated as the City of Kirov—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the City of Kirov is incorporated as Kirov Urban Okrug . Economy . Kirov is a major transport hub ( railway ; Trans-Siberian main ) and river port . It is served by Kirov Pobedilovo airport . During the 1990s this airport was closed and for several years provided only irregular service . During the 2003-2006 summer seasons there were signs of a revival in air transportation as several companies attempted to establish flight routes from Kirov to Moscow and Krasnodar . Since 2006 Kirov airport has been used by a local company operating flights to Moscow . The Kirov River port went bankrupt in the late 1990s and all its river boats were sold to other regions . Kirov is a center of machine building ; metallurgy , light , the printing trade , biochemical and the timber industry . Culture . Museums . - Kirov Regional Museum - Kirov Regional Art Museum in honor V.M . and A.M . Vasnetsov Vyatka Museum of Art , one of the oldest museums in Russia , was founded in 1910 by local artists . The idea of creation belongs to natives of Vyatka land , brothers artists Viktor Vasnetsov and Apollinary Vasnetsov . At the core of the collection — works that received the most part in the 1910-1920s from the State Museum Fund , private collections and as gifts — from patrons and artists . Today the museum has more than fifteen thousand exhibits and is located in four buildings in Kirov downtown . - Museum of K.E . Tsiolkovsky , Aviation & Space - Vyatka cabinet of curiosities - Kirov diorama - House-Museum of M.E . Saltykov-Shchedrin - Museum of A . Green - House-Museum of N . Khokhryakova - Kirov exhibition hall - Kirov Planetarium - Vyatka paleontological museum Theaters . - Kirov Oblast Drama Theater - Kirov State Puppet Theater - Kirov State Theater of Young Spectators Theater of the Spasskaya Circus . - Kirov State Circus According to a report in Pravda dated January 4 , 2005 , Kirov is known as the city of twins for the unusually high number of multiple births there . According to a report , the city is home to a high concentration of red-haired individuals . Sports . Rodina plays in the highest division of Russian Bandy League . Their home arena has a capacity of 7500 . It was the venue of the national final in 2013 . Rodina-2 will participate in the Russian Rink Bandy Cup 2017 . Education . Kirov is the home of Vyatka State University , former Vyatka University for the Humanities , Vyatka Agricultural Academy and Kirov State Medical University . Climate . Kirov has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) . Summers are warm and rainy , coupled with cool nights , while winters are cold and extremely snowy , with snow falling on most days during winter . Twin towns – sister cities . Kirov is twinned with : - Siedlce , Poland Notable people . - Anna Alminova ( born 1985 ) , middle-distance runner - Yuri Ardashev ( born 1965 ) , theater director , actor - Ekaterina Atalik ( born 1982 ) , chess player - Mikhail Bagayev ( born 1985 ) , association football player - Aleksey Borovitin ( born 1954 ) , ski jumper - Yevgeny Charushin ( 1901–1965 ) , illustrator , author of childrens literature - Oksana Domnina ( born 1984 ) , ice dancer - Vyacheslav Dryagin ( 1940–2002 ) , Nordic combined skier - Boris Farmakovsky ( 1870–1928 ) , historian , archaeologist - Bl . Leonid Feodorov ( 1879–1935 ) , first Exarch of the Russian Byzantine Catholic Church - Matvey Gusev ( 1826–1866 ) , astronomer - Maria Isakova ( 1918–2011 ) , speed skater - Kirill Khaliavin ( born 1990 ) , ice dancer - Lev Knyazev ( 1926–2012 ) , writer - Olga Kuragina ( born 1959 ) , athlete - Alexey Kuzmichev ( born 1962 ) , businessman - Boris Kuznetsov ( born 1944 ) , lawyer - Andrei Malykh ( born 1988 ) , association football player - Ksenia Monko ( born 1922 ) , ice dancer - Sergey Obukhov ( born 1974 ) , bandy player - Svetlana Pletnyova ( 1926–2008 ) , historian , archaeologist - Aleksei Pugin ( born 1987 ) , association football player - Ivan Shefer ( born 1983 ) , ice dancer - Yekaterina Shikhova ( born 1985 ) , speed skater - Alexei Sitnikov ( born 1986 ) , ice dancer - Alexander Stolbov ( born 1929 ) , painter - Nikolai Tchaikovsky ( 1851–1926 ) , revolutionary , politician - Mikhail Tyufyakov ( born 1974 ) , association football player and manager - Vladimir Urin ( born 1947 ) , theater director , actor - Yuri Vshivtsev ( 1940–2010 ) , association football player - Valentin Yanin ( born 1929 ) , historian , archaeologist - Julia Zlobina ( born 1989 ) , ice dancer - Polina Khonina ( born 1998 ) , rhythmic gymnast Further reading . - Vyatka . Materials for the History of the 17th and 18th Centuries ( 1887 ) ( Вятка . Материалы для истории города XVII и XVIII столетий ) at Runivers.ru in DjVu and PDF formats External links . - Official website of Kirov - Unofficial website of Kirov
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[
"Russia"
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hard
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Which country did Kirov, Kirov Oblast belong to after Apr 1977?
