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[
"Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia"
] | easy | What was the position of Jürgen Rüttgers from Jun 2005 to Jul 2010? | /wiki/Jürgen_Rüttgers#P39#2 | Jürgen Rüttgers Jürgen Rüttgers ( born 26 June 1951 ) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) who served as the 9th Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 2005 to 2010 . Education . Rüttgers was born in Cologne . He holds degrees in Law and History from the University of Cologne and a Dr . Jur . ( Ph.D. ) in Law ( 1979 ) . He became a member of K.D.St . V . Rappoltstein Köln , a Catholic student fraternity that is member of the Cartellverband . Political career . Career in national politics . Rüttgers was a Member of the German Bundestag from 1987 until 2000 . In 1991 he succeeded Friedrich Bohl as First Secretary of the parliamentary group , in this position assisting the parliamentary groups chairman Wolfgang Schäuble . Rüttgers served as Federal Minister for Education , Science , Research and Technology in Chancellor Helmut Kohls fifth cabinet from 1994 to 1998 . During his time as minister , he was – together with Luigi Berlinguer ( Italy ) , Claude Allegre ( France ) , and Baroness Tessa Blackstone ( United Kingdom ) – one of the heads of the Sorbonne declaration , the joint declaration on harmonisation of the architecture of the European higher education system , on 25 May 1998 . That was the starting point of the so-called Bologna process . He also successfully introduced a law under which online providers can be prosecuted for offering a venue for content illegal in Germany – such as child pornography or Nazi propaganda – if they do so knowingly and it is technically possible and reasonable to prevent it . Also , the law made Germany the first country to set rules for so-called digital signatures and give them the status of a legal document . Between 1998 and 2000 , Rüttgers served as deputy chairman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group , again under Schäubles leadership . In 2000 , he succeeded Norbert Blüm as chairman of the CDU in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia . As head of the party in Germanys most populous state , he commanded considerable influence , especially with its grassroots . He also became the partys group leader in the state parliament and was elected as one of the CDUs deputy party chairmen in 2000 . Amid the revelations of the CDU donations scandal in early 2000 , Rüttgers – who ran as the partys candidate in a crucial state election in North Rhine-Wesphalia that year – was one of the few leading figures who remained loyal to former Chancellor Helmut Kohl even after prosecutors began a criminal investigation into Kohls financial dealings . By January 2000 , daily newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung claimed that Kohl , angered by party chairman Wolfgang Schäubles efforts to distance himself from the scandal surrounding secret payments to the party , was encouraging Rüttgers to make a bid for the leadership at the CDUs annual conference ; instead , Angela Merkel was elected as Schäubles successor and Rüttgers became one of her four deputies , alongside Volker Rühe , Annette Schavan and Christian Wulff . In his role as chairman of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia , Rüttgers later publicly endorsed Merkel as the partys candidate to challenge incumbent Chancellor Gerhard Schröder in the 2002 federal elections ; instead , Edmund Stoiber ended up being the joint candidate of CDU and CSU . In the state parliament ( Landtag ) election 2005 , Rüttgers was the opposition Christian Democratic Unions front-runner for the second time . After CDU and FDP won a majority of seats in the election on 22 May 2005 , they formed a coalition to take over government from the former SPD and Green party coalition led by Peer Steinbrück . Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia . Rüttgers was elected Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia on 22 June . In his cabinet , he notably included representatives of the Christian Democrats’ more liberal wing , such as Armin Laschet ( as State Minister for Generations , Family , Women and Integration ) and Karl-Josef Laumann ( as State Minister of Labor , Health and Social Affairs ) . On the national level , Rüttgers was part of the CDU/CSU team in the negotiations with the SPD on a coalition agreement following the 2005 federal elections , which paved the way to the formation of Chancellor Angela Merkel’s first government . Under the leadership of Merkel as party chairwoman , he was re-elected vice-chairman of the CDU in November 2006 , this time alongside Roland Koch , Annette Schavan and Christian Wulff . During his time in office , Rüttgers came under severe criticism for failing to mend the states public finances . One of the reasons was the crisis at the state-owned lender WestLB , which led his government to set aside 1.5 billion in 2008 . Rüttgers long wanted the bank to stay independent and categorically ruled out a merger with LBBW . However , by 2007 , he and Roland Koch , his counterpart from the state of Hesse , agreed on approving a merger of their respective state-owned banks , WestLB and Landesbank Hessen-Thüringen ( Helaba ) . WestLB was eventually broken up in 2012 after years of losses and controversy . Between 2007 and 2009 , Rüttgers was one of 32 members of the Second Commission on the modernization of the federal state , which had been established to reform the division of powers between federal and state authorities in Germany . Shortly before the 2010 state elections , Rüttgerss public image was damaged by a party fund-raising scandal , and local issues like education and the troubles of municipalities with heavy debt burdens were central to the campaign . He led his party to an electoral defeat ; the steep drop of 10 percentage points compared with the previous election , in 2005 , was even larger than most analysts had predicted and gave the Christian Democrats their worst postwar showing in that state . The loss also meant Chancellor Angela Merkel could no longer count on a majority for her governing coalition in the Bundesrat , composed of delegations from all 16 states . In July 2010 , Rüttgers stepped down as caretaker premier and also gave up his position as state party chairman . Life after politics . Rüttgers joined the Düsseldorf office of German law firm Beiten Burkhardt as Of Counsel in March 2011 . In this capacity , he is a member of the firms Assets , Succession , Foundations practice group and also advises international companies on investments in Germany and German companies on international investments . In May 2011 , Deutsche Bahn nominated Rüttgers as executive director of the Brussels-based Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies ( CER ) ; instead , Libor Lochman was eventually appointed to the position . Rüttgers was a CDU delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2017 . In addition , Rüttgers has held several paid and unpaid positions since leaving politics , including the following : - 321-2021 : 1700 Years of Jewish Life in Germany , Chairman of the Board of Trustees ( since 2018 ) - CFC Industriebeteiligungen AG , Member of the Supervisory Board ( since 2011 ) - Auschwitz-Birkenau Foundation , Member of the Foundation Council - Brost-Stiftung , Member of the Board of Trustees - Deutsche Telekom Stiftung , Member of the Board of Trustees - Konrad Adenauer Foundation ( KAS ) , Member of the Board Political positions . During his political career , Rüttgers proved to be a conservative on social issues such as immigration . He also positioned himself as a workers leader on economics , defending labor rights and opposing business demands for deregulation of the economy . Unlike many in his party at the time , he was also in favor of expanding day care for young children and supported all-day schools . Following the CDUs performance in the 2005 federal elections and the formation of the first government under Chancellor Angela Merkel , Rüttgers blamed her campaign for talking “too much about flat tax and not enough about the people.” Instead , he called on the party to shed its “capitalist” image . In his 1993 book Dinosaurs of Democracy , Rüttgers attacked Germanys main parties and the government for being unwilling to decentralise political power to ordinary people . Controversy . Rüttgers is widely known for his views on immigration and the much-discussed phrase Kinder statt Inder ( children instead of Indians ) which was a media interpretation of Statt Inder an die Computer müssen unsere Kinder an die Computer ( instead of Indians in front of computers , our children must be in front of computers ) , during an election campaign ( which he eventually lost ) at a time when there was a parallel nationwide discussion about whether or not immigration rules should be liberalised on behalf of attracting more highly qualified foreign academics to the German labor market . In response to Rüttgerss much-discussed phrase Kinder statt Inder , Germanys Green Party overwhelmed his Internet mailbox with thousands of messages . The Internet attack was the first of its kind in German politics . Recognition . Honors and Awards . - 1997 – Georg Schulhoff Award - 1997 – Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany - 2004 – In collaboration with the Ministers of Education Luigi Berlinguer ( Italy ) , Claude Allègre ( France ) and Baroness Tessa Blackstone ( Great Britain ) , Jürgen Rüttgers was one of the heads of the Sorbonne Declaration , with the aim of “harmonising the architecture of the European Higher Education system“ . For their achievements in European education and research , Rüttgers and his colleagues received an honorary doctorate from Roma Tre University in Rome in 2004 . - 2004 – European Craft Award - 2007 – Rident Red Tape Award of the DBB civil servant union and tariff union - 2008 – Commander of the Legion of Honor - 2009 – Grand Cross of the Order of Merit Pro Merito Melitensi of the sovereign Order of Malta - 2010 – Orden wider den tierischen Ernst ( Order against dead seriousness ) - 2010 – Grand Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau - 2015 – Commander Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland Honorary degrees . - 2007 – Honorary doctorate from Waseda University - 2008 – Honorary Professor of Ben Gurion University - 2014 – Honorary Professorship of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn |
[
""
] | easy | Jürgen Rüttgers took which position from Jul 2010 to Mar 2012? | /wiki/Jürgen_Rüttgers#P39#3 | Jürgen Rüttgers Jürgen Rüttgers ( born 26 June 1951 ) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) who served as the 9th Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 2005 to 2010 . Education . Rüttgers was born in Cologne . He holds degrees in Law and History from the University of Cologne and a Dr . Jur . ( Ph.D. ) in Law ( 1979 ) . He became a member of K.D.St . V . Rappoltstein Köln , a Catholic student fraternity that is member of the Cartellverband . Political career . Career in national politics . Rüttgers was a Member of the German Bundestag from 1987 until 2000 . In 1991 he succeeded Friedrich Bohl as First Secretary of the parliamentary group , in this position assisting the parliamentary groups chairman Wolfgang Schäuble . Rüttgers served as Federal Minister for Education , Science , Research and Technology in Chancellor Helmut Kohls fifth cabinet from 1994 to 1998 . During his time as minister , he was – together with Luigi Berlinguer ( Italy ) , Claude Allegre ( France ) , and Baroness Tessa Blackstone ( United Kingdom ) – one of the heads of the Sorbonne declaration , the joint declaration on harmonisation of the architecture of the European higher education system , on 25 May 1998 . That was the starting point of the so-called Bologna process . He also successfully introduced a law under which online providers can be prosecuted for offering a venue for content illegal in Germany – such as child pornography or Nazi propaganda – if they do so knowingly and it is technically possible and reasonable to prevent it . Also , the law made Germany the first country to set rules for so-called digital signatures and give them the status of a legal document . Between 1998 and 2000 , Rüttgers served as deputy chairman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group , again under Schäubles leadership . In 2000 , he succeeded Norbert Blüm as chairman of the CDU in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia . As head of the party in Germanys most populous state , he commanded considerable influence , especially with its grassroots . He also became the partys group leader in the state parliament and was elected as one of the CDUs deputy party chairmen in 2000 . Amid the revelations of the CDU donations scandal in early 2000 , Rüttgers – who ran as the partys candidate in a crucial state election in North Rhine-Wesphalia that year – was one of the few leading figures who remained loyal to former Chancellor Helmut Kohl even after prosecutors began a criminal investigation into Kohls financial dealings . By January 2000 , daily newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung claimed that Kohl , angered by party chairman Wolfgang Schäubles efforts to distance himself from the scandal surrounding secret payments to the party , was encouraging Rüttgers to make a bid for the leadership at the CDUs annual conference ; instead , Angela Merkel was elected as Schäubles successor and Rüttgers became one of her four deputies , alongside Volker Rühe , Annette Schavan and Christian Wulff . In his role as chairman of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia , Rüttgers later publicly endorsed Merkel as the partys candidate to challenge incumbent Chancellor Gerhard Schröder in the 2002 federal elections ; instead , Edmund Stoiber ended up being the joint candidate of CDU and CSU . In the state parliament ( Landtag ) election 2005 , Rüttgers was the opposition Christian Democratic Unions front-runner for the second time . After CDU and FDP won a majority of seats in the election on 22 May 2005 , they formed a coalition to take over government from the former SPD and Green party coalition led by Peer Steinbrück . Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia . Rüttgers was elected Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia on 22 June . In his cabinet , he notably included representatives of the Christian Democrats’ more liberal wing , such as Armin Laschet ( as State Minister for Generations , Family , Women and Integration ) and Karl-Josef Laumann ( as State Minister of Labor , Health and Social Affairs ) . On the national level , Rüttgers was part of the CDU/CSU team in the negotiations with the SPD on a coalition agreement following the 2005 federal elections , which paved the way to the formation of Chancellor Angela Merkel’s first government . Under the leadership of Merkel as party chairwoman , he was re-elected vice-chairman of the CDU in November 2006 , this time alongside Roland Koch , Annette Schavan and Christian Wulff . During his time in office , Rüttgers came under severe criticism for failing to mend the states public finances . One of the reasons was the crisis at the state-owned lender WestLB , which led his government to set aside 1.5 billion in 2008 . Rüttgers long wanted the bank to stay independent and categorically ruled out a merger with LBBW . However , by 2007 , he and Roland Koch , his counterpart from the state of Hesse , agreed on approving a merger of their respective state-owned banks , WestLB and Landesbank Hessen-Thüringen ( Helaba ) . WestLB was eventually broken up in 2012 after years of losses and controversy . Between 2007 and 2009 , Rüttgers was one of 32 members of the Second Commission on the modernization of the federal state , which had been established to reform the division of powers between federal and state authorities in Germany . Shortly before the 2010 state elections , Rüttgerss public image was damaged by a party fund-raising scandal , and local issues like education and the troubles of municipalities with heavy debt burdens were central to the campaign . He led his party to an electoral defeat ; the steep drop of 10 percentage points compared with the previous election , in 2005 , was even larger than most analysts had predicted and gave the Christian Democrats their worst postwar showing in that state . The loss also meant Chancellor Angela Merkel could no longer count on a majority for her governing coalition in the Bundesrat , composed of delegations from all 16 states . In July 2010 , Rüttgers stepped down as caretaker premier and also gave up his position as state party chairman . Life after politics . Rüttgers joined the Düsseldorf office of German law firm Beiten Burkhardt as Of Counsel in March 2011 . In this capacity , he is a member of the firms Assets , Succession , Foundations practice group and also advises international companies on investments in Germany and German companies on international investments . In May 2011 , Deutsche Bahn nominated Rüttgers as executive director of the Brussels-based Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies ( CER ) ; instead , Libor Lochman was eventually appointed to the position . Rüttgers was a CDU delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2017 . In addition , Rüttgers has held several paid and unpaid positions since leaving politics , including the following : - 321-2021 : 1700 Years of Jewish Life in Germany , Chairman of the Board of Trustees ( since 2018 ) - CFC Industriebeteiligungen AG , Member of the Supervisory Board ( since 2011 ) - Auschwitz-Birkenau Foundation , Member of the Foundation Council - Brost-Stiftung , Member of the Board of Trustees - Deutsche Telekom Stiftung , Member of the Board of Trustees - Konrad Adenauer Foundation ( KAS ) , Member of the Board Political positions . During his political career , Rüttgers proved to be a conservative on social issues such as immigration . He also positioned himself as a workers leader on economics , defending labor rights and opposing business demands for deregulation of the economy . Unlike many in his party at the time , he was also in favor of expanding day care for young children and supported all-day schools . Following the CDUs performance in the 2005 federal elections and the formation of the first government under Chancellor Angela Merkel , Rüttgers blamed her campaign for talking “too much about flat tax and not enough about the people.” Instead , he called on the party to shed its “capitalist” image . In his 1993 book Dinosaurs of Democracy , Rüttgers attacked Germanys main parties and the government for being unwilling to decentralise political power to ordinary people . Controversy . Rüttgers is widely known for his views on immigration and the much-discussed phrase Kinder statt Inder ( children instead of Indians ) which was a media interpretation of Statt Inder an die Computer müssen unsere Kinder an die Computer ( instead of Indians in front of computers , our children must be in front of computers ) , during an election campaign ( which he eventually lost ) at a time when there was a parallel nationwide discussion about whether or not immigration rules should be liberalised on behalf of attracting more highly qualified foreign academics to the German labor market . In response to Rüttgerss much-discussed phrase Kinder statt Inder , Germanys Green Party overwhelmed his Internet mailbox with thousands of messages . The Internet attack was the first of its kind in German politics . Recognition . Honors and Awards . - 1997 – Georg Schulhoff Award - 1997 – Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany - 2004 – In collaboration with the Ministers of Education Luigi Berlinguer ( Italy ) , Claude Allègre ( France ) and Baroness Tessa Blackstone ( Great Britain ) , Jürgen Rüttgers was one of the heads of the Sorbonne Declaration , with the aim of “harmonising the architecture of the European Higher Education system“ . For their achievements in European education and research , Rüttgers and his colleagues received an honorary doctorate from Roma Tre University in Rome in 2004 . - 2004 – European Craft Award - 2007 – Rident Red Tape Award of the DBB civil servant union and tariff union - 2008 – Commander of the Legion of Honor - 2009 – Grand Cross of the Order of Merit Pro Merito Melitensi of the sovereign Order of Malta - 2010 – Orden wider den tierischen Ernst ( Order against dead seriousness ) - 2010 – Grand Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau - 2015 – Commander Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland Honorary degrees . - 2007 – Honorary doctorate from Waseda University - 2008 – Honorary Professor of Ben Gurion University - 2014 – Honorary Professorship of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn |
[
"Member of Parliament"
] | easy | Nigel Forman took which position from Mar 1976 to Apr 1979? | /wiki/Nigel_Forman#P39#0 | Nigel Forman Francis Nigel Forman ( 1943 – 2017 ) , known as Nigel Forman , was a British Conservative politician at national level before which a researcher/advisor and after which an academic or expert in British and European politics . After working in the Conservative Research Department from 1968 to 1976 he was elected as an MP . He was from 1980 a prominent backbencher and was appointed a junior minister , Minister of Higher Education in April 1992 , resigning in December that year . Forman was among the large number of Conservative MPs who lost their seats in the 1997 general election . He later worked as a lecturer , academic writer and Parliamentary expert/instructor . He was married to Susan Forman in 1971 . The couple had no children . Early career . Forman was born in Simla , India where his father served as a brigadier in the Indian Army . Forman was educated at the Dragon School , Shrewsbury School , New College , Oxford , College of Europe ( Bruges ) , Harvard and Sussex University . He obtained various degrees from the latter four including a Master of Public Administration from Harvard , a Certificate of Advanced European Studies ( equivalent to a masters degree ) from the College of Europe ( class of 1965–66 ) and a Ph.D from Sussex University . In his Times obituary he was described as something of a perpetual student . His first significant job was from 1967 to 1968 as an information officer at the Confederation of British Industry . In 1968 he joined the Conservative Research Department ( CRD – the research operation of the party ) and began the quest to find himself a seat in Parliament . He progressed rapidly in the CRD , acting as ‘external affairs adviser’ to Official Opposition leader Heath . He served Margaret Thatcher in the same capacity from 1975 to 1976 . He was promoted to Assistant Director with special responsibility for European affairs . He contested the Coventry North East seat as a member of the party in the February 1974 contest but was not elected . After the elevation of Robert Carr to the peerage in 1976 , Forman was centrally recommended and selected as his replacement for the resultant by-election . Backbench MP , 1976 to 1992 . Forman was elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Carshalton at its by-election on 11 March 1976 . He took the seat with a 10,000 majority over Labour , compared with Carrs 4,000 majority in October 1974 . When the seats boundaries were revised for the 1983 election it was renamed Carshalton and Wallington . The seat , the eastern half of the London Borough of Sutton , was socially mixed . In 1976 it had much social housing yet had streets of expensive detached houses and many middle class voters . All three major parties ( Conservative , Labour and Liberal ) had entrenched support and Formans lead looked vulnerable to tactical voting . The local Conservative leaders of the Council soon showed themselves to be resistant to concepts of modernisation that Forman espoused . Sutton was one of the few remaining councils in the UK that kept selective education and council meetings were unusual in that Conservative councillors wore ceremonial robes to give dignity to them . Forman soon established himself as a bright and enthusiastic MP . During his first three months in the House he asked 64 formal questions of Ministers in the Labour government . His particular interests were nuclear power , incomes policy , education policy and ministerial patronage . After the Conservatives returned to government in 1979 , it was widely expected that Forman would soon obtain ministerial office . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary ( PPS ) first to Lord Carrington in the Foreign Office and later to Douglas Hurd in the Home Office . Forman soon became known as a moderate Conservative who differed with some of Thatchers policies . In 1980 he spoke for greatly increasing child benefits and James Prior’s attempt to have member votes bind trade unions through their voluntary agreement to do so . That year he was in the majorities who opposed reintroducing capital punishment and limiting abortion rights . He also expressed alarm at mounting unemployment arising from the government’s economic and financial policies . He frequently called for a one nation approach in his speeches and writings . He disapproved of government policies which promoted London-bound internal migration and were socially divisive . He favoured closer integration of Britain with the European Union . In February 1981 , Labour MPs cheered him in the House when he asked the Chancellor ( Howe ) to act to halt the rise in unemployment . Forman advocated employment and economic policies which were broadly consistent with those pursued by the Callaghan ministry . He was seen as a Conservative opponent of Thatcherism . All this raised his profile in the House but it did not enhance his promotion prospects . In a 1983 Times piece senior Labour MP Gerald Kaufman noted that Forman had been overlooked for promotion and that his obvious abilities were not being used . In 1984 Forman stood for Chairman of the Conservative backbench finance committee , as a moderate one nation Tory – against incumbent right-winger Sir William Clark . Forman lost but had become clearly identified with wets and the one-nation group of Tory MPs . In 1985 , Forman published a pamphlet Work to be done : employment policy for 1985 and beyond . This was deeply critical of government policy and advocated a package of measures to stimulate employment . Formans progressive views did not endear him to his partys leaders in his local Council and association . Many of them regarded him as disloyal to Margaret Thatcher and a traitor . There were repeated attempts to deselect him . Matters came to a head in 1986 after the Liberal-SDP Alliance gained political control of the Council . Forman publicly attributed this to the shortcomings of the local Conservative leadership . The matter is described in the following extract from an article in The Times on 21 May 1987:“The Carshalton Conservative Association suffers from bigots and zealots who indulge in internecine warfare.” Not Labour smear tactics , nor Alliance innuendo , but the words of its Conservative MP , Mr Nigel Forman . Several attempts to deselect Mr Forman failed . But when the election was called last week , five of the seven senior officers took their revenge on the beleaguered MP by resigning . – The Times , May 1987 . However , Forman comfortably held his seat in the 1987 general election . His advocacy of redistributive but market-led policies was coupled with lack of a clear single Labour or Liberal/SDP opponent . This made Forman an acceptable candidate to many local voters who refrained from tactical voting to oust him . Forman won 54% of the vote , on high turnout , His political fortunes seemed to be in the ascendant.“Has Chancellor Nigel Lawson gone soft ? Yesterday he appointed as his PPS a Tory so wet he drips . As recently as last year , Nigel Forman , vice-chairman of the partys backbench finance committee , was publicly calling on the Chancellor to give top priority to the unemployment challenge . The year before , in Mastering British Politics , he wrote : Occasionally , in the course of its long history , the Conservative party has been swept along on the wave of some particular ideology , but such periods have not usually lasted or brought enduring political success.” – Rising Damp , The Times , June 1987 . The ideology Forman referred to was the then fashionable combination of supply side economics , monetarism , deregulation and privatisation known in the 1980s as Thatcherism . After Mrs Thatcher was forced from office in late 1990 it was considered only a matter of time before Forman would be promoted . Minister of Higher Education , April 1992 to December 1992 . “The omission of Nigel Forman , from successive ministerial reshuffles over the past few years has surprised many at Westminster when several apparently less talented politicians have secured top posts . But after 16 years in the Commons , he has become an under-secretary at the education department” Immediately after the general election in April 1992 Forman was appointed Under Secretary of State for Education ( with the job title Minister of Higher and Further Education ) under Education Secretary John Patten . During his tenure of office , Forman dealt with high-profile issues such as the financing of student unions , student loans and the quality assurance of degrees issued by the new universities . Forman unexpectedly resigned from his ministerial post on 11 December 1992 for personal reasons . The nature of those personal reasons was never disclosed . Colleagues commented that Forman was a very private man and nobody claimed to know why he had resigned . Thereafter , Formans political career went into decline . His political interests appeared to become more theoretical in nature . In January 1996 the Demos think tank published a paper written by him on reform of the income tax system . Demos was generally considered to be closely associated with New Labour . At the 1997 general election , Forman lost his seat to the Liberal Democrat candidate Tom Brake . Formans 10,000 vote majority in the 1992 general election was converted into a 2,000 vote Liberal Democrat majority with a 12% swing from Conservative to Lib Dem . After Parliament . Forman initially developed a portfolio of lecturing and writing work . In 1999 he joined the faculty of Wroxton College , the UK ( Oxfordshire ) campus of Fairleigh Dickinson University ( FDU ) . Forman delivered courses for ‘Westminster Explained’ , Parliaments own in-house training facility which provides courses to members of both Houses and the wider public service . He was a visiting lecturer at Essex University and an honorary research fellow at University College London . Forman died of dementia-related issues on 11 May 2017 . In the last year of his life he was reported to have been dismayed by the result of the 2016 Brexit referendum and to have stated that the UK had become a country he hardly knew . However , obituarists drew attention to his comment ( quoted above ) published thirty years earlier concerning the tendency of the Conservative party to be occasionally swept along in particular ideologies . Bibliography . His later , most notable , publications were : - Constitutional Change in the UK ( 2004 ) - Mastering British Politics ( co-editor ) - Mastering British Politics ( with N . D . J . Baldwin ) Notes and references . - Footnotes - References |
[
"Parliamentary Private Secretary"
] | easy | Which position did Nigel Forman hold from May 1979 to May 1983? | /wiki/Nigel_Forman#P39#1 | Nigel Forman Francis Nigel Forman ( 1943 – 2017 ) , known as Nigel Forman , was a British Conservative politician at national level before which a researcher/advisor and after which an academic or expert in British and European politics . After working in the Conservative Research Department from 1968 to 1976 he was elected as an MP . He was from 1980 a prominent backbencher and was appointed a junior minister , Minister of Higher Education in April 1992 , resigning in December that year . Forman was among the large number of Conservative MPs who lost their seats in the 1997 general election . He later worked as a lecturer , academic writer and Parliamentary expert/instructor . He was married to Susan Forman in 1971 . The couple had no children . Early career . Forman was born in Simla , India where his father served as a brigadier in the Indian Army . Forman was educated at the Dragon School , Shrewsbury School , New College , Oxford , College of Europe ( Bruges ) , Harvard and Sussex University . He obtained various degrees from the latter four including a Master of Public Administration from Harvard , a Certificate of Advanced European Studies ( equivalent to a masters degree ) from the College of Europe ( class of 1965–66 ) and a Ph.D from Sussex University . In his Times obituary he was described as something of a perpetual student . His first significant job was from 1967 to 1968 as an information officer at the Confederation of British Industry . In 1968 he joined the Conservative Research Department ( CRD – the research operation of the party ) and began the quest to find himself a seat in Parliament . He progressed rapidly in the CRD , acting as ‘external affairs adviser’ to Official Opposition leader Heath . He served Margaret Thatcher in the same capacity from 1975 to 1976 . He was promoted to Assistant Director with special responsibility for European affairs . He contested the Coventry North East seat as a member of the party in the February 1974 contest but was not elected . After the elevation of Robert Carr to the peerage in 1976 , Forman was centrally recommended and selected as his replacement for the resultant by-election . Backbench MP , 1976 to 1992 . Forman was elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Carshalton at its by-election on 11 March 1976 . He took the seat with a 10,000 majority over Labour , compared with Carrs 4,000 majority in October 1974 . When the seats boundaries were revised for the 1983 election it was renamed Carshalton and Wallington . The seat , the eastern half of the London Borough of Sutton , was socially mixed . In 1976 it had much social housing yet had streets of expensive detached houses and many middle class voters . All three major parties ( Conservative , Labour and Liberal ) had entrenched support and Formans lead looked vulnerable to tactical voting . The local Conservative leaders of the Council soon showed themselves to be resistant to concepts of modernisation that Forman espoused . Sutton was one of the few remaining councils in the UK that kept selective education and council meetings were unusual in that Conservative councillors wore ceremonial robes to give dignity to them . Forman soon established himself as a bright and enthusiastic MP . During his first three months in the House he asked 64 formal questions of Ministers in the Labour government . His particular interests were nuclear power , incomes policy , education policy and ministerial patronage . After the Conservatives returned to government in 1979 , it was widely expected that Forman would soon obtain ministerial office . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary ( PPS ) first to Lord Carrington in the Foreign Office and later to Douglas Hurd in the Home Office . Forman soon became known as a moderate Conservative who differed with some of Thatchers policies . In 1980 he spoke for greatly increasing child benefits and James Prior’s attempt to have member votes bind trade unions through their voluntary agreement to do so . That year he was in the majorities who opposed reintroducing capital punishment and limiting abortion rights . He also expressed alarm at mounting unemployment arising from the government’s economic and financial policies . He frequently called for a one nation approach in his speeches and writings . He disapproved of government policies which promoted London-bound internal migration and were socially divisive . He favoured closer integration of Britain with the European Union . In February 1981 , Labour MPs cheered him in the House when he asked the Chancellor ( Howe ) to act to halt the rise in unemployment . Forman advocated employment and economic policies which were broadly consistent with those pursued by the Callaghan ministry . He was seen as a Conservative opponent of Thatcherism . All this raised his profile in the House but it did not enhance his promotion prospects . In a 1983 Times piece senior Labour MP Gerald Kaufman noted that Forman had been overlooked for promotion and that his obvious abilities were not being used . In 1984 Forman stood for Chairman of the Conservative backbench finance committee , as a moderate one nation Tory – against incumbent right-winger Sir William Clark . Forman lost but had become clearly identified with wets and the one-nation group of Tory MPs . In 1985 , Forman published a pamphlet Work to be done : employment policy for 1985 and beyond . This was deeply critical of government policy and advocated a package of measures to stimulate employment . Formans progressive views did not endear him to his partys leaders in his local Council and association . Many of them regarded him as disloyal to Margaret Thatcher and a traitor . There were repeated attempts to deselect him . Matters came to a head in 1986 after the Liberal-SDP Alliance gained political control of the Council . Forman publicly attributed this to the shortcomings of the local Conservative leadership . The matter is described in the following extract from an article in The Times on 21 May 1987:“The Carshalton Conservative Association suffers from bigots and zealots who indulge in internecine warfare.” Not Labour smear tactics , nor Alliance innuendo , but the words of its Conservative MP , Mr Nigel Forman . Several attempts to deselect Mr Forman failed . But when the election was called last week , five of the seven senior officers took their revenge on the beleaguered MP by resigning . – The Times , May 1987 . However , Forman comfortably held his seat in the 1987 general election . His advocacy of redistributive but market-led policies was coupled with lack of a clear single Labour or Liberal/SDP opponent . This made Forman an acceptable candidate to many local voters who refrained from tactical voting to oust him . Forman won 54% of the vote , on high turnout , His political fortunes seemed to be in the ascendant.“Has Chancellor Nigel Lawson gone soft ? Yesterday he appointed as his PPS a Tory so wet he drips . As recently as last year , Nigel Forman , vice-chairman of the partys backbench finance committee , was publicly calling on the Chancellor to give top priority to the unemployment challenge . The year before , in Mastering British Politics , he wrote : Occasionally , in the course of its long history , the Conservative party has been swept along on the wave of some particular ideology , but such periods have not usually lasted or brought enduring political success.” – Rising Damp , The Times , June 1987 . The ideology Forman referred to was the then fashionable combination of supply side economics , monetarism , deregulation and privatisation known in the 1980s as Thatcherism . After Mrs Thatcher was forced from office in late 1990 it was considered only a matter of time before Forman would be promoted . Minister of Higher Education , April 1992 to December 1992 . “The omission of Nigel Forman , from successive ministerial reshuffles over the past few years has surprised many at Westminster when several apparently less talented politicians have secured top posts . But after 16 years in the Commons , he has become an under-secretary at the education department” Immediately after the general election in April 1992 Forman was appointed Under Secretary of State for Education ( with the job title Minister of Higher and Further Education ) under Education Secretary John Patten . During his tenure of office , Forman dealt with high-profile issues such as the financing of student unions , student loans and the quality assurance of degrees issued by the new universities . Forman unexpectedly resigned from his ministerial post on 11 December 1992 for personal reasons . The nature of those personal reasons was never disclosed . Colleagues commented that Forman was a very private man and nobody claimed to know why he had resigned . Thereafter , Formans political career went into decline . His political interests appeared to become more theoretical in nature . In January 1996 the Demos think tank published a paper written by him on reform of the income tax system . Demos was generally considered to be closely associated with New Labour . At the 1997 general election , Forman lost his seat to the Liberal Democrat candidate Tom Brake . Formans 10,000 vote majority in the 1992 general election was converted into a 2,000 vote Liberal Democrat majority with a 12% swing from Conservative to Lib Dem . After Parliament . Forman initially developed a portfolio of lecturing and writing work . In 1999 he joined the faculty of Wroxton College , the UK ( Oxfordshire ) campus of Fairleigh Dickinson University ( FDU ) . Forman delivered courses for ‘Westminster Explained’ , Parliaments own in-house training facility which provides courses to members of both Houses and the wider public service . He was a visiting lecturer at Essex University and an honorary research fellow at University College London . Forman died of dementia-related issues on 11 May 2017 . In the last year of his life he was reported to have been dismayed by the result of the 2016 Brexit referendum and to have stated that the UK had become a country he hardly knew . However , obituarists drew attention to his comment ( quoted above ) published thirty years earlier concerning the tendency of the Conservative party to be occasionally swept along in particular ideologies . Bibliography . His later , most notable , publications were : - Constitutional Change in the UK ( 2004 ) - Mastering British Politics ( co-editor ) - Mastering British Politics ( with N . D . J . Baldwin ) Notes and references . - Footnotes - References |
[
""
] | easy | What was the position of Nigel Forman from Jun 1983 to May 1987? | /wiki/Nigel_Forman#P39#2 | Nigel Forman Francis Nigel Forman ( 1943 – 2017 ) , known as Nigel Forman , was a British Conservative politician at national level before which a researcher/advisor and after which an academic or expert in British and European politics . After working in the Conservative Research Department from 1968 to 1976 he was elected as an MP . He was from 1980 a prominent backbencher and was appointed a junior minister , Minister of Higher Education in April 1992 , resigning in December that year . Forman was among the large number of Conservative MPs who lost their seats in the 1997 general election . He later worked as a lecturer , academic writer and Parliamentary expert/instructor . He was married to Susan Forman in 1971 . The couple had no children . Early career . Forman was born in Simla , India where his father served as a brigadier in the Indian Army . Forman was educated at the Dragon School , Shrewsbury School , New College , Oxford , College of Europe ( Bruges ) , Harvard and Sussex University . He obtained various degrees from the latter four including a Master of Public Administration from Harvard , a Certificate of Advanced European Studies ( equivalent to a masters degree ) from the College of Europe ( class of 1965–66 ) and a Ph.D from Sussex University . In his Times obituary he was described as something of a perpetual student . His first significant job was from 1967 to 1968 as an information officer at the Confederation of British Industry . In 1968 he joined the Conservative Research Department ( CRD – the research operation of the party ) and began the quest to find himself a seat in Parliament . He progressed rapidly in the CRD , acting as ‘external affairs adviser’ to Official Opposition leader Heath . He served Margaret Thatcher in the same capacity from 1975 to 1976 . He was promoted to Assistant Director with special responsibility for European affairs . He contested the Coventry North East seat as a member of the party in the February 1974 contest but was not elected . After the elevation of Robert Carr to the peerage in 1976 , Forman was centrally recommended and selected as his replacement for the resultant by-election . Backbench MP , 1976 to 1992 . Forman was elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Carshalton at its by-election on 11 March 1976 . He took the seat with a 10,000 majority over Labour , compared with Carrs 4,000 majority in October 1974 . When the seats boundaries were revised for the 1983 election it was renamed Carshalton and Wallington . The seat , the eastern half of the London Borough of Sutton , was socially mixed . In 1976 it had much social housing yet had streets of expensive detached houses and many middle class voters . All three major parties ( Conservative , Labour and Liberal ) had entrenched support and Formans lead looked vulnerable to tactical voting . The local Conservative leaders of the Council soon showed themselves to be resistant to concepts of modernisation that Forman espoused . Sutton was one of the few remaining councils in the UK that kept selective education and council meetings were unusual in that Conservative councillors wore ceremonial robes to give dignity to them . Forman soon established himself as a bright and enthusiastic MP . During his first three months in the House he asked 64 formal questions of Ministers in the Labour government . His particular interests were nuclear power , incomes policy , education policy and ministerial patronage . After the Conservatives returned to government in 1979 , it was widely expected that Forman would soon obtain ministerial office . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary ( PPS ) first to Lord Carrington in the Foreign Office and later to Douglas Hurd in the Home Office . Forman soon became known as a moderate Conservative who differed with some of Thatchers policies . In 1980 he spoke for greatly increasing child benefits and James Prior’s attempt to have member votes bind trade unions through their voluntary agreement to do so . That year he was in the majorities who opposed reintroducing capital punishment and limiting abortion rights . He also expressed alarm at mounting unemployment arising from the government’s economic and financial policies . He frequently called for a one nation approach in his speeches and writings . He disapproved of government policies which promoted London-bound internal migration and were socially divisive . He favoured closer integration of Britain with the European Union . In February 1981 , Labour MPs cheered him in the House when he asked the Chancellor ( Howe ) to act to halt the rise in unemployment . Forman advocated employment and economic policies which were broadly consistent with those pursued by the Callaghan ministry . He was seen as a Conservative opponent of Thatcherism . All this raised his profile in the House but it did not enhance his promotion prospects . In a 1983 Times piece senior Labour MP Gerald Kaufman noted that Forman had been overlooked for promotion and that his obvious abilities were not being used . In 1984 Forman stood for Chairman of the Conservative backbench finance committee , as a moderate one nation Tory – against incumbent right-winger Sir William Clark . Forman lost but had become clearly identified with wets and the one-nation group of Tory MPs . In 1985 , Forman published a pamphlet Work to be done : employment policy for 1985 and beyond . This was deeply critical of government policy and advocated a package of measures to stimulate employment . Formans progressive views did not endear him to his partys leaders in his local Council and association . Many of them regarded him as disloyal to Margaret Thatcher and a traitor . There were repeated attempts to deselect him . Matters came to a head in 1986 after the Liberal-SDP Alliance gained political control of the Council . Forman publicly attributed this to the shortcomings of the local Conservative leadership . The matter is described in the following extract from an article in The Times on 21 May 1987:“The Carshalton Conservative Association suffers from bigots and zealots who indulge in internecine warfare.” Not Labour smear tactics , nor Alliance innuendo , but the words of its Conservative MP , Mr Nigel Forman . Several attempts to deselect Mr Forman failed . But when the election was called last week , five of the seven senior officers took their revenge on the beleaguered MP by resigning . – The Times , May 1987 . However , Forman comfortably held his seat in the 1987 general election . His advocacy of redistributive but market-led policies was coupled with lack of a clear single Labour or Liberal/SDP opponent . This made Forman an acceptable candidate to many local voters who refrained from tactical voting to oust him . Forman won 54% of the vote , on high turnout , His political fortunes seemed to be in the ascendant.“Has Chancellor Nigel Lawson gone soft ? Yesterday he appointed as his PPS a Tory so wet he drips . As recently as last year , Nigel Forman , vice-chairman of the partys backbench finance committee , was publicly calling on the Chancellor to give top priority to the unemployment challenge . The year before , in Mastering British Politics , he wrote : Occasionally , in the course of its long history , the Conservative party has been swept along on the wave of some particular ideology , but such periods have not usually lasted or brought enduring political success.” – Rising Damp , The Times , June 1987 . The ideology Forman referred to was the then fashionable combination of supply side economics , monetarism , deregulation and privatisation known in the 1980s as Thatcherism . After Mrs Thatcher was forced from office in late 1990 it was considered only a matter of time before Forman would be promoted . Minister of Higher Education , April 1992 to December 1992 . “The omission of Nigel Forman , from successive ministerial reshuffles over the past few years has surprised many at Westminster when several apparently less talented politicians have secured top posts . But after 16 years in the Commons , he has become an under-secretary at the education department” Immediately after the general election in April 1992 Forman was appointed Under Secretary of State for Education ( with the job title Minister of Higher and Further Education ) under Education Secretary John Patten . During his tenure of office , Forman dealt with high-profile issues such as the financing of student unions , student loans and the quality assurance of degrees issued by the new universities . Forman unexpectedly resigned from his ministerial post on 11 December 1992 for personal reasons . The nature of those personal reasons was never disclosed . Colleagues commented that Forman was a very private man and nobody claimed to know why he had resigned . Thereafter , Formans political career went into decline . His political interests appeared to become more theoretical in nature . In January 1996 the Demos think tank published a paper written by him on reform of the income tax system . Demos was generally considered to be closely associated with New Labour . At the 1997 general election , Forman lost his seat to the Liberal Democrat candidate Tom Brake . Formans 10,000 vote majority in the 1992 general election was converted into a 2,000 vote Liberal Democrat majority with a 12% swing from Conservative to Lib Dem . After Parliament . Forman initially developed a portfolio of lecturing and writing work . In 1999 he joined the faculty of Wroxton College , the UK ( Oxfordshire ) campus of Fairleigh Dickinson University ( FDU ) . Forman delivered courses for ‘Westminster Explained’ , Parliaments own in-house training facility which provides courses to members of both Houses and the wider public service . He was a visiting lecturer at Essex University and an honorary research fellow at University College London . Forman died of dementia-related issues on 11 May 2017 . In the last year of his life he was reported to have been dismayed by the result of the 2016 Brexit referendum and to have stated that the UK had become a country he hardly knew . However , obituarists drew attention to his comment ( quoted above ) published thirty years earlier concerning the tendency of the Conservative party to be occasionally swept along in particular ideologies . Bibliography . His later , most notable , publications were : - Constitutional Change in the UK ( 2004 ) - Mastering British Politics ( co-editor ) - Mastering British Politics ( with N . D . J . Baldwin ) Notes and references . - Footnotes - References |
[
"Conservative MP"
] | easy | Nigel Forman took which position from Jun 1987 to Mar 1992? | /wiki/Nigel_Forman#P39#3 | Nigel Forman Francis Nigel Forman ( 1943 – 2017 ) , known as Nigel Forman , was a British Conservative politician at national level before which a researcher/advisor and after which an academic or expert in British and European politics . After working in the Conservative Research Department from 1968 to 1976 he was elected as an MP . He was from 1980 a prominent backbencher and was appointed a junior minister , Minister of Higher Education in April 1992 , resigning in December that year . Forman was among the large number of Conservative MPs who lost their seats in the 1997 general election . He later worked as a lecturer , academic writer and Parliamentary expert/instructor . He was married to Susan Forman in 1971 . The couple had no children . Early career . Forman was born in Simla , India where his father served as a brigadier in the Indian Army . Forman was educated at the Dragon School , Shrewsbury School , New College , Oxford , College of Europe ( Bruges ) , Harvard and Sussex University . He obtained various degrees from the latter four including a Master of Public Administration from Harvard , a Certificate of Advanced European Studies ( equivalent to a masters degree ) from the College of Europe ( class of 1965–66 ) and a Ph.D from Sussex University . In his Times obituary he was described as something of a perpetual student . His first significant job was from 1967 to 1968 as an information officer at the Confederation of British Industry . In 1968 he joined the Conservative Research Department ( CRD – the research operation of the party ) and began the quest to find himself a seat in Parliament . He progressed rapidly in the CRD , acting as ‘external affairs adviser’ to Official Opposition leader Heath . He served Margaret Thatcher in the same capacity from 1975 to 1976 . He was promoted to Assistant Director with special responsibility for European affairs . He contested the Coventry North East seat as a member of the party in the February 1974 contest but was not elected . After the elevation of Robert Carr to the peerage in 1976 , Forman was centrally recommended and selected as his replacement for the resultant by-election . Backbench MP , 1976 to 1992 . Forman was elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Carshalton at its by-election on 11 March 1976 . He took the seat with a 10,000 majority over Labour , compared with Carrs 4,000 majority in October 1974 . When the seats boundaries were revised for the 1983 election it was renamed Carshalton and Wallington . The seat , the eastern half of the London Borough of Sutton , was socially mixed . In 1976 it had much social housing yet had streets of expensive detached houses and many middle class voters . All three major parties ( Conservative , Labour and Liberal ) had entrenched support and Formans lead looked vulnerable to tactical voting . The local Conservative leaders of the Council soon showed themselves to be resistant to concepts of modernisation that Forman espoused . Sutton was one of the few remaining councils in the UK that kept selective education and council meetings were unusual in that Conservative councillors wore ceremonial robes to give dignity to them . Forman soon established himself as a bright and enthusiastic MP . During his first three months in the House he asked 64 formal questions of Ministers in the Labour government . His particular interests were nuclear power , incomes policy , education policy and ministerial patronage . After the Conservatives returned to government in 1979 , it was widely expected that Forman would soon obtain ministerial office . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary ( PPS ) first to Lord Carrington in the Foreign Office and later to Douglas Hurd in the Home Office . Forman soon became known as a moderate Conservative who differed with some of Thatchers policies . In 1980 he spoke for greatly increasing child benefits and James Prior’s attempt to have member votes bind trade unions through their voluntary agreement to do so . That year he was in the majorities who opposed reintroducing capital punishment and limiting abortion rights . He also expressed alarm at mounting unemployment arising from the government’s economic and financial policies . He frequently called for a one nation approach in his speeches and writings . He disapproved of government policies which promoted London-bound internal migration and were socially divisive . He favoured closer integration of Britain with the European Union . In February 1981 , Labour MPs cheered him in the House when he asked the Chancellor ( Howe ) to act to halt the rise in unemployment . Forman advocated employment and economic policies which were broadly consistent with those pursued by the Callaghan ministry . He was seen as a Conservative opponent of Thatcherism . All this raised his profile in the House but it did not enhance his promotion prospects . In a 1983 Times piece senior Labour MP Gerald Kaufman noted that Forman had been overlooked for promotion and that his obvious abilities were not being used . In 1984 Forman stood for Chairman of the Conservative backbench finance committee , as a moderate one nation Tory – against incumbent right-winger Sir William Clark . Forman lost but had become clearly identified with wets and the one-nation group of Tory MPs . In 1985 , Forman published a pamphlet Work to be done : employment policy for 1985 and beyond . This was deeply critical of government policy and advocated a package of measures to stimulate employment . Formans progressive views did not endear him to his partys leaders in his local Council and association . Many of them regarded him as disloyal to Margaret Thatcher and a traitor . There were repeated attempts to deselect him . Matters came to a head in 1986 after the Liberal-SDP Alliance gained political control of the Council . Forman publicly attributed this to the shortcomings of the local Conservative leadership . The matter is described in the following extract from an article in The Times on 21 May 1987:“The Carshalton Conservative Association suffers from bigots and zealots who indulge in internecine warfare.” Not Labour smear tactics , nor Alliance innuendo , but the words of its Conservative MP , Mr Nigel Forman . Several attempts to deselect Mr Forman failed . But when the election was called last week , five of the seven senior officers took their revenge on the beleaguered MP by resigning . – The Times , May 1987 . However , Forman comfortably held his seat in the 1987 general election . His advocacy of redistributive but market-led policies was coupled with lack of a clear single Labour or Liberal/SDP opponent . This made Forman an acceptable candidate to many local voters who refrained from tactical voting to oust him . Forman won 54% of the vote , on high turnout , His political fortunes seemed to be in the ascendant.“Has Chancellor Nigel Lawson gone soft ? Yesterday he appointed as his PPS a Tory so wet he drips . As recently as last year , Nigel Forman , vice-chairman of the partys backbench finance committee , was publicly calling on the Chancellor to give top priority to the unemployment challenge . The year before , in Mastering British Politics , he wrote : Occasionally , in the course of its long history , the Conservative party has been swept along on the wave of some particular ideology , but such periods have not usually lasted or brought enduring political success.” – Rising Damp , The Times , June 1987 . The ideology Forman referred to was the then fashionable combination of supply side economics , monetarism , deregulation and privatisation known in the 1980s as Thatcherism . After Mrs Thatcher was forced from office in late 1990 it was considered only a matter of time before Forman would be promoted . Minister of Higher Education , April 1992 to December 1992 . “The omission of Nigel Forman , from successive ministerial reshuffles over the past few years has surprised many at Westminster when several apparently less talented politicians have secured top posts . But after 16 years in the Commons , he has become an under-secretary at the education department” Immediately after the general election in April 1992 Forman was appointed Under Secretary of State for Education ( with the job title Minister of Higher and Further Education ) under Education Secretary John Patten . During his tenure of office , Forman dealt with high-profile issues such as the financing of student unions , student loans and the quality assurance of degrees issued by the new universities . Forman unexpectedly resigned from his ministerial post on 11 December 1992 for personal reasons . The nature of those personal reasons was never disclosed . Colleagues commented that Forman was a very private man and nobody claimed to know why he had resigned . Thereafter , Formans political career went into decline . His political interests appeared to become more theoretical in nature . In January 1996 the Demos think tank published a paper written by him on reform of the income tax system . Demos was generally considered to be closely associated with New Labour . At the 1997 general election , Forman lost his seat to the Liberal Democrat candidate Tom Brake . Formans 10,000 vote majority in the 1992 general election was converted into a 2,000 vote Liberal Democrat majority with a 12% swing from Conservative to Lib Dem . After Parliament . Forman initially developed a portfolio of lecturing and writing work . In 1999 he joined the faculty of Wroxton College , the UK ( Oxfordshire ) campus of Fairleigh Dickinson University ( FDU ) . Forman delivered courses for ‘Westminster Explained’ , Parliaments own in-house training facility which provides courses to members of both Houses and the wider public service . He was a visiting lecturer at Essex University and an honorary research fellow at University College London . Forman died of dementia-related issues on 11 May 2017 . In the last year of his life he was reported to have been dismayed by the result of the 2016 Brexit referendum and to have stated that the UK had become a country he hardly knew . However , obituarists drew attention to his comment ( quoted above ) published thirty years earlier concerning the tendency of the Conservative party to be occasionally swept along in particular ideologies . Bibliography . His later , most notable , publications were : - Constitutional Change in the UK ( 2004 ) - Mastering British Politics ( co-editor ) - Mastering British Politics ( with N . D . J . Baldwin ) Notes and references . - Footnotes - References |
[
""
] | easy | What was the position of Nigel Forman from Apr 1992 to Apr 1997? | /wiki/Nigel_Forman#P39#4 | Nigel Forman Francis Nigel Forman ( 1943 – 2017 ) , known as Nigel Forman , was a British Conservative politician at national level before which a researcher/advisor and after which an academic or expert in British and European politics . After working in the Conservative Research Department from 1968 to 1976 he was elected as an MP . He was from 1980 a prominent backbencher and was appointed a junior minister , Minister of Higher Education in April 1992 , resigning in December that year . Forman was among the large number of Conservative MPs who lost their seats in the 1997 general election . He later worked as a lecturer , academic writer and Parliamentary expert/instructor . He was married to Susan Forman in 1971 . The couple had no children . Early career . Forman was born in Simla , India where his father served as a brigadier in the Indian Army . Forman was educated at the Dragon School , Shrewsbury School , New College , Oxford , College of Europe ( Bruges ) , Harvard and Sussex University . He obtained various degrees from the latter four including a Master of Public Administration from Harvard , a Certificate of Advanced European Studies ( equivalent to a masters degree ) from the College of Europe ( class of 1965–66 ) and a Ph.D from Sussex University . In his Times obituary he was described as something of a perpetual student . His first significant job was from 1967 to 1968 as an information officer at the Confederation of British Industry . In 1968 he joined the Conservative Research Department ( CRD – the research operation of the party ) and began the quest to find himself a seat in Parliament . He progressed rapidly in the CRD , acting as ‘external affairs adviser’ to Official Opposition leader Heath . He served Margaret Thatcher in the same capacity from 1975 to 1976 . He was promoted to Assistant Director with special responsibility for European affairs . He contested the Coventry North East seat as a member of the party in the February 1974 contest but was not elected . After the elevation of Robert Carr to the peerage in 1976 , Forman was centrally recommended and selected as his replacement for the resultant by-election . Backbench MP , 1976 to 1992 . Forman was elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Carshalton at its by-election on 11 March 1976 . He took the seat with a 10,000 majority over Labour , compared with Carrs 4,000 majority in October 1974 . When the seats boundaries were revised for the 1983 election it was renamed Carshalton and Wallington . The seat , the eastern half of the London Borough of Sutton , was socially mixed . In 1976 it had much social housing yet had streets of expensive detached houses and many middle class voters . All three major parties ( Conservative , Labour and Liberal ) had entrenched support and Formans lead looked vulnerable to tactical voting . The local Conservative leaders of the Council soon showed themselves to be resistant to concepts of modernisation that Forman espoused . Sutton was one of the few remaining councils in the UK that kept selective education and council meetings were unusual in that Conservative councillors wore ceremonial robes to give dignity to them . Forman soon established himself as a bright and enthusiastic MP . During his first three months in the House he asked 64 formal questions of Ministers in the Labour government . His particular interests were nuclear power , incomes policy , education policy and ministerial patronage . After the Conservatives returned to government in 1979 , it was widely expected that Forman would soon obtain ministerial office . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary ( PPS ) first to Lord Carrington in the Foreign Office and later to Douglas Hurd in the Home Office . Forman soon became known as a moderate Conservative who differed with some of Thatchers policies . In 1980 he spoke for greatly increasing child benefits and James Prior’s attempt to have member votes bind trade unions through their voluntary agreement to do so . That year he was in the majorities who opposed reintroducing capital punishment and limiting abortion rights . He also expressed alarm at mounting unemployment arising from the government’s economic and financial policies . He frequently called for a one nation approach in his speeches and writings . He disapproved of government policies which promoted London-bound internal migration and were socially divisive . He favoured closer integration of Britain with the European Union . In February 1981 , Labour MPs cheered him in the House when he asked the Chancellor ( Howe ) to act to halt the rise in unemployment . Forman advocated employment and economic policies which were broadly consistent with those pursued by the Callaghan ministry . He was seen as a Conservative opponent of Thatcherism . All this raised his profile in the House but it did not enhance his promotion prospects . In a 1983 Times piece senior Labour MP Gerald Kaufman noted that Forman had been overlooked for promotion and that his obvious abilities were not being used . In 1984 Forman stood for Chairman of the Conservative backbench finance committee , as a moderate one nation Tory – against incumbent right-winger Sir William Clark . Forman lost but had become clearly identified with wets and the one-nation group of Tory MPs . In 1985 , Forman published a pamphlet Work to be done : employment policy for 1985 and beyond . This was deeply critical of government policy and advocated a package of measures to stimulate employment . Formans progressive views did not endear him to his partys leaders in his local Council and association . Many of them regarded him as disloyal to Margaret Thatcher and a traitor . There were repeated attempts to deselect him . Matters came to a head in 1986 after the Liberal-SDP Alliance gained political control of the Council . Forman publicly attributed this to the shortcomings of the local Conservative leadership . The matter is described in the following extract from an article in The Times on 21 May 1987:“The Carshalton Conservative Association suffers from bigots and zealots who indulge in internecine warfare.” Not Labour smear tactics , nor Alliance innuendo , but the words of its Conservative MP , Mr Nigel Forman . Several attempts to deselect Mr Forman failed . But when the election was called last week , five of the seven senior officers took their revenge on the beleaguered MP by resigning . – The Times , May 1987 . However , Forman comfortably held his seat in the 1987 general election . His advocacy of redistributive but market-led policies was coupled with lack of a clear single Labour or Liberal/SDP opponent . This made Forman an acceptable candidate to many local voters who refrained from tactical voting to oust him . Forman won 54% of the vote , on high turnout , His political fortunes seemed to be in the ascendant.“Has Chancellor Nigel Lawson gone soft ? Yesterday he appointed as his PPS a Tory so wet he drips . As recently as last year , Nigel Forman , vice-chairman of the partys backbench finance committee , was publicly calling on the Chancellor to give top priority to the unemployment challenge . The year before , in Mastering British Politics , he wrote : Occasionally , in the course of its long history , the Conservative party has been swept along on the wave of some particular ideology , but such periods have not usually lasted or brought enduring political success.” – Rising Damp , The Times , June 1987 . The ideology Forman referred to was the then fashionable combination of supply side economics , monetarism , deregulation and privatisation known in the 1980s as Thatcherism . After Mrs Thatcher was forced from office in late 1990 it was considered only a matter of time before Forman would be promoted . Minister of Higher Education , April 1992 to December 1992 . “The omission of Nigel Forman , from successive ministerial reshuffles over the past few years has surprised many at Westminster when several apparently less talented politicians have secured top posts . But after 16 years in the Commons , he has become an under-secretary at the education department” Immediately after the general election in April 1992 Forman was appointed Under Secretary of State for Education ( with the job title Minister of Higher and Further Education ) under Education Secretary John Patten . During his tenure of office , Forman dealt with high-profile issues such as the financing of student unions , student loans and the quality assurance of degrees issued by the new universities . Forman unexpectedly resigned from his ministerial post on 11 December 1992 for personal reasons . The nature of those personal reasons was never disclosed . Colleagues commented that Forman was a very private man and nobody claimed to know why he had resigned . Thereafter , Formans political career went into decline . His political interests appeared to become more theoretical in nature . In January 1996 the Demos think tank published a paper written by him on reform of the income tax system . Demos was generally considered to be closely associated with New Labour . At the 1997 general election , Forman lost his seat to the Liberal Democrat candidate Tom Brake . Formans 10,000 vote majority in the 1992 general election was converted into a 2,000 vote Liberal Democrat majority with a 12% swing from Conservative to Lib Dem . After Parliament . Forman initially developed a portfolio of lecturing and writing work . In 1999 he joined the faculty of Wroxton College , the UK ( Oxfordshire ) campus of Fairleigh Dickinson University ( FDU ) . Forman delivered courses for ‘Westminster Explained’ , Parliaments own in-house training facility which provides courses to members of both Houses and the wider public service . He was a visiting lecturer at Essex University and an honorary research fellow at University College London . Forman died of dementia-related issues on 11 May 2017 . In the last year of his life he was reported to have been dismayed by the result of the 2016 Brexit referendum and to have stated that the UK had become a country he hardly knew . However , obituarists drew attention to his comment ( quoted above ) published thirty years earlier concerning the tendency of the Conservative party to be occasionally swept along in particular ideologies . Bibliography . His later , most notable , publications were : - Constitutional Change in the UK ( 2004 ) - Mastering British Politics ( co-editor ) - Mastering British Politics ( with N . D . J . Baldwin ) Notes and references . - Footnotes - References |
[
"Hinckley United"
] | easy | Callum Lloyd played for which team from 2007 to 2009? | /wiki/Callum_Lloyd#P54#0 | Callum Lloyd Callum Lloyd ( born 1 January 1986 , in Nottingham ) is an English footballer . Lloyd went to Kimberley School , Nottingham and played for the school team . Lloyd came through the ranks at Mansfield Town , and signed a professional contract at the end of the 2004–05 season , having made his league debut a few months earlier . Lloyd is a versatile midfielder who has played in every midfield position for the club . However , his best position is arguably in the hole just behind the strikers . Lloyd made his full debut for Mansfield in March 2005 against Bristol Rovers , and scored on his debut . He added three more goals before the end of the season . The 2005–06 season was something of a disappointment for Lloyd , who spent more time on the bench than the pitch and also spent a month on loan at Alfreton Town . Despite this , he was offered a contract extension in 2006 , but was released from his contract in May 2007 . On 1 June 2007 , Lloyd was announced as Mark Coopers second signing at Kettering Town . In October 2007 , Lloyd spent the month with fellow Conference North side Hinckley United in a short-term deal , returning to his parent club in November 2007 ; he later joined Hinckley on a permanent deal in December 2007 . Lloyd left Hinckley United at the end of the 2008–09 season after 75 appearances , during which time he was a popular team member . While at Hinckley he effectively scored the goal at the end of the 2007–08 season which kept Hinckley in the Conference North by beating Vauxhall Motors 1–0 . He also scored two superb goals in the 2008–09 season against Stafford Rangers , which were both long-range strikes . Lloyd joined Kings Lynn for the 2009–10 season . He made 19 appearances ( one goal ) in the defensive midfield position but the season ended in September 2009 with a bad injury to his left foot which kept him out of football until September 2010 . Kings Lynn however went into administration in Autumn 2009 . Lloyd was offered rehabilitation at Ilkeston Town ( BSN ) under Kevin Wilson but did not regain fitness before Ilkeston went into administration in September 2010 . Lloyd joined Hucknall Town along with another couple of his former Ilkeston colleagues and was available for first team action again in October 2010 , however the 2011/2012 season was a successful period with 46 appearances ( 6 goals ) 1 sending off and 10 bookings playing in a defensive midfield role he has excelled this season , and promoted to Club captain . 2011/2012 – Awarded by Manager Des Lyttle his Player of the season and Supporters Player of the Season 2012–2014 Callum Lloyd Played for Rainworth Miners Welfare for two seasons who held their own in the Evostick Northern League South Division and helped the club establish themselves at this level as an inspirational captain until being signed by the ambitious Mickleover Sports for the 2014 / 15 season . 2014–2015 Mickleover Sports FC became runaway champions in the Evostick South Division amassing just short of 100 points , and Callum was named player of the season by both players and management duo ( Kirkwood and Hopkinson ) . However prior to the start of the new season he suffered a bad cruciate ( ACL0 injury which was to keep him out of football for 18 months . Kirkwood and Hopkinson subsequently moved to Matlock Town and took Callum Lloyd with them . |
[
"Kings Lynn"
] | easy | Callum Lloyd played for which team from 2009 to 2010? | /wiki/Callum_Lloyd#P54#1 | Callum Lloyd Callum Lloyd ( born 1 January 1986 , in Nottingham ) is an English footballer . Lloyd went to Kimberley School , Nottingham and played for the school team . Lloyd came through the ranks at Mansfield Town , and signed a professional contract at the end of the 2004–05 season , having made his league debut a few months earlier . Lloyd is a versatile midfielder who has played in every midfield position for the club . However , his best position is arguably in the hole just behind the strikers . Lloyd made his full debut for Mansfield in March 2005 against Bristol Rovers , and scored on his debut . He added three more goals before the end of the season . The 2005–06 season was something of a disappointment for Lloyd , who spent more time on the bench than the pitch and also spent a month on loan at Alfreton Town . Despite this , he was offered a contract extension in 2006 , but was released from his contract in May 2007 . On 1 June 2007 , Lloyd was announced as Mark Coopers second signing at Kettering Town . In October 2007 , Lloyd spent the month with fellow Conference North side Hinckley United in a short-term deal , returning to his parent club in November 2007 ; he later joined Hinckley on a permanent deal in December 2007 . Lloyd left Hinckley United at the end of the 2008–09 season after 75 appearances , during which time he was a popular team member . While at Hinckley he effectively scored the goal at the end of the 2007–08 season which kept Hinckley in the Conference North by beating Vauxhall Motors 1–0 . He also scored two superb goals in the 2008–09 season against Stafford Rangers , which were both long-range strikes . Lloyd joined Kings Lynn for the 2009–10 season . He made 19 appearances ( one goal ) in the defensive midfield position but the season ended in September 2009 with a bad injury to his left foot which kept him out of football until September 2010 . Kings Lynn however went into administration in Autumn 2009 . Lloyd was offered rehabilitation at Ilkeston Town ( BSN ) under Kevin Wilson but did not regain fitness before Ilkeston went into administration in September 2010 . Lloyd joined Hucknall Town along with another couple of his former Ilkeston colleagues and was available for first team action again in October 2010 , however the 2011/2012 season was a successful period with 46 appearances ( 6 goals ) 1 sending off and 10 bookings playing in a defensive midfield role he has excelled this season , and promoted to Club captain . 2011/2012 – Awarded by Manager Des Lyttle his Player of the season and Supporters Player of the Season 2012–2014 Callum Lloyd Played for Rainworth Miners Welfare for two seasons who held their own in the Evostick Northern League South Division and helped the club establish themselves at this level as an inspirational captain until being signed by the ambitious Mickleover Sports for the 2014 / 15 season . 2014–2015 Mickleover Sports FC became runaway champions in the Evostick South Division amassing just short of 100 points , and Callum was named player of the season by both players and management duo ( Kirkwood and Hopkinson ) . However prior to the start of the new season he suffered a bad cruciate ( ACL0 injury which was to keep him out of football for 18 months . Kirkwood and Hopkinson subsequently moved to Matlock Town and took Callum Lloyd with them . |
[
"Hucknall Town"
] | easy | Which team did Callum Lloyd play for from 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/Callum_Lloyd#P54#2 | Callum Lloyd Callum Lloyd ( born 1 January 1986 , in Nottingham ) is an English footballer . Lloyd went to Kimberley School , Nottingham and played for the school team . Lloyd came through the ranks at Mansfield Town , and signed a professional contract at the end of the 2004–05 season , having made his league debut a few months earlier . Lloyd is a versatile midfielder who has played in every midfield position for the club . However , his best position is arguably in the hole just behind the strikers . Lloyd made his full debut for Mansfield in March 2005 against Bristol Rovers , and scored on his debut . He added three more goals before the end of the season . The 2005–06 season was something of a disappointment for Lloyd , who spent more time on the bench than the pitch and also spent a month on loan at Alfreton Town . Despite this , he was offered a contract extension in 2006 , but was released from his contract in May 2007 . On 1 June 2007 , Lloyd was announced as Mark Coopers second signing at Kettering Town . In October 2007 , Lloyd spent the month with fellow Conference North side Hinckley United in a short-term deal , returning to his parent club in November 2007 ; he later joined Hinckley on a permanent deal in December 2007 . Lloyd left Hinckley United at the end of the 2008–09 season after 75 appearances , during which time he was a popular team member . While at Hinckley he effectively scored the goal at the end of the 2007–08 season which kept Hinckley in the Conference North by beating Vauxhall Motors 1–0 . He also scored two superb goals in the 2008–09 season against Stafford Rangers , which were both long-range strikes . Lloyd joined Kings Lynn for the 2009–10 season . He made 19 appearances ( one goal ) in the defensive midfield position but the season ended in September 2009 with a bad injury to his left foot which kept him out of football until September 2010 . Kings Lynn however went into administration in Autumn 2009 . Lloyd was offered rehabilitation at Ilkeston Town ( BSN ) under Kevin Wilson but did not regain fitness before Ilkeston went into administration in September 2010 . Lloyd joined Hucknall Town along with another couple of his former Ilkeston colleagues and was available for first team action again in October 2010 , however the 2011/2012 season was a successful period with 46 appearances ( 6 goals ) 1 sending off and 10 bookings playing in a defensive midfield role he has excelled this season , and promoted to Club captain . 2011/2012 – Awarded by Manager Des Lyttle his Player of the season and Supporters Player of the Season 2012–2014 Callum Lloyd Played for Rainworth Miners Welfare for two seasons who held their own in the Evostick Northern League South Division and helped the club establish themselves at this level as an inspirational captain until being signed by the ambitious Mickleover Sports for the 2014 / 15 season . 2014–2015 Mickleover Sports FC became runaway champions in the Evostick South Division amassing just short of 100 points , and Callum was named player of the season by both players and management duo ( Kirkwood and Hopkinson ) . However prior to the start of the new season he suffered a bad cruciate ( ACL0 injury which was to keep him out of football for 18 months . Kirkwood and Hopkinson subsequently moved to Matlock Town and took Callum Lloyd with them . |
[
"Brown University"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Patrick Aebischer work for from 1984 to 1992? | /wiki/Patrick_Aebischer#P108#0 | Patrick Aebischer Patrick Aebischer ( born 22 November 1954 in Fribourg , Switzerland ) has been the president of the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ) from 17 March 2000 to 31 December 2016 . He is also a professor in neuroscience and head of the Neurodegenerative Disease Laboratory at the EPFL . Biography . Education . Patrick Aebischer was trained as an MD ( 1980 ) and a neuroscientist ( Dr . Med. , 1983 ) at the University of Geneva and University of Fribourg in Switzerland . Academic career . From 1984 to 1992 , he worked at Brown University in Providence ( Rhode Island , United States ) , as Research Scientist , Assistant and then Associate Professor of Medical Sciences . In 1991 , he became the chairman of the Section of Artificial Organs , Biomaterials and Cellular Technology of the Division of Biology and Medicine of Brown University . In autumn 1992 , he returned to Switzerland as a professor and director of the Surgical Research Division and Gene Therapy Center at the University Hospital of Lausanne ( CHUV ) in Lausanne . In 1999 , Aebischer was nominated President of the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ) , one of the two Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology , by the Swiss Federal Council . He took office as President on March 2000 and was reelected to this position in 2004 and 2008 . He has decided to leave this position at the end of 2016 . Since 1 January 2017 , the president of the EPFL is Martin Vetterli . His current research focuses on the development of cell and gene transfer approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases . Presidency of the EPFL . Since his arrival as president of the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne in 2000 , Aebischer has made the following changes to the university : - Integration of the hard science sections ( mathematics , physics , chemistry ) from the neighbouring University of Lausanne ; - Reorganisation of the university into five faculties ( schools ) , each managing its own budget ; - Creation of the School of Life Sciences - Creation of a Doctoral School - Creation of a College for Management of Technology and Finance - Development of an Innovation Square on the campus to favour industry partnerships ; ( alter integrated in the Swiss Innovation Park ) - Development of the campus by initiating the construction of the Rolex Learning Center ( 2010 ) , lodging for students ( 2010 and 2013 ) , a hotel for academic guests ( 2010 ) and the Swiss Tech Convention Center ( 2013 ) . Aebischer was influenced and inspired by the American model of university management , which he describes as a meritocratic system that encourages innovation . Some employees and observers criticised the mutation from a European model to an American model ( with values such as money , competition and rankings ) . In companies . Aebischer is a founder of three start-ups : CytoTherapeutics Inc . ( 1989 ) , Modex Therapeutics Inc . ( 1996 ) and Amazentis SA ( 2007 ) . He sits on the boards of Nestle Health Science ( since 2011 ) and Lonza Group ( since 2008 ) . Personal . The parents of Patrick Aebischer are artists , known as Yoki , and Joan , born OBoyle . He is married and the father of two children . Honours . - Fellowship of the Swiss National Science Foundation ( 1984-1986 ) - Kolff Award , young investigator award of the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs , New York , 1987 . - Robert Bing Award of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences ( 1994 ) . - Pfizer Foundation award for clinical neurosciences ( 1997 ) . - Fellow of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences ( since 1998 ) . - Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering ( since 2000 ) . - Fellow of the Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences ( SATW ) ( since 2009 ) . |
[
"CHUV"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Patrick Aebischer work for from 1992 to 2000? | /wiki/Patrick_Aebischer#P108#1 | Patrick Aebischer Patrick Aebischer ( born 22 November 1954 in Fribourg , Switzerland ) has been the president of the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ) from 17 March 2000 to 31 December 2016 . He is also a professor in neuroscience and head of the Neurodegenerative Disease Laboratory at the EPFL . Biography . Education . Patrick Aebischer was trained as an MD ( 1980 ) and a neuroscientist ( Dr . Med. , 1983 ) at the University of Geneva and University of Fribourg in Switzerland . Academic career . From 1984 to 1992 , he worked at Brown University in Providence ( Rhode Island , United States ) , as Research Scientist , Assistant and then Associate Professor of Medical Sciences . In 1991 , he became the chairman of the Section of Artificial Organs , Biomaterials and Cellular Technology of the Division of Biology and Medicine of Brown University . In autumn 1992 , he returned to Switzerland as a professor and director of the Surgical Research Division and Gene Therapy Center at the University Hospital of Lausanne ( CHUV ) in Lausanne . In 1999 , Aebischer was nominated President of the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ) , one of the two Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology , by the Swiss Federal Council . He took office as President on March 2000 and was reelected to this position in 2004 and 2008 . He has decided to leave this position at the end of 2016 . Since 1 January 2017 , the president of the EPFL is Martin Vetterli . His current research focuses on the development of cell and gene transfer approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases . Presidency of the EPFL . Since his arrival as president of the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne in 2000 , Aebischer has made the following changes to the university : - Integration of the hard science sections ( mathematics , physics , chemistry ) from the neighbouring University of Lausanne ; - Reorganisation of the university into five faculties ( schools ) , each managing its own budget ; - Creation of the School of Life Sciences - Creation of a Doctoral School - Creation of a College for Management of Technology and Finance - Development of an Innovation Square on the campus to favour industry partnerships ; ( alter integrated in the Swiss Innovation Park ) - Development of the campus by initiating the construction of the Rolex Learning Center ( 2010 ) , lodging for students ( 2010 and 2013 ) , a hotel for academic guests ( 2010 ) and the Swiss Tech Convention Center ( 2013 ) . Aebischer was influenced and inspired by the American model of university management , which he describes as a meritocratic system that encourages innovation . Some employees and observers criticised the mutation from a European model to an American model ( with values such as money , competition and rankings ) . In companies . Aebischer is a founder of three start-ups : CytoTherapeutics Inc . ( 1989 ) , Modex Therapeutics Inc . ( 1996 ) and Amazentis SA ( 2007 ) . He sits on the boards of Nestle Health Science ( since 2011 ) and Lonza Group ( since 2008 ) . Personal . The parents of Patrick Aebischer are artists , known as Yoki , and Joan , born OBoyle . He is married and the father of two children . Honours . - Fellowship of the Swiss National Science Foundation ( 1984-1986 ) - Kolff Award , young investigator award of the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs , New York , 1987 . - Robert Bing Award of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences ( 1994 ) . - Pfizer Foundation award for clinical neurosciences ( 1997 ) . - Fellow of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences ( since 1998 ) . - Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering ( since 2000 ) . - Fellow of the Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences ( SATW ) ( since 2009 ) . |
[
"École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne"