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/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast#P17#2
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Kirov , Kirov Oblast Kirov ( ) is the largest city and administrative center of Kirov Oblast , Russia . It is located on the Vyatka River in European Russia , 896 km northeast of Moscow . Its population is 518,348 ( in 2020 ) . Kirov is a historical , cultural , industrial , and scientific center of Priurale ( territory on the west side of the Ural Mountains ) ; place of origin for Dymkovo toys ; the most eastern city founded during the times of Kievan Rus . The city also had the names of Khlynov ( , from 1457 to 1780 ) , and Vyatka ( , until 1934 ) . History . Principality and republic . The native Slavic tribe of Central Russia and Volga regions , the Vyatichis ( also called Viatichi ) , mixed here with the Novgorodian Slovenes and Finno-Ugric people . According to the medieval chronicles the first Russian settlements in the area appeared in 12th century . Kirov itself was first mentioned ( as Vyatka ) for the first time in 1374 when Novgorod ushkuyniks plundered it on their way to Bolghar . Vyatka was governed by a public assembly ( veche ) as other Northern Russian republics of Pskov and Novgorod . At different times in the late 14th and 15th centuries Vyatka militias raided Ustyug , Novgorod and Tatar lands on Kama and Volga . Vyatka supported Yury of Zvenigorod during the Muscovite Civil War and after his party lost the victorious Vasily II sent Muscovite armies twice against Vyatka to subjugate it and eventually it was forced to accept the suzerainty of Moscow while retaining a significant measure of autonomy . In 1469 Vyatka allied with Khan Ibrahim of the Khanate of Kazan and did not take part in the campaign of Ivan III against the khanate . After several unsuccessful campaigns by Moscow against Vyatka in 1480s , the latter was finally annexed in 1489 . Part of Grand Duchy of Moscow and Russian Empire . Khlynov became known throughout Russia for its clay statuettes and whistles . The towns oldest surviving monument is the Assumption Cathedral ( 1689 ) , an imposing structure surmounted by five globular domes . In 1780 , Catherine the Great renamed the town Vyatka and made it the seat of Vyatka Governorate . The town also served as a place of exile , notably for Alexander Herzen , Alexander Vitberg , and Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin . By the end of the 19th century , it was an important station on the Trans-Siberian railway . Soviet and post-Soviet period . In December 1934 , it was renamed for the Soviet leader Sergey Kirov , who had been assassinated on December 1 . However , whilst the name Kirov has remained since the dissolution of the Soviet Union , numerous institutions such as the university bear the former name of Vyatka . Administrative and municipal status . Kirov is the administrative center of the oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is , together with 134 rural localities , incorporated as the City of Kirov—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the City of Kirov is incorporated as Kirov Urban Okrug . Economy . Kirov is a major transport hub ( railway ; Trans-Siberian main ) and river port . It is served by Kirov Pobedilovo airport . During the 1990s this airport was closed and for several years provided only irregular service . During the 2003-2006 summer seasons there were signs of a revival in air transportation as several companies attempted to establish flight routes from Kirov to Moscow and Krasnodar . Since 2006 Kirov airport has been used by a local company operating flights to Moscow . The Kirov River port went bankrupt in the late 1990s and all its river boats were sold to other regions . Kirov is a center of machine building ; metallurgy , light , the printing trade , biochemical and the timber industry . Culture . Museums . - Kirov Regional Museum - Kirov Regional Art Museum in honor V.M . and A.M . Vasnetsov Vyatka Museum of Art , one of the oldest museums in Russia , was founded in 1910 by local artists . The idea of creation belongs to natives of Vyatka land , brothers artists Viktor Vasnetsov and Apollinary Vasnetsov . At the core of the collection — works that received the most part in the 1910-1920s from the State Museum Fund , private collections and as gifts — from patrons and artists . Today the museum has more than fifteen thousand exhibits and is located in four buildings in Kirov downtown . - Museum of K.E . Tsiolkovsky , Aviation & Space - Vyatka cabinet of curiosities - Kirov diorama - House-Museum of M.E . Saltykov-Shchedrin - Museum of A . Green - House-Museum of N . Khokhryakova - Kirov exhibition hall - Kirov Planetarium - Vyatka paleontological museum Theaters . - Kirov Oblast Drama Theater - Kirov State Puppet Theater - Kirov State Theater of Young Spectators Theater of the Spasskaya Circus . - Kirov State Circus According to a report in Pravda dated January 4 , 2005 , Kirov is known as the city of twins for the unusually high number of multiple births there . According to a report , the city is home to a high concentration of red-haired individuals . Sports . Rodina plays in the highest division of Russian Bandy League . Their home arena has a capacity of 7500 . It was the venue of the national final in 2013 . Rodina-2 will participate in the Russian Rink Bandy Cup 2017 . Education . Kirov is the home of Vyatka State University , former Vyatka University for the Humanities , Vyatka Agricultural Academy and Kirov State Medical University . Climate . Kirov has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) . Summers are warm and rainy , coupled with cool nights , while winters are cold and extremely snowy , with snow falling on most days during winter . Twin towns – sister cities . Kirov is twinned with : - Siedlce , Poland Notable people . - Anna Alminova ( born 1985 ) , middle-distance runner - Yuri Ardashev ( born 1965 ) , theater director , actor - Ekaterina Atalik ( born 1982 ) , chess player - Mikhail Bagayev ( born 1985 ) , association football player - Aleksey Borovitin ( born 1954 ) , ski jumper - Yevgeny Charushin ( 1901–1965 ) , illustrator , author of childrens literature - Oksana Domnina ( born 1984 ) , ice dancer - Vyacheslav Dryagin ( 1940–2002 ) , Nordic combined skier - Boris Farmakovsky ( 1870–1928 ) , historian , archaeologist - Bl . Leonid Feodorov ( 1879–1935 ) , first Exarch of the Russian Byzantine Catholic Church - Matvey Gusev ( 1826–1866 ) , astronomer - Maria Isakova ( 1918–2011 ) , speed skater - Kirill Khaliavin ( born 1990 ) , ice dancer - Lev Knyazev ( 1926–2012 ) , writer - Olga Kuragina ( born 1959 ) , athlete - Alexey Kuzmichev ( born 1962 ) , businessman - Boris Kuznetsov ( born 1944 ) , lawyer - Andrei Malykh ( born 1988 ) , association football player - Ksenia Monko ( born 1922 ) , ice dancer - Sergey Obukhov ( born 1974 ) , bandy player - Svetlana Pletnyova ( 1926–2008 ) , historian , archaeologist - Aleksei Pugin ( born 1987 ) , association football player - Ivan Shefer ( born 1983 ) , ice dancer - Yekaterina Shikhova ( born 1985 ) , speed skater - Alexei Sitnikov ( born 1986 ) , ice dancer - Alexander Stolbov ( born 1929 ) , painter - Nikolai Tchaikovsky ( 1851–1926 ) , revolutionary , politician - Mikhail Tyufyakov ( born 1974 ) , association football player and manager - Vladimir Urin ( born 1947 ) , theater director , actor - Yuri Vshivtsev ( 1940–2010 ) , association football player - Valentin Yanin ( born 1929 ) , historian , archaeologist - Julia Zlobina ( born 1989 ) , ice dancer - Polina Khonina ( born 1998 ) , rhythmic gymnast Further reading . - Vyatka . Materials for the History of the 17th and 18th Centuries ( 1887 ) ( Вятка . Материалы для истории города XVII и XVIII столетий ) at Runivers.ru in DjVu and PDF formats External links . - Official website of Kirov - Unofficial website of Kirov
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