] | easy | Patrick Aebischer was an employee for whom from 2000 to 2016? | /wiki/Patrick_Aebischer#P108#2 | Patrick Aebischer Patrick Aebischer ( born 22 November 1954 in Fribourg , Switzerland ) has been the president of the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ) from 17 March 2000 to 31 December 2016 . He is also a professor in neuroscience and head of the Neurodegenerative Disease Laboratory at the EPFL . Biography . Education . Patrick Aebischer was trained as an MD ( 1980 ) and a neuroscientist ( Dr . Med. , 1983 ) at the University of Geneva and University of Fribourg in Switzerland . Academic career . From 1984 to 1992 , he worked at Brown University in Providence ( Rhode Island , United States ) , as Research Scientist , Assistant and then Associate Professor of Medical Sciences . In 1991 , he became the chairman of the Section of Artificial Organs , Biomaterials and Cellular Technology of the Division of Biology and Medicine of Brown University . In autumn 1992 , he returned to Switzerland as a professor and director of the Surgical Research Division and Gene Therapy Center at the University Hospital of Lausanne ( CHUV ) in Lausanne . In 1999 , Aebischer was nominated President of the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ) , one of the two Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology , by the Swiss Federal Council . He took office as President on March 2000 and was reelected to this position in 2004 and 2008 . He has decided to leave this position at the end of 2016 . Since 1 January 2017 , the president of the EPFL is Martin Vetterli . His current research focuses on the development of cell and gene transfer approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases . Presidency of the EPFL . Since his arrival as president of the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne in 2000 , Aebischer has made the following changes to the university : - Integration of the hard science sections ( mathematics , physics , chemistry ) from the neighbouring University of Lausanne ; - Reorganisation of the university into five faculties ( schools ) , each managing its own budget ; - Creation of the School of Life Sciences - Creation of a Doctoral School - Creation of a College for Management of Technology and Finance - Development of an Innovation Square on the campus to favour industry partnerships ; ( alter integrated in the Swiss Innovation Park ) - Development of the campus by initiating the construction of the Rolex Learning Center ( 2010 ) , lodging for students ( 2010 and 2013 ) , a hotel for academic guests ( 2010 ) and the Swiss Tech Convention Center ( 2013 ) . Aebischer was influenced and inspired by the American model of university management , which he describes as a meritocratic system that encourages innovation . Some employees and observers criticised the mutation from a European model to an American model ( with values such as money , competition and rankings ) . In companies . Aebischer is a founder of three start-ups : CytoTherapeutics Inc . ( 1989 ) , Modex Therapeutics Inc . ( 1996 ) and Amazentis SA ( 2007 ) . He sits on the boards of Nestle Health Science ( since 2011 ) and Lonza Group ( since 2008 ) . Personal . The parents of Patrick Aebischer are artists , known as Yoki , and Joan , born OBoyle . He is married and the father of two children . Honours . - Fellowship of the Swiss National Science Foundation ( 1984-1986 ) - Kolff Award , young investigator award of the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs , New York , 1987 . - Robert Bing Award of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences ( 1994 ) . - Pfizer Foundation award for clinical neurosciences ( 1997 ) . - Fellow of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences ( since 1998 ) . - Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering ( since 2000 ) . - Fellow of the Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences ( SATW ) ( since 2009 ) . |
[
"Heriots FP’s second successive club championship"
] | easy | Which team did the player Simon Taylor (rugby union) belong to from Nov 1999 to Nov 2000? | /wiki/Simon_Taylor_(rugby_union)#P54#0 | Simon Taylor ( rugby union ) Simon Marcus Taylor ( born 17 August 1979 ) is a Scottish retired professional rugby union footballer who played for Bath Rugby , Stade Français and Edinburgh Rugby . He played as a back-row forward , usually a number eight . He played for Edinburgh for six seasons between 2000 and 2006 and in 2007 agreed a three-year deal with Stade Français joining them immediately after the 2007 World Cup . In the summer of 2010 , Taylor signed for Bath Rugby in the English Aviva Premiership . He also represented Scotland and the British and Irish Lions . At the start of his rugby career , he played for Heriots Former Pupils . Career . Early career . Born in Stirling , Taylor represented Scottish Schools in 1995–96 while he was at Morrisons Academy , and he went on to play for Scotland’s under-18 , under-19 , and under-21 teams . He had two seasons in the under-19 team , leading the Scots in the Junior World Championship in France in 1998 . After five matches for the national under-21 side in 1998–1999 he went on to play in ten more under-21 internationals in 1999–2000 , including the victory over the New Zealand Youth at Jedburgh in December and the draw with Australia during the 2000 Southern Hemisphere Alliance tournament in New Zealand . In that latter match Taylor scored a try . In 1999–2000 he played a pivotal role in Heriots FP’s second successive club championship and was rewarded with a professional contract with Edinburgh Reivers at the beginning of season 2000–2001 . 2000–2003 . Taylor made his first appearance for Scotland in the November 2000 Autumn Test against the USA . In summer 2001 he made a try-scoring debut for the British & Irish Lions in their 116–10 victory over Western Australia before a knee injury unfortunately ended his tour and he returned to Scotland to pass the final exams of his law degree at the University of Edinburgh . He scored his first test try in the match against Canada on the 2002 tour in which he started at openside flanker and then made some pile-driving contributions when he was fielded at No 8 against the USA . He scored his first try in a Murrayfield Test match in Scotland’s 30–22 March 2003 win against Wales . He was named Lloyds TSB Man of the Match for his display against Italy in the 29–12 Scotland victory in February 2002 . On 26 May 2002 , Taylor was selected to play for the Barbarians against England . He scored twice , but England won 53 to 29 . At the 2002 Commonwealth Games , Taylor was a member of the Scottish Sevens squad who won the Mens Bowl Competition Quarter Finals . Taylor was named The Famous Grouse Scotland Player of the Season for 2002–2003 , fitting reward for performances encapsulated by his heroic defensive contribution to the game against England when he made 23 tackles . In the 2003 World Cup he started in every match . 2004 . Taylor suffered a serious knee injury in the final game of the Six Nations in Ireland in 2004 . 2005 . Taylor was out for the best part of a year with a knee ligament injury and was unable to do any aerobic activity . He used the time to do some serious weight work and there is a general consensus that he is now about a stone and a half more than his official 17 stones . He returned for the Scotland v Italy Six Nations fixture and lasted the pace well enough for most of the game . He looked more like his old self in the following game vs . Wales on 13 March 2005 . After the tournament , he became one of only three Scots named to the Lions for their 2005 tour to New Zealand . In New Zealand he injured a hamstring and did not play a match . 2007 . Agreed a three-year deal with Stade Français . Despite residing in France , Taylor , with business partner Barrie Brown , managed a successful foray into the licensed trade with 99 Hanover Street , a style bar in Edinburghs city centre . 2008 . With Taylor continuing his career in France the duos new venture , Hawke and Hunter , opened in November 2008 . Taylor and Brown trade as Brown Taylor Limited and Hawke & Hunter trades from the former Hallion Club on Edinburghs Picardy Place . 2010 . Having reportedly been unhappy with the number of players that play his position at Stade Français , Taylor signed a three-year deal with Bath Rugby . On 19 April 2013 Bath Rugby announced that Taylor was to be one of 7 players leaving the club at the end of the 2012/13 season . At that point , Taylor retired from Rugby and entered the hotel industry . External links . - Scotland profile - Bath Rugby website |
[
"Scottish Sevens"
] | easy | Which team did the player Simon Taylor (rugby union) belong to from Nov 2000 to 2005? | /wiki/Simon_Taylor_(rugby_union)#P54#1 | Simon Taylor ( rugby union ) Simon Marcus Taylor ( born 17 August 1979 ) is a Scottish retired professional rugby union footballer who played for Bath Rugby , Stade Français and Edinburgh Rugby . He played as a back-row forward , usually a number eight . He played for Edinburgh for six seasons between 2000 and 2006 and in 2007 agreed a three-year deal with Stade Français joining them immediately after the 2007 World Cup . In the summer of 2010 , Taylor signed for Bath Rugby in the English Aviva Premiership . He also represented Scotland and the British and Irish Lions . At the start of his rugby career , he played for Heriots Former Pupils . Career . Early career . Born in Stirling , Taylor represented Scottish Schools in 1995–96 while he was at Morrisons Academy , and he went on to play for Scotland’s under-18 , under-19 , and under-21 teams . He had two seasons in the under-19 team , leading the Scots in the Junior World Championship in France in 1998 . After five matches for the national under-21 side in 1998–1999 he went on to play in ten more under-21 internationals in 1999–2000 , including the victory over the New Zealand Youth at Jedburgh in December and the draw with Australia during the 2000 Southern Hemisphere Alliance tournament in New Zealand . In that latter match Taylor scored a try . In 1999–2000 he played a pivotal role in Heriots FP’s second successive club championship and was rewarded with a professional contract with Edinburgh Reivers at the beginning of season 2000–2001 . 2000–2003 . Taylor made his first appearance for Scotland in the November 2000 Autumn Test against the USA . In summer 2001 he made a try-scoring debut for the British & Irish Lions in their 116–10 victory over Western Australia before a knee injury unfortunately ended his tour and he returned to Scotland to pass the final exams of his law degree at the University of Edinburgh . He scored his first test try in the match against Canada on the 2002 tour in which he started at openside flanker and then made some pile-driving contributions when he was fielded at No 8 against the USA . He scored his first try in a Murrayfield Test match in Scotland’s 30–22 March 2003 win against Wales . He was named Lloyds TSB Man of the Match for his display against Italy in the 29–12 Scotland victory in February 2002 . On 26 May 2002 , Taylor was selected to play for the Barbarians against England . He scored twice , but England won 53 to 29 . At the 2002 Commonwealth Games , Taylor was a member of the Scottish Sevens squad who won the Mens Bowl Competition Quarter Finals . Taylor was named The Famous Grouse Scotland Player of the Season for 2002–2003 , fitting reward for performances encapsulated by his heroic defensive contribution to the game against England when he made 23 tackles . In the 2003 World Cup he started in every match . 2004 . Taylor suffered a serious knee injury in the final game of the Six Nations in Ireland in 2004 . 2005 . Taylor was out for the best part of a year with a knee ligament injury and was unable to do any aerobic activity . He used the time to do some serious weight work and there is a general consensus that he is now about a stone and a half more than his official 17 stones . He returned for the Scotland v Italy Six Nations fixture and lasted the pace well enough for most of the game . He looked more like his old self in the following game vs . Wales on 13 March 2005 . After the tournament , he became one of only three Scots named to the Lions for their 2005 tour to New Zealand . In New Zealand he injured a hamstring and did not play a match . 2007 . Agreed a three-year deal with Stade Français . Despite residing in France , Taylor , with business partner Barrie Brown , managed a successful foray into the licensed trade with 99 Hanover Street , a style bar in Edinburghs city centre . 2008 . With Taylor continuing his career in France the duos new venture , Hawke and Hunter , opened in November 2008 . Taylor and Brown trade as Brown Taylor Limited and Hawke & Hunter trades from the former Hallion Club on Edinburghs Picardy Place . 2010 . Having reportedly been unhappy with the number of players that play his position at Stade Français , Taylor signed a three-year deal with Bath Rugby . On 19 April 2013 Bath Rugby announced that Taylor was to be one of 7 players leaving the club at the end of the 2012/13 season . At that point , Taylor retired from Rugby and entered the hotel industry . External links . - Scotland profile - Bath Rugby website |
[
"Scotland"
] | easy | Simon Taylor (rugby union) played for which team in 2005? | /wiki/Simon_Taylor_(rugby_union)#P54#2 | Simon Taylor ( rugby union ) Simon Marcus Taylor ( born 17 August 1979 ) is a Scottish retired professional rugby union footballer who played for Bath Rugby , Stade Français and Edinburgh Rugby . He played as a back-row forward , usually a number eight . He played for Edinburgh for six seasons between 2000 and 2006 and in 2007 agreed a three-year deal with Stade Français joining them immediately after the 2007 World Cup . In the summer of 2010 , Taylor signed for Bath Rugby in the English Aviva Premiership . He also represented Scotland and the British and Irish Lions . At the start of his rugby career , he played for Heriots Former Pupils . Career . Early career . Born in Stirling , Taylor represented Scottish Schools in 1995–96 while he was at Morrisons Academy , and he went on to play for Scotland’s under-18 , under-19 , and under-21 teams . He had two seasons in the under-19 team , leading the Scots in the Junior World Championship in France in 1998 . After five matches for the national under-21 side in 1998–1999 he went on to play in ten more under-21 internationals in 1999–2000 , including the victory over the New Zealand Youth at Jedburgh in December and the draw with Australia during the 2000 Southern Hemisphere Alliance tournament in New Zealand . In that latter match Taylor scored a try . In 1999–2000 he played a pivotal role in Heriots FP’s second successive club championship and was rewarded with a professional contract with Edinburgh Reivers at the beginning of season 2000–2001 . 2000–2003 . Taylor made his first appearance for Scotland in the November 2000 Autumn Test against the USA . In summer 2001 he made a try-scoring debut for the British & Irish Lions in their 116–10 victory over Western Australia before a knee injury unfortunately ended his tour and he returned to Scotland to pass the final exams of his law degree at the University of Edinburgh . He scored his first test try in the match against Canada on the 2002 tour in which he started at openside flanker and then made some pile-driving contributions when he was fielded at No 8 against the USA . He scored his first try in a Murrayfield Test match in Scotland’s 30–22 March 2003 win against Wales . He was named Lloyds TSB Man of the Match for his display against Italy in the 29–12 Scotland victory in February 2002 . On 26 May 2002 , Taylor was selected to play for the Barbarians against England . He scored twice , but England won 53 to 29 . At the 2002 Commonwealth Games , Taylor was a member of the Scottish Sevens squad who won the Mens Bowl Competition Quarter Finals . Taylor was named The Famous Grouse Scotland Player of the Season for 2002–2003 , fitting reward for performances encapsulated by his heroic defensive contribution to the game against England when he made 23 tackles . In the 2003 World Cup he started in every match . 2004 . Taylor suffered a serious knee injury in the final game of the Six Nations in Ireland in 2004 . 2005 . Taylor was out for the best part of a year with a knee ligament injury and was unable to do any aerobic activity . He used the time to do some serious weight work and there is a general consensus that he is now about a stone and a half more than his official 17 stones . He returned for the Scotland v Italy Six Nations fixture and lasted the pace well enough for most of the game . He looked more like his old self in the following game vs . Wales on 13 March 2005 . After the tournament , he became one of only three Scots named to the Lions for their 2005 tour to New Zealand . In New Zealand he injured a hamstring and did not play a match . 2007 . Agreed a three-year deal with Stade Français . Despite residing in France , Taylor , with business partner Barrie Brown , managed a successful foray into the licensed trade with 99 Hanover Street , a style bar in Edinburghs city centre . 2008 . With Taylor continuing his career in France the duos new venture , Hawke and Hunter , opened in November 2008 . Taylor and Brown trade as Brown Taylor Limited and Hawke & Hunter trades from the former Hallion Club on Edinburghs Picardy Place . 2010 . Having reportedly been unhappy with the number of players that play his position at Stade Français , Taylor signed a three-year deal with Bath Rugby . On 19 April 2013 Bath Rugby announced that Taylor was to be one of 7 players leaving the club at the end of the 2012/13 season . At that point , Taylor retired from Rugby and entered the hotel industry . External links . - Scotland profile - Bath Rugby website |
[
"Lions"
] | easy | Simon Taylor (rugby union) played for which team from 2005 to 2007? | /wiki/Simon_Taylor_(rugby_union)#P54#3 | Simon Taylor ( rugby union ) Simon Marcus Taylor ( born 17 August 1979 ) is a Scottish retired professional rugby union footballer who played for Bath Rugby , Stade Français and Edinburgh Rugby . He played as a back-row forward , usually a number eight . He played for Edinburgh for six seasons between 2000 and 2006 and in 2007 agreed a three-year deal with Stade Français joining them immediately after the 2007 World Cup . In the summer of 2010 , Taylor signed for Bath Rugby in the English Aviva Premiership . He also represented Scotland and the British and Irish Lions . At the start of his rugby career , he played for Heriots Former Pupils . Career . Early career . Born in Stirling , Taylor represented Scottish Schools in 1995–96 while he was at Morrisons Academy , and he went on to play for Scotland’s under-18 , under-19 , and under-21 teams . He had two seasons in the under-19 team , leading the Scots in the Junior World Championship in France in 1998 . After five matches for the national under-21 side in 1998–1999 he went on to play in ten more under-21 internationals in 1999–2000 , including the victory over the New Zealand Youth at Jedburgh in December and the draw with Australia during the 2000 Southern Hemisphere Alliance tournament in New Zealand . In that latter match Taylor scored a try . In 1999–2000 he played a pivotal role in Heriots FP’s second successive club championship and was rewarded with a professional contract with Edinburgh Reivers at the beginning of season 2000–2001 . 2000–2003 . Taylor made his first appearance for Scotland in the November 2000 Autumn Test against the USA . In summer 2001 he made a try-scoring debut for the British & Irish Lions in their 116–10 victory over Western Australia before a knee injury unfortunately ended his tour and he returned to Scotland to pass the final exams of his law degree at the University of Edinburgh . He scored his first test try in the match against Canada on the 2002 tour in which he started at openside flanker and then made some pile-driving contributions when he was fielded at No 8 against the USA . He scored his first try in a Murrayfield Test match in Scotland’s 30–22 March 2003 win against Wales . He was named Lloyds TSB Man of the Match for his display against Italy in the 29–12 Scotland victory in February 2002 . On 26 May 2002 , Taylor was selected to play for the Barbarians against England . He scored twice , but England won 53 to 29 . At the 2002 Commonwealth Games , Taylor was a member of the Scottish Sevens squad who won the Mens Bowl Competition Quarter Finals . Taylor was named The Famous Grouse Scotland Player of the Season for 2002–2003 , fitting reward for performances encapsulated by his heroic defensive contribution to the game against England when he made 23 tackles . In the 2003 World Cup he started in every match . 2004 . Taylor suffered a serious knee injury in the final game of the Six Nations in Ireland in 2004 . 2005 . Taylor was out for the best part of a year with a knee ligament injury and was unable to do any aerobic activity . He used the time to do some serious weight work and there is a general consensus that he is now about a stone and a half more than his official 17 stones . He returned for the Scotland v Italy Six Nations fixture and lasted the pace well enough for most of the game . He looked more like his old self in the following game vs . Wales on 13 March 2005 . After the tournament , he became one of only three Scots named to the Lions for their 2005 tour to New Zealand . In New Zealand he injured a hamstring and did not play a match . 2007 . Agreed a three-year deal with Stade Français . Despite residing in France , Taylor , with business partner Barrie Brown , managed a successful foray into the licensed trade with 99 Hanover Street , a style bar in Edinburghs city centre . 2008 . With Taylor continuing his career in France the duos new venture , Hawke and Hunter , opened in November 2008 . Taylor and Brown trade as Brown Taylor Limited and Hawke & Hunter trades from the former Hallion Club on Edinburghs Picardy Place . 2010 . Having reportedly been unhappy with the number of players that play his position at Stade Français , Taylor signed a three-year deal with Bath Rugby . On 19 April 2013 Bath Rugby announced that Taylor was to be one of 7 players leaving the club at the end of the 2012/13 season . At that point , Taylor retired from Rugby and entered the hotel industry . External links . - Scotland profile - Bath Rugby website |
[
"Stade Français"
] | easy | Simon Taylor (rugby union) played for which team from 2007 to 2010? | /wiki/Simon_Taylor_(rugby_union)#P54#4 | Simon Taylor ( rugby union ) Simon Marcus Taylor ( born 17 August 1979 ) is a Scottish retired professional rugby union footballer who played for Bath Rugby , Stade Français and Edinburgh Rugby . He played as a back-row forward , usually a number eight . He played for Edinburgh for six seasons between 2000 and 2006 and in 2007 agreed a three-year deal with Stade Français joining them immediately after the 2007 World Cup . In the summer of 2010 , Taylor signed for Bath Rugby in the English Aviva Premiership . He also represented Scotland and the British and Irish Lions . At the start of his rugby career , he played for Heriots Former Pupils . Career . Early career . Born in Stirling , Taylor represented Scottish Schools in 1995–96 while he was at Morrisons Academy , and he went on to play for Scotland’s under-18 , under-19 , and under-21 teams . He had two seasons in the under-19 team , leading the Scots in the Junior World Championship in France in 1998 . After five matches for the national under-21 side in 1998–1999 he went on to play in ten more under-21 internationals in 1999–2000 , including the victory over the New Zealand Youth at Jedburgh in December and the draw with Australia during the 2000 Southern Hemisphere Alliance tournament in New Zealand . In that latter match Taylor scored a try . In 1999–2000 he played a pivotal role in Heriots FP’s second successive club championship and was rewarded with a professional contract with Edinburgh Reivers at the beginning of season 2000–2001 . 2000–2003 . Taylor made his first appearance for Scotland in the November 2000 Autumn Test against the USA . In summer 2001 he made a try-scoring debut for the British & Irish Lions in their 116–10 victory over Western Australia before a knee injury unfortunately ended his tour and he returned to Scotland to pass the final exams of his law degree at the University of Edinburgh . He scored his first test try in the match against Canada on the 2002 tour in which he started at openside flanker and then made some pile-driving contributions when he was fielded at No 8 against the USA . He scored his first try in a Murrayfield Test match in Scotland’s 30–22 March 2003 win against Wales . He was named Lloyds TSB Man of the Match for his display against Italy in the 29–12 Scotland victory in February 2002 . On 26 May 2002 , Taylor was selected to play for the Barbarians against England . He scored twice , but England won 53 to 29 . At the 2002 Commonwealth Games , Taylor was a member of the Scottish Sevens squad who won the Mens Bowl Competition Quarter Finals . Taylor was named The Famous Grouse Scotland Player of the Season for 2002–2003 , fitting reward for performances encapsulated by his heroic defensive contribution to the game against England when he made 23 tackles . In the 2003 World Cup he started in every match . 2004 . Taylor suffered a serious knee injury in the final game of the Six Nations in Ireland in 2004 . 2005 . Taylor was out for the best part of a year with a knee ligament injury and was unable to do any aerobic activity . He used the time to do some serious weight work and there is a general consensus that he is now about a stone and a half more than his official 17 stones . He returned for the Scotland v Italy Six Nations fixture and lasted the pace well enough for most of the game . He looked more like his old self in the following game vs . Wales on 13 March 2005 . After the tournament , he became one of only three Scots named to the Lions for their 2005 tour to New Zealand . In New Zealand he injured a hamstring and did not play a match . 2007 . Agreed a three-year deal with Stade Français . Despite residing in France , Taylor , with business partner Barrie Brown , managed a successful foray into the licensed trade with 99 Hanover Street , a style bar in Edinburghs city centre . 2008 . With Taylor continuing his career in France the duos new venture , Hawke and Hunter , opened in November 2008 . Taylor and Brown trade as Brown Taylor Limited and Hawke & Hunter trades from the former Hallion Club on Edinburghs Picardy Place . 2010 . Having reportedly been unhappy with the number of players that play his position at Stade Français , Taylor signed a three-year deal with Bath Rugby . On 19 April 2013 Bath Rugby announced that Taylor was to be one of 7 players leaving the club at the end of the 2012/13 season . At that point , Taylor retired from Rugby and entered the hotel industry . External links . - Scotland profile - Bath Rugby website |
[
"Bath Rugby"
] | easy | Simon Taylor (rugby union) played for which team from 2010 to 2013? | /wiki/Simon_Taylor_(rugby_union)#P54#5 | Simon Taylor ( rugby union ) Simon Marcus Taylor ( born 17 August 1979 ) is a Scottish retired professional rugby union footballer who played for Bath Rugby , Stade Français and Edinburgh Rugby . He played as a back-row forward , usually a number eight . He played for Edinburgh for six seasons between 2000 and 2006 and in 2007 agreed a three-year deal with Stade Français joining them immediately after the 2007 World Cup . In the summer of 2010 , Taylor signed for Bath Rugby in the English Aviva Premiership . He also represented Scotland and the British and Irish Lions . At the start of his rugby career , he played for Heriots Former Pupils . Career . Early career . Born in Stirling , Taylor represented Scottish Schools in 1995–96 while he was at Morrisons Academy , and he went on to play for Scotland’s under-18 , under-19 , and under-21 teams . He had two seasons in the under-19 team , leading the Scots in the Junior World Championship in France in 1998 . After five matches for the national under-21 side in 1998–1999 he went on to play in ten more under-21 internationals in 1999–2000 , including the victory over the New Zealand Youth at Jedburgh in December and the draw with Australia during the 2000 Southern Hemisphere Alliance tournament in New Zealand . In that latter match Taylor scored a try . In 1999–2000 he played a pivotal role in Heriots FP’s second successive club championship and was rewarded with a professional contract with Edinburgh Reivers at the beginning of season 2000–2001 . 2000–2003 . Taylor made his first appearance for Scotland in the November 2000 Autumn Test against the USA . In summer 2001 he made a try-scoring debut for the British & Irish Lions in their 116–10 victory over Western Australia before a knee injury unfortunately ended his tour and he returned to Scotland to pass the final exams of his law degree at the University of Edinburgh . He scored his first test try in the match against Canada on the 2002 tour in which he started at openside flanker and then made some pile-driving contributions when he was fielded at No 8 against the USA . He scored his first try in a Murrayfield Test match in Scotland’s 30–22 March 2003 win against Wales . He was named Lloyds TSB Man of the Match for his display against Italy in the 29–12 Scotland victory in February 2002 . On 26 May 2002 , Taylor was selected to play for the Barbarians against England . He scored twice , but England won 53 to 29 . At the 2002 Commonwealth Games , Taylor was a member of the Scottish Sevens squad who won the Mens Bowl Competition Quarter Finals . Taylor was named The Famous Grouse Scotland Player of the Season for 2002–2003 , fitting reward for performances encapsulated by his heroic defensive contribution to the game against England when he made 23 tackles . In the 2003 World Cup he started in every match . 2004 . Taylor suffered a serious knee injury in the final game of the Six Nations in Ireland in 2004 . 2005 . Taylor was out for the best part of a year with a knee ligament injury and was unable to do any aerobic activity . He used the time to do some serious weight work and there is a general consensus that he is now about a stone and a half more than his official 17 stones . He returned for the Scotland v Italy Six Nations fixture and lasted the pace well enough for most of the game . He looked more like his old self in the following game vs . Wales on 13 March 2005 . After the tournament , he became one of only three Scots named to the Lions for their 2005 tour to New Zealand . In New Zealand he injured a hamstring and did not play a match . 2007 . Agreed a three-year deal with Stade Français . Despite residing in France , Taylor , with business partner Barrie Brown , managed a successful foray into the licensed trade with 99 Hanover Street , a style bar in Edinburghs city centre . 2008 . With Taylor continuing his career in France the duos new venture , Hawke and Hunter , opened in November 2008 . Taylor and Brown trade as Brown Taylor Limited and Hawke & Hunter trades from the former Hallion Club on Edinburghs Picardy Place . 2010 . Having reportedly been unhappy with the number of players that play his position at Stade Français , Taylor signed a three-year deal with Bath Rugby . On 19 April 2013 Bath Rugby announced that Taylor was to be one of 7 players leaving the club at the end of the 2012/13 season . At that point , Taylor retired from Rugby and entered the hotel industry . External links . - Scotland profile - Bath Rugby website |
[
"Workington"
] | easy | Which team did the player Brian Tinnion (footballer, born 1948) belong to from 1965 to 1968? | /wiki/Brian_Tinnion_(footballer,_born_1948)#P54#0 | Brian Tinnion ( footballer , born 1948 ) Brian Tinnion ( born 11 June 1948 ) is an English retired Association football forward who played eleven seasons in the lower English divisions , four in the North American Soccer League , three in the American Soccer League and one in the Major Indoor Soccer League . He also coached professionally in the American Soccer League and National Professional Soccer League as well as at the collegiate level with Eastern Michigan University . He was the 1982 ASL league leading scorer and most valuable player ( MVP ) . Player . Tinnion began his career in 1965 with Workington A.F.C . which then played in the Third Division . However , the team dropped to the Fourth Division in 1967 . In 1968 , he transferred to fellow fourth division club Wrexham A.F.C . During the 1971–1972 season , he played three games on loan to Chester F.C. , but otherwise was a regular first team player with Wrexham during his eight seasons in Wales . In 1976 , he left Wrexham for the United States where he signed for the New York Cosmos , playing alongside Pele . He played one season in New York before being selected by Team Hawaii in the expansion draft . Hawaii lasted only one season before folding and the Colorado Caribous picked him up in the dispersal draft . He played twenty-four games with Colorado , scoring four goals in 1978 before being traded to the Detroit Express . The Express left the NASL following the 1980 season and moved to the second division American Soccer League . In 1982 , the Express won the league title as Tinnion led the league in scoring and was named the league MVP . That season , Tinnion coached the team as well as played midfielder . However , he was not listed as head coach as the league prohibited player-coaches . The league changed the rules in 1983 and Tinnion was named the official head coach for 1983 and 1984 . Tinnion also spent 1980–1981 Major Indoor Soccer League with the Wichita Wings . Coach . After retiring from playing , Tinnion remained in Detroit where he continued to coach . In 1990 , he was hired by the Detroit Rockers which played in the National Professional Soccer League . He was named the 1990–1991 Coach of the Year . The next season , he led the team to the league title . In December 1994 , he resigned from the Rockers to become the head coach at Eastern Michigan University until the university dropped mens soccer in 1999 . In December 2001 , Tinnion returned as the head coach of the Rockers , but the team folded at the end of the season . His son , Paul Tinnion , was head coach of the Eastern Michigan University womens soccer team and is now Director of Coaching of the Michigan Jaguars soccer club based in Novi , Michigan . Current . Tinnion now lives in the suburbs of Detroit with his wife Mary and his two sons , Joey and Kyle . He previously coached for the Michigan Revolution , Workington and the Grosse Pointe Mustangs . External links . - NASL/MISL Stats |
[
"Wrexham"
] | easy | Which team did Brian Tinnion (footballer, born 1948) play for from 1968 to 1971? | /wiki/Brian_Tinnion_(footballer,_born_1948)#P54#1 | Brian Tinnion ( footballer , born 1948 ) Brian Tinnion ( born 11 June 1948 ) is an English retired Association football forward who played eleven seasons in the lower English divisions , four in the North American Soccer League , three in the American Soccer League and one in the Major Indoor Soccer League . He also coached professionally in the American Soccer League and National Professional Soccer League as well as at the collegiate level with Eastern Michigan University . He was the 1982 ASL league leading scorer and most valuable player ( MVP ) . Player . Tinnion began his career in 1965 with Workington A.F.C . which then played in the Third Division . However , the team dropped to the Fourth Division in 1967 . In 1968 , he transferred to fellow fourth division club Wrexham A.F.C . During the 1971–1972 season , he played three games on loan to Chester F.C. , but otherwise was a regular first team player with Wrexham during his eight seasons in Wales . In 1976 , he left Wrexham for the United States where he signed for the New York Cosmos , playing alongside Pele . He played one season in New York before being selected by Team Hawaii in the expansion draft . Hawaii lasted only one season before folding and the Colorado Caribous picked him up in the dispersal draft . He played twenty-four games with Colorado , scoring four goals in 1978 before being traded to the Detroit Express . The Express left the NASL following the 1980 season and moved to the second division American Soccer League . In 1982 , the Express won the league title as Tinnion led the league in scoring and was named the league MVP . That season , Tinnion coached the team as well as played midfielder . However , he was not listed as head coach as the league prohibited player-coaches . The league changed the rules in 1983 and Tinnion was named the official head coach for 1983 and 1984 . Tinnion also spent 1980–1981 Major Indoor Soccer League with the Wichita Wings . Coach . After retiring from playing , Tinnion remained in Detroit where he continued to coach . In 1990 , he was hired by the Detroit Rockers which played in the National Professional Soccer League . He was named the 1990–1991 Coach of the Year . The next season , he led the team to the league title . In December 1994 , he resigned from the Rockers to become the head coach at Eastern Michigan University until the university dropped mens soccer in 1999 . In December 2001 , Tinnion returned as the head coach of the Rockers , but the team folded at the end of the season . His son , Paul Tinnion , was head coach of the Eastern Michigan University womens soccer team and is now Director of Coaching of the Michigan Jaguars soccer club based in Novi , Michigan . Current . Tinnion now lives in the suburbs of Detroit with his wife Mary and his two sons , Joey and Kyle . He previously coached for the Michigan Revolution , Workington and the Grosse Pointe Mustangs . External links . - NASL/MISL Stats |
[
"Chester F.C"
] | easy | Which team did the player Brian Tinnion (footballer, born 1948) belong to from 1971 to 1972? | /wiki/Brian_Tinnion_(footballer,_born_1948)#P54#2 | Brian Tinnion ( footballer , born 1948 ) Brian Tinnion ( born 11 June 1948 ) is an English retired Association football forward who played eleven seasons in the lower English divisions , four in the North American Soccer League , three in the American Soccer League and one in the Major Indoor Soccer League . He also coached professionally in the American Soccer League and National Professional Soccer League as well as at the collegiate level with Eastern Michigan University . He was the 1982 ASL league leading scorer and most valuable player ( MVP ) . Player . Tinnion began his career in 1965 with Workington A.F.C . which then played in the Third Division . However , the team dropped to the Fourth Division in 1967 . In 1968 , he transferred to fellow fourth division club Wrexham A.F.C . During the 1971–1972 season , he played three games on loan to Chester F.C. , but otherwise was a regular first team player with Wrexham during his eight seasons in Wales . In 1976 , he left Wrexham for the United States where he signed for the New York Cosmos , playing alongside Pele . He played one season in New York before being selected by Team Hawaii in the expansion draft . Hawaii lasted only one season before folding and the Colorado Caribous picked him up in the dispersal draft . He played twenty-four games with Colorado , scoring four goals in 1978 before being traded to the Detroit Express . The Express left the NASL following the 1980 season and moved to the second division American Soccer League . In 1982 , the Express won the league title as Tinnion led the league in scoring and was named the league MVP . That season , Tinnion coached the team as well as played midfielder . However , he was not listed as head coach as the league prohibited player-coaches . The league changed the rules in 1983 and Tinnion was named the official head coach for 1983 and 1984 . Tinnion also spent 1980–1981 Major Indoor Soccer League with the Wichita Wings . Coach . After retiring from playing , Tinnion remained in Detroit where he continued to coach . In 1990 , he was hired by the Detroit Rockers which played in the National Professional Soccer League . He was named the 1990–1991 Coach of the Year . The next season , he led the team to the league title . In December 1994 , he resigned from the Rockers to become the head coach at Eastern Michigan University until the university dropped mens soccer in 1999 . In December 2001 , Tinnion returned as the head coach of the Rockers , but the team folded at the end of the season . His son , Paul Tinnion , was head coach of the Eastern Michigan University womens soccer team and is now Director of Coaching of the Michigan Jaguars soccer club based in Novi , Michigan . Current . Tinnion now lives in the suburbs of Detroit with his wife Mary and his two sons , Joey and Kyle . He previously coached for the Michigan Revolution , Workington and the Grosse Pointe Mustangs . External links . - NASL/MISL Stats |
[
"Detroit Express"
] | easy | Which team did the player Brian Tinnion (footballer, born 1948) belong to from 1978 to 1980? | /wiki/Brian_Tinnion_(footballer,_born_1948)#P54#3 | Brian Tinnion ( footballer , born 1948 ) Brian Tinnion ( born 11 June 1948 ) is an English retired Association football forward who played eleven seasons in the lower English divisions , four in the North American Soccer League , three in the American Soccer League and one in the Major Indoor Soccer League . He also coached professionally in the American Soccer League and National Professional Soccer League as well as at the collegiate level with Eastern Michigan University . He was the 1982 ASL league leading scorer and most valuable player ( MVP ) . Player . Tinnion began his career in 1965 with Workington A.F.C . which then played in the Third Division . However , the team dropped to the Fourth Division in 1967 . In 1968 , he transferred to fellow fourth division club Wrexham A.F.C . During the 1971–1972 season , he played three games on loan to Chester F.C. , but otherwise was a regular first team player with Wrexham during his eight seasons in Wales . In 1976 , he left Wrexham for the United States where he signed for the New York Cosmos , playing alongside Pele . He played one season in New York before being selected by Team Hawaii in the expansion draft . Hawaii lasted only one season before folding and the Colorado Caribous picked him up in the dispersal draft . He played twenty-four games with Colorado , scoring four goals in 1978 before being traded to the Detroit Express . The Express left the NASL following the 1980 season and moved to the second division American Soccer League . In 1982 , the Express won the league title as Tinnion led the league in scoring and was named the league MVP . That season , Tinnion coached the team as well as played midfielder . However , he was not listed as head coach as the league prohibited player-coaches . The league changed the rules in 1983 and Tinnion was named the official head coach for 1983 and 1984 . Tinnion also spent 1980–1981 Major Indoor Soccer League with the Wichita Wings . Coach . After retiring from playing , Tinnion remained in Detroit where he continued to coach . In 1990 , he was hired by the Detroit Rockers which played in the National Professional Soccer League . He was named the 1990–1991 Coach of the Year . The next season , he led the team to the league title . In December 1994 , he resigned from the Rockers to become the head coach at Eastern Michigan University until the university dropped mens soccer in 1999 . In December 2001 , Tinnion returned as the head coach of the Rockers , but the team folded at the end of the season . His son , Paul Tinnion , was head coach of the Eastern Michigan University womens soccer team and is now Director of Coaching of the Michigan Jaguars soccer club based in Novi , Michigan . Current . Tinnion now lives in the suburbs of Detroit with his wife Mary and his two sons , Joey and Kyle . He previously coached for the Michigan Revolution , Workington and the Grosse Pointe Mustangs . External links . - NASL/MISL Stats |
[
"Wichita Wings"
] | easy | Brian Tinnion (footballer, born 1948) played for which team from 1980 to 1981? | /wiki/Brian_Tinnion_(footballer,_born_1948)#P54#4 | Brian Tinnion ( footballer , born 1948 ) Brian Tinnion ( born 11 June 1948 ) is an English retired Association football forward who played eleven seasons in the lower English divisions , four in the North American Soccer League , three in the American Soccer League and one in the Major Indoor Soccer League . He also coached professionally in the American Soccer League and National Professional Soccer League as well as at the collegiate level with Eastern Michigan University . He was the 1982 ASL league leading scorer and most valuable player ( MVP ) . Player . Tinnion began his career in 1965 with Workington A.F.C . which then played in the Third Division . However , the team dropped to the Fourth Division in 1967 . In 1968 , he transferred to fellow fourth division club Wrexham A.F.C . During the 1971–1972 season , he played three games on loan to Chester F.C. , but otherwise was a regular first team player with Wrexham during his eight seasons in Wales . In 1976 , he left Wrexham for the United States where he signed for the New York Cosmos , playing alongside Pele . He played one season in New York before being selected by Team Hawaii in the expansion draft . Hawaii lasted only one season before folding and the Colorado Caribous picked him up in the dispersal draft . He played twenty-four games with Colorado , scoring four goals in 1978 before being traded to the Detroit Express . The Express left the NASL following the 1980 season and moved to the second division American Soccer League . In 1982 , the Express won the league title as Tinnion led the league in scoring and was named the league MVP . That season , Tinnion coached the team as well as played midfielder . However , he was not listed as head coach as the league prohibited player-coaches . The league changed the rules in 1983 and Tinnion was named the official head coach for 1983 and 1984 . Tinnion also spent 1980–1981 Major Indoor Soccer League with the Wichita Wings . Coach . After retiring from playing , Tinnion remained in Detroit where he continued to coach . In 1990 , he was hired by the Detroit Rockers which played in the National Professional Soccer League . He was named the 1990–1991 Coach of the Year . The next season , he led the team to the league title . In December 1994 , he resigned from the Rockers to become the head coach at Eastern Michigan University until the university dropped mens soccer in 1999 . In December 2001 , Tinnion returned as the head coach of the Rockers , but the team folded at the end of the season . His son , Paul Tinnion , was head coach of the Eastern Michigan University womens soccer team and is now Director of Coaching of the Michigan Jaguars soccer club based in Novi , Michigan . Current . Tinnion now lives in the suburbs of Detroit with his wife Mary and his two sons , Joey and Kyle . He previously coached for the Michigan Revolution , Workington and the Grosse Pointe Mustangs . External links . - NASL/MISL Stats |
[
"Valencia CF"
] | easy | Which team did José Francisco Molina play for from 1989 to 1990? | /wiki/José_Francisco_Molina#P54#0 | José Francisco Molina José Francisco Molina Jiménez ( born 8 August 1970 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper , and is the current sporting director of the Royal Spanish Football Federation . Eleven years of his extensive professional career were spent at Atlético Madrid and Deportivo de La Coruña , where he won a total of five titles . Over 14 seasons , he appeared in 415 La Liga matches . A Spain international for four years , Molina represented the nation at the 1998 World Cup and two European Championships . Playing career . Club . Born in Valencia , Valencian Community , Molina started playing professionally with modest UD Alzira , being purchased in 1991 by local giants Valencia CF . After a loan stint with neighbours Villarreal CF he was sold to Albacete Balompié , making his La Liga debut on 8 January 1995 in a 1–0 home win against Real Oviedo . Even though he conceded eight goals in the last matchday , a home loss against Deportivo de La Coruña , his team managed to escape relegation in the playoffs . Molinas career was intimately related with Atlético Madrid , of which he claimed to be a fan . Signing in 1995 , he helped the capital side win a double ( league and Copa del Rey ) in his first year , going on to miss only two league matches in four seasons combined . Joining 2000 league champions Deportivo La Coruña after Atléticos relegation , Molina helped win a Spanish cup and two supercups , being an undisputed starter throughout his stint in Galicia . However , on 14 October 2002 , he announced that he suffered from testicular cancer , and that he was forced to undergo treatment for his illness , thus missing most of the 2002–03 campaign ( ten league appearances , as Depor finished third ) ; he eventually recovered fully . After his link expired , Molina returned home to Valencia for 2006–07 , playing for top-division strugglers Levante UD , but did not renew his contract after the seasons end , retiring subsequently after the club retained its league status . International . Molina made his Spanish national team debut as an outfield player against Norway on 24 April 1996 – a cameo appearance as a left winger , as all replacements had been made by coach Javier Clemente and Juan Manuel López retired injured . He was then included in the squads for UEFA Euro 1996 and the 1998 FIFA World Cup , but had to wait until Euro 2000 for first-choice status , although he was dropped after a blunder in the opening 0–1 loss to Norway and did not play afterwards . Coaching career . In the 2009–10 campaign , Molina started a coaching career with Villarreal C in Tercera División . On 12 May 2011 , he replaced the fired Javi Gracia at the helm of the reserves in Segunda División as the team was seriously threatened with relegation . Molina reached Villarreals main squad on 22 December 2011 , taking the place of sacked Juan Carlos Garrido . He was himself dismissed on 18 March of the following year after a 0–1 away loss against former club Levante , with the Yellow Submarine dangerously close to the relegation zone ( 17th ) . In 2014 , after leading Getafe CF B to the 14th place in Segunda División B , Molina was appointed at Hong Kongs Kitchee SC . In his only season he managed win the domestic treble , also taking the team to the quarter-finals of the AFC Cup . On 3 May 2016 , Molina was announced as the head coach of Indian Super League side ATK , replacing countryman Antonio López Habas . On 14 November of the following year , he was appointed at Ascenso MX club Atlético San Luis ahead of the Clausura tournament . He was relieved of his duties by the latter on 18 February 2018 after just two wins in 11 matches in all competitions , with his side in last position in the league . In July 2018 , Molina was appointed as sporting director of the Royal Spanish Football Federation , replacing Fernando Hierro who had resigned in the aftermath of Spains performance at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Honours . Player . Club . Atlético Madrid - La Liga : 1995–96 - Copa del Rey : 1995–96 Deportivo - Copa del Rey : 2001–02 - Supercopa de España : 2000 , 2002 Individual . - Ricardo Zamora Trophy : 1995–96 Manager . Kitchee - Hong Kong Premier League : 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup : 2014–15 - Hong Kong League Cup : 2014–15 Atlético Kolkata - Indian Super League : 2016 External links . - CiberChe biography and stats - Spain stats at Eu-Football |
[
"UD Alzira"
] | easy | Which team did the player José Francisco Molina belong to from 1990 to 1991? | /wiki/José_Francisco_Molina#P54#1 | José Francisco Molina José Francisco Molina Jiménez ( born 8 August 1970 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper , and is the current sporting director of the Royal Spanish Football Federation . Eleven years of his extensive professional career were spent at Atlético Madrid and Deportivo de La Coruña , where he won a total of five titles . Over 14 seasons , he appeared in 415 La Liga matches . A Spain international for four years , Molina represented the nation at the 1998 World Cup and two European Championships . Playing career . Club . Born in Valencia , Valencian Community , Molina started playing professionally with modest UD Alzira , being purchased in 1991 by local giants Valencia CF . After a loan stint with neighbours Villarreal CF he was sold to Albacete Balompié , making his La Liga debut on 8 January 1995 in a 1–0 home win against Real Oviedo . Even though he conceded eight goals in the last matchday , a home loss against Deportivo de La Coruña , his team managed to escape relegation in the playoffs . Molinas career was intimately related with Atlético Madrid , of which he claimed to be a fan . Signing in 1995 , he helped the capital side win a double ( league and Copa del Rey ) in his first year , going on to miss only two league matches in four seasons combined . Joining 2000 league champions Deportivo La Coruña after Atléticos relegation , Molina helped win a Spanish cup and two supercups , being an undisputed starter throughout his stint in Galicia . However , on 14 October 2002 , he announced that he suffered from testicular cancer , and that he was forced to undergo treatment for his illness , thus missing most of the 2002–03 campaign ( ten league appearances , as Depor finished third ) ; he eventually recovered fully . After his link expired , Molina returned home to Valencia for 2006–07 , playing for top-division strugglers Levante UD , but did not renew his contract after the seasons end , retiring subsequently after the club retained its league status . International . Molina made his Spanish national team debut as an outfield player against Norway on 24 April 1996 – a cameo appearance as a left winger , as all replacements had been made by coach Javier Clemente and Juan Manuel López retired injured . He was then included in the squads for UEFA Euro 1996 and the 1998 FIFA World Cup , but had to wait until Euro 2000 for first-choice status , although he was dropped after a blunder in the opening 0–1 loss to Norway and did not play afterwards . Coaching career . In the 2009–10 campaign , Molina started a coaching career with Villarreal C in Tercera División . On 12 May 2011 , he replaced the fired Javi Gracia at the helm of the reserves in Segunda División as the team was seriously threatened with relegation . Molina reached Villarreals main squad on 22 December 2011 , taking the place of sacked Juan Carlos Garrido . He was himself dismissed on 18 March of the following year after a 0–1 away loss against former club Levante , with the Yellow Submarine dangerously close to the relegation zone ( 17th ) . In 2014 , after leading Getafe CF B to the 14th place in Segunda División B , Molina was appointed at Hong Kongs Kitchee SC . In his only season he managed win the domestic treble , also taking the team to the quarter-finals of the AFC Cup . On 3 May 2016 , Molina was announced as the head coach of Indian Super League side ATK , replacing countryman Antonio López Habas . On 14 November of the following year , he was appointed at Ascenso MX club Atlético San Luis ahead of the Clausura tournament . He was relieved of his duties by the latter on 18 February 2018 after just two wins in 11 matches in all competitions , with his side in last position in the league . In July 2018 , Molina was appointed as sporting director of the Royal Spanish Football Federation , replacing Fernando Hierro who had resigned in the aftermath of Spains performance at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Honours . Player . Club . Atlético Madrid - La Liga : 1995–96 - Copa del Rey : 1995–96 Deportivo - Copa del Rey : 2001–02 - Supercopa de España : 2000 , 2002 Individual . - Ricardo Zamora Trophy : 1995–96 Manager . Kitchee - Hong Kong Premier League : 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup : 2014–15 - Hong Kong League Cup : 2014–15 Atlético Kolkata - Indian Super League : 2016 External links . - CiberChe biography and stats - Spain stats at Eu-Football |
[
"Valencia CF"
] | easy | Which team did José Francisco Molina play for from 1993 to 1994? | /wiki/José_Francisco_Molina#P54#2 | José Francisco Molina José Francisco Molina Jiménez ( born 8 August 1970 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper , and is the current sporting director of the Royal Spanish Football Federation . Eleven years of his extensive professional career were spent at Atlético Madrid and Deportivo de La Coruña , where he won a total of five titles . Over 14 seasons , he appeared in 415 La Liga matches . A Spain international for four years , Molina represented the nation at the 1998 World Cup and two European Championships . Playing career . Club . Born in Valencia , Valencian Community , Molina started playing professionally with modest UD Alzira , being purchased in 1991 by local giants Valencia CF . After a loan stint with neighbours Villarreal CF he was sold to Albacete Balompié , making his La Liga debut on 8 January 1995 in a 1–0 home win against Real Oviedo . Even though he conceded eight goals in the last matchday , a home loss against Deportivo de La Coruña , his team managed to escape relegation in the playoffs . Molinas career was intimately related with Atlético Madrid , of which he claimed to be a fan . Signing in 1995 , he helped the capital side win a double ( league and Copa del Rey ) in his first year , going on to miss only two league matches in four seasons combined . Joining 2000 league champions Deportivo La Coruña after Atléticos relegation , Molina helped win a Spanish cup and two supercups , being an undisputed starter throughout his stint in Galicia . However , on 14 October 2002 , he announced that he suffered from testicular cancer , and that he was forced to undergo treatment for his illness , thus missing most of the 2002–03 campaign ( ten league appearances , as Depor finished third ) ; he eventually recovered fully . After his link expired , Molina returned home to Valencia for 2006–07 , playing for top-division strugglers Levante UD , but did not renew his contract after the seasons end , retiring subsequently after the club retained its league status . International . Molina made his Spanish national team debut as an outfield player against Norway on 24 April 1996 – a cameo appearance as a left winger , as all replacements had been made by coach Javier Clemente and Juan Manuel López retired injured . He was then included in the squads for UEFA Euro 1996 and the 1998 FIFA World Cup , but had to wait until Euro 2000 for first-choice status , although he was dropped after a blunder in the opening 0–1 loss to Norway and did not play afterwards . Coaching career . In the 2009–10 campaign , Molina started a coaching career with Villarreal C in Tercera División . On 12 May 2011 , he replaced the fired Javi Gracia at the helm of the reserves in Segunda División as the team was seriously threatened with relegation . Molina reached Villarreals main squad on 22 December 2011 , taking the place of sacked Juan Carlos Garrido . He was himself dismissed on 18 March of the following year after a 0–1 away loss against former club Levante , with the Yellow Submarine dangerously close to the relegation zone ( 17th ) . In 2014 , after leading Getafe CF B to the 14th place in Segunda División B , Molina was appointed at Hong Kongs Kitchee SC . In his only season he managed win the domestic treble , also taking the team to the quarter-finals of the AFC Cup . On 3 May 2016 , Molina was announced as the head coach of Indian Super League side ATK , replacing countryman Antonio López Habas . On 14 November of the following year , he was appointed at Ascenso MX club Atlético San Luis ahead of the Clausura tournament . He was relieved of his duties by the latter on 18 February 2018 after just two wins in 11 matches in all competitions , with his side in last position in the league . In July 2018 , Molina was appointed as sporting director of the Royal Spanish Football Federation , replacing Fernando Hierro who had resigned in the aftermath of Spains performance at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Honours . Player . Club . Atlético Madrid - La Liga : 1995–96 - Copa del Rey : 1995–96 Deportivo - Copa del Rey : 2001–02 - Supercopa de España : 2000 , 2002 Individual . - Ricardo Zamora Trophy : 1995–96 Manager . Kitchee - Hong Kong Premier League : 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup : 2014–15 - Hong Kong League Cup : 2014–15 Atlético Kolkata - Indian Super League : 2016 External links . - CiberChe biography and stats - Spain stats at Eu-Football |
[
"Albacete Balompié"
] | easy | Which team did José Francisco Molina play for from 1994 to 1995? | /wiki/José_Francisco_Molina#P54#3 | José Francisco Molina José Francisco Molina Jiménez ( born 8 August 1970 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper , and is the current sporting director of the Royal Spanish Football Federation . Eleven years of his extensive professional career were spent at Atlético Madrid and Deportivo de La Coruña , where he won a total of five titles . Over 14 seasons , he appeared in 415 La Liga matches . A Spain international for four years , Molina represented the nation at the 1998 World Cup and two European Championships . Playing career . Club . Born in Valencia , Valencian Community , Molina started playing professionally with modest UD Alzira , being purchased in 1991 by local giants Valencia CF . After a loan stint with neighbours Villarreal CF he was sold to Albacete Balompié , making his La Liga debut on 8 January 1995 in a 1–0 home win against Real Oviedo . Even though he conceded eight goals in the last matchday , a home loss against Deportivo de La Coruña , his team managed to escape relegation in the playoffs . Molinas career was intimately related with Atlético Madrid , of which he claimed to be a fan . Signing in 1995 , he helped the capital side win a double ( league and Copa del Rey ) in his first year , going on to miss only two league matches in four seasons combined . Joining 2000 league champions Deportivo La Coruña after Atléticos relegation , Molina helped win a Spanish cup and two supercups , being an undisputed starter throughout his stint in Galicia . However , on 14 October 2002 , he announced that he suffered from testicular cancer , and that he was forced to undergo treatment for his illness , thus missing most of the 2002–03 campaign ( ten league appearances , as Depor finished third ) ; he eventually recovered fully . After his link expired , Molina returned home to Valencia for 2006–07 , playing for top-division strugglers Levante UD , but did not renew his contract after the seasons end , retiring subsequently after the club retained its league status . International . Molina made his Spanish national team debut as an outfield player against Norway on 24 April 1996 – a cameo appearance as a left winger , as all replacements had been made by coach Javier Clemente and Juan Manuel López retired injured . He was then included in the squads for UEFA Euro 1996 and the 1998 FIFA World Cup , but had to wait until Euro 2000 for first-choice status , although he was dropped after a blunder in the opening 0–1 loss to Norway and did not play afterwards . Coaching career . In the 2009–10 campaign , Molina started a coaching career with Villarreal C in Tercera División . On 12 May 2011 , he replaced the fired Javi Gracia at the helm of the reserves in Segunda División as the team was seriously threatened with relegation . Molina reached Villarreals main squad on 22 December 2011 , taking the place of sacked Juan Carlos Garrido . He was himself dismissed on 18 March of the following year after a 0–1 away loss against former club Levante , with the Yellow Submarine dangerously close to the relegation zone ( 17th ) . In 2014 , after leading Getafe CF B to the 14th place in Segunda División B , Molina was appointed at Hong Kongs Kitchee SC . In his only season he managed win the domestic treble , also taking the team to the quarter-finals of the AFC Cup . On 3 May 2016 , Molina was announced as the head coach of Indian Super League side ATK , replacing countryman Antonio López Habas . On 14 November of the following year , he was appointed at Ascenso MX club Atlético San Luis ahead of the Clausura tournament . He was relieved of his duties by the latter on 18 February 2018 after just two wins in 11 matches in all competitions , with his side in last position in the league . In July 2018 , Molina was appointed as sporting director of the Royal Spanish Football Federation , replacing Fernando Hierro who had resigned in the aftermath of Spains performance at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Honours . Player . Club . Atlético Madrid - La Liga : 1995–96 - Copa del Rey : 1995–96 Deportivo - Copa del Rey : 2001–02 - Supercopa de España : 2000 , 2002 Individual . - Ricardo Zamora Trophy : 1995–96 Manager . Kitchee - Hong Kong Premier League : 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup : 2014–15 - Hong Kong League Cup : 2014–15 Atlético Kolkata - Indian Super League : 2016 External links . - CiberChe biography and stats - Spain stats at Eu-Football |
[
"Atlético Madrid"
] | easy | José Francisco Molina played for which team from 1995 to 1996? | /wiki/José_Francisco_Molina#P54#4 | José Francisco Molina José Francisco Molina Jiménez ( born 8 August 1970 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper , and is the current sporting director of the Royal Spanish Football Federation . Eleven years of his extensive professional career were spent at Atlético Madrid and Deportivo de La Coruña , where he won a total of five titles . Over 14 seasons , he appeared in 415 La Liga matches . A Spain international for four years , Molina represented the nation at the 1998 World Cup and two European Championships . Playing career . Club . Born in Valencia , Valencian Community , Molina started playing professionally with modest UD Alzira , being purchased in 1991 by local giants Valencia CF . After a loan stint with neighbours Villarreal CF he was sold to Albacete Balompié , making his La Liga debut on 8 January 1995 in a 1–0 home win against Real Oviedo . Even though he conceded eight goals in the last matchday , a home loss against Deportivo de La Coruña , his team managed to escape relegation in the playoffs . Molinas career was intimately related with Atlético Madrid , of which he claimed to be a fan . Signing in 1995 , he helped the capital side win a double ( league and Copa del Rey ) in his first year , going on to miss only two league matches in four seasons combined . Joining 2000 league champions Deportivo La Coruña after Atléticos relegation , Molina helped win a Spanish cup and two supercups , being an undisputed starter throughout his stint in Galicia . However , on 14 October 2002 , he announced that he suffered from testicular cancer , and that he was forced to undergo treatment for his illness , thus missing most of the 2002–03 campaign ( ten league appearances , as Depor finished third ) ; he eventually recovered fully . After his link expired , Molina returned home to Valencia for 2006–07 , playing for top-division strugglers Levante UD , but did not renew his contract after the seasons end , retiring subsequently after the club retained its league status . International . Molina made his Spanish national team debut as an outfield player against Norway on 24 April 1996 – a cameo appearance as a left winger , as all replacements had been made by coach Javier Clemente and Juan Manuel López retired injured . He was then included in the squads for UEFA Euro 1996 and the 1998 FIFA World Cup , but had to wait until Euro 2000 for first-choice status , although he was dropped after a blunder in the opening 0–1 loss to Norway and did not play afterwards . Coaching career . In the 2009–10 campaign , Molina started a coaching career with Villarreal C in Tercera División . On 12 May 2011 , he replaced the fired Javi Gracia at the helm of the reserves in Segunda División as the team was seriously threatened with relegation . Molina reached Villarreals main squad on 22 December 2011 , taking the place of sacked Juan Carlos Garrido . He was himself dismissed on 18 March of the following year after a 0–1 away loss against former club Levante , with the Yellow Submarine dangerously close to the relegation zone ( 17th ) . In 2014 , after leading Getafe CF B to the 14th place in Segunda División B , Molina was appointed at Hong Kongs Kitchee SC . In his only season he managed win the domestic treble , also taking the team to the quarter-finals of the AFC Cup . On 3 May 2016 , Molina was announced as the head coach of Indian Super League side ATK , replacing countryman Antonio López Habas . On 14 November of the following year , he was appointed at Ascenso MX club Atlético San Luis ahead of the Clausura tournament . He was relieved of his duties by the latter on 18 February 2018 after just two wins in 11 matches in all competitions , with his side in last position in the league . In July 2018 , Molina was appointed as sporting director of the Royal Spanish Football Federation , replacing Fernando Hierro who had resigned in the aftermath of Spains performance at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Honours . Player . Club . Atlético Madrid - La Liga : 1995–96 - Copa del Rey : 1995–96 Deportivo - Copa del Rey : 2001–02 - Supercopa de España : 2000 , 2002 Individual . - Ricardo Zamora Trophy : 1995–96 Manager . Kitchee - Hong Kong Premier League : 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup : 2014–15 - Hong Kong League Cup : 2014–15 Atlético Kolkata - Indian Super League : 2016 External links . - CiberChe biography and stats - Spain stats at Eu-Football |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did the player José Francisco Molina belong to from 1996 to 2000? | /wiki/José_Francisco_Molina#P54#5 | José Francisco Molina José Francisco Molina Jiménez ( born 8 August 1970 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper , and is the current sporting director of the Royal Spanish Football Federation . Eleven years of his extensive professional career were spent at Atlético Madrid and Deportivo de La Coruña , where he won a total of five titles . Over 14 seasons , he appeared in 415 La Liga matches . A Spain international for four years , Molina represented the nation at the 1998 World Cup and two European Championships . Playing career . Club . Born in Valencia , Valencian Community , Molina started playing professionally with modest UD Alzira , being purchased in 1991 by local giants Valencia CF . After a loan stint with neighbours Villarreal CF he was sold to Albacete Balompié , making his La Liga debut on 8 January 1995 in a 1–0 home win against Real Oviedo . Even though he conceded eight goals in the last matchday , a home loss against Deportivo de La Coruña , his team managed to escape relegation in the playoffs . Molinas career was intimately related with Atlético Madrid , of which he claimed to be a fan . Signing in 1995 , he helped the capital side win a double ( league and Copa del Rey ) in his first year , going on to miss only two league matches in four seasons combined . Joining 2000 league champions Deportivo La Coruña after Atléticos relegation , Molina helped win a Spanish cup and two supercups , being an undisputed starter throughout his stint in Galicia . However , on 14 October 2002 , he announced that he suffered from testicular cancer , and that he was forced to undergo treatment for his illness , thus missing most of the 2002–03 campaign ( ten league appearances , as Depor finished third ) ; he eventually recovered fully . After his link expired , Molina returned home to Valencia for 2006–07 , playing for top-division strugglers Levante UD , but did not renew his contract after the seasons end , retiring subsequently after the club retained its league status . International . Molina made his Spanish national team debut as an outfield player against Norway on 24 April 1996 – a cameo appearance as a left winger , as all replacements had been made by coach Javier Clemente and Juan Manuel López retired injured . He was then included in the squads for UEFA Euro 1996 and the 1998 FIFA World Cup , but had to wait until Euro 2000 for first-choice status , although he was dropped after a blunder in the opening 0–1 loss to Norway and did not play afterwards . Coaching career . In the 2009–10 campaign , Molina started a coaching career with Villarreal C in Tercera División . On 12 May 2011 , he replaced the fired Javi Gracia at the helm of the reserves in Segunda División as the team was seriously threatened with relegation . Molina reached Villarreals main squad on 22 December 2011 , taking the place of sacked Juan Carlos Garrido . He was himself dismissed on 18 March of the following year after a 0–1 away loss against former club Levante , with the Yellow Submarine dangerously close to the relegation zone ( 17th ) . In 2014 , after leading Getafe CF B to the 14th place in Segunda División B , Molina was appointed at Hong Kongs Kitchee SC . In his only season he managed win the domestic treble , also taking the team to the quarter-finals of the AFC Cup . On 3 May 2016 , Molina was announced as the head coach of Indian Super League side ATK , replacing countryman Antonio López Habas . On 14 November of the following year , he was appointed at Ascenso MX club Atlético San Luis ahead of the Clausura tournament . He was relieved of his duties by the latter on 18 February 2018 after just two wins in 11 matches in all competitions , with his side in last position in the league . In July 2018 , Molina was appointed as sporting director of the Royal Spanish Football Federation , replacing Fernando Hierro who had resigned in the aftermath of Spains performance at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Honours . Player . Club . Atlético Madrid - La Liga : 1995–96 - Copa del Rey : 1995–96 Deportivo - Copa del Rey : 2001–02 - Supercopa de España : 2000 , 2002 Individual . - Ricardo Zamora Trophy : 1995–96 Manager . Kitchee - Hong Kong Premier League : 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup : 2014–15 - Hong Kong League Cup : 2014–15 Atlético Kolkata - Indian Super League : 2016 External links . - CiberChe biography and stats - Spain stats at Eu-Football |
[
"Deportivo La Coruña"
] | easy | Which team did the player José Francisco Molina belong to from 2000 to 2006? | /wiki/José_Francisco_Molina#P54#6 | José Francisco Molina José Francisco Molina Jiménez ( born 8 August 1970 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper , and is the current sporting director of the Royal Spanish Football Federation . Eleven years of his extensive professional career were spent at Atlético Madrid and Deportivo de La Coruña , where he won a total of five titles . Over 14 seasons , he appeared in 415 La Liga matches . A Spain international for four years , Molina represented the nation at the 1998 World Cup and two European Championships . Playing career . Club . Born in Valencia , Valencian Community , Molina started playing professionally with modest UD Alzira , being purchased in 1991 by local giants Valencia CF . After a loan stint with neighbours Villarreal CF he was sold to Albacete Balompié , making his La Liga debut on 8 January 1995 in a 1–0 home win against Real Oviedo . Even though he conceded eight goals in the last matchday , a home loss against Deportivo de La Coruña , his team managed to escape relegation in the playoffs . Molinas career was intimately related with Atlético Madrid , of which he claimed to be a fan . Signing in 1995 , he helped the capital side win a double ( league and Copa del Rey ) in his first year , going on to miss only two league matches in four seasons combined . Joining 2000 league champions Deportivo La Coruña after Atléticos relegation , Molina helped win a Spanish cup and two supercups , being an undisputed starter throughout his stint in Galicia . However , on 14 October 2002 , he announced that he suffered from testicular cancer , and that he was forced to undergo treatment for his illness , thus missing most of the 2002–03 campaign ( ten league appearances , as Depor finished third ) ; he eventually recovered fully . After his link expired , Molina returned home to Valencia for 2006–07 , playing for top-division strugglers Levante UD , but did not renew his contract after the seasons end , retiring subsequently after the club retained its league status . International . Molina made his Spanish national team debut as an outfield player against Norway on 24 April 1996 – a cameo appearance as a left winger , as all replacements had been made by coach Javier Clemente and Juan Manuel López retired injured . He was then included in the squads for UEFA Euro 1996 and the 1998 FIFA World Cup , but had to wait until Euro 2000 for first-choice status , although he was dropped after a blunder in the opening 0–1 loss to Norway and did not play afterwards . Coaching career . In the 2009–10 campaign , Molina started a coaching career with Villarreal C in Tercera División . On 12 May 2011 , he replaced the fired Javi Gracia at the helm of the reserves in Segunda División as the team was seriously threatened with relegation . Molina reached Villarreals main squad on 22 December 2011 , taking the place of sacked Juan Carlos Garrido . He was himself dismissed on 18 March of the following year after a 0–1 away loss against former club Levante , with the Yellow Submarine dangerously close to the relegation zone ( 17th ) . In 2014 , after leading Getafe CF B to the 14th place in Segunda División B , Molina was appointed at Hong Kongs Kitchee SC . In his only season he managed win the domestic treble , also taking the team to the quarter-finals of the AFC Cup . On 3 May 2016 , Molina was announced as the head coach of Indian Super League side ATK , replacing countryman Antonio López Habas . On 14 November of the following year , he was appointed at Ascenso MX club Atlético San Luis ahead of the Clausura tournament . He was relieved of his duties by the latter on 18 February 2018 after just two wins in 11 matches in all competitions , with his side in last position in the league . In July 2018 , Molina was appointed as sporting director of the Royal Spanish Football Federation , replacing Fernando Hierro who had resigned in the aftermath of Spains performance at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Honours . Player . Club . Atlético Madrid - La Liga : 1995–96 - Copa del Rey : 1995–96 Deportivo - Copa del Rey : 2001–02 - Supercopa de España : 2000 , 2002 Individual . - Ricardo Zamora Trophy : 1995–96 Manager . Kitchee - Hong Kong Premier League : 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup : 2014–15 - Hong Kong League Cup : 2014–15 Atlético Kolkata - Indian Super League : 2016 External links . - CiberChe biography and stats - Spain stats at Eu-Football |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did José Francisco Molina play for from 2006 to 2007? | /wiki/José_Francisco_Molina#P54#7 | José Francisco Molina José Francisco Molina Jiménez ( born 8 August 1970 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper , and is the current sporting director of the Royal Spanish Football Federation . Eleven years of his extensive professional career were spent at Atlético Madrid and Deportivo de La Coruña , where he won a total of five titles . Over 14 seasons , he appeared in 415 La Liga matches . A Spain international for four years , Molina represented the nation at the 1998 World Cup and two European Championships . Playing career . Club . Born in Valencia , Valencian Community , Molina started playing professionally with modest UD Alzira , being purchased in 1991 by local giants Valencia CF . After a loan stint with neighbours Villarreal CF he was sold to Albacete Balompié , making his La Liga debut on 8 January 1995 in a 1–0 home win against Real Oviedo . Even though he conceded eight goals in the last matchday , a home loss against Deportivo de La Coruña , his team managed to escape relegation in the playoffs . Molinas career was intimately related with Atlético Madrid , of which he claimed to be a fan . Signing in 1995 , he helped the capital side win a double ( league and Copa del Rey ) in his first year , going on to miss only two league matches in four seasons combined . Joining 2000 league champions Deportivo La Coruña after Atléticos relegation , Molina helped win a Spanish cup and two supercups , being an undisputed starter throughout his stint in Galicia . However , on 14 October 2002 , he announced that he suffered from testicular cancer , and that he was forced to undergo treatment for his illness , thus missing most of the 2002–03 campaign ( ten league appearances , as Depor finished third ) ; he eventually recovered fully . After his link expired , Molina returned home to Valencia for 2006–07 , playing for top-division strugglers Levante UD , but did not renew his contract after the seasons end , retiring subsequently after the club retained its league status . International . Molina made his Spanish national team debut as an outfield player against Norway on 24 April 1996 – a cameo appearance as a left winger , as all replacements had been made by coach Javier Clemente and Juan Manuel López retired injured . He was then included in the squads for UEFA Euro 1996 and the 1998 FIFA World Cup , but had to wait until Euro 2000 for first-choice status , although he was dropped after a blunder in the opening 0–1 loss to Norway and did not play afterwards . Coaching career . In the 2009–10 campaign , Molina started a coaching career with Villarreal C in Tercera División . On 12 May 2011 , he replaced the fired Javi Gracia at the helm of the reserves in Segunda División as the team was seriously threatened with relegation . Molina reached Villarreals main squad on 22 December 2011 , taking the place of sacked Juan Carlos Garrido . He was himself dismissed on 18 March of the following year after a 0–1 away loss against former club Levante , with the Yellow Submarine dangerously close to the relegation zone ( 17th ) . In 2014 , after leading Getafe CF B to the 14th place in Segunda División B , Molina was appointed at Hong Kongs Kitchee SC . In his only season he managed win the domestic treble , also taking the team to the quarter-finals of the AFC Cup . On 3 May 2016 , Molina was announced as the head coach of Indian Super League side ATK , replacing countryman Antonio López Habas . On 14 November of the following year , he was appointed at Ascenso MX club Atlético San Luis ahead of the Clausura tournament . He was relieved of his duties by the latter on 18 February 2018 after just two wins in 11 matches in all competitions , with his side in last position in the league . In July 2018 , Molina was appointed as sporting director of the Royal Spanish Football Federation , replacing Fernando Hierro who had resigned in the aftermath of Spains performance at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Honours . Player . Club . Atlético Madrid - La Liga : 1995–96 - Copa del Rey : 1995–96 Deportivo - Copa del Rey : 2001–02 - Supercopa de España : 2000 , 2002 Individual . - Ricardo Zamora Trophy : 1995–96 Manager . Kitchee - Hong Kong Premier League : 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup : 2014–15 - Hong Kong League Cup : 2014–15 Atlético Kolkata - Indian Super League : 2016 External links . - CiberChe biography and stats - Spain stats at Eu-Football |
[
"New Hampshire Senate"
] | easy | What was the position of Maggie Hassan from 2004 to 2010? | /wiki/Maggie_Hassan#P39#0 | Maggie Hassan Margaret Coldwell Hassan ( ; née Wood ; born February 27 , 1958 ) is an American politician and attorney serving as the junior United States Senator from New Hampshire . A Democrat , Hassan was elected to the Senate in 2016 while she was serving as the 81st governor of New Hampshire , an office she held from 2013 to 2017 . Born in Boston , Massachusetts , Hassan is a graduate of Brown University and earned a J.D . from the Northeastern University School of Law . After graduating from law school in 1985 , she worked at the law firm Palmer and Dodge . She later worked as associate general counsel for Brigham and Women’s Hospital . Hassan first ran for the New Hampshire Senate in 2002 after Democratic Party leaders recruited her . She lost to incumbent Senator Russell Prescott but ran against Prescott again in 2004 and won . Hassan was elected to a total of three two-year terms , representing New Hampshires 23rd district from January 2005 to December 2010 . She became the Majority Leader in the State Senate in 2008 before losing reelection in a 2010 rematch with Prescott . Hassan declared her candidacy for governor in October 2011 . She defeated former State Senator Jacalyn Cilley in the Democratic primary and faced the Republican nominee , attorney Ovide M . Lamontagne , in the general election . Hassan won with 55% of the vote , becoming the states second female governor . She was reelected in 2014 . After becoming governor , Hassan was elected vice chair of the Democratic Governors Association and served as a superdelegate at the Democratic National Convention . In 2016 , Hassan ran for the U.S . Senate and narrowly defeated Kelly Ayotte , the Republican incumbent , by about a thousand votes ( about 0.1% of the vote ) . She is serving with Jeanne Shaheen , another former governor . Hassan and Shaheen are the only two women in American history to be elected both governor and U.S . senator . Early life and education . Hassan was born Margaret Wood in Boston , Massachusetts , the daughter of Margaret ( Byers ) and Robert Coldwell Wood , a political scientist who served as U.S . Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in the Lyndon Johnson administration . She has two siblings , including Tony award-winning actor Frank Wood . Wood grew up in Lincoln , Massachusetts . As a child she sang in school choirs and at church . Her parents were politically active , and Maggie collated mailers for the League of Women Voters . She attended Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High School , Sudbury , Massachusetts , and graduated with the Class of 1976 . Wood then enrolled at Brown University , where she majored in history and graduated in 1980 with a B.A . degree . While there , she met her future husband , Thomas Hassan , also a student at the university . She received a J.D . degree from the Northeastern University School of Law in 1985 . Early career . From 1985 to 1999 , Hassan worked as an attorney . From 1985 to 1992 , she worked at the Boston law firm Palmer and Dodge . From 1993 to 1996 , Hassan was Associate General Counsel for Brigham and Womens Hospital/Partners Healthcare of Boston . In 1996 , Hassan began working as an attorney for Sullivan , Weinstein and McQuay , a Boston corporate defense and business law firm . In 1999 , then-New Hampshire Governor Jeanne Shaheen appointed her as a citizen advisor to the Advisory Committee to the Adequacy in Education and Finance Commission . New Hampshire Senate . Elections . Hassan first ran for the New Hampshire Senate in 2002 after Democratic Party leaders suggested she run . She lost to incumbent Senator Russell Prescott , 54% to 46% . In 2004 , she ran against Prescott again and won , 52% to 48% . In 2006 , she was reelected against Natalie Healy , 60% to 40% . In 2008 , she defeated Lee Quandt , 57% to 43% . She served as the assistant Democratic whip , president pro tempore , and majority leader of the State Senate during her six years in office . She represented New Hampshires 23rd district , which includes East Kingston , Exeter , Kensington , Kingston , Newfields , Newmarket , Newton , Seabrook , South Hampton and Stratham . In November 2010 , Hassan lost to Prescott in a second rematch , 53% to 47% , as Republicans regained control of both the state House and state Senate . Tenure . Hassan served on the Capital Budget Committee and the Budget Conference Committee . She helped pass the FY2008-FY2009 budget . In 2008 , Senate President Sylvia Larsen chose Hassan to serve as Senate Majority Leader , the number two position in the New Hampshire Senate . Larsen chose her for the position because she wanted someone who would fight to get the Democratic caucus to support the same agenda , at times creating friction between Hassan and her Republican colleagues . During her tenure as majority leader , Hassan had a major role in legalizing same-sex marriage in New Hampshire . She presented three versions of a same-sex marriage bill , one of which narrowly gained enough support to pass both chambers . Hassan helped pass the FY2010-FY2011 budget . This budget increased spending by over a billion dollars and contained 33 tax and fee increases , including taxing campsites like hotel rooms , a so-called income tax on New Hampshire business , and raising vehicle registration fees . Committee assignments . - Capital Budget Committee - Commerce , Labor and Consumer Protection - Finance - Public and Municipal Affairs ( Chair ) - Energy , Environment , and Economic Development ( Vice Chair ) - Internal Affairs Committee - Executive Department and Administration Committee Governor of New Hampshire . Elections . 2012 . In October 2011 , Hassan announced her candidacy for governor of New Hampshire . She won the Democratic primary with 53% of the vote , defeating former state senator Jacalyn Cilley , who received 39% . Hassan was endorsed by former U.S . President Bill Clinton . Campaign themes included implementing the Affordable Care Act . In the general election , Hassan defeated Republican nominee Ovide M . Lamontagne , 55% to 43% , carrying every county in the state . Matt Burgess managed her campaign and senior consultants included media consultant Joe Slade White . Independent expenditure groups spent more than $11 million on Hassans behalf . Major financial support for her campaign came from the Washington , D.C.-based Democratic Governors Association , the Service Employees International Union , the American Federation of State , County and Municipal Employees , and the National Education Association . 2014 . In June 2014 , Hassan filed to run for reelection . She defeated Ian Freeman in the September 9 Democratic primary and Republican nominee Walt Havenstein in the general election , 52% to 48% . Hassan carried 7 of 10 counties . Return of campaign donations . In August 2014 , New Hampshire Attorney General Joseph Foster , a Hassan appointee , ordered her to return $24,000 in campaign contributions that violated New Hampshire campaign finance laws . In October 2014 , Hassan was ordered to return another $25,000 in funds a union donated to her gubernatorial campaign because the union had not properly registered with the state as a political committee . Tenure . Hassan was sworn in as governor for a two-year term on January 3 , 2013 . In December 2013 , she was elected vice chair of the Democratic Governors Association . That year , Hassan signed a bill creating a state sea level rise commission . During a conflict between two sides of the Demoulas family , which owns the Market Basket grocery chain , Hassan urged the family to resolve the dispute , which threatened 9,000 jobs in New Hampshire . In July 2015 , Hassan vetoed a bill that would have removed the licensing requirement for carrying concealed firearms in the state . In response to New Hampshires opioid crisis , she appointed Jack Wozmak the states drug czar in early 2015 . He resigned one year later in response to complaints about his job performance . Hassan also worked to preserve funding for Planned Parenthood clinics throughout the state . She resigned as governor at the end of January 2 , 2017 , to prepare for her swearing-in to the U.S . Senate . Senate president Chuck Morse became acting governor . U.S . Senate . Elections . 2016 . On October 5 , 2015 , Hassan announced her candidacy for the U.S . Senate in 2016 . She challenged incumbent Republican U.S . Senator Kelly Ayotte . The race was considered one of the most competitive U.S . Senate races of the year . Hassan was endorsed by the pro-choice Democratic political action committee EMILYs List , which also backed her two gubernatorial runs . Hassan endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2016 Democratic presidential primary . She said climate change and reproductive rights would be her top priorities if she were elected to the Senate . On November 9 , the day after Election Day , Hassan was declared the winner . Ayotte conceded that evening , choosing not to pursue a recount . 2022 . Hassan has announced that she will run for reelection in 2022 . Tenure . 116th Congress ( 2019–2021 ) . Hassan participated in a bipartisan Trump administration taskforce to support the reopening of the economy during the COVID-19 pandemic Hassan was in the Senate chamber on January 6 , 2021 , for the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count when Trump supporters stormed the U.S . Capitol . After the Capitol was breached by rioters , Hassan , along with staff and other senators , was removed from the chambers to an undisclosed location . Hassan called the event traumatizing , calling it an insurrection and one of the grimmest days in the history of our country . The following day , she called for Trump to resign , calling him unfit for office . She also called for an investigation into the lack of security , poor law enforcement response , and how law enforcement treated the Trump supporters , which contrasted with the treatment of Black Lives Matter protestors . Committee assignments . - Committee on Finance - Committee on Health , Education , Labor and Pensions - Subcommittee on Children and Families - Subcommittee on Primary Health and Retirement Security - Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs - Subcommittee on Federal Spending Oversight and Emergency Management - Subcommittee on Regulatory Affairs and Federal Management - Joint Economic Committee Controversies . On June 19 , 2018 , a congressional intern was caught on video yelling , “Mr . President , fuck you!” , as Trump walked through the United States Capitol for a meeting with Republican congressmen . On June 25 , Hassans office confirmed that a Hassan intern , Caitlin Marriott , was the person caught on video swearing at Trump . A Hassan spokesperson confirmed that Marriott had been suspended from her position for a week and was required to return her congressional intern ID badge . Hassan refused demands that she fire Marriott . In 2019 , former Hassan staffers Jackson Cosko and Samantha Davis pleaded guilty to federal crimes . Cosko pleaded guilty to five felonies ; following his termination from Hassans staff , he illegally accessed Senate computers , obtained personal information about five Republican senators , and disseminated that personal information online because he was angry about the senators roles in the confirmation of Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court of the United States . In June 2019 , Cosko was sentenced to four years in prison . Davis pleaded guilty to two misdemeanors in July 2019 , acknowledging that she had given Cosko access to Hassans Senate office after he was fired and had lied to investigators about it . Political positions . Firearms . Hassan has a D rating from the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) . She supports a background check system to avoid gun sales to the mentally ill . She was supported by Gabby Giffords and Michael Bloomberg in the 2016 election . In March 2018 , Hassan was one of ten senators to sign a letter to Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Health , Education , Labor and Pensions Lamar Alexander and ranking Democrat Patty Murray requesting they schedule a hearing on the causes and remedies of mass shootings in the wake of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting . Journalism . In July 2019 , Hassan cosponsored the Fallen Journalists Memorial Act , a bill introduced by Ben Cardin and Rob Portman that would create a new memorial that would be privately funded and constructed on federal lands within Washington , D.C . to honor journalists , photographers , and broadcasters who have died in the line of duty . Marijuana . As governor , Hassan signed legislation that legalized medical marijuana but opposed efforts to legalize recreational possession . As of 2020 , NORML , an organization that seeks legalization , gave Hassan a C- score as a U.S . senator due to her actions as governor . Minimum wage . On February 3 , 2021 , Hassan announced she opposes raising the federal minimum wage to $15/hour as proposed in President Bidens American Rescue Plan legislation . On March 5 , 2021 , she and seven other Democratic senators voted with Republicans to block raising the minimum wage as part of the legislation . Illegal immigration . On February 4 , 2021 , Hassan and seven other Democrats voted with Republicans to approve an amendment aimed at keeping illegal immigrants from receiving any COVID-19 pandemic-related assistance . Asian American hate crimes . On April 22 , 2021 , Hassan voted for S.937 , the COVID-19 Hate Crimes Act , which passed with bipartisan support on a vote of 94 to 1 ( 5 not voting ) . But along with most Senate Democrats , she voted against S.Amdt.1446 to S.Amdt.1445 , which would have prohibited federal funding to any institution of higher education that discriminates against Asian Americans in recruitment , applicant review , or admissions . Personal life . Hassans husband , Thomas , was principal of Phillips Exeter Academy from 2008 to 2015 , and as of 2016 is the president of School Year Abroad . When he was principal , the Hassans did not live in the Governors Mansion , instead living in a colonial mansion on the school campus provided to them as part of her husbands employment . In 2016 , The Association of Boarding Schools censured Thomas Hassan for failing to disclose sexual misconduct of a former teacher at Phillips Exeter . After he left his position at Phillips Exeter , the Hassans bought and moved into a home in Newfields , New Hampshire . Hassan has two adult children , the older of whom , Ben , has cerebral palsy . She is a member of the United Church of Christ . Hassan has received honorary doctorates from the University of New Hampshire ( 2013 ) , Northeastern University ( 2013 ) , Southern New Hampshire University ( 2014 ) , New Hampshire Institute of Art ( 2015 ) , New England College ( 2016 ) , and UNH School of Law ( 2017 ) . |
[
"governor of New Hampshire"
] | easy | Maggie Hassan took which position from 2013 to 2017? | /wiki/Maggie_Hassan#P39#1 | Maggie Hassan Margaret Coldwell Hassan ( ; née Wood ; born February 27 , 1958 ) is an American politician and attorney serving as the junior United States Senator from New Hampshire . A Democrat , Hassan was elected to the Senate in 2016 while she was serving as the 81st governor of New Hampshire , an office she held from 2013 to 2017 . Born in Boston , Massachusetts , Hassan is a graduate of Brown University and earned a J.D . from the Northeastern University School of Law . After graduating from law school in 1985 , she worked at the law firm Palmer and Dodge . She later worked as associate general counsel for Brigham and Women’s Hospital . Hassan first ran for the New Hampshire Senate in 2002 after Democratic Party leaders recruited her . She lost to incumbent Senator Russell Prescott but ran against Prescott again in 2004 and won . Hassan was elected to a total of three two-year terms , representing New Hampshires 23rd district from January 2005 to December 2010 . She became the Majority Leader in the State Senate in 2008 before losing reelection in a 2010 rematch with Prescott . Hassan declared her candidacy for governor in October 2011 . She defeated former State Senator Jacalyn Cilley in the Democratic primary and faced the Republican nominee , attorney Ovide M . Lamontagne , in the general election . Hassan won with 55% of the vote , becoming the states second female governor . She was reelected in 2014 . After becoming governor , Hassan was elected vice chair of the Democratic Governors Association and served as a superdelegate at the Democratic National Convention . In 2016 , Hassan ran for the U.S . Senate and narrowly defeated Kelly Ayotte , the Republican incumbent , by about a thousand votes ( about 0.1% of the vote ) . She is serving with Jeanne Shaheen , another former governor . Hassan and Shaheen are the only two women in American history to be elected both governor and U.S . senator . Early life and education . Hassan was born Margaret Wood in Boston , Massachusetts , the daughter of Margaret ( Byers ) and Robert Coldwell Wood , a political scientist who served as U.S . Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in the Lyndon Johnson administration . She has two siblings , including Tony award-winning actor Frank Wood . Wood grew up in Lincoln , Massachusetts . As a child she sang in school choirs and at church . Her parents were politically active , and Maggie collated mailers for the League of Women Voters . She attended Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High School , Sudbury , Massachusetts , and graduated with the Class of 1976 . Wood then enrolled at Brown University , where she majored in history and graduated in 1980 with a B.A . degree . While there , she met her future husband , Thomas Hassan , also a student at the university . She received a J.D . degree from the Northeastern University School of Law in 1985 . Early career . From 1985 to 1999 , Hassan worked as an attorney . From 1985 to 1992 , she worked at the Boston law firm Palmer and Dodge . From 1993 to 1996 , Hassan was Associate General Counsel for Brigham and Womens Hospital/Partners Healthcare of Boston . In 1996 , Hassan began working as an attorney for Sullivan , Weinstein and McQuay , a Boston corporate defense and business law firm . In 1999 , then-New Hampshire Governor Jeanne Shaheen appointed her as a citizen advisor to the Advisory Committee to the Adequacy in Education and Finance Commission . New Hampshire Senate . Elections . Hassan first ran for the New Hampshire Senate in 2002 after Democratic Party leaders suggested she run . She lost to incumbent Senator Russell Prescott , 54% to 46% . In 2004 , she ran against Prescott again and won , 52% to 48% . In 2006 , she was reelected against Natalie Healy , 60% to 40% . In 2008 , she defeated Lee Quandt , 57% to 43% . She served as the assistant Democratic whip , president pro tempore , and majority leader of the State Senate during her six years in office . She represented New Hampshires 23rd district , which includes East Kingston , Exeter , Kensington , Kingston , Newfields , Newmarket , Newton , Seabrook , South Hampton and Stratham . In November 2010 , Hassan lost to Prescott in a second rematch , 53% to 47% , as Republicans regained control of both the state House and state Senate . Tenure . Hassan served on the Capital Budget Committee and the Budget Conference Committee . She helped pass the FY2008-FY2009 budget . In 2008 , Senate President Sylvia Larsen chose Hassan to serve as Senate Majority Leader , the number two position in the New Hampshire Senate . Larsen chose her for the position because she wanted someone who would fight to get the Democratic caucus to support the same agenda , at times creating friction between Hassan and her Republican colleagues . During her tenure as majority leader , Hassan had a major role in legalizing same-sex marriage in New Hampshire . She presented three versions of a same-sex marriage bill , one of which narrowly gained enough support to pass both chambers . Hassan helped pass the FY2010-FY2011 budget . This budget increased spending by over a billion dollars and contained 33 tax and fee increases , including taxing campsites like hotel rooms , a so-called income tax on New Hampshire business , and raising vehicle registration fees . Committee assignments . - Capital Budget Committee - Commerce , Labor and Consumer Protection - Finance - Public and Municipal Affairs ( Chair ) - Energy , Environment , and Economic Development ( Vice Chair ) - Internal Affairs Committee - Executive Department and Administration Committee Governor of New Hampshire . Elections . 2012 . In October 2011 , Hassan announced her candidacy for governor of New Hampshire . She won the Democratic primary with 53% of the vote , defeating former state senator Jacalyn Cilley , who received 39% . Hassan was endorsed by former U.S . President Bill Clinton . Campaign themes included implementing the Affordable Care Act . In the general election , Hassan defeated Republican nominee Ovide M . Lamontagne , 55% to 43% , carrying every county in the state . Matt Burgess managed her campaign and senior consultants included media consultant Joe Slade White . Independent expenditure groups spent more than $11 million on Hassans behalf . Major financial support for her campaign came from the Washington , D.C.-based Democratic Governors Association , the Service Employees International Union , the American Federation of State , County and Municipal Employees , and the National Education Association . 2014 . In June 2014 , Hassan filed to run for reelection . She defeated Ian Freeman in the September 9 Democratic primary and Republican nominee Walt Havenstein in the general election , 52% to 48% . Hassan carried 7 of 10 counties . Return of campaign donations . In August 2014 , New Hampshire Attorney General Joseph Foster , a Hassan appointee , ordered her to return $24,000 in campaign contributions that violated New Hampshire campaign finance laws . In October 2014 , Hassan was ordered to return another $25,000 in funds a union donated to her gubernatorial campaign because the union had not properly registered with the state as a political committee . Tenure . Hassan was sworn in as governor for a two-year term on January 3 , 2013 . In December 2013 , she was elected vice chair of the Democratic Governors Association . That year , Hassan signed a bill creating a state sea level rise commission . During a conflict between two sides of the Demoulas family , which owns the Market Basket grocery chain , Hassan urged the family to resolve the dispute , which threatened 9,000 jobs in New Hampshire . In July 2015 , Hassan vetoed a bill that would have removed the licensing requirement for carrying concealed firearms in the state . In response to New Hampshires opioid crisis , she appointed Jack Wozmak the states drug czar in early 2015 . He resigned one year later in response to complaints about his job performance . Hassan also worked to preserve funding for Planned Parenthood clinics throughout the state . She resigned as governor at the end of January 2 , 2017 , to prepare for her swearing-in to the U.S . Senate . Senate president Chuck Morse became acting governor . U.S . Senate . Elections . 2016 . On October 5 , 2015 , Hassan announced her candidacy for the U.S . Senate in 2016 . She challenged incumbent Republican U.S . Senator Kelly Ayotte . The race was considered one of the most competitive U.S . Senate races of the year . Hassan was endorsed by the pro-choice Democratic political action committee EMILYs List , which also backed her two gubernatorial runs . Hassan endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2016 Democratic presidential primary . She said climate change and reproductive rights would be her top priorities if she were elected to the Senate . On November 9 , the day after Election Day , Hassan was declared the winner . Ayotte conceded that evening , choosing not to pursue a recount . 2022 . Hassan has announced that she will run for reelection in 2022 . Tenure . 116th Congress ( 2019–2021 ) . Hassan participated in a bipartisan Trump administration taskforce to support the reopening of the economy during the COVID-19 pandemic Hassan was in the Senate chamber on January 6 , 2021 , for the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count when Trump supporters stormed the U.S . Capitol . After the Capitol was breached by rioters , Hassan , along with staff and other senators , was removed from the chambers to an undisclosed location . Hassan called the event traumatizing , calling it an insurrection and one of the grimmest days in the history of our country . The following day , she called for Trump to resign , calling him unfit for office . She also called for an investigation into the lack of security , poor law enforcement response , and how law enforcement treated the Trump supporters , which contrasted with the treatment of Black Lives Matter protestors . Committee assignments . - Committee on Finance - Committee on Health , Education , Labor and Pensions - Subcommittee on Children and Families - Subcommittee on Primary Health and Retirement Security - Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs - Subcommittee on Federal Spending Oversight and Emergency Management - Subcommittee on Regulatory Affairs and Federal Management - Joint Economic Committee Controversies . On June 19 , 2018 , a congressional intern was caught on video yelling , “Mr . President , fuck you!” , as Trump walked through the United States Capitol for a meeting with Republican congressmen . On June 25 , Hassans office confirmed that a Hassan intern , Caitlin Marriott , was the person caught on video swearing at Trump . A Hassan spokesperson confirmed that Marriott had been suspended from her position for a week and was required to return her congressional intern ID badge . Hassan refused demands that she fire Marriott . In 2019 , former Hassan staffers Jackson Cosko and Samantha Davis pleaded guilty to federal crimes . Cosko pleaded guilty to five felonies ; following his termination from Hassans staff , he illegally accessed Senate computers , obtained personal information about five Republican senators , and disseminated that personal information online because he was angry about the senators roles in the confirmation of Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court of the United States . In June 2019 , Cosko was sentenced to four years in prison . Davis pleaded guilty to two misdemeanors in July 2019 , acknowledging that she had given Cosko access to Hassans Senate office after he was fired and had lied to investigators about it . Political positions . Firearms . Hassan has a D rating from the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) . She supports a background check system to avoid gun sales to the mentally ill . She was supported by Gabby Giffords and Michael Bloomberg in the 2016 election . In March 2018 , Hassan was one of ten senators to sign a letter to Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Health , Education , Labor and Pensions Lamar Alexander and ranking Democrat Patty Murray requesting they schedule a hearing on the causes and remedies of mass shootings in the wake of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting . Journalism . In July 2019 , Hassan cosponsored the Fallen Journalists Memorial Act , a bill introduced by Ben Cardin and Rob Portman that would create a new memorial that would be privately funded and constructed on federal lands within Washington , D.C . to honor journalists , photographers , and broadcasters who have died in the line of duty . Marijuana . As governor , Hassan signed legislation that legalized medical marijuana but opposed efforts to legalize recreational possession . As of 2020 , NORML , an organization that seeks legalization , gave Hassan a C- score as a U.S . senator due to her actions as governor . Minimum wage . On February 3 , 2021 , Hassan announced she opposes raising the federal minimum wage to $15/hour as proposed in President Bidens American Rescue Plan legislation . On March 5 , 2021 , she and seven other Democratic senators voted with Republicans to block raising the minimum wage as part of the legislation . Illegal immigration . On February 4 , 2021 , Hassan and seven other Democrats voted with Republicans to approve an amendment aimed at keeping illegal immigrants from receiving any COVID-19 pandemic-related assistance . Asian American hate crimes . On April 22 , 2021 , Hassan voted for S.937 , the COVID-19 Hate Crimes Act , which passed with bipartisan support on a vote of 94 to 1 ( 5 not voting ) . But along with most Senate Democrats , she voted against S.Amdt.1446 to S.Amdt.1445 , which would have prohibited federal funding to any institution of higher education that discriminates against Asian Americans in recruitment , applicant review , or admissions . Personal life . Hassans husband , Thomas , was principal of Phillips Exeter Academy from 2008 to 2015 , and as of 2016 is the president of School Year Abroad . When he was principal , the Hassans did not live in the Governors Mansion , instead living in a colonial mansion on the school campus provided to them as part of her husbands employment . In 2016 , The Association of Boarding Schools censured Thomas Hassan for failing to disclose sexual misconduct of a former teacher at Phillips Exeter . After he left his position at Phillips Exeter , the Hassans bought and moved into a home in Newfields , New Hampshire . Hassan has two adult children , the older of whom , Ben , has cerebral palsy . She is a member of the United Church of Christ . Hassan has received honorary doctorates from the University of New Hampshire ( 2013 ) , Northeastern University ( 2013 ) , Southern New Hampshire University ( 2014 ) , New Hampshire Institute of Art ( 2015 ) , New England College ( 2016 ) , and UNH School of Law ( 2017 ) . |
[
"U.S . Senate"
] | easy | Which position did Maggie Hassan hold from 2017 to 2020? | /wiki/Maggie_Hassan#P39#2 | Maggie Hassan Margaret Coldwell Hassan ( ; née Wood ; born February 27 , 1958 ) is an American politician and attorney serving as the junior United States Senator from New Hampshire . A Democrat , Hassan was elected to the Senate in 2016 while she was serving as the 81st governor of New Hampshire , an office she held from 2013 to 2017 . Born in Boston , Massachusetts , Hassan is a graduate of Brown University and earned a J.D . from the Northeastern University School of Law . After graduating from law school in 1985 , she worked at the law firm Palmer and Dodge . She later worked as associate general counsel for Brigham and Women’s Hospital . Hassan first ran for the New Hampshire Senate in 2002 after Democratic Party leaders recruited her . She lost to incumbent Senator Russell Prescott but ran against Prescott again in 2004 and won . Hassan was elected to a total of three two-year terms , representing New Hampshires 23rd district from January 2005 to December 2010 . She became the Majority Leader in the State Senate in 2008 before losing reelection in a 2010 rematch with Prescott . Hassan declared her candidacy for governor in October 2011 . She defeated former State Senator Jacalyn Cilley in the Democratic primary and faced the Republican nominee , attorney Ovide M . Lamontagne , in the general election . Hassan won with 55% of the vote , becoming the states second female governor . She was reelected in 2014 . After becoming governor , Hassan was elected vice chair of the Democratic Governors Association and served as a superdelegate at the Democratic National Convention . In 2016 , Hassan ran for the U.S . Senate and narrowly defeated Kelly Ayotte , the Republican incumbent , by about a thousand votes ( about 0.1% of the vote ) . She is serving with Jeanne Shaheen , another former governor . Hassan and Shaheen are the only two women in American history to be elected both governor and U.S . senator . Early life and education . Hassan was born Margaret Wood in Boston , Massachusetts , the daughter of Margaret ( Byers ) and Robert Coldwell Wood , a political scientist who served as U.S . Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in the Lyndon Johnson administration . She has two siblings , including Tony award-winning actor Frank Wood . Wood grew up in Lincoln , Massachusetts . As a child she sang in school choirs and at church . Her parents were politically active , and Maggie collated mailers for the League of Women Voters . She attended Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High School , Sudbury , Massachusetts , and graduated with the Class of 1976 . Wood then enrolled at Brown University , where she majored in history and graduated in 1980 with a B.A . degree . While there , she met her future husband , Thomas Hassan , also a student at the university . She received a J.D . degree from the Northeastern University School of Law in 1985 . Early career . From 1985 to 1999 , Hassan worked as an attorney . From 1985 to 1992 , she worked at the Boston law firm Palmer and Dodge . From 1993 to 1996 , Hassan was Associate General Counsel for Brigham and Womens Hospital/Partners Healthcare of Boston . In 1996 , Hassan began working as an attorney for Sullivan , Weinstein and McQuay , a Boston corporate defense and business law firm . In 1999 , then-New Hampshire Governor Jeanne Shaheen appointed her as a citizen advisor to the Advisory Committee to the Adequacy in Education and Finance Commission . New Hampshire Senate . Elections . Hassan first ran for the New Hampshire Senate in 2002 after Democratic Party leaders suggested she run . She lost to incumbent Senator Russell Prescott , 54% to 46% . In 2004 , she ran against Prescott again and won , 52% to 48% . In 2006 , she was reelected against Natalie Healy , 60% to 40% . In 2008 , she defeated Lee Quandt , 57% to 43% . She served as the assistant Democratic whip , president pro tempore , and majority leader of the State Senate during her six years in office . She represented New Hampshires 23rd district , which includes East Kingston , Exeter , Kensington , Kingston , Newfields , Newmarket , Newton , Seabrook , South Hampton and Stratham . In November 2010 , Hassan lost to Prescott in a second rematch , 53% to 47% , as Republicans regained control of both the state House and state Senate . Tenure . Hassan served on the Capital Budget Committee and the Budget Conference Committee . She helped pass the FY2008-FY2009 budget . In 2008 , Senate President Sylvia Larsen chose Hassan to serve as Senate Majority Leader , the number two position in the New Hampshire Senate . Larsen chose her for the position because she wanted someone who would fight to get the Democratic caucus to support the same agenda , at times creating friction between Hassan and her Republican colleagues . During her tenure as majority leader , Hassan had a major role in legalizing same-sex marriage in New Hampshire . She presented three versions of a same-sex marriage bill , one of which narrowly gained enough support to pass both chambers . Hassan helped pass the FY2010-FY2011 budget . This budget increased spending by over a billion dollars and contained 33 tax and fee increases , including taxing campsites like hotel rooms , a so-called income tax on New Hampshire business , and raising vehicle registration fees . Committee assignments . - Capital Budget Committee - Commerce , Labor and Consumer Protection - Finance - Public and Municipal Affairs ( Chair ) - Energy , Environment , and Economic Development ( Vice Chair ) - Internal Affairs Committee - Executive Department and Administration Committee Governor of New Hampshire . Elections . 2012 . In October 2011 , Hassan announced her candidacy for governor of New Hampshire . She won the Democratic primary with 53% of the vote , defeating former state senator Jacalyn Cilley , who received 39% . Hassan was endorsed by former U.S . President Bill Clinton . Campaign themes included implementing the Affordable Care Act . In the general election , Hassan defeated Republican nominee Ovide M . Lamontagne , 55% to 43% , carrying every county in the state . Matt Burgess managed her campaign and senior consultants included media consultant Joe Slade White . Independent expenditure groups spent more than $11 million on Hassans behalf . Major financial support for her campaign came from the Washington , D.C.-based Democratic Governors Association , the Service Employees International Union , the American Federation of State , County and Municipal Employees , and the National Education Association . 2014 . In June 2014 , Hassan filed to run for reelection . She defeated Ian Freeman in the September 9 Democratic primary and Republican nominee Walt Havenstein in the general election , 52% to 48% . Hassan carried 7 of 10 counties . Return of campaign donations . In August 2014 , New Hampshire Attorney General Joseph Foster , a Hassan appointee , ordered her to return $24,000 in campaign contributions that violated New Hampshire campaign finance laws . In October 2014 , Hassan was ordered to return another $25,000 in funds a union donated to her gubernatorial campaign because the union had not properly registered with the state as a political committee . Tenure . Hassan was sworn in as governor for a two-year term on January 3 , 2013 . In December 2013 , she was elected vice chair of the Democratic Governors Association . That year , Hassan signed a bill creating a state sea level rise commission . During a conflict between two sides of the Demoulas family , which owns the Market Basket grocery chain , Hassan urged the family to resolve the dispute , which threatened 9,000 jobs in New Hampshire . In July 2015 , Hassan vetoed a bill that would have removed the licensing requirement for carrying concealed firearms in the state . In response to New Hampshires opioid crisis , she appointed Jack Wozmak the states drug czar in early 2015 . He resigned one year later in response to complaints about his job performance . Hassan also worked to preserve funding for Planned Parenthood clinics throughout the state . She resigned as governor at the end of January 2 , 2017 , to prepare for her swearing-in to the U.S . Senate . Senate president Chuck Morse became acting governor . U.S . Senate . Elections . 2016 . On October 5 , 2015 , Hassan announced her candidacy for the U.S . Senate in 2016 . She challenged incumbent Republican U.S . Senator Kelly Ayotte . The race was considered one of the most competitive U.S . Senate races of the year . Hassan was endorsed by the pro-choice Democratic political action committee EMILYs List , which also backed her two gubernatorial runs . Hassan endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2016 Democratic presidential primary . She said climate change and reproductive rights would be her top priorities if she were elected to the Senate . On November 9 , the day after Election Day , Hassan was declared the winner . Ayotte conceded that evening , choosing not to pursue a recount . 2022 . Hassan has announced that she will run for reelection in 2022 . Tenure . 116th Congress ( 2019–2021 ) . Hassan participated in a bipartisan Trump administration taskforce to support the reopening of the economy during the COVID-19 pandemic Hassan was in the Senate chamber on January 6 , 2021 , for the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count when Trump supporters stormed the U.S . Capitol . After the Capitol was breached by rioters , Hassan , along with staff and other senators , was removed from the chambers to an undisclosed location . Hassan called the event traumatizing , calling it an insurrection and one of the grimmest days in the history of our country . The following day , she called for Trump to resign , calling him unfit for office . She also called for an investigation into the lack of security , poor law enforcement response , and how law enforcement treated the Trump supporters , which contrasted with the treatment of Black Lives Matter protestors . Committee assignments . - Committee on Finance - Committee on Health , Education , Labor and Pensions - Subcommittee on Children and Families - Subcommittee on Primary Health and Retirement Security - Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs - Subcommittee on Federal Spending Oversight and Emergency Management - Subcommittee on Regulatory Affairs and Federal Management - Joint Economic Committee Controversies . On June 19 , 2018 , a congressional intern was caught on video yelling , “Mr . President , fuck you!” , as Trump walked through the United States Capitol for a meeting with Republican congressmen . On June 25 , Hassans office confirmed that a Hassan intern , Caitlin Marriott , was the person caught on video swearing at Trump . A Hassan spokesperson confirmed that Marriott had been suspended from her position for a week and was required to return her congressional intern ID badge . Hassan refused demands that she fire Marriott . In 2019 , former Hassan staffers Jackson Cosko and Samantha Davis pleaded guilty to federal crimes . Cosko pleaded guilty to five felonies ; following his termination from Hassans staff , he illegally accessed Senate computers , obtained personal information about five Republican senators , and disseminated that personal information online because he was angry about the senators roles in the confirmation of Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court of the United States . In June 2019 , Cosko was sentenced to four years in prison . Davis pleaded guilty to two misdemeanors in July 2019 , acknowledging that she had given Cosko access to Hassans Senate office after he was fired and had lied to investigators about it . Political positions . Firearms . Hassan has a D rating from the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) . She supports a background check system to avoid gun sales to the mentally ill . She was supported by Gabby Giffords and Michael Bloomberg in the 2016 election . In March 2018 , Hassan was one of ten senators to sign a letter to Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Health , Education , Labor and Pensions Lamar Alexander and ranking Democrat Patty Murray requesting they schedule a hearing on the causes and remedies of mass shootings in the wake of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting . Journalism . In July 2019 , Hassan cosponsored the Fallen Journalists Memorial Act , a bill introduced by Ben Cardin and Rob Portman that would create a new memorial that would be privately funded and constructed on federal lands within Washington , D.C . to honor journalists , photographers , and broadcasters who have died in the line of duty . Marijuana . As governor , Hassan signed legislation that legalized medical marijuana but opposed efforts to legalize recreational possession . As of 2020 , NORML , an organization that seeks legalization , gave Hassan a C- score as a U.S . senator due to her actions as governor . Minimum wage . On February 3 , 2021 , Hassan announced she opposes raising the federal minimum wage to $15/hour as proposed in President Bidens American Rescue Plan legislation . On March 5 , 2021 , she and seven other Democratic senators voted with Republicans to block raising the minimum wage as part of the legislation . Illegal immigration . On February 4 , 2021 , Hassan and seven other Democrats voted with Republicans to approve an amendment aimed at keeping illegal immigrants from receiving any COVID-19 pandemic-related assistance . Asian American hate crimes . On April 22 , 2021 , Hassan voted for S.937 , the COVID-19 Hate Crimes Act , which passed with bipartisan support on a vote of 94 to 1 ( 5 not voting ) . But along with most Senate Democrats , she voted against S.Amdt.1446 to S.Amdt.1445 , which would have prohibited federal funding to any institution of higher education that discriminates against Asian Americans in recruitment , applicant review , or admissions . Personal life . Hassans husband , Thomas , was principal of Phillips Exeter Academy from 2008 to 2015 , and as of 2016 is the president of School Year Abroad . When he was principal , the Hassans did not live in the Governors Mansion , instead living in a colonial mansion on the school campus provided to them as part of her husbands employment . In 2016 , The Association of Boarding Schools censured Thomas Hassan for failing to disclose sexual misconduct of a former teacher at Phillips Exeter . After he left his position at Phillips Exeter , the Hassans bought and moved into a home in Newfields , New Hampshire . Hassan has two adult children , the older of whom , Ben , has cerebral palsy . She is a member of the United Church of Christ . Hassan has received honorary doctorates from the University of New Hampshire ( 2013 ) , Northeastern University ( 2013 ) , Southern New Hampshire University ( 2014 ) , New Hampshire Institute of Art ( 2015 ) , New England College ( 2016 ) , and UNH School of Law ( 2017 ) . |
[
"West Ham United"
] | easy | Which team did the player Jamie Coyne belong to from 1998 to 1999? | /wiki/Jamie_Coyne#P54#0 | Jamie Coyne Jamie Coyne ( born 2 January 1982 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia ) is an Australian football ( soccer ) player . He is the younger brother of Chris Coyne and son of former NSL player John Coyne . Club career . Early career . Jamie was signed by West Ham United as his first professional football contract . From there , Jamie returned to Australia to play for Perth SC , where he was voted the fairest and best player for the league . Jamie was then signed by Perth Glory as part of their national soccer league team where he played for two seasons while they won the league championship and were also grand final winners . After standing out for Perth Glory he signed a 3-year contract with ADO Den Haag in the Dutch Eredivisie . Perth Glory . Jamie decided to return to Perth Glory for the second time in his career for the start of the new Hyundai A League competition , where he would remain for the next six years of his career . During this time he was the team captain and was also selected for the Australian national team training camps . Jamie was a part of the Perth Glory team that made the finals for the first time in the clubs A-League history , during the 2009/10 season . However , the team bowed out to the Wellington Phoenix on penalties . He has played over 150 games for the club . Sydney FC . After several seasons in Perth , Coyne was offered a one-year contract with Sydney FC . Known for his physical presence , pace and commitment he was seen as an important signing in renewing their backline . His first goal came in his third match for the club against Adelaide United F.C . Jamie asked for a release from his contract so that he could sign for Sriwajaya FC in the Indonesian Super League for the second half of the season . Sriwijaya . He made an immediate impact with his new club when they didnt concede a goal in his first 6 games , the team went on to win the league title with 4 games remaining in the season . Melbourne Heart . Coyne returned to Australia and on 6 February 2013 joined A-League side Melbourne Heart until the end of the season . Honours . Club honours . - Perth SC - Football West State League Premier Division ( 1 ) : 2002 - Perth Glory - National Soccer League ( 2 ) : 2002–03 , 2003–04 - Sriwijaya - Indonesia Super League ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Bayswater City SC - National Premier Leagues Western Australia ( 1 ) : 2014 External links . - Perth Glory profile - Oz Football profile - Pint Culture profile - Melbourne Heart profile |
[
"Perth SC"
] | easy | Which team did Jamie Coyne play for from 2000 to 2002? | /wiki/Jamie_Coyne#P54#1 | Jamie Coyne Jamie Coyne ( born 2 January 1982 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia ) is an Australian football ( soccer ) player . He is the younger brother of Chris Coyne and son of former NSL player John Coyne . Club career . Early career . Jamie was signed by West Ham United as his first professional football contract . From there , Jamie returned to Australia to play for Perth SC , where he was voted the fairest and best player for the league . Jamie was then signed by Perth Glory as part of their national soccer league team where he played for two seasons while they won the league championship and were also grand final winners . After standing out for Perth Glory he signed a 3-year contract with ADO Den Haag in the Dutch Eredivisie . Perth Glory . Jamie decided to return to Perth Glory for the second time in his career for the start of the new Hyundai A League competition , where he would remain for the next six years of his career . During this time he was the team captain and was also selected for the Australian national team training camps . Jamie was a part of the Perth Glory team that made the finals for the first time in the clubs A-League history , during the 2009/10 season . However , the team bowed out to the Wellington Phoenix on penalties . He has played over 150 games for the club . Sydney FC . After several seasons in Perth , Coyne was offered a one-year contract with Sydney FC . Known for his physical presence , pace and commitment he was seen as an important signing in renewing their backline . His first goal came in his third match for the club against Adelaide United F.C . Jamie asked for a release from his contract so that he could sign for Sriwajaya FC in the Indonesian Super League for the second half of the season . Sriwijaya . He made an immediate impact with his new club when they didnt concede a goal in his first 6 games , the team went on to win the league title with 4 games remaining in the season . Melbourne Heart . Coyne returned to Australia and on 6 February 2013 joined A-League side Melbourne Heart until the end of the season . Honours . Club honours . - Perth SC - Football West State League Premier Division ( 1 ) : 2002 - Perth Glory - National Soccer League ( 2 ) : 2002–03 , 2003–04 - Sriwijaya - Indonesia Super League ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Bayswater City SC - National Premier Leagues Western Australia ( 1 ) : 2014 External links . - Perth Glory profile - Oz Football profile - Pint Culture profile - Melbourne Heart profile |
[
"Perth Glory"
] | easy | Which team did the player Jamie Coyne belong to from 2002 to 2004? | /wiki/Jamie_Coyne#P54#2 | Jamie Coyne Jamie Coyne ( born 2 January 1982 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia ) is an Australian football ( soccer ) player . He is the younger brother of Chris Coyne and son of former NSL player John Coyne . Club career . Early career . Jamie was signed by West Ham United as his first professional football contract . From there , Jamie returned to Australia to play for Perth SC , where he was voted the fairest and best player for the league . Jamie was then signed by Perth Glory as part of their national soccer league team where he played for two seasons while they won the league championship and were also grand final winners . After standing out for Perth Glory he signed a 3-year contract with ADO Den Haag in the Dutch Eredivisie . Perth Glory . Jamie decided to return to Perth Glory for the second time in his career for the start of the new Hyundai A League competition , where he would remain for the next six years of his career . During this time he was the team captain and was also selected for the Australian national team training camps . Jamie was a part of the Perth Glory team that made the finals for the first time in the clubs A-League history , during the 2009/10 season . However , the team bowed out to the Wellington Phoenix on penalties . He has played over 150 games for the club . Sydney FC . After several seasons in Perth , Coyne was offered a one-year contract with Sydney FC . Known for his physical presence , pace and commitment he was seen as an important signing in renewing their backline . His first goal came in his third match for the club against Adelaide United F.C . Jamie asked for a release from his contract so that he could sign for Sriwajaya FC in the Indonesian Super League for the second half of the season . Sriwijaya . He made an immediate impact with his new club when they didnt concede a goal in his first 6 games , the team went on to win the league title with 4 games remaining in the season . Melbourne Heart . Coyne returned to Australia and on 6 February 2013 joined A-League side Melbourne Heart until the end of the season . Honours . Club honours . - Perth SC - Football West State League Premier Division ( 1 ) : 2002 - Perth Glory - National Soccer League ( 2 ) : 2002–03 , 2003–04 - Sriwijaya - Indonesia Super League ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Bayswater City SC - National Premier Leagues Western Australia ( 1 ) : 2014 External links . - Perth Glory profile - Oz Football profile - Pint Culture profile - Melbourne Heart profile |
[
"ADO Den Haag"
] | easy | Which team did Jamie Coyne play for from 2004 to 2005? | /wiki/Jamie_Coyne#P54#3 | Jamie Coyne Jamie Coyne ( born 2 January 1982 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia ) is an Australian football ( soccer ) player . He is the younger brother of Chris Coyne and son of former NSL player John Coyne . Club career . Early career . Jamie was signed by West Ham United as his first professional football contract . From there , Jamie returned to Australia to play for Perth SC , where he was voted the fairest and best player for the league . Jamie was then signed by Perth Glory as part of their national soccer league team where he played for two seasons while they won the league championship and were also grand final winners . After standing out for Perth Glory he signed a 3-year contract with ADO Den Haag in the Dutch Eredivisie . Perth Glory . Jamie decided to return to Perth Glory for the second time in his career for the start of the new Hyundai A League competition , where he would remain for the next six years of his career . During this time he was the team captain and was also selected for the Australian national team training camps . Jamie was a part of the Perth Glory team that made the finals for the first time in the clubs A-League history , during the 2009/10 season . However , the team bowed out to the Wellington Phoenix on penalties . He has played over 150 games for the club . Sydney FC . After several seasons in Perth , Coyne was offered a one-year contract with Sydney FC . Known for his physical presence , pace and commitment he was seen as an important signing in renewing their backline . His first goal came in his third match for the club against Adelaide United F.C . Jamie asked for a release from his contract so that he could sign for Sriwajaya FC in the Indonesian Super League for the second half of the season . Sriwijaya . He made an immediate impact with his new club when they didnt concede a goal in his first 6 games , the team went on to win the league title with 4 games remaining in the season . Melbourne Heart . Coyne returned to Australia and on 6 February 2013 joined A-League side Melbourne Heart until the end of the season . Honours . Club honours . - Perth SC - Football West State League Premier Division ( 1 ) : 2002 - Perth Glory - National Soccer League ( 2 ) : 2002–03 , 2003–04 - Sriwijaya - Indonesia Super League ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Bayswater City SC - National Premier Leagues Western Australia ( 1 ) : 2014 External links . - Perth Glory profile - Oz Football profile - Pint Culture profile - Melbourne Heart profile |
[
"Perth Glory"
] | easy | Which team did the player Jamie Coyne belong to from 2005 to 2011? | /wiki/Jamie_Coyne#P54#4 | Jamie Coyne Jamie Coyne ( born 2 January 1982 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia ) is an Australian football ( soccer ) player . He is the younger brother of Chris Coyne and son of former NSL player John Coyne . Club career . Early career . Jamie was signed by West Ham United as his first professional football contract . From there , Jamie returned to Australia to play for Perth SC , where he was voted the fairest and best player for the league . Jamie was then signed by Perth Glory as part of their national soccer league team where he played for two seasons while they won the league championship and were also grand final winners . After standing out for Perth Glory he signed a 3-year contract with ADO Den Haag in the Dutch Eredivisie . Perth Glory . Jamie decided to return to Perth Glory for the second time in his career for the start of the new Hyundai A League competition , where he would remain for the next six years of his career . During this time he was the team captain and was also selected for the Australian national team training camps . Jamie was a part of the Perth Glory team that made the finals for the first time in the clubs A-League history , during the 2009/10 season . However , the team bowed out to the Wellington Phoenix on penalties . He has played over 150 games for the club . Sydney FC . After several seasons in Perth , Coyne was offered a one-year contract with Sydney FC . Known for his physical presence , pace and commitment he was seen as an important signing in renewing their backline . His first goal came in his third match for the club against Adelaide United F.C . Jamie asked for a release from his contract so that he could sign for Sriwajaya FC in the Indonesian Super League for the second half of the season . Sriwijaya . He made an immediate impact with his new club when they didnt concede a goal in his first 6 games , the team went on to win the league title with 4 games remaining in the season . Melbourne Heart . Coyne returned to Australia and on 6 February 2013 joined A-League side Melbourne Heart until the end of the season . Honours . Club honours . - Perth SC - Football West State League Premier Division ( 1 ) : 2002 - Perth Glory - National Soccer League ( 2 ) : 2002–03 , 2003–04 - Sriwijaya - Indonesia Super League ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Bayswater City SC - National Premier Leagues Western Australia ( 1 ) : 2014 External links . - Perth Glory profile - Oz Football profile - Pint Culture profile - Melbourne Heart profile |
[
"Sydney FC"
] | easy | Which team did Jamie Coyne play for from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Jamie_Coyne#P54#5 | Jamie Coyne Jamie Coyne ( born 2 January 1982 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia ) is an Australian football ( soccer ) player . He is the younger brother of Chris Coyne and son of former NSL player John Coyne . Club career . Early career . Jamie was signed by West Ham United as his first professional football contract . From there , Jamie returned to Australia to play for Perth SC , where he was voted the fairest and best player for the league . Jamie was then signed by Perth Glory as part of their national soccer league team where he played for two seasons while they won the league championship and were also grand final winners . After standing out for Perth Glory he signed a 3-year contract with ADO Den Haag in the Dutch Eredivisie . Perth Glory . Jamie decided to return to Perth Glory for the second time in his career for the start of the new Hyundai A League competition , where he would remain for the next six years of his career . During this time he was the team captain and was also selected for the Australian national team training camps . Jamie was a part of the Perth Glory team that made the finals for the first time in the clubs A-League history , during the 2009/10 season . However , the team bowed out to the Wellington Phoenix on penalties . He has played over 150 games for the club . Sydney FC . After several seasons in Perth , Coyne was offered a one-year contract with Sydney FC . Known for his physical presence , pace and commitment he was seen as an important signing in renewing their backline . His first goal came in his third match for the club against Adelaide United F.C . Jamie asked for a release from his contract so that he could sign for Sriwajaya FC in the Indonesian Super League for the second half of the season . Sriwijaya . He made an immediate impact with his new club when they didnt concede a goal in his first 6 games , the team went on to win the league title with 4 games remaining in the season . Melbourne Heart . Coyne returned to Australia and on 6 February 2013 joined A-League side Melbourne Heart until the end of the season . Honours . Club honours . - Perth SC - Football West State League Premier Division ( 1 ) : 2002 - Perth Glory - National Soccer League ( 2 ) : 2002–03 , 2003–04 - Sriwijaya - Indonesia Super League ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Bayswater City SC - National Premier Leagues Western Australia ( 1 ) : 2014 External links . - Perth Glory profile - Oz Football profile - Pint Culture profile - Melbourne Heart profile |
[
"Sriwajaya FC"
] | easy | Which team did Jamie Coyne play for from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Jamie_Coyne#P54#6 | Jamie Coyne Jamie Coyne ( born 2 January 1982 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia ) is an Australian football ( soccer ) player . He is the younger brother of Chris Coyne and son of former NSL player John Coyne . Club career . Early career . Jamie was signed by West Ham United as his first professional football contract . From there , Jamie returned to Australia to play for Perth SC , where he was voted the fairest and best player for the league . Jamie was then signed by Perth Glory as part of their national soccer league team where he played for two seasons while they won the league championship and were also grand final winners . After standing out for Perth Glory he signed a 3-year contract with ADO Den Haag in the Dutch Eredivisie . Perth Glory . Jamie decided to return to Perth Glory for the second time in his career for the start of the new Hyundai A League competition , where he would remain for the next six years of his career . During this time he was the team captain and was also selected for the Australian national team training camps . Jamie was a part of the Perth Glory team that made the finals for the first time in the clubs A-League history , during the 2009/10 season . However , the team bowed out to the Wellington Phoenix on penalties . He has played over 150 games for the club . Sydney FC . After several seasons in Perth , Coyne was offered a one-year contract with Sydney FC . Known for his physical presence , pace and commitment he was seen as an important signing in renewing their backline . His first goal came in his third match for the club against Adelaide United F.C . Jamie asked for a release from his contract so that he could sign for Sriwajaya FC in the Indonesian Super League for the second half of the season . Sriwijaya . He made an immediate impact with his new club when they didnt concede a goal in his first 6 games , the team went on to win the league title with 4 games remaining in the season . Melbourne Heart . Coyne returned to Australia and on 6 February 2013 joined A-League side Melbourne Heart until the end of the season . Honours . Club honours . - Perth SC - Football West State League Premier Division ( 1 ) : 2002 - Perth Glory - National Soccer League ( 2 ) : 2002–03 , 2003–04 - Sriwijaya - Indonesia Super League ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Bayswater City SC - National Premier Leagues Western Australia ( 1 ) : 2014 External links . - Perth Glory profile - Oz Football profile - Pint Culture profile - Melbourne Heart profile |
[
"Melbourne Heart"
] | easy | Which team did the player Jamie Coyne belong to from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Jamie_Coyne#P54#7 | Jamie Coyne Jamie Coyne ( born 2 January 1982 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia ) is an Australian football ( soccer ) player . He is the younger brother of Chris Coyne and son of former NSL player John Coyne . Club career . Early career . Jamie was signed by West Ham United as his first professional football contract . From there , Jamie returned to Australia to play for Perth SC , where he was voted the fairest and best player for the league . Jamie was then signed by Perth Glory as part of their national soccer league team where he played for two seasons while they won the league championship and were also grand final winners . After standing out for Perth Glory he signed a 3-year contract with ADO Den Haag in the Dutch Eredivisie . Perth Glory . Jamie decided to return to Perth Glory for the second time in his career for the start of the new Hyundai A League competition , where he would remain for the next six years of his career . During this time he was the team captain and was also selected for the Australian national team training camps . Jamie was a part of the Perth Glory team that made the finals for the first time in the clubs A-League history , during the 2009/10 season . However , the team bowed out to the Wellington Phoenix on penalties . He has played over 150 games for the club . Sydney FC . After several seasons in Perth , Coyne was offered a one-year contract with Sydney FC . Known for his physical presence , pace and commitment he was seen as an important signing in renewing their backline . His first goal came in his third match for the club against Adelaide United F.C . Jamie asked for a release from his contract so that he could sign for Sriwajaya FC in the Indonesian Super League for the second half of the season . Sriwijaya . He made an immediate impact with his new club when they didnt concede a goal in his first 6 games , the team went on to win the league title with 4 games remaining in the season . Melbourne Heart . Coyne returned to Australia and on 6 February 2013 joined A-League side Melbourne Heart until the end of the season . Honours . Club honours . - Perth SC - Football West State League Premier Division ( 1 ) : 2002 - Perth Glory - National Soccer League ( 2 ) : 2002–03 , 2003–04 - Sriwijaya - Indonesia Super League ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Bayswater City SC - National Premier Leagues Western Australia ( 1 ) : 2014 External links . - Perth Glory profile - Oz Football profile - Pint Culture profile - Melbourne Heart profile |
[
"Dewoitine D.520s"
] | easy | Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes was operated by what from 1939 to 1944? | /wiki/Escadron_de_Chasse_1/2_Cigognes#P121#0 | Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( Fighter Squadron 1/2 Cigognes ) is a French Air and Space Force ( Armée de lair et de lespace ) fighter squadron currently stationed at BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base , Haute-Saône , France . It inherits the traditions of three notable World War I units : SPA 3 of the famous ace Georges Guynemer , SPA26 , SPA 103 of René Fonck , and SPA 12 . Heir to Escadrille 3 ( the Cigognes Escadrille ) EC 1/2 Cigogne was created on November 1945 , by reorganizing No . 329 Squadron RAF , which the latter was constituted by pilots of Groupe de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes after the armistice of 1940 . The latter was deployed to French Indochina , and combat engaged on Supermarine Spitfire , with Escadrille SPA 3 stationed in Saigon and the SPA 103 stationed in Hanoi . Upon its return to mainland France , the squadron converted to the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt in 1948 . History . Before and during World War I . Following a decision taken by the French Army General Council , in June 1912 , the first flights of the French air arm were formed . One of these was established at the army camp of Avord , in Cher . Its designation , B.L . 3 , arose from the aircraft type with which it was equipped , the Blériot XI . Once established , the flight moved eastward , towards Alsace . The sight of this migration led to comparison with the storks which are harbingers spring in Alsace . So the name Cigogne came to be associated in peoples minds with B.L . 3 . Alsace had been part of France until 1871 but in 1912 was part of Germany . The association therefore touched French pride . It was not until 1916 , under the pressure of the Great War in which aircraft numbers grew rapidly , that the association between the emblem and the unit became official . So that aircrews should be able to recognise other members of their own flight , in order to regroup after dispersal during fighting , the command of the Somme Combat Group , of which flight.3 was then a part , ordered that clear symbols be painted on aircraft . By this time , the flights had been grouped into squadrons . The squadrons commanding officer , Commandant Felix Brocard , chose to make reference to the Alsatian storks by using a white stork with lowered wings as the emblem on the Nieuports of no . 3 flight . He then ordered the other flights of the squadron to choose emblems using storks in other postures . The modern emblem of the squadron bears three storks at three points in the wing-beat cycle . They represent respectively Flight 3 ( wings low ) , Flight 103 ( wings high ) and Flight 12 ( wings spread ) . See also Escadrille 3 , Escadrille 26 , Escadrille 103 , Escadrille 12 World War II . Having distinguished itself during the Battle of France in 1940 , the squadron was disbanded in August . However , it was re-formed in July 1941 and equipped with Dewoitine D.520s . In 1942 , it was sent to North Africa where it took its opportunity , with other units , to join the Free French Forces and was shipped to Ayr , in Scotland . There it was given the British designation No . 329 Squadron RAF . On 6 June 1944 , it took part in the Normandy landings and from 19 August , was again based in France , at Sommervieu , Normandy , under Captain Ozanne . At this period , it specialized in ground attack but aerial combat was still part of the job and in December 1944 , the squadron was faced with its first Jet-propelled opposition . In July 1945 , fifteen aircraft of the squadron took part in the victory fly-past . Post World War II . In November 1945 , the squadron , EC 1/2 Cigognes was re-established as a unit of the French Air Force . In June 1946 it left for French Indochina where it flew the Supermarine Spitfire , with the SPA 3 flight stationed at Saigon and SPA 103 at Hanoi . On its return to Metropolitan France in 1948 , it was reequipped with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts . In 1949 , EC 1/2 Cigognes moved to its present base at Dijon-Longvic , at the same time reequipping with De Havilland Vampire jets , followed by the Dassault MD 450 Ouragan , then Dassault Mystère IVAs . It was in this aircraft that the squadron was engaged during the Suez Crisis in 1956 . Notably , it became the first unit of the French Air Force to deploy an indigenous Mach-2 fighter , the new Mirage IIIC , on 7 July 1961 . In 1968 these were replaced by Mirage IIIE . In 1984 , the Storks moved onto the Dassault Mirage 2000C . On September 9 , 1994 , it received a third flight : the SPA 12 . At the end of the 1990s , the squadron moved to Dassault Mirage 2000-5F . Escadrille SPA 12 was dissolved on September 3 , 2009 and replaced by SPA 26 ( a traditional escadrille of Escadron de Chasse 1/5 Vendée , dissolved in 2007 ) . On Friday 29 July 2011 , the squadron moved to Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base . This put an end to the presence of the Cigognes on Aerial Base 102 Dijon-Longvic . The squadron has played a role in NATOs response to the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine , providing a pair of Mirage 2000-5F ( along with a pair of Mirage 2000C fighters from EC 2/5 ) which arrived at Polands 22nd Air Base on 2 June 2014 . Designations and successive denominations . The squadron has known during the course of history , the following designations : - Groupe de Chasse I/2 ( G.C I/2 ) with escadrille SPA 3 and SPA 103 from 1 September 1933 until 20 August 1940 attached to the 2 Escadre de Chasse between 1 September 1933 and 1 May 1939 . - Groupe de Chasse I/2 with only one escadrille SPA 3 from 1 July 1941 until 1 January 1944 - No . 329 Squadron RAF was attached to the Royal Air Force between 1 January 1944 and 1 November 1945 . - Groupe de Chasse I/2 Cigognes ( G.C I/2 Cigognes ) with escadrille SPA 3 from 1 November 1945 until 1 April 1946 attached to the 2nd Fighter Wing . - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrilles SPA 3 , SPA 103 from 1 April 1950 until 9 September 1994 part of the 2nd Fighter Wing - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrille SPA 3 , SPA 103 and SPA 12 from 9 September 1994 until 3 September 2009 . - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrille SPA 3 , SPA 103 and SPA 26 as of 3 September 2009 . The Escadron/Squadron was attached again to the 2 Escadre de Chasse on 3 September 2015 . Flights . In 2015 , the Escadron 1/2 Cigognes is composed of three escadrille - SPA 3 Cigognes , known as Guynemers - SPA 26 Cigognes , known as ( dite ) Saint-Galmier - SPA 103 Cigognes , known as Foncks Escadrille SPA 12 Cigognes was attached to the 1/2 Cigognes between 9 September 1994 and 3 September 2009 . Bases . - BA 702 Avord Air Base ( formation 1912 ) - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base ( 1941–1942 ) - North Africa ( 1942–1943 ) - 1944-1945 see Free French Forces RAF service - Koblenz ( 1948–1949 ) - BA 102 Dijon Air Base ( 1949-2012 ) - BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base ( 2012- ) |
[
"Supermarine Spitfire"
] | easy | Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes was operated by what from 1944 to 1947? | /wiki/Escadron_de_Chasse_1/2_Cigognes#P121#1 | Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( Fighter Squadron 1/2 Cigognes ) is a French Air and Space Force ( Armée de lair et de lespace ) fighter squadron currently stationed at BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base , Haute-Saône , France . It inherits the traditions of three notable World War I units : SPA 3 of the famous ace Georges Guynemer , SPA26 , SPA 103 of René Fonck , and SPA 12 . Heir to Escadrille 3 ( the Cigognes Escadrille ) EC 1/2 Cigogne was created on November 1945 , by reorganizing No . 329 Squadron RAF , which the latter was constituted by pilots of Groupe de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes after the armistice of 1940 . The latter was deployed to French Indochina , and combat engaged on Supermarine Spitfire , with Escadrille SPA 3 stationed in Saigon and the SPA 103 stationed in Hanoi . Upon its return to mainland France , the squadron converted to the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt in 1948 . History . Before and during World War I . Following a decision taken by the French Army General Council , in June 1912 , the first flights of the French air arm were formed . One of these was established at the army camp of Avord , in Cher . Its designation , B.L . 3 , arose from the aircraft type with which it was equipped , the Blériot XI . Once established , the flight moved eastward , towards Alsace . The sight of this migration led to comparison with the storks which are harbingers spring in Alsace . So the name Cigogne came to be associated in peoples minds with B.L . 3 . Alsace had been part of France until 1871 but in 1912 was part of Germany . The association therefore touched French pride . It was not until 1916 , under the pressure of the Great War in which aircraft numbers grew rapidly , that the association between the emblem and the unit became official . So that aircrews should be able to recognise other members of their own flight , in order to regroup after dispersal during fighting , the command of the Somme Combat Group , of which flight.3 was then a part , ordered that clear symbols be painted on aircraft . By this time , the flights had been grouped into squadrons . The squadrons commanding officer , Commandant Felix Brocard , chose to make reference to the Alsatian storks by using a white stork with lowered wings as the emblem on the Nieuports of no . 3 flight . He then ordered the other flights of the squadron to choose emblems using storks in other postures . The modern emblem of the squadron bears three storks at three points in the wing-beat cycle . They represent respectively Flight 3 ( wings low ) , Flight 103 ( wings high ) and Flight 12 ( wings spread ) . See also Escadrille 3 , Escadrille 26 , Escadrille 103 , Escadrille 12 World War II . Having distinguished itself during the Battle of France in 1940 , the squadron was disbanded in August . However , it was re-formed in July 1941 and equipped with Dewoitine D.520s . In 1942 , it was sent to North Africa where it took its opportunity , with other units , to join the Free French Forces and was shipped to Ayr , in Scotland . There it was given the British designation No . 329 Squadron RAF . On 6 June 1944 , it took part in the Normandy landings and from 19 August , was again based in France , at Sommervieu , Normandy , under Captain Ozanne . At this period , it specialized in ground attack but aerial combat was still part of the job and in December 1944 , the squadron was faced with its first Jet-propelled opposition . In July 1945 , fifteen aircraft of the squadron took part in the victory fly-past . Post World War II . In November 1945 , the squadron , EC 1/2 Cigognes was re-established as a unit of the French Air Force . In June 1946 it left for French Indochina where it flew the Supermarine Spitfire , with the SPA 3 flight stationed at Saigon and SPA 103 at Hanoi . On its return to Metropolitan France in 1948 , it was reequipped with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts . In 1949 , EC 1/2 Cigognes moved to its present base at Dijon-Longvic , at the same time reequipping with De Havilland Vampire jets , followed by the Dassault MD 450 Ouragan , then Dassault Mystère IVAs . It was in this aircraft that the squadron was engaged during the Suez Crisis in 1956 . Notably , it became the first unit of the French Air Force to deploy an indigenous Mach-2 fighter , the new Mirage IIIC , on 7 July 1961 . In 1968 these were replaced by Mirage IIIE . In 1984 , the Storks moved onto the Dassault Mirage 2000C . On September 9 , 1994 , it received a third flight : the SPA 12 . At the end of the 1990s , the squadron moved to Dassault Mirage 2000-5F . Escadrille SPA 12 was dissolved on September 3 , 2009 and replaced by SPA 26 ( a traditional escadrille of Escadron de Chasse 1/5 Vendée , dissolved in 2007 ) . On Friday 29 July 2011 , the squadron moved to Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base . This put an end to the presence of the Cigognes on Aerial Base 102 Dijon-Longvic . The squadron has played a role in NATOs response to the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine , providing a pair of Mirage 2000-5F ( along with a pair of Mirage 2000C fighters from EC 2/5 ) which arrived at Polands 22nd Air Base on 2 June 2014 . Designations and successive denominations . The squadron has known during the course of history , the following designations : - Groupe de Chasse I/2 ( G.C I/2 ) with escadrille SPA 3 and SPA 103 from 1 September 1933 until 20 August 1940 attached to the 2 Escadre de Chasse between 1 September 1933 and 1 May 1939 . - Groupe de Chasse I/2 with only one escadrille SPA 3 from 1 July 1941 until 1 January 1944 - No . 329 Squadron RAF was attached to the Royal Air Force between 1 January 1944 and 1 November 1945 . - Groupe de Chasse I/2 Cigognes ( G.C I/2 Cigognes ) with escadrille SPA 3 from 1 November 1945 until 1 April 1946 attached to the 2nd Fighter Wing . - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrilles SPA 3 , SPA 103 from 1 April 1950 until 9 September 1994 part of the 2nd Fighter Wing - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrille SPA 3 , SPA 103 and SPA 12 from 9 September 1994 until 3 September 2009 . - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrille SPA 3 , SPA 103 and SPA 26 as of 3 September 2009 . The Escadron/Squadron was attached again to the 2 Escadre de Chasse on 3 September 2015 . Flights . In 2015 , the Escadron 1/2 Cigognes is composed of three escadrille - SPA 3 Cigognes , known as Guynemers - SPA 26 Cigognes , known as ( dite ) Saint-Galmier - SPA 103 Cigognes , known as Foncks Escadrille SPA 12 Cigognes was attached to the 1/2 Cigognes between 9 September 1994 and 3 September 2009 . Bases . - BA 702 Avord Air Base ( formation 1912 ) - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base ( 1941–1942 ) - North Africa ( 1942–1943 ) - 1944-1945 see Free French Forces RAF service - Koblenz ( 1948–1949 ) - BA 102 Dijon Air Base ( 1949-2012 ) - BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base ( 2012- ) |
[
"Republic P-47 Thunderbolts"
] | easy | Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes was operated by what from 1948 to 1949? | /wiki/Escadron_de_Chasse_1/2_Cigognes#P121#2 | Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( Fighter Squadron 1/2 Cigognes ) is a French Air and Space Force ( Armée de lair et de lespace ) fighter squadron currently stationed at BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base , Haute-Saône , France . It inherits the traditions of three notable World War I units : SPA 3 of the famous ace Georges Guynemer , SPA26 , SPA 103 of René Fonck , and SPA 12 . Heir to Escadrille 3 ( the Cigognes Escadrille ) EC 1/2 Cigogne was created on November 1945 , by reorganizing No . 329 Squadron RAF , which the latter was constituted by pilots of Groupe de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes after the armistice of 1940 . The latter was deployed to French Indochina , and combat engaged on Supermarine Spitfire , with Escadrille SPA 3 stationed in Saigon and the SPA 103 stationed in Hanoi . Upon its return to mainland France , the squadron converted to the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt in 1948 . History . Before and during World War I . Following a decision taken by the French Army General Council , in June 1912 , the first flights of the French air arm were formed . One of these was established at the army camp of Avord , in Cher . Its designation , B.L . 3 , arose from the aircraft type with which it was equipped , the Blériot XI . Once established , the flight moved eastward , towards Alsace . The sight of this migration led to comparison with the storks which are harbingers spring in Alsace . So the name Cigogne came to be associated in peoples minds with B.L . 3 . Alsace had been part of France until 1871 but in 1912 was part of Germany . The association therefore touched French pride . It was not until 1916 , under the pressure of the Great War in which aircraft numbers grew rapidly , that the association between the emblem and the unit became official . So that aircrews should be able to recognise other members of their own flight , in order to regroup after dispersal during fighting , the command of the Somme Combat Group , of which flight.3 was then a part , ordered that clear symbols be painted on aircraft . By this time , the flights had been grouped into squadrons . The squadrons commanding officer , Commandant Felix Brocard , chose to make reference to the Alsatian storks by using a white stork with lowered wings as the emblem on the Nieuports of no . 3 flight . He then ordered the other flights of the squadron to choose emblems using storks in other postures . The modern emblem of the squadron bears three storks at three points in the wing-beat cycle . They represent respectively Flight 3 ( wings low ) , Flight 103 ( wings high ) and Flight 12 ( wings spread ) . See also Escadrille 3 , Escadrille 26 , Escadrille 103 , Escadrille 12 World War II . Having distinguished itself during the Battle of France in 1940 , the squadron was disbanded in August . However , it was re-formed in July 1941 and equipped with Dewoitine D.520s . In 1942 , it was sent to North Africa where it took its opportunity , with other units , to join the Free French Forces and was shipped to Ayr , in Scotland . There it was given the British designation No . 329 Squadron RAF . On 6 June 1944 , it took part in the Normandy landings and from 19 August , was again based in France , at Sommervieu , Normandy , under Captain Ozanne . At this period , it specialized in ground attack but aerial combat was still part of the job and in December 1944 , the squadron was faced with its first Jet-propelled opposition . In July 1945 , fifteen aircraft of the squadron took part in the victory fly-past . Post World War II . In November 1945 , the squadron , EC 1/2 Cigognes was re-established as a unit of the French Air Force . In June 1946 it left for French Indochina where it flew the Supermarine Spitfire , with the SPA 3 flight stationed at Saigon and SPA 103 at Hanoi . On its return to Metropolitan France in 1948 , it was reequipped with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts . In 1949 , EC 1/2 Cigognes moved to its present base at Dijon-Longvic , at the same time reequipping with De Havilland Vampire jets , followed by the Dassault MD 450 Ouragan , then Dassault Mystère IVAs . It was in this aircraft that the squadron was engaged during the Suez Crisis in 1956 . Notably , it became the first unit of the French Air Force to deploy an indigenous Mach-2 fighter , the new Mirage IIIC , on 7 July 1961 . In 1968 these were replaced by Mirage IIIE . In 1984 , the Storks moved onto the Dassault Mirage 2000C . On September 9 , 1994 , it received a third flight : the SPA 12 . At the end of the 1990s , the squadron moved to Dassault Mirage 2000-5F . Escadrille SPA 12 was dissolved on September 3 , 2009 and replaced by SPA 26 ( a traditional escadrille of Escadron de Chasse 1/5 Vendée , dissolved in 2007 ) . On Friday 29 July 2011 , the squadron moved to Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base . This put an end to the presence of the Cigognes on Aerial Base 102 Dijon-Longvic . The squadron has played a role in NATOs response to the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine , providing a pair of Mirage 2000-5F ( along with a pair of Mirage 2000C fighters from EC 2/5 ) which arrived at Polands 22nd Air Base on 2 June 2014 . Designations and successive denominations . The squadron has known during the course of history , the following designations : - Groupe de Chasse I/2 ( G.C I/2 ) with escadrille SPA 3 and SPA 103 from 1 September 1933 until 20 August 1940 attached to the 2 Escadre de Chasse between 1 September 1933 and 1 May 1939 . - Groupe de Chasse I/2 with only one escadrille SPA 3 from 1 July 1941 until 1 January 1944 - No . 329 Squadron RAF was attached to the Royal Air Force between 1 January 1944 and 1 November 1945 . - Groupe de Chasse I/2 Cigognes ( G.C I/2 Cigognes ) with escadrille SPA 3 from 1 November 1945 until 1 April 1946 attached to the 2nd Fighter Wing . - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrilles SPA 3 , SPA 103 from 1 April 1950 until 9 September 1994 part of the 2nd Fighter Wing - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrille SPA 3 , SPA 103 and SPA 12 from 9 September 1994 until 3 September 2009 . - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrille SPA 3 , SPA 103 and SPA 26 as of 3 September 2009 . The Escadron/Squadron was attached again to the 2 Escadre de Chasse on 3 September 2015 . Flights . In 2015 , the Escadron 1/2 Cigognes is composed of three escadrille - SPA 3 Cigognes , known as Guynemers - SPA 26 Cigognes , known as ( dite ) Saint-Galmier - SPA 103 Cigognes , known as Foncks Escadrille SPA 12 Cigognes was attached to the 1/2 Cigognes between 9 September 1994 and 3 September 2009 . Bases . - BA 702 Avord Air Base ( formation 1912 ) - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base ( 1941–1942 ) - North Africa ( 1942–1943 ) - 1944-1945 see Free French Forces RAF service - Koblenz ( 1948–1949 ) - BA 102 Dijon Air Base ( 1949-2012 ) - BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base ( 2012- ) |
[
"De Havilland Vampire",
"Dassault MD 450 Ouragan",
"Dassault Mystère IVAs"
] | easy | Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes was operated by what from 1949 to 1953? | /wiki/Escadron_de_Chasse_1/2_Cigognes#P121#3 | Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( Fighter Squadron 1/2 Cigognes ) is a French Air and Space Force ( Armée de lair et de lespace ) fighter squadron currently stationed at BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base , Haute-Saône , France . It inherits the traditions of three notable World War I units : SPA 3 of the famous ace Georges Guynemer , SPA26 , SPA 103 of René Fonck , and SPA 12 . Heir to Escadrille 3 ( the Cigognes Escadrille ) EC 1/2 Cigogne was created on November 1945 , by reorganizing No . 329 Squadron RAF , which the latter was constituted by pilots of Groupe de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes after the armistice of 1940 . The latter was deployed to French Indochina , and combat engaged on Supermarine Spitfire , with Escadrille SPA 3 stationed in Saigon and the SPA 103 stationed in Hanoi . Upon its return to mainland France , the squadron converted to the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt in 1948 . History . Before and during World War I . Following a decision taken by the French Army General Council , in June 1912 , the first flights of the French air arm were formed . One of these was established at the army camp of Avord , in Cher . Its designation , B.L . 3 , arose from the aircraft type with which it was equipped , the Blériot XI . Once established , the flight moved eastward , towards Alsace . The sight of this migration led to comparison with the storks which are harbingers spring in Alsace . So the name Cigogne came to be associated in peoples minds with B.L . 3 . Alsace had been part of France until 1871 but in 1912 was part of Germany . The association therefore touched French pride . It was not until 1916 , under the pressure of the Great War in which aircraft numbers grew rapidly , that the association between the emblem and the unit became official . So that aircrews should be able to recognise other members of their own flight , in order to regroup after dispersal during fighting , the command of the Somme Combat Group , of which flight.3 was then a part , ordered that clear symbols be painted on aircraft . By this time , the flights had been grouped into squadrons . The squadrons commanding officer , Commandant Felix Brocard , chose to make reference to the Alsatian storks by using a white stork with lowered wings as the emblem on the Nieuports of no . 3 flight . He then ordered the other flights of the squadron to choose emblems using storks in other postures . The modern emblem of the squadron bears three storks at three points in the wing-beat cycle . They represent respectively Flight 3 ( wings low ) , Flight 103 ( wings high ) and Flight 12 ( wings spread ) . See also Escadrille 3 , Escadrille 26 , Escadrille 103 , Escadrille 12 World War II . Having distinguished itself during the Battle of France in 1940 , the squadron was disbanded in August . However , it was re-formed in July 1941 and equipped with Dewoitine D.520s . In 1942 , it was sent to North Africa where it took its opportunity , with other units , to join the Free French Forces and was shipped to Ayr , in Scotland . There it was given the British designation No . 329 Squadron RAF . On 6 June 1944 , it took part in the Normandy landings and from 19 August , was again based in France , at Sommervieu , Normandy , under Captain Ozanne . At this period , it specialized in ground attack but aerial combat was still part of the job and in December 1944 , the squadron was faced with its first Jet-propelled opposition . In July 1945 , fifteen aircraft of the squadron took part in the victory fly-past . Post World War II . In November 1945 , the squadron , EC 1/2 Cigognes was re-established as a unit of the French Air Force . In June 1946 it left for French Indochina where it flew the Supermarine Spitfire , with the SPA 3 flight stationed at Saigon and SPA 103 at Hanoi . On its return to Metropolitan France in 1948 , it was reequipped with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts . In 1949 , EC 1/2 Cigognes moved to its present base at Dijon-Longvic , at the same time reequipping with De Havilland Vampire jets , followed by the Dassault MD 450 Ouragan , then Dassault Mystère IVAs . It was in this aircraft that the squadron was engaged during the Suez Crisis in 1956 . Notably , it became the first unit of the French Air Force to deploy an indigenous Mach-2 fighter , the new Mirage IIIC , on 7 July 1961 . In 1968 these were replaced by Mirage IIIE . In 1984 , the Storks moved onto the Dassault Mirage 2000C . On September 9 , 1994 , it received a third flight : the SPA 12 . At the end of the 1990s , the squadron moved to Dassault Mirage 2000-5F . Escadrille SPA 12 was dissolved on September 3 , 2009 and replaced by SPA 26 ( a traditional escadrille of Escadron de Chasse 1/5 Vendée , dissolved in 2007 ) . On Friday 29 July 2011 , the squadron moved to Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base . This put an end to the presence of the Cigognes on Aerial Base 102 Dijon-Longvic . The squadron has played a role in NATOs response to the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine , providing a pair of Mirage 2000-5F ( along with a pair of Mirage 2000C fighters from EC 2/5 ) which arrived at Polands 22nd Air Base on 2 June 2014 . Designations and successive denominations . The squadron has known during the course of history , the following designations : - Groupe de Chasse I/2 ( G.C I/2 ) with escadrille SPA 3 and SPA 103 from 1 September 1933 until 20 August 1940 attached to the 2 Escadre de Chasse between 1 September 1933 and 1 May 1939 . - Groupe de Chasse I/2 with only one escadrille SPA 3 from 1 July 1941 until 1 January 1944 - No . 329 Squadron RAF was attached to the Royal Air Force between 1 January 1944 and 1 November 1945 . - Groupe de Chasse I/2 Cigognes ( G.C I/2 Cigognes ) with escadrille SPA 3 from 1 November 1945 until 1 April 1946 attached to the 2nd Fighter Wing . - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrilles SPA 3 , SPA 103 from 1 April 1950 until 9 September 1994 part of the 2nd Fighter Wing - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrille SPA 3 , SPA 103 and SPA 12 from 9 September 1994 until 3 September 2009 . - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrille SPA 3 , SPA 103 and SPA 26 as of 3 September 2009 . The Escadron/Squadron was attached again to the 2 Escadre de Chasse on 3 September 2015 . Flights . In 2015 , the Escadron 1/2 Cigognes is composed of three escadrille - SPA 3 Cigognes , known as Guynemers - SPA 26 Cigognes , known as ( dite ) Saint-Galmier - SPA 103 Cigognes , known as Foncks Escadrille SPA 12 Cigognes was attached to the 1/2 Cigognes between 9 September 1994 and 3 September 2009 . Bases . - BA 702 Avord Air Base ( formation 1912 ) - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base ( 1941–1942 ) - North Africa ( 1942–1943 ) - 1944-1945 see Free French Forces RAF service - Koblenz ( 1948–1949 ) - BA 102 Dijon Air Base ( 1949-2012 ) - BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base ( 2012- ) |
[
"Dassault MD 450 Ouragan",
"Dassault Mystère IVAs"
] | easy | Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes was operated by what from 1953 to 1956? | /wiki/Escadron_de_Chasse_1/2_Cigognes#P121#4 | Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( Fighter Squadron 1/2 Cigognes ) is a French Air and Space Force ( Armée de lair et de lespace ) fighter squadron currently stationed at BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base , Haute-Saône , France . It inherits the traditions of three notable World War I units : SPA 3 of the famous ace Georges Guynemer , SPA26 , SPA 103 of René Fonck , and SPA 12 . Heir to Escadrille 3 ( the Cigognes Escadrille ) EC 1/2 Cigogne was created on November 1945 , by reorganizing No . 329 Squadron RAF , which the latter was constituted by pilots of Groupe de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes after the armistice of 1940 . The latter was deployed to French Indochina , and combat engaged on Supermarine Spitfire , with Escadrille SPA 3 stationed in Saigon and the SPA 103 stationed in Hanoi . Upon its return to mainland France , the squadron converted to the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt in 1948 . History . Before and during World War I . Following a decision taken by the French Army General Council , in June 1912 , the first flights of the French air arm were formed . One of these was established at the army camp of Avord , in Cher . Its designation , B.L . 3 , arose from the aircraft type with which it was equipped , the Blériot XI . Once established , the flight moved eastward , towards Alsace . The sight of this migration led to comparison with the storks which are harbingers spring in Alsace . So the name Cigogne came to be associated in peoples minds with B.L . 3 . Alsace had been part of France until 1871 but in 1912 was part of Germany . The association therefore touched French pride . It was not until 1916 , under the pressure of the Great War in which aircraft numbers grew rapidly , that the association between the emblem and the unit became official . So that aircrews should be able to recognise other members of their own flight , in order to regroup after dispersal during fighting , the command of the Somme Combat Group , of which flight.3 was then a part , ordered that clear symbols be painted on aircraft . By this time , the flights had been grouped into squadrons . The squadrons commanding officer , Commandant Felix Brocard , chose to make reference to the Alsatian storks by using a white stork with lowered wings as the emblem on the Nieuports of no . 3 flight . He then ordered the other flights of the squadron to choose emblems using storks in other postures . The modern emblem of the squadron bears three storks at three points in the wing-beat cycle . They represent respectively Flight 3 ( wings low ) , Flight 103 ( wings high ) and Flight 12 ( wings spread ) . See also Escadrille 3 , Escadrille 26 , Escadrille 103 , Escadrille 12 World War II . Having distinguished itself during the Battle of France in 1940 , the squadron was disbanded in August . However , it was re-formed in July 1941 and equipped with Dewoitine D.520s . In 1942 , it was sent to North Africa where it took its opportunity , with other units , to join the Free French Forces and was shipped to Ayr , in Scotland . There it was given the British designation No . 329 Squadron RAF . On 6 June 1944 , it took part in the Normandy landings and from 19 August , was again based in France , at Sommervieu , Normandy , under Captain Ozanne . At this period , it specialized in ground attack but aerial combat was still part of the job and in December 1944 , the squadron was faced with its first Jet-propelled opposition . In July 1945 , fifteen aircraft of the squadron took part in the victory fly-past . Post World War II . In November 1945 , the squadron , EC 1/2 Cigognes was re-established as a unit of the French Air Force . In June 1946 it left for French Indochina where it flew the Supermarine Spitfire , with the SPA 3 flight stationed at Saigon and SPA 103 at Hanoi . On its return to Metropolitan France in 1948 , it was reequipped with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts . In 1949 , EC 1/2 Cigognes moved to its present base at Dijon-Longvic , at the same time reequipping with De Havilland Vampire jets , followed by the Dassault MD 450 Ouragan , then Dassault Mystère IVAs . It was in this aircraft that the squadron was engaged during the Suez Crisis in 1956 . Notably , it became the first unit of the French Air Force to deploy an indigenous Mach-2 fighter , the new Mirage IIIC , on 7 July 1961 . In 1968 these were replaced by Mirage IIIE . In 1984 , the Storks moved onto the Dassault Mirage 2000C . On September 9 , 1994 , it received a third flight : the SPA 12 . At the end of the 1990s , the squadron moved to Dassault Mirage 2000-5F . Escadrille SPA 12 was dissolved on September 3 , 2009 and replaced by SPA 26 ( a traditional escadrille of Escadron de Chasse 1/5 Vendée , dissolved in 2007 ) . On Friday 29 July 2011 , the squadron moved to Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base . This put an end to the presence of the Cigognes on Aerial Base 102 Dijon-Longvic . The squadron has played a role in NATOs response to the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine , providing a pair of Mirage 2000-5F ( along with a pair of Mirage 2000C fighters from EC 2/5 ) which arrived at Polands 22nd Air Base on 2 June 2014 . Designations and successive denominations . The squadron has known during the course of history , the following designations : - Groupe de Chasse I/2 ( G.C I/2 ) with escadrille SPA 3 and SPA 103 from 1 September 1933 until 20 August 1940 attached to the 2 Escadre de Chasse between 1 September 1933 and 1 May 1939 . - Groupe de Chasse I/2 with only one escadrille SPA 3 from 1 July 1941 until 1 January 1944 - No . 329 Squadron RAF was attached to the Royal Air Force between 1 January 1944 and 1 November 1945 . - Groupe de Chasse I/2 Cigognes ( G.C I/2 Cigognes ) with escadrille SPA 3 from 1 November 1945 until 1 April 1946 attached to the 2nd Fighter Wing . - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrilles SPA 3 , SPA 103 from 1 April 1950 until 9 September 1994 part of the 2nd Fighter Wing - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrille SPA 3 , SPA 103 and SPA 12 from 9 September 1994 until 3 September 2009 . - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrille SPA 3 , SPA 103 and SPA 26 as of 3 September 2009 . The Escadron/Squadron was attached again to the 2 Escadre de Chasse on 3 September 2015 . Flights . In 2015 , the Escadron 1/2 Cigognes is composed of three escadrille - SPA 3 Cigognes , known as Guynemers - SPA 26 Cigognes , known as ( dite ) Saint-Galmier - SPA 103 Cigognes , known as Foncks Escadrille SPA 12 Cigognes was attached to the 1/2 Cigognes between 9 September 1994 and 3 September 2009 . Bases . - BA 702 Avord Air Base ( formation 1912 ) - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base ( 1941–1942 ) - North Africa ( 1942–1943 ) - 1944-1945 see Free French Forces RAF service - Koblenz ( 1948–1949 ) - BA 102 Dijon Air Base ( 1949-2012 ) - BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base ( 2012- ) |
[
"Dassault Mystère IVAs",
"Mirage IIIC"
] | easy | Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes was operated by what from 1956 to 1961? | /wiki/Escadron_de_Chasse_1/2_Cigognes#P121#5 | Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( Fighter Squadron 1/2 Cigognes ) is a French Air and Space Force ( Armée de lair et de lespace ) fighter squadron currently stationed at BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base , Haute-Saône , France . It inherits the traditions of three notable World War I units : SPA 3 of the famous ace Georges Guynemer , SPA26 , SPA 103 of René Fonck , and SPA 12 . Heir to Escadrille 3 ( the Cigognes Escadrille ) EC 1/2 Cigogne was created on November 1945 , by reorganizing No . 329 Squadron RAF , which the latter was constituted by pilots of Groupe de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes after the armistice of 1940 . The latter was deployed to French Indochina , and combat engaged on Supermarine Spitfire , with Escadrille SPA 3 stationed in Saigon and the SPA 103 stationed in Hanoi . Upon its return to mainland France , the squadron converted to the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt in 1948 . History . Before and during World War I . Following a decision taken by the French Army General Council , in June 1912 , the first flights of the French air arm were formed . One of these was established at the army camp of Avord , in Cher . Its designation , B.L . 3 , arose from the aircraft type with which it was equipped , the Blériot XI . Once established , the flight moved eastward , towards Alsace . The sight of this migration led to comparison with the storks which are harbingers spring in Alsace . So the name Cigogne came to be associated in peoples minds with B.L . 3 . Alsace had been part of France until 1871 but in 1912 was part of Germany . The association therefore touched French pride . It was not until 1916 , under the pressure of the Great War in which aircraft numbers grew rapidly , that the association between the emblem and the unit became official . So that aircrews should be able to recognise other members of their own flight , in order to regroup after dispersal during fighting , the command of the Somme Combat Group , of which flight.3 was then a part , ordered that clear symbols be painted on aircraft . By this time , the flights had been grouped into squadrons . The squadrons commanding officer , Commandant Felix Brocard , chose to make reference to the Alsatian storks by using a white stork with lowered wings as the emblem on the Nieuports of no . 3 flight . He then ordered the other flights of the squadron to choose emblems using storks in other postures . The modern emblem of the squadron bears three storks at three points in the wing-beat cycle . They represent respectively Flight 3 ( wings low ) , Flight 103 ( wings high ) and Flight 12 ( wings spread ) . See also Escadrille 3 , Escadrille 26 , Escadrille 103 , Escadrille 12 World War II . Having distinguished itself during the Battle of France in 1940 , the squadron was disbanded in August . However , it was re-formed in July 1941 and equipped with Dewoitine D.520s . In 1942 , it was sent to North Africa where it took its opportunity , with other units , to join the Free French Forces and was shipped to Ayr , in Scotland . There it was given the British designation No . 329 Squadron RAF . On 6 June 1944 , it took part in the Normandy landings and from 19 August , was again based in France , at Sommervieu , Normandy , under Captain Ozanne . At this period , it specialized in ground attack but aerial combat was still part of the job and in December 1944 , the squadron was faced with its first Jet-propelled opposition . In July 1945 , fifteen aircraft of the squadron took part in the victory fly-past . Post World War II . In November 1945 , the squadron , EC 1/2 Cigognes was re-established as a unit of the French Air Force . In June 1946 it left for French Indochina where it flew the Supermarine Spitfire , with the SPA 3 flight stationed at Saigon and SPA 103 at Hanoi . On its return to Metropolitan France in 1948 , it was reequipped with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts . In 1949 , EC 1/2 Cigognes moved to its present base at Dijon-Longvic , at the same time reequipping with De Havilland Vampire jets , followed by the Dassault MD 450 Ouragan , then Dassault Mystère IVAs . It was in this aircraft that the squadron was engaged during the Suez Crisis in 1956 . Notably , it became the first unit of the French Air Force to deploy an indigenous Mach-2 fighter , the new Mirage IIIC , on 7 July 1961 . In 1968 these were replaced by Mirage IIIE . In 1984 , the Storks moved onto the Dassault Mirage 2000C . On September 9 , 1994 , it received a third flight : the SPA 12 . At the end of the 1990s , the squadron moved to Dassault Mirage 2000-5F . Escadrille SPA 12 was dissolved on September 3 , 2009 and replaced by SPA 26 ( a traditional escadrille of Escadron de Chasse 1/5 Vendée , dissolved in 2007 ) . On Friday 29 July 2011 , the squadron moved to Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base . This put an end to the presence of the Cigognes on Aerial Base 102 Dijon-Longvic . The squadron has played a role in NATOs response to the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine , providing a pair of Mirage 2000-5F ( along with a pair of Mirage 2000C fighters from EC 2/5 ) which arrived at Polands 22nd Air Base on 2 June 2014 . Designations and successive denominations . The squadron has known during the course of history , the following designations : - Groupe de Chasse I/2 ( G.C I/2 ) with escadrille SPA 3 and SPA 103 from 1 September 1933 until 20 August 1940 attached to the 2 Escadre de Chasse between 1 September 1933 and 1 May 1939 . - Groupe de Chasse I/2 with only one escadrille SPA 3 from 1 July 1941 until 1 January 1944 - No . 329 Squadron RAF was attached to the Royal Air Force between 1 January 1944 and 1 November 1945 . - Groupe de Chasse I/2 Cigognes ( G.C I/2 Cigognes ) with escadrille SPA 3 from 1 November 1945 until 1 April 1946 attached to the 2nd Fighter Wing . - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrilles SPA 3 , SPA 103 from 1 April 1950 until 9 September 1994 part of the 2nd Fighter Wing - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrille SPA 3 , SPA 103 and SPA 12 from 9 September 1994 until 3 September 2009 . - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrille SPA 3 , SPA 103 and SPA 26 as of 3 September 2009 . The Escadron/Squadron was attached again to the 2 Escadre de Chasse on 3 September 2015 . Flights . In 2015 , the Escadron 1/2 Cigognes is composed of three escadrille - SPA 3 Cigognes , known as Guynemers - SPA 26 Cigognes , known as ( dite ) Saint-Galmier - SPA 103 Cigognes , known as Foncks Escadrille SPA 12 Cigognes was attached to the 1/2 Cigognes between 9 September 1994 and 3 September 2009 . Bases . - BA 702 Avord Air Base ( formation 1912 ) - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base ( 1941–1942 ) - North Africa ( 1942–1943 ) - 1944-1945 see Free French Forces RAF service - Koblenz ( 1948–1949 ) - BA 102 Dijon Air Base ( 1949-2012 ) - BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base ( 2012- ) |
[
"Mirage IIIC",
"Mirage IIIE"
] | easy | Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes was operated by what from 1961 to 1968? | /wiki/Escadron_de_Chasse_1/2_Cigognes#P121#6 | Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( Fighter Squadron 1/2 Cigognes ) is a French Air and Space Force ( Armée de lair et de lespace ) fighter squadron currently stationed at BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base , Haute-Saône , France . It inherits the traditions of three notable World War I units : SPA 3 of the famous ace Georges Guynemer , SPA26 , SPA 103 of René Fonck , and SPA 12 . Heir to Escadrille 3 ( the Cigognes Escadrille ) EC 1/2 Cigogne was created on November 1945 , by reorganizing No . 329 Squadron RAF , which the latter was constituted by pilots of Groupe de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes after the armistice of 1940 . The latter was deployed to French Indochina , and combat engaged on Supermarine Spitfire , with Escadrille SPA 3 stationed in Saigon and the SPA 103 stationed in Hanoi . Upon its return to mainland France , the squadron converted to the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt in 1948 . History . Before and during World War I . Following a decision taken by the French Army General Council , in June 1912 , the first flights of the French air arm were formed . One of these was established at the army camp of Avord , in Cher . Its designation , B.L . 3 , arose from the aircraft type with which it was equipped , the Blériot XI . Once established , the flight moved eastward , towards Alsace . The sight of this migration led to comparison with the storks which are harbingers spring in Alsace . So the name Cigogne came to be associated in peoples minds with B.L . 3 . Alsace had been part of France until 1871 but in 1912 was part of Germany . The association therefore touched French pride . It was not until 1916 , under the pressure of the Great War in which aircraft numbers grew rapidly , that the association between the emblem and the unit became official . So that aircrews should be able to recognise other members of their own flight , in order to regroup after dispersal during fighting , the command of the Somme Combat Group , of which flight.3 was then a part , ordered that clear symbols be painted on aircraft . By this time , the flights had been grouped into squadrons . The squadrons commanding officer , Commandant Felix Brocard , chose to make reference to the Alsatian storks by using a white stork with lowered wings as the emblem on the Nieuports of no . 3 flight . He then ordered the other flights of the squadron to choose emblems using storks in other postures . The modern emblem of the squadron bears three storks at three points in the wing-beat cycle . They represent respectively Flight 3 ( wings low ) , Flight 103 ( wings high ) and Flight 12 ( wings spread ) . See also Escadrille 3 , Escadrille 26 , Escadrille 103 , Escadrille 12 World War II . Having distinguished itself during the Battle of France in 1940 , the squadron was disbanded in August . However , it was re-formed in July 1941 and equipped with Dewoitine D.520s . In 1942 , it was sent to North Africa where it took its opportunity , with other units , to join the Free French Forces and was shipped to Ayr , in Scotland . There it was given the British designation No . 329 Squadron RAF . On 6 June 1944 , it took part in the Normandy landings and from 19 August , was again based in France , at Sommervieu , Normandy , under Captain Ozanne . At this period , it specialized in ground attack but aerial combat was still part of the job and in December 1944 , the squadron was faced with its first Jet-propelled opposition . In July 1945 , fifteen aircraft of the squadron took part in the victory fly-past . Post World War II . In November 1945 , the squadron , EC 1/2 Cigognes was re-established as a unit of the French Air Force . In June 1946 it left for French Indochina where it flew the Supermarine Spitfire , with the SPA 3 flight stationed at Saigon and SPA 103 at Hanoi . On its return to Metropolitan France in 1948 , it was reequipped with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts . In 1949 , EC 1/2 Cigognes moved to its present base at Dijon-Longvic , at the same time reequipping with De Havilland Vampire jets , followed by the Dassault MD 450 Ouragan , then Dassault Mystère IVAs . It was in this aircraft that the squadron was engaged during the Suez Crisis in 1956 . Notably , it became the first unit of the French Air Force to deploy an indigenous Mach-2 fighter , the new Mirage IIIC , on 7 July 1961 . In 1968 these were replaced by Mirage IIIE . In 1984 , the Storks moved onto the Dassault Mirage 2000C . On September 9 , 1994 , it received a third flight : the SPA 12 . At the end of the 1990s , the squadron moved to Dassault Mirage 2000-5F . Escadrille SPA 12 was dissolved on September 3 , 2009 and replaced by SPA 26 ( a traditional escadrille of Escadron de Chasse 1/5 Vendée , dissolved in 2007 ) . On Friday 29 July 2011 , the squadron moved to Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base . This put an end to the presence of the Cigognes on Aerial Base 102 Dijon-Longvic . The squadron has played a role in NATOs response to the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine , providing a pair of Mirage 2000-5F ( along with a pair of Mirage 2000C fighters from EC 2/5 ) which arrived at Polands 22nd Air Base on 2 June 2014 . Designations and successive denominations . The squadron has known during the course of history , the following designations : - Groupe de Chasse I/2 ( G.C I/2 ) with escadrille SPA 3 and SPA 103 from 1 September 1933 until 20 August 1940 attached to the 2 Escadre de Chasse between 1 September 1933 and 1 May 1939 . - Groupe de Chasse I/2 with only one escadrille SPA 3 from 1 July 1941 until 1 January 1944 - No . 329 Squadron RAF was attached to the Royal Air Force between 1 January 1944 and 1 November 1945 . - Groupe de Chasse I/2 Cigognes ( G.C I/2 Cigognes ) with escadrille SPA 3 from 1 November 1945 until 1 April 1946 attached to the 2nd Fighter Wing . - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrilles SPA 3 , SPA 103 from 1 April 1950 until 9 September 1994 part of the 2nd Fighter Wing - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrille SPA 3 , SPA 103 and SPA 12 from 9 September 1994 until 3 September 2009 . - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrille SPA 3 , SPA 103 and SPA 26 as of 3 September 2009 . The Escadron/Squadron was attached again to the 2 Escadre de Chasse on 3 September 2015 . Flights . In 2015 , the Escadron 1/2 Cigognes is composed of three escadrille - SPA 3 Cigognes , known as Guynemers - SPA 26 Cigognes , known as ( dite ) Saint-Galmier - SPA 103 Cigognes , known as Foncks Escadrille SPA 12 Cigognes was attached to the 1/2 Cigognes between 9 September 1994 and 3 September 2009 . Bases . - BA 702 Avord Air Base ( formation 1912 ) - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base ( 1941–1942 ) - North Africa ( 1942–1943 ) - 1944-1945 see Free French Forces RAF service - Koblenz ( 1948–1949 ) - BA 102 Dijon Air Base ( 1949-2012 ) - BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base ( 2012- ) |
[
"Mirage IIIE",
"Dassault Mirage 2000C"
] | easy | Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes was operated by what from 1968 to 1984? | /wiki/Escadron_de_Chasse_1/2_Cigognes#P121#7 | Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( Fighter Squadron 1/2 Cigognes ) is a French Air and Space Force ( Armée de lair et de lespace ) fighter squadron currently stationed at BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base , Haute-Saône , France . It inherits the traditions of three notable World War I units : SPA 3 of the famous ace Georges Guynemer , SPA26 , SPA 103 of René Fonck , and SPA 12 . Heir to Escadrille 3 ( the Cigognes Escadrille ) EC 1/2 Cigogne was created on November 1945 , by reorganizing No . 329 Squadron RAF , which the latter was constituted by pilots of Groupe de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes after the armistice of 1940 . The latter was deployed to French Indochina , and combat engaged on Supermarine Spitfire , with Escadrille SPA 3 stationed in Saigon and the SPA 103 stationed in Hanoi . Upon its return to mainland France , the squadron converted to the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt in 1948 . History . Before and during World War I . Following a decision taken by the French Army General Council , in June 1912 , the first flights of the French air arm were formed . One of these was established at the army camp of Avord , in Cher . Its designation , B.L . 3 , arose from the aircraft type with which it was equipped , the Blériot XI . Once established , the flight moved eastward , towards Alsace . The sight of this migration led to comparison with the storks which are harbingers spring in Alsace . So the name Cigogne came to be associated in peoples minds with B.L . 3 . Alsace had been part of France until 1871 but in 1912 was part of Germany . The association therefore touched French pride . It was not until 1916 , under the pressure of the Great War in which aircraft numbers grew rapidly , that the association between the emblem and the unit became official . So that aircrews should be able to recognise other members of their own flight , in order to regroup after dispersal during fighting , the command of the Somme Combat Group , of which flight.3 was then a part , ordered that clear symbols be painted on aircraft . By this time , the flights had been grouped into squadrons . The squadrons commanding officer , Commandant Felix Brocard , chose to make reference to the Alsatian storks by using a white stork with lowered wings as the emblem on the Nieuports of no . 3 flight . He then ordered the other flights of the squadron to choose emblems using storks in other postures . The modern emblem of the squadron bears three storks at three points in the wing-beat cycle . They represent respectively Flight 3 ( wings low ) , Flight 103 ( wings high ) and Flight 12 ( wings spread ) . See also Escadrille 3 , Escadrille 26 , Escadrille 103 , Escadrille 12 World War II . Having distinguished itself during the Battle of France in 1940 , the squadron was disbanded in August . However , it was re-formed in July 1941 and equipped with Dewoitine D.520s . In 1942 , it was sent to North Africa where it took its opportunity , with other units , to join the Free French Forces and was shipped to Ayr , in Scotland . There it was given the British designation No . 329 Squadron RAF . On 6 June 1944 , it took part in the Normandy landings and from 19 August , was again based in France , at Sommervieu , Normandy , under Captain Ozanne . At this period , it specialized in ground attack but aerial combat was still part of the job and in December 1944 , the squadron was faced with its first Jet-propelled opposition . In July 1945 , fifteen aircraft of the squadron took part in the victory fly-past . Post World War II . In November 1945 , the squadron , EC 1/2 Cigognes was re-established as a unit of the French Air Force . In June 1946 it left for French Indochina where it flew the Supermarine Spitfire , with the SPA 3 flight stationed at Saigon and SPA 103 at Hanoi . On its return to Metropolitan France in 1948 , it was reequipped with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts . In 1949 , EC 1/2 Cigognes moved to its present base at Dijon-Longvic , at the same time reequipping with De Havilland Vampire jets , followed by the Dassault MD 450 Ouragan , then Dassault Mystère IVAs . It was in this aircraft that the squadron was engaged during the Suez Crisis in 1956 . Notably , it became the first unit of the French Air Force to deploy an indigenous Mach-2 fighter , the new Mirage IIIC , on 7 July 1961 . In 1968 these were replaced by Mirage IIIE . In 1984 , the Storks moved onto the Dassault Mirage 2000C . On September 9 , 1994 , it received a third flight : the SPA 12 . At the end of the 1990s , the squadron moved to Dassault Mirage 2000-5F . Escadrille SPA 12 was dissolved on September 3 , 2009 and replaced by SPA 26 ( a traditional escadrille of Escadron de Chasse 1/5 Vendée , dissolved in 2007 ) . On Friday 29 July 2011 , the squadron moved to Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base . This put an end to the presence of the Cigognes on Aerial Base 102 Dijon-Longvic . The squadron has played a role in NATOs response to the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine , providing a pair of Mirage 2000-5F ( along with a pair of Mirage 2000C fighters from EC 2/5 ) which arrived at Polands 22nd Air Base on 2 June 2014 . Designations and successive denominations . The squadron has known during the course of history , the following designations : - Groupe de Chasse I/2 ( G.C I/2 ) with escadrille SPA 3 and SPA 103 from 1 September 1933 until 20 August 1940 attached to the 2 Escadre de Chasse between 1 September 1933 and 1 May 1939 . - Groupe de Chasse I/2 with only one escadrille SPA 3 from 1 July 1941 until 1 January 1944 - No . 329 Squadron RAF was attached to the Royal Air Force between 1 January 1944 and 1 November 1945 . - Groupe de Chasse I/2 Cigognes ( G.C I/2 Cigognes ) with escadrille SPA 3 from 1 November 1945 until 1 April 1946 attached to the 2nd Fighter Wing . - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrilles SPA 3 , SPA 103 from 1 April 1950 until 9 September 1994 part of the 2nd Fighter Wing - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrille SPA 3 , SPA 103 and SPA 12 from 9 September 1994 until 3 September 2009 . - Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes ( E.C 1/2 Cigognes ) with Escadrille SPA 3 , SPA 103 and SPA 26 as of 3 September 2009 . The Escadron/Squadron was attached again to the 2 Escadre de Chasse on 3 September 2015 . Flights . In 2015 , the Escadron 1/2 Cigognes is composed of three escadrille - SPA 3 Cigognes , known as Guynemers - SPA 26 Cigognes , known as ( dite ) Saint-Galmier - SPA 103 Cigognes , known as Foncks Escadrille SPA 12 Cigognes was attached to the 1/2 Cigognes between 9 September 1994 and 3 September 2009 . Bases . - BA 702 Avord Air Base ( formation 1912 ) - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base ( 1941–1942 ) - North Africa ( 1942–1943 ) - 1944-1945 see Free French Forces RAF service - Koblenz ( 1948–1949 ) - BA 102 Dijon Air Base ( 1949-2012 ) - BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base ( 2012- ) |
[
"leader of the Italian Socialist Party"
] | easy | What position did Bettino Craxi take from Jul 1979 to Aug 1983? | /wiki/Bettino_Craxi#P39#0 | Bettino Craxi Benedetto Bettino Craxi ( , , ; 24 February 1934 – 19 January 2000 ) was an Italian politician , leader of the Italian Socialist Party from 1976 to 1993 and Prime Minister of Italy from 1983 to 1987 . He was the first Italian Socialist Party member to become Prime Minister and the third from a socialist party to hold the office . He led the third-longest government in the Italian Republic and he is considered one of the most powerful and prominent politicians of the so-called First Republic . Craxi was involved in investigations conducted by Mani Pulite judges in Milan , eventually being convicted for corruption and illicit financing of the PSI . He always rejected the charges of corruption while admitting to the illegal funding which permitted costly political activity , the PSI being less financially powerful than the two larger parties , Christian Democracy and the Communists . Craxis government and party were also supported by future Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi , a media magnate and personal friend of Craxi . Craxi maintained strong links with many leaders of the European left , including François Mitterrand , Felipe González , Andreas Papandreou and Mário Soares and was one of the main representatives of Mediterranean or South European socialism . Craxis supporters especially praised his foreign policy , which was assertive and often led to confrontations with the United States , on issues such as Palestine , terrorism and Craxis close relations with Arab socialist governments . Craxi was often nicknamed by his detractors il Cinghialone ( The Big Boar ) due to his physical size . This name was given him by his long-time ally and rival at the same time , Christian Democratic leader Giulio Andreotti . Early life . Craxi was born in Milan on 24 February 1934 . His father Vittorio Craxi was a Sicilian lawyer and anti-fascist who was persecuted by the regime of Benito Mussolini while his mother Maria Ferrari was a housewife from SantAngelo Lodigiano . During World War II , the young Craxi was sent to the Catholic college Edmondo De Amicis due to his unruly character and to protect him from fascist violence in retaliation for his fathers anti-fascist activities . After the war Vittorio Craxi assumed the role of vice-prefect in Milan and then the prefect in Como , where he moved with his family in 1945 . A few months later Bettino returned to college , first in Como and then in Cantù , where he thought to enter the seminary . Vittorio Craxi stood in the 1948 general election for the Popular Democratic Front , a political alliance between Socialists and Communists . Bettino campaigned for his father and later joined the Italian Socialist Party at the age of 17 . Early political career . Craxi was precocious and rose to many levels of public office at an early age . Meanwhile , he attended the faculty of Law in University of Milan and then the faculty of Political Science in Urbino , Craxi founded the Socialist University Nucleus joining the New University group and adhering to the CUDI ( Italian Democratic University Centre ) , the student group that supported the left-wing forces . During this period he engaged for the first time in public speaking , organizing conferences , debates , film screenings , and in 1956 he became part of the PSI Provincial Committee in Milan , and leader of the Socialist Youth Federation . In 1956 , following the Soviet invasion of Hungary , Craxi with a group of loyalists committed himself to the detachment of the Socialist Party by the pro-Communist policy , but he failed : his proposed output of the Socialist Youth Movement by the International Organisation of Democratic Youth was rejected . In November 1956 he was elected town councilor in SantAngelo Lodigiano ( birthplace of his mother ) from , and in 1957 he was elected to the Central Committee of the PSI representing the autonomist current Pietro Nenni . In 1958 the party sent him to Sesto San Giovanni as a responsible of the organization ; in November 1960 he was elected city councilor in Milan with more than 1,000 preferences and became assessor in the junta of Gino Cassinis . In 1961 he was excluded from the Central Committee of the Socialist Party by the new Secretary Francesco De Martino . In 1963 he was appointed leader of the Milan Provincial Secretariat of the PSI and in 1965 Craxi became a member of the National Leadership . Meanwhile , in November 1964 , he was re-elected city councilor in Milan , continuing his public commitment as assessor for Charity and Assistance in the council of Pietro Bucalossi . In 1966 , with the formation of the Unified Socialist Party , a political alliance between the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party , Craxi became provincial secretary of the PSU in Milan , along with by the social democrat Enrico Rizzi and Renzo Peruzzotti . In 1968 general election Craxi was elected for the first time at the Chamber of Deputies with 23,788 votes , in the constituency of Milan–Pavia . In 1970 after the end of the PSU alliance , Craxi became Vice Secretary of the PSI , as proposed by Giacomo Mancini . During this period he was a strong supporters of the Organic Centre-left coalition , between the Christian Democrats of Aldo Moro and Amintore Fanfani , the Socialists of Pietro Nenni , the Social Democrats of Giuseppe Saragat and the Republicans of Ugo La Malfa . In 1972 with the re-election of Francesco De Martino as National Secretary of the Socialist Party during the Genoa Congress , Craxi was confirmed with Giovanni Mosca in the role of Deputy Secretary , receiving the commission to treat the international relations of the party . As representative of PSI at the Socialist International , Craxi formed ties with some of the main European future leaders , like Willy Brandt , Felipe González , François Mitterrand , Mário Soares , Michel Rocard and Andreas Papandreou . As responsible of the PSI foreign policy he supported , also financially , some socialist parties banned by the dictatorships of their respective countries , including the Spanish Socialist Workers Party , the Panhellenic Socialist Movement and the Chilean Socialist Party of Salvador Allende , of whom Craxi was a personal friend . Secretary of the Socialist Party . In 1976 the Secretary Francesco De Martino wrote an article in the Socialist newspaper Avanti ! that caused the fall of the government Aldo Moro and the subsequent snap election , which saw an impressive growth of the Italian Communist Party led by a young leader , Enrico Berlinguer , while the Christian Democracy managed to remain the majority party on just a few votes . Instead for the PSI those elections were a crushing defeat : the votes went down under the threshold of 10% . De Martino , pointing to a new alliance with the Communists , was forced to resign and opened a serious crisis within the party . Bettino Craxi was appointed to the vacant position of National Secretary of the party , ending years of factional fighting within the PSI . Ironically , the old guard saw him as short-lived leader , allowing each faction time to regroup . However , he was able to consolidate power and implement his policies . In particular , he sought and managed to distance the party from the Communists , bringing it into an alliance with Christian Democracy and other centrist parties , while maintaining a leftist and reformist profile . Craxi always opposed the Historic Compromise policy of Moro and Berlinguer , a political alliance and an accommodation between the Christian Democrats and the Communists ; the alliance would inevitably made it politically irrelevant the Socialists . He outlined for a line of alternation between the DC and the left-wing , represented by his party , due to the close relations between the PCI and the Soviet Union . On the morning of 16 March 1978 , the day on which the new cabinet led by Giulio Andreotti was supposed to have undergone a confidence vote in the Italian Parliament , the car of Aldo Moro , former prime minister and then president of DC was assaulted by a group of Red Brigades terrorists in Via Fani in Rome . Firing automatic weapons , the terrorists killed Moros bodyguards and kidnapped him . Craxi was the only political leader , together with Amintore Fanfani and Marco Pannella , to declare himself available to a humanitarian solution that would allow the liberation of Christian Democrat statesman , drawing heavy criticism on the so-called party of firmness , primarily driven by the Communists . On 9 May 1978 Moros body was found in the trunk of a Renault 4 in Via Caetani after 55 days of imprisonment , during which Moro was submitted to a political trial by the so-called peoples court set up by the Brigate Rosse and the Italian government was asked for an exchange of prisoners . In 1978 Craxi decided to change the party logo . He chose a red carnation to represent the new course of the party , in honour of the Carnation Revolution in Portugal . The party shrank the size of the old hammer and sickle in the lower part of the symbol . It was eventually eliminated altogether in 1985 . In July 1978 , following the resignation of President Giovanni Leone , after a lengthy parliamentary battle , Craxi was able to bring together a large number of votes , electing Sandro Pertini , as new President ; Pertini was the first Socialist to hold this position . Pertini was also supported by the Communists , which considered the old Socialist partisan not conducive to the new course of Craxi . Craxi , on the one hand explicitly distanced himself from Leninism referring to forms of authoritarian socialism , and on the other he showed supports to the civil society movements and to the battles for civil rights , mainly proposed by the Radical Party , he oversaw its image through the media . As leader of PSI , he tried to undermine the Communist Party , which until then had been continuously increasing its votes in elections , and to consolidate the PSI as a modern , strongly pro-European reformist social-democratic party , with deep roots in the democratic left-wing . This strategy called for ending most of the partys historical traditions as a working-class trade union based party and attempting to gain new support among white-collar and public sector employees . At the same time , the PSI increased its presence in the big state-owned enterprises , and became heavily involved in corruption and illegal party funding which would eventually result in the Mani pulite investigations . Even if the PSI never became a serious electoral challenger either to the PCI or the Christian Democrats , its pivotal position in the political arena allowed it to claim the post of Prime Minister for Craxi after the 1983 general election . The electoral support for the Christian Democrats was significantly weakened , leaving it with 32.9% of the vote , compared to the 38.3% it gained in 1979 . The PSI , that had obtained only 11% , threatened to leave the parliamentary majority unless Craxi was made Prime Minister . The Christian Democrats accepted this compromise to avoid a new election . Craxi became the first Socialist in the history of the Italian Republic to be appointed Prime Minister . Prime Minister of Italy . Bettino Craxi led the third longest-lived government of Italy during the republican era ( after the II and IV Silvio Berlusconi cabinets ) and had strong influence in Italian politics throughout the 1980s ; for a time , he was a close ally of two key figures of Christian Democracy , Giulio Andreotti and Arnaldo Forlani , in a loose cross-party alliance often dubbed CAF ( from the first letter of the surname Craxi-Andreotti-Forlani ) . Craxi had a firm grasp on a party previously troubled by factionalism , and tried to distance it from the Communists and to bring it closer to Christian Democrats and other parties ; his objective was to create an Italian version of European reformist socialist parties , like the German SPD or the French Socialist Party . The Italian Socialist Party reached its post-war apex when it increased its share of votes in the general election of 1987 . However , the Italian Socialist Party never outgrew the much larger Italian Communist Party , whose highly charismatic leader , Enrico Berlinguer , was a fierce adversary of Craxis policies through the years . The main dynamic of Italian post-war politics was to find a way to keep the Italian Communist Party out of power . This led to the constant formation of political alliances between parties keen on keeping the Communists at bay . Things were further complicated by the fact that many parties had internal currents that would have welcomed the Communists in the governing coalition , in particular , within Christian Democracy , the largest party in Italy from 1945 until the end of the First Republic . Domestic policy . During Craxis tenure as Prime Minister , Italy became the fifth largest industrial nation and gained entry into the G7 Group of most industrialised nations . However , inflation was often in the double digits . Against trade union resistance , the Craxi government reacted by abolishing wage-price indexation ( a mechanism known as scala mobile or escalator ) , under which wages had been increased automatically in line with inflation . Abolishing the escalator system did help reduce inflation , which was also falling in other major countries , but in the long term it inevitably increased industrial action as workers had to bargain for better salaries . In any event , the victory of the No campaign in the referendum called by the Italian Communist Party was a major victory for Craxi . During his premiership the Socialist Party gained popularity . He successfully boosted the countrys GNP and controlled inflation . In domestic policy , a number of reforms were initiated during Craxis time in office . In 1984 , solidarity contracts ( work-sharing arrangements to avoid redundancies ) were introduced , while restrictions on part-time employment were relaxed . In the field of family welfare , legislation was enacted in 1984 and 1986 that changed the family allowance system so that people most in need received larger amounts and coverage was progressively reduced to the point of termination once certain income levels were exceeded . As a result of his spending policies , the Italian national debt skyrocketed during the Craxi era , passing 100% of gross national product . The level of public debt remains in excess of 100% of GDP today . Concordate with the Vatican . In 1984 , Craxi signed an agreement with the Vatican City that revised the Lateran Treaty . Among other things , both sides declared : The principle of the Catholic religion as the sole religion of the Italian State , originally referred to by the Lateran Pacts , shall be considered to be no longer in force . The Churchs position as the sole state-supported religion of Italy was also ended , replacing the state financing with a personal income tax called the otto per mille , to which other religious groups , Christian and non-Christian , also have access . The revised concordat regulated the conditions under which civil effects are accorded to church marriages and to ecclesiastical declarations of nullity of marriages . Abolished articles included those concerning state recognition of knighthoods and titles of nobility conferred by the Holy See , the undertaking by the Holy See to confer ecclesiastical honours on those authorized to perform religious functions at the request of the State or the Royal Household , and the obligation of the Holy See to enable the Italian government to present political objections to the proposed appointment of diocesan bishops . Craxi was not a Catholic : he defined himself a laical Christian , like Giuseppe Garibaldi . Foreign policy . In the international arena , Craxi helped dissidents and Socialist parties throughout the world to organise and become independent . Notable recipients of his logistical help were the Spanish Socialist Workers Party ( PSOE ) during Francisco Francos dictatorship and dramatist Jiři Pelikan , in the former Czechoslovakia . Rare footage of Craxi trying to lay flowers at the tomb of Salvador Allende has been unearthed from RAIs ( Radiotelevisione Italiana ) archives . There is also evidence that part of Craxis illegally earned money was given in secret to leftist political opposition in Uruguay during the military dictatorship , to Solidarity in the period of Jaruzelski rule in Poland and to Yasser Arafat and his Palestine Liberation Organization because of Craxis sympathy for the Palestinian cause . He also played a role in the 1987 seizure of power in Tunisia by Zine el Abidine Ben Ali . The Sigonella crisis . Internationally , Craxi is perhaps best remembered for an incident in October 1985 , when he refused the request of US President Ronald Reagan to extradite the hijackers of the cruise ship Achille Lauro . After protracted negotiations , the hijackers were given safe passage to Egypt by plane . Three United States Navy F-14s forced the plane down to the United States Naval Air Facility ( NAF ) of Sigonella . According to the version of political circles in Washington , Craxi first gave the United States Forces permission to detain the terrorists , but he later reneged on the deal . He ordered Italian troops to surround the US Forces protecting the plane . This move was supposedly dictated both by security concerns about terrorists targeting Italy if the United States had had it their way and by the Italian tradition of diplomacy with the Arab world . Craxis decisive character may have been relevant in this resolution . Though the Americans demanded that the Italian authorities extradite Abu Abbas of the PLO , Craxi stood firm on the grounds that the crime had been perpetrated on Italian soil , over which the Italian Republic had sole jurisdiction . Craxi rejected the US extradition order and let Abu Abbas – chief of the hijackers , present on the plane – flee to Yugoslavia ; the four hijackers were later found guilty , and sentenced to prison terms for hijacking and the murder of a Jewish American citizen , Leon Klinghoffer . Abbas was later also convicted in Italy in absentia and eventually died of natural causes , shortly after being taken prisoner by American forces in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq . This episode earned Craxi an article in The Economist titled Europes strong man and a standing ovation in the Senate of the Republic , which included his Communist opponents . US attack on Libya . According to Giulio Andreotti , Italys foreign minister at the time ( and 42nd Prime Minister of Italy ) and Abdel Rahman Shalgham ( Libyas Foreign Minister from 2000 until 2009 ) , Craxi was the person who telephoned Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi to warn him of the impending American Operation El Dorado Canyon retaliatory air-strikes against Libya on 15 April 1986 . This permitted Gaddafi and his family to evacuate their residence in the Bab al-Azizia compound moments before the bombs dropped . Shalghams statement was also confirmed by Margherita Boniver , foreign affairs chief of Craxis Socialist Party at the time . For the Libyan attack , Craxis government denied the United States any rights of military overflight , as did France and Spain . For the United States , this precluded the use of European continental bases , forcing the US Air Force component to be flown around France and Spain , over Portugal and through the Straits of Gibraltar , adding 1,300 miles ( 2,100 km ) each way and requiring multiple aerial refuelings . Resignation . In April 1987 , the Secretary of the Christian Democracy Ciriaco De Mita decided to drop his support for Craxis government . This caused the immediate fall of the cabinet and the formation of a new government led by the long-time Christian Democratic politician Amintore Fanfani . Even though Fanfani was a close friend and ally of Craxi , he did not participate in the swearing in ceremony , sending the Undersecretary to the Presidency of the Council Giuliano Amato . After the premiership . In the 1987 general election the PSI won 14.3% of the vote , a good result but less good than what Craxi hoped , and this time it was the Christian Democrats turn to govern . From 1987 to 1992 the PSI participated in four governments , allowing Giulio Andreotti to take power in 1989 and to govern until 1992 . The Socialists held a strong balance of power , which made them more powerful than the Christian Democrats , who had to depend on it to form a majority in Parliament . The PSI kept tight control of this advantage . The alternative which Craxi had wanted so much was taking shape : the idea of a Social Unity with the other left-wing political parties , including the PCI , proposed by Craxi in 1989 after the fall of communism . He believed that the collapse of communism in eastern Europe had undermined the PCI and made Social Unity inevitable . In fact the PSI was in line to become the Italys second largest party and to become the dominant force of a new left-wing coalition opposed to a Christian Democrat-led one . This did not actually happen because of the rise of Lega Nord and the Tangentopoli scandals . Involvement in Tangentopoli scandal . The last main turning point of Craxis career began in February 1992 , when Socialist MP Mario Chiesa was arrested by police while taking a 7 million lira bribe from a cleaning service firm . Chiesa sought Craxis protection for nearly a month ; but Craxi accused him of casting a shadow on the most honest party in Italy . Feeling marginalised and unjustly singled-out , Chiesa divulged everything he knew to the prosecutors . His revelations brought half of the Milan Socialists and Industrialists under investigation ; even Paolo Pillitteri , Craxis own brother-in-law and mayor of Milan , was investigated despite his parliamentary immunity . As a consequence , a team of Milanese judges began investigating specifically the partys financing system . In July 1992 , Craxi finally realised the situation was serious and that he himself was going to be hit by the unfolding scandal . He made an appeal before the Chamber of Deputies in which he claimed that everyone knew of the widespread irregularities in the public financing of Italian parties , accused the deputies of hypocrisy and cowardice , and called for all MPs to protect the Socialists from prosecution as a show of solidarity . However , his call was ignored . Craxi received his first prosecution notice in December 1992 . More followed in January and February , at which point the Court of Milan explicitly asked Parliament to authorise Craxis prosecution for bribery and corruption ( at the time , Italian MPs were immune from prosecution unless authorised by Parliament ) . The authorisation was denied on 29 April 1993 after Craxi gave an emotional speech . However , upon coming out of the Hotel Raphael , where he lived , he received a salvo of coins that members of the Democratic Party of the Left and the right-wing Italian Social Movement threw at him as a sign of their disgust . They started to jump and sing : He who does not jump is a Socialist ! ( from a traditional stadium chant ) . Some of the students waved 1,000-lire bills , singing Bettino , do you want these too ? ( Bettino , vuoi pure queste? ) to the tune of Guantanamera . Facing the judges . In December 1993 , after his prosecution was finally authorised , Craxi was called to testify alongside Democrazia Cristiana party secretary Arnaldo Forlani before Justice Antonio Di Pietro . Questions were asked about the so-called ENIMONT super-bribe which the PSI and DC had jointly received and democratically shared . Forlani evasively asked what a bribe was while Craxi , after admitting to the charges brought against himself and other parties , stated that the bribes were the cost of politics . Craxi , noting that the legal process had accelerated in his case , claimed that his prosecution was politically motivated . In May 1994 he fled to Tunis in order to escape jail . His political career ended in less than two years . Italys entire political class , including people like Andreotti and Forlani , was to follow suit soon . The CAF ( the Craxi-Andreotti-Forlani axis ) , which had made a pact to revive the Pentapartito ( an alliance of five parties : DC , PSI , Italian Republican Party , Italian Liberal Party , Italian Democratic Socialist Party ) of the 1980s and apply it to the 1990s , was doomed to be crushed by the popular vote as well as by the judges . The set of anti-corruption investigations carried out by the Milan judges came to be collectively called Mani pulite ( clean hands ) . No party was spared , but in some parties corruption had become more endemic than elsewhere ( either because of more opportunity or internal ethics ) . To this day , some people ( especially those who were close to Craxi ) argue that some parties ( such as the Italian Communist Party ) were left untouched , while the leaders of then ruling coalition ( and in particular Bettino Craxi ) were wiped off the political map . The judges in Milan were put under scrutiny several times by different governments ( especially Silvio Berlusconis first government in 1994 ) , but no evidence of any misconduct was ever found . Furthermore , public opinion was much less concerned about foreign financing than about the misappropriation of their money by corrupt politicians . In the end , the Socialist party went from 14% of the vote to a virtual nil . An ironic note was that the disgraced remnant of the party was excluded from Parliament by the minimum 4% threshold introduced by Bettino Craxi himself during one of his previous governments . As mentioned before , during the Mani pulite period Craxi tried to use a daring defence tactic : he maintained that all parties needed and took money illegally , however they could get it , to finance their activities . His defence was therefore not to declare himself innocent , but everybody guilty . While this was basically the truth , most citizens distrusted politicians , and Craxis defence got no sympathy by the citizens and may have even served to enrage them further . Some bribes didnt go to the parties at all . They went to the personal wallets of the politician who happened to take them . In 2012 , Di Pietro admitted that Craxi was right when during the process Enimont he accused Italian Communist Party to have received illegal funding from the Soviet Union . Craxis sentences seemed to him criminally relevant , but Di Pietro omitted to investigate that crime . Criticism of his lifestyle . Craxis lifestyle was perceived to be inappropriate for the secretary of a party with so many alleged financial problems : he lived in the Raphael , an expensive hotel in Romes centre , and had a large villa in Hammamet , Tunisia . As the Mani Pulite investigations were to uncover in the 1990s , personal corruption was endemic in Italian society ; while many politicians , including Craxi , would justify corruption with the necessities of a democracy , political leaders at many levels enjoyed a lifestyle that should have been well out of their reach , while most parties continued having financial problems . Rino Formica , a prominent member of the Socialist Party in those years , wittily said that the convent is poor , but the friars are rich . Furthermore , Craxis arrogant character won him many enemies ; one of his most condemned actions was blaming corruption in the socialist party on treasurer Vincenzo Balzamo , just after the latters death , in order to clear himself of any accusation . He also had controversial friends , such as Siad Barre , dictator of Somalia , Yasser Arafat , leader of PLO , and Ben Ali , dictator of Tunisia . The latter provided protection to Craxi when he escaped from Italy . Craxis entourage was famously criticised by Formica as a court of midgets and dancers ( corte di nani e ballerine ) , indicating the often ludicrous and immoral traits of a system based on personal acquaintance rather than merit . Among the friends of Craxis to receive smaller and larger favours , Silvio Berlusconi is perhaps the most known : he received many favours , especially regarding his media empire , and had a decree named after him ( Decreto Berlusconi ) long before he entered politics . Other figures were Craxis mistresses Ania Pieroni , who owned a TV station in the Rome area , and Sandra Milo , who had a skyrocketing career in the state-owned TV channels RAI . Craxi was also known for never apologising , as a matter of principle ; most Italians expected an apology after the corrupt system had been exposed . Craxi never apologised , stating he had done nothing that everybody else had not been doing , and that he was being unjustly singled out and persecuted . Judgements of European Court of human rights . All three appeals by Craxi to Strasbourg Court complained that his defense was not able to refute in court the accusations made by various defendants of related crimes , in violation of the adversarial principle proclaimed in article 6 paragraph 3 letter d of the European Convention of Human Rights . The European Court ruled in his favor once , in the case of wiretapped conversations illegally made public . Decline and dissolution of the Socialist Party . Bettino Craxi resigned as party Secretary in February 1993 . Between 1992 and 1993 , most members of the party left politics and three Socialist deputies committed suicide . Craxi was succeeded by two Socialist trade-unionists , first Giorgio Benvenuto and then by Ottaviano Del Turco . In the December 1993 provincial and municipal elections the PSI was virtually wiped out , receiving around 3% of the vote . In Milan , where the PSI had won 20% in 1990 , the PSI received a mere 2% , which was not even enough to elect a councillor . Del Turco tried in vain to regain credibility for the party . In the 1994 general election , what was left of PSI allied itself to the Alliance of Progressives dominated by the post-communist incarnation of the PCI , the Democratic Party of the Left ( PDS ) . Del Turco had quickly changed the party symbol to reinforce the idea of innovation . However , this did not stop the PSI gaining only 2.2% of the votes compared to 13.6% in 1992 . The PSI got 16 deputies and 14 senators elected , down from 92 deputies and 49 senators of 1992 . Most of them came from the left-wing of the party , as Del Turco himself did . Most Socialists joined other political forces , mainly Forza Italia , the new party led by Silvio Berlusconi , the Patto Segni and Democratic Alliance . The party was disbanded on 13 November 1994 after two years of agony , in which almost all of its longtime leaders , especially Bettino Craxi , were involved in Tangentopoli and decided to leave politics . The 100-year-old party closed down , partially thanks to its leaders for their personalisation of the PSI . Craxism . Craxism ( ita : Craxismo ) was and is according to some extant , an Italian political ideology based on Craxis thought . It was informal ideology of the Socialist Party from 1976 to 1994 . Origins and features . Craxism , although the term is considered derogatory today , was based on a synthesis of social democracy , socialism and social liberalism . In fact , if on one side the PSI under Craxi is required with a strong third-worldism , Pro-Arabianism , environmentalism and a modern welfare state system ( typical of the modern left ) , on the other hand was strongly pro-Atlanticist and pro-europeanist and placed on a strong defense of territorial sovereignty ( e.g . Sigonella crisis American armed forces ) and on conservative policies on issues such as abortion and war on drugs . Under Craxi , PSI moved from left-wing to centre-left , much to ally with the Christian Democracy and other moderate parties that formed a coalition called Pentapartito , which ensured a stable majority to govern . Critics . Today , Craxism is often considered a derogatory term describing a corrupt politician , although some welcome him in a favourable manner : this is the case of those who , following the dissolution of the PSI , joined the newly formed Forza Italia of Silvio Berlusconi ( centre-right ) , but also a part of those who formed the Italian Socialists , small party adhering to the Alliance of progressives of Achille Occhetto ( centre-left ) . Finally , Craxism has led to the change of the whole of European socialism , together with Felipe González ( PSOE ) , François Mitterrand ( PS ) , and Helmut Schmidt ( SPD ) , during all of the 1980s ; In addition , along with these other figures , inspired the overhaul and the policies of Tony Blairs Labour Party , the José Zapateros PSOE and the Andreas Papandreous PASOK . In Italy , the main critics of Craxism as well as the figure of Craxi are the former Communists ( including most members of the Democratic Party ) and some media left-wing press ( Il Fatto Quotidiano , il manifesto , LEspresso and la Repubblica ) while the biggest supporters are the Italian Socialist Party of Riccardo Nencini and various politicians of The People of Freedom and the centre-right as Silvio Berlusconi , Renato Brunetta , Maurizio Sacconi , Stefano Caldoro and Stefania Craxi , Bettinos daughter . Death and legacy . All this resulted in him being considered the symbol of political corruption . Bettino Craxi escaped the laws he had once contributed to make , by fleeing to Hammamet , Tunisia in 1994 ; he remained a fugitive there , protected by the government of Ben Ali , his personal friend . He repeatedly declared himself innocent but never returned to Italy where he had been sentenced to 27 years in jail because of his corruption crimes ( of these , 9 years and 8 months were upheld on appeal ) . Craxi died on 19 January 2000 , at the age of 65 , from complications of diabetes . Prime Minister and Democrats of the Left leader , Massimo DAlema proposed a state funeral which , however , was not accepted by Craxis family who accused the government of preventing his return to Italy to undergo a delicate surgery at San Raffaele Hospital in Milan . Craxis funeral took place at the Cathedral of St . Vincent de Paul in Tunis and saw a large participation of the local population . Former PSI militants and other Italians arrived in Tunisia to make the last greetings to their leader . His supporters came outside the Tunisian cathedral and targeted Lamberto Dini and Marco Minniti , representatives of the Italian government , by insults and a launch of coins . Craxis tomb is in the small Christian cemetery in Hammamet ; according to some sources it is orientated towards Italy , but , following a 2017 survey , this has revealed to be erroneous . External links . - Craxi Foundation website |
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"Prime Minister of Italy"
] | easy | What was the position of Bettino Craxi from Aug 1983 to Jul 1984? | /wiki/Bettino_Craxi#P39#1 | Bettino Craxi Benedetto Bettino Craxi ( , , ; 24 February 1934 – 19 January 2000 ) was an Italian politician , leader of the Italian Socialist Party from 1976 to 1993 and Prime Minister of Italy from 1983 to 1987 . He was the first Italian Socialist Party member to become Prime Minister and the third from a socialist party to hold the office . He led the third-longest government in the Italian Republic and he is considered one of the most powerful and prominent politicians of the so-called First Republic . Craxi was involved in investigations conducted by Mani Pulite judges in Milan , eventually being convicted for corruption and illicit financing of the PSI . He always rejected the charges of corruption while admitting to the illegal funding which permitted costly political activity , the PSI being less financially powerful than the two larger parties , Christian Democracy and the Communists . Craxis government and party were also supported by future Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi , a media magnate and personal friend of Craxi . Craxi maintained strong links with many leaders of the European left , including François Mitterrand , Felipe González , Andreas Papandreou and Mário Soares and was one of the main representatives of Mediterranean or South European socialism . Craxis supporters especially praised his foreign policy , which was assertive and often led to confrontations with the United States , on issues such as Palestine , terrorism and Craxis close relations with Arab socialist governments . Craxi was often nicknamed by his detractors il Cinghialone ( The Big Boar ) due to his physical size . This name was given him by his long-time ally and rival at the same time , Christian Democratic leader Giulio Andreotti . Early life . Craxi was born in Milan on 24 February 1934 . His father Vittorio Craxi was a Sicilian lawyer and anti-fascist who was persecuted by the regime of Benito Mussolini while his mother Maria Ferrari was a housewife from SantAngelo Lodigiano . During World War II , the young Craxi was sent to the Catholic college Edmondo De Amicis due to his unruly character and to protect him from fascist violence in retaliation for his fathers anti-fascist activities . After the war Vittorio Craxi assumed the role of vice-prefect in Milan and then the prefect in Como , where he moved with his family in 1945 . A few months later Bettino returned to college , first in Como and then in Cantù , where he thought to enter the seminary . Vittorio Craxi stood in the 1948 general election for the Popular Democratic Front , a political alliance between Socialists and Communists . Bettino campaigned for his father and later joined the Italian Socialist Party at the age of 17 . Early political career . Craxi was precocious and rose to many levels of public office at an early age . Meanwhile , he attended the faculty of Law in University of Milan and then the faculty of Political Science in Urbino , Craxi founded the Socialist University Nucleus joining the New University group and adhering to the CUDI ( Italian Democratic University Centre ) , the student group that supported the left-wing forces . During this period he engaged for the first time in public speaking , organizing conferences , debates , film screenings , and in 1956 he became part of the PSI Provincial Committee in Milan , and leader of the Socialist Youth Federation . In 1956 , following the Soviet invasion of Hungary , Craxi with a group of loyalists committed himself to the detachment of the Socialist Party by the pro-Communist policy , but he failed : his proposed output of the Socialist Youth Movement by the International Organisation of Democratic Youth was rejected . In November 1956 he was elected town councilor in SantAngelo Lodigiano ( birthplace of his mother ) from , and in 1957 he was elected to the Central Committee of the PSI representing the autonomist current Pietro Nenni . In 1958 the party sent him to Sesto San Giovanni as a responsible of the organization ; in November 1960 he was elected city councilor in Milan with more than 1,000 preferences and became assessor in the junta of Gino Cassinis . In 1961 he was excluded from the Central Committee of the Socialist Party by the new Secretary Francesco De Martino . In 1963 he was appointed leader of the Milan Provincial Secretariat of the PSI and in 1965 Craxi became a member of the National Leadership . Meanwhile , in November 1964 , he was re-elected city councilor in Milan , continuing his public commitment as assessor for Charity and Assistance in the council of Pietro Bucalossi . In 1966 , with the formation of the Unified Socialist Party , a political alliance between the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party , Craxi became provincial secretary of the PSU in Milan , along with by the social democrat Enrico Rizzi and Renzo Peruzzotti . In 1968 general election Craxi was elected for the first time at the Chamber of Deputies with 23,788 votes , in the constituency of Milan–Pavia . In 1970 after the end of the PSU alliance , Craxi became Vice Secretary of the PSI , as proposed by Giacomo Mancini . During this period he was a strong supporters of the Organic Centre-left coalition , between the Christian Democrats of Aldo Moro and Amintore Fanfani , the Socialists of Pietro Nenni , the Social Democrats of Giuseppe Saragat and the Republicans of Ugo La Malfa . In 1972 with the re-election of Francesco De Martino as National Secretary of the Socialist Party during the Genoa Congress , Craxi was confirmed with Giovanni Mosca in the role of Deputy Secretary , receiving the commission to treat the international relations of the party . As representative of PSI at the Socialist International , Craxi formed ties with some of the main European future leaders , like Willy Brandt , Felipe González , François Mitterrand , Mário Soares , Michel Rocard and Andreas Papandreou . As responsible of the PSI foreign policy he supported , also financially , some socialist parties banned by the dictatorships of their respective countries , including the Spanish Socialist Workers Party , the Panhellenic Socialist Movement and the Chilean Socialist Party of Salvador Allende , of whom Craxi was a personal friend . Secretary of the Socialist Party . In 1976 the Secretary Francesco De Martino wrote an article in the Socialist newspaper Avanti ! that caused the fall of the government Aldo Moro and the subsequent snap election , which saw an impressive growth of the Italian Communist Party led by a young leader , Enrico Berlinguer , while the Christian Democracy managed to remain the majority party on just a few votes . Instead for the PSI those elections were a crushing defeat : the votes went down under the threshold of 10% . De Martino , pointing to a new alliance with the Communists , was forced to resign and opened a serious crisis within the party . Bettino Craxi was appointed to the vacant position of National Secretary of the party , ending years of factional fighting within the PSI . Ironically , the old guard saw him as short-lived leader , allowing each faction time to regroup . However , he was able to consolidate power and implement his policies . In particular , he sought and managed to distance the party from the Communists , bringing it into an alliance with Christian Democracy and other centrist parties , while maintaining a leftist and reformist profile . Craxi always opposed the Historic Compromise policy of Moro and Berlinguer , a political alliance and an accommodation between the Christian Democrats and the Communists ; the alliance would inevitably made it politically irrelevant the Socialists . He outlined for a line of alternation between the DC and the left-wing , represented by his party , due to the close relations between the PCI and the Soviet Union . On the morning of 16 March 1978 , the day on which the new cabinet led by Giulio Andreotti was supposed to have undergone a confidence vote in the Italian Parliament , the car of Aldo Moro , former prime minister and then president of DC was assaulted by a group of Red Brigades terrorists in Via Fani in Rome . Firing automatic weapons , the terrorists killed Moros bodyguards and kidnapped him . Craxi was the only political leader , together with Amintore Fanfani and Marco Pannella , to declare himself available to a humanitarian solution that would allow the liberation of Christian Democrat statesman , drawing heavy criticism on the so-called party of firmness , primarily driven by the Communists . On 9 May 1978 Moros body was found in the trunk of a Renault 4 in Via Caetani after 55 days of imprisonment , during which Moro was submitted to a political trial by the so-called peoples court set up by the Brigate Rosse and the Italian government was asked for an exchange of prisoners . In 1978 Craxi decided to change the party logo . He chose a red carnation to represent the new course of the party , in honour of the Carnation Revolution in Portugal . The party shrank the size of the old hammer and sickle in the lower part of the symbol . It was eventually eliminated altogether in 1985 . In July 1978 , following the resignation of President Giovanni Leone , after a lengthy parliamentary battle , Craxi was able to bring together a large number of votes , electing Sandro Pertini , as new President ; Pertini was the first Socialist to hold this position . Pertini was also supported by the Communists , which considered the old Socialist partisan not conducive to the new course of Craxi . Craxi , on the one hand explicitly distanced himself from Leninism referring to forms of authoritarian socialism , and on the other he showed supports to the civil society movements and to the battles for civil rights , mainly proposed by the Radical Party , he oversaw its image through the media . As leader of PSI , he tried to undermine the Communist Party , which until then had been continuously increasing its votes in elections , and to consolidate the PSI as a modern , strongly pro-European reformist social-democratic party , with deep roots in the democratic left-wing . This strategy called for ending most of the partys historical traditions as a working-class trade union based party and attempting to gain new support among white-collar and public sector employees . At the same time , the PSI increased its presence in the big state-owned enterprises , and became heavily involved in corruption and illegal party funding which would eventually result in the Mani pulite investigations . Even if the PSI never became a serious electoral challenger either to the PCI or the Christian Democrats , its pivotal position in the political arena allowed it to claim the post of Prime Minister for Craxi after the 1983 general election . The electoral support for the Christian Democrats was significantly weakened , leaving it with 32.9% of the vote , compared to the 38.3% it gained in 1979 . The PSI , that had obtained only 11% , threatened to leave the parliamentary majority unless Craxi was made Prime Minister . The Christian Democrats accepted this compromise to avoid a new election . Craxi became the first Socialist in the history of the Italian Republic to be appointed Prime Minister . Prime Minister of Italy . Bettino Craxi led the third longest-lived government of Italy during the republican era ( after the II and IV Silvio Berlusconi cabinets ) and had strong influence in Italian politics throughout the 1980s ; for a time , he was a close ally of two key figures of Christian Democracy , Giulio Andreotti and Arnaldo Forlani , in a loose cross-party alliance often dubbed CAF ( from the first letter of the surname Craxi-Andreotti-Forlani ) . Craxi had a firm grasp on a party previously troubled by factionalism , and tried to distance it from the Communists and to bring it closer to Christian Democrats and other parties ; his objective was to create an Italian version of European reformist socialist parties , like the German SPD or the French Socialist Party . The Italian Socialist Party reached its post-war apex when it increased its share of votes in the general election of 1987 . However , the Italian Socialist Party never outgrew the much larger Italian Communist Party , whose highly charismatic leader , Enrico Berlinguer , was a fierce adversary of Craxis policies through the years . The main dynamic of Italian post-war politics was to find a way to keep the Italian Communist Party out of power . This led to the constant formation of political alliances between parties keen on keeping the Communists at bay . Things were further complicated by the fact that many parties had internal currents that would have welcomed the Communists in the governing coalition , in particular , within Christian Democracy , the largest party in Italy from 1945 until the end of the First Republic . Domestic policy . During Craxis tenure as Prime Minister , Italy became the fifth largest industrial nation and gained entry into the G7 Group of most industrialised nations . However , inflation was often in the double digits . Against trade union resistance , the Craxi government reacted by abolishing wage-price indexation ( a mechanism known as scala mobile or escalator ) , under which wages had been increased automatically in line with inflation . Abolishing the escalator system did help reduce inflation , which was also falling in other major countries , but in the long term it inevitably increased industrial action as workers had to bargain for better salaries . In any event , the victory of the No campaign in the referendum called by the Italian Communist Party was a major victory for Craxi . During his premiership the Socialist Party gained popularity . He successfully boosted the countrys GNP and controlled inflation . In domestic policy , a number of reforms were initiated during Craxis time in office . In 1984 , solidarity contracts ( work-sharing arrangements to avoid redundancies ) were introduced , while restrictions on part-time employment were relaxed . In the field of family welfare , legislation was enacted in 1984 and 1986 that changed the family allowance system so that people most in need received larger amounts and coverage was progressively reduced to the point of termination once certain income levels were exceeded . As a result of his spending policies , the Italian national debt skyrocketed during the Craxi era , passing 100% of gross national product . The level of public debt remains in excess of 100% of GDP today . Concordate with the Vatican . In 1984 , Craxi signed an agreement with the Vatican City that revised the Lateran Treaty . Among other things , both sides declared : The principle of the Catholic religion as the sole religion of the Italian State , originally referred to by the Lateran Pacts , shall be considered to be no longer in force . The Churchs position as the sole state-supported religion of Italy was also ended , replacing the state financing with a personal income tax called the otto per mille , to which other religious groups , Christian and non-Christian , also have access . The revised concordat regulated the conditions under which civil effects are accorded to church marriages and to ecclesiastical declarations of nullity of marriages . Abolished articles included those concerning state recognition of knighthoods and titles of nobility conferred by the Holy See , the undertaking by the Holy See to confer ecclesiastical honours on those authorized to perform religious functions at the request of the State or the Royal Household , and the obligation of the Holy See to enable the Italian government to present political objections to the proposed appointment of diocesan bishops . Craxi was not a Catholic : he defined himself a laical Christian , like Giuseppe Garibaldi . Foreign policy . In the international arena , Craxi helped dissidents and Socialist parties throughout the world to organise and become independent . Notable recipients of his logistical help were the Spanish Socialist Workers Party ( PSOE ) during Francisco Francos dictatorship and dramatist Jiři Pelikan , in the former Czechoslovakia . Rare footage of Craxi trying to lay flowers at the tomb of Salvador Allende has been unearthed from RAIs ( Radiotelevisione Italiana ) archives . There is also evidence that part of Craxis illegally earned money was given in secret to leftist political opposition in Uruguay during the military dictatorship , to Solidarity in the period of Jaruzelski rule in Poland and to Yasser Arafat and his Palestine Liberation Organization because of Craxis sympathy for the Palestinian cause . He also played a role in the 1987 seizure of power in Tunisia by Zine el Abidine Ben Ali . The Sigonella crisis . Internationally , Craxi is perhaps best remembered for an incident in October 1985 , when he refused the request of US President Ronald Reagan to extradite the hijackers of the cruise ship Achille Lauro . After protracted negotiations , the hijackers were given safe passage to Egypt by plane . Three United States Navy F-14s forced the plane down to the United States Naval Air Facility ( NAF ) of Sigonella . According to the version of political circles in Washington , Craxi first gave the United States Forces permission to detain the terrorists , but he later reneged on the deal . He ordered Italian troops to surround the US Forces protecting the plane . This move was supposedly dictated both by security concerns about terrorists targeting Italy if the United States had had it their way and by the Italian tradition of diplomacy with the Arab world . Craxis decisive character may have been relevant in this resolution . Though the Americans demanded that the Italian authorities extradite Abu Abbas of the PLO , Craxi stood firm on the grounds that the crime had been perpetrated on Italian soil , over which the Italian Republic had sole jurisdiction . Craxi rejected the US extradition order and let Abu Abbas – chief of the hijackers , present on the plane – flee to Yugoslavia ; the four hijackers were later found guilty , and sentenced to prison terms for hijacking and the murder of a Jewish American citizen , Leon Klinghoffer . Abbas was later also convicted in Italy in absentia and eventually died of natural causes , shortly after being taken prisoner by American forces in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq . This episode earned Craxi an article in The Economist titled Europes strong man and a standing ovation in the Senate of the Republic , which included his Communist opponents . US attack on Libya . According to Giulio Andreotti , Italys foreign minister at the time ( and 42nd Prime Minister of Italy ) and Abdel Rahman Shalgham ( Libyas Foreign Minister from 2000 until 2009 ) , Craxi was the person who telephoned Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi to warn him of the impending American Operation El Dorado Canyon retaliatory air-strikes against Libya on 15 April 1986 . This permitted Gaddafi and his family to evacuate their residence in the Bab al-Azizia compound moments before the bombs dropped . Shalghams statement was also confirmed by Margherita Boniver , foreign affairs chief of Craxis Socialist Party at the time . For the Libyan attack , Craxis government denied the United States any rights of military overflight , as did France and Spain . For the United States , this precluded the use of European continental bases , forcing the US Air Force component to be flown around France and Spain , over Portugal and through the Straits of Gibraltar , adding 1,300 miles ( 2,100 km ) each way and requiring multiple aerial refuelings . Resignation . In April 1987 , the Secretary of the Christian Democracy Ciriaco De Mita decided to drop his support for Craxis government . This caused the immediate fall of the cabinet and the formation of a new government led by the long-time Christian Democratic politician Amintore Fanfani . Even though Fanfani was a close friend and ally of Craxi , he did not participate in the swearing in ceremony , sending the Undersecretary to the Presidency of the Council Giuliano Amato . After the premiership . In the 1987 general election the PSI won 14.3% of the vote , a good result but less good than what Craxi hoped , and this time it was the Christian Democrats turn to govern . From 1987 to 1992 the PSI participated in four governments , allowing Giulio Andreotti to take power in 1989 and to govern until 1992 . The Socialists held a strong balance of power , which made them more powerful than the Christian Democrats , who had to depend on it to form a majority in Parliament . The PSI kept tight control of this advantage . The alternative which Craxi had wanted so much was taking shape : the idea of a Social Unity with the other left-wing political parties , including the PCI , proposed by Craxi in 1989 after the fall of communism . He believed that the collapse of communism in eastern Europe had undermined the PCI and made Social Unity inevitable . In fact the PSI was in line to become the Italys second largest party and to become the dominant force of a new left-wing coalition opposed to a Christian Democrat-led one . This did not actually happen because of the rise of Lega Nord and the Tangentopoli scandals . Involvement in Tangentopoli scandal . The last main turning point of Craxis career began in February 1992 , when Socialist MP Mario Chiesa was arrested by police while taking a 7 million lira bribe from a cleaning service firm . Chiesa sought Craxis protection for nearly a month ; but Craxi accused him of casting a shadow on the most honest party in Italy . Feeling marginalised and unjustly singled-out , Chiesa divulged everything he knew to the prosecutors . His revelations brought half of the Milan Socialists and Industrialists under investigation ; even Paolo Pillitteri , Craxis own brother-in-law and mayor of Milan , was investigated despite his parliamentary immunity . As a consequence , a team of Milanese judges began investigating specifically the partys financing system . In July 1992 , Craxi finally realised the situation was serious and that he himself was going to be hit by the unfolding scandal . He made an appeal before the Chamber of Deputies in which he claimed that everyone knew of the widespread irregularities in the public financing of Italian parties , accused the deputies of hypocrisy and cowardice , and called for all MPs to protect the Socialists from prosecution as a show of solidarity . However , his call was ignored . Craxi received his first prosecution notice in December 1992 . More followed in January and February , at which point the Court of Milan explicitly asked Parliament to authorise Craxis prosecution for bribery and corruption ( at the time , Italian MPs were immune from prosecution unless authorised by Parliament ) . The authorisation was denied on 29 April 1993 after Craxi gave an emotional speech . However , upon coming out of the Hotel Raphael , where he lived , he received a salvo of coins that members of the Democratic Party of the Left and the right-wing Italian Social Movement threw at him as a sign of their disgust . They started to jump and sing : He who does not jump is a Socialist ! ( from a traditional stadium chant ) . Some of the students waved 1,000-lire bills , singing Bettino , do you want these too ? ( Bettino , vuoi pure queste? ) to the tune of Guantanamera . Facing the judges . In December 1993 , after his prosecution was finally authorised , Craxi was called to testify alongside Democrazia Cristiana party secretary Arnaldo Forlani before Justice Antonio Di Pietro . Questions were asked about the so-called ENIMONT super-bribe which the PSI and DC had jointly received and democratically shared . Forlani evasively asked what a bribe was while Craxi , after admitting to the charges brought against himself and other parties , stated that the bribes were the cost of politics . Craxi , noting that the legal process had accelerated in his case , claimed that his prosecution was politically motivated . In May 1994 he fled to Tunis in order to escape jail . His political career ended in less than two years . Italys entire political class , including people like Andreotti and Forlani , was to follow suit soon . The CAF ( the Craxi-Andreotti-Forlani axis ) , which had made a pact to revive the Pentapartito ( an alliance of five parties : DC , PSI , Italian Republican Party , Italian Liberal Party , Italian Democratic Socialist Party ) of the 1980s and apply it to the 1990s , was doomed to be crushed by the popular vote as well as by the judges . The set of anti-corruption investigations carried out by the Milan judges came to be collectively called Mani pulite ( clean hands ) . No party was spared , but in some parties corruption had become more endemic than elsewhere ( either because of more opportunity or internal ethics ) . To this day , some people ( especially those who were close to Craxi ) argue that some parties ( such as the Italian Communist Party ) were left untouched , while the leaders of then ruling coalition ( and in particular Bettino Craxi ) were wiped off the political map . The judges in Milan were put under scrutiny several times by different governments ( especially Silvio Berlusconis first government in 1994 ) , but no evidence of any misconduct was ever found . Furthermore , public opinion was much less concerned about foreign financing than about the misappropriation of their money by corrupt politicians . In the end , the Socialist party went from 14% of the vote to a virtual nil . An ironic note was that the disgraced remnant of the party was excluded from Parliament by the minimum 4% threshold introduced by Bettino Craxi himself during one of his previous governments . As mentioned before , during the Mani pulite period Craxi tried to use a daring defence tactic : he maintained that all parties needed and took money illegally , however they could get it , to finance their activities . His defence was therefore not to declare himself innocent , but everybody guilty . While this was basically the truth , most citizens distrusted politicians , and Craxis defence got no sympathy by the citizens and may have even served to enrage them further . Some bribes didnt go to the parties at all . They went to the personal wallets of the politician who happened to take them . In 2012 , Di Pietro admitted that Craxi was right when during the process Enimont he accused Italian Communist Party to have received illegal funding from the Soviet Union . Craxis sentences seemed to him criminally relevant , but Di Pietro omitted to investigate that crime . Criticism of his lifestyle . Craxis lifestyle was perceived to be inappropriate for the secretary of a party with so many alleged financial problems : he lived in the Raphael , an expensive hotel in Romes centre , and had a large villa in Hammamet , Tunisia . As the Mani Pulite investigations were to uncover in the 1990s , personal corruption was endemic in Italian society ; while many politicians , including Craxi , would justify corruption with the necessities of a democracy , political leaders at many levels enjoyed a lifestyle that should have been well out of their reach , while most parties continued having financial problems . Rino Formica , a prominent member of the Socialist Party in those years , wittily said that the convent is poor , but the friars are rich . Furthermore , Craxis arrogant character won him many enemies ; one of his most condemned actions was blaming corruption in the socialist party on treasurer Vincenzo Balzamo , just after the latters death , in order to clear himself of any accusation . He also had controversial friends , such as Siad Barre , dictator of Somalia , Yasser Arafat , leader of PLO , and Ben Ali , dictator of Tunisia . The latter provided protection to Craxi when he escaped from Italy . Craxis entourage was famously criticised by Formica as a court of midgets and dancers ( corte di nani e ballerine ) , indicating the often ludicrous and immoral traits of a system based on personal acquaintance rather than merit . Among the friends of Craxis to receive smaller and larger favours , Silvio Berlusconi is perhaps the most known : he received many favours , especially regarding his media empire , and had a decree named after him ( Decreto Berlusconi ) long before he entered politics . Other figures were Craxis mistresses Ania Pieroni , who owned a TV station in the Rome area , and Sandra Milo , who had a skyrocketing career in the state-owned TV channels RAI . Craxi was also known for never apologising , as a matter of principle ; most Italians expected an apology after the corrupt system had been exposed . Craxi never apologised , stating he had done nothing that everybody else had not been doing , and that he was being unjustly singled out and persecuted . Judgements of European Court of human rights . All three appeals by Craxi to Strasbourg Court complained that his defense was not able to refute in court the accusations made by various defendants of related crimes , in violation of the adversarial principle proclaimed in article 6 paragraph 3 letter d of the European Convention of Human Rights . The European Court ruled in his favor once , in the case of wiretapped conversations illegally made public . Decline and dissolution of the Socialist Party . Bettino Craxi resigned as party Secretary in February 1993 . Between 1992 and 1993 , most members of the party left politics and three Socialist deputies committed suicide . Craxi was succeeded by two Socialist trade-unionists , first Giorgio Benvenuto and then by Ottaviano Del Turco . In the December 1993 provincial and municipal elections the PSI was virtually wiped out , receiving around 3% of the vote . In Milan , where the PSI had won 20% in 1990 , the PSI received a mere 2% , which was not even enough to elect a councillor . Del Turco tried in vain to regain credibility for the party . In the 1994 general election , what was left of PSI allied itself to the Alliance of Progressives dominated by the post-communist incarnation of the PCI , the Democratic Party of the Left ( PDS ) . Del Turco had quickly changed the party symbol to reinforce the idea of innovation . However , this did not stop the PSI gaining only 2.2% of the votes compared to 13.6% in 1992 . The PSI got 16 deputies and 14 senators elected , down from 92 deputies and 49 senators of 1992 . Most of them came from the left-wing of the party , as Del Turco himself did . Most Socialists joined other political forces , mainly Forza Italia , the new party led by Silvio Berlusconi , the Patto Segni and Democratic Alliance . The party was disbanded on 13 November 1994 after two years of agony , in which almost all of its longtime leaders , especially Bettino Craxi , were involved in Tangentopoli and decided to leave politics . The 100-year-old party closed down , partially thanks to its leaders for their personalisation of the PSI . Craxism . Craxism ( ita : Craxismo ) was and is according to some extant , an Italian political ideology based on Craxis thought . It was informal ideology of the Socialist Party from 1976 to 1994 . Origins and features . Craxism , although the term is considered derogatory today , was based on a synthesis of social democracy , socialism and social liberalism . In fact , if on one side the PSI under Craxi is required with a strong third-worldism , Pro-Arabianism , environmentalism and a modern welfare state system ( typical of the modern left ) , on the other hand was strongly pro-Atlanticist and pro-europeanist and placed on a strong defense of territorial sovereignty ( e.g . Sigonella crisis American armed forces ) and on conservative policies on issues such as abortion and war on drugs . Under Craxi , PSI moved from left-wing to centre-left , much to ally with the Christian Democracy and other moderate parties that formed a coalition called Pentapartito , which ensured a stable majority to govern . Critics . Today , Craxism is often considered a derogatory term describing a corrupt politician , although some welcome him in a favourable manner : this is the case of those who , following the dissolution of the PSI , joined the newly formed Forza Italia of Silvio Berlusconi ( centre-right ) , but also a part of those who formed the Italian Socialists , small party adhering to the Alliance of progressives of Achille Occhetto ( centre-left ) . Finally , Craxism has led to the change of the whole of European socialism , together with Felipe González ( PSOE ) , François Mitterrand ( PS ) , and Helmut Schmidt ( SPD ) , during all of the 1980s ; In addition , along with these other figures , inspired the overhaul and the policies of Tony Blairs Labour Party , the José Zapateros PSOE and the Andreas Papandreous PASOK . In Italy , the main critics of Craxism as well as the figure of Craxi are the former Communists ( including most members of the Democratic Party ) and some media left-wing press ( Il Fatto Quotidiano , il manifesto , LEspresso and la Repubblica ) while the biggest supporters are the Italian Socialist Party of Riccardo Nencini and various politicians of The People of Freedom and the centre-right as Silvio Berlusconi , Renato Brunetta , Maurizio Sacconi , Stefano Caldoro and Stefania Craxi , Bettinos daughter . Death and legacy . All this resulted in him being considered the symbol of political corruption . Bettino Craxi escaped the laws he had once contributed to make , by fleeing to Hammamet , Tunisia in 1994 ; he remained a fugitive there , protected by the government of Ben Ali , his personal friend . He repeatedly declared himself innocent but never returned to Italy where he had been sentenced to 27 years in jail because of his corruption crimes ( of these , 9 years and 8 months were upheld on appeal ) . Craxi died on 19 January 2000 , at the age of 65 , from complications of diabetes . Prime Minister and Democrats of the Left leader , Massimo DAlema proposed a state funeral which , however , was not accepted by Craxis family who accused the government of preventing his return to Italy to undergo a delicate surgery at San Raffaele Hospital in Milan . Craxis funeral took place at the Cathedral of St . Vincent de Paul in Tunis and saw a large participation of the local population . Former PSI militants and other Italians arrived in Tunisia to make the last greetings to their leader . His supporters came outside the Tunisian cathedral and targeted Lamberto Dini and Marco Minniti , representatives of the Italian government , by insults and a launch of coins . Craxis tomb is in the small Christian cemetery in Hammamet ; according to some sources it is orientated towards Italy , but , following a 2017 survey , this has revealed to be erroneous . External links . - Craxi Foundation website |
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"Prime Minister of Italy"
] | easy | What position did Bettino Craxi take from Aug 1986 to Apr 1987? | /wiki/Bettino_Craxi#P39#2 | Bettino Craxi Benedetto Bettino Craxi ( , , ; 24 February 1934 – 19 January 2000 ) was an Italian politician , leader of the Italian Socialist Party from 1976 to 1993 and Prime Minister of Italy from 1983 to 1987 . He was the first Italian Socialist Party member to become Prime Minister and the third from a socialist party to hold the office . He led the third-longest government in the Italian Republic and he is considered one of the most powerful and prominent politicians of the so-called First Republic . Craxi was involved in investigations conducted by Mani Pulite judges in Milan , eventually being convicted for corruption and illicit financing of the PSI . He always rejected the charges of corruption while admitting to the illegal funding which permitted costly political activity , the PSI being less financially powerful than the two larger parties , Christian Democracy and the Communists . Craxis government and party were also supported by future Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi , a media magnate and personal friend of Craxi . Craxi maintained strong links with many leaders of the European left , including François Mitterrand , Felipe González , Andreas Papandreou and Mário Soares and was one of the main representatives of Mediterranean or South European socialism . Craxis supporters especially praised his foreign policy , which was assertive and often led to confrontations with the United States , on issues such as Palestine , terrorism and Craxis close relations with Arab socialist governments . Craxi was often nicknamed by his detractors il Cinghialone ( The Big Boar ) due to his physical size . This name was given him by his long-time ally and rival at the same time , Christian Democratic leader Giulio Andreotti . Early life . Craxi was born in Milan on 24 February 1934 . His father Vittorio Craxi was a Sicilian lawyer and anti-fascist who was persecuted by the regime of Benito Mussolini while his mother Maria Ferrari was a housewife from SantAngelo Lodigiano . During World War II , the young Craxi was sent to the Catholic college Edmondo De Amicis due to his unruly character and to protect him from fascist violence in retaliation for his fathers anti-fascist activities . After the war Vittorio Craxi assumed the role of vice-prefect in Milan and then the prefect in Como , where he moved with his family in 1945 . A few months later Bettino returned to college , first in Como and then in Cantù , where he thought to enter the seminary . Vittorio Craxi stood in the 1948 general election for the Popular Democratic Front , a political alliance between Socialists and Communists . Bettino campaigned for his father and later joined the Italian Socialist Party at the age of 17 . Early political career . Craxi was precocious and rose to many levels of public office at an early age . Meanwhile , he attended the faculty of Law in University of Milan and then the faculty of Political Science in Urbino , Craxi founded the Socialist University Nucleus joining the New University group and adhering to the CUDI ( Italian Democratic University Centre ) , the student group that supported the left-wing forces . During this period he engaged for the first time in public speaking , organizing conferences , debates , film screenings , and in 1956 he became part of the PSI Provincial Committee in Milan , and leader of the Socialist Youth Federation . In 1956 , following the Soviet invasion of Hungary , Craxi with a group of loyalists committed himself to the detachment of the Socialist Party by the pro-Communist policy , but he failed : his proposed output of the Socialist Youth Movement by the International Organisation of Democratic Youth was rejected . In November 1956 he was elected town councilor in SantAngelo Lodigiano ( birthplace of his mother ) from , and in 1957 he was elected to the Central Committee of the PSI representing the autonomist current Pietro Nenni . In 1958 the party sent him to Sesto San Giovanni as a responsible of the organization ; in November 1960 he was elected city councilor in Milan with more than 1,000 preferences and became assessor in the junta of Gino Cassinis . In 1961 he was excluded from the Central Committee of the Socialist Party by the new Secretary Francesco De Martino . In 1963 he was appointed leader of the Milan Provincial Secretariat of the PSI and in 1965 Craxi became a member of the National Leadership . Meanwhile , in November 1964 , he was re-elected city councilor in Milan , continuing his public commitment as assessor for Charity and Assistance in the council of Pietro Bucalossi . In 1966 , with the formation of the Unified Socialist Party , a political alliance between the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party , Craxi became provincial secretary of the PSU in Milan , along with by the social democrat Enrico Rizzi and Renzo Peruzzotti . In 1968 general election Craxi was elected for the first time at the Chamber of Deputies with 23,788 votes , in the constituency of Milan–Pavia . In 1970 after the end of the PSU alliance , Craxi became Vice Secretary of the PSI , as proposed by Giacomo Mancini . During this period he was a strong supporters of the Organic Centre-left coalition , between the Christian Democrats of Aldo Moro and Amintore Fanfani , the Socialists of Pietro Nenni , the Social Democrats of Giuseppe Saragat and the Republicans of Ugo La Malfa . In 1972 with the re-election of Francesco De Martino as National Secretary of the Socialist Party during the Genoa Congress , Craxi was confirmed with Giovanni Mosca in the role of Deputy Secretary , receiving the commission to treat the international relations of the party . As representative of PSI at the Socialist International , Craxi formed ties with some of the main European future leaders , like Willy Brandt , Felipe González , François Mitterrand , Mário Soares , Michel Rocard and Andreas Papandreou . As responsible of the PSI foreign policy he supported , also financially , some socialist parties banned by the dictatorships of their respective countries , including the Spanish Socialist Workers Party , the Panhellenic Socialist Movement and the Chilean Socialist Party of Salvador Allende , of whom Craxi was a personal friend . Secretary of the Socialist Party . In 1976 the Secretary Francesco De Martino wrote an article in the Socialist newspaper Avanti ! that caused the fall of the government Aldo Moro and the subsequent snap election , which saw an impressive growth of the Italian Communist Party led by a young leader , Enrico Berlinguer , while the Christian Democracy managed to remain the majority party on just a few votes . Instead for the PSI those elections were a crushing defeat : the votes went down under the threshold of 10% . De Martino , pointing to a new alliance with the Communists , was forced to resign and opened a serious crisis within the party . Bettino Craxi was appointed to the vacant position of National Secretary of the party , ending years of factional fighting within the PSI . Ironically , the old guard saw him as short-lived leader , allowing each faction time to regroup . However , he was able to consolidate power and implement his policies . In particular , he sought and managed to distance the party from the Communists , bringing it into an alliance with Christian Democracy and other centrist parties , while maintaining a leftist and reformist profile . Craxi always opposed the Historic Compromise policy of Moro and Berlinguer , a political alliance and an accommodation between the Christian Democrats and the Communists ; the alliance would inevitably made it politically irrelevant the Socialists . He outlined for a line of alternation between the DC and the left-wing , represented by his party , due to the close relations between the PCI and the Soviet Union . On the morning of 16 March 1978 , the day on which the new cabinet led by Giulio Andreotti was supposed to have undergone a confidence vote in the Italian Parliament , the car of Aldo Moro , former prime minister and then president of DC was assaulted by a group of Red Brigades terrorists in Via Fani in Rome . Firing automatic weapons , the terrorists killed Moros bodyguards and kidnapped him . Craxi was the only political leader , together with Amintore Fanfani and Marco Pannella , to declare himself available to a humanitarian solution that would allow the liberation of Christian Democrat statesman , drawing heavy criticism on the so-called party of firmness , primarily driven by the Communists . On 9 May 1978 Moros body was found in the trunk of a Renault 4 in Via Caetani after 55 days of imprisonment , during which Moro was submitted to a political trial by the so-called peoples court set up by the Brigate Rosse and the Italian government was asked for an exchange of prisoners . In 1978 Craxi decided to change the party logo . He chose a red carnation to represent the new course of the party , in honour of the Carnation Revolution in Portugal . The party shrank the size of the old hammer and sickle in the lower part of the symbol . It was eventually eliminated altogether in 1985 . In July 1978 , following the resignation of President Giovanni Leone , after a lengthy parliamentary battle , Craxi was able to bring together a large number of votes , electing Sandro Pertini , as new President ; Pertini was the first Socialist to hold this position . Pertini was also supported by the Communists , which considered the old Socialist partisan not conducive to the new course of Craxi . Craxi , on the one hand explicitly distanced himself from Leninism referring to forms of authoritarian socialism , and on the other he showed supports to the civil society movements and to the battles for civil rights , mainly proposed by the Radical Party , he oversaw its image through the media . As leader of PSI , he tried to undermine the Communist Party , which until then had been continuously increasing its votes in elections , and to consolidate the PSI as a modern , strongly pro-European reformist social-democratic party , with deep roots in the democratic left-wing . This strategy called for ending most of the partys historical traditions as a working-class trade union based party and attempting to gain new support among white-collar and public sector employees . At the same time , the PSI increased its presence in the big state-owned enterprises , and became heavily involved in corruption and illegal party funding which would eventually result in the Mani pulite investigations . Even if the PSI never became a serious electoral challenger either to the PCI or the Christian Democrats , its pivotal position in the political arena allowed it to claim the post of Prime Minister for Craxi after the 1983 general election . The electoral support for the Christian Democrats was significantly weakened , leaving it with 32.9% of the vote , compared to the 38.3% it gained in 1979 . The PSI , that had obtained only 11% , threatened to leave the parliamentary majority unless Craxi was made Prime Minister . The Christian Democrats accepted this compromise to avoid a new election . Craxi became the first Socialist in the history of the Italian Republic to be appointed Prime Minister . Prime Minister of Italy . Bettino Craxi led the third longest-lived government of Italy during the republican era ( after the II and IV Silvio Berlusconi cabinets ) and had strong influence in Italian politics throughout the 1980s ; for a time , he was a close ally of two key figures of Christian Democracy , Giulio Andreotti and Arnaldo Forlani , in a loose cross-party alliance often dubbed CAF ( from the first letter of the surname Craxi-Andreotti-Forlani ) . Craxi had a firm grasp on a party previously troubled by factionalism , and tried to distance it from the Communists and to bring it closer to Christian Democrats and other parties ; his objective was to create an Italian version of European reformist socialist parties , like the German SPD or the French Socialist Party . The Italian Socialist Party reached its post-war apex when it increased its share of votes in the general election of 1987 . However , the Italian Socialist Party never outgrew the much larger Italian Communist Party , whose highly charismatic leader , Enrico Berlinguer , was a fierce adversary of Craxis policies through the years . The main dynamic of Italian post-war politics was to find a way to keep the Italian Communist Party out of power . This led to the constant formation of political alliances between parties keen on keeping the Communists at bay . Things were further complicated by the fact that many parties had internal currents that would have welcomed the Communists in the governing coalition , in particular , within Christian Democracy , the largest party in Italy from 1945 until the end of the First Republic . Domestic policy . During Craxis tenure as Prime Minister , Italy became the fifth largest industrial nation and gained entry into the G7 Group of most industrialised nations . However , inflation was often in the double digits . Against trade union resistance , the Craxi government reacted by abolishing wage-price indexation ( a mechanism known as scala mobile or escalator ) , under which wages had been increased automatically in line with inflation . Abolishing the escalator system did help reduce inflation , which was also falling in other major countries , but in the long term it inevitably increased industrial action as workers had to bargain for better salaries . In any event , the victory of the No campaign in the referendum called by the Italian Communist Party was a major victory for Craxi . During his premiership the Socialist Party gained popularity . He successfully boosted the countrys GNP and controlled inflation . In domestic policy , a number of reforms were initiated during Craxis time in office . In 1984 , solidarity contracts ( work-sharing arrangements to avoid redundancies ) were introduced , while restrictions on part-time employment were relaxed . In the field of family welfare , legislation was enacted in 1984 and 1986 that changed the family allowance system so that people most in need received larger amounts and coverage was progressively reduced to the point of termination once certain income levels were exceeded . As a result of his spending policies , the Italian national debt skyrocketed during the Craxi era , passing 100% of gross national product . The level of public debt remains in excess of 100% of GDP today . Concordate with the Vatican . In 1984 , Craxi signed an agreement with the Vatican City that revised the Lateran Treaty . Among other things , both sides declared : The principle of the Catholic religion as the sole religion of the Italian State , originally referred to by the Lateran Pacts , shall be considered to be no longer in force . The Churchs position as the sole state-supported religion of Italy was also ended , replacing the state financing with a personal income tax called the otto per mille , to which other religious groups , Christian and non-Christian , also have access . The revised concordat regulated the conditions under which civil effects are accorded to church marriages and to ecclesiastical declarations of nullity of marriages . Abolished articles included those concerning state recognition of knighthoods and titles of nobility conferred by the Holy See , the undertaking by the Holy See to confer ecclesiastical honours on those authorized to perform religious functions at the request of the State or the Royal Household , and the obligation of the Holy See to enable the Italian government to present political objections to the proposed appointment of diocesan bishops . Craxi was not a Catholic : he defined himself a laical Christian , like Giuseppe Garibaldi . Foreign policy . In the international arena , Craxi helped dissidents and Socialist parties throughout the world to organise and become independent . Notable recipients of his logistical help were the Spanish Socialist Workers Party ( PSOE ) during Francisco Francos dictatorship and dramatist Jiři Pelikan , in the former Czechoslovakia . Rare footage of Craxi trying to lay flowers at the tomb of Salvador Allende has been unearthed from RAIs ( Radiotelevisione Italiana ) archives . There is also evidence that part of Craxis illegally earned money was given in secret to leftist political opposition in Uruguay during the military dictatorship , to Solidarity in the period of Jaruzelski rule in Poland and to Yasser Arafat and his Palestine Liberation Organization because of Craxis sympathy for the Palestinian cause . He also played a role in the 1987 seizure of power in Tunisia by Zine el Abidine Ben Ali . The Sigonella crisis . Internationally , Craxi is perhaps best remembered for an incident in October 1985 , when he refused the request of US President Ronald Reagan to extradite the hijackers of the cruise ship Achille Lauro . After protracted negotiations , the hijackers were given safe passage to Egypt by plane . Three United States Navy F-14s forced the plane down to the United States Naval Air Facility ( NAF ) of Sigonella . According to the version of political circles in Washington , Craxi first gave the United States Forces permission to detain the terrorists , but he later reneged on the deal . He ordered Italian troops to surround the US Forces protecting the plane . This move was supposedly dictated both by security concerns about terrorists targeting Italy if the United States had had it their way and by the Italian tradition of diplomacy with the Arab world . Craxis decisive character may have been relevant in this resolution . Though the Americans demanded that the Italian authorities extradite Abu Abbas of the PLO , Craxi stood firm on the grounds that the crime had been perpetrated on Italian soil , over which the Italian Republic had sole jurisdiction . Craxi rejected the US extradition order and let Abu Abbas – chief of the hijackers , present on the plane – flee to Yugoslavia ; the four hijackers were later found guilty , and sentenced to prison terms for hijacking and the murder of a Jewish American citizen , Leon Klinghoffer . Abbas was later also convicted in Italy in absentia and eventually died of natural causes , shortly after being taken prisoner by American forces in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq . This episode earned Craxi an article in The Economist titled Europes strong man and a standing ovation in the Senate of the Republic , which included his Communist opponents . US attack on Libya . According to Giulio Andreotti , Italys foreign minister at the time ( and 42nd Prime Minister of Italy ) and Abdel Rahman Shalgham ( Libyas Foreign Minister from 2000 until 2009 ) , Craxi was the person who telephoned Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi to warn him of the impending American Operation El Dorado Canyon retaliatory air-strikes against Libya on 15 April 1986 . This permitted Gaddafi and his family to evacuate their residence in the Bab al-Azizia compound moments before the bombs dropped . Shalghams statement was also confirmed by Margherita Boniver , foreign affairs chief of Craxis Socialist Party at the time . For the Libyan attack , Craxis government denied the United States any rights of military overflight , as did France and Spain . For the United States , this precluded the use of European continental bases , forcing the US Air Force component to be flown around France and Spain , over Portugal and through the Straits of Gibraltar , adding 1,300 miles ( 2,100 km ) each way and requiring multiple aerial refuelings . Resignation . In April 1987 , the Secretary of the Christian Democracy Ciriaco De Mita decided to drop his support for Craxis government . This caused the immediate fall of the cabinet and the formation of a new government led by the long-time Christian Democratic politician Amintore Fanfani . Even though Fanfani was a close friend and ally of Craxi , he did not participate in the swearing in ceremony , sending the Undersecretary to the Presidency of the Council Giuliano Amato . After the premiership . In the 1987 general election the PSI won 14.3% of the vote , a good result but less good than what Craxi hoped , and this time it was the Christian Democrats turn to govern . From 1987 to 1992 the PSI participated in four governments , allowing Giulio Andreotti to take power in 1989 and to govern until 1992 . The Socialists held a strong balance of power , which made them more powerful than the Christian Democrats , who had to depend on it to form a majority in Parliament . The PSI kept tight control of this advantage . The alternative which Craxi had wanted so much was taking shape : the idea of a Social Unity with the other left-wing political parties , including the PCI , proposed by Craxi in 1989 after the fall of communism . He believed that the collapse of communism in eastern Europe had undermined the PCI and made Social Unity inevitable . In fact the PSI was in line to become the Italys second largest party and to become the dominant force of a new left-wing coalition opposed to a Christian Democrat-led one . This did not actually happen because of the rise of Lega Nord and the Tangentopoli scandals . Involvement in Tangentopoli scandal . The last main turning point of Craxis career began in February 1992 , when Socialist MP Mario Chiesa was arrested by police while taking a 7 million lira bribe from a cleaning service firm . Chiesa sought Craxis protection for nearly a month ; but Craxi accused him of casting a shadow on the most honest party in Italy . Feeling marginalised and unjustly singled-out , Chiesa divulged everything he knew to the prosecutors . His revelations brought half of the Milan Socialists and Industrialists under investigation ; even Paolo Pillitteri , Craxis own brother-in-law and mayor of Milan , was investigated despite his parliamentary immunity . As a consequence , a team of Milanese judges began investigating specifically the partys financing system . In July 1992 , Craxi finally realised the situation was serious and that he himself was going to be hit by the unfolding scandal . He made an appeal before the Chamber of Deputies in which he claimed that everyone knew of the widespread irregularities in the public financing of Italian parties , accused the deputies of hypocrisy and cowardice , and called for all MPs to protect the Socialists from prosecution as a show of solidarity . However , his call was ignored . Craxi received his first prosecution notice in December 1992 . More followed in January and February , at which point the Court of Milan explicitly asked Parliament to authorise Craxis prosecution for bribery and corruption ( at the time , Italian MPs were immune from prosecution unless authorised by Parliament ) . The authorisation was denied on 29 April 1993 after Craxi gave an emotional speech . However , upon coming out of the Hotel Raphael , where he lived , he received a salvo of coins that members of the Democratic Party of the Left and the right-wing Italian Social Movement threw at him as a sign of their disgust . They started to jump and sing : He who does not jump is a Socialist ! ( from a traditional stadium chant ) . Some of the students waved 1,000-lire bills , singing Bettino , do you want these too ? ( Bettino , vuoi pure queste? ) to the tune of Guantanamera . Facing the judges . In December 1993 , after his prosecution was finally authorised , Craxi was called to testify alongside Democrazia Cristiana party secretary Arnaldo Forlani before Justice Antonio Di Pietro . Questions were asked about the so-called ENIMONT super-bribe which the PSI and DC had jointly received and democratically shared . Forlani evasively asked what a bribe was while Craxi , after admitting to the charges brought against himself and other parties , stated that the bribes were the cost of politics . Craxi , noting that the legal process had accelerated in his case , claimed that his prosecution was politically motivated . In May 1994 he fled to Tunis in order to escape jail . His political career ended in less than two years . Italys entire political class , including people like Andreotti and Forlani , was to follow suit soon . The CAF ( the Craxi-Andreotti-Forlani axis ) , which had made a pact to revive the Pentapartito ( an alliance of five parties : DC , PSI , Italian Republican Party , Italian Liberal Party , Italian Democratic Socialist Party ) of the 1980s and apply it to the 1990s , was doomed to be crushed by the popular vote as well as by the judges . The set of anti-corruption investigations carried out by the Milan judges came to be collectively called Mani pulite ( clean hands ) . No party was spared , but in some parties corruption had become more endemic than elsewhere ( either because of more opportunity or internal ethics ) . To this day , some people ( especially those who were close to Craxi ) argue that some parties ( such as the Italian Communist Party ) were left untouched , while the leaders of then ruling coalition ( and in particular Bettino Craxi ) were wiped off the political map . The judges in Milan were put under scrutiny several times by different governments ( especially Silvio Berlusconis first government in 1994 ) , but no evidence of any misconduct was ever found . Furthermore , public opinion was much less concerned about foreign financing than about the misappropriation of their money by corrupt politicians . In the end , the Socialist party went from 14% of the vote to a virtual nil . An ironic note was that the disgraced remnant of the party was excluded from Parliament by the minimum 4% threshold introduced by Bettino Craxi himself during one of his previous governments . As mentioned before , during the Mani pulite period Craxi tried to use a daring defence tactic : he maintained that all parties needed and took money illegally , however they could get it , to finance their activities . His defence was therefore not to declare himself innocent , but everybody guilty . While this was basically the truth , most citizens distrusted politicians , and Craxis defence got no sympathy by the citizens and may have even served to enrage them further . Some bribes didnt go to the parties at all . They went to the personal wallets of the politician who happened to take them . In 2012 , Di Pietro admitted that Craxi was right when during the process Enimont he accused Italian Communist Party to have received illegal funding from the Soviet Union . Craxis sentences seemed to him criminally relevant , but Di Pietro omitted to investigate that crime . Criticism of his lifestyle . Craxis lifestyle was perceived to be inappropriate for the secretary of a party with so many alleged financial problems : he lived in the Raphael , an expensive hotel in Romes centre , and had a large villa in Hammamet , Tunisia . As the Mani Pulite investigations were to uncover in the 1990s , personal corruption was endemic in Italian society ; while many politicians , including Craxi , would justify corruption with the necessities of a democracy , political leaders at many levels enjoyed a lifestyle that should have been well out of their reach , while most parties continued having financial problems . Rino Formica , a prominent member of the Socialist Party in those years , wittily said that the convent is poor , but the friars are rich . Furthermore , Craxis arrogant character won him many enemies ; one of his most condemned actions was blaming corruption in the socialist party on treasurer Vincenzo Balzamo , just after the latters death , in order to clear himself of any accusation . He also had controversial friends , such as Siad Barre , dictator of Somalia , Yasser Arafat , leader of PLO , and Ben Ali , dictator of Tunisia . The latter provided protection to Craxi when he escaped from Italy . Craxis entourage was famously criticised by Formica as a court of midgets and dancers ( corte di nani e ballerine ) , indicating the often ludicrous and immoral traits of a system based on personal acquaintance rather than merit . Among the friends of Craxis to receive smaller and larger favours , Silvio Berlusconi is perhaps the most known : he received many favours , especially regarding his media empire , and had a decree named after him ( Decreto Berlusconi ) long before he entered politics . Other figures were Craxis mistresses Ania Pieroni , who owned a TV station in the Rome area , and Sandra Milo , who had a skyrocketing career in the state-owned TV channels RAI . Craxi was also known for never apologising , as a matter of principle ; most Italians expected an apology after the corrupt system had been exposed . Craxi never apologised , stating he had done nothing that everybody else had not been doing , and that he was being unjustly singled out and persecuted . Judgements of European Court of human rights . All three appeals by Craxi to Strasbourg Court complained that his defense was not able to refute in court the accusations made by various defendants of related crimes , in violation of the adversarial principle proclaimed in article 6 paragraph 3 letter d of the European Convention of Human Rights . The European Court ruled in his favor once , in the case of wiretapped conversations illegally made public . Decline and dissolution of the Socialist Party . Bettino Craxi resigned as party Secretary in February 1993 . Between 1992 and 1993 , most members of the party left politics and three Socialist deputies committed suicide . Craxi was succeeded by two Socialist trade-unionists , first Giorgio Benvenuto and then by Ottaviano Del Turco . In the December 1993 provincial and municipal elections the PSI was virtually wiped out , receiving around 3% of the vote . In Milan , where the PSI had won 20% in 1990 , the PSI received a mere 2% , which was not even enough to elect a councillor . Del Turco tried in vain to regain credibility for the party . In the 1994 general election , what was left of PSI allied itself to the Alliance of Progressives dominated by the post-communist incarnation of the PCI , the Democratic Party of the Left ( PDS ) . Del Turco had quickly changed the party symbol to reinforce the idea of innovation . However , this did not stop the PSI gaining only 2.2% of the votes compared to 13.6% in 1992 . The PSI got 16 deputies and 14 senators elected , down from 92 deputies and 49 senators of 1992 . Most of them came from the left-wing of the party , as Del Turco himself did . Most Socialists joined other political forces , mainly Forza Italia , the new party led by Silvio Berlusconi , the Patto Segni and Democratic Alliance . The party was disbanded on 13 November 1994 after two years of agony , in which almost all of its longtime leaders , especially Bettino Craxi , were involved in Tangentopoli and decided to leave politics . The 100-year-old party closed down , partially thanks to its leaders for their personalisation of the PSI . Craxism . Craxism ( ita : Craxismo ) was and is according to some extant , an Italian political ideology based on Craxis thought . It was informal ideology of the Socialist Party from 1976 to 1994 . Origins and features . Craxism , although the term is considered derogatory today , was based on a synthesis of social democracy , socialism and social liberalism . In fact , if on one side the PSI under Craxi is required with a strong third-worldism , Pro-Arabianism , environmentalism and a modern welfare state system ( typical of the modern left ) , on the other hand was strongly pro-Atlanticist and pro-europeanist and placed on a strong defense of territorial sovereignty ( e.g . Sigonella crisis American armed forces ) and on conservative policies on issues such as abortion and war on drugs . Under Craxi , PSI moved from left-wing to centre-left , much to ally with the Christian Democracy and other moderate parties that formed a coalition called Pentapartito , which ensured a stable majority to govern . Critics . Today , Craxism is often considered a derogatory term describing a corrupt politician , although some welcome him in a favourable manner : this is the case of those who , following the dissolution of the PSI , joined the newly formed Forza Italia of Silvio Berlusconi ( centre-right ) , but also a part of those who formed the Italian Socialists , small party adhering to the Alliance of progressives of Achille Occhetto ( centre-left ) . Finally , Craxism has led to the change of the whole of European socialism , together with Felipe González ( PSOE ) , François Mitterrand ( PS ) , and Helmut Schmidt ( SPD ) , during all of the 1980s ; In addition , along with these other figures , inspired the overhaul and the policies of Tony Blairs Labour Party , the José Zapateros PSOE and the Andreas Papandreous PASOK . In Italy , the main critics of Craxism as well as the figure of Craxi are the former Communists ( including most members of the Democratic Party ) and some media left-wing press ( Il Fatto Quotidiano , il manifesto , LEspresso and la Repubblica ) while the biggest supporters are the Italian Socialist Party of Riccardo Nencini and various politicians of The People of Freedom and the centre-right as Silvio Berlusconi , Renato Brunetta , Maurizio Sacconi , Stefano Caldoro and Stefania Craxi , Bettinos daughter . Death and legacy . All this resulted in him being considered the symbol of political corruption . Bettino Craxi escaped the laws he had once contributed to make , by fleeing to Hammamet , Tunisia in 1994 ; he remained a fugitive there , protected by the government of Ben Ali , his personal friend . He repeatedly declared himself innocent but never returned to Italy where he had been sentenced to 27 years in jail because of his corruption crimes ( of these , 9 years and 8 months were upheld on appeal ) . Craxi died on 19 January 2000 , at the age of 65 , from complications of diabetes . Prime Minister and Democrats of the Left leader , Massimo DAlema proposed a state funeral which , however , was not accepted by Craxis family who accused the government of preventing his return to Italy to undergo a delicate surgery at San Raffaele Hospital in Milan . Craxis funeral took place at the Cathedral of St . Vincent de Paul in Tunis and saw a large participation of the local population . Former PSI militants and other Italians arrived in Tunisia to make the last greetings to their leader . His supporters came outside the Tunisian cathedral and targeted Lamberto Dini and Marco Minniti , representatives of the Italian government , by insults and a launch of coins . Craxis tomb is in the small Christian cemetery in Hammamet ; according to some sources it is orientated towards Italy , but , following a 2017 survey , this has revealed to be erroneous . External links . - Craxi Foundation website |
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] | easy | Bettino Craxi took which position from Jul 1989 to Apr 1992? | /wiki/Bettino_Craxi#P39#3 | Bettino Craxi Benedetto Bettino Craxi ( , , ; 24 February 1934 – 19 January 2000 ) was an Italian politician , leader of the Italian Socialist Party from 1976 to 1993 and Prime Minister of Italy from 1983 to 1987 . He was the first Italian Socialist Party member to become Prime Minister and the third from a socialist party to hold the office . He led the third-longest government in the Italian Republic and he is considered one of the most powerful and prominent politicians of the so-called First Republic . Craxi was involved in investigations conducted by Mani Pulite judges in Milan , eventually being convicted for corruption and illicit financing of the PSI . He always rejected the charges of corruption while admitting to the illegal funding which permitted costly political activity , the PSI being less financially powerful than the two larger parties , Christian Democracy and the Communists . Craxis government and party were also supported by future Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi , a media magnate and personal friend of Craxi . Craxi maintained strong links with many leaders of the European left , including François Mitterrand , Felipe González , Andreas Papandreou and Mário Soares and was one of the main representatives of Mediterranean or South European socialism . Craxis supporters especially praised his foreign policy , which was assertive and often led to confrontations with the United States , on issues such as Palestine , terrorism and Craxis close relations with Arab socialist governments . Craxi was often nicknamed by his detractors il Cinghialone ( The Big Boar ) due to his physical size . This name was given him by his long-time ally and rival at the same time , Christian Democratic leader Giulio Andreotti . Early life . Craxi was born in Milan on 24 February 1934 . His father Vittorio Craxi was a Sicilian lawyer and anti-fascist who was persecuted by the regime of Benito Mussolini while his mother Maria Ferrari was a housewife from SantAngelo Lodigiano . During World War II , the young Craxi was sent to the Catholic college Edmondo De Amicis due to his unruly character and to protect him from fascist violence in retaliation for his fathers anti-fascist activities . After the war Vittorio Craxi assumed the role of vice-prefect in Milan and then the prefect in Como , where he moved with his family in 1945 . A few months later Bettino returned to college , first in Como and then in Cantù , where he thought to enter the seminary . Vittorio Craxi stood in the 1948 general election for the Popular Democratic Front , a political alliance between Socialists and Communists . Bettino campaigned for his father and later joined the Italian Socialist Party at the age of 17 . Early political career . Craxi was precocious and rose to many levels of public office at an early age . Meanwhile , he attended the faculty of Law in University of Milan and then the faculty of Political Science in Urbino , Craxi founded the Socialist University Nucleus joining the New University group and adhering to the CUDI ( Italian Democratic University Centre ) , the student group that supported the left-wing forces . During this period he engaged for the first time in public speaking , organizing conferences , debates , film screenings , and in 1956 he became part of the PSI Provincial Committee in Milan , and leader of the Socialist Youth Federation . In 1956 , following the Soviet invasion of Hungary , Craxi with a group of loyalists committed himself to the detachment of the Socialist Party by the pro-Communist policy , but he failed : his proposed output of the Socialist Youth Movement by the International Organisation of Democratic Youth was rejected . In November 1956 he was elected town councilor in SantAngelo Lodigiano ( birthplace of his mother ) from , and in 1957 he was elected to the Central Committee of the PSI representing the autonomist current Pietro Nenni . In 1958 the party sent him to Sesto San Giovanni as a responsible of the organization ; in November 1960 he was elected city councilor in Milan with more than 1,000 preferences and became assessor in the junta of Gino Cassinis . In 1961 he was excluded from the Central Committee of the Socialist Party by the new Secretary Francesco De Martino . In 1963 he was appointed leader of the Milan Provincial Secretariat of the PSI and in 1965 Craxi became a member of the National Leadership . Meanwhile , in November 1964 , he was re-elected city councilor in Milan , continuing his public commitment as assessor for Charity and Assistance in the council of Pietro Bucalossi . In 1966 , with the formation of the Unified Socialist Party , a political alliance between the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party , Craxi became provincial secretary of the PSU in Milan , along with by the social democrat Enrico Rizzi and Renzo Peruzzotti . In 1968 general election Craxi was elected for the first time at the Chamber of Deputies with 23,788 votes , in the constituency of Milan–Pavia . In 1970 after the end of the PSU alliance , Craxi became Vice Secretary of the PSI , as proposed by Giacomo Mancini . During this period he was a strong supporters of the Organic Centre-left coalition , between the Christian Democrats of Aldo Moro and Amintore Fanfani , the Socialists of Pietro Nenni , the Social Democrats of Giuseppe Saragat and the Republicans of Ugo La Malfa . In 1972 with the re-election of Francesco De Martino as National Secretary of the Socialist Party during the Genoa Congress , Craxi was confirmed with Giovanni Mosca in the role of Deputy Secretary , receiving the commission to treat the international relations of the party . As representative of PSI at the Socialist International , Craxi formed ties with some of the main European future leaders , like Willy Brandt , Felipe González , François Mitterrand , Mário Soares , Michel Rocard and Andreas Papandreou . As responsible of the PSI foreign policy he supported , also financially , some socialist parties banned by the dictatorships of their respective countries , including the Spanish Socialist Workers Party , the Panhellenic Socialist Movement and the Chilean Socialist Party of Salvador Allende , of whom Craxi was a personal friend . Secretary of the Socialist Party . In 1976 the Secretary Francesco De Martino wrote an article in the Socialist newspaper Avanti ! that caused the fall of the government Aldo Moro and the subsequent snap election , which saw an impressive growth of the Italian Communist Party led by a young leader , Enrico Berlinguer , while the Christian Democracy managed to remain the majority party on just a few votes . Instead for the PSI those elections were a crushing defeat : the votes went down under the threshold of 10% . De Martino , pointing to a new alliance with the Communists , was forced to resign and opened a serious crisis within the party . Bettino Craxi was appointed to the vacant position of National Secretary of the party , ending years of factional fighting within the PSI . Ironically , the old guard saw him as short-lived leader , allowing each faction time to regroup . However , he was able to consolidate power and implement his policies . In particular , he sought and managed to distance the party from the Communists , bringing it into an alliance with Christian Democracy and other centrist parties , while maintaining a leftist and reformist profile . Craxi always opposed the Historic Compromise policy of Moro and Berlinguer , a political alliance and an accommodation between the Christian Democrats and the Communists ; the alliance would inevitably made it politically irrelevant the Socialists . He outlined for a line of alternation between the DC and the left-wing , represented by his party , due to the close relations between the PCI and the Soviet Union . On the morning of 16 March 1978 , the day on which the new cabinet led by Giulio Andreotti was supposed to have undergone a confidence vote in the Italian Parliament , the car of Aldo Moro , former prime minister and then president of DC was assaulted by a group of Red Brigades terrorists in Via Fani in Rome . Firing automatic weapons , the terrorists killed Moros bodyguards and kidnapped him . Craxi was the only political leader , together with Amintore Fanfani and Marco Pannella , to declare himself available to a humanitarian solution that would allow the liberation of Christian Democrat statesman , drawing heavy criticism on the so-called party of firmness , primarily driven by the Communists . On 9 May 1978 Moros body was found in the trunk of a Renault 4 in Via Caetani after 55 days of imprisonment , during which Moro was submitted to a political trial by the so-called peoples court set up by the Brigate Rosse and the Italian government was asked for an exchange of prisoners . In 1978 Craxi decided to change the party logo . He chose a red carnation to represent the new course of the party , in honour of the Carnation Revolution in Portugal . The party shrank the size of the old hammer and sickle in the lower part of the symbol . It was eventually eliminated altogether in 1985 . In July 1978 , following the resignation of President Giovanni Leone , after a lengthy parliamentary battle , Craxi was able to bring together a large number of votes , electing Sandro Pertini , as new President ; Pertini was the first Socialist to hold this position . Pertini was also supported by the Communists , which considered the old Socialist partisan not conducive to the new course of Craxi . Craxi , on the one hand explicitly distanced himself from Leninism referring to forms of authoritarian socialism , and on the other he showed supports to the civil society movements and to the battles for civil rights , mainly proposed by the Radical Party , he oversaw its image through the media . As leader of PSI , he tried to undermine the Communist Party , which until then had been continuously increasing its votes in elections , and to consolidate the PSI as a modern , strongly pro-European reformist social-democratic party , with deep roots in the democratic left-wing . This strategy called for ending most of the partys historical traditions as a working-class trade union based party and attempting to gain new support among white-collar and public sector employees . At the same time , the PSI increased its presence in the big state-owned enterprises , and became heavily involved in corruption and illegal party funding which would eventually result in the Mani pulite investigations . Even if the PSI never became a serious electoral challenger either to the PCI or the Christian Democrats , its pivotal position in the political arena allowed it to claim the post of Prime Minister for Craxi after the 1983 general election . The electoral support for the Christian Democrats was significantly weakened , leaving it with 32.9% of the vote , compared to the 38.3% it gained in 1979 . The PSI , that had obtained only 11% , threatened to leave the parliamentary majority unless Craxi was made Prime Minister . The Christian Democrats accepted this compromise to avoid a new election . Craxi became the first Socialist in the history of the Italian Republic to be appointed Prime Minister . Prime Minister of Italy . Bettino Craxi led the third longest-lived government of Italy during the republican era ( after the II and IV Silvio Berlusconi cabinets ) and had strong influence in Italian politics throughout the 1980s ; for a time , he was a close ally of two key figures of Christian Democracy , Giulio Andreotti and Arnaldo Forlani , in a loose cross-party alliance often dubbed CAF ( from the first letter of the surname Craxi-Andreotti-Forlani ) . Craxi had a firm grasp on a party previously troubled by factionalism , and tried to distance it from the Communists and to bring it closer to Christian Democrats and other parties ; his objective was to create an Italian version of European reformist socialist parties , like the German SPD or the French Socialist Party . The Italian Socialist Party reached its post-war apex when it increased its share of votes in the general election of 1987 . However , the Italian Socialist Party never outgrew the much larger Italian Communist Party , whose highly charismatic leader , Enrico Berlinguer , was a fierce adversary of Craxis policies through the years . The main dynamic of Italian post-war politics was to find a way to keep the Italian Communist Party out of power . This led to the constant formation of political alliances between parties keen on keeping the Communists at bay . Things were further complicated by the fact that many parties had internal currents that would have welcomed the Communists in the governing coalition , in particular , within Christian Democracy , the largest party in Italy from 1945 until the end of the First Republic . Domestic policy . During Craxis tenure as Prime Minister , Italy became the fifth largest industrial nation and gained entry into the G7 Group of most industrialised nations . However , inflation was often in the double digits . Against trade union resistance , the Craxi government reacted by abolishing wage-price indexation ( a mechanism known as scala mobile or escalator ) , under which wages had been increased automatically in line with inflation . Abolishing the escalator system did help reduce inflation , which was also falling in other major countries , but in the long term it inevitably increased industrial action as workers had to bargain for better salaries . In any event , the victory of the No campaign in the referendum called by the Italian Communist Party was a major victory for Craxi . During his premiership the Socialist Party gained popularity . He successfully boosted the countrys GNP and controlled inflation . In domestic policy , a number of reforms were initiated during Craxis time in office . In 1984 , solidarity contracts ( work-sharing arrangements to avoid redundancies ) were introduced , while restrictions on part-time employment were relaxed . In the field of family welfare , legislation was enacted in 1984 and 1986 that changed the family allowance system so that people most in need received larger amounts and coverage was progressively reduced to the point of termination once certain income levels were exceeded . As a result of his spending policies , the Italian national debt skyrocketed during the Craxi era , passing 100% of gross national product . The level of public debt remains in excess of 100% of GDP today . Concordate with the Vatican . In 1984 , Craxi signed an agreement with the Vatican City that revised the Lateran Treaty . Among other things , both sides declared : The principle of the Catholic religion as the sole religion of the Italian State , originally referred to by the Lateran Pacts , shall be considered to be no longer in force . The Churchs position as the sole state-supported religion of Italy was also ended , replacing the state financing with a personal income tax called the otto per mille , to which other religious groups , Christian and non-Christian , also have access . The revised concordat regulated the conditions under which civil effects are accorded to church marriages and to ecclesiastical declarations of nullity of marriages . Abolished articles included those concerning state recognition of knighthoods and titles of nobility conferred by the Holy See , the undertaking by the Holy See to confer ecclesiastical honours on those authorized to perform religious functions at the request of the State or the Royal Household , and the obligation of the Holy See to enable the Italian government to present political objections to the proposed appointment of diocesan bishops . Craxi was not a Catholic : he defined himself a laical Christian , like Giuseppe Garibaldi . Foreign policy . In the international arena , Craxi helped dissidents and Socialist parties throughout the world to organise and become independent . Notable recipients of his logistical help were the Spanish Socialist Workers Party ( PSOE ) during Francisco Francos dictatorship and dramatist Jiři Pelikan , in the former Czechoslovakia . Rare footage of Craxi trying to lay flowers at the tomb of Salvador Allende has been unearthed from RAIs ( Radiotelevisione Italiana ) archives . There is also evidence that part of Craxis illegally earned money was given in secret to leftist political opposition in Uruguay during the military dictatorship , to Solidarity in the period of Jaruzelski rule in Poland and to Yasser Arafat and his Palestine Liberation Organization because of Craxis sympathy for the Palestinian cause . He also played a role in the 1987 seizure of power in Tunisia by Zine el Abidine Ben Ali . The Sigonella crisis . Internationally , Craxi is perhaps best remembered for an incident in October 1985 , when he refused the request of US President Ronald Reagan to extradite the hijackers of the cruise ship Achille Lauro . After protracted negotiations , the hijackers were given safe passage to Egypt by plane . Three United States Navy F-14s forced the plane down to the United States Naval Air Facility ( NAF ) of Sigonella . According to the version of political circles in Washington , Craxi first gave the United States Forces permission to detain the terrorists , but he later reneged on the deal . He ordered Italian troops to surround the US Forces protecting the plane . This move was supposedly dictated both by security concerns about terrorists targeting Italy if the United States had had it their way and by the Italian tradition of diplomacy with the Arab world . Craxis decisive character may have been relevant in this resolution . Though the Americans demanded that the Italian authorities extradite Abu Abbas of the PLO , Craxi stood firm on the grounds that the crime had been perpetrated on Italian soil , over which the Italian Republic had sole jurisdiction . Craxi rejected the US extradition order and let Abu Abbas – chief of the hijackers , present on the plane – flee to Yugoslavia ; the four hijackers were later found guilty , and sentenced to prison terms for hijacking and the murder of a Jewish American citizen , Leon Klinghoffer . Abbas was later also convicted in Italy in absentia and eventually died of natural causes , shortly after being taken prisoner by American forces in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq . This episode earned Craxi an article in The Economist titled Europes strong man and a standing ovation in the Senate of the Republic , which included his Communist opponents . US attack on Libya . According to Giulio Andreotti , Italys foreign minister at the time ( and 42nd Prime Minister of Italy ) and Abdel Rahman Shalgham ( Libyas Foreign Minister from 2000 until 2009 ) , Craxi was the person who telephoned Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi to warn him of the impending American Operation El Dorado Canyon retaliatory air-strikes against Libya on 15 April 1986 . This permitted Gaddafi and his family to evacuate their residence in the Bab al-Azizia compound moments before the bombs dropped . Shalghams statement was also confirmed by Margherita Boniver , foreign affairs chief of Craxis Socialist Party at the time . For the Libyan attack , Craxis government denied the United States any rights of military overflight , as did France and Spain . For the United States , this precluded the use of European continental bases , forcing the US Air Force component to be flown around France and Spain , over Portugal and through the Straits of Gibraltar , adding 1,300 miles ( 2,100 km ) each way and requiring multiple aerial refuelings . Resignation . In April 1987 , the Secretary of the Christian Democracy Ciriaco De Mita decided to drop his support for Craxis government . This caused the immediate fall of the cabinet and the formation of a new government led by the long-time Christian Democratic politician Amintore Fanfani . Even though Fanfani was a close friend and ally of Craxi , he did not participate in the swearing in ceremony , sending the Undersecretary to the Presidency of the Council Giuliano Amato . After the premiership . In the 1987 general election the PSI won 14.3% of the vote , a good result but less good than what Craxi hoped , and this time it was the Christian Democrats turn to govern . From 1987 to 1992 the PSI participated in four governments , allowing Giulio Andreotti to take power in 1989 and to govern until 1992 . The Socialists held a strong balance of power , which made them more powerful than the Christian Democrats , who had to depend on it to form a majority in Parliament . The PSI kept tight control of this advantage . The alternative which Craxi had wanted so much was taking shape : the idea of a Social Unity with the other left-wing political parties , including the PCI , proposed by Craxi in 1989 after the fall of communism . He believed that the collapse of communism in eastern Europe had undermined the PCI and made Social Unity inevitable . In fact the PSI was in line to become the Italys second largest party and to become the dominant force of a new left-wing coalition opposed to a Christian Democrat-led one . This did not actually happen because of the rise of Lega Nord and the Tangentopoli scandals . Involvement in Tangentopoli scandal . The last main turning point of Craxis career began in February 1992 , when Socialist MP Mario Chiesa was arrested by police while taking a 7 million lira bribe from a cleaning service firm . Chiesa sought Craxis protection for nearly a month ; but Craxi accused him of casting a shadow on the most honest party in Italy . Feeling marginalised and unjustly singled-out , Chiesa divulged everything he knew to the prosecutors . His revelations brought half of the Milan Socialists and Industrialists under investigation ; even Paolo Pillitteri , Craxis own brother-in-law and mayor of Milan , was investigated despite his parliamentary immunity . As a consequence , a team of Milanese judges began investigating specifically the partys financing system . In July 1992 , Craxi finally realised the situation was serious and that he himself was going to be hit by the unfolding scandal . He made an appeal before the Chamber of Deputies in which he claimed that everyone knew of the widespread irregularities in the public financing of Italian parties , accused the deputies of hypocrisy and cowardice , and called for all MPs to protect the Socialists from prosecution as a show of solidarity . However , his call was ignored . Craxi received his first prosecution notice in December 1992 . More followed in January and February , at which point the Court of Milan explicitly asked Parliament to authorise Craxis prosecution for bribery and corruption ( at the time , Italian MPs were immune from prosecution unless authorised by Parliament ) . The authorisation was denied on 29 April 1993 after Craxi gave an emotional speech . However , upon coming out of the Hotel Raphael , where he lived , he received a salvo of coins that members of the Democratic Party of the Left and the right-wing Italian Social Movement threw at him as a sign of their disgust . They started to jump and sing : He who does not jump is a Socialist ! ( from a traditional stadium chant ) . Some of the students waved 1,000-lire bills , singing Bettino , do you want these too ? ( Bettino , vuoi pure queste? ) to the tune of Guantanamera . Facing the judges . In December 1993 , after his prosecution was finally authorised , Craxi was called to testify alongside Democrazia Cristiana party secretary Arnaldo Forlani before Justice Antonio Di Pietro . Questions were asked about the so-called ENIMONT super-bribe which the PSI and DC had jointly received and democratically shared . Forlani evasively asked what a bribe was while Craxi , after admitting to the charges brought against himself and other parties , stated that the bribes were the cost of politics . Craxi , noting that the legal process had accelerated in his case , claimed that his prosecution was politically motivated . In May 1994 he fled to Tunis in order to escape jail . His political career ended in less than two years . Italys entire political class , including people like Andreotti and Forlani , was to follow suit soon . The CAF ( the Craxi-Andreotti-Forlani axis ) , which had made a pact to revive the Pentapartito ( an alliance of five parties : DC , PSI , Italian Republican Party , Italian Liberal Party , Italian Democratic Socialist Party ) of the 1980s and apply it to the 1990s , was doomed to be crushed by the popular vote as well as by the judges . The set of anti-corruption investigations carried out by the Milan judges came to be collectively called Mani pulite ( clean hands ) . No party was spared , but in some parties corruption had become more endemic than elsewhere ( either because of more opportunity or internal ethics ) . To this day , some people ( especially those who were close to Craxi ) argue that some parties ( such as the Italian Communist Party ) were left untouched , while the leaders of then ruling coalition ( and in particular Bettino Craxi ) were wiped off the political map . The judges in Milan were put under scrutiny several times by different governments ( especially Silvio Berlusconis first government in 1994 ) , but no evidence of any misconduct was ever found . Furthermore , public opinion was much less concerned about foreign financing than about the misappropriation of their money by corrupt politicians . In the end , the Socialist party went from 14% of the vote to a virtual nil . An ironic note was that the disgraced remnant of the party was excluded from Parliament by the minimum 4% threshold introduced by Bettino Craxi himself during one of his previous governments . As mentioned before , during the Mani pulite period Craxi tried to use a daring defence tactic : he maintained that all parties needed and took money illegally , however they could get it , to finance their activities . His defence was therefore not to declare himself innocent , but everybody guilty . While this was basically the truth , most citizens distrusted politicians , and Craxis defence got no sympathy by the citizens and may have even served to enrage them further . Some bribes didnt go to the parties at all . They went to the personal wallets of the politician who happened to take them . In 2012 , Di Pietro admitted that Craxi was right when during the process Enimont he accused Italian Communist Party to have received illegal funding from the Soviet Union . Craxis sentences seemed to him criminally relevant , but Di Pietro omitted to investigate that crime . Criticism of his lifestyle . Craxis lifestyle was perceived to be inappropriate for the secretary of a party with so many alleged financial problems : he lived in the Raphael , an expensive hotel in Romes centre , and had a large villa in Hammamet , Tunisia . As the Mani Pulite investigations were to uncover in the 1990s , personal corruption was endemic in Italian society ; while many politicians , including Craxi , would justify corruption with the necessities of a democracy , political leaders at many levels enjoyed a lifestyle that should have been well out of their reach , while most parties continued having financial problems . Rino Formica , a prominent member of the Socialist Party in those years , wittily said that the convent is poor , but the friars are rich . Furthermore , Craxis arrogant character won him many enemies ; one of his most condemned actions was blaming corruption in the socialist party on treasurer Vincenzo Balzamo , just after the latters death , in order to clear himself of any accusation . He also had controversial friends , such as Siad Barre , dictator of Somalia , Yasser Arafat , leader of PLO , and Ben Ali , dictator of Tunisia . The latter provided protection to Craxi when he escaped from Italy . Craxis entourage was famously criticised by Formica as a court of midgets and dancers ( corte di nani e ballerine ) , indicating the often ludicrous and immoral traits of a system based on personal acquaintance rather than merit . Among the friends of Craxis to receive smaller and larger favours , Silvio Berlusconi is perhaps the most known : he received many favours , especially regarding his media empire , and had a decree named after him ( Decreto Berlusconi ) long before he entered politics . Other figures were Craxis mistresses Ania Pieroni , who owned a TV station in the Rome area , and Sandra Milo , who had a skyrocketing career in the state-owned TV channels RAI . Craxi was also known for never apologising , as a matter of principle ; most Italians expected an apology after the corrupt system had been exposed . Craxi never apologised , stating he had done nothing that everybody else had not been doing , and that he was being unjustly singled out and persecuted . Judgements of European Court of human rights . All three appeals by Craxi to Strasbourg Court complained that his defense was not able to refute in court the accusations made by various defendants of related crimes , in violation of the adversarial principle proclaimed in article 6 paragraph 3 letter d of the European Convention of Human Rights . The European Court ruled in his favor once , in the case of wiretapped conversations illegally made public . Decline and dissolution of the Socialist Party . Bettino Craxi resigned as party Secretary in February 1993 . Between 1992 and 1993 , most members of the party left politics and three Socialist deputies committed suicide . Craxi was succeeded by two Socialist trade-unionists , first Giorgio Benvenuto and then by Ottaviano Del Turco . In the December 1993 provincial and municipal elections the PSI was virtually wiped out , receiving around 3% of the vote . In Milan , where the PSI had won 20% in 1990 , the PSI received a mere 2% , which was not even enough to elect a councillor . Del Turco tried in vain to regain credibility for the party . In the 1994 general election , what was left of PSI allied itself to the Alliance of Progressives dominated by the post-communist incarnation of the PCI , the Democratic Party of the Left ( PDS ) . Del Turco had quickly changed the party symbol to reinforce the idea of innovation . However , this did not stop the PSI gaining only 2.2% of the votes compared to 13.6% in 1992 . The PSI got 16 deputies and 14 senators elected , down from 92 deputies and 49 senators of 1992 . Most of them came from the left-wing of the party , as Del Turco himself did . Most Socialists joined other political forces , mainly Forza Italia , the new party led by Silvio Berlusconi , the Patto Segni and Democratic Alliance . The party was disbanded on 13 November 1994 after two years of agony , in which almost all of its longtime leaders , especially Bettino Craxi , were involved in Tangentopoli and decided to leave politics . The 100-year-old party closed down , partially thanks to its leaders for their personalisation of the PSI . Craxism . Craxism ( ita : Craxismo ) was and is according to some extant , an Italian political ideology based on Craxis thought . It was informal ideology of the Socialist Party from 1976 to 1994 . Origins and features . Craxism , although the term is considered derogatory today , was based on a synthesis of social democracy , socialism and social liberalism . In fact , if on one side the PSI under Craxi is required with a strong third-worldism , Pro-Arabianism , environmentalism and a modern welfare state system ( typical of the modern left ) , on the other hand was strongly pro-Atlanticist and pro-europeanist and placed on a strong defense of territorial sovereignty ( e.g . Sigonella crisis American armed forces ) and on conservative policies on issues such as abortion and war on drugs . Under Craxi , PSI moved from left-wing to centre-left , much to ally with the Christian Democracy and other moderate parties that formed a coalition called Pentapartito , which ensured a stable majority to govern . Critics . Today , Craxism is often considered a derogatory term describing a corrupt politician , although some welcome him in a favourable manner : this is the case of those who , following the dissolution of the PSI , joined the newly formed Forza Italia of Silvio Berlusconi ( centre-right ) , but also a part of those who formed the Italian Socialists , small party adhering to the Alliance of progressives of Achille Occhetto ( centre-left ) . Finally , Craxism has led to the change of the whole of European socialism , together with Felipe González ( PSOE ) , François Mitterrand ( PS ) , and Helmut Schmidt ( SPD ) , during all of the 1980s ; In addition , along with these other figures , inspired the overhaul and the policies of Tony Blairs Labour Party , the José Zapateros PSOE and the Andreas Papandreous PASOK . In Italy , the main critics of Craxism as well as the figure of Craxi are the former Communists ( including most members of the Democratic Party ) and some media left-wing press ( Il Fatto Quotidiano , il manifesto , LEspresso and la Repubblica ) while the biggest supporters are the Italian Socialist Party of Riccardo Nencini and various politicians of The People of Freedom and the centre-right as Silvio Berlusconi , Renato Brunetta , Maurizio Sacconi , Stefano Caldoro and Stefania Craxi , Bettinos daughter . Death and legacy . All this resulted in him being considered the symbol of political corruption . Bettino Craxi escaped the laws he had once contributed to make , by fleeing to Hammamet , Tunisia in 1994 ; he remained a fugitive there , protected by the government of Ben Ali , his personal friend . He repeatedly declared himself innocent but never returned to Italy where he had been sentenced to 27 years in jail because of his corruption crimes ( of these , 9 years and 8 months were upheld on appeal ) . Craxi died on 19 January 2000 , at the age of 65 , from complications of diabetes . Prime Minister and Democrats of the Left leader , Massimo DAlema proposed a state funeral which , however , was not accepted by Craxis family who accused the government of preventing his return to Italy to undergo a delicate surgery at San Raffaele Hospital in Milan . Craxis funeral took place at the Cathedral of St . Vincent de Paul in Tunis and saw a large participation of the local population . Former PSI militants and other Italians arrived in Tunisia to make the last greetings to their leader . His supporters came outside the Tunisian cathedral and targeted Lamberto Dini and Marco Minniti , representatives of the Italian government , by insults and a launch of coins . Craxis tomb is in the small Christian cemetery in Hammamet ; according to some sources it is orientated towards Italy , but , following a 2017 survey , this has revealed to be erroneous . External links . - Craxi Foundation website |
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"Republic of Florence"
] | easy | What did Republic of Cospaia share border with from 1441 to 1532? | /wiki/Republic_of_Cospaia#P47#0 | Republic of Cospaia The Republic of Cospaia ( local dialect : Republica de Cošpäja ) was a small state within modern-day Italy , located in northern Umbria , independent from 1440 to 1826 . It was located in what is now the hamlet ( frazione ) of Cospaia in the comune of San Giustino in the Province of Perugia . History . It unexpectedly gained independence in 1440 after Pope Eugene IV , embroiled in a struggle with the Council of Basel , made a sale of territory to the Republic of Florence . By error , a small strip of land went unmentioned in the sale treaty and its inhabitants declared themselves independent . The misunderstanding arose from the fact that , about 500 meters from the stream that was to establish the demarcation ( simply called Rio ) , there was a homonymous stream . The delegates of the Florentine republic considered the Rio which was located further north as the new delimitation , whereas the delegates of the Papal States considered it the one further south . Thus a sort of terra nullius was formed whose inhabitants declared themselves independent , no longer subject to any authority . In 1484 its autonomy was formally recognized by both Florence and the Papal States , considering it not worth the trouble to redraw treaties in regard to an already complicated border . On May 25 , 1826 , Cospaia was divided between Tuscany and the Papal States . The treaty was signed by the fourteen remaining family heads of Cospaia , in exchange for a silver coin , and being allowed to grow up to half a million tobacco plants a year . Birth of the republic . The republican form of government was extremely rare until the French Revolution . There were maritime republics ( with aristocratic institutions ) , the Republic of San Marino and alleged Republic of Senarica ( in Abruzzo ) , with an elected doge akin to the system used in Venice , but its real existence has not been historically proven with proper documentation . The cospaiesi , therefore , preferred to base their independence on the total freedom of the inhabitants , all holders of sovereignty , not entrusted to any organ of power , unlike in states . Cospaia also had an official flag , which is still used on some occasions . The banner was characterized by a black and a white field , divided diagonally . In the coat of arms there appeared the village between the two small streams , with two fish on the right and the plant of Nicotiana tabacum on the left , above was the motto and years of the republic . The cospaiesi did not , therefore , have tribute obligations with either the Papal States nor the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , and the goods that passed through the territory were not subject to any tariffs ; it was therefore a free economic zone and buffer state between the two powers . Although Cospaia extended over just 330 hectares ( 2 kilometers long and about 500 meters wide ) , the 250 inhabitants treasured the situation and took advantage of it to increase the cultivation of tobacco , among the first in the Italian peninsula . Even now , some varieties of tobacco are defined with the name of cospaia . Cospaia was an early centre of tobacco production within Italy , using 25 hectares of fertile soil to grow it . One of the reasons for the prosperity of Cospaia was that it was the only place in Italy that didnt follow with the papal ban on tobacco growing , thus ensuring a monopoly on production . Form of government . The Republic of Cospaia did not have a formal government or official legal system . There were no jails or prisons and there was no standing army or police force . At the head of the administration , there was the Council of Elders and Family Heads , which was summoned for decision making and judicial duties . The curate of San Lorenzo also took part in the meetings of the Council of Elders , as president , a position shared with a member of the Valenti family , the most important in the country . Council meetings were held in the Valenti house until 1718 , when the council began to meet in the Church of the Annunciation , where they would stay until the republics dissolution . On the architrave of the church door one can still read the only written law of the tiny republic : Perpetua et firma libertas , or Perpetual and secure freedom . The Latin phrase referred to was also engraved on the parish bell . After several centuries of existence , Cospaia was reduced to a mere receptacle of contraband . The concept of freedom was somewhat tarnished in favor of its privileges , which attracted people of all kinds , for economic reasons or to escape the justice of the two large adjacent states . This situation was not unusual in the small states , especially in the border ones . End of the republic . After the end of the Napoleonic Era , on 26 June 1826 , with an act of submission by fourteen representatives of the republic , Cospaia became part of the Papal States : every Cospaiese , as compensation , obtained a papal silver coin and the authorization to continue tobacco cultivation , which was taken over by rich local landowners such as the Collacchioni and the Giovagnoli , who bought most of the territory contained within the borders of the former republic . They then extended tobacco production to the whole valley , imposing it as the principal agricultural commodity . |
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""
] | easy | Republic of Cospaia shared border with what from 1532 to 1569? | /wiki/Republic_of_Cospaia#P47#1 | Republic of Cospaia The Republic of Cospaia ( local dialect : Republica de Cošpäja ) was a small state within modern-day Italy , located in northern Umbria , independent from 1440 to 1826 . It was located in what is now the hamlet ( frazione ) of Cospaia in the comune of San Giustino in the Province of Perugia . History . It unexpectedly gained independence in 1440 after Pope Eugene IV , embroiled in a struggle with the Council of Basel , made a sale of territory to the Republic of Florence . By error , a small strip of land went unmentioned in the sale treaty and its inhabitants declared themselves independent . The misunderstanding arose from the fact that , about 500 meters from the stream that was to establish the demarcation ( simply called Rio ) , there was a homonymous stream . The delegates of the Florentine republic considered the Rio which was located further north as the new delimitation , whereas the delegates of the Papal States considered it the one further south . Thus a sort of terra nullius was formed whose inhabitants declared themselves independent , no longer subject to any authority . In 1484 its autonomy was formally recognized by both Florence and the Papal States , considering it not worth the trouble to redraw treaties in regard to an already complicated border . On May 25 , 1826 , Cospaia was divided between Tuscany and the Papal States . The treaty was signed by the fourteen remaining family heads of Cospaia , in exchange for a silver coin , and being allowed to grow up to half a million tobacco plants a year . Birth of the republic . The republican form of government was extremely rare until the French Revolution . There were maritime republics ( with aristocratic institutions ) , the Republic of San Marino and alleged Republic of Senarica ( in Abruzzo ) , with an elected doge akin to the system used in Venice , but its real existence has not been historically proven with proper documentation . The cospaiesi , therefore , preferred to base their independence on the total freedom of the inhabitants , all holders of sovereignty , not entrusted to any organ of power , unlike in states . Cospaia also had an official flag , which is still used on some occasions . The banner was characterized by a black and a white field , divided diagonally . In the coat of arms there appeared the village between the two small streams , with two fish on the right and the plant of Nicotiana tabacum on the left , above was the motto and years of the republic . The cospaiesi did not , therefore , have tribute obligations with either the Papal States nor the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , and the goods that passed through the territory were not subject to any tariffs ; it was therefore a free economic zone and buffer state between the two powers . Although Cospaia extended over just 330 hectares ( 2 kilometers long and about 500 meters wide ) , the 250 inhabitants treasured the situation and took advantage of it to increase the cultivation of tobacco , among the first in the Italian peninsula . Even now , some varieties of tobacco are defined with the name of cospaia . Cospaia was an early centre of tobacco production within Italy , using 25 hectares of fertile soil to grow it . One of the reasons for the prosperity of Cospaia was that it was the only place in Italy that didnt follow with the papal ban on tobacco growing , thus ensuring a monopoly on production . Form of government . The Republic of Cospaia did not have a formal government or official legal system . There were no jails or prisons and there was no standing army or police force . At the head of the administration , there was the Council of Elders and Family Heads , which was summoned for decision making and judicial duties . The curate of San Lorenzo also took part in the meetings of the Council of Elders , as president , a position shared with a member of the Valenti family , the most important in the country . Council meetings were held in the Valenti house until 1718 , when the council began to meet in the Church of the Annunciation , where they would stay until the republics dissolution . On the architrave of the church door one can still read the only written law of the tiny republic : Perpetua et firma libertas , or Perpetual and secure freedom . The Latin phrase referred to was also engraved on the parish bell . After several centuries of existence , Cospaia was reduced to a mere receptacle of contraband . The concept of freedom was somewhat tarnished in favor of its privileges , which attracted people of all kinds , for economic reasons or to escape the justice of the two large adjacent states . This situation was not unusual in the small states , especially in the border ones . End of the republic . After the end of the Napoleonic Era , on 26 June 1826 , with an act of submission by fourteen representatives of the republic , Cospaia became part of the Papal States : every Cospaiese , as compensation , obtained a papal silver coin and the authorization to continue tobacco cultivation , which was taken over by rich local landowners such as the Collacchioni and the Giovagnoli , who bought most of the territory contained within the borders of the former republic . They then extended tobacco production to the whole valley , imposing it as the principal agricultural commodity . |
[
"Grand Duchy of Tuscany"
] | easy | Republic of Cospaia shared border with what from 1569 to 1826? | /wiki/Republic_of_Cospaia#P47#2 | Republic of Cospaia The Republic of Cospaia ( local dialect : Republica de Cošpäja ) was a small state within modern-day Italy , located in northern Umbria , independent from 1440 to 1826 . It was located in what is now the hamlet ( frazione ) of Cospaia in the comune of San Giustino in the Province of Perugia . History . It unexpectedly gained independence in 1440 after Pope Eugene IV , embroiled in a struggle with the Council of Basel , made a sale of territory to the Republic of Florence . By error , a small strip of land went unmentioned in the sale treaty and its inhabitants declared themselves independent . The misunderstanding arose from the fact that , about 500 meters from the stream that was to establish the demarcation ( simply called Rio ) , there was a homonymous stream . The delegates of the Florentine republic considered the Rio which was located further north as the new delimitation , whereas the delegates of the Papal States considered it the one further south . Thus a sort of terra nullius was formed whose inhabitants declared themselves independent , no longer subject to any authority . In 1484 its autonomy was formally recognized by both Florence and the Papal States , considering it not worth the trouble to redraw treaties in regard to an already complicated border . On May 25 , 1826 , Cospaia was divided between Tuscany and the Papal States . The treaty was signed by the fourteen remaining family heads of Cospaia , in exchange for a silver coin , and being allowed to grow up to half a million tobacco plants a year . Birth of the republic . The republican form of government was extremely rare until the French Revolution . There were maritime republics ( with aristocratic institutions ) , the Republic of San Marino and alleged Republic of Senarica ( in Abruzzo ) , with an elected doge akin to the system used in Venice , but its real existence has not been historically proven with proper documentation . The cospaiesi , therefore , preferred to base their independence on the total freedom of the inhabitants , all holders of sovereignty , not entrusted to any organ of power , unlike in states . Cospaia also had an official flag , which is still used on some occasions . The banner was characterized by a black and a white field , divided diagonally . In the coat of arms there appeared the village between the two small streams , with two fish on the right and the plant of Nicotiana tabacum on the left , above was the motto and years of the republic . The cospaiesi did not , therefore , have tribute obligations with either the Papal States nor the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , and the goods that passed through the territory were not subject to any tariffs ; it was therefore a free economic zone and buffer state between the two powers . Although Cospaia extended over just 330 hectares ( 2 kilometers long and about 500 meters wide ) , the 250 inhabitants treasured the situation and took advantage of it to increase the cultivation of tobacco , among the first in the Italian peninsula . Even now , some varieties of tobacco are defined with the name of cospaia . Cospaia was an early centre of tobacco production within Italy , using 25 hectares of fertile soil to grow it . One of the reasons for the prosperity of Cospaia was that it was the only place in Italy that didnt follow with the papal ban on tobacco growing , thus ensuring a monopoly on production . Form of government . The Republic of Cospaia did not have a formal government or official legal system . There were no jails or prisons and there was no standing army or police force . At the head of the administration , there was the Council of Elders and Family Heads , which was summoned for decision making and judicial duties . The curate of San Lorenzo also took part in the meetings of the Council of Elders , as president , a position shared with a member of the Valenti family , the most important in the country . Council meetings were held in the Valenti house until 1718 , when the council began to meet in the Church of the Annunciation , where they would stay until the republics dissolution . On the architrave of the church door one can still read the only written law of the tiny republic : Perpetua et firma libertas , or Perpetual and secure freedom . The Latin phrase referred to was also engraved on the parish bell . After several centuries of existence , Cospaia was reduced to a mere receptacle of contraband . The concept of freedom was somewhat tarnished in favor of its privileges , which attracted people of all kinds , for economic reasons or to escape the justice of the two large adjacent states . This situation was not unusual in the small states , especially in the border ones . End of the republic . After the end of the Napoleonic Era , on 26 June 1826 , with an act of submission by fourteen representatives of the republic , Cospaia became part of the Papal States : every Cospaiese , as compensation , obtained a papal silver coin and the authorization to continue tobacco cultivation , which was taken over by rich local landowners such as the Collacchioni and the Giovagnoli , who bought most of the territory contained within the borders of the former republic . They then extended tobacco production to the whole valley , imposing it as the principal agricultural commodity . |
[
"State University of New York , Oneonta"
] | easy | Which school did James Zachos go to from 1980 to 1981? | /wiki/James_Zachos#P69#0 | James Zachos James Zachos is an American paleoclimatologist , oceanographer , and marine scientist . He is currently a professor and chair of the Department of Earth and Planetary sciences at University of California , Santa Cruz where he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2017 . He has conducted research on a wide variety of topics related to biological , chemical , and climatic evolution of late Cretaceous and Cenozoic oceans , and he is recognized for transforming our understanding of long-term climate change and climate transitions in the past 65 million years . His investigations of past climatic conditions are intended to improve our ability to understand the consequences of anthropogenic carbon emissions on future climate change . Professor Zachos has co-authored over 160 publications and has been invited to give over 140 lectures at institutions , universities , and conferences around the world , including Stanford University , University of Cambridge , and Utrecht University , University of Sao Paolo , and International Conference on Paleoceanography VIII . He has also participated on multiple Ocean Drilling Program ( ODP ) Expeditions to the Arctic and Southern Ocean , Pacific and Indian Oceans . In 2004 , Zachos served as the co-chief scientist of Leg 208 expedition to the south Atlantic . Zachos is a fellow of the Geological Society of America , American Academy of Arts and Sciences , and American Geophysical Union . In 2016 , he received the Milutin Milankovic Medal by the European Geosciences Union , which is awarded to scientists for their outstanding research in long-term climatic changes and modelling . Research . James Zachos’ research is focused on the biological , chemical , and climatic evolution of late Cretaceous and Cenozoic oceans ( i.e. , the last 66 million years ) . This research typically involves analysis of the chemical and isotopic composition of fossil shells from marine sediments to reconstruct past changes ice-volume , ocean temperatures , circulation , productivity , and carbon cycling . Combined with numerical models , such observations are used to determine the mechanisms responsible for the long and short-term changes in global climate . Presently , Zachos’ research group is studying several episodes of rapid and extreme changes in climate including the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum . Academic Background . In 1981 Zachos received bachelors degrees in Geology and Economics from the State University of New York , Oneonta . Zachos obtained his M.S . in Geology ( 1983 ) at The University of South Carolina and a Ph.D . in Geological oceanography at the University of Rhode Island . After completing his education , he pursued a postdoctoral fellowship at University of Michigan from 1988 to 1990 before joining the faculty of the Department of Earth Sciences UC Santa Cruz in 1992 . In 2000 he was a visiting fellow at the University of Cambridge . Recognition . - Ida Benson-Lynn Endowed Chair of Ocean Health ( 2018 ) - Foreign Member , Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 2018 ) - Member , National Academy of Sciences ( 2017 ) - Milutin Milankovic Medal , European Geosciences Union ( 2016 ) - Highly Cited Researcher ESI ( 2014 ) - Chauncey D . Holmes Lecture , Syracuse University ( 2014 ) - Distinguished Achievement Award , University Rhode Island ( 2011 ) - Fellow , California Academy of Sciences ( 2011 ) - Fellow , American Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 2011 ) - Humboldt Research Award ( 2008 ) - USSSP Distinguished Lecturer ( 2007 ) - Emiliani Lecture , American Geophysical Union ( 2006 ) - CIRES Distinguished Lecture , University of Colorado ( 2005 ) - Henry Charnock Lecture , Southampton University ( 2004 ) - Fellow , Bremen University Visiting ( 2004 ) - Fellow , Geological Society of America ( 2004 ) - Vetlesen Distinguishing Lecture , University of Rhode Island ( 2004 ) - Visiting Fellow , University of Cambridge ( 2000 ) - National Young Investigator ( 1994 ) - JOI-USSAC Distinguished Lecturer ( 1993 ) |
[
"The University of South Carolina"
] | easy | Where was James Zachos educated from 1981 to 1984? | /wiki/James_Zachos#P69#1 | James Zachos James Zachos is an American paleoclimatologist , oceanographer , and marine scientist . He is currently a professor and chair of the Department of Earth and Planetary sciences at University of California , Santa Cruz where he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2017 . He has conducted research on a wide variety of topics related to biological , chemical , and climatic evolution of late Cretaceous and Cenozoic oceans , and he is recognized for transforming our understanding of long-term climate change and climate transitions in the past 65 million years . His investigations of past climatic conditions are intended to improve our ability to understand the consequences of anthropogenic carbon emissions on future climate change . Professor Zachos has co-authored over 160 publications and has been invited to give over 140 lectures at institutions , universities , and conferences around the world , including Stanford University , University of Cambridge , and Utrecht University , University of Sao Paolo , and International Conference on Paleoceanography VIII . He has also participated on multiple Ocean Drilling Program ( ODP ) Expeditions to the Arctic and Southern Ocean , Pacific and Indian Oceans . In 2004 , Zachos served as the co-chief scientist of Leg 208 expedition to the south Atlantic . Zachos is a fellow of the Geological Society of America , American Academy of Arts and Sciences , and American Geophysical Union . In 2016 , he received the Milutin Milankovic Medal by the European Geosciences Union , which is awarded to scientists for their outstanding research in long-term climatic changes and modelling . Research . James Zachos’ research is focused on the biological , chemical , and climatic evolution of late Cretaceous and Cenozoic oceans ( i.e. , the last 66 million years ) . This research typically involves analysis of the chemical and isotopic composition of fossil shells from marine sediments to reconstruct past changes ice-volume , ocean temperatures , circulation , productivity , and carbon cycling . Combined with numerical models , such observations are used to determine the mechanisms responsible for the long and short-term changes in global climate . Presently , Zachos’ research group is studying several episodes of rapid and extreme changes in climate including the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum . Academic Background . In 1981 Zachos received bachelors degrees in Geology and Economics from the State University of New York , Oneonta . Zachos obtained his M.S . in Geology ( 1983 ) at The University of South Carolina and a Ph.D . in Geological oceanography at the University of Rhode Island . After completing his education , he pursued a postdoctoral fellowship at University of Michigan from 1988 to 1990 before joining the faculty of the Department of Earth Sciences UC Santa Cruz in 1992 . In 2000 he was a visiting fellow at the University of Cambridge . Recognition . - Ida Benson-Lynn Endowed Chair of Ocean Health ( 2018 ) - Foreign Member , Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 2018 ) - Member , National Academy of Sciences ( 2017 ) - Milutin Milankovic Medal , European Geosciences Union ( 2016 ) - Highly Cited Researcher ESI ( 2014 ) - Chauncey D . Holmes Lecture , Syracuse University ( 2014 ) - Distinguished Achievement Award , University Rhode Island ( 2011 ) - Fellow , California Academy of Sciences ( 2011 ) - Fellow , American Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 2011 ) - Humboldt Research Award ( 2008 ) - USSSP Distinguished Lecturer ( 2007 ) - Emiliani Lecture , American Geophysical Union ( 2006 ) - CIRES Distinguished Lecture , University of Colorado ( 2005 ) - Henry Charnock Lecture , Southampton University ( 2004 ) - Fellow , Bremen University Visiting ( 2004 ) - Fellow , Geological Society of America ( 2004 ) - Vetlesen Distinguishing Lecture , University of Rhode Island ( 2004 ) - Visiting Fellow , University of Cambridge ( 2000 ) - National Young Investigator ( 1994 ) - JOI-USSAC Distinguished Lecturer ( 1993 ) |
[
"University of Rhode Island",
"University of Michigan"
] | easy | James Zachos went to which school from 1984 to 1988? | /wiki/James_Zachos#P69#2 | James Zachos James Zachos is an American paleoclimatologist , oceanographer , and marine scientist . He is currently a professor and chair of the Department of Earth and Planetary sciences at University of California , Santa Cruz where he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2017 . He has conducted research on a wide variety of topics related to biological , chemical , and climatic evolution of late Cretaceous and Cenozoic oceans , and he is recognized for transforming our understanding of long-term climate change and climate transitions in the past 65 million years . His investigations of past climatic conditions are intended to improve our ability to understand the consequences of anthropogenic carbon emissions on future climate change . Professor Zachos has co-authored over 160 publications and has been invited to give over 140 lectures at institutions , universities , and conferences around the world , including Stanford University , University of Cambridge , and Utrecht University , University of Sao Paolo , and International Conference on Paleoceanography VIII . He has also participated on multiple Ocean Drilling Program ( ODP ) Expeditions to the Arctic and Southern Ocean , Pacific and Indian Oceans . In 2004 , Zachos served as the co-chief scientist of Leg 208 expedition to the south Atlantic . Zachos is a fellow of the Geological Society of America , American Academy of Arts and Sciences , and American Geophysical Union . In 2016 , he received the Milutin Milankovic Medal by the European Geosciences Union , which is awarded to scientists for their outstanding research in long-term climatic changes and modelling . Research . James Zachos’ research is focused on the biological , chemical , and climatic evolution of late Cretaceous and Cenozoic oceans ( i.e. , the last 66 million years ) . This research typically involves analysis of the chemical and isotopic composition of fossil shells from marine sediments to reconstruct past changes ice-volume , ocean temperatures , circulation , productivity , and carbon cycling . Combined with numerical models , such observations are used to determine the mechanisms responsible for the long and short-term changes in global climate . Presently , Zachos’ research group is studying several episodes of rapid and extreme changes in climate including the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum . Academic Background . In 1981 Zachos received bachelors degrees in Geology and Economics from the State University of New York , Oneonta . Zachos obtained his M.S . in Geology ( 1983 ) at The University of South Carolina and a Ph.D . in Geological oceanography at the University of Rhode Island . After completing his education , he pursued a postdoctoral fellowship at University of Michigan from 1988 to 1990 before joining the faculty of the Department of Earth Sciences UC Santa Cruz in 1992 . In 2000 he was a visiting fellow at the University of Cambridge . Recognition . - Ida Benson-Lynn Endowed Chair of Ocean Health ( 2018 ) - Foreign Member , Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 2018 ) - Member , National Academy of Sciences ( 2017 ) - Milutin Milankovic Medal , European Geosciences Union ( 2016 ) - Highly Cited Researcher ESI ( 2014 ) - Chauncey D . Holmes Lecture , Syracuse University ( 2014 ) - Distinguished Achievement Award , University Rhode Island ( 2011 ) - Fellow , California Academy of Sciences ( 2011 ) - Fellow , American Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 2011 ) - Humboldt Research Award ( 2008 ) - USSSP Distinguished Lecturer ( 2007 ) - Emiliani Lecture , American Geophysical Union ( 2006 ) - CIRES Distinguished Lecture , University of Colorado ( 2005 ) - Henry Charnock Lecture , Southampton University ( 2004 ) - Fellow , Bremen University Visiting ( 2004 ) - Fellow , Geological Society of America ( 2004 ) - Vetlesen Distinguishing Lecture , University of Rhode Island ( 2004 ) - Visiting Fellow , University of Cambridge ( 2000 ) - National Young Investigator ( 1994 ) - JOI-USSAC Distinguished Lecturer ( 1993 ) |
[
"Georgia Institute of Technology"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Akkihebbal Ravishankara work for from 1976 to 1984? | /wiki/Akkihebbal_Ravishankara#P108#0 | Akkihebbal Ravishankara Akkihebbal Ramaiah ( Ravi ) Ravishankara ForMemRS FAAAS FRSC is a scientist specializing in Chemistry and Atmospheric Sciences , and University Distinguished Professor in the Departments of Chemistry and Atmospheric Sciences at Colorado State University , Fort Collins . He has been a leading researcher on the chemistry of the atmosphere with special focus on stratospheric ozone depletion , climate change , and air quality . His contributions have been significant in understanding ozone layer depletion , the role chemically active species play in climate change and the lifecycle of pollutants , specifically hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) and chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) . He was part of the assessment steering committee ( 2006 ) of and co-chaired ( 2010 and 2014 ) the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) /United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) Science Assessment Panel on Stratospheric Ozone . Education . Ravishankara was born in Shimoga , India in 1949 . He obtained his BSc and MSc degrees at the University of Mysore , and briefly researched at the Indian Institute of Science , before moving to the University of Florida at Gainesville where he received his PhD in 1975 . Career and research . Ravishankaras work included fundamental research on chemical processes and reaction rates in the gas-phase and surface chemistry of the atmosphere of Earth , resulting in better comprehension of ozone depletion , climate change and air pollutants . Ravishankara began his career in atmospheric research after obtaining his Doctorate . He has researched Ozone Layer Depletion at Georgia Institute of Technology and in Antarctica . He participated in efforts to find alternatives to CFCs after the passing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 . His work on fully fluorinated greenhouse gases contributed to the Kyoto Protocol agreement in 1997 to reduce carbon dioxide emissions . Ravishankara has also researched extensively on HFCs , work that was part of the efforts leading to the passage of the Montreal Protocol’s 2016 Kigali Amendment , aimed at reducing the use of HFCs specifically . In 2004 , an NOAA team headed by Ravishankara , and two other independent teams , published a significant update of the rate coefficients for airborne chemical reactions . Earlier values were resulting in inaccurate measurement of , amongst other processes , atomic Oxygen reactions , created by the break-down of Ozone . Using laser flash photolysis , the groups studied the reaction kinetics of atomic oxygen with oxygen , nitrogen and hydrogen molecules as well as greenhouse gases . Results indicated that the actual rate coefficient values were 20 percent higher than the estimates used by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) and NASA at the time . Following research conducted by a team led by him , Ravishankara also drew attention in 2009 to the threat of nitrous oxide to the Ozone layer . In a paper published by the team in Science magazine , their research indicated a steady rise in nitrous oxide emissions by processes arising from human activity like agricultural fertilization and fossil fuel combustion . Ravishankara was senior scientist and then director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) s Chemical Sciences Division in Boulder , Colorado . He also served on the Physical Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize from 2017 to 2019 . Appointments held . His appointments held include : - 1976 Research Associate , University of Maryland - 1976-1985 Research positions at Georgia Institute of Technology - 1979-1985 Head of Molecular Sciences Branch , Georgia Institute of Technology - 1984-2014 Research positions at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) - 1989-2014 Adjunct Professor of Chemistry , University of Colorado - 1993-2007 Chief of Atmospheric Chemical Kinetics Program , NOAA - 2006-2014 Acting Director and then Director , Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA - 2014-2016 Professor of Chemistry and Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University - Fort Collins Awards and Honors . His awards and honors include : - 1995 Silver Medal , United States Department of Commerce - 1996 Stratospheric Ozone Protection Award of the US Environmental Protection Agency - 1997 Fellow , American Geophysical Union - 1998 Polanyi Medal of the Royal Society of Chemistry - 1999 Robertson Memorial Lecturer , US National Academy of Sciences - 2000 Member , US National Academy of Sciences - 2001 Fellow , American Association for the Advancement of Science - 2003 Crawford Lecture , University of Minnesota - 2003 Centenary Lecture , Royal Society of Chemistry - 2004 US Presidential Rank Meritorious Award for a senior professional - 2005 Award for Creative Advances in Environmental Sciences , American Chemical Society - 2005 Chancellor Lecturer , Louisiana State University - 2005 Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry ( FRSC ) - 2007 Bronze Medal , United States Department of Commerce - 2008 Bronze Medal , United States Department of Commerce - 2008 Administrator’s Award , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - 2008 Fellow , International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry - 2008 Centenary Lecturer , Indian Institute of Science - 2009 Welch Foundation Lecturer , Texas - 2009 Morino Foundation Fellow , Japan - 2010 Hinshelwood Lecturer , University of Oxford - 2008 Bronze Medal , United States Department of Commerce - 2013 Harold Schiff Lecture , York University , Canada - 2013 Randall Lecture , University of Texas at Arlington , Texas - 2019 Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) |
[
"Georgia Institute of Technology",
"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"
] | easy | Akkihebbal Ravishankara was an employee for whom from 1984 to 1985? | /wiki/Akkihebbal_Ravishankara#P108#1 | Akkihebbal Ravishankara Akkihebbal Ramaiah ( Ravi ) Ravishankara ForMemRS FAAAS FRSC is a scientist specializing in Chemistry and Atmospheric Sciences , and University Distinguished Professor in the Departments of Chemistry and Atmospheric Sciences at Colorado State University , Fort Collins . He has been a leading researcher on the chemistry of the atmosphere with special focus on stratospheric ozone depletion , climate change , and air quality . His contributions have been significant in understanding ozone layer depletion , the role chemically active species play in climate change and the lifecycle of pollutants , specifically hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) and chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) . He was part of the assessment steering committee ( 2006 ) of and co-chaired ( 2010 and 2014 ) the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) /United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) Science Assessment Panel on Stratospheric Ozone . Education . Ravishankara was born in Shimoga , India in 1949 . He obtained his BSc and MSc degrees at the University of Mysore , and briefly researched at the Indian Institute of Science , before moving to the University of Florida at Gainesville where he received his PhD in 1975 . Career and research . Ravishankaras work included fundamental research on chemical processes and reaction rates in the gas-phase and surface chemistry of the atmosphere of Earth , resulting in better comprehension of ozone depletion , climate change and air pollutants . Ravishankara began his career in atmospheric research after obtaining his Doctorate . He has researched Ozone Layer Depletion at Georgia Institute of Technology and in Antarctica . He participated in efforts to find alternatives to CFCs after the passing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 . His work on fully fluorinated greenhouse gases contributed to the Kyoto Protocol agreement in 1997 to reduce carbon dioxide emissions . Ravishankara has also researched extensively on HFCs , work that was part of the efforts leading to the passage of the Montreal Protocol’s 2016 Kigali Amendment , aimed at reducing the use of HFCs specifically . In 2004 , an NOAA team headed by Ravishankara , and two other independent teams , published a significant update of the rate coefficients for airborne chemical reactions . Earlier values were resulting in inaccurate measurement of , amongst other processes , atomic Oxygen reactions , created by the break-down of Ozone . Using laser flash photolysis , the groups studied the reaction kinetics of atomic oxygen with oxygen , nitrogen and hydrogen molecules as well as greenhouse gases . Results indicated that the actual rate coefficient values were 20 percent higher than the estimates used by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) and NASA at the time . Following research conducted by a team led by him , Ravishankara also drew attention in 2009 to the threat of nitrous oxide to the Ozone layer . In a paper published by the team in Science magazine , their research indicated a steady rise in nitrous oxide emissions by processes arising from human activity like agricultural fertilization and fossil fuel combustion . Ravishankara was senior scientist and then director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) s Chemical Sciences Division in Boulder , Colorado . He also served on the Physical Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize from 2017 to 2019 . Appointments held . His appointments held include : - 1976 Research Associate , University of Maryland - 1976-1985 Research positions at Georgia Institute of Technology - 1979-1985 Head of Molecular Sciences Branch , Georgia Institute of Technology - 1984-2014 Research positions at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) - 1989-2014 Adjunct Professor of Chemistry , University of Colorado - 1993-2007 Chief of Atmospheric Chemical Kinetics Program , NOAA - 2006-2014 Acting Director and then Director , Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA - 2014-2016 Professor of Chemistry and Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University - Fort Collins Awards and Honors . His awards and honors include : - 1995 Silver Medal , United States Department of Commerce - 1996 Stratospheric Ozone Protection Award of the US Environmental Protection Agency - 1997 Fellow , American Geophysical Union - 1998 Polanyi Medal of the Royal Society of Chemistry - 1999 Robertson Memorial Lecturer , US National Academy of Sciences - 2000 Member , US National Academy of Sciences - 2001 Fellow , American Association for the Advancement of Science - 2003 Crawford Lecture , University of Minnesota - 2003 Centenary Lecture , Royal Society of Chemistry - 2004 US Presidential Rank Meritorious Award for a senior professional - 2005 Award for Creative Advances in Environmental Sciences , American Chemical Society - 2005 Chancellor Lecturer , Louisiana State University - 2005 Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry ( FRSC ) - 2007 Bronze Medal , United States Department of Commerce - 2008 Bronze Medal , United States Department of Commerce - 2008 Administrator’s Award , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - 2008 Fellow , International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry - 2008 Centenary Lecturer , Indian Institute of Science - 2009 Welch Foundation Lecturer , Texas - 2009 Morino Foundation Fellow , Japan - 2010 Hinshelwood Lecturer , University of Oxford - 2008 Bronze Medal , United States Department of Commerce - 2013 Harold Schiff Lecture , York University , Canada - 2013 Randall Lecture , University of Texas at Arlington , Texas - 2019 Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) |
[
"Georgia Institute of Technology",
"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"
] | easy | Akkihebbal Ravishankara was an employee for whom in 1985? | /wiki/Akkihebbal_Ravishankara#P108#2 | Akkihebbal Ravishankara Akkihebbal Ramaiah ( Ravi ) Ravishankara ForMemRS FAAAS FRSC is a scientist specializing in Chemistry and Atmospheric Sciences , and University Distinguished Professor in the Departments of Chemistry and Atmospheric Sciences at Colorado State University , Fort Collins . He has been a leading researcher on the chemistry of the atmosphere with special focus on stratospheric ozone depletion , climate change , and air quality . His contributions have been significant in understanding ozone layer depletion , the role chemically active species play in climate change and the lifecycle of pollutants , specifically hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) and chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) . He was part of the assessment steering committee ( 2006 ) of and co-chaired ( 2010 and 2014 ) the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) /United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) Science Assessment Panel on Stratospheric Ozone . Education . Ravishankara was born in Shimoga , India in 1949 . He obtained his BSc and MSc degrees at the University of Mysore , and briefly researched at the Indian Institute of Science , before moving to the University of Florida at Gainesville where he received his PhD in 1975 . Career and research . Ravishankaras work included fundamental research on chemical processes and reaction rates in the gas-phase and surface chemistry of the atmosphere of Earth , resulting in better comprehension of ozone depletion , climate change and air pollutants . Ravishankara began his career in atmospheric research after obtaining his Doctorate . He has researched Ozone Layer Depletion at Georgia Institute of Technology and in Antarctica . He participated in efforts to find alternatives to CFCs after the passing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 . His work on fully fluorinated greenhouse gases contributed to the Kyoto Protocol agreement in 1997 to reduce carbon dioxide emissions . Ravishankara has also researched extensively on HFCs , work that was part of the efforts leading to the passage of the Montreal Protocol’s 2016 Kigali Amendment , aimed at reducing the use of HFCs specifically . In 2004 , an NOAA team headed by Ravishankara , and two other independent teams , published a significant update of the rate coefficients for airborne chemical reactions . Earlier values were resulting in inaccurate measurement of , amongst other processes , atomic Oxygen reactions , created by the break-down of Ozone . Using laser flash photolysis , the groups studied the reaction kinetics of atomic oxygen with oxygen , nitrogen and hydrogen molecules as well as greenhouse gases . Results indicated that the actual rate coefficient values were 20 percent higher than the estimates used by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) and NASA at the time . Following research conducted by a team led by him , Ravishankara also drew attention in 2009 to the threat of nitrous oxide to the Ozone layer . In a paper published by the team in Science magazine , their research indicated a steady rise in nitrous oxide emissions by processes arising from human activity like agricultural fertilization and fossil fuel combustion . Ravishankara was senior scientist and then director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) s Chemical Sciences Division in Boulder , Colorado . He also served on the Physical Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize from 2017 to 2019 . Appointments held . His appointments held include : - 1976 Research Associate , University of Maryland - 1976-1985 Research positions at Georgia Institute of Technology - 1979-1985 Head of Molecular Sciences Branch , Georgia Institute of Technology - 1984-2014 Research positions at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) - 1989-2014 Adjunct Professor of Chemistry , University of Colorado - 1993-2007 Chief of Atmospheric Chemical Kinetics Program , NOAA - 2006-2014 Acting Director and then Director , Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA - 2014-2016 Professor of Chemistry and Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University - Fort Collins Awards and Honors . His awards and honors include : - 1995 Silver Medal , United States Department of Commerce - 1996 Stratospheric Ozone Protection Award of the US Environmental Protection Agency - 1997 Fellow , American Geophysical Union - 1998 Polanyi Medal of the Royal Society of Chemistry - 1999 Robertson Memorial Lecturer , US National Academy of Sciences - 2000 Member , US National Academy of Sciences - 2001 Fellow , American Association for the Advancement of Science - 2003 Crawford Lecture , University of Minnesota - 2003 Centenary Lecture , Royal Society of Chemistry - 2004 US Presidential Rank Meritorious Award for a senior professional - 2005 Award for Creative Advances in Environmental Sciences , American Chemical Society - 2005 Chancellor Lecturer , Louisiana State University - 2005 Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry ( FRSC ) - 2007 Bronze Medal , United States Department of Commerce - 2008 Bronze Medal , United States Department of Commerce - 2008 Administrator’s Award , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - 2008 Fellow , International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry - 2008 Centenary Lecturer , Indian Institute of Science - 2009 Welch Foundation Lecturer , Texas - 2009 Morino Foundation Fellow , Japan - 2010 Hinshelwood Lecturer , University of Oxford - 2008 Bronze Medal , United States Department of Commerce - 2013 Harold Schiff Lecture , York University , Canada - 2013 Randall Lecture , University of Texas at Arlington , Texas - 2019 Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) |
[
"Colorado State University - Fort Collins"
] | easy | Akkihebbal Ravishankara was an employee for whom from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/Akkihebbal_Ravishankara#P108#3 | Akkihebbal Ravishankara Akkihebbal Ramaiah ( Ravi ) Ravishankara ForMemRS FAAAS FRSC is a scientist specializing in Chemistry and Atmospheric Sciences , and University Distinguished Professor in the Departments of Chemistry and Atmospheric Sciences at Colorado State University , Fort Collins . He has been a leading researcher on the chemistry of the atmosphere with special focus on stratospheric ozone depletion , climate change , and air quality . His contributions have been significant in understanding ozone layer depletion , the role chemically active species play in climate change and the lifecycle of pollutants , specifically hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) and chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) . He was part of the assessment steering committee ( 2006 ) of and co-chaired ( 2010 and 2014 ) the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) /United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) Science Assessment Panel on Stratospheric Ozone . Education . Ravishankara was born in Shimoga , India in 1949 . He obtained his BSc and MSc degrees at the University of Mysore , and briefly researched at the Indian Institute of Science , before moving to the University of Florida at Gainesville where he received his PhD in 1975 . Career and research . Ravishankaras work included fundamental research on chemical processes and reaction rates in the gas-phase and surface chemistry of the atmosphere of Earth , resulting in better comprehension of ozone depletion , climate change and air pollutants . Ravishankara began his career in atmospheric research after obtaining his Doctorate . He has researched Ozone Layer Depletion at Georgia Institute of Technology and in Antarctica . He participated in efforts to find alternatives to CFCs after the passing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 . His work on fully fluorinated greenhouse gases contributed to the Kyoto Protocol agreement in 1997 to reduce carbon dioxide emissions . Ravishankara has also researched extensively on HFCs , work that was part of the efforts leading to the passage of the Montreal Protocol’s 2016 Kigali Amendment , aimed at reducing the use of HFCs specifically . In 2004 , an NOAA team headed by Ravishankara , and two other independent teams , published a significant update of the rate coefficients for airborne chemical reactions . Earlier values were resulting in inaccurate measurement of , amongst other processes , atomic Oxygen reactions , created by the break-down of Ozone . Using laser flash photolysis , the groups studied the reaction kinetics of atomic oxygen with oxygen , nitrogen and hydrogen molecules as well as greenhouse gases . Results indicated that the actual rate coefficient values were 20 percent higher than the estimates used by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) and NASA at the time . Following research conducted by a team led by him , Ravishankara also drew attention in 2009 to the threat of nitrous oxide to the Ozone layer . In a paper published by the team in Science magazine , their research indicated a steady rise in nitrous oxide emissions by processes arising from human activity like agricultural fertilization and fossil fuel combustion . Ravishankara was senior scientist and then director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) s Chemical Sciences Division in Boulder , Colorado . He also served on the Physical Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize from 2017 to 2019 . Appointments held . His appointments held include : - 1976 Research Associate , University of Maryland - 1976-1985 Research positions at Georgia Institute of Technology - 1979-1985 Head of Molecular Sciences Branch , Georgia Institute of Technology - 1984-2014 Research positions at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) - 1989-2014 Adjunct Professor of Chemistry , University of Colorado - 1993-2007 Chief of Atmospheric Chemical Kinetics Program , NOAA - 2006-2014 Acting Director and then Director , Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA - 2014-2016 Professor of Chemistry and Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University - Fort Collins Awards and Honors . His awards and honors include : - 1995 Silver Medal , United States Department of Commerce - 1996 Stratospheric Ozone Protection Award of the US Environmental Protection Agency - 1997 Fellow , American Geophysical Union - 1998 Polanyi Medal of the Royal Society of Chemistry - 1999 Robertson Memorial Lecturer , US National Academy of Sciences - 2000 Member , US National Academy of Sciences - 2001 Fellow , American Association for the Advancement of Science - 2003 Crawford Lecture , University of Minnesota - 2003 Centenary Lecture , Royal Society of Chemistry - 2004 US Presidential Rank Meritorious Award for a senior professional - 2005 Award for Creative Advances in Environmental Sciences , American Chemical Society - 2005 Chancellor Lecturer , Louisiana State University - 2005 Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry ( FRSC ) - 2007 Bronze Medal , United States Department of Commerce - 2008 Bronze Medal , United States Department of Commerce - 2008 Administrator’s Award , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - 2008 Fellow , International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry - 2008 Centenary Lecturer , Indian Institute of Science - 2009 Welch Foundation Lecturer , Texas - 2009 Morino Foundation Fellow , Japan - 2010 Hinshelwood Lecturer , University of Oxford - 2008 Bronze Medal , United States Department of Commerce - 2013 Harold Schiff Lecture , York University , Canada - 2013 Randall Lecture , University of Texas at Arlington , Texas - 2019 Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) |
[
"the University of Amsterdam"
] | easy | Who did Cornelis Jacobus Gorter work for from Jun 1940 to Feb 1946? | /wiki/Cornelis_Jacobus_Gorter#P108#0 | Cornelis Jacobus Gorter Cornelis Jacobus ( Cor ) Gorter ( 14 August 1907 , Utrecht – 30 March 1980 , Leiden ) was a Dutch experimental and theoretical physicist . Among other work , he discovered paramagnetic relaxation and was a pioneer in low temperature physics . Education and career . After his Abitur in The Hague , Gorter studied physics in Leiden , earning his PhD with the thesis Paramagnetische Eigenschaften von Salzen ( Paramagnetic Properties of Salts ) under Wander de Haas . From 1931 to 1936 he worked at Teylers Stichting in Haarlem and from 1936 to 1940 at the University of Groningen , before he became a professor at the University of Amsterdam as successor to Pieter Zeeman . In 1946 , succeeding W . H . Keesom , he returned to Leiden as a professor . In 1948 , as successor to De Haas , Gorter directed the Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory , remaining there until his retirement in 1973 . He died in Leiden in 1980 , after suffering for several years from Alzheimers disease . His doctoral students include Nicolaas Bloembergen and Bert Broer . Work . In 1936 he discovered paramagnetic relaxation ; however , he missed the discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance ( otherwise known as nuclear spin resonance ) , as described by Joan Henri Van der Waals . With Hendrik Casimir he devised a two-fluid model to explain superconductivity with thermodynamics and Maxwells equations . Casimir described their collaboration in one of his books . The Gorter-model for a second-order phase transition is from this period of his career , as well as the elucidation of the Senftleben effect ( change of viscosity and thermal conductivity of paramagnetic gas in a magnetic field ) . Gorter studied many aspects of antiferromagnetism in CuCl·2HO . With Johannes Haantjes , he developed a theoretical model of antiferromagnetism in a double-lattice substance . After WWII he worked on liquid helium II and developed the theory which is now known as Coulomb blockade , the increase in electrical resistance in metal films at low temperatures . The Gorter-Mellink equation describes the mutual friction of two fluids in liquid helium II . Prizes and honors . - Membership of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1946 . - Fritz London Award in 1966 for his various contributions to the physics of low temperatures . His acceptance speech discusses the discoveries he missed . - In the autumn of 2007 , the C . J . Gorter Center for High-field MRI was opened in Leiden . Publications . - many scientific articles - book ( in Dutch ) Paramagnetische relaxatie , Leiden , November 1946 - Progress in Low Temperature Physics , six parts under his editorship Sources . - Biography - Biografie door H.A.M . Snelders in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland External links . - Oral History Transcript — Dr . C . J . Gorter , Niels Bohr Library & Archives with the Center for History of Physics of the American Institute of Physics |
[
""
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Cornelis Jacobus Gorter work for from Feb 1946 to Aug 1946? | /wiki/Cornelis_Jacobus_Gorter#P108#1 | Cornelis Jacobus Gorter Cornelis Jacobus ( Cor ) Gorter ( 14 August 1907 , Utrecht – 30 March 1980 , Leiden ) was a Dutch experimental and theoretical physicist . Among other work , he discovered paramagnetic relaxation and was a pioneer in low temperature physics . Education and career . After his Abitur in The Hague , Gorter studied physics in Leiden , earning his PhD with the thesis Paramagnetische Eigenschaften von Salzen ( Paramagnetic Properties of Salts ) under Wander de Haas . From 1931 to 1936 he worked at Teylers Stichting in Haarlem and from 1936 to 1940 at the University of Groningen , before he became a professor at the University of Amsterdam as successor to Pieter Zeeman . In 1946 , succeeding W . H . Keesom , he returned to Leiden as a professor . In 1948 , as successor to De Haas , Gorter directed the Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory , remaining there until his retirement in 1973 . He died in Leiden in 1980 , after suffering for several years from Alzheimers disease . His doctoral students include Nicolaas Bloembergen and Bert Broer . Work . In 1936 he discovered paramagnetic relaxation ; however , he missed the discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance ( otherwise known as nuclear spin resonance ) , as described by Joan Henri Van der Waals . With Hendrik Casimir he devised a two-fluid model to explain superconductivity with thermodynamics and Maxwells equations . Casimir described their collaboration in one of his books . The Gorter-model for a second-order phase transition is from this period of his career , as well as the elucidation of the Senftleben effect ( change of viscosity and thermal conductivity of paramagnetic gas in a magnetic field ) . Gorter studied many aspects of antiferromagnetism in CuCl·2HO . With Johannes Haantjes , he developed a theoretical model of antiferromagnetism in a double-lattice substance . After WWII he worked on liquid helium II and developed the theory which is now known as Coulomb blockade , the increase in electrical resistance in metal films at low temperatures . The Gorter-Mellink equation describes the mutual friction of two fluids in liquid helium II . Prizes and honors . - Membership of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1946 . - Fritz London Award in 1966 for his various contributions to the physics of low temperatures . His acceptance speech discusses the discoveries he missed . - In the autumn of 2007 , the C . J . Gorter Center for High-field MRI was opened in Leiden . Publications . - many scientific articles - book ( in Dutch ) Paramagnetische relaxatie , Leiden , November 1946 - Progress in Low Temperature Physics , six parts under his editorship Sources . - Biography - Biografie door H.A.M . Snelders in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland External links . - Oral History Transcript — Dr . C . J . Gorter , Niels Bohr Library & Archives with the Center for History of Physics of the American Institute of Physics |
[
"Pizza Hut Park"
] | easy | What was the official name of Toyota Stadium (Texas) from 2005 to 2012? | /wiki/Toyota_Stadium_(Texas)#P1448#0 | Toyota Stadium ( Texas ) Toyota Stadium is the host of the NCAA Division I Football Championship , the title game of college footballs Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly Division I-AA ) . It has a 20,500-seat capacity , built and owned by the city of Frisco , Texas , a suburb of Dallas . Its primary tenants are Major League Soccer club FC Dallas and Frisco Independent School District high school football games . It is also the home of the National Soccer Hall of Fame which opened in 2018 . History . Toyota Stadium was the third MLS soccer-specific stadium to be built after MAPFRE Stadium in Columbus , Ohio ( 1999 ) and Dignity Health Sports Park near Los Angeles ( 2003 ) . It cost approximately $80 million and opened on August 6 , 2005 , with a match between FC Dallas and the MetroStars , which ended in a 2–2 draw . The stadium seats 20,500 in a U-shaped design with the north end including a permanent covered stage for hosting concerts , similar to SeatGeek Stadium near Chicago , which opened 1 year after Toyota Stadium . While at the time it was hoped the permanent stage would help the stadium increase revenue by hosting mid-sized concerts , the design proved unpopular and other MLS clubs rejected building permanent stages in their new stadiums , leaving Toyota Stadium’s design looking dated . There is widespread support among club fans for the stage to be removed and replaced with a full stand in a future phase of renovation . The stadium includes 18 luxury suites as well as a private stadium club . The stadium played host to the 2005 MLS Cup final , seeing the LA Galaxy defeat the New England Revolution 1–0 in overtime for their second MLS Cup . It was also selected to host the 2006 MLS Cup , which ended 1–1 after overtime with the Houston Dynamo defeating the New England Revolution 4–3 on penalty kicks . In 2016 , FC Dallas hosted and won the U.S . Open Cup Final , also against the Revolution . In 2018 construction was completed on an extensive renovation of the south end of the stadium . The renovation included a European-style roof built over the new multi-tiered stand that replaced the old bleacher section , the Lamar Hunt U.S . Open Cup Club located on the second tier , the third tier season ticket member seating area , new locker rooms , patio , store , entrance , box office and press conference area . Although many club supporters wanted roof structures to be built over the west and east stands to provide shade during the brutal Texas summers , those projects were postponed until a future phase of renovation . Also included in the $55 million project was the new National Soccer Hall of Fame . Complex . The complex also has an additional 17 regulation size , stadium-quality soccer fields ( both grass and artificial turf ) outside the main stadium . These fields are used for practice by FC Dallas , matches for the FC Dallas reserve squad , and for hosting soccer tournaments . Youth tournaments that have made use of the complex include Dallas Cup , Olympic Development Program National Championships , Generation adidas Cup , and the USYSA National Championships . Stadium name . From 2005 until January 2012 , the naming rights to the facility were held by national pizza chain Pizza Hut , which is headquartered in nearby Plano , and the stadium was known as Pizza Hut Park . Nicknames for Pizza Hut Park included PHP , the Hut , and The Oven , the latter referring to Texas summer climate during afternoon games ( and also because the field is well below ground level ) . On January 7 , 2012 , the contract linking the pizza franchise with the stadium expired , and the stadium was renamed FC Dallas Stadium . On September 10 , 2013 , FC Dallas reached an agreement with Gulf States Toyota Distributors , whos headquartered in Houston , to rename its home field Toyota Stadium . The 17 practice fields around the stadium would be known as Toyota Soccer Center . National Soccer Hall of Fame . In 2015 plans were announced that the stadium would be the new home of the National Soccer Hall of Fame ( NSHOF ) . In addition to the NSHOF museum , the stadium’s south end received extensive renovations and the entire project cost $55 million and was completed in 2018 . The Hall of Fame has two components – the NSHOF Experience and the NSHOF Club . The Experience houses the museum and serves as the location for the Hall of Fame annual induction ceremony . The Club includes specialty seating for season ticket holders for all FC Dallas home matches , as well as multiple event spaces that functions as food and beverage hubs on game days . The NSHOF includes soccer memorabilia , modern technology , and virtual reality exhibits . Notable events . College football . - Beginning in 2010 , the stadium became the new host of the NCAA Division I Football Championship , the title game of college footballs Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly Division I-AA ) . The contract , originally for the 2010 through 2012 seasons , has been extended three times : first through the 2015 season , next through the 2019 season , and most recently through the 2024 season with an option for the 2025 season . The game had been played for the previous 13 seasons in Chattanooga , Tennessee . - The Frisco Bowl postseason college football game had its inaugural game played at the stadium on December 20 , 2017 . - The 2020 edition of the New Mexico Bowl between the University of Hawaii and University of Houston was scheduled in Toyota Stadium for December 24 , 2020 due to COVID-19 restrictions in New Mexico . Soccer . - In December 2008 , the stadium hosted the NCAA Mens College Cup . In the semifinals , North Carolina defeated Wake Forest , and Maryland defeated St . Johns . Maryland defeated North Carolina in the final . - On August 5 , 2010 , a then-record crowd of 21,193 saw FC Dallas and Inter Milan , fresh off victory in the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final , play to a 2–2 exhibition tie . - On March 19 , 2011 , FC Dallas opened the 2011 season against the Chicago Fire with a 1–1 tie . The game was the teams first ever regular season sellout ( 20,145 spectators ) . - On July 28 , 2012 , FC Dallas set a single-game attendance record of 22,565 when the visiting LA Galaxy defeated Dallas 1–0 . - The stadium played host to the inaugural mens soccer tournament of the American Athletic Conference . - The stadium played host to matches in the 2015 , 2017 , and 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup . - The stadium also hosted the 2016 CONCACAF Womens Olympic Qualifier . It also hosted the second leg of the 2016 Mens Olympic Qualifying Playoff between the United States and Colombia . Concerts . In August 2008 , the stadium hosted the heavy metal/hard rock festival tour Ozzfest . It has regularly hosted concerts by Jimmy Buffett . It was also the site for several editions of Edgefest organized by former Dallas alternative rock station KDGE . Dr . Pink Field . North of the main stadium is Dr . Pink Field , a mini-stadium named after former Frisco doctor Dr . Erwin G . Pink . The field is used for Frisco ISD high school football and soccer . Dr . Pink Field formerly hosted games for the Frisco Griffins Rugby Club . The Griffins drew an attendance of a few hundred people per game . |
[
"FC Dallas Stadium"
] | easy | Toyota Stadium (Texas) was officially named what from 2012 to Sep 2013? | /wiki/Toyota_Stadium_(Texas)#P1448#1 | Toyota Stadium ( Texas ) Toyota Stadium is the host of the NCAA Division I Football Championship , the title game of college footballs Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly Division I-AA ) . It has a 20,500-seat capacity , built and owned by the city of Frisco , Texas , a suburb of Dallas . Its primary tenants are Major League Soccer club FC Dallas and Frisco Independent School District high school football games . It is also the home of the National Soccer Hall of Fame which opened in 2018 . History . Toyota Stadium was the third MLS soccer-specific stadium to be built after MAPFRE Stadium in Columbus , Ohio ( 1999 ) and Dignity Health Sports Park near Los Angeles ( 2003 ) . It cost approximately $80 million and opened on August 6 , 2005 , with a match between FC Dallas and the MetroStars , which ended in a 2–2 draw . The stadium seats 20,500 in a U-shaped design with the north end including a permanent covered stage for hosting concerts , similar to SeatGeek Stadium near Chicago , which opened 1 year after Toyota Stadium . While at the time it was hoped the permanent stage would help the stadium increase revenue by hosting mid-sized concerts , the design proved unpopular and other MLS clubs rejected building permanent stages in their new stadiums , leaving Toyota Stadium’s design looking dated . There is widespread support among club fans for the stage to be removed and replaced with a full stand in a future phase of renovation . The stadium includes 18 luxury suites as well as a private stadium club . The stadium played host to the 2005 MLS Cup final , seeing the LA Galaxy defeat the New England Revolution 1–0 in overtime for their second MLS Cup . It was also selected to host the 2006 MLS Cup , which ended 1–1 after overtime with the Houston Dynamo defeating the New England Revolution 4–3 on penalty kicks . In 2016 , FC Dallas hosted and won the U.S . Open Cup Final , also against the Revolution . In 2018 construction was completed on an extensive renovation of the south end of the stadium . The renovation included a European-style roof built over the new multi-tiered stand that replaced the old bleacher section , the Lamar Hunt U.S . Open Cup Club located on the second tier , the third tier season ticket member seating area , new locker rooms , patio , store , entrance , box office and press conference area . Although many club supporters wanted roof structures to be built over the west and east stands to provide shade during the brutal Texas summers , those projects were postponed until a future phase of renovation . Also included in the $55 million project was the new National Soccer Hall of Fame . Complex . The complex also has an additional 17 regulation size , stadium-quality soccer fields ( both grass and artificial turf ) outside the main stadium . These fields are used for practice by FC Dallas , matches for the FC Dallas reserve squad , and for hosting soccer tournaments . Youth tournaments that have made use of the complex include Dallas Cup , Olympic Development Program National Championships , Generation adidas Cup , and the USYSA National Championships . Stadium name . From 2005 until January 2012 , the naming rights to the facility were held by national pizza chain Pizza Hut , which is headquartered in nearby Plano , and the stadium was known as Pizza Hut Park . Nicknames for Pizza Hut Park included PHP , the Hut , and The Oven , the latter referring to Texas summer climate during afternoon games ( and also because the field is well below ground level ) . On January 7 , 2012 , the contract linking the pizza franchise with the stadium expired , and the stadium was renamed FC Dallas Stadium . On September 10 , 2013 , FC Dallas reached an agreement with Gulf States Toyota Distributors , whos headquartered in Houston , to rename its home field Toyota Stadium . The 17 practice fields around the stadium would be known as Toyota Soccer Center . National Soccer Hall of Fame . In 2015 plans were announced that the stadium would be the new home of the National Soccer Hall of Fame ( NSHOF ) . In addition to the NSHOF museum , the stadium’s south end received extensive renovations and the entire project cost $55 million and was completed in 2018 . The Hall of Fame has two components – the NSHOF Experience and the NSHOF Club . The Experience houses the museum and serves as the location for the Hall of Fame annual induction ceremony . The Club includes specialty seating for season ticket holders for all FC Dallas home matches , as well as multiple event spaces that functions as food and beverage hubs on game days . The NSHOF includes soccer memorabilia , modern technology , and virtual reality exhibits . Notable events . College football . - Beginning in 2010 , the stadium became the new host of the NCAA Division I Football Championship , the title game of college footballs Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly Division I-AA ) . The contract , originally for the 2010 through 2012 seasons , has been extended three times : first through the 2015 season , next through the 2019 season , and most recently through the 2024 season with an option for the 2025 season . The game had been played for the previous 13 seasons in Chattanooga , Tennessee . - The Frisco Bowl postseason college football game had its inaugural game played at the stadium on December 20 , 2017 . - The 2020 edition of the New Mexico Bowl between the University of Hawaii and University of Houston was scheduled in Toyota Stadium for December 24 , 2020 due to COVID-19 restrictions in New Mexico . Soccer . - In December 2008 , the stadium hosted the NCAA Mens College Cup . In the semifinals , North Carolina defeated Wake Forest , and Maryland defeated St . Johns . Maryland defeated North Carolina in the final . - On August 5 , 2010 , a then-record crowd of 21,193 saw FC Dallas and Inter Milan , fresh off victory in the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final , play to a 2–2 exhibition tie . - On March 19 , 2011 , FC Dallas opened the 2011 season against the Chicago Fire with a 1–1 tie . The game was the teams first ever regular season sellout ( 20,145 spectators ) . - On July 28 , 2012 , FC Dallas set a single-game attendance record of 22,565 when the visiting LA Galaxy defeated Dallas 1–0 . - The stadium played host to the inaugural mens soccer tournament of the American Athletic Conference . - The stadium played host to matches in the 2015 , 2017 , and 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup . - The stadium also hosted the 2016 CONCACAF Womens Olympic Qualifier . It also hosted the second leg of the 2016 Mens Olympic Qualifying Playoff between the United States and Colombia . Concerts . In August 2008 , the stadium hosted the heavy metal/hard rock festival tour Ozzfest . It has regularly hosted concerts by Jimmy Buffett . It was also the site for several editions of Edgefest organized by former Dallas alternative rock station KDGE . Dr . Pink Field . North of the main stadium is Dr . Pink Field , a mini-stadium named after former Frisco doctor Dr . Erwin G . Pink . The field is used for Frisco ISD high school football and soccer . Dr . Pink Field formerly hosted games for the Frisco Griffins Rugby Club . The Griffins drew an attendance of a few hundred people per game . |
[
"Toyota Stadium"
] | easy | Toyota Stadium (Texas) was officially named what from Sep 2013 to Sep 2014? | /wiki/Toyota_Stadium_(Texas)#P1448#2 | Toyota Stadium ( Texas ) Toyota Stadium is the host of the NCAA Division I Football Championship , the title game of college footballs Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly Division I-AA ) . It has a 20,500-seat capacity , built and owned by the city of Frisco , Texas , a suburb of Dallas . Its primary tenants are Major League Soccer club FC Dallas and Frisco Independent School District high school football games . It is also the home of the National Soccer Hall of Fame which opened in 2018 . History . Toyota Stadium was the third MLS soccer-specific stadium to be built after MAPFRE Stadium in Columbus , Ohio ( 1999 ) and Dignity Health Sports Park near Los Angeles ( 2003 ) . It cost approximately $80 million and opened on August 6 , 2005 , with a match between FC Dallas and the MetroStars , which ended in a 2–2 draw . The stadium seats 20,500 in a U-shaped design with the north end including a permanent covered stage for hosting concerts , similar to SeatGeek Stadium near Chicago , which opened 1 year after Toyota Stadium . While at the time it was hoped the permanent stage would help the stadium increase revenue by hosting mid-sized concerts , the design proved unpopular and other MLS clubs rejected building permanent stages in their new stadiums , leaving Toyota Stadium’s design looking dated . There is widespread support among club fans for the stage to be removed and replaced with a full stand in a future phase of renovation . The stadium includes 18 luxury suites as well as a private stadium club . The stadium played host to the 2005 MLS Cup final , seeing the LA Galaxy defeat the New England Revolution 1–0 in overtime for their second MLS Cup . It was also selected to host the 2006 MLS Cup , which ended 1–1 after overtime with the Houston Dynamo defeating the New England Revolution 4–3 on penalty kicks . In 2016 , FC Dallas hosted and won the U.S . Open Cup Final , also against the Revolution . In 2018 construction was completed on an extensive renovation of the south end of the stadium . The renovation included a European-style roof built over the new multi-tiered stand that replaced the old bleacher section , the Lamar Hunt U.S . Open Cup Club located on the second tier , the third tier season ticket member seating area , new locker rooms , patio , store , entrance , box office and press conference area . Although many club supporters wanted roof structures to be built over the west and east stands to provide shade during the brutal Texas summers , those projects were postponed until a future phase of renovation . Also included in the $55 million project was the new National Soccer Hall of Fame . Complex . The complex also has an additional 17 regulation size , stadium-quality soccer fields ( both grass and artificial turf ) outside the main stadium . These fields are used for practice by FC Dallas , matches for the FC Dallas reserve squad , and for hosting soccer tournaments . Youth tournaments that have made use of the complex include Dallas Cup , Olympic Development Program National Championships , Generation adidas Cup , and the USYSA National Championships . Stadium name . From 2005 until January 2012 , the naming rights to the facility were held by national pizza chain Pizza Hut , which is headquartered in nearby Plano , and the stadium was known as Pizza Hut Park . Nicknames for Pizza Hut Park included PHP , the Hut , and The Oven , the latter referring to Texas summer climate during afternoon games ( and also because the field is well below ground level ) . On January 7 , 2012 , the contract linking the pizza franchise with the stadium expired , and the stadium was renamed FC Dallas Stadium . On September 10 , 2013 , FC Dallas reached an agreement with Gulf States Toyota Distributors , whos headquartered in Houston , to rename its home field Toyota Stadium . The 17 practice fields around the stadium would be known as Toyota Soccer Center . National Soccer Hall of Fame . In 2015 plans were announced that the stadium would be the new home of the National Soccer Hall of Fame ( NSHOF ) . In addition to the NSHOF museum , the stadium’s south end received extensive renovations and the entire project cost $55 million and was completed in 2018 . The Hall of Fame has two components – the NSHOF Experience and the NSHOF Club . The Experience houses the museum and serves as the location for the Hall of Fame annual induction ceremony . The Club includes specialty seating for season ticket holders for all FC Dallas home matches , as well as multiple event spaces that functions as food and beverage hubs on game days . The NSHOF includes soccer memorabilia , modern technology , and virtual reality exhibits . Notable events . College football . - Beginning in 2010 , the stadium became the new host of the NCAA Division I Football Championship , the title game of college footballs Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly Division I-AA ) . The contract , originally for the 2010 through 2012 seasons , has been extended three times : first through the 2015 season , next through the 2019 season , and most recently through the 2024 season with an option for the 2025 season . The game had been played for the previous 13 seasons in Chattanooga , Tennessee . - The Frisco Bowl postseason college football game had its inaugural game played at the stadium on December 20 , 2017 . - The 2020 edition of the New Mexico Bowl between the University of Hawaii and University of Houston was scheduled in Toyota Stadium for December 24 , 2020 due to COVID-19 restrictions in New Mexico . Soccer . - In December 2008 , the stadium hosted the NCAA Mens College Cup . In the semifinals , North Carolina defeated Wake Forest , and Maryland defeated St . Johns . Maryland defeated North Carolina in the final . - On August 5 , 2010 , a then-record crowd of 21,193 saw FC Dallas and Inter Milan , fresh off victory in the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final , play to a 2–2 exhibition tie . - On March 19 , 2011 , FC Dallas opened the 2011 season against the Chicago Fire with a 1–1 tie . The game was the teams first ever regular season sellout ( 20,145 spectators ) . - On July 28 , 2012 , FC Dallas set a single-game attendance record of 22,565 when the visiting LA Galaxy defeated Dallas 1–0 . - The stadium played host to the inaugural mens soccer tournament of the American Athletic Conference . - The stadium played host to matches in the 2015 , 2017 , and 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup . - The stadium also hosted the 2016 CONCACAF Womens Olympic Qualifier . It also hosted the second leg of the 2016 Mens Olympic Qualifying Playoff between the United States and Colombia . Concerts . In August 2008 , the stadium hosted the heavy metal/hard rock festival tour Ozzfest . It has regularly hosted concerts by Jimmy Buffett . It was also the site for several editions of Edgefest organized by former Dallas alternative rock station KDGE . Dr . Pink Field . North of the main stadium is Dr . Pink Field , a mini-stadium named after former Frisco doctor Dr . Erwin G . Pink . The field is used for Frisco ISD high school football and soccer . Dr . Pink Field formerly hosted games for the Frisco Griffins Rugby Club . The Griffins drew an attendance of a few hundred people per game . |
[
"AS Cannes"
] | easy | Which team did the player Kamel Ghilas belong to from 2003 to 2006? | /wiki/Kamel_Ghilas#P54#0 | Kamel Ghilas Kamel Fathi Ghilas ( born 9 March 1984 ) is an Algerian former professional footballer who played as a forward . Club career . Early years . Born in Marseille , France , Ghilas started his career in amateur football , with ES Vitrolles . At the age of 19 he joined AS Cannes in the Championnat National , quickly breaking into the first team and featuring mostly as a winger . Ghilas established himself as a starter in the 2004–05 season , going on to lead the team in scoring by netting seven times in 31 appearances . The following year he contributed with 13 as the French Riviera club narrowly missed out on promotion to Ligue 2 , finishing two points behind FC Libourne-Saint-Seurin for the third and final spot . Vitória Guimarães . Ghilas signed for Vitória S.C . from Portugal in the summer of 2006 , penning a two-year contract . In his first year he ranked first in goals scored in his team , helping to a return to the Primeira Liga after one year out . Ghilas made his debut in the competition on 19 August 2007 , starting in a 1–1 home draw against Vitória de Setúbal . He scored six times in a further 20 league appearances to help the side finish a best-ever third and qualify to the UEFA Champions League ; however , following a contract dispute , he left the Minho Province club as a free agent . Celta . On 12 July 2008 , RC Celta de Vigo announced the signing of Ghilas from Vitória , with the player penning a three-year contract worth €300,000 a year . He scored his first goals for the Galicians on 28 September in a 2–1 home win over CD Tenerife , in what was the seasons first win . On 28 July 2009 , a fee of £1.7 million was agreed for Ghilas to transfer to Blackburn Rovers in the Premier League – the move was set to be completed pending on the player agreeing personal terms and passing a medical . However , the transfer broke down in the 11th hour , with conflicting reports on the grounds : the English claimed he had failed the medical , whereas the Spaniards claimed that Blackburn had attempted to renegotiate the transfer fee and players wages at the last minute ; they attempted to disprove Rovers claims by playing him in a friendly the following day . Hull City . On 13 August 2009 , Ghilas agreed terms with Hull City , signing a four-year deal for which Celta was paid roughly £2 million . He made his debut for his new team nine days later , scoring in a 1–0 victory over Bolton Wanderers in the 61st minute after being fed a through ball from Jozy Altidore . However , Ghilas failed to perform for the East Yorkshire side subsequently , being loaned to French clubs AC Arles-Avignon and Stade de Reims . He made his debut for the latter on 15 August 2011 , netting in a 2–1 win over AS Monaco FC . Late career . After scoring 14 goals in the 2011–12 campaign , being an essential offensive unit as Reims returned to Ligue 1 after more than three decades , Ghilas joined the club on a permanent deal . On 30 January 2014 , he moved teams and countries again , joining Belgian Pro Leagues R . Charleroi S.C . for six months . International career . Although French-born , Ghilas opted to represent Algeria , making his international debut on 2 June 2007 in an 2008 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against Cape Verde . Five months later he scored his first goal , in a 3–2 friendly win over Mali . Personal life . Ghilas younger brother , Nabil , was also a footballer and a forward . He too played in France , Portugal and for Algeria . |
[
"Vitória S.C ."
] | easy | Which team did the player Kamel Ghilas belong to from 2006 to 2008? | /wiki/Kamel_Ghilas#P54#1 | Kamel Ghilas Kamel Fathi Ghilas ( born 9 March 1984 ) is an Algerian former professional footballer who played as a forward . Club career . Early years . Born in Marseille , France , Ghilas started his career in amateur football , with ES Vitrolles . At the age of 19 he joined AS Cannes in the Championnat National , quickly breaking into the first team and featuring mostly as a winger . Ghilas established himself as a starter in the 2004–05 season , going on to lead the team in scoring by netting seven times in 31 appearances . The following year he contributed with 13 as the French Riviera club narrowly missed out on promotion to Ligue 2 , finishing two points behind FC Libourne-Saint-Seurin for the third and final spot . Vitória Guimarães . Ghilas signed for Vitória S.C . from Portugal in the summer of 2006 , penning a two-year contract . In his first year he ranked first in goals scored in his team , helping to a return to the Primeira Liga after one year out . Ghilas made his debut in the competition on 19 August 2007 , starting in a 1–1 home draw against Vitória de Setúbal . He scored six times in a further 20 league appearances to help the side finish a best-ever third and qualify to the UEFA Champions League ; however , following a contract dispute , he left the Minho Province club as a free agent . Celta . On 12 July 2008 , RC Celta de Vigo announced the signing of Ghilas from Vitória , with the player penning a three-year contract worth €300,000 a year . He scored his first goals for the Galicians on 28 September in a 2–1 home win over CD Tenerife , in what was the seasons first win . On 28 July 2009 , a fee of £1.7 million was agreed for Ghilas to transfer to Blackburn Rovers in the Premier League – the move was set to be completed pending on the player agreeing personal terms and passing a medical . However , the transfer broke down in the 11th hour , with conflicting reports on the grounds : the English claimed he had failed the medical , whereas the Spaniards claimed that Blackburn had attempted to renegotiate the transfer fee and players wages at the last minute ; they attempted to disprove Rovers claims by playing him in a friendly the following day . Hull City . On 13 August 2009 , Ghilas agreed terms with Hull City , signing a four-year deal for which Celta was paid roughly £2 million . He made his debut for his new team nine days later , scoring in a 1–0 victory over Bolton Wanderers in the 61st minute after being fed a through ball from Jozy Altidore . However , Ghilas failed to perform for the East Yorkshire side subsequently , being loaned to French clubs AC Arles-Avignon and Stade de Reims . He made his debut for the latter on 15 August 2011 , netting in a 2–1 win over AS Monaco FC . Late career . After scoring 14 goals in the 2011–12 campaign , being an essential offensive unit as Reims returned to Ligue 1 after more than three decades , Ghilas joined the club on a permanent deal . On 30 January 2014 , he moved teams and countries again , joining Belgian Pro Leagues R . Charleroi S.C . for six months . International career . Although French-born , Ghilas opted to represent Algeria , making his international debut on 2 June 2007 in an 2008 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against Cape Verde . Five months later he scored his first goal , in a 3–2 friendly win over Mali . Personal life . Ghilas younger brother , Nabil , was also a footballer and a forward . He too played in France , Portugal and for Algeria . |
[
"RC Celta de Vigo"
] | easy | Which team did Kamel Ghilas play for from 2008 to 2009? | /wiki/Kamel_Ghilas#P54#2 | Kamel Ghilas Kamel Fathi Ghilas ( born 9 March 1984 ) is an Algerian former professional footballer who played as a forward . Club career . Early years . Born in Marseille , France , Ghilas started his career in amateur football , with ES Vitrolles . At the age of 19 he joined AS Cannes in the Championnat National , quickly breaking into the first team and featuring mostly as a winger . Ghilas established himself as a starter in the 2004–05 season , going on to lead the team in scoring by netting seven times in 31 appearances . The following year he contributed with 13 as the French Riviera club narrowly missed out on promotion to Ligue 2 , finishing two points behind FC Libourne-Saint-Seurin for the third and final spot . Vitória Guimarães . Ghilas signed for Vitória S.C . from Portugal in the summer of 2006 , penning a two-year contract . In his first year he ranked first in goals scored in his team , helping to a return to the Primeira Liga after one year out . Ghilas made his debut in the competition on 19 August 2007 , starting in a 1–1 home draw against Vitória de Setúbal . He scored six times in a further 20 league appearances to help the side finish a best-ever third and qualify to the UEFA Champions League ; however , following a contract dispute , he left the Minho Province club as a free agent . Celta . On 12 July 2008 , RC Celta de Vigo announced the signing of Ghilas from Vitória , with the player penning a three-year contract worth €300,000 a year . He scored his first goals for the Galicians on 28 September in a 2–1 home win over CD Tenerife , in what was the seasons first win . On 28 July 2009 , a fee of £1.7 million was agreed for Ghilas to transfer to Blackburn Rovers in the Premier League – the move was set to be completed pending on the player agreeing personal terms and passing a medical . However , the transfer broke down in the 11th hour , with conflicting reports on the grounds : the English claimed he had failed the medical , whereas the Spaniards claimed that Blackburn had attempted to renegotiate the transfer fee and players wages at the last minute ; they attempted to disprove Rovers claims by playing him in a friendly the following day . Hull City . On 13 August 2009 , Ghilas agreed terms with Hull City , signing a four-year deal for which Celta was paid roughly £2 million . He made his debut for his new team nine days later , scoring in a 1–0 victory over Bolton Wanderers in the 61st minute after being fed a through ball from Jozy Altidore . However , Ghilas failed to perform for the East Yorkshire side subsequently , being loaned to French clubs AC Arles-Avignon and Stade de Reims . He made his debut for the latter on 15 August 2011 , netting in a 2–1 win over AS Monaco FC . Late career . After scoring 14 goals in the 2011–12 campaign , being an essential offensive unit as Reims returned to Ligue 1 after more than three decades , Ghilas joined the club on a permanent deal . On 30 January 2014 , he moved teams and countries again , joining Belgian Pro Leagues R . Charleroi S.C . for six months . International career . Although French-born , Ghilas opted to represent Algeria , making his international debut on 2 June 2007 in an 2008 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against Cape Verde . Five months later he scored his first goal , in a 3–2 friendly win over Mali . Personal life . Ghilas younger brother , Nabil , was also a footballer and a forward . He too played in France , Portugal and for Algeria . |
[
"Hull City"
] | easy | Which team did Kamel Ghilas play for from 2009 to 2010? | /wiki/Kamel_Ghilas#P54#3 | Kamel Ghilas Kamel Fathi Ghilas ( born 9 March 1984 ) is an Algerian former professional footballer who played as a forward . Club career . Early years . Born in Marseille , France , Ghilas started his career in amateur football , with ES Vitrolles . At the age of 19 he joined AS Cannes in the Championnat National , quickly breaking into the first team and featuring mostly as a winger . Ghilas established himself as a starter in the 2004–05 season , going on to lead the team in scoring by netting seven times in 31 appearances . The following year he contributed with 13 as the French Riviera club narrowly missed out on promotion to Ligue 2 , finishing two points behind FC Libourne-Saint-Seurin for the third and final spot . Vitória Guimarães . Ghilas signed for Vitória S.C . from Portugal in the summer of 2006 , penning a two-year contract . In his first year he ranked first in goals scored in his team , helping to a return to the Primeira Liga after one year out . Ghilas made his debut in the competition on 19 August 2007 , starting in a 1–1 home draw against Vitória de Setúbal . He scored six times in a further 20 league appearances to help the side finish a best-ever third and qualify to the UEFA Champions League ; however , following a contract dispute , he left the Minho Province club as a free agent . Celta . On 12 July 2008 , RC Celta de Vigo announced the signing of Ghilas from Vitória , with the player penning a three-year contract worth €300,000 a year . He scored his first goals for the Galicians on 28 September in a 2–1 home win over CD Tenerife , in what was the seasons first win . On 28 July 2009 , a fee of £1.7 million was agreed for Ghilas to transfer to Blackburn Rovers in the Premier League – the move was set to be completed pending on the player agreeing personal terms and passing a medical . However , the transfer broke down in the 11th hour , with conflicting reports on the grounds : the English claimed he had failed the medical , whereas the Spaniards claimed that Blackburn had attempted to renegotiate the transfer fee and players wages at the last minute ; they attempted to disprove Rovers claims by playing him in a friendly the following day . Hull City . On 13 August 2009 , Ghilas agreed terms with Hull City , signing a four-year deal for which Celta was paid roughly £2 million . He made his debut for his new team nine days later , scoring in a 1–0 victory over Bolton Wanderers in the 61st minute after being fed a through ball from Jozy Altidore . However , Ghilas failed to perform for the East Yorkshire side subsequently , being loaned to French clubs AC Arles-Avignon and Stade de Reims . He made his debut for the latter on 15 August 2011 , netting in a 2–1 win over AS Monaco FC . Late career . After scoring 14 goals in the 2011–12 campaign , being an essential offensive unit as Reims returned to Ligue 1 after more than three decades , Ghilas joined the club on a permanent deal . On 30 January 2014 , he moved teams and countries again , joining Belgian Pro Leagues R . Charleroi S.C . for six months . International career . Although French-born , Ghilas opted to represent Algeria , making his international debut on 2 June 2007 in an 2008 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against Cape Verde . Five months later he scored his first goal , in a 3–2 friendly win over Mali . Personal life . Ghilas younger brother , Nabil , was also a footballer and a forward . He too played in France , Portugal and for Algeria . |
[
"AC Arles-Avignon",
"Hull City",
"Stade de Reims"
] | easy | Kamel Ghilas played for which team from 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/Kamel_Ghilas#P54#4 | Kamel Ghilas Kamel Fathi Ghilas ( born 9 March 1984 ) is an Algerian former professional footballer who played as a forward . Club career . Early years . Born in Marseille , France , Ghilas started his career in amateur football , with ES Vitrolles . At the age of 19 he joined AS Cannes in the Championnat National , quickly breaking into the first team and featuring mostly as a winger . Ghilas established himself as a starter in the 2004–05 season , going on to lead the team in scoring by netting seven times in 31 appearances . The following year he contributed with 13 as the French Riviera club narrowly missed out on promotion to Ligue 2 , finishing two points behind FC Libourne-Saint-Seurin for the third and final spot . Vitória Guimarães . Ghilas signed for Vitória S.C . from Portugal in the summer of 2006 , penning a two-year contract . In his first year he ranked first in goals scored in his team , helping to a return to the Primeira Liga after one year out . Ghilas made his debut in the competition on 19 August 2007 , starting in a 1–1 home draw against Vitória de Setúbal . He scored six times in a further 20 league appearances to help the side finish a best-ever third and qualify to the UEFA Champions League ; however , following a contract dispute , he left the Minho Province club as a free agent . Celta . On 12 July 2008 , RC Celta de Vigo announced the signing of Ghilas from Vitória , with the player penning a three-year contract worth €300,000 a year . He scored his first goals for the Galicians on 28 September in a 2–1 home win over CD Tenerife , in what was the seasons first win . On 28 July 2009 , a fee of £1.7 million was agreed for Ghilas to transfer to Blackburn Rovers in the Premier League – the move was set to be completed pending on the player agreeing personal terms and passing a medical . However , the transfer broke down in the 11th hour , with conflicting reports on the grounds : the English claimed he had failed the medical , whereas the Spaniards claimed that Blackburn had attempted to renegotiate the transfer fee and players wages at the last minute ; they attempted to disprove Rovers claims by playing him in a friendly the following day . Hull City . On 13 August 2009 , Ghilas agreed terms with Hull City , signing a four-year deal for which Celta was paid roughly £2 million . He made his debut for his new team nine days later , scoring in a 1–0 victory over Bolton Wanderers in the 61st minute after being fed a through ball from Jozy Altidore . However , Ghilas failed to perform for the East Yorkshire side subsequently , being loaned to French clubs AC Arles-Avignon and Stade de Reims . He made his debut for the latter on 15 August 2011 , netting in a 2–1 win over AS Monaco FC . Late career . After scoring 14 goals in the 2011–12 campaign , being an essential offensive unit as Reims returned to Ligue 1 after more than three decades , Ghilas joined the club on a permanent deal . On 30 January 2014 , he moved teams and countries again , joining Belgian Pro Leagues R . Charleroi S.C . for six months . International career . Although French-born , Ghilas opted to represent Algeria , making his international debut on 2 June 2007 in an 2008 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against Cape Verde . Five months later he scored his first goal , in a 3–2 friendly win over Mali . Personal life . Ghilas younger brother , Nabil , was also a footballer and a forward . He too played in France , Portugal and for Algeria . |
[
"Stade de Reims",
"Hull City"
] | easy | Which team did Kamel Ghilas play for from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Kamel_Ghilas#P54#5 | Kamel Ghilas Kamel Fathi Ghilas ( born 9 March 1984 ) is an Algerian former professional footballer who played as a forward . Club career . Early years . Born in Marseille , France , Ghilas started his career in amateur football , with ES Vitrolles . At the age of 19 he joined AS Cannes in the Championnat National , quickly breaking into the first team and featuring mostly as a winger . Ghilas established himself as a starter in the 2004–05 season , going on to lead the team in scoring by netting seven times in 31 appearances . The following year he contributed with 13 as the French Riviera club narrowly missed out on promotion to Ligue 2 , finishing two points behind FC Libourne-Saint-Seurin for the third and final spot . Vitória Guimarães . Ghilas signed for Vitória S.C . from Portugal in the summer of 2006 , penning a two-year contract . In his first year he ranked first in goals scored in his team , helping to a return to the Primeira Liga after one year out . Ghilas made his debut in the competition on 19 August 2007 , starting in a 1–1 home draw against Vitória de Setúbal . He scored six times in a further 20 league appearances to help the side finish a best-ever third and qualify to the UEFA Champions League ; however , following a contract dispute , he left the Minho Province club as a free agent . Celta . On 12 July 2008 , RC Celta de Vigo announced the signing of Ghilas from Vitória , with the player penning a three-year contract worth €300,000 a year . He scored his first goals for the Galicians on 28 September in a 2–1 home win over CD Tenerife , in what was the seasons first win . On 28 July 2009 , a fee of £1.7 million was agreed for Ghilas to transfer to Blackburn Rovers in the Premier League – the move was set to be completed pending on the player agreeing personal terms and passing a medical . However , the transfer broke down in the 11th hour , with conflicting reports on the grounds : the English claimed he had failed the medical , whereas the Spaniards claimed that Blackburn had attempted to renegotiate the transfer fee and players wages at the last minute ; they attempted to disprove Rovers claims by playing him in a friendly the following day . Hull City . On 13 August 2009 , Ghilas agreed terms with Hull City , signing a four-year deal for which Celta was paid roughly £2 million . He made his debut for his new team nine days later , scoring in a 1–0 victory over Bolton Wanderers in the 61st minute after being fed a through ball from Jozy Altidore . However , Ghilas failed to perform for the East Yorkshire side subsequently , being loaned to French clubs AC Arles-Avignon and Stade de Reims . He made his debut for the latter on 15 August 2011 , netting in a 2–1 win over AS Monaco FC . Late career . After scoring 14 goals in the 2011–12 campaign , being an essential offensive unit as Reims returned to Ligue 1 after more than three decades , Ghilas joined the club on a permanent deal . On 30 January 2014 , he moved teams and countries again , joining Belgian Pro Leagues R . Charleroi S.C . for six months . International career . Although French-born , Ghilas opted to represent Algeria , making his international debut on 2 June 2007 in an 2008 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against Cape Verde . Five months later he scored his first goal , in a 3–2 friendly win over Mali . Personal life . Ghilas younger brother , Nabil , was also a footballer and a forward . He too played in France , Portugal and for Algeria . |
[
"Stade de Reims"
] | easy | Which team did the player Kamel Ghilas belong to from 2012 to 2014? | /wiki/Kamel_Ghilas#P54#6 | Kamel Ghilas Kamel Fathi Ghilas ( born 9 March 1984 ) is an Algerian former professional footballer who played as a forward . Club career . Early years . Born in Marseille , France , Ghilas started his career in amateur football , with ES Vitrolles . At the age of 19 he joined AS Cannes in the Championnat National , quickly breaking into the first team and featuring mostly as a winger . Ghilas established himself as a starter in the 2004–05 season , going on to lead the team in scoring by netting seven times in 31 appearances . The following year he contributed with 13 as the French Riviera club narrowly missed out on promotion to Ligue 2 , finishing two points behind FC Libourne-Saint-Seurin for the third and final spot . Vitória Guimarães . Ghilas signed for Vitória S.C . from Portugal in the summer of 2006 , penning a two-year contract . In his first year he ranked first in goals scored in his team , helping to a return to the Primeira Liga after one year out . Ghilas made his debut in the competition on 19 August 2007 , starting in a 1–1 home draw against Vitória de Setúbal . He scored six times in a further 20 league appearances to help the side finish a best-ever third and qualify to the UEFA Champions League ; however , following a contract dispute , he left the Minho Province club as a free agent . Celta . On 12 July 2008 , RC Celta de Vigo announced the signing of Ghilas from Vitória , with the player penning a three-year contract worth €300,000 a year . He scored his first goals for the Galicians on 28 September in a 2–1 home win over CD Tenerife , in what was the seasons first win . On 28 July 2009 , a fee of £1.7 million was agreed for Ghilas to transfer to Blackburn Rovers in the Premier League – the move was set to be completed pending on the player agreeing personal terms and passing a medical . However , the transfer broke down in the 11th hour , with conflicting reports on the grounds : the English claimed he had failed the medical , whereas the Spaniards claimed that Blackburn had attempted to renegotiate the transfer fee and players wages at the last minute ; they attempted to disprove Rovers claims by playing him in a friendly the following day . Hull City . On 13 August 2009 , Ghilas agreed terms with Hull City , signing a four-year deal for which Celta was paid roughly £2 million . He made his debut for his new team nine days later , scoring in a 1–0 victory over Bolton Wanderers in the 61st minute after being fed a through ball from Jozy Altidore . However , Ghilas failed to perform for the East Yorkshire side subsequently , being loaned to French clubs AC Arles-Avignon and Stade de Reims . He made his debut for the latter on 15 August 2011 , netting in a 2–1 win over AS Monaco FC . Late career . After scoring 14 goals in the 2011–12 campaign , being an essential offensive unit as Reims returned to Ligue 1 after more than three decades , Ghilas joined the club on a permanent deal . On 30 January 2014 , he moved teams and countries again , joining Belgian Pro Leagues R . Charleroi S.C . for six months . International career . Although French-born , Ghilas opted to represent Algeria , making his international debut on 2 June 2007 in an 2008 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against Cape Verde . Five months later he scored his first goal , in a 3–2 friendly win over Mali . Personal life . Ghilas younger brother , Nabil , was also a footballer and a forward . He too played in France , Portugal and for Algeria . |
[
"CERN"
] | easy | What organization did Fabiola Gianotti join in 2012? | /wiki/Fabiola_Gianotti#P463#0 | Fabiola Gianotti Fabiola Gianotti ( ; born 29 October 1960 ) is an Italian experimental particle physicist , and the first woman to be Director-General at CERN ( European Organization for Nuclear Research ) in Switzerland . Her mandate began on 1 January 2016 and runs for a period of five years . At its 195th Session in 2019 , the CERN Council selected Gianotti for an unprecedented second term as Director-General . Her second five-year term began on 1 January 2021 and go on until 2025 . This is the first time in CERNs history that a Director-General has been appointed for a full second term . Early life and education . From an early age , Gianotti was interested in nature and the world around her . Her mother , from Sicily , encouraged Gianotti in the fine arts . Her father , an acclaimed geologist from Piedmont , encouraged her early love of learning and encouraged her scientific interests . Gianotti found her passion for scientific research after reading a biography on Marie Curie . Previously , she had studied the humanities , focusing on music and philosophy at the Liceo classico . Gianotti received a PhD in experimental particle physics from the Physics department of the University of Milan in 1989 . Life and career . Academic and professional career . Since 1996 , Gianotti has worked at CERN , starting with a fellowship and continuing to become a full-time research physicist . In 2009 she was promoted to project leader and Spokesperson of the ATLAS Collaboration . She also worked on the WA70 , UA2 and ALEPH experiments at CERN , where she was involved in detector development , software development and data analysis . In 2016 she was elected to be the first female Director-General of CERN . She has since been reappointed for a second term , which will end in 2025 . She has been a member of several international committees , such as the Scientific Council of the CNRS in France , the Physics Advisory Committee of Fermilab in the USA , the Council of the European Physical Society , the Scientific Council of the DESY Laboratory in Germany , and the Scientific Advisory Committee of NIKHEF in the Netherlands . She is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the UN Secretary-General . She was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) in 2018 . Gianotti is also a member of the Italian Academy of Sciences ( Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei ) , a foreign associate member of the US National Academy of Sciences and foreign associate of the French Academy of Science . She was also elected a Member of the American Philosophical Society in 2019 . Gianotti also appeared in the 2013 documentary film Particle Fever about work at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN . Higgs boson discovery . During Gianottis time as Spokesperson of ATLAS , the experiment was one of two involved in the observation of the Higgs boson . On 4 July 2012 Gianotti announced the discovery of the particle . Until the observation , the Higgs boson was a purely theoretical part of the Standard Model of particle physics . Gianottis deep understanding of the ATLAS experiment , and her leadership , were recognised as major factors in the discovery . Publications . Gianotti is the author or co-author of more than 500 publications in peer reviewed scientific journals . She has given more than 30 invited plenary talks at the major international conferences in the field . Some of her most notable publications include Observation of a New Particle in the Search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC , where CERN presented the Higgs boson observation , Searches for supersymmetry at high-energy colliders : the past , the present and the present and the future in the IOP Science , New Journal of Physics , and Calorimetry for particle physics in the APS Physics Journal . Work environment . Gianotti had to push past barriers to be successful in a male dominated field . In the European scientific community , for every one woman , there are two men . Only 20% of the team that worked on the ATLAS project were women . Gianotti was the first female Director-General of CERN , and she led two of the largest CERN experiments in 2012 . She insists that she has never faced discrimination because of her gender , saying “I cannot say myself that I ever felt discriminated against .. . Perhaps I was but I didn’t realize it.” Gianotti is helping break down barriers the male-dominated field created for aspiring female scientists . She specifically wants to give women more support when having children . She feels that she was never given enough support , and for this reason , never had children , a decision she now regrets . Honours and awards . Gianotti was included among the “Top 100 most inspirational women” by The Guardian newspaper in 2011 , ranked 5th in Time magazines Personality of the Year in 2012 , was the runner-up for Time magazines Person of the Year in the same year , was included among the “Top 100 most influential women” by Forbes magazine in 2013 , and was considered among the “Leading Global Thinkers of 2013” by Foreign Policy magazine in 2013 . She has received honorary doctoral degrees from the University of Uppsala , École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ) , McGill University , Oslo University , University of Edinburgh , University of Naples Federico II , University of Chicago , University of Savoy , and the Weizmann Institute of Science . Since 2013 , she is an honorary professor at the University of Edinburgh . - In December 2014 , she was awarded the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic by the Italian president , Giorgio Napolitano . - In September 2013 , she was awarded The Enrico Fermi Prize of the Italian Physical Society . - In November 2013 , she was awarded the Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour . - In December 2012 , she was awarded the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics for her leadership role in the Higgs boson discovery . - In December 2012 , she was awarded the Gold Medal ( known as Ambrogino doro , named after the patron saint of Milan , Saint Ambrose ) by the municipality of Milan . - In 2018 , she was listed as one of the BBCs 100 Women . - On February 2020 , she was awarded with Bruno Pontecorvo Prize ( 2019 ) - In September 2020 , she was named an ordinary member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences by Pope Francis . Comic Sans controversy . When CERN announced the discovery of the Higgs boson , some controversy sprang from Gianottis use of the Comic Sans typeface in the presentation of the results . Alby Reid , a physicist , started an online petition calling for Microsoft to change the name of the font to Comic Cerns . Vincent Connare , the fonts creator , tweeted support for the petition . Gianotti had used Comic Sans in previous presentations , but the controversy was generated due to the importance of the material presented . Personal life . Gianotti is a trained ballerina and plays the piano . She has never been married ; in a New York Times profile on Gianotti , the Dutch physicist Rende Steerenberg described her as someone who has dedicated her life to physics...sure , she has made sacrifices . In a 2010 interview , Gianotti said that she saw no contradiction between science and faith , and that they belong to two different spheres . In an interview by la Repubblica , she said that science and religion are separate disciplines , though not antithetical . You can be a physicist and have faith or not . As of September 2020 , she is a member of the Italian Aspen Institute . |
[
""
] | easy | What organization did Fabiola Gianotti join in 2015? | /wiki/Fabiola_Gianotti#P463#1 | Fabiola Gianotti Fabiola Gianotti ( ; born 29 October 1960 ) is an Italian experimental particle physicist , and the first woman to be Director-General at CERN ( European Organization for Nuclear Research ) in Switzerland . Her mandate began on 1 January 2016 and runs for a period of five years . At its 195th Session in 2019 , the CERN Council selected Gianotti for an unprecedented second term as Director-General . Her second five-year term began on 1 January 2021 and go on until 2025 . This is the first time in CERNs history that a Director-General has been appointed for a full second term . Early life and education . From an early age , Gianotti was interested in nature and the world around her . Her mother , from Sicily , encouraged Gianotti in the fine arts . Her father , an acclaimed geologist from Piedmont , encouraged her early love of learning and encouraged her scientific interests . Gianotti found her passion for scientific research after reading a biography on Marie Curie . Previously , she had studied the humanities , focusing on music and philosophy at the Liceo classico . Gianotti received a PhD in experimental particle physics from the Physics department of the University of Milan in 1989 . Life and career . Academic and professional career . Since 1996 , Gianotti has worked at CERN , starting with a fellowship and continuing to become a full-time research physicist . In 2009 she was promoted to project leader and Spokesperson of the ATLAS Collaboration . She also worked on the WA70 , UA2 and ALEPH experiments at CERN , where she was involved in detector development , software development and data analysis . In 2016 she was elected to be the first female Director-General of CERN . She has since been reappointed for a second term , which will end in 2025 . She has been a member of several international committees , such as the Scientific Council of the CNRS in France , the Physics Advisory Committee of Fermilab in the USA , the Council of the European Physical Society , the Scientific Council of the DESY Laboratory in Germany , and the Scientific Advisory Committee of NIKHEF in the Netherlands . She is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the UN Secretary-General . She was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) in 2018 . Gianotti is also a member of the Italian Academy of Sciences ( Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei ) , a foreign associate member of the US National Academy of Sciences and foreign associate of the French Academy of Science . She was also elected a Member of the American Philosophical Society in 2019 . Gianotti also appeared in the 2013 documentary film Particle Fever about work at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN . Higgs boson discovery . During Gianottis time as Spokesperson of ATLAS , the experiment was one of two involved in the observation of the Higgs boson . On 4 July 2012 Gianotti announced the discovery of the particle . Until the observation , the Higgs boson was a purely theoretical part of the Standard Model of particle physics . Gianottis deep understanding of the ATLAS experiment , and her leadership , were recognised as major factors in the discovery . Publications . Gianotti is the author or co-author of more than 500 publications in peer reviewed scientific journals . She has given more than 30 invited plenary talks at the major international conferences in the field . Some of her most notable publications include Observation of a New Particle in the Search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC , where CERN presented the Higgs boson observation , Searches for supersymmetry at high-energy colliders : the past , the present and the present and the future in the IOP Science , New Journal of Physics , and Calorimetry for particle physics in the APS Physics Journal . Work environment . Gianotti had to push past barriers to be successful in a male dominated field . In the European scientific community , for every one woman , there are two men . Only 20% of the team that worked on the ATLAS project were women . Gianotti was the first female Director-General of CERN , and she led two of the largest CERN experiments in 2012 . She insists that she has never faced discrimination because of her gender , saying “I cannot say myself that I ever felt discriminated against .. . Perhaps I was but I didn’t realize it.” Gianotti is helping break down barriers the male-dominated field created for aspiring female scientists . She specifically wants to give women more support when having children . She feels that she was never given enough support , and for this reason , never had children , a decision she now regrets . Honours and awards . Gianotti was included among the “Top 100 most inspirational women” by The Guardian newspaper in 2011 , ranked 5th in Time magazines Personality of the Year in 2012 , was the runner-up for Time magazines Person of the Year in the same year , was included among the “Top 100 most influential women” by Forbes magazine in 2013 , and was considered among the “Leading Global Thinkers of 2013” by Foreign Policy magazine in 2013 . She has received honorary doctoral degrees from the University of Uppsala , École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ) , McGill University , Oslo University , University of Edinburgh , University of Naples Federico II , University of Chicago , University of Savoy , and the Weizmann Institute of Science . Since 2013 , she is an honorary professor at the University of Edinburgh . - In December 2014 , she was awarded the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic by the Italian president , Giorgio Napolitano . - In September 2013 , she was awarded The Enrico Fermi Prize of the Italian Physical Society . - In November 2013 , she was awarded the Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour . - In December 2012 , she was awarded the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics for her leadership role in the Higgs boson discovery . - In December 2012 , she was awarded the Gold Medal ( known as Ambrogino doro , named after the patron saint of Milan , Saint Ambrose ) by the municipality of Milan . - In 2018 , she was listed as one of the BBCs 100 Women . - On February 2020 , she was awarded with Bruno Pontecorvo Prize ( 2019 ) - In September 2020 , she was named an ordinary member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences by Pope Francis . Comic Sans controversy . When CERN announced the discovery of the Higgs boson , some controversy sprang from Gianottis use of the Comic Sans typeface in the presentation of the results . Alby Reid , a physicist , started an online petition calling for Microsoft to change the name of the font to Comic Cerns . Vincent Connare , the fonts creator , tweeted support for the petition . Gianotti had used Comic Sans in previous presentations , but the controversy was generated due to the importance of the material presented . Personal life . Gianotti is a trained ballerina and plays the piano . She has never been married ; in a New York Times profile on Gianotti , the Dutch physicist Rende Steerenberg described her as someone who has dedicated her life to physics...sure , she has made sacrifices . In a 2010 interview , Gianotti said that she saw no contradiction between science and faith , and that they belong to two different spheres . In an interview by la Repubblica , she said that science and religion are separate disciplines , though not antithetical . You can be a physicist and have faith or not . As of September 2020 , she is a member of the Italian Aspen Institute . |
[
"CERN"
] | easy | What organization did Fabiola Gianotti join in 2016? | /wiki/Fabiola_Gianotti#P463#2 | Fabiola Gianotti Fabiola Gianotti ( ; born 29 October 1960 ) is an Italian experimental particle physicist , and the first woman to be Director-General at CERN ( European Organization for Nuclear Research ) in Switzerland . Her mandate began on 1 January 2016 and runs for a period of five years . At its 195th Session in 2019 , the CERN Council selected Gianotti for an unprecedented second term as Director-General . Her second five-year term began on 1 January 2021 and go on until 2025 . This is the first time in CERNs history that a Director-General has been appointed for a full second term . Early life and education . From an early age , Gianotti was interested in nature and the world around her . Her mother , from Sicily , encouraged Gianotti in the fine arts . Her father , an acclaimed geologist from Piedmont , encouraged her early love of learning and encouraged her scientific interests . Gianotti found her passion for scientific research after reading a biography on Marie Curie . Previously , she had studied the humanities , focusing on music and philosophy at the Liceo classico . Gianotti received a PhD in experimental particle physics from the Physics department of the University of Milan in 1989 . Life and career . Academic and professional career . Since 1996 , Gianotti has worked at CERN , starting with a fellowship and continuing to become a full-time research physicist . In 2009 she was promoted to project leader and Spokesperson of the ATLAS Collaboration . She also worked on the WA70 , UA2 and ALEPH experiments at CERN , where she was involved in detector development , software development and data analysis . In 2016 she was elected to be the first female Director-General of CERN . She has since been reappointed for a second term , which will end in 2025 . She has been a member of several international committees , such as the Scientific Council of the CNRS in France , the Physics Advisory Committee of Fermilab in the USA , the Council of the European Physical Society , the Scientific Council of the DESY Laboratory in Germany , and the Scientific Advisory Committee of NIKHEF in the Netherlands . She is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the UN Secretary-General . She was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) in 2018 . Gianotti is also a member of the Italian Academy of Sciences ( Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei ) , a foreign associate member of the US National Academy of Sciences and foreign associate of the French Academy of Science . She was also elected a Member of the American Philosophical Society in 2019 . Gianotti also appeared in the 2013 documentary film Particle Fever about work at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN . Higgs boson discovery . During Gianottis time as Spokesperson of ATLAS , the experiment was one of two involved in the observation of the Higgs boson . On 4 July 2012 Gianotti announced the discovery of the particle . Until the observation , the Higgs boson was a purely theoretical part of the Standard Model of particle physics . Gianottis deep understanding of the ATLAS experiment , and her leadership , were recognised as major factors in the discovery . Publications . Gianotti is the author or co-author of more than 500 publications in peer reviewed scientific journals . She has given more than 30 invited plenary talks at the major international conferences in the field . Some of her most notable publications include Observation of a New Particle in the Search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC , where CERN presented the Higgs boson observation , Searches for supersymmetry at high-energy colliders : the past , the present and the present and the future in the IOP Science , New Journal of Physics , and Calorimetry for particle physics in the APS Physics Journal . Work environment . Gianotti had to push past barriers to be successful in a male dominated field . In the European scientific community , for every one woman , there are two men . Only 20% of the team that worked on the ATLAS project were women . Gianotti was the first female Director-General of CERN , and she led two of the largest CERN experiments in 2012 . She insists that she has never faced discrimination because of her gender , saying “I cannot say myself that I ever felt discriminated against .. . Perhaps I was but I didn’t realize it.” Gianotti is helping break down barriers the male-dominated field created for aspiring female scientists . She specifically wants to give women more support when having children . She feels that she was never given enough support , and for this reason , never had children , a decision she now regrets . Honours and awards . Gianotti was included among the “Top 100 most inspirational women” by The Guardian newspaper in 2011 , ranked 5th in Time magazines Personality of the Year in 2012 , was the runner-up for Time magazines Person of the Year in the same year , was included among the “Top 100 most influential women” by Forbes magazine in 2013 , and was considered among the “Leading Global Thinkers of 2013” by Foreign Policy magazine in 2013 . She has received honorary doctoral degrees from the University of Uppsala , École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ) , McGill University , Oslo University , University of Edinburgh , University of Naples Federico II , University of Chicago , University of Savoy , and the Weizmann Institute of Science . Since 2013 , she is an honorary professor at the University of Edinburgh . - In December 2014 , she was awarded the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic by the Italian president , Giorgio Napolitano . - In September 2013 , she was awarded The Enrico Fermi Prize of the Italian Physical Society . - In November 2013 , she was awarded the Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour . - In December 2012 , she was awarded the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics for her leadership role in the Higgs boson discovery . - In December 2012 , she was awarded the Gold Medal ( known as Ambrogino doro , named after the patron saint of Milan , Saint Ambrose ) by the municipality of Milan . - In 2018 , she was listed as one of the BBCs 100 Women . - On February 2020 , she was awarded with Bruno Pontecorvo Prize ( 2019 ) - In September 2020 , she was named an ordinary member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences by Pope Francis . Comic Sans controversy . When CERN announced the discovery of the Higgs boson , some controversy sprang from Gianottis use of the Comic Sans typeface in the presentation of the results . Alby Reid , a physicist , started an online petition calling for Microsoft to change the name of the font to Comic Cerns . Vincent Connare , the fonts creator , tweeted support for the petition . Gianotti had used Comic Sans in previous presentations , but the controversy was generated due to the importance of the material presented . Personal life . Gianotti is a trained ballerina and plays the piano . She has never been married ; in a New York Times profile on Gianotti , the Dutch physicist Rende Steerenberg described her as someone who has dedicated her life to physics...sure , she has made sacrifices . In a 2010 interview , Gianotti said that she saw no contradiction between science and faith , and that they belong to two different spheres . In an interview by la Repubblica , she said that science and religion are separate disciplines , though not antithetical . You can be a physicist and have faith or not . As of September 2020 , she is a member of the Italian Aspen Institute . |
[
"Royal Society"
] | easy | What organization did Fabiola Gianotti join in 2018? | /wiki/Fabiola_Gianotti#P463#3 | Fabiola Gianotti Fabiola Gianotti ( ; born 29 October 1960 ) is an Italian experimental particle physicist , and the first woman to be Director-General at CERN ( European Organization for Nuclear Research ) in Switzerland . Her mandate began on 1 January 2016 and runs for a period of five years . At its 195th Session in 2019 , the CERN Council selected Gianotti for an unprecedented second term as Director-General . Her second five-year term began on 1 January 2021 and go on until 2025 . This is the first time in CERNs history that a Director-General has been appointed for a full second term . Early life and education . From an early age , Gianotti was interested in nature and the world around her . Her mother , from Sicily , encouraged Gianotti in the fine arts . Her father , an acclaimed geologist from Piedmont , encouraged her early love of learning and encouraged her scientific interests . Gianotti found her passion for scientific research after reading a biography on Marie Curie . Previously , she had studied the humanities , focusing on music and philosophy at the Liceo classico . Gianotti received a PhD in experimental particle physics from the Physics department of the University of Milan in 1989 . Life and career . Academic and professional career . Since 1996 , Gianotti has worked at CERN , starting with a fellowship and continuing to become a full-time research physicist . In 2009 she was promoted to project leader and Spokesperson of the ATLAS Collaboration . She also worked on the WA70 , UA2 and ALEPH experiments at CERN , where she was involved in detector development , software development and data analysis . In 2016 she was elected to be the first female Director-General of CERN . She has since been reappointed for a second term , which will end in 2025 . She has been a member of several international committees , such as the Scientific Council of the CNRS in France , the Physics Advisory Committee of Fermilab in the USA , the Council of the European Physical Society , the Scientific Council of the DESY Laboratory in Germany , and the Scientific Advisory Committee of NIKHEF in the Netherlands . She is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the UN Secretary-General . She was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) in 2018 . Gianotti is also a member of the Italian Academy of Sciences ( Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei ) , a foreign associate member of the US National Academy of Sciences and foreign associate of the French Academy of Science . She was also elected a Member of the American Philosophical Society in 2019 . Gianotti also appeared in the 2013 documentary film Particle Fever about work at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN . Higgs boson discovery . During Gianottis time as Spokesperson of ATLAS , the experiment was one of two involved in the observation of the Higgs boson . On 4 July 2012 Gianotti announced the discovery of the particle . Until the observation , the Higgs boson was a purely theoretical part of the Standard Model of particle physics . Gianottis deep understanding of the ATLAS experiment , and her leadership , were recognised as major factors in the discovery . Publications . Gianotti is the author or co-author of more than 500 publications in peer reviewed scientific journals . She has given more than 30 invited plenary talks at the major international conferences in the field . Some of her most notable publications include Observation of a New Particle in the Search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC , where CERN presented the Higgs boson observation , Searches for supersymmetry at high-energy colliders : the past , the present and the present and the future in the IOP Science , New Journal of Physics , and Calorimetry for particle physics in the APS Physics Journal . Work environment . Gianotti had to push past barriers to be successful in a male dominated field . In the European scientific community , for every one woman , there are two men . Only 20% of the team that worked on the ATLAS project were women . Gianotti was the first female Director-General of CERN , and she led two of the largest CERN experiments in 2012 . She insists that she has never faced discrimination because of her gender , saying “I cannot say myself that I ever felt discriminated against .. . Perhaps I was but I didn’t realize it.” Gianotti is helping break down barriers the male-dominated field created for aspiring female scientists . She specifically wants to give women more support when having children . She feels that she was never given enough support , and for this reason , never had children , a decision she now regrets . Honours and awards . Gianotti was included among the “Top 100 most inspirational women” by The Guardian newspaper in 2011 , ranked 5th in Time magazines Personality of the Year in 2012 , was the runner-up for Time magazines Person of the Year in the same year , was included among the “Top 100 most influential women” by Forbes magazine in 2013 , and was considered among the “Leading Global Thinkers of 2013” by Foreign Policy magazine in 2013 . She has received honorary doctoral degrees from the University of Uppsala , École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ) , McGill University , Oslo University , University of Edinburgh , University of Naples Federico II , University of Chicago , University of Savoy , and the Weizmann Institute of Science . Since 2013 , she is an honorary professor at the University of Edinburgh . - In December 2014 , she was awarded the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic by the Italian president , Giorgio Napolitano . - In September 2013 , she was awarded The Enrico Fermi Prize of the Italian Physical Society . - In November 2013 , she was awarded the Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour . - In December 2012 , she was awarded the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics for her leadership role in the Higgs boson discovery . - In December 2012 , she was awarded the Gold Medal ( known as Ambrogino doro , named after the patron saint of Milan , Saint Ambrose ) by the municipality of Milan . - In 2018 , she was listed as one of the BBCs 100 Women . - On February 2020 , she was awarded with Bruno Pontecorvo Prize ( 2019 ) - In September 2020 , she was named an ordinary member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences by Pope Francis . Comic Sans controversy . When CERN announced the discovery of the Higgs boson , some controversy sprang from Gianottis use of the Comic Sans typeface in the presentation of the results . Alby Reid , a physicist , started an online petition calling for Microsoft to change the name of the font to Comic Cerns . Vincent Connare , the fonts creator , tweeted support for the petition . Gianotti had used Comic Sans in previous presentations , but the controversy was generated due to the importance of the material presented . Personal life . Gianotti is a trained ballerina and plays the piano . She has never been married ; in a New York Times profile on Gianotti , the Dutch physicist Rende Steerenberg described her as someone who has dedicated her life to physics...sure , she has made sacrifices . In a 2010 interview , Gianotti said that she saw no contradiction between science and faith , and that they belong to two different spheres . In an interview by la Repubblica , she said that science and religion are separate disciplines , though not antithetical . You can be a physicist and have faith or not . As of September 2020 , she is a member of the Italian Aspen Institute . |
[
"Liverpool",
"Leicester City"
] | easy | Jay Spearing played for which team from 2008 to 2012? | /wiki/Jay_Spearing#P54#0 | Jay Spearing Jay Francis Spearing ( born 25 November 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for League Two club Tranmere Rovers . He started his career with Liverpool as a youth-team player in 1997 . He remained at Anfield for sixteen years before leaving , in 2013 , for Bolton Wanderers . After four years at the University of Bolton Stadium , he joined Blackpool , newly promoted to League One , in 2017 , initially until the end of the 2017–18 season . He made the move permanent the following summer and remained at Bloomfield Road for two years . Career . Liverpool . Reserves ( 2007–2010 ) . Raised in Wallasey , Merseyside , Spearing was the captain of the Liverpool Under 18s that won the FA Youth Cup in 2007 . He featured the previous season in the final against Manchester City , but missed the majority of the season due to a broken leg . He was promoted to Melwood in the summer of 2007 to train with the Liverpool first team after impressing in the clubs Academy . He had been involved with his boyhood club since he was seven years old . He was voted the best player in the Torneo di Renate , a competition for under-20 sides , competing against clubs such as Milan and Parma . He was also part of the Reserve side that won the Premier Reserve League in the 2007–08 season . 2008–09 season . Spearing made his competitive first-team debut on 9 December 2008 , coming on as a substitute in a 3–1 UEFA Champions League win against PSV . Spearing also appeared in the Reds 4–0 win over Real Madrid in the second round of the Champions League . On 31 March 2009 , Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez announced that he would be offering Spearing a new contract , alongside fellow home-grown youngster Stephen Darby . On 6 July 2009 , Spearing agreed to a new three-year contract with Liverpool . Loan move to Leicester City . On 22 March 2010 , Liverpool confirmed Spearing would join Championship club Leicester City on loan until the end of the 2009–10 season , linking up with former Liverpool reserve teammate Jack Hobbs . His debut came two days later , starting in the Foxes 2–1 Championship loss to Reading . His last game for Leicester was on 12 May in the Championship Play-off semi-final , with Leicester winning 3–2 , but it wasnt enough to reach the final as they lost on a penalty shootout . He made nine appearances for Leicester and scored his only goal for the club in the 4–1 home win against Watford . 2010–11 season . Spearing was included in Liverpools 21-man squad for the 2010–11 Premier League season . He started and played the full 90 minutes in the opening leg of Liverpools UEFA Europa League qualifier against Macedonian side FK Rabotnički , and came on as a substitute at Anfield in the second leg . On 16 September , he again played the full 90 minutes in the Reds opening group game against Steaua București , his first-ever start at Anfield , setting up David NGog for the fourth and final goal as Liverpool won 4–1 . On 22 September , he was involved in Liverpools League Cup third-round exit to League Two side Northampton Town ; Liverpool lost 4–2 on penalties after a 2–2 draw . On 21 October , he played the full 90 minutes in Liverpools third group-stage tie , a 0–0 draw with a Napoli side featuring former Liverpool left-back Andrea Dossena . Spearing was an unused substitute in Liverpools 1–0 Premier League win against Bolton Wanderers at the Reebok Stadium on 31 October . He came on in the 90th minute of Liverpools 2–0 victory over Chelsea on 7 November 2010 , instantly making an impact by playing a through ball to assist a Maxi Rodríguez effort . On 20 November , it was reported that Spearing had broken his ankle in training and would be out for up to six weeks . He made his first appearance of 2011 against Everton on 16 January . In the post-match interview , Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish praised the young midfielder and joked that Steven Gerrard may never get into the first team again . On 20 March , Spearing started another league game , away to Sunderland . Spearing won a penalty , which was converted by Dirk Kuyt to put Liverpool 1–0 up . Spearing then went on the secure a first-team berth with the absence of Steven Gerrard and out-of-favour Christian Poulsen . For the remainder of the Premier League season , he formed a midfield partnership with Lucas . Against Arsenal on 17 April , Spearing gave away a 98th-minute penalty , which Robin van Persie converted to make the game 1–0 . The match finished 1–1 . Despite this , Spearing won the man-of-the-match award from Sky Sports and was praised after the game for his determination , work-rate and battling performance . He received the journalists man-of-the-match award on the official Liverpool website three times during the season . In May 2011 , the club announced that he had extended his contract , and he was included in England under-21s provisional 40-man squad for the 2011 Summer U21 European Championship , with fellow Liverpool player Andy Carroll . 2011–12 season . For the 2011–12 season , Spearing wore the number 20 , with his old number 26 being registered to new arrival Charlie Adam . Spearing immediately fell down the pecking order in Liverpools midfield after the arrival of midfielders Adam , Jordan Henderson and Stewart Downing . On 20 July 2011 , it was widely reported that Spearing would consider an option to move to Wolverhampton Wanderers on loan , but the club rejected their approach , stating that Spearing was in their plans . Spearing later dismissed the rumour saying he was willing to fight for his place in the starting eleven . He made his first start of the season against Exeter City in the League Cup on 24 August 2011 . The result ended in a 3–1 victory for Liverpool . He was sent off for the first time in his professional career during Liverpools 1–0 loss to Fulham on 5 December . In May 2012 , Spearing was in the starting eleven for the FA Cup Final , in which Liverpool lost to Chelsea . 2012–13 season . New Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers described Spearing as a very good player with great qualities who has the soul of the club in his heart . He started the first competitive game of the season in the UEFA Europa League qualifier against Belarusian club Gomel , playing the full 90 minutes , and made a substitute appearance in the return leg at Anfield . His final appearance of the season for Liverpool came as a start in the 1–0 victory against Hearts in a Europa League qualifier on 23 August 2012 . Loan move to Bolton Wanderers . On 31 August 2012 , Spearing joined Championship side Bolton Wanderers on a season-long loan deal . His debut came a day later in Boltons 3–1 defeat against Hull City . He scored his first goal for Bolton on 20 October as the club beat Bristol City 3–2 , in which he scored Boltons second goal , an equaliser . On 25 April 2013 , Spearing was named the Bolton Wanderers Supporters Association ( BWSA ) Player of the Season . This was followed on 20 May with his being named the clubs Player of the Season . Return to Liverpool . At the conclusion of Boltons season in the Championship , Spearing returned to Anfield . Although he did not feature in any of the clubs remaining fixtures , he was present in the guard of honour for the retiring Jamie Carragher in the last game of the 2012–13 Premier League against Queens Park Rangers . In July 2013 , a £1.75 million bid was submitted by Championship side Blackburn Rovers for Spearing , which Liverpool rejected . Notwithstanding , Blackburn failed to agree terms with Spearing , and the deal fell through . Spearing featured in Liverpools first pre-season friendly of the summer against Preston North End and was also included in the squad for the clubs summer tour . In August 2013 , Spearing was told by Liverpool that he was free to leave the club , with Liverpool entering talks with Bolton for a possible transfer back to the Reebok Stadium . Bolton Wanderers . On 8 August 2013 , it was announced that a deal was struck between Liverpool and Bolton subject to a medical on the same afternoon . It was confirmed on the 9 August that Spearing had agreed a four-year deal for an undisclosed fee and he made his debut the following day in the 1–1 home draw against Reading , in which he received man-of-the-match honours . In September 2013 , Spearing was handed the captaincy at Bolton whenever incumbent Zat Knight found himself out of the starting XI , although he retained the armband when Knight returned to the team with both in the starting lineup . On 26 July 2014 , the club confirmed that Spearing would succeed Knight as captain . On 8 August 2015 , Spearing was sent off with a second booking in the opening match of the 2015–16 Championship season against Derby County . Spearings goal on the opening day of the 2016–17 season against Sheffield United won Augusts Goal of the Month award . On 8 July 2017 the club confirmed that Spearing had left after failing to agree terms on a new contract . Blackburn Rovers ( loan ) . On 30 January 2015 , Spearing was loaned to fellow Championship club Blackburn Rovers until the end of the season . Blackpool . On 4 October 2017 , Spearing joined Blackpool until the end of the season . He scored his first goals for Blackpool when he scored twice in a 3–2 win over Bradford City on 8 September 2018 . He made the move permanent in the summer . Spearing left Blackpool at the end of the 2019–20 season , after three years , having failed to agree terms on a new contract . Tranmere Rovers . On 5th August 2020 , Spearing signed a two year deal with his hometown club Tranmere Rovers . He was named Player of the Season for the 2020–2021 season . Honours . Liverpool - Football League Cup : 2011–12 - FA Cup runner-up : 2011–12 Bolton Wanderers - EFL League One runner-up : 2016–17 Tranmere Rovers - EFL Trophy runner-up : 2020–21 Individual - Bolton Wanderers Player of the Year : 2012–13 - EFL League One Goal of the Month : August 2016 - Tranmere Rovers Player of the Year : 2020–21 External links . - LFCHistory.net profile - Official LFC Website profile |
[
"Bolton Wanderers",
"Liverpool"
] | easy | Which team did the player Jay Spearing belong to from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Jay_Spearing#P54#1 | Jay Spearing Jay Francis Spearing ( born 25 November 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for League Two club Tranmere Rovers . He started his career with Liverpool as a youth-team player in 1997 . He remained at Anfield for sixteen years before leaving , in 2013 , for Bolton Wanderers . After four years at the University of Bolton Stadium , he joined Blackpool , newly promoted to League One , in 2017 , initially until the end of the 2017–18 season . He made the move permanent the following summer and remained at Bloomfield Road for two years . Career . Liverpool . Reserves ( 2007–2010 ) . Raised in Wallasey , Merseyside , Spearing was the captain of the Liverpool Under 18s that won the FA Youth Cup in 2007 . He featured the previous season in the final against Manchester City , but missed the majority of the season due to a broken leg . He was promoted to Melwood in the summer of 2007 to train with the Liverpool first team after impressing in the clubs Academy . He had been involved with his boyhood club since he was seven years old . He was voted the best player in the Torneo di Renate , a competition for under-20 sides , competing against clubs such as Milan and Parma . He was also part of the Reserve side that won the Premier Reserve League in the 2007–08 season . 2008–09 season . Spearing made his competitive first-team debut on 9 December 2008 , coming on as a substitute in a 3–1 UEFA Champions League win against PSV . Spearing also appeared in the Reds 4–0 win over Real Madrid in the second round of the Champions League . On 31 March 2009 , Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez announced that he would be offering Spearing a new contract , alongside fellow home-grown youngster Stephen Darby . On 6 July 2009 , Spearing agreed to a new three-year contract with Liverpool . Loan move to Leicester City . On 22 March 2010 , Liverpool confirmed Spearing would join Championship club Leicester City on loan until the end of the 2009–10 season , linking up with former Liverpool reserve teammate Jack Hobbs . His debut came two days later , starting in the Foxes 2–1 Championship loss to Reading . His last game for Leicester was on 12 May in the Championship Play-off semi-final , with Leicester winning 3–2 , but it wasnt enough to reach the final as they lost on a penalty shootout . He made nine appearances for Leicester and scored his only goal for the club in the 4–1 home win against Watford . 2010–11 season . Spearing was included in Liverpools 21-man squad for the 2010–11 Premier League season . He started and played the full 90 minutes in the opening leg of Liverpools UEFA Europa League qualifier against Macedonian side FK Rabotnički , and came on as a substitute at Anfield in the second leg . On 16 September , he again played the full 90 minutes in the Reds opening group game against Steaua București , his first-ever start at Anfield , setting up David NGog for the fourth and final goal as Liverpool won 4–1 . On 22 September , he was involved in Liverpools League Cup third-round exit to League Two side Northampton Town ; Liverpool lost 4–2 on penalties after a 2–2 draw . On 21 October , he played the full 90 minutes in Liverpools third group-stage tie , a 0–0 draw with a Napoli side featuring former Liverpool left-back Andrea Dossena . Spearing was an unused substitute in Liverpools 1–0 Premier League win against Bolton Wanderers at the Reebok Stadium on 31 October . He came on in the 90th minute of Liverpools 2–0 victory over Chelsea on 7 November 2010 , instantly making an impact by playing a through ball to assist a Maxi Rodríguez effort . On 20 November , it was reported that Spearing had broken his ankle in training and would be out for up to six weeks . He made his first appearance of 2011 against Everton on 16 January . In the post-match interview , Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish praised the young midfielder and joked that Steven Gerrard may never get into the first team again . On 20 March , Spearing started another league game , away to Sunderland . Spearing won a penalty , which was converted by Dirk Kuyt to put Liverpool 1–0 up . Spearing then went on the secure a first-team berth with the absence of Steven Gerrard and out-of-favour Christian Poulsen . For the remainder of the Premier League season , he formed a midfield partnership with Lucas . Against Arsenal on 17 April , Spearing gave away a 98th-minute penalty , which Robin van Persie converted to make the game 1–0 . The match finished 1–1 . Despite this , Spearing won the man-of-the-match award from Sky Sports and was praised after the game for his determination , work-rate and battling performance . He received the journalists man-of-the-match award on the official Liverpool website three times during the season . In May 2011 , the club announced that he had extended his contract , and he was included in England under-21s provisional 40-man squad for the 2011 Summer U21 European Championship , with fellow Liverpool player Andy Carroll . 2011–12 season . For the 2011–12 season , Spearing wore the number 20 , with his old number 26 being registered to new arrival Charlie Adam . Spearing immediately fell down the pecking order in Liverpools midfield after the arrival of midfielders Adam , Jordan Henderson and Stewart Downing . On 20 July 2011 , it was widely reported that Spearing would consider an option to move to Wolverhampton Wanderers on loan , but the club rejected their approach , stating that Spearing was in their plans . Spearing later dismissed the rumour saying he was willing to fight for his place in the starting eleven . He made his first start of the season against Exeter City in the League Cup on 24 August 2011 . The result ended in a 3–1 victory for Liverpool . He was sent off for the first time in his professional career during Liverpools 1–0 loss to Fulham on 5 December . In May 2012 , Spearing was in the starting eleven for the FA Cup Final , in which Liverpool lost to Chelsea . 2012–13 season . New Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers described Spearing as a very good player with great qualities who has the soul of the club in his heart . He started the first competitive game of the season in the UEFA Europa League qualifier against Belarusian club Gomel , playing the full 90 minutes , and made a substitute appearance in the return leg at Anfield . His final appearance of the season for Liverpool came as a start in the 1–0 victory against Hearts in a Europa League qualifier on 23 August 2012 . Loan move to Bolton Wanderers . On 31 August 2012 , Spearing joined Championship side Bolton Wanderers on a season-long loan deal . His debut came a day later in Boltons 3–1 defeat against Hull City . He scored his first goal for Bolton on 20 October as the club beat Bristol City 3–2 , in which he scored Boltons second goal , an equaliser . On 25 April 2013 , Spearing was named the Bolton Wanderers Supporters Association ( BWSA ) Player of the Season . This was followed on 20 May with his being named the clubs Player of the Season . Return to Liverpool . At the conclusion of Boltons season in the Championship , Spearing returned to Anfield . Although he did not feature in any of the clubs remaining fixtures , he was present in the guard of honour for the retiring Jamie Carragher in the last game of the 2012–13 Premier League against Queens Park Rangers . In July 2013 , a £1.75 million bid was submitted by Championship side Blackburn Rovers for Spearing , which Liverpool rejected . Notwithstanding , Blackburn failed to agree terms with Spearing , and the deal fell through . Spearing featured in Liverpools first pre-season friendly of the summer against Preston North End and was also included in the squad for the clubs summer tour . In August 2013 , Spearing was told by Liverpool that he was free to leave the club , with Liverpool entering talks with Bolton for a possible transfer back to the Reebok Stadium . Bolton Wanderers . On 8 August 2013 , it was announced that a deal was struck between Liverpool and Bolton subject to a medical on the same afternoon . It was confirmed on the 9 August that Spearing had agreed a four-year deal for an undisclosed fee and he made his debut the following day in the 1–1 home draw against Reading , in which he received man-of-the-match honours . In September 2013 , Spearing was handed the captaincy at Bolton whenever incumbent Zat Knight found himself out of the starting XI , although he retained the armband when Knight returned to the team with both in the starting lineup . On 26 July 2014 , the club confirmed that Spearing would succeed Knight as captain . On 8 August 2015 , Spearing was sent off with a second booking in the opening match of the 2015–16 Championship season against Derby County . Spearings goal on the opening day of the 2016–17 season against Sheffield United won Augusts Goal of the Month award . On 8 July 2017 the club confirmed that Spearing had left after failing to agree terms on a new contract . Blackburn Rovers ( loan ) . On 30 January 2015 , Spearing was loaned to fellow Championship club Blackburn Rovers until the end of the season . Blackpool . On 4 October 2017 , Spearing joined Blackpool until the end of the season . He scored his first goals for Blackpool when he scored twice in a 3–2 win over Bradford City on 8 September 2018 . He made the move permanent in the summer . Spearing left Blackpool at the end of the 2019–20 season , after three years , having failed to agree terms on a new contract . Tranmere Rovers . On 5th August 2020 , Spearing signed a two year deal with his hometown club Tranmere Rovers . He was named Player of the Season for the 2020–2021 season . Honours . Liverpool - Football League Cup : 2011–12 - FA Cup runner-up : 2011–12 Bolton Wanderers - EFL League One runner-up : 2016–17 Tranmere Rovers - EFL Trophy runner-up : 2020–21 Individual - Bolton Wanderers Player of the Year : 2012–13 - EFL League One Goal of the Month : August 2016 - Tranmere Rovers Player of the Year : 2020–21 External links . - LFCHistory.net profile - Official LFC Website profile |
[
"Bolton Wanderers"
] | easy | Which team did Jay Spearing play for from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Jay_Spearing#P54#2 | Jay Spearing Jay Francis Spearing ( born 25 November 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for League Two club Tranmere Rovers . He started his career with Liverpool as a youth-team player in 1997 . He remained at Anfield for sixteen years before leaving , in 2013 , for Bolton Wanderers . After four years at the University of Bolton Stadium , he joined Blackpool , newly promoted to League One , in 2017 , initially until the end of the 2017–18 season . He made the move permanent the following summer and remained at Bloomfield Road for two years . Career . Liverpool . Reserves ( 2007–2010 ) . Raised in Wallasey , Merseyside , Spearing was the captain of the Liverpool Under 18s that won the FA Youth Cup in 2007 . He featured the previous season in the final against Manchester City , but missed the majority of the season due to a broken leg . He was promoted to Melwood in the summer of 2007 to train with the Liverpool first team after impressing in the clubs Academy . He had been involved with his boyhood club since he was seven years old . He was voted the best player in the Torneo di Renate , a competition for under-20 sides , competing against clubs such as Milan and Parma . He was also part of the Reserve side that won the Premier Reserve League in the 2007–08 season . 2008–09 season . Spearing made his competitive first-team debut on 9 December 2008 , coming on as a substitute in a 3–1 UEFA Champions League win against PSV . Spearing also appeared in the Reds 4–0 win over Real Madrid in the second round of the Champions League . On 31 March 2009 , Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez announced that he would be offering Spearing a new contract , alongside fellow home-grown youngster Stephen Darby . On 6 July 2009 , Spearing agreed to a new three-year contract with Liverpool . Loan move to Leicester City . On 22 March 2010 , Liverpool confirmed Spearing would join Championship club Leicester City on loan until the end of the 2009–10 season , linking up with former Liverpool reserve teammate Jack Hobbs . His debut came two days later , starting in the Foxes 2–1 Championship loss to Reading . His last game for Leicester was on 12 May in the Championship Play-off semi-final , with Leicester winning 3–2 , but it wasnt enough to reach the final as they lost on a penalty shootout . He made nine appearances for Leicester and scored his only goal for the club in the 4–1 home win against Watford . 2010–11 season . Spearing was included in Liverpools 21-man squad for the 2010–11 Premier League season . He started and played the full 90 minutes in the opening leg of Liverpools UEFA Europa League qualifier against Macedonian side FK Rabotnički , and came on as a substitute at Anfield in the second leg . On 16 September , he again played the full 90 minutes in the Reds opening group game against Steaua București , his first-ever start at Anfield , setting up David NGog for the fourth and final goal as Liverpool won 4–1 . On 22 September , he was involved in Liverpools League Cup third-round exit to League Two side Northampton Town ; Liverpool lost 4–2 on penalties after a 2–2 draw . On 21 October , he played the full 90 minutes in Liverpools third group-stage tie , a 0–0 draw with a Napoli side featuring former Liverpool left-back Andrea Dossena . Spearing was an unused substitute in Liverpools 1–0 Premier League win against Bolton Wanderers at the Reebok Stadium on 31 October . He came on in the 90th minute of Liverpools 2–0 victory over Chelsea on 7 November 2010 , instantly making an impact by playing a through ball to assist a Maxi Rodríguez effort . On 20 November , it was reported that Spearing had broken his ankle in training and would be out for up to six weeks . He made his first appearance of 2011 against Everton on 16 January . In the post-match interview , Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish praised the young midfielder and joked that Steven Gerrard may never get into the first team again . On 20 March , Spearing started another league game , away to Sunderland . Spearing won a penalty , which was converted by Dirk Kuyt to put Liverpool 1–0 up . Spearing then went on the secure a first-team berth with the absence of Steven Gerrard and out-of-favour Christian Poulsen . For the remainder of the Premier League season , he formed a midfield partnership with Lucas . Against Arsenal on 17 April , Spearing gave away a 98th-minute penalty , which Robin van Persie converted to make the game 1–0 . The match finished 1–1 . Despite this , Spearing won the man-of-the-match award from Sky Sports and was praised after the game for his determination , work-rate and battling performance . He received the journalists man-of-the-match award on the official Liverpool website three times during the season . In May 2011 , the club announced that he had extended his contract , and he was included in England under-21s provisional 40-man squad for the 2011 Summer U21 European Championship , with fellow Liverpool player Andy Carroll . 2011–12 season . For the 2011–12 season , Spearing wore the number 20 , with his old number 26 being registered to new arrival Charlie Adam . Spearing immediately fell down the pecking order in Liverpools midfield after the arrival of midfielders Adam , Jordan Henderson and Stewart Downing . On 20 July 2011 , it was widely reported that Spearing would consider an option to move to Wolverhampton Wanderers on loan , but the club rejected their approach , stating that Spearing was in their plans . Spearing later dismissed the rumour saying he was willing to fight for his place in the starting eleven . He made his first start of the season against Exeter City in the League Cup on 24 August 2011 . The result ended in a 3–1 victory for Liverpool . He was sent off for the first time in his professional career during Liverpools 1–0 loss to Fulham on 5 December . In May 2012 , Spearing was in the starting eleven for the FA Cup Final , in which Liverpool lost to Chelsea . 2012–13 season . New Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers described Spearing as a very good player with great qualities who has the soul of the club in his heart . He started the first competitive game of the season in the UEFA Europa League qualifier against Belarusian club Gomel , playing the full 90 minutes , and made a substitute appearance in the return leg at Anfield . His final appearance of the season for Liverpool came as a start in the 1–0 victory against Hearts in a Europa League qualifier on 23 August 2012 . Loan move to Bolton Wanderers . On 31 August 2012 , Spearing joined Championship side Bolton Wanderers on a season-long loan deal . His debut came a day later in Boltons 3–1 defeat against Hull City . He scored his first goal for Bolton on 20 October as the club beat Bristol City 3–2 , in which he scored Boltons second goal , an equaliser . On 25 April 2013 , Spearing was named the Bolton Wanderers Supporters Association ( BWSA ) Player of the Season . This was followed on 20 May with his being named the clubs Player of the Season . Return to Liverpool . At the conclusion of Boltons season in the Championship , Spearing returned to Anfield . Although he did not feature in any of the clubs remaining fixtures , he was present in the guard of honour for the retiring Jamie Carragher in the last game of the 2012–13 Premier League against Queens Park Rangers . In July 2013 , a £1.75 million bid was submitted by Championship side Blackburn Rovers for Spearing , which Liverpool rejected . Notwithstanding , Blackburn failed to agree terms with Spearing , and the deal fell through . Spearing featured in Liverpools first pre-season friendly of the summer against Preston North End and was also included in the squad for the clubs summer tour . In August 2013 , Spearing was told by Liverpool that he was free to leave the club , with Liverpool entering talks with Bolton for a possible transfer back to the Reebok Stadium . Bolton Wanderers . On 8 August 2013 , it was announced that a deal was struck between Liverpool and Bolton subject to a medical on the same afternoon . It was confirmed on the 9 August that Spearing had agreed a four-year deal for an undisclosed fee and he made his debut the following day in the 1–1 home draw against Reading , in which he received man-of-the-match honours . In September 2013 , Spearing was handed the captaincy at Bolton whenever incumbent Zat Knight found himself out of the starting XI , although he retained the armband when Knight returned to the team with both in the starting lineup . On 26 July 2014 , the club confirmed that Spearing would succeed Knight as captain . On 8 August 2015 , Spearing was sent off with a second booking in the opening match of the 2015–16 Championship season against Derby County . Spearings goal on the opening day of the 2016–17 season against Sheffield United won Augusts Goal of the Month award . On 8 July 2017 the club confirmed that Spearing had left after failing to agree terms on a new contract . Blackburn Rovers ( loan ) . On 30 January 2015 , Spearing was loaned to fellow Championship club Blackburn Rovers until the end of the season . Blackpool . On 4 October 2017 , Spearing joined Blackpool until the end of the season . He scored his first goals for Blackpool when he scored twice in a 3–2 win over Bradford City on 8 September 2018 . He made the move permanent in the summer . Spearing left Blackpool at the end of the 2019–20 season , after three years , having failed to agree terms on a new contract . Tranmere Rovers . On 5th August 2020 , Spearing signed a two year deal with his hometown club Tranmere Rovers . He was named Player of the Season for the 2020–2021 season . Honours . Liverpool - Football League Cup : 2011–12 - FA Cup runner-up : 2011–12 Bolton Wanderers - EFL League One runner-up : 2016–17 Tranmere Rovers - EFL Trophy runner-up : 2020–21 Individual - Bolton Wanderers Player of the Year : 2012–13 - EFL League One Goal of the Month : August 2016 - Tranmere Rovers Player of the Year : 2020–21 External links . - LFCHistory.net profile - Official LFC Website profile |
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] | easy | What was the name of the employer Inez Scott Ryberg work for from 1922 to 1923? | /wiki/Inez_Scott_Ryberg#P108#0 | Inez Scott Ryberg Inez Ryberg ( November 2 , 1901 – September 1980 ) was an American classical archaeologist and academic , who specialized in Archaeology , Roman art and architecture . Early life and education . Ryberg was born on November 2 , 1901 in Grimes , Iowa as Inez Gertrude Scott . Her father was a minister in a Presbyterian church and this influence in her early life lead to a major focus in Latin studies and religion . In 1921 Ryberg enrolled at the University of Minnesota to earn her BA in Latin and also enrolled for her MA the same year . In 1924 Ryberg transferred to the University of Wisconsin to study for her Ph.D . in which her thesis subject was the Grand Style in the Satires of Juvenal . While at UW Rybergs Latin professor , George Converse Fiske , became her mentor , partially due to their mutual interest in Roman Religion , and helped steer her onto her future career path . After completing her Ph.D . thesis and teaching Latin at Wilson College in Pennsylvania for a year , Ryberg left the US to take a fellowship at the American Academy in Rome . Academic career . American Academy in Rome . Fiske was on the Advisory Council for Classical Studies at the American Academy in Rome and encouraged her to apply for the fellowship . Ryberg was one of three applicants who received the Rome Prize fellowship in 1924 . The award included an annual stipend of $1250 and was for 2 years . During her time at the academy Ryberg studied under Tenney Frank of Johns Hopkins and Charles Rufus Morey of Princeton . Later in life during her time at Vassar , Ryberg took several leaves of absence to return to the Academy and work in the library and various museums in Rome . Smith College and Vassar College . After returning from the American Academy in Rome , Ryberg spent a year teaching Latin at Smith College before arriving at Vassar as an Assistant Professor in 1927 and teaching until 1965 . Ryberg accepted the position after another alumna of the Academy , Lily Ross Taylor , left Vassar to accept a position at Bryn Mawr College . Ryberg became Chair of the Classics department in 1942 , when Elizabeth H . Haight retired , and held the position until her retirement , with the exception of 1949-1952 when she returned to the Academy for research . Vassar recognised Rybergs academic abilities and funded several of her publications and research sabbaticals . Death . In March 1965 in the Vassar Miscellany News it was announced that Ryberg was resigning from the University due to recent health concerns . She died in September 1980 in Gainesville , Florida . Personal life . On June 11 , 1930 Inez Scott married Milton Emmanuel Ryberg . Part of Inez Rybergs success in the academic field had been dependent on her marriage , the couple rarely lived together , focusing more on their respective careers , but never so far apart that there were not regular visits scheduled . The pair never had children . Awards and Societies . - While at the University of Minnesota Ryberg became a member of Phi Beta Kappa . - In 1960 Ryberg was the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship for her work in the Classics field of study . - Appointed to the Board of Directors of APA in 1951 - Served as President of the American Philological Association in 1962 , only the 6th woman ever to do so . Then elected as a Fellow in 1963 . - Sarah Mills Raynor Chair in Latin from 1961-1965 - Elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1963 . - Professional lifetime membership to APA and AIA - Vice President of the Vergilian Society in 1964 . American Academy in Rome . - Secretary of the Classical Society in 1941 - Chair of the Advisory Council in 1946 - On the Classical Jury for the Award of Fellowships in 1954 Further reading . - Review for Rites of the State Religion in Roman Art |
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] | easy | Inez Scott Ryberg was an employee for whom from 1926 to 1927? | /wiki/Inez_Scott_Ryberg#P108#1 | Inez Scott Ryberg Inez Ryberg ( November 2 , 1901 – September 1980 ) was an American classical archaeologist and academic , who specialized in Archaeology , Roman art and architecture . Early life and education . Ryberg was born on November 2 , 1901 in Grimes , Iowa as Inez Gertrude Scott . Her father was a minister in a Presbyterian church and this influence in her early life lead to a major focus in Latin studies and religion . In 1921 Ryberg enrolled at the University of Minnesota to earn her BA in Latin and also enrolled for her MA the same year . In 1924 Ryberg transferred to the University of Wisconsin to study for her Ph.D . in which her thesis subject was the Grand Style in the Satires of Juvenal . While at UW Rybergs Latin professor , George Converse Fiske , became her mentor , partially due to their mutual interest in Roman Religion , and helped steer her onto her future career path . After completing her Ph.D . thesis and teaching Latin at Wilson College in Pennsylvania for a year , Ryberg left the US to take a fellowship at the American Academy in Rome . Academic career . American Academy in Rome . Fiske was on the Advisory Council for Classical Studies at the American Academy in Rome and encouraged her to apply for the fellowship . Ryberg was one of three applicants who received the Rome Prize fellowship in 1924 . The award included an annual stipend of $1250 and was for 2 years . During her time at the academy Ryberg studied under Tenney Frank of Johns Hopkins and Charles Rufus Morey of Princeton . Later in life during her time at Vassar , Ryberg took several leaves of absence to return to the Academy and work in the library and various museums in Rome . Smith College and Vassar College . After returning from the American Academy in Rome , Ryberg spent a year teaching Latin at Smith College before arriving at Vassar as an Assistant Professor in 1927 and teaching until 1965 . Ryberg accepted the position after another alumna of the Academy , Lily Ross Taylor , left Vassar to accept a position at Bryn Mawr College . Ryberg became Chair of the Classics department in 1942 , when Elizabeth H . Haight retired , and held the position until her retirement , with the exception of 1949-1952 when she returned to the Academy for research . Vassar recognised Rybergs academic abilities and funded several of her publications and research sabbaticals . Death . In March 1965 in the Vassar Miscellany News it was announced that Ryberg was resigning from the University due to recent health concerns . She died in September 1980 in Gainesville , Florida . Personal life . On June 11 , 1930 Inez Scott married Milton Emmanuel Ryberg . Part of Inez Rybergs success in the academic field had been dependent on her marriage , the couple rarely lived together , focusing more on their respective careers , but never so far apart that there were not regular visits scheduled . The pair never had children . Awards and Societies . - While at the University of Minnesota Ryberg became a member of Phi Beta Kappa . - In 1960 Ryberg was the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship for her work in the Classics field of study . - Appointed to the Board of Directors of APA in 1951 - Served as President of the American Philological Association in 1962 , only the 6th woman ever to do so . Then elected as a Fellow in 1963 . - Sarah Mills Raynor Chair in Latin from 1961-1965 - Elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1963 . - Professional lifetime membership to APA and AIA - Vice President of the Vergilian Society in 1964 . American Academy in Rome . - Secretary of the Classical Society in 1941 - Chair of the Advisory Council in 1946 - On the Classical Jury for the Award of Fellowships in 1954 Further reading . - Review for Rites of the State Religion in Roman Art |
[
"Vassar"
] | easy | Inez Scott Ryberg was an employee for whom from 1927 to 1965? | /wiki/Inez_Scott_Ryberg#P108#2 | Inez Scott Ryberg Inez Ryberg ( November 2 , 1901 – September 1980 ) was an American classical archaeologist and academic , who specialized in Archaeology , Roman art and architecture . Early life and education . Ryberg was born on November 2 , 1901 in Grimes , Iowa as Inez Gertrude Scott . Her father was a minister in a Presbyterian church and this influence in her early life lead to a major focus in Latin studies and religion . In 1921 Ryberg enrolled at the University of Minnesota to earn her BA in Latin and also enrolled for her MA the same year . In 1924 Ryberg transferred to the University of Wisconsin to study for her Ph.D . in which her thesis subject was the Grand Style in the Satires of Juvenal . While at UW Rybergs Latin professor , George Converse Fiske , became her mentor , partially due to their mutual interest in Roman Religion , and helped steer her onto her future career path . After completing her Ph.D . thesis and teaching Latin at Wilson College in Pennsylvania for a year , Ryberg left the US to take a fellowship at the American Academy in Rome . Academic career . American Academy in Rome . Fiske was on the Advisory Council for Classical Studies at the American Academy in Rome and encouraged her to apply for the fellowship . Ryberg was one of three applicants who received the Rome Prize fellowship in 1924 . The award included an annual stipend of $1250 and was for 2 years . During her time at the academy Ryberg studied under Tenney Frank of Johns Hopkins and Charles Rufus Morey of Princeton . Later in life during her time at Vassar , Ryberg took several leaves of absence to return to the Academy and work in the library and various museums in Rome . Smith College and Vassar College . After returning from the American Academy in Rome , Ryberg spent a year teaching Latin at Smith College before arriving at Vassar as an Assistant Professor in 1927 and teaching until 1965 . Ryberg accepted the position after another alumna of the Academy , Lily Ross Taylor , left Vassar to accept a position at Bryn Mawr College . Ryberg became Chair of the Classics department in 1942 , when Elizabeth H . Haight retired , and held the position until her retirement , with the exception of 1949-1952 when she returned to the Academy for research . Vassar recognised Rybergs academic abilities and funded several of her publications and research sabbaticals . Death . In March 1965 in the Vassar Miscellany News it was announced that Ryberg was resigning from the University due to recent health concerns . She died in September 1980 in Gainesville , Florida . Personal life . On June 11 , 1930 Inez Scott married Milton Emmanuel Ryberg . Part of Inez Rybergs success in the academic field had been dependent on her marriage , the couple rarely lived together , focusing more on their respective careers , but never so far apart that there were not regular visits scheduled . The pair never had children . Awards and Societies . - While at the University of Minnesota Ryberg became a member of Phi Beta Kappa . - In 1960 Ryberg was the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship for her work in the Classics field of study . - Appointed to the Board of Directors of APA in 1951 - Served as President of the American Philological Association in 1962 , only the 6th woman ever to do so . Then elected as a Fellow in 1963 . - Sarah Mills Raynor Chair in Latin from 1961-1965 - Elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1963 . - Professional lifetime membership to APA and AIA - Vice President of the Vergilian Society in 1964 . American Academy in Rome . - Secretary of the Classical Society in 1941 - Chair of the Advisory Council in 1946 - On the Classical Jury for the Award of Fellowships in 1954 Further reading . - Review for Rites of the State Religion in Roman Art |
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"Janet Leigh"
] | easy | Who was Tony Curtis 's spouse from 1951 to 1962? | /wiki/Tony_Curtis#P26#0 | Tony Curtis Tony Curtis ( born Bernard Schwartz ; June 3 , 1925September 29 , 2010 ) was an American actor whose career spanned six decades , achieving the height of his popularity in the 1950s and early 1960s . He acted in more than 100 films in roles covering a wide range of genres , from light comedy to serious drama . In his later years , Curtis made numerous television appearances . Although his early film roles mainly took advantage of his good looks , by the latter half of the 1950s he had demonstrated range and depth in numerous dramatic and comedy roles . In his earliest parts he acted in a string of mediocre films , including swashbucklers , westerns , light comedies , sports films and a musical . However , by the time he starred in Houdini ( 1953 ) with his wife Janet Leigh , his first clear success , notes critic David Thomson , his acting had progressed immensely . He achieved his first serious recognition as a dramatic actor in Sweet Smell of Success ( 1957 ) with co-star Burt Lancaster . The following year he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor in The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) alongside Sidney Poitier ( who was also nominated in the same category ) . Curtis then gave what could arguably be called his best performance : three interrelated roles in the comedy Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) . Thomson called it an outrageous film , and an American Film Institute survey voted it the funniest American film ever made . The film co-starred Jack Lemmon and Marilyn Monroe , and was directed by Billy Wilder . That was followed by Blake Edwards’s Operation Petticoat ( 1959 ) with Cary Grant . They were both frantic comedies , and displayed his impeccable comic timing . He often collaborated with Edwards on later films . In 1960 , Curtis played a supporting role in Spartacus , which became another major hit for him . His stardom and film career declined considerably after 1960 . His most significant dramatic part came in 1968 when he starred in the true-life drama The Boston Strangler , which some consider his last major film role . The part reinforced his reputation as a serious actor with his chilling portrayal of serial killer Albert DeSalvo . Curtis also took on the role of the Ukrainian Cossack Andrei in the historical action romance epic Taras Bulba in which the lead character was played by Yul Bryner in 1962 . He later starred alongside Roger Moore in the ITC TV series The Persuaders! , with Curtis playing American millionaire Danny Wilde . The series ran twenty-four episodes . Curtis is the father of actresses Kelly Curtis and Jamie Lee Curtis by his first wife , actress Janet Leigh . Early life . Tony Curtis was born Bernard Schwartz on June 3 , 1925 , at the Flower Fifth Avenue Hospital on 105th Street in Manhattan , New York City , the first of three boys born to Helen ( née Klein ) and Emanuel Schwartz . Biographies have propagated a misconception that he was born in the Bronx , probably due to the familys moves when he was very young , but Tony pointedly corrected this in a TV interview . His parents were Hungarian-Jewish emigrants from Czechoslovakia and Hungary : his father was born in Ópályi , near Mátészalka , and his mother was a native of Nagymihály ( now Michalovce , Slovakia ) ; she later said she arrived in the U.S . from Válykó ( now Vaľkovo , Slovakia ) . He spoke only Hungarian until the age of six , delaying his schooling . His father was a tailor and the family lived in the back of the shop—his parents in one corner and Curtis and his brothers Julius and Robert in another . His mother made an appearance as a participant on the television show You Bet Your Life on February 9 , 1956 , hosted by Groucho Marx . His mother was later diagnosed with schizophrenia . His youngest brother Robert was institutionalized with the same mental illness . When Curtis was eight , he and his brother Julius were placed in an orphanage for a month because their parents could not afford to feed them . Four years later , Julius was struck and killed by a truck . Curtis joined a neighborhood gang whose main crimes were playing truant from school and minor pilfering at the local dime store . When Curtis was 11 , a friendly neighbor saved him from what he felt would have led to a life of delinquency by sending him to a Boy Scout camp , where he was able to work off his energy and settle down . He attended Seward Park High School . At 16 , he had his first small acting part in a school stage play . Military service . Curtis enlisted in the United States Navy after the attack on Pearl Harbor . Inspired by Cary Grants role in Destination Tokyo and Tyrone Powers in Crash Dive ( 1943 ) , he joined the Pacific submarine force . Curtis served aboard a submarine tender , the USS Proteus , until the end of the Second World War . On September 2 , 1945 , Curtis witnessed the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay from his ships signal bridge about a mile away . Following his discharge from the Navy , Curtis attended City College of New York on the G.I . Bill . He then studied acting at The New School in Greenwich Village under the influential German stage director Erwin Piscator . His contemporaries included Elaine Stritch , Harry Belafonte , Walter Matthau , Beatrice Arthur , and Rod Steiger . While still at college , Curtis was discovered by Joyce Selznick , the notable talent agent , casting director , and niece of film producer David O . Selznick . Career . In 1948 , Curtis arrived in Hollywood at age 23 . In his autobiography , Curtis described how by chance he met Jack Warner on the plane to California , and also how he briefly dated Marilyn Monroe before either was famous . Universal as Anthony Curtis . Under contract at Universal Pictures , he changed his name from Bernard Schwartz to Anthony Curtis and met unknown actors Rock Hudson , James Best , Julie Adams and Piper Laurie . The first name was from the novel Anthony Adverse and Curtis was from Kurtz , a surname in his mothers family . Although Universal Pictures taught him fencing and riding , in keeping with the cinematic themes of the era , Curtis admitted he was at first interested only in girls and money and was not hopeful of his chances of becoming a major star . Curtiss biggest fear was having to return home to the Bronx as a failure : I was a million-to-one shot , the least likely to succeed . I wasnt low man on the totem pole , I was under the totem pole , in a sewer , tied to a sack . Curtiss uncredited screen debut came in Criss Cross ( 1949 ) playing a rumba dancer , dancing with Yvonne de Carlo . The male star was Burt Lancaster who would make a number of films with Curtis . In his second film , City Across the River ( also in 1949 ) , he was credited as Anthony Curtis . He had four lines in The Lady Gambles ( 1949 ) and a bigger part in Johnny Stool Pigeon ( 1949 ) . He could also be spotted in Francis ( 1950 ) , Woman in Hiding ( 1950 ) , and I Was a Shoplifter ( 1950 ) . He was in three Westerns , Sierra ( 1950 ) , starring Audie Murphy , one of many names he worked with ( including fellow Universal contractee , Rock Hudson ) , Winchester 73 ( 1950 ) , starring James Stewart and Shelley Winters , and Kansas Raiders ( 1951 ) , in which he supported Murphy again , playing Kit Dalton and billed as Tony Curtis . Stardom . Curtis was receiving numerous fan letters , so Universal awarded him the starring role in The Prince Who Was a Thief ( 1951 ) , a swashbuckler set in the Middle East with Piper Laurie . It was a hit at the box office and Curtis was now established . He followed it up with Flesh and Fury ( 1952 ) , a boxing movie ; No Room for the Groom ( 1952 ) , a comedy with Laurie directed by Douglas Sirk ; and Son of Ali Baba ( 1952 ) , another film set in the Arab world with Laurie . Curtis then teamed up with then-wife Janet Leigh in Houdini ( 1953 ) , in which Curtis played the title role . His next movies were more B fare : All American ( 1953 ) , as a footballer ; Forbidden ( 1953 ) , as a criminal ; Beachhead ( 1954 ) , a war film ; Johnny Dark ( 1954 ) , with Laurie , as a racing car driver ; and The Black Shield of Falworth ( 1954 ) , a medieval swashbuckler with Leigh . The box office performances of these films were solid , and Curtis was growing in popularity . For a change of pace he did a musical , So This Is Paris ( 1955 ) , then it was back to more typical fare : Six Bridges to Cross ( 1955 ) , as a bank robber ; The Purple Mask ( 1955 ) , a swashbuckler ; The Square Jungle ( 1955 ) , a boxing film . Major star . Curtis graduated to more prestigious projects when he was cast in support of Burt Lancaster and Gina Lollobrigida in Trapeze ( 1956 ) . It was one of the biggest hits of the year . Curtis made a Western , The Rawhide Years ( 1957 ) , was a gambler in Mister Cory ( 1957 ) and a cop in The Midnight Story ( 1957 ) . Lancaster asked for him again , to play scheming press agent Sidney Falco in Sweet Smell of Success ( 1957 ) , starring and co-produced by Lancaster . The film was a box office disappointment , but Curtis , for the first time in his career , received sensational reviews . Another star-maker , Kirk Douglas , was eager to work with him in The Vikings ( 1958 ) . Janet Leigh also starred , and the resulting movie was a box office hit . Curtis then co-starred with Frank Sinatra and Natalie Wood in Kings Go Forth ( 1958 ) , a war story . It was mildly popular , but The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) , was a bigger success . Curtis gave an Oscar-nominated performance as a bigoted white escaped convict chained to a black man , Sidney Poitier . Curtis and Janet Leigh then made a popular comedy for Blake Edwards at Universal , The Perfect Furlough ( 1958 ) . He co-starred with Jack Lemmon and Marilyn Monroe in Billy Wilders Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) . It was a huge success and became a classic ; equally popular was Operation Petticoat ( 1959 ) , a military comedy which Curtis made for Edwards alongside Cary Grant . Curtis and Leigh made one more film together Who Was That Lady ? ( 1960 ) , a comedy with Dean Martin . He and Debbie Reynolds then starred in The Rat Race ( 1960 ) . Douglas came calling again , offering Curtis a key role in the formers epic production Spartacus ( 1960 ) . It was a huge hit and earned Curtis a Golden Globe nomination . Curtis then made two biopics : The Great Impostor ( 1961 ) , directed by Robert Mulligan , playing Ferdinand Waldo Demara ; and The Outsider ( 1961 ) , in which he played war hero Ira Hayes . He returned to epics with Taras Bulba ( 1962 ) , co starring Yul Brynner and Christine Kaufmann , who became Curtis second wife . Comedic roles . He starred with Suzanne Pleshette in the comedy 40 Pounds of Trouble ( 1962 ) , which was a mild hit . Curtis was one of many stars who had small roles in The List of Adrian Messenger ( 1963 ) . He supported Gregory Peck in Captain Newman , M.D . ( 1963 ) and had an uncredited dual role in Paris When It Sizzles ( 1964 ) . He and Kaufman made their third movie together , the comedy Wild and Wonderful ( 1964 ) . His focus remained on comedies : Goodbye Charlie ( 1964 ) , with Debbie Reynolds ; Sex and the Single Girl ( 1964 ) , with Natalie Wood ; The Great Race ( 1965 ) , with Wood and Lemmon for Blake Edwards — the most expensive comedy film up till that time , but popular ; Boeing Boeing ( 1965 ) a sex farce with Jerry Lewis ; Not with My Wife , You Dont ! ( 1966 ) with George C . Scott ; Drop Dead Darling ( 1966 ) , a British comedy ; Dont Make Waves ( 1967 ) , a satire of beach life from director Alexander Mackendrick , with Claudia Cardinale ; and On My Way to the Crusades , I Met a Girl Who.. . ( 1967 ) , an Italian comedy with Monica Vitti . In the early 1960s , he was a voice-over guest star on The Flintstones as Stoney Curtis . The Boston Strangler . Because of the poor performance of a series of comedies , Curtis fired his agent and took a pay cut to $100,000 to play the title role in The Boston Strangler ( 1968 ) , his first dramatic film in several years . Response from the critics and public was excellent . He returned to comedy for Monte Carlo or Bust ! ( 1969 ) , an all-star car race film in the vein of The Great Race . He made some comic adventure tales : You Cant Win Em All ( 1970 ) with Charles Bronson and Suppose They Gave a War and Nobody Came ( 1970 ) . Curtis decided it was time to turn to television and co-starred with Roger Moore in the TV series The Persuaders! . He was one of the villains in The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1975 ) and had the title role in the gangster film Lepke ( 1975 ) . Curtis had the lead in a TV series that did not last , McCoy ( 1975–76 ) . He was one of many names in The Last Tycoon ( 1976 ) and had the title role in an Italian comedy Casanova & Co . ( 1977 ) . Later , Curtis co-starred as a casino owner in the Robert Urich 1978-1981 ABC series Vega$ and was in The Users ( 1978 ) . Later career . Curtis supported Mae West in Sextette ( 1978 ) and starred in The Manitou ( 1978 ) , a horror film , and The Bad News Bears Go to Japan ( 1978 ) , a comedy . He had good roles in It Rained All Night the Day I Left ( 1980 ) , Little Miss Marker ( 1980 ) and The Scarlett OHara War ( 1980 ) and was one of many stars in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) . On television , he continued to make occasional guest appearances ( sometimes playing fictional versions of himself ) into the mid-2000s . His final TV series was as host of the documentary-retrospective series Hollywood Babylon ( adapting Kenneth Angers book series ) in 1992–1993 ; each episode would include Curtis recalling some anecdotes from his own career . Painter . Throughout his life , Curtis enjoyed painting and , beginning in the early 1980s , painted as a second career . His work commands more than $25,000 a canvas now . In the last years of his life , he concentrated on painting rather than movies . A surrealist , Curtis claimed Van Gogh , <a </nowiki>Matisse</a> , Picasso , and Magritte as influences . I still make movies but Im not that interested in them any more . But I paint all the time . In 2007 , his painting The Red Table was on display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City . His paintings can also be seen at the Tony Vanderploeg Gallery in Carmel , California . Curtis spoke of his disappointment at never being awarded an Oscar . In March 2006 , Curtis received the Sony Ericsson Empire Lifetime Achievement Award . He also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame inducted in 1960 , and received the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres from France in 1995 . Personal life . Marriages and children . Curtis was married six times . His first wife was actress Janet Leigh , to whom he was married from 1951 to 1962 , and with whom he fathered actresses Kelly and Jamie Lee . For a while , we were Hollywoods golden couple , he said . I was very dedicated and devoted to Janet , and on top of my trade , but in her eyes that goldenness started to wear off . I realized that whatever I was , I wasnt enough for Janet . That hurt me a lot and broke my heart . The studio he was under contract with , Universal-International , generally stayed out of their stars love lives . However , when they chose to get married , studio executives spent three days trying to talk him out of it , telling him he would be poisoning himself at the box office . They threatened banishment back to the Bronx and the end of his budding career . In response , Curtis and Leigh decided to defy the studio heads and instead eloped and were married by a local judge in Greenwich , Connecticut . Comedian and close friend Jerry Lewis was present as a witness . The couple divorced in 1962 , and the following year Curtis married Christine Kaufmann , the 18-year-old German co-star of his latest film , Taras Bulba . He stated that his marriage with Leigh had effectively ended a year earlier . Curtis and Kaufmann had two daughters , Alexandra ( born July 19 , 1964 ) and Allegra ( born July 11 , 1966 ) . They divorced in 1968 . Kaufmann resumed her career , which she had interrupted during her marriage . On April 20 , 1968 , Curtis married Leslie Allen , with whom he had two sons : Nicholas Bernard ( December 31 , 1970 – July 2 , 1994 ) and Benjamin Curtis ( born May 2 , 1973 ) . The couple divorced in 1982 . Two years later , in 1984 , Curtis married Andrea Savio ; they divorced in 1992 . The following year , on February 28 , 1993 , he married Lisa Deutsch . They divorced only a year later in 1994 . His sixth and last wife , Jill Vandenberg , was 45 years his junior . They met in a restaurant in 1993 and married on November 6 , 1998 . The age gap doesnt bother us . We laugh a lot . My body is functioning and everything is good . Shes the sexiest woman Ive ever known . We dont think about time . I dont use Viagra either . There are 50 ways to please your lover . In 1994 , his son Nicholas died of a heroin overdose at the age of 23 . After his sons death , Curtis remarked that it was a terrible thing when a father loses his son . According to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , Curtis , who had a problem with alcoholism and drug abuse , went through the treatment center of the Betty Ford Clinic in the mid-1980s , which was successful for him . Philanthropy . Beginning in 1990 , Curtis and his daughter Jamie Lee Curtis took a renewed interest in their familys Hungarian Jewish heritage , and helped finance the rebuilding of the Great Synagogue in Budapest , Hungary . The largest synagogue in Europe today , it was originally built in 1859 and suffered damage during World War II . In 1998 , he also founded the Emanuel Foundation for Hungarian Culture , and served as honorary chairman . The organization works for the restoration and preservation of synagogues and the 1300 Jewish cemeteries in Hungary and is dedicated to the 600,000 Jewish victims of the Holocaust in Hungary and lands occupied by the Hungarian Army . Curtis also helped promote Hungarys national image in commercials . Books and appearances . In 1965 , Tony Curtis was animated in an episode of The Flintstones ; he also voiced his character Stoney Curtis . In 1994 , a mural featuring his likeness , painted by the artist George Sportelli , was unveiled on the Sunset Boulevard overpass of the Hollywood Freeway Highway 101 in Los Angeles . The mural was relocated to Hollywood Boulevard and Bronson Avenue in September 2011 . His face is featured among the celebrities on the cover of the Sgt . Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band album by The Beatles . Also in 1994 , the U.S . Navy Memorial Foundation awarded its Lone Sailor Award for his naval service and his subsequent acting career . In 2004 , he was inducted into the University of Nevada , Las Vegas Hall of Fame . A street is named after him in the Sun City Anthem development of his adopted hometown , Henderson , Nevada . In 2008 , he was featured in the documentary The Jill & Tony Curtis Story about his efforts with his wife to rescue horses from slaughterhouses . In October 2008 , Curtiss autobiography American Prince : A Memoir , was published . In it , he describes his encounters with other Hollywood legends of the time including Frank Sinatra and James Dean , as well as his hard-knock childhood and path to success . It was followed by the publication of his next book , The Making of Some Like it Hot : My Memories of Marilyn Monroe and the Classic American Movie ( 2009 ) . Curtis shared his memories of the making of the movie , in particular about Marilyn Monroe , whose antics and attitude on the set made everyone miserable . On May 22 , 2009 , Curtis apologized to the BBC radio audience after he used three profanities in a six-minute interview with BBC presenter William Crawley . The presenter also apologized to the audience for Curtiss Hollywood realism . Curtis explained that he thought the interview was being taped , when it was in fact live . Later years and death . Curtis was a lifelong Democrat and attended the 1960 Democratic National Convention alongside such liberal performers as Edward G . Robinson , Shelley Winters , Ralph Bellamy , and Lee Marvin . During the 1971 filming of The Persuaders! , Curtis developed a reputation among his costars and crew as a frequent marijuana smoker . Curtis developed a heavy cocaine addiction in 1974 while filming Lepke , at a time when his stardom had declined considerably and he was being offered few film roles . In 1984 , Curtis was rushed to the hospital suffering from advanced cirrhosis as a result of his alcoholism and cocaine addiction . He then entered the Betty Ford Clinic and vowed to overcome his various illnesses . He underwent heart bypass surgery in 1994 , after suffering a heart attack . On July 8 , 2010 , Curtis , who suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) , was hospitalized in Las Vegas after suffering an asthma attack during a book-signing engagement in Henderson , Nevada , where he lived . Curtis died at his Henderson home on September 29 , 2010 , of cardiac arrest . A few days beforehand he had met photographer Andy Gotts for a photo-shoot at his home , saying : Im not in a good way at the moment but can I ask you one thing ? Can you make me look like an icon just one more time ? He left behind five children and seven grandchildren . His widow Jill told the press that Curtis had suffered from various lung problems for years as a result of cigarette smoking , although he had quit smoking about 30 years earlier . In fact , during the 1960s Curtis served as the president of the American I Quit Smoking Club . In a release to the Associated Press , his daughter , actress Jamie Lee Curtis , stated : My father leaves behind a legacy of great performances in movies and in his paintings and assemblages . He leaves behind children and their families who loved him and respected him and a wife and in-laws who were devoted to him . He also leaves behind fans all over the world . He will be greatly missed . His remains were interred at Palm Memorial Park Cemetery in Henderson , Nevada , on October 4 , 2010 . The service was attended by daughters Kelly Curtis and Jamie Lee Curtis ; Arnold Schwarzenegger ; Rich Little ; and Vera Goulet , Robert Goulets widow . Investor Kirk Kerkorian , actor Kirk Douglas , and singer Phyllis McGuire were among the honorary pallbearers . Five months before his death he rewrote his will , naming all his children and intentionally disinheriting them with no explanation , then leaving his entire estate to his wife . Filmography . Box office ranking . For a number of years Curtis was voted by exhibitors in an annual poll from Quigley Publishing as among the top stars in the United States : - 1954—23rd - 1959—18th - 1960—6th - 1961—9th - 1962—18th Further reading . - The book includes Tony Curtiss prose , poetry , and artwork . - Wise , James . Stars in Blue : Movie Actors in Americas Sea Services . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press , 1997 . External links . - Tonycurtis.com - Remembering Tony Curtis Bronx News , 2012 - Biography and naval service from the California Center for Military History website - Alison Jackson , Some tormented Hollywood souls still like their gossip hot , Profile : Tony Curtis , Sunday Times , 20 April 2008 - Documentary film , The Jill & Tony Curtis Story - Photographs and literature - Tony Curtis : Life and Times – slideshow by Life magazine - The Telegraph obituary - Interview by Michael Hainey for GQ Magazine |
[
"Christine Kaufmann"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Tony Curtis from 1963 to 1968? | /wiki/Tony_Curtis#P26#1 | Tony Curtis Tony Curtis ( born Bernard Schwartz ; June 3 , 1925September 29 , 2010 ) was an American actor whose career spanned six decades , achieving the height of his popularity in the 1950s and early 1960s . He acted in more than 100 films in roles covering a wide range of genres , from light comedy to serious drama . In his later years , Curtis made numerous television appearances . Although his early film roles mainly took advantage of his good looks , by the latter half of the 1950s he had demonstrated range and depth in numerous dramatic and comedy roles . In his earliest parts he acted in a string of mediocre films , including swashbucklers , westerns , light comedies , sports films and a musical . However , by the time he starred in Houdini ( 1953 ) with his wife Janet Leigh , his first clear success , notes critic David Thomson , his acting had progressed immensely . He achieved his first serious recognition as a dramatic actor in Sweet Smell of Success ( 1957 ) with co-star Burt Lancaster . The following year he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor in The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) alongside Sidney Poitier ( who was also nominated in the same category ) . Curtis then gave what could arguably be called his best performance : three interrelated roles in the comedy Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) . Thomson called it an outrageous film , and an American Film Institute survey voted it the funniest American film ever made . The film co-starred Jack Lemmon and Marilyn Monroe , and was directed by Billy Wilder . That was followed by Blake Edwards’s Operation Petticoat ( 1959 ) with Cary Grant . They were both frantic comedies , and displayed his impeccable comic timing . He often collaborated with Edwards on later films . In 1960 , Curtis played a supporting role in Spartacus , which became another major hit for him . His stardom and film career declined considerably after 1960 . His most significant dramatic part came in 1968 when he starred in the true-life drama The Boston Strangler , which some consider his last major film role . The part reinforced his reputation as a serious actor with his chilling portrayal of serial killer Albert DeSalvo . Curtis also took on the role of the Ukrainian Cossack Andrei in the historical action romance epic Taras Bulba in which the lead character was played by Yul Bryner in 1962 . He later starred alongside Roger Moore in the ITC TV series The Persuaders! , with Curtis playing American millionaire Danny Wilde . The series ran twenty-four episodes . Curtis is the father of actresses Kelly Curtis and Jamie Lee Curtis by his first wife , actress Janet Leigh . Early life . Tony Curtis was born Bernard Schwartz on June 3 , 1925 , at the Flower Fifth Avenue Hospital on 105th Street in Manhattan , New York City , the first of three boys born to Helen ( née Klein ) and Emanuel Schwartz . Biographies have propagated a misconception that he was born in the Bronx , probably due to the familys moves when he was very young , but Tony pointedly corrected this in a TV interview . His parents were Hungarian-Jewish emigrants from Czechoslovakia and Hungary : his father was born in Ópályi , near Mátészalka , and his mother was a native of Nagymihály ( now Michalovce , Slovakia ) ; she later said she arrived in the U.S . from Válykó ( now Vaľkovo , Slovakia ) . He spoke only Hungarian until the age of six , delaying his schooling . His father was a tailor and the family lived in the back of the shop—his parents in one corner and Curtis and his brothers Julius and Robert in another . His mother made an appearance as a participant on the television show You Bet Your Life on February 9 , 1956 , hosted by Groucho Marx . His mother was later diagnosed with schizophrenia . His youngest brother Robert was institutionalized with the same mental illness . When Curtis was eight , he and his brother Julius were placed in an orphanage for a month because their parents could not afford to feed them . Four years later , Julius was struck and killed by a truck . Curtis joined a neighborhood gang whose main crimes were playing truant from school and minor pilfering at the local dime store . When Curtis was 11 , a friendly neighbor saved him from what he felt would have led to a life of delinquency by sending him to a Boy Scout camp , where he was able to work off his energy and settle down . He attended Seward Park High School . At 16 , he had his first small acting part in a school stage play . Military service . Curtis enlisted in the United States Navy after the attack on Pearl Harbor . Inspired by Cary Grants role in Destination Tokyo and Tyrone Powers in Crash Dive ( 1943 ) , he joined the Pacific submarine force . Curtis served aboard a submarine tender , the USS Proteus , until the end of the Second World War . On September 2 , 1945 , Curtis witnessed the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay from his ships signal bridge about a mile away . Following his discharge from the Navy , Curtis attended City College of New York on the G.I . Bill . He then studied acting at The New School in Greenwich Village under the influential German stage director Erwin Piscator . His contemporaries included Elaine Stritch , Harry Belafonte , Walter Matthau , Beatrice Arthur , and Rod Steiger . While still at college , Curtis was discovered by Joyce Selznick , the notable talent agent , casting director , and niece of film producer David O . Selznick . Career . In 1948 , Curtis arrived in Hollywood at age 23 . In his autobiography , Curtis described how by chance he met Jack Warner on the plane to California , and also how he briefly dated Marilyn Monroe before either was famous . Universal as Anthony Curtis . Under contract at Universal Pictures , he changed his name from Bernard Schwartz to Anthony Curtis and met unknown actors Rock Hudson , James Best , Julie Adams and Piper Laurie . The first name was from the novel Anthony Adverse and Curtis was from Kurtz , a surname in his mothers family . Although Universal Pictures taught him fencing and riding , in keeping with the cinematic themes of the era , Curtis admitted he was at first interested only in girls and money and was not hopeful of his chances of becoming a major star . Curtiss biggest fear was having to return home to the Bronx as a failure : I was a million-to-one shot , the least likely to succeed . I wasnt low man on the totem pole , I was under the totem pole , in a sewer , tied to a sack . Curtiss uncredited screen debut came in Criss Cross ( 1949 ) playing a rumba dancer , dancing with Yvonne de Carlo . The male star was Burt Lancaster who would make a number of films with Curtis . In his second film , City Across the River ( also in 1949 ) , he was credited as Anthony Curtis . He had four lines in The Lady Gambles ( 1949 ) and a bigger part in Johnny Stool Pigeon ( 1949 ) . He could also be spotted in Francis ( 1950 ) , Woman in Hiding ( 1950 ) , and I Was a Shoplifter ( 1950 ) . He was in three Westerns , Sierra ( 1950 ) , starring Audie Murphy , one of many names he worked with ( including fellow Universal contractee , Rock Hudson ) , Winchester 73 ( 1950 ) , starring James Stewart and Shelley Winters , and Kansas Raiders ( 1951 ) , in which he supported Murphy again , playing Kit Dalton and billed as Tony Curtis . Stardom . Curtis was receiving numerous fan letters , so Universal awarded him the starring role in The Prince Who Was a Thief ( 1951 ) , a swashbuckler set in the Middle East with Piper Laurie . It was a hit at the box office and Curtis was now established . He followed it up with Flesh and Fury ( 1952 ) , a boxing movie ; No Room for the Groom ( 1952 ) , a comedy with Laurie directed by Douglas Sirk ; and Son of Ali Baba ( 1952 ) , another film set in the Arab world with Laurie . Curtis then teamed up with then-wife Janet Leigh in Houdini ( 1953 ) , in which Curtis played the title role . His next movies were more B fare : All American ( 1953 ) , as a footballer ; Forbidden ( 1953 ) , as a criminal ; Beachhead ( 1954 ) , a war film ; Johnny Dark ( 1954 ) , with Laurie , as a racing car driver ; and The Black Shield of Falworth ( 1954 ) , a medieval swashbuckler with Leigh . The box office performances of these films were solid , and Curtis was growing in popularity . For a change of pace he did a musical , So This Is Paris ( 1955 ) , then it was back to more typical fare : Six Bridges to Cross ( 1955 ) , as a bank robber ; The Purple Mask ( 1955 ) , a swashbuckler ; The Square Jungle ( 1955 ) , a boxing film . Major star . Curtis graduated to more prestigious projects when he was cast in support of Burt Lancaster and Gina Lollobrigida in Trapeze ( 1956 ) . It was one of the biggest hits of the year . Curtis made a Western , The Rawhide Years ( 1957 ) , was a gambler in Mister Cory ( 1957 ) and a cop in The Midnight Story ( 1957 ) . Lancaster asked for him again , to play scheming press agent Sidney Falco in Sweet Smell of Success ( 1957 ) , starring and co-produced by Lancaster . The film was a box office disappointment , but Curtis , for the first time in his career , received sensational reviews . Another star-maker , Kirk Douglas , was eager to work with him in The Vikings ( 1958 ) . Janet Leigh also starred , and the resulting movie was a box office hit . Curtis then co-starred with Frank Sinatra and Natalie Wood in Kings Go Forth ( 1958 ) , a war story . It was mildly popular , but The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) , was a bigger success . Curtis gave an Oscar-nominated performance as a bigoted white escaped convict chained to a black man , Sidney Poitier . Curtis and Janet Leigh then made a popular comedy for Blake Edwards at Universal , The Perfect Furlough ( 1958 ) . He co-starred with Jack Lemmon and Marilyn Monroe in Billy Wilders Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) . It was a huge success and became a classic ; equally popular was Operation Petticoat ( 1959 ) , a military comedy which Curtis made for Edwards alongside Cary Grant . Curtis and Leigh made one more film together Who Was That Lady ? ( 1960 ) , a comedy with Dean Martin . He and Debbie Reynolds then starred in The Rat Race ( 1960 ) . Douglas came calling again , offering Curtis a key role in the formers epic production Spartacus ( 1960 ) . It was a huge hit and earned Curtis a Golden Globe nomination . Curtis then made two biopics : The Great Impostor ( 1961 ) , directed by Robert Mulligan , playing Ferdinand Waldo Demara ; and The Outsider ( 1961 ) , in which he played war hero Ira Hayes . He returned to epics with Taras Bulba ( 1962 ) , co starring Yul Brynner and Christine Kaufmann , who became Curtis second wife . Comedic roles . He starred with Suzanne Pleshette in the comedy 40 Pounds of Trouble ( 1962 ) , which was a mild hit . Curtis was one of many stars who had small roles in The List of Adrian Messenger ( 1963 ) . He supported Gregory Peck in Captain Newman , M.D . ( 1963 ) and had an uncredited dual role in Paris When It Sizzles ( 1964 ) . He and Kaufman made their third movie together , the comedy Wild and Wonderful ( 1964 ) . His focus remained on comedies : Goodbye Charlie ( 1964 ) , with Debbie Reynolds ; Sex and the Single Girl ( 1964 ) , with Natalie Wood ; The Great Race ( 1965 ) , with Wood and Lemmon for Blake Edwards — the most expensive comedy film up till that time , but popular ; Boeing Boeing ( 1965 ) a sex farce with Jerry Lewis ; Not with My Wife , You Dont ! ( 1966 ) with George C . Scott ; Drop Dead Darling ( 1966 ) , a British comedy ; Dont Make Waves ( 1967 ) , a satire of beach life from director Alexander Mackendrick , with Claudia Cardinale ; and On My Way to the Crusades , I Met a Girl Who.. . ( 1967 ) , an Italian comedy with Monica Vitti . In the early 1960s , he was a voice-over guest star on The Flintstones as Stoney Curtis . The Boston Strangler . Because of the poor performance of a series of comedies , Curtis fired his agent and took a pay cut to $100,000 to play the title role in The Boston Strangler ( 1968 ) , his first dramatic film in several years . Response from the critics and public was excellent . He returned to comedy for Monte Carlo or Bust ! ( 1969 ) , an all-star car race film in the vein of The Great Race . He made some comic adventure tales : You Cant Win Em All ( 1970 ) with Charles Bronson and Suppose They Gave a War and Nobody Came ( 1970 ) . Curtis decided it was time to turn to television and co-starred with Roger Moore in the TV series The Persuaders! . He was one of the villains in The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1975 ) and had the title role in the gangster film Lepke ( 1975 ) . Curtis had the lead in a TV series that did not last , McCoy ( 1975–76 ) . He was one of many names in The Last Tycoon ( 1976 ) and had the title role in an Italian comedy Casanova & Co . ( 1977 ) . Later , Curtis co-starred as a casino owner in the Robert Urich 1978-1981 ABC series Vega$ and was in The Users ( 1978 ) . Later career . Curtis supported Mae West in Sextette ( 1978 ) and starred in The Manitou ( 1978 ) , a horror film , and The Bad News Bears Go to Japan ( 1978 ) , a comedy . He had good roles in It Rained All Night the Day I Left ( 1980 ) , Little Miss Marker ( 1980 ) and The Scarlett OHara War ( 1980 ) and was one of many stars in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) . On television , he continued to make occasional guest appearances ( sometimes playing fictional versions of himself ) into the mid-2000s . His final TV series was as host of the documentary-retrospective series Hollywood Babylon ( adapting Kenneth Angers book series ) in 1992–1993 ; each episode would include Curtis recalling some anecdotes from his own career . Painter . Throughout his life , Curtis enjoyed painting and , beginning in the early 1980s , painted as a second career . His work commands more than $25,000 a canvas now . In the last years of his life , he concentrated on painting rather than movies . A surrealist , Curtis claimed Van Gogh , <a </nowiki>Matisse</a> , Picasso , and Magritte as influences . I still make movies but Im not that interested in them any more . But I paint all the time . In 2007 , his painting The Red Table was on display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City . His paintings can also be seen at the Tony Vanderploeg Gallery in Carmel , California . Curtis spoke of his disappointment at never being awarded an Oscar . In March 2006 , Curtis received the Sony Ericsson Empire Lifetime Achievement Award . He also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame inducted in 1960 , and received the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres from France in 1995 . Personal life . Marriages and children . Curtis was married six times . His first wife was actress Janet Leigh , to whom he was married from 1951 to 1962 , and with whom he fathered actresses Kelly and Jamie Lee . For a while , we were Hollywoods golden couple , he said . I was very dedicated and devoted to Janet , and on top of my trade , but in her eyes that goldenness started to wear off . I realized that whatever I was , I wasnt enough for Janet . That hurt me a lot and broke my heart . The studio he was under contract with , Universal-International , generally stayed out of their stars love lives . However , when they chose to get married , studio executives spent three days trying to talk him out of it , telling him he would be poisoning himself at the box office . They threatened banishment back to the Bronx and the end of his budding career . In response , Curtis and Leigh decided to defy the studio heads and instead eloped and were married by a local judge in Greenwich , Connecticut . Comedian and close friend Jerry Lewis was present as a witness . The couple divorced in 1962 , and the following year Curtis married Christine Kaufmann , the 18-year-old German co-star of his latest film , Taras Bulba . He stated that his marriage with Leigh had effectively ended a year earlier . Curtis and Kaufmann had two daughters , Alexandra ( born July 19 , 1964 ) and Allegra ( born July 11 , 1966 ) . They divorced in 1968 . Kaufmann resumed her career , which she had interrupted during her marriage . On April 20 , 1968 , Curtis married Leslie Allen , with whom he had two sons : Nicholas Bernard ( December 31 , 1970 – July 2 , 1994 ) and Benjamin Curtis ( born May 2 , 1973 ) . The couple divorced in 1982 . Two years later , in 1984 , Curtis married Andrea Savio ; they divorced in 1992 . The following year , on February 28 , 1993 , he married Lisa Deutsch . They divorced only a year later in 1994 . His sixth and last wife , Jill Vandenberg , was 45 years his junior . They met in a restaurant in 1993 and married on November 6 , 1998 . The age gap doesnt bother us . We laugh a lot . My body is functioning and everything is good . Shes the sexiest woman Ive ever known . We dont think about time . I dont use Viagra either . There are 50 ways to please your lover . In 1994 , his son Nicholas died of a heroin overdose at the age of 23 . After his sons death , Curtis remarked that it was a terrible thing when a father loses his son . According to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , Curtis , who had a problem with alcoholism and drug abuse , went through the treatment center of the Betty Ford Clinic in the mid-1980s , which was successful for him . Philanthropy . Beginning in 1990 , Curtis and his daughter Jamie Lee Curtis took a renewed interest in their familys Hungarian Jewish heritage , and helped finance the rebuilding of the Great Synagogue in Budapest , Hungary . The largest synagogue in Europe today , it was originally built in 1859 and suffered damage during World War II . In 1998 , he also founded the Emanuel Foundation for Hungarian Culture , and served as honorary chairman . The organization works for the restoration and preservation of synagogues and the 1300 Jewish cemeteries in Hungary and is dedicated to the 600,000 Jewish victims of the Holocaust in Hungary and lands occupied by the Hungarian Army . Curtis also helped promote Hungarys national image in commercials . Books and appearances . In 1965 , Tony Curtis was animated in an episode of The Flintstones ; he also voiced his character Stoney Curtis . In 1994 , a mural featuring his likeness , painted by the artist George Sportelli , was unveiled on the Sunset Boulevard overpass of the Hollywood Freeway Highway 101 in Los Angeles . The mural was relocated to Hollywood Boulevard and Bronson Avenue in September 2011 . His face is featured among the celebrities on the cover of the Sgt . Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band album by The Beatles . Also in 1994 , the U.S . Navy Memorial Foundation awarded its Lone Sailor Award for his naval service and his subsequent acting career . In 2004 , he was inducted into the University of Nevada , Las Vegas Hall of Fame . A street is named after him in the Sun City Anthem development of his adopted hometown , Henderson , Nevada . In 2008 , he was featured in the documentary The Jill & Tony Curtis Story about his efforts with his wife to rescue horses from slaughterhouses . In October 2008 , Curtiss autobiography American Prince : A Memoir , was published . In it , he describes his encounters with other Hollywood legends of the time including Frank Sinatra and James Dean , as well as his hard-knock childhood and path to success . It was followed by the publication of his next book , The Making of Some Like it Hot : My Memories of Marilyn Monroe and the Classic American Movie ( 2009 ) . Curtis shared his memories of the making of the movie , in particular about Marilyn Monroe , whose antics and attitude on the set made everyone miserable . On May 22 , 2009 , Curtis apologized to the BBC radio audience after he used three profanities in a six-minute interview with BBC presenter William Crawley . The presenter also apologized to the audience for Curtiss Hollywood realism . Curtis explained that he thought the interview was being taped , when it was in fact live . Later years and death . Curtis was a lifelong Democrat and attended the 1960 Democratic National Convention alongside such liberal performers as Edward G . Robinson , Shelley Winters , Ralph Bellamy , and Lee Marvin . During the 1971 filming of The Persuaders! , Curtis developed a reputation among his costars and crew as a frequent marijuana smoker . Curtis developed a heavy cocaine addiction in 1974 while filming Lepke , at a time when his stardom had declined considerably and he was being offered few film roles . In 1984 , Curtis was rushed to the hospital suffering from advanced cirrhosis as a result of his alcoholism and cocaine addiction . He then entered the Betty Ford Clinic and vowed to overcome his various illnesses . He underwent heart bypass surgery in 1994 , after suffering a heart attack . On July 8 , 2010 , Curtis , who suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) , was hospitalized in Las Vegas after suffering an asthma attack during a book-signing engagement in Henderson , Nevada , where he lived . Curtis died at his Henderson home on September 29 , 2010 , of cardiac arrest . A few days beforehand he had met photographer Andy Gotts for a photo-shoot at his home , saying : Im not in a good way at the moment but can I ask you one thing ? Can you make me look like an icon just one more time ? He left behind five children and seven grandchildren . His widow Jill told the press that Curtis had suffered from various lung problems for years as a result of cigarette smoking , although he had quit smoking about 30 years earlier . In fact , during the 1960s Curtis served as the president of the American I Quit Smoking Club . In a release to the Associated Press , his daughter , actress Jamie Lee Curtis , stated : My father leaves behind a legacy of great performances in movies and in his paintings and assemblages . He leaves behind children and their families who loved him and respected him and a wife and in-laws who were devoted to him . He also leaves behind fans all over the world . He will be greatly missed . His remains were interred at Palm Memorial Park Cemetery in Henderson , Nevada , on October 4 , 2010 . The service was attended by daughters Kelly Curtis and Jamie Lee Curtis ; Arnold Schwarzenegger ; Rich Little ; and Vera Goulet , Robert Goulets widow . Investor Kirk Kerkorian , actor Kirk Douglas , and singer Phyllis McGuire were among the honorary pallbearers . Five months before his death he rewrote his will , naming all his children and intentionally disinheriting them with no explanation , then leaving his entire estate to his wife . Filmography . Box office ranking . For a number of years Curtis was voted by exhibitors in an annual poll from Quigley Publishing as among the top stars in the United States : - 1954—23rd - 1959—18th - 1960—6th - 1961—9th - 1962—18th Further reading . - The book includes Tony Curtiss prose , poetry , and artwork . - Wise , James . Stars in Blue : Movie Actors in Americas Sea Services . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press , 1997 . External links . - Tonycurtis.com - Remembering Tony Curtis Bronx News , 2012 - Biography and naval service from the California Center for Military History website - Alison Jackson , Some tormented Hollywood souls still like their gossip hot , Profile : Tony Curtis , Sunday Times , 20 April 2008 - Documentary film , The Jill & Tony Curtis Story - Photographs and literature - Tony Curtis : Life and Times – slideshow by Life magazine - The Telegraph obituary - Interview by Michael Hainey for GQ Magazine |
[
"Leslie Allen"
] | easy | Who was Tony Curtis 's spouse from 1968 to 1982? | /wiki/Tony_Curtis#P26#2 | Tony Curtis Tony Curtis ( born Bernard Schwartz ; June 3 , 1925September 29 , 2010 ) was an American actor whose career spanned six decades , achieving the height of his popularity in the 1950s and early 1960s . He acted in more than 100 films in roles covering a wide range of genres , from light comedy to serious drama . In his later years , Curtis made numerous television appearances . Although his early film roles mainly took advantage of his good looks , by the latter half of the 1950s he had demonstrated range and depth in numerous dramatic and comedy roles . In his earliest parts he acted in a string of mediocre films , including swashbucklers , westerns , light comedies , sports films and a musical . However , by the time he starred in Houdini ( 1953 ) with his wife Janet Leigh , his first clear success , notes critic David Thomson , his acting had progressed immensely . He achieved his first serious recognition as a dramatic actor in Sweet Smell of Success ( 1957 ) with co-star Burt Lancaster . The following year he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor in The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) alongside Sidney Poitier ( who was also nominated in the same category ) . Curtis then gave what could arguably be called his best performance : three interrelated roles in the comedy Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) . Thomson called it an outrageous film , and an American Film Institute survey voted it the funniest American film ever made . The film co-starred Jack Lemmon and Marilyn Monroe , and was directed by Billy Wilder . That was followed by Blake Edwards’s Operation Petticoat ( 1959 ) with Cary Grant . They were both frantic comedies , and displayed his impeccable comic timing . He often collaborated with Edwards on later films . In 1960 , Curtis played a supporting role in Spartacus , which became another major hit for him . His stardom and film career declined considerably after 1960 . His most significant dramatic part came in 1968 when he starred in the true-life drama The Boston Strangler , which some consider his last major film role . The part reinforced his reputation as a serious actor with his chilling portrayal of serial killer Albert DeSalvo . Curtis also took on the role of the Ukrainian Cossack Andrei in the historical action romance epic Taras Bulba in which the lead character was played by Yul Bryner in 1962 . He later starred alongside Roger Moore in the ITC TV series The Persuaders! , with Curtis playing American millionaire Danny Wilde . The series ran twenty-four episodes . Curtis is the father of actresses Kelly Curtis and Jamie Lee Curtis by his first wife , actress Janet Leigh . Early life . Tony Curtis was born Bernard Schwartz on June 3 , 1925 , at the Flower Fifth Avenue Hospital on 105th Street in Manhattan , New York City , the first of three boys born to Helen ( née Klein ) and Emanuel Schwartz . Biographies have propagated a misconception that he was born in the Bronx , probably due to the familys moves when he was very young , but Tony pointedly corrected this in a TV interview . His parents were Hungarian-Jewish emigrants from Czechoslovakia and Hungary : his father was born in Ópályi , near Mátészalka , and his mother was a native of Nagymihály ( now Michalovce , Slovakia ) ; she later said she arrived in the U.S . from Válykó ( now Vaľkovo , Slovakia ) . He spoke only Hungarian until the age of six , delaying his schooling . His father was a tailor and the family lived in the back of the shop—his parents in one corner and Curtis and his brothers Julius and Robert in another . His mother made an appearance as a participant on the television show You Bet Your Life on February 9 , 1956 , hosted by Groucho Marx . His mother was later diagnosed with schizophrenia . His youngest brother Robert was institutionalized with the same mental illness . When Curtis was eight , he and his brother Julius were placed in an orphanage for a month because their parents could not afford to feed them . Four years later , Julius was struck and killed by a truck . Curtis joined a neighborhood gang whose main crimes were playing truant from school and minor pilfering at the local dime store . When Curtis was 11 , a friendly neighbor saved him from what he felt would have led to a life of delinquency by sending him to a Boy Scout camp , where he was able to work off his energy and settle down . He attended Seward Park High School . At 16 , he had his first small acting part in a school stage play . Military service . Curtis enlisted in the United States Navy after the attack on Pearl Harbor . Inspired by Cary Grants role in Destination Tokyo and Tyrone Powers in Crash Dive ( 1943 ) , he joined the Pacific submarine force . Curtis served aboard a submarine tender , the USS Proteus , until the end of the Second World War . On September 2 , 1945 , Curtis witnessed the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay from his ships signal bridge about a mile away . Following his discharge from the Navy , Curtis attended City College of New York on the G.I . Bill . He then studied acting at The New School in Greenwich Village under the influential German stage director Erwin Piscator . His contemporaries included Elaine Stritch , Harry Belafonte , Walter Matthau , Beatrice Arthur , and Rod Steiger . While still at college , Curtis was discovered by Joyce Selznick , the notable talent agent , casting director , and niece of film producer David O . Selznick . Career . In 1948 , Curtis arrived in Hollywood at age 23 . In his autobiography , Curtis described how by chance he met Jack Warner on the plane to California , and also how he briefly dated Marilyn Monroe before either was famous . Universal as Anthony Curtis . Under contract at Universal Pictures , he changed his name from Bernard Schwartz to Anthony Curtis and met unknown actors Rock Hudson , James Best , Julie Adams and Piper Laurie . The first name was from the novel Anthony Adverse and Curtis was from Kurtz , a surname in his mothers family . Although Universal Pictures taught him fencing and riding , in keeping with the cinematic themes of the era , Curtis admitted he was at first interested only in girls and money and was not hopeful of his chances of becoming a major star . Curtiss biggest fear was having to return home to the Bronx as a failure : I was a million-to-one shot , the least likely to succeed . I wasnt low man on the totem pole , I was under the totem pole , in a sewer , tied to a sack . Curtiss uncredited screen debut came in Criss Cross ( 1949 ) playing a rumba dancer , dancing with Yvonne de Carlo . The male star was Burt Lancaster who would make a number of films with Curtis . In his second film , City Across the River ( also in 1949 ) , he was credited as Anthony Curtis . He had four lines in The Lady Gambles ( 1949 ) and a bigger part in Johnny Stool Pigeon ( 1949 ) . He could also be spotted in Francis ( 1950 ) , Woman in Hiding ( 1950 ) , and I Was a Shoplifter ( 1950 ) . He was in three Westerns , Sierra ( 1950 ) , starring Audie Murphy , one of many names he worked with ( including fellow Universal contractee , Rock Hudson ) , Winchester 73 ( 1950 ) , starring James Stewart and Shelley Winters , and Kansas Raiders ( 1951 ) , in which he supported Murphy again , playing Kit Dalton and billed as Tony Curtis . Stardom . Curtis was receiving numerous fan letters , so Universal awarded him the starring role in The Prince Who Was a Thief ( 1951 ) , a swashbuckler set in the Middle East with Piper Laurie . It was a hit at the box office and Curtis was now established . He followed it up with Flesh and Fury ( 1952 ) , a boxing movie ; No Room for the Groom ( 1952 ) , a comedy with Laurie directed by Douglas Sirk ; and Son of Ali Baba ( 1952 ) , another film set in the Arab world with Laurie . Curtis then teamed up with then-wife Janet Leigh in Houdini ( 1953 ) , in which Curtis played the title role . His next movies were more B fare : All American ( 1953 ) , as a footballer ; Forbidden ( 1953 ) , as a criminal ; Beachhead ( 1954 ) , a war film ; Johnny Dark ( 1954 ) , with Laurie , as a racing car driver ; and The Black Shield of Falworth ( 1954 ) , a medieval swashbuckler with Leigh . The box office performances of these films were solid , and Curtis was growing in popularity . For a change of pace he did a musical , So This Is Paris ( 1955 ) , then it was back to more typical fare : Six Bridges to Cross ( 1955 ) , as a bank robber ; The Purple Mask ( 1955 ) , a swashbuckler ; The Square Jungle ( 1955 ) , a boxing film . Major star . Curtis graduated to more prestigious projects when he was cast in support of Burt Lancaster and Gina Lollobrigida in Trapeze ( 1956 ) . It was one of the biggest hits of the year . Curtis made a Western , The Rawhide Years ( 1957 ) , was a gambler in Mister Cory ( 1957 ) and a cop in The Midnight Story ( 1957 ) . Lancaster asked for him again , to play scheming press agent Sidney Falco in Sweet Smell of Success ( 1957 ) , starring and co-produced by Lancaster . The film was a box office disappointment , but Curtis , for the first time in his career , received sensational reviews . Another star-maker , Kirk Douglas , was eager to work with him in The Vikings ( 1958 ) . Janet Leigh also starred , and the resulting movie was a box office hit . Curtis then co-starred with Frank Sinatra and Natalie Wood in Kings Go Forth ( 1958 ) , a war story . It was mildly popular , but The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) , was a bigger success . Curtis gave an Oscar-nominated performance as a bigoted white escaped convict chained to a black man , Sidney Poitier . Curtis and Janet Leigh then made a popular comedy for Blake Edwards at Universal , The Perfect Furlough ( 1958 ) . He co-starred with Jack Lemmon and Marilyn Monroe in Billy Wilders Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) . It was a huge success and became a classic ; equally popular was Operation Petticoat ( 1959 ) , a military comedy which Curtis made for Edwards alongside Cary Grant . Curtis and Leigh made one more film together Who Was That Lady ? ( 1960 ) , a comedy with Dean Martin . He and Debbie Reynolds then starred in The Rat Race ( 1960 ) . Douglas came calling again , offering Curtis a key role in the formers epic production Spartacus ( 1960 ) . It was a huge hit and earned Curtis a Golden Globe nomination . Curtis then made two biopics : The Great Impostor ( 1961 ) , directed by Robert Mulligan , playing Ferdinand Waldo Demara ; and The Outsider ( 1961 ) , in which he played war hero Ira Hayes . He returned to epics with Taras Bulba ( 1962 ) , co starring Yul Brynner and Christine Kaufmann , who became Curtis second wife . Comedic roles . He starred with Suzanne Pleshette in the comedy 40 Pounds of Trouble ( 1962 ) , which was a mild hit . Curtis was one of many stars who had small roles in The List of Adrian Messenger ( 1963 ) . He supported Gregory Peck in Captain Newman , M.D . ( 1963 ) and had an uncredited dual role in Paris When It Sizzles ( 1964 ) . He and Kaufman made their third movie together , the comedy Wild and Wonderful ( 1964 ) . His focus remained on comedies : Goodbye Charlie ( 1964 ) , with Debbie Reynolds ; Sex and the Single Girl ( 1964 ) , with Natalie Wood ; The Great Race ( 1965 ) , with Wood and Lemmon for Blake Edwards — the most expensive comedy film up till that time , but popular ; Boeing Boeing ( 1965 ) a sex farce with Jerry Lewis ; Not with My Wife , You Dont ! ( 1966 ) with George C . Scott ; Drop Dead Darling ( 1966 ) , a British comedy ; Dont Make Waves ( 1967 ) , a satire of beach life from director Alexander Mackendrick , with Claudia Cardinale ; and On My Way to the Crusades , I Met a Girl Who.. . ( 1967 ) , an Italian comedy with Monica Vitti . In the early 1960s , he was a voice-over guest star on The Flintstones as Stoney Curtis . The Boston Strangler . Because of the poor performance of a series of comedies , Curtis fired his agent and took a pay cut to $100,000 to play the title role in The Boston Strangler ( 1968 ) , his first dramatic film in several years . Response from the critics and public was excellent . He returned to comedy for Monte Carlo or Bust ! ( 1969 ) , an all-star car race film in the vein of The Great Race . He made some comic adventure tales : You Cant Win Em All ( 1970 ) with Charles Bronson and Suppose They Gave a War and Nobody Came ( 1970 ) . Curtis decided it was time to turn to television and co-starred with Roger Moore in the TV series The Persuaders! . He was one of the villains in The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1975 ) and had the title role in the gangster film Lepke ( 1975 ) . Curtis had the lead in a TV series that did not last , McCoy ( 1975–76 ) . He was one of many names in The Last Tycoon ( 1976 ) and had the title role in an Italian comedy Casanova & Co . ( 1977 ) . Later , Curtis co-starred as a casino owner in the Robert Urich 1978-1981 ABC series Vega$ and was in The Users ( 1978 ) . Later career . Curtis supported Mae West in Sextette ( 1978 ) and starred in The Manitou ( 1978 ) , a horror film , and The Bad News Bears Go to Japan ( 1978 ) , a comedy . He had good roles in It Rained All Night the Day I Left ( 1980 ) , Little Miss Marker ( 1980 ) and The Scarlett OHara War ( 1980 ) and was one of many stars in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) . On television , he continued to make occasional guest appearances ( sometimes playing fictional versions of himself ) into the mid-2000s . His final TV series was as host of the documentary-retrospective series Hollywood Babylon ( adapting Kenneth Angers book series ) in 1992–1993 ; each episode would include Curtis recalling some anecdotes from his own career . Painter . Throughout his life , Curtis enjoyed painting and , beginning in the early 1980s , painted as a second career . His work commands more than $25,000 a canvas now . In the last years of his life , he concentrated on painting rather than movies . A surrealist , Curtis claimed Van Gogh , <a </nowiki>Matisse</a> , Picasso , and Magritte as influences . I still make movies but Im not that interested in them any more . But I paint all the time . In 2007 , his painting The Red Table was on display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City . His paintings can also be seen at the Tony Vanderploeg Gallery in Carmel , California . Curtis spoke of his disappointment at never being awarded an Oscar . In March 2006 , Curtis received the Sony Ericsson Empire Lifetime Achievement Award . He also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame inducted in 1960 , and received the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres from France in 1995 . Personal life . Marriages and children . Curtis was married six times . His first wife was actress Janet Leigh , to whom he was married from 1951 to 1962 , and with whom he fathered actresses Kelly and Jamie Lee . For a while , we were Hollywoods golden couple , he said . I was very dedicated and devoted to Janet , and on top of my trade , but in her eyes that goldenness started to wear off . I realized that whatever I was , I wasnt enough for Janet . That hurt me a lot and broke my heart . The studio he was under contract with , Universal-International , generally stayed out of their stars love lives . However , when they chose to get married , studio executives spent three days trying to talk him out of it , telling him he would be poisoning himself at the box office . They threatened banishment back to the Bronx and the end of his budding career . In response , Curtis and Leigh decided to defy the studio heads and instead eloped and were married by a local judge in Greenwich , Connecticut . Comedian and close friend Jerry Lewis was present as a witness . The couple divorced in 1962 , and the following year Curtis married Christine Kaufmann , the 18-year-old German co-star of his latest film , Taras Bulba . He stated that his marriage with Leigh had effectively ended a year earlier . Curtis and Kaufmann had two daughters , Alexandra ( born July 19 , 1964 ) and Allegra ( born July 11 , 1966 ) . They divorced in 1968 . Kaufmann resumed her career , which she had interrupted during her marriage . On April 20 , 1968 , Curtis married Leslie Allen , with whom he had two sons : Nicholas Bernard ( December 31 , 1970 – July 2 , 1994 ) and Benjamin Curtis ( born May 2 , 1973 ) . The couple divorced in 1982 . Two years later , in 1984 , Curtis married Andrea Savio ; they divorced in 1992 . The following year , on February 28 , 1993 , he married Lisa Deutsch . They divorced only a year later in 1994 . His sixth and last wife , Jill Vandenberg , was 45 years his junior . They met in a restaurant in 1993 and married on November 6 , 1998 . The age gap doesnt bother us . We laugh a lot . My body is functioning and everything is good . Shes the sexiest woman Ive ever known . We dont think about time . I dont use Viagra either . There are 50 ways to please your lover . In 1994 , his son Nicholas died of a heroin overdose at the age of 23 . After his sons death , Curtis remarked that it was a terrible thing when a father loses his son . According to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , Curtis , who had a problem with alcoholism and drug abuse , went through the treatment center of the Betty Ford Clinic in the mid-1980s , which was successful for him . Philanthropy . Beginning in 1990 , Curtis and his daughter Jamie Lee Curtis took a renewed interest in their familys Hungarian Jewish heritage , and helped finance the rebuilding of the Great Synagogue in Budapest , Hungary . The largest synagogue in Europe today , it was originally built in 1859 and suffered damage during World War II . In 1998 , he also founded the Emanuel Foundation for Hungarian Culture , and served as honorary chairman . The organization works for the restoration and preservation of synagogues and the 1300 Jewish cemeteries in Hungary and is dedicated to the 600,000 Jewish victims of the Holocaust in Hungary and lands occupied by the Hungarian Army . Curtis also helped promote Hungarys national image in commercials . Books and appearances . In 1965 , Tony Curtis was animated in an episode of The Flintstones ; he also voiced his character Stoney Curtis . In 1994 , a mural featuring his likeness , painted by the artist George Sportelli , was unveiled on the Sunset Boulevard overpass of the Hollywood Freeway Highway 101 in Los Angeles . The mural was relocated to Hollywood Boulevard and Bronson Avenue in September 2011 . His face is featured among the celebrities on the cover of the Sgt . Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band album by The Beatles . Also in 1994 , the U.S . Navy Memorial Foundation awarded its Lone Sailor Award for his naval service and his subsequent acting career . In 2004 , he was inducted into the University of Nevada , Las Vegas Hall of Fame . A street is named after him in the Sun City Anthem development of his adopted hometown , Henderson , Nevada . In 2008 , he was featured in the documentary The Jill & Tony Curtis Story about his efforts with his wife to rescue horses from slaughterhouses . In October 2008 , Curtiss autobiography American Prince : A Memoir , was published . In it , he describes his encounters with other Hollywood legends of the time including Frank Sinatra and James Dean , as well as his hard-knock childhood and path to success . It was followed by the publication of his next book , The Making of Some Like it Hot : My Memories of Marilyn Monroe and the Classic American Movie ( 2009 ) . Curtis shared his memories of the making of the movie , in particular about Marilyn Monroe , whose antics and attitude on the set made everyone miserable . On May 22 , 2009 , Curtis apologized to the BBC radio audience after he used three profanities in a six-minute interview with BBC presenter William Crawley . The presenter also apologized to the audience for Curtiss Hollywood realism . Curtis explained that he thought the interview was being taped , when it was in fact live . Later years and death . Curtis was a lifelong Democrat and attended the 1960 Democratic National Convention alongside such liberal performers as Edward G . Robinson , Shelley Winters , Ralph Bellamy , and Lee Marvin . During the 1971 filming of The Persuaders! , Curtis developed a reputation among his costars and crew as a frequent marijuana smoker . Curtis developed a heavy cocaine addiction in 1974 while filming Lepke , at a time when his stardom had declined considerably and he was being offered few film roles . In 1984 , Curtis was rushed to the hospital suffering from advanced cirrhosis as a result of his alcoholism and cocaine addiction . He then entered the Betty Ford Clinic and vowed to overcome his various illnesses . He underwent heart bypass surgery in 1994 , after suffering a heart attack . On July 8 , 2010 , Curtis , who suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) , was hospitalized in Las Vegas after suffering an asthma attack during a book-signing engagement in Henderson , Nevada , where he lived . Curtis died at his Henderson home on September 29 , 2010 , of cardiac arrest . A few days beforehand he had met photographer Andy Gotts for a photo-shoot at his home , saying : Im not in a good way at the moment but can I ask you one thing ? Can you make me look like an icon just one more time ? He left behind five children and seven grandchildren . His widow Jill told the press that Curtis had suffered from various lung problems for years as a result of cigarette smoking , although he had quit smoking about 30 years earlier . In fact , during the 1960s Curtis served as the president of the American I Quit Smoking Club . In a release to the Associated Press , his daughter , actress Jamie Lee Curtis , stated : My father leaves behind a legacy of great performances in movies and in his paintings and assemblages . He leaves behind children and their families who loved him and respected him and a wife and in-laws who were devoted to him . He also leaves behind fans all over the world . He will be greatly missed . His remains were interred at Palm Memorial Park Cemetery in Henderson , Nevada , on October 4 , 2010 . The service was attended by daughters Kelly Curtis and Jamie Lee Curtis ; Arnold Schwarzenegger ; Rich Little ; and Vera Goulet , Robert Goulets widow . Investor Kirk Kerkorian , actor Kirk Douglas , and singer Phyllis McGuire were among the honorary pallbearers . Five months before his death he rewrote his will , naming all his children and intentionally disinheriting them with no explanation , then leaving his entire estate to his wife . Filmography . Box office ranking . For a number of years Curtis was voted by exhibitors in an annual poll from Quigley Publishing as among the top stars in the United States : - 1954—23rd - 1959—18th - 1960—6th - 1961—9th - 1962—18th Further reading . - The book includes Tony Curtiss prose , poetry , and artwork . - Wise , James . Stars in Blue : Movie Actors in Americas Sea Services . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press , 1997 . External links . - Tonycurtis.com - Remembering Tony Curtis Bronx News , 2012 - Biography and naval service from the California Center for Military History website - Alison Jackson , Some tormented Hollywood souls still like their gossip hot , Profile : Tony Curtis , Sunday Times , 20 April 2008 - Documentary film , The Jill & Tony Curtis Story - Photographs and literature - Tony Curtis : Life and Times – slideshow by Life magazine - The Telegraph obituary - Interview by Michael Hainey for GQ Magazine |
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] | easy | Who was the spouse of Tony Curtis from 1984 to 1992? | /wiki/Tony_Curtis#P26#3 | Tony Curtis Tony Curtis ( born Bernard Schwartz ; June 3 , 1925September 29 , 2010 ) was an American actor whose career spanned six decades , achieving the height of his popularity in the 1950s and early 1960s . He acted in more than 100 films in roles covering a wide range of genres , from light comedy to serious drama . In his later years , Curtis made numerous television appearances . Although his early film roles mainly took advantage of his good looks , by the latter half of the 1950s he had demonstrated range and depth in numerous dramatic and comedy roles . In his earliest parts he acted in a string of mediocre films , including swashbucklers , westerns , light comedies , sports films and a musical . However , by the time he starred in Houdini ( 1953 ) with his wife Janet Leigh , his first clear success , notes critic David Thomson , his acting had progressed immensely . He achieved his first serious recognition as a dramatic actor in Sweet Smell of Success ( 1957 ) with co-star Burt Lancaster . The following year he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor in The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) alongside Sidney Poitier ( who was also nominated in the same category ) . Curtis then gave what could arguably be called his best performance : three interrelated roles in the comedy Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) . Thomson called it an outrageous film , and an American Film Institute survey voted it the funniest American film ever made . The film co-starred Jack Lemmon and Marilyn Monroe , and was directed by Billy Wilder . That was followed by Blake Edwards’s Operation Petticoat ( 1959 ) with Cary Grant . They were both frantic comedies , and displayed his impeccable comic timing . He often collaborated with Edwards on later films . In 1960 , Curtis played a supporting role in Spartacus , which became another major hit for him . His stardom and film career declined considerably after 1960 . His most significant dramatic part came in 1968 when he starred in the true-life drama The Boston Strangler , which some consider his last major film role . The part reinforced his reputation as a serious actor with his chilling portrayal of serial killer Albert DeSalvo . Curtis also took on the role of the Ukrainian Cossack Andrei in the historical action romance epic Taras Bulba in which the lead character was played by Yul Bryner in 1962 . He later starred alongside Roger Moore in the ITC TV series The Persuaders! , with Curtis playing American millionaire Danny Wilde . The series ran twenty-four episodes . Curtis is the father of actresses Kelly Curtis and Jamie Lee Curtis by his first wife , actress Janet Leigh . Early life . Tony Curtis was born Bernard Schwartz on June 3 , 1925 , at the Flower Fifth Avenue Hospital on 105th Street in Manhattan , New York City , the first of three boys born to Helen ( née Klein ) and Emanuel Schwartz . Biographies have propagated a misconception that he was born in the Bronx , probably due to the familys moves when he was very young , but Tony pointedly corrected this in a TV interview . His parents were Hungarian-Jewish emigrants from Czechoslovakia and Hungary : his father was born in Ópályi , near Mátészalka , and his mother was a native of Nagymihály ( now Michalovce , Slovakia ) ; she later said she arrived in the U.S . from Válykó ( now Vaľkovo , Slovakia ) . He spoke only Hungarian until the age of six , delaying his schooling . His father was a tailor and the family lived in the back of the shop—his parents in one corner and Curtis and his brothers Julius and Robert in another . His mother made an appearance as a participant on the television show You Bet Your Life on February 9 , 1956 , hosted by Groucho Marx . His mother was later diagnosed with schizophrenia . His youngest brother Robert was institutionalized with the same mental illness . When Curtis was eight , he and his brother Julius were placed in an orphanage for a month because their parents could not afford to feed them . Four years later , Julius was struck and killed by a truck . Curtis joined a neighborhood gang whose main crimes were playing truant from school and minor pilfering at the local dime store . When Curtis was 11 , a friendly neighbor saved him from what he felt would have led to a life of delinquency by sending him to a Boy Scout camp , where he was able to work off his energy and settle down . He attended Seward Park High School . At 16 , he had his first small acting part in a school stage play . Military service . Curtis enlisted in the United States Navy after the attack on Pearl Harbor . Inspired by Cary Grants role in Destination Tokyo and Tyrone Powers in Crash Dive ( 1943 ) , he joined the Pacific submarine force . Curtis served aboard a submarine tender , the USS Proteus , until the end of the Second World War . On September 2 , 1945 , Curtis witnessed the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay from his ships signal bridge about a mile away . Following his discharge from the Navy , Curtis attended City College of New York on the G.I . Bill . He then studied acting at The New School in Greenwich Village under the influential German stage director Erwin Piscator . His contemporaries included Elaine Stritch , Harry Belafonte , Walter Matthau , Beatrice Arthur , and Rod Steiger . While still at college , Curtis was discovered by Joyce Selznick , the notable talent agent , casting director , and niece of film producer David O . Selznick . Career . In 1948 , Curtis arrived in Hollywood at age 23 . In his autobiography , Curtis described how by chance he met Jack Warner on the plane to California , and also how he briefly dated Marilyn Monroe before either was famous . Universal as Anthony Curtis . Under contract at Universal Pictures , he changed his name from Bernard Schwartz to Anthony Curtis and met unknown actors Rock Hudson , James Best , Julie Adams and Piper Laurie . The first name was from the novel Anthony Adverse and Curtis was from Kurtz , a surname in his mothers family . Although Universal Pictures taught him fencing and riding , in keeping with the cinematic themes of the era , Curtis admitted he was at first interested only in girls and money and was not hopeful of his chances of becoming a major star . Curtiss biggest fear was having to return home to the Bronx as a failure : I was a million-to-one shot , the least likely to succeed . I wasnt low man on the totem pole , I was under the totem pole , in a sewer , tied to a sack . Curtiss uncredited screen debut came in Criss Cross ( 1949 ) playing a rumba dancer , dancing with Yvonne de Carlo . The male star was Burt Lancaster who would make a number of films with Curtis . In his second film , City Across the River ( also in 1949 ) , he was credited as Anthony Curtis . He had four lines in The Lady Gambles ( 1949 ) and a bigger part in Johnny Stool Pigeon ( 1949 ) . He could also be spotted in Francis ( 1950 ) , Woman in Hiding ( 1950 ) , and I Was a Shoplifter ( 1950 ) . He was in three Westerns , Sierra ( 1950 ) , starring Audie Murphy , one of many names he worked with ( including fellow Universal contractee , Rock Hudson ) , Winchester 73 ( 1950 ) , starring James Stewart and Shelley Winters , and Kansas Raiders ( 1951 ) , in which he supported Murphy again , playing Kit Dalton and billed as Tony Curtis . Stardom . Curtis was receiving numerous fan letters , so Universal awarded him the starring role in The Prince Who Was a Thief ( 1951 ) , a swashbuckler set in the Middle East with Piper Laurie . It was a hit at the box office and Curtis was now established . He followed it up with Flesh and Fury ( 1952 ) , a boxing movie ; No Room for the Groom ( 1952 ) , a comedy with Laurie directed by Douglas Sirk ; and Son of Ali Baba ( 1952 ) , another film set in the Arab world with Laurie . Curtis then teamed up with then-wife Janet Leigh in Houdini ( 1953 ) , in which Curtis played the title role . His next movies were more B fare : All American ( 1953 ) , as a footballer ; Forbidden ( 1953 ) , as a criminal ; Beachhead ( 1954 ) , a war film ; Johnny Dark ( 1954 ) , with Laurie , as a racing car driver ; and The Black Shield of Falworth ( 1954 ) , a medieval swashbuckler with Leigh . The box office performances of these films were solid , and Curtis was growing in popularity . For a change of pace he did a musical , So This Is Paris ( 1955 ) , then it was back to more typical fare : Six Bridges to Cross ( 1955 ) , as a bank robber ; The Purple Mask ( 1955 ) , a swashbuckler ; The Square Jungle ( 1955 ) , a boxing film . Major star . Curtis graduated to more prestigious projects when he was cast in support of Burt Lancaster and Gina Lollobrigida in Trapeze ( 1956 ) . It was one of the biggest hits of the year . Curtis made a Western , The Rawhide Years ( 1957 ) , was a gambler in Mister Cory ( 1957 ) and a cop in The Midnight Story ( 1957 ) . Lancaster asked for him again , to play scheming press agent Sidney Falco in Sweet Smell of Success ( 1957 ) , starring and co-produced by Lancaster . The film was a box office disappointment , but Curtis , for the first time in his career , received sensational reviews . Another star-maker , Kirk Douglas , was eager to work with him in The Vikings ( 1958 ) . Janet Leigh also starred , and the resulting movie was a box office hit . Curtis then co-starred with Frank Sinatra and Natalie Wood in Kings Go Forth ( 1958 ) , a war story . It was mildly popular , but The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) , was a bigger success . Curtis gave an Oscar-nominated performance as a bigoted white escaped convict chained to a black man , Sidney Poitier . Curtis and Janet Leigh then made a popular comedy for Blake Edwards at Universal , The Perfect Furlough ( 1958 ) . He co-starred with Jack Lemmon and Marilyn Monroe in Billy Wilders Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) . It was a huge success and became a classic ; equally popular was Operation Petticoat ( 1959 ) , a military comedy which Curtis made for Edwards alongside Cary Grant . Curtis and Leigh made one more film together Who Was That Lady ? ( 1960 ) , a comedy with Dean Martin . He and Debbie Reynolds then starred in The Rat Race ( 1960 ) . Douglas came calling again , offering Curtis a key role in the formers epic production Spartacus ( 1960 ) . It was a huge hit and earned Curtis a Golden Globe nomination . Curtis then made two biopics : The Great Impostor ( 1961 ) , directed by Robert Mulligan , playing Ferdinand Waldo Demara ; and The Outsider ( 1961 ) , in which he played war hero Ira Hayes . He returned to epics with Taras Bulba ( 1962 ) , co starring Yul Brynner and Christine Kaufmann , who became Curtis second wife . Comedic roles . He starred with Suzanne Pleshette in the comedy 40 Pounds of Trouble ( 1962 ) , which was a mild hit . Curtis was one of many stars who had small roles in The List of Adrian Messenger ( 1963 ) . He supported Gregory Peck in Captain Newman , M.D . ( 1963 ) and had an uncredited dual role in Paris When It Sizzles ( 1964 ) . He and Kaufman made their third movie together , the comedy Wild and Wonderful ( 1964 ) . His focus remained on comedies : Goodbye Charlie ( 1964 ) , with Debbie Reynolds ; Sex and the Single Girl ( 1964 ) , with Natalie Wood ; The Great Race ( 1965 ) , with Wood and Lemmon for Blake Edwards — the most expensive comedy film up till that time , but popular ; Boeing Boeing ( 1965 ) a sex farce with Jerry Lewis ; Not with My Wife , You Dont ! ( 1966 ) with George C . Scott ; Drop Dead Darling ( 1966 ) , a British comedy ; Dont Make Waves ( 1967 ) , a satire of beach life from director Alexander Mackendrick , with Claudia Cardinale ; and On My Way to the Crusades , I Met a Girl Who.. . ( 1967 ) , an Italian comedy with Monica Vitti . In the early 1960s , he was a voice-over guest star on The Flintstones as Stoney Curtis . The Boston Strangler . Because of the poor performance of a series of comedies , Curtis fired his agent and took a pay cut to $100,000 to play the title role in The Boston Strangler ( 1968 ) , his first dramatic film in several years . Response from the critics and public was excellent . He returned to comedy for Monte Carlo or Bust ! ( 1969 ) , an all-star car race film in the vein of The Great Race . He made some comic adventure tales : You Cant Win Em All ( 1970 ) with Charles Bronson and Suppose They Gave a War and Nobody Came ( 1970 ) . Curtis decided it was time to turn to television and co-starred with Roger Moore in the TV series The Persuaders! . He was one of the villains in The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1975 ) and had the title role in the gangster film Lepke ( 1975 ) . Curtis had the lead in a TV series that did not last , McCoy ( 1975–76 ) . He was one of many names in The Last Tycoon ( 1976 ) and had the title role in an Italian comedy Casanova & Co . ( 1977 ) . Later , Curtis co-starred as a casino owner in the Robert Urich 1978-1981 ABC series Vega$ and was in The Users ( 1978 ) . Later career . Curtis supported Mae West in Sextette ( 1978 ) and starred in The Manitou ( 1978 ) , a horror film , and The Bad News Bears Go to Japan ( 1978 ) , a comedy . He had good roles in It Rained All Night the Day I Left ( 1980 ) , Little Miss Marker ( 1980 ) and The Scarlett OHara War ( 1980 ) and was one of many stars in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) . On television , he continued to make occasional guest appearances ( sometimes playing fictional versions of himself ) into the mid-2000s . His final TV series was as host of the documentary-retrospective series Hollywood Babylon ( adapting Kenneth Angers book series ) in 1992–1993 ; each episode would include Curtis recalling some anecdotes from his own career . Painter . Throughout his life , Curtis enjoyed painting and , beginning in the early 1980s , painted as a second career . His work commands more than $25,000 a canvas now . In the last years of his life , he concentrated on painting rather than movies . A surrealist , Curtis claimed Van Gogh , <a </nowiki>Matisse</a> , Picasso , and Magritte as influences . I still make movies but Im not that interested in them any more . But I paint all the time . In 2007 , his painting The Red Table was on display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City . His paintings can also be seen at the Tony Vanderploeg Gallery in Carmel , California . Curtis spoke of his disappointment at never being awarded an Oscar . In March 2006 , Curtis received the Sony Ericsson Empire Lifetime Achievement Award . He also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame inducted in 1960 , and received the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres from France in 1995 . Personal life . Marriages and children . Curtis was married six times . His first wife was actress Janet Leigh , to whom he was married from 1951 to 1962 , and with whom he fathered actresses Kelly and Jamie Lee . For a while , we were Hollywoods golden couple , he said . I was very dedicated and devoted to Janet , and on top of my trade , but in her eyes that goldenness started to wear off . I realized that whatever I was , I wasnt enough for Janet . That hurt me a lot and broke my heart . The studio he was under contract with , Universal-International , generally stayed out of their stars love lives . However , when they chose to get married , studio executives spent three days trying to talk him out of it , telling him he would be poisoning himself at the box office . They threatened banishment back to the Bronx and the end of his budding career . In response , Curtis and Leigh decided to defy the studio heads and instead eloped and were married by a local judge in Greenwich , Connecticut . Comedian and close friend Jerry Lewis was present as a witness . The couple divorced in 1962 , and the following year Curtis married Christine Kaufmann , the 18-year-old German co-star of his latest film , Taras Bulba . He stated that his marriage with Leigh had effectively ended a year earlier . Curtis and Kaufmann had two daughters , Alexandra ( born July 19 , 1964 ) and Allegra ( born July 11 , 1966 ) . They divorced in 1968 . Kaufmann resumed her career , which she had interrupted during her marriage . On April 20 , 1968 , Curtis married Leslie Allen , with whom he had two sons : Nicholas Bernard ( December 31 , 1970 – July 2 , 1994 ) and Benjamin Curtis ( born May 2 , 1973 ) . The couple divorced in 1982 . Two years later , in 1984 , Curtis married Andrea Savio ; they divorced in 1992 . The following year , on February 28 , 1993 , he married Lisa Deutsch . They divorced only a year later in 1994 . His sixth and last wife , Jill Vandenberg , was 45 years his junior . They met in a restaurant in 1993 and married on November 6 , 1998 . The age gap doesnt bother us . We laugh a lot . My body is functioning and everything is good . Shes the sexiest woman Ive ever known . We dont think about time . I dont use Viagra either . There are 50 ways to please your lover . In 1994 , his son Nicholas died of a heroin overdose at the age of 23 . After his sons death , Curtis remarked that it was a terrible thing when a father loses his son . According to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , Curtis , who had a problem with alcoholism and drug abuse , went through the treatment center of the Betty Ford Clinic in the mid-1980s , which was successful for him . Philanthropy . Beginning in 1990 , Curtis and his daughter Jamie Lee Curtis took a renewed interest in their familys Hungarian Jewish heritage , and helped finance the rebuilding of the Great Synagogue in Budapest , Hungary . The largest synagogue in Europe today , it was originally built in 1859 and suffered damage during World War II . In 1998 , he also founded the Emanuel Foundation for Hungarian Culture , and served as honorary chairman . The organization works for the restoration and preservation of synagogues and the 1300 Jewish cemeteries in Hungary and is dedicated to the 600,000 Jewish victims of the Holocaust in Hungary and lands occupied by the Hungarian Army . Curtis also helped promote Hungarys national image in commercials . Books and appearances . In 1965 , Tony Curtis was animated in an episode of The Flintstones ; he also voiced his character Stoney Curtis . In 1994 , a mural featuring his likeness , painted by the artist George Sportelli , was unveiled on the Sunset Boulevard overpass of the Hollywood Freeway Highway 101 in Los Angeles . The mural was relocated to Hollywood Boulevard and Bronson Avenue in September 2011 . His face is featured among the celebrities on the cover of the Sgt . Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band album by The Beatles . Also in 1994 , the U.S . Navy Memorial Foundation awarded its Lone Sailor Award for his naval service and his subsequent acting career . In 2004 , he was inducted into the University of Nevada , Las Vegas Hall of Fame . A street is named after him in the Sun City Anthem development of his adopted hometown , Henderson , Nevada . In 2008 , he was featured in the documentary The Jill & Tony Curtis Story about his efforts with his wife to rescue horses from slaughterhouses . In October 2008 , Curtiss autobiography American Prince : A Memoir , was published . In it , he describes his encounters with other Hollywood legends of the time including Frank Sinatra and James Dean , as well as his hard-knock childhood and path to success . It was followed by the publication of his next book , The Making of Some Like it Hot : My Memories of Marilyn Monroe and the Classic American Movie ( 2009 ) . Curtis shared his memories of the making of the movie , in particular about Marilyn Monroe , whose antics and attitude on the set made everyone miserable . On May 22 , 2009 , Curtis apologized to the BBC radio audience after he used three profanities in a six-minute interview with BBC presenter William Crawley . The presenter also apologized to the audience for Curtiss Hollywood realism . Curtis explained that he thought the interview was being taped , when it was in fact live . Later years and death . Curtis was a lifelong Democrat and attended the 1960 Democratic National Convention alongside such liberal performers as Edward G . Robinson , Shelley Winters , Ralph Bellamy , and Lee Marvin . During the 1971 filming of The Persuaders! , Curtis developed a reputation among his costars and crew as a frequent marijuana smoker . Curtis developed a heavy cocaine addiction in 1974 while filming Lepke , at a time when his stardom had declined considerably and he was being offered few film roles . In 1984 , Curtis was rushed to the hospital suffering from advanced cirrhosis as a result of his alcoholism and cocaine addiction . He then entered the Betty Ford Clinic and vowed to overcome his various illnesses . He underwent heart bypass surgery in 1994 , after suffering a heart attack . On July 8 , 2010 , Curtis , who suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) , was hospitalized in Las Vegas after suffering an asthma attack during a book-signing engagement in Henderson , Nevada , where he lived . Curtis died at his Henderson home on September 29 , 2010 , of cardiac arrest . A few days beforehand he had met photographer Andy Gotts for a photo-shoot at his home , saying : Im not in a good way at the moment but can I ask you one thing ? Can you make me look like an icon just one more time ? He left behind five children and seven grandchildren . His widow Jill told the press that Curtis had suffered from various lung problems for years as a result of cigarette smoking , although he had quit smoking about 30 years earlier . In fact , during the 1960s Curtis served as the president of the American I Quit Smoking Club . In a release to the Associated Press , his daughter , actress Jamie Lee Curtis , stated : My father leaves behind a legacy of great performances in movies and in his paintings and assemblages . He leaves behind children and their families who loved him and respected him and a wife and in-laws who were devoted to him . He also leaves behind fans all over the world . He will be greatly missed . His remains were interred at Palm Memorial Park Cemetery in Henderson , Nevada , on October 4 , 2010 . The service was attended by daughters Kelly Curtis and Jamie Lee Curtis ; Arnold Schwarzenegger ; Rich Little ; and Vera Goulet , Robert Goulets widow . Investor Kirk Kerkorian , actor Kirk Douglas , and singer Phyllis McGuire were among the honorary pallbearers . Five months before his death he rewrote his will , naming all his children and intentionally disinheriting them with no explanation , then leaving his entire estate to his wife . Filmography . Box office ranking . For a number of years Curtis was voted by exhibitors in an annual poll from Quigley Publishing as among the top stars in the United States : - 1954—23rd - 1959—18th - 1960—6th - 1961—9th - 1962—18th Further reading . - The book includes Tony Curtiss prose , poetry , and artwork . - Wise , James . Stars in Blue : Movie Actors in Americas Sea Services . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press , 1997 . External links . - Tonycurtis.com - Remembering Tony Curtis Bronx News , 2012 - Biography and naval service from the California Center for Military History website - Alison Jackson , Some tormented Hollywood souls still like their gossip hot , Profile : Tony Curtis , Sunday Times , 20 April 2008 - Documentary film , The Jill & Tony Curtis Story - Photographs and literature - Tony Curtis : Life and Times – slideshow by Life magazine - The Telegraph obituary - Interview by Michael Hainey for GQ Magazine |
[
"Lisa Deutsch"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Tony Curtis from 1993 to 1994? | /wiki/Tony_Curtis#P26#4 | Tony Curtis Tony Curtis ( born Bernard Schwartz ; June 3 , 1925September 29 , 2010 ) was an American actor whose career spanned six decades , achieving the height of his popularity in the 1950s and early 1960s . He acted in more than 100 films in roles covering a wide range of genres , from light comedy to serious drama . In his later years , Curtis made numerous television appearances . Although his early film roles mainly took advantage of his good looks , by the latter half of the 1950s he had demonstrated range and depth in numerous dramatic and comedy roles . In his earliest parts he acted in a string of mediocre films , including swashbucklers , westerns , light comedies , sports films and a musical . However , by the time he starred in Houdini ( 1953 ) with his wife Janet Leigh , his first clear success , notes critic David Thomson , his acting had progressed immensely . He achieved his first serious recognition as a dramatic actor in Sweet Smell of Success ( 1957 ) with co-star Burt Lancaster . The following year he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor in The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) alongside Sidney Poitier ( who was also nominated in the same category ) . Curtis then gave what could arguably be called his best performance : three interrelated roles in the comedy Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) . Thomson called it an outrageous film , and an American Film Institute survey voted it the funniest American film ever made . The film co-starred Jack Lemmon and Marilyn Monroe , and was directed by Billy Wilder . That was followed by Blake Edwards’s Operation Petticoat ( 1959 ) with Cary Grant . They were both frantic comedies , and displayed his impeccable comic timing . He often collaborated with Edwards on later films . In 1960 , Curtis played a supporting role in Spartacus , which became another major hit for him . His stardom and film career declined considerably after 1960 . His most significant dramatic part came in 1968 when he starred in the true-life drama The Boston Strangler , which some consider his last major film role . The part reinforced his reputation as a serious actor with his chilling portrayal of serial killer Albert DeSalvo . Curtis also took on the role of the Ukrainian Cossack Andrei in the historical action romance epic Taras Bulba in which the lead character was played by Yul Bryner in 1962 . He later starred alongside Roger Moore in the ITC TV series The Persuaders! , with Curtis playing American millionaire Danny Wilde . The series ran twenty-four episodes . Curtis is the father of actresses Kelly Curtis and Jamie Lee Curtis by his first wife , actress Janet Leigh . Early life . Tony Curtis was born Bernard Schwartz on June 3 , 1925 , at the Flower Fifth Avenue Hospital on 105th Street in Manhattan , New York City , the first of three boys born to Helen ( née Klein ) and Emanuel Schwartz . Biographies have propagated a misconception that he was born in the Bronx , probably due to the familys moves when he was very young , but Tony pointedly corrected this in a TV interview . His parents were Hungarian-Jewish emigrants from Czechoslovakia and Hungary : his father was born in Ópályi , near Mátészalka , and his mother was a native of Nagymihály ( now Michalovce , Slovakia ) ; she later said she arrived in the U.S . from Válykó ( now Vaľkovo , Slovakia ) . He spoke only Hungarian until the age of six , delaying his schooling . His father was a tailor and the family lived in the back of the shop—his parents in one corner and Curtis and his brothers Julius and Robert in another . His mother made an appearance as a participant on the television show You Bet Your Life on February 9 , 1956 , hosted by Groucho Marx . His mother was later diagnosed with schizophrenia . His youngest brother Robert was institutionalized with the same mental illness . When Curtis was eight , he and his brother Julius were placed in an orphanage for a month because their parents could not afford to feed them . Four years later , Julius was struck and killed by a truck . Curtis joined a neighborhood gang whose main crimes were playing truant from school and minor pilfering at the local dime store . When Curtis was 11 , a friendly neighbor saved him from what he felt would have led to a life of delinquency by sending him to a Boy Scout camp , where he was able to work off his energy and settle down . He attended Seward Park High School . At 16 , he had his first small acting part in a school stage play . Military service . Curtis enlisted in the United States Navy after the attack on Pearl Harbor . Inspired by Cary Grants role in Destination Tokyo and Tyrone Powers in Crash Dive ( 1943 ) , he joined the Pacific submarine force . Curtis served aboard a submarine tender , the USS Proteus , until the end of the Second World War . On September 2 , 1945 , Curtis witnessed the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay from his ships signal bridge about a mile away . Following his discharge from the Navy , Curtis attended City College of New York on the G.I . Bill . He then studied acting at The New School in Greenwich Village under the influential German stage director Erwin Piscator . His contemporaries included Elaine Stritch , Harry Belafonte , Walter Matthau , Beatrice Arthur , and Rod Steiger . While still at college , Curtis was discovered by Joyce Selznick , the notable talent agent , casting director , and niece of film producer David O . Selznick . Career . In 1948 , Curtis arrived in Hollywood at age 23 . In his autobiography , Curtis described how by chance he met Jack Warner on the plane to California , and also how he briefly dated Marilyn Monroe before either was famous . Universal as Anthony Curtis . Under contract at Universal Pictures , he changed his name from Bernard Schwartz to Anthony Curtis and met unknown actors Rock Hudson , James Best , Julie Adams and Piper Laurie . The first name was from the novel Anthony Adverse and Curtis was from Kurtz , a surname in his mothers family . Although Universal Pictures taught him fencing and riding , in keeping with the cinematic themes of the era , Curtis admitted he was at first interested only in girls and money and was not hopeful of his chances of becoming a major star . Curtiss biggest fear was having to return home to the Bronx as a failure : I was a million-to-one shot , the least likely to succeed . I wasnt low man on the totem pole , I was under the totem pole , in a sewer , tied to a sack . Curtiss uncredited screen debut came in Criss Cross ( 1949 ) playing a rumba dancer , dancing with Yvonne de Carlo . The male star was Burt Lancaster who would make a number of films with Curtis . In his second film , City Across the River ( also in 1949 ) , he was credited as Anthony Curtis . He had four lines in The Lady Gambles ( 1949 ) and a bigger part in Johnny Stool Pigeon ( 1949 ) . He could also be spotted in Francis ( 1950 ) , Woman in Hiding ( 1950 ) , and I Was a Shoplifter ( 1950 ) . He was in three Westerns , Sierra ( 1950 ) , starring Audie Murphy , one of many names he worked with ( including fellow Universal contractee , Rock Hudson ) , Winchester 73 ( 1950 ) , starring James Stewart and Shelley Winters , and Kansas Raiders ( 1951 ) , in which he supported Murphy again , playing Kit Dalton and billed as Tony Curtis . Stardom . Curtis was receiving numerous fan letters , so Universal awarded him the starring role in The Prince Who Was a Thief ( 1951 ) , a swashbuckler set in the Middle East with Piper Laurie . It was a hit at the box office and Curtis was now established . He followed it up with Flesh and Fury ( 1952 ) , a boxing movie ; No Room for the Groom ( 1952 ) , a comedy with Laurie directed by Douglas Sirk ; and Son of Ali Baba ( 1952 ) , another film set in the Arab world with Laurie . Curtis then teamed up with then-wife Janet Leigh in Houdini ( 1953 ) , in which Curtis played the title role . His next movies were more B fare : All American ( 1953 ) , as a footballer ; Forbidden ( 1953 ) , as a criminal ; Beachhead ( 1954 ) , a war film ; Johnny Dark ( 1954 ) , with Laurie , as a racing car driver ; and The Black Shield of Falworth ( 1954 ) , a medieval swashbuckler with Leigh . The box office performances of these films were solid , and Curtis was growing in popularity . For a change of pace he did a musical , So This Is Paris ( 1955 ) , then it was back to more typical fare : Six Bridges to Cross ( 1955 ) , as a bank robber ; The Purple Mask ( 1955 ) , a swashbuckler ; The Square Jungle ( 1955 ) , a boxing film . Major star . Curtis graduated to more prestigious projects when he was cast in support of Burt Lancaster and Gina Lollobrigida in Trapeze ( 1956 ) . It was one of the biggest hits of the year . Curtis made a Western , The Rawhide Years ( 1957 ) , was a gambler in Mister Cory ( 1957 ) and a cop in The Midnight Story ( 1957 ) . Lancaster asked for him again , to play scheming press agent Sidney Falco in Sweet Smell of Success ( 1957 ) , starring and co-produced by Lancaster . The film was a box office disappointment , but Curtis , for the first time in his career , received sensational reviews . Another star-maker , Kirk Douglas , was eager to work with him in The Vikings ( 1958 ) . Janet Leigh also starred , and the resulting movie was a box office hit . Curtis then co-starred with Frank Sinatra and Natalie Wood in Kings Go Forth ( 1958 ) , a war story . It was mildly popular , but The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) , was a bigger success . Curtis gave an Oscar-nominated performance as a bigoted white escaped convict chained to a black man , Sidney Poitier . Curtis and Janet Leigh then made a popular comedy for Blake Edwards at Universal , The Perfect Furlough ( 1958 ) . He co-starred with Jack Lemmon and Marilyn Monroe in Billy Wilders Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) . It was a huge success and became a classic ; equally popular was Operation Petticoat ( 1959 ) , a military comedy which Curtis made for Edwards alongside Cary Grant . Curtis and Leigh made one more film together Who Was That Lady ? ( 1960 ) , a comedy with Dean Martin . He and Debbie Reynolds then starred in The Rat Race ( 1960 ) . Douglas came calling again , offering Curtis a key role in the formers epic production Spartacus ( 1960 ) . It was a huge hit and earned Curtis a Golden Globe nomination . Curtis then made two biopics : The Great Impostor ( 1961 ) , directed by Robert Mulligan , playing Ferdinand Waldo Demara ; and The Outsider ( 1961 ) , in which he played war hero Ira Hayes . He returned to epics with Taras Bulba ( 1962 ) , co starring Yul Brynner and Christine Kaufmann , who became Curtis second wife . Comedic roles . He starred with Suzanne Pleshette in the comedy 40 Pounds of Trouble ( 1962 ) , which was a mild hit . Curtis was one of many stars who had small roles in The List of Adrian Messenger ( 1963 ) . He supported Gregory Peck in Captain Newman , M.D . ( 1963 ) and had an uncredited dual role in Paris When It Sizzles ( 1964 ) . He and Kaufman made their third movie together , the comedy Wild and Wonderful ( 1964 ) . His focus remained on comedies : Goodbye Charlie ( 1964 ) , with Debbie Reynolds ; Sex and the Single Girl ( 1964 ) , with Natalie Wood ; The Great Race ( 1965 ) , with Wood and Lemmon for Blake Edwards — the most expensive comedy film up till that time , but popular ; Boeing Boeing ( 1965 ) a sex farce with Jerry Lewis ; Not with My Wife , You Dont ! ( 1966 ) with George C . Scott ; Drop Dead Darling ( 1966 ) , a British comedy ; Dont Make Waves ( 1967 ) , a satire of beach life from director Alexander Mackendrick , with Claudia Cardinale ; and On My Way to the Crusades , I Met a Girl Who.. . ( 1967 ) , an Italian comedy with Monica Vitti . In the early 1960s , he was a voice-over guest star on The Flintstones as Stoney Curtis . The Boston Strangler . Because of the poor performance of a series of comedies , Curtis fired his agent and took a pay cut to $100,000 to play the title role in The Boston Strangler ( 1968 ) , his first dramatic film in several years . Response from the critics and public was excellent . He returned to comedy for Monte Carlo or Bust ! ( 1969 ) , an all-star car race film in the vein of The Great Race . He made some comic adventure tales : You Cant Win Em All ( 1970 ) with Charles Bronson and Suppose They Gave a War and Nobody Came ( 1970 ) . Curtis decided it was time to turn to television and co-starred with Roger Moore in the TV series The Persuaders! . He was one of the villains in The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1975 ) and had the title role in the gangster film Lepke ( 1975 ) . Curtis had the lead in a TV series that did not last , McCoy ( 1975–76 ) . He was one of many names in The Last Tycoon ( 1976 ) and had the title role in an Italian comedy Casanova & Co . ( 1977 ) . Later , Curtis co-starred as a casino owner in the Robert Urich 1978-1981 ABC series Vega$ and was in The Users ( 1978 ) . Later career . Curtis supported Mae West in Sextette ( 1978 ) and starred in The Manitou ( 1978 ) , a horror film , and The Bad News Bears Go to Japan ( 1978 ) , a comedy . He had good roles in It Rained All Night the Day I Left ( 1980 ) , Little Miss Marker ( 1980 ) and The Scarlett OHara War ( 1980 ) and was one of many stars in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) . On television , he continued to make occasional guest appearances ( sometimes playing fictional versions of himself ) into the mid-2000s . His final TV series was as host of the documentary-retrospective series Hollywood Babylon ( adapting Kenneth Angers book series ) in 1992–1993 ; each episode would include Curtis recalling some anecdotes from his own career . Painter . Throughout his life , Curtis enjoyed painting and , beginning in the early 1980s , painted as a second career . His work commands more than $25,000 a canvas now . In the last years of his life , he concentrated on painting rather than movies . A surrealist , Curtis claimed Van Gogh , <a </nowiki>Matisse</a> , Picasso , and Magritte as influences . I still make movies but Im not that interested in them any more . But I paint all the time . In 2007 , his painting The Red Table was on display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City . His paintings can also be seen at the Tony Vanderploeg Gallery in Carmel , California . Curtis spoke of his disappointment at never being awarded an Oscar . In March 2006 , Curtis received the Sony Ericsson Empire Lifetime Achievement Award . He also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame inducted in 1960 , and received the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres from France in 1995 . Personal life . Marriages and children . Curtis was married six times . His first wife was actress Janet Leigh , to whom he was married from 1951 to 1962 , and with whom he fathered actresses Kelly and Jamie Lee . For a while , we were Hollywoods golden couple , he said . I was very dedicated and devoted to Janet , and on top of my trade , but in her eyes that goldenness started to wear off . I realized that whatever I was , I wasnt enough for Janet . That hurt me a lot and broke my heart . The studio he was under contract with , Universal-International , generally stayed out of their stars love lives . However , when they chose to get married , studio executives spent three days trying to talk him out of it , telling him he would be poisoning himself at the box office . They threatened banishment back to the Bronx and the end of his budding career . In response , Curtis and Leigh decided to defy the studio heads and instead eloped and were married by a local judge in Greenwich , Connecticut . Comedian and close friend Jerry Lewis was present as a witness . The couple divorced in 1962 , and the following year Curtis married Christine Kaufmann , the 18-year-old German co-star of his latest film , Taras Bulba . He stated that his marriage with Leigh had effectively ended a year earlier . Curtis and Kaufmann had two daughters , Alexandra ( born July 19 , 1964 ) and Allegra ( born July 11 , 1966 ) . They divorced in 1968 . Kaufmann resumed her career , which she had interrupted during her marriage . On April 20 , 1968 , Curtis married Leslie Allen , with whom he had two sons : Nicholas Bernard ( December 31 , 1970 – July 2 , 1994 ) and Benjamin Curtis ( born May 2 , 1973 ) . The couple divorced in 1982 . Two years later , in 1984 , Curtis married Andrea Savio ; they divorced in 1992 . The following year , on February 28 , 1993 , he married Lisa Deutsch . They divorced only a year later in 1994 . His sixth and last wife , Jill Vandenberg , was 45 years his junior . They met in a restaurant in 1993 and married on November 6 , 1998 . The age gap doesnt bother us . We laugh a lot . My body is functioning and everything is good . Shes the sexiest woman Ive ever known . We dont think about time . I dont use Viagra either . There are 50 ways to please your lover . In 1994 , his son Nicholas died of a heroin overdose at the age of 23 . After his sons death , Curtis remarked that it was a terrible thing when a father loses his son . According to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , Curtis , who had a problem with alcoholism and drug abuse , went through the treatment center of the Betty Ford Clinic in the mid-1980s , which was successful for him . Philanthropy . Beginning in 1990 , Curtis and his daughter Jamie Lee Curtis took a renewed interest in their familys Hungarian Jewish heritage , and helped finance the rebuilding of the Great Synagogue in Budapest , Hungary . The largest synagogue in Europe today , it was originally built in 1859 and suffered damage during World War II . In 1998 , he also founded the Emanuel Foundation for Hungarian Culture , and served as honorary chairman . The organization works for the restoration and preservation of synagogues and the 1300 Jewish cemeteries in Hungary and is dedicated to the 600,000 Jewish victims of the Holocaust in Hungary and lands occupied by the Hungarian Army . Curtis also helped promote Hungarys national image in commercials . Books and appearances . In 1965 , Tony Curtis was animated in an episode of The Flintstones ; he also voiced his character Stoney Curtis . In 1994 , a mural featuring his likeness , painted by the artist George Sportelli , was unveiled on the Sunset Boulevard overpass of the Hollywood Freeway Highway 101 in Los Angeles . The mural was relocated to Hollywood Boulevard and Bronson Avenue in September 2011 . His face is featured among the celebrities on the cover of the Sgt . Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band album by The Beatles . Also in 1994 , the U.S . Navy Memorial Foundation awarded its Lone Sailor Award for his naval service and his subsequent acting career . In 2004 , he was inducted into the University of Nevada , Las Vegas Hall of Fame . A street is named after him in the Sun City Anthem development of his adopted hometown , Henderson , Nevada . In 2008 , he was featured in the documentary The Jill & Tony Curtis Story about his efforts with his wife to rescue horses from slaughterhouses . In October 2008 , Curtiss autobiography American Prince : A Memoir , was published . In it , he describes his encounters with other Hollywood legends of the time including Frank Sinatra and James Dean , as well as his hard-knock childhood and path to success . It was followed by the publication of his next book , The Making of Some Like it Hot : My Memories of Marilyn Monroe and the Classic American Movie ( 2009 ) . Curtis shared his memories of the making of the movie , in particular about Marilyn Monroe , whose antics and attitude on the set made everyone miserable . On May 22 , 2009 , Curtis apologized to the BBC radio audience after he used three profanities in a six-minute interview with BBC presenter William Crawley . The presenter also apologized to the audience for Curtiss Hollywood realism . Curtis explained that he thought the interview was being taped , when it was in fact live . Later years and death . Curtis was a lifelong Democrat and attended the 1960 Democratic National Convention alongside such liberal performers as Edward G . Robinson , Shelley Winters , Ralph Bellamy , and Lee Marvin . During the 1971 filming of The Persuaders! , Curtis developed a reputation among his costars and crew as a frequent marijuana smoker . Curtis developed a heavy cocaine addiction in 1974 while filming Lepke , at a time when his stardom had declined considerably and he was being offered few film roles . In 1984 , Curtis was rushed to the hospital suffering from advanced cirrhosis as a result of his alcoholism and cocaine addiction . He then entered the Betty Ford Clinic and vowed to overcome his various illnesses . He underwent heart bypass surgery in 1994 , after suffering a heart attack . On July 8 , 2010 , Curtis , who suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) , was hospitalized in Las Vegas after suffering an asthma attack during a book-signing engagement in Henderson , Nevada , where he lived . Curtis died at his Henderson home on September 29 , 2010 , of cardiac arrest . A few days beforehand he had met photographer Andy Gotts for a photo-shoot at his home , saying : Im not in a good way at the moment but can I ask you one thing ? Can you make me look like an icon just one more time ? He left behind five children and seven grandchildren . His widow Jill told the press that Curtis had suffered from various lung problems for years as a result of cigarette smoking , although he had quit smoking about 30 years earlier . In fact , during the 1960s Curtis served as the president of the American I Quit Smoking Club . In a release to the Associated Press , his daughter , actress Jamie Lee Curtis , stated : My father leaves behind a legacy of great performances in movies and in his paintings and assemblages . He leaves behind children and their families who loved him and respected him and a wife and in-laws who were devoted to him . He also leaves behind fans all over the world . He will be greatly missed . His remains were interred at Palm Memorial Park Cemetery in Henderson , Nevada , on October 4 , 2010 . The service was attended by daughters Kelly Curtis and Jamie Lee Curtis ; Arnold Schwarzenegger ; Rich Little ; and Vera Goulet , Robert Goulets widow . Investor Kirk Kerkorian , actor Kirk Douglas , and singer Phyllis McGuire were among the honorary pallbearers . Five months before his death he rewrote his will , naming all his children and intentionally disinheriting them with no explanation , then leaving his entire estate to his wife . Filmography . Box office ranking . For a number of years Curtis was voted by exhibitors in an annual poll from Quigley Publishing as among the top stars in the United States : - 1954—23rd - 1959—18th - 1960—6th - 1961—9th - 1962—18th Further reading . - The book includes Tony Curtiss prose , poetry , and artwork . - Wise , James . Stars in Blue : Movie Actors in Americas Sea Services . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press , 1997 . External links . - Tonycurtis.com - Remembering Tony Curtis Bronx News , 2012 - Biography and naval service from the California Center for Military History website - Alison Jackson , Some tormented Hollywood souls still like their gossip hot , Profile : Tony Curtis , Sunday Times , 20 April 2008 - Documentary film , The Jill & Tony Curtis Story - Photographs and literature - Tony Curtis : Life and Times – slideshow by Life magazine - The Telegraph obituary - Interview by Michael Hainey for GQ Magazine |
[
"Jill Vandenberg"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Tony Curtis from 1998 to 1999? | /wiki/Tony_Curtis#P26#5 | Tony Curtis Tony Curtis ( born Bernard Schwartz ; June 3 , 1925September 29 , 2010 ) was an American actor whose career spanned six decades , achieving the height of his popularity in the 1950s and early 1960s . He acted in more than 100 films in roles covering a wide range of genres , from light comedy to serious drama . In his later years , Curtis made numerous television appearances . Although his early film roles mainly took advantage of his good looks , by the latter half of the 1950s he had demonstrated range and depth in numerous dramatic and comedy roles . In his earliest parts he acted in a string of mediocre films , including swashbucklers , westerns , light comedies , sports films and a musical . However , by the time he starred in Houdini ( 1953 ) with his wife Janet Leigh , his first clear success , notes critic David Thomson , his acting had progressed immensely . He achieved his first serious recognition as a dramatic actor in Sweet Smell of Success ( 1957 ) with co-star Burt Lancaster . The following year he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor in The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) alongside Sidney Poitier ( who was also nominated in the same category ) . Curtis then gave what could arguably be called his best performance : three interrelated roles in the comedy Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) . Thomson called it an outrageous film , and an American Film Institute survey voted it the funniest American film ever made . The film co-starred Jack Lemmon and Marilyn Monroe , and was directed by Billy Wilder . That was followed by Blake Edwards’s Operation Petticoat ( 1959 ) with Cary Grant . They were both frantic comedies , and displayed his impeccable comic timing . He often collaborated with Edwards on later films . In 1960 , Curtis played a supporting role in Spartacus , which became another major hit for him . His stardom and film career declined considerably after 1960 . His most significant dramatic part came in 1968 when he starred in the true-life drama The Boston Strangler , which some consider his last major film role . The part reinforced his reputation as a serious actor with his chilling portrayal of serial killer Albert DeSalvo . Curtis also took on the role of the Ukrainian Cossack Andrei in the historical action romance epic Taras Bulba in which the lead character was played by Yul Bryner in 1962 . He later starred alongside Roger Moore in the ITC TV series The Persuaders! , with Curtis playing American millionaire Danny Wilde . The series ran twenty-four episodes . Curtis is the father of actresses Kelly Curtis and Jamie Lee Curtis by his first wife , actress Janet Leigh . Early life . Tony Curtis was born Bernard Schwartz on June 3 , 1925 , at the Flower Fifth Avenue Hospital on 105th Street in Manhattan , New York City , the first of three boys born to Helen ( née Klein ) and Emanuel Schwartz . Biographies have propagated a misconception that he was born in the Bronx , probably due to the familys moves when he was very young , but Tony pointedly corrected this in a TV interview . His parents were Hungarian-Jewish emigrants from Czechoslovakia and Hungary : his father was born in Ópályi , near Mátészalka , and his mother was a native of Nagymihály ( now Michalovce , Slovakia ) ; she later said she arrived in the U.S . from Válykó ( now Vaľkovo , Slovakia ) . He spoke only Hungarian until the age of six , delaying his schooling . His father was a tailor and the family lived in the back of the shop—his parents in one corner and Curtis and his brothers Julius and Robert in another . His mother made an appearance as a participant on the television show You Bet Your Life on February 9 , 1956 , hosted by Groucho Marx . His mother was later diagnosed with schizophrenia . His youngest brother Robert was institutionalized with the same mental illness . When Curtis was eight , he and his brother Julius were placed in an orphanage for a month because their parents could not afford to feed them . Four years later , Julius was struck and killed by a truck . Curtis joined a neighborhood gang whose main crimes were playing truant from school and minor pilfering at the local dime store . When Curtis was 11 , a friendly neighbor saved him from what he felt would have led to a life of delinquency by sending him to a Boy Scout camp , where he was able to work off his energy and settle down . He attended Seward Park High School . At 16 , he had his first small acting part in a school stage play . Military service . Curtis enlisted in the United States Navy after the attack on Pearl Harbor . Inspired by Cary Grants role in Destination Tokyo and Tyrone Powers in Crash Dive ( 1943 ) , he joined the Pacific submarine force . Curtis served aboard a submarine tender , the USS Proteus , until the end of the Second World War . On September 2 , 1945 , Curtis witnessed the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay from his ships signal bridge about a mile away . Following his discharge from the Navy , Curtis attended City College of New York on the G.I . Bill . He then studied acting at The New School in Greenwich Village under the influential German stage director Erwin Piscator . His contemporaries included Elaine Stritch , Harry Belafonte , Walter Matthau , Beatrice Arthur , and Rod Steiger . While still at college , Curtis was discovered by Joyce Selznick , the notable talent agent , casting director , and niece of film producer David O . Selznick . Career . In 1948 , Curtis arrived in Hollywood at age 23 . In his autobiography , Curtis described how by chance he met Jack Warner on the plane to California , and also how he briefly dated Marilyn Monroe before either was famous . Universal as Anthony Curtis . Under contract at Universal Pictures , he changed his name from Bernard Schwartz to Anthony Curtis and met unknown actors Rock Hudson , James Best , Julie Adams and Piper Laurie . The first name was from the novel Anthony Adverse and Curtis was from Kurtz , a surname in his mothers family . Although Universal Pictures taught him fencing and riding , in keeping with the cinematic themes of the era , Curtis admitted he was at first interested only in girls and money and was not hopeful of his chances of becoming a major star . Curtiss biggest fear was having to return home to the Bronx as a failure : I was a million-to-one shot , the least likely to succeed . I wasnt low man on the totem pole , I was under the totem pole , in a sewer , tied to a sack . Curtiss uncredited screen debut came in Criss Cross ( 1949 ) playing a rumba dancer , dancing with Yvonne de Carlo . The male star was Burt Lancaster who would make a number of films with Curtis . In his second film , City Across the River ( also in 1949 ) , he was credited as Anthony Curtis . He had four lines in The Lady Gambles ( 1949 ) and a bigger part in Johnny Stool Pigeon ( 1949 ) . He could also be spotted in Francis ( 1950 ) , Woman in Hiding ( 1950 ) , and I Was a Shoplifter ( 1950 ) . He was in three Westerns , Sierra ( 1950 ) , starring Audie Murphy , one of many names he worked with ( including fellow Universal contractee , Rock Hudson ) , Winchester 73 ( 1950 ) , starring James Stewart and Shelley Winters , and Kansas Raiders ( 1951 ) , in which he supported Murphy again , playing Kit Dalton and billed as Tony Curtis . Stardom . Curtis was receiving numerous fan letters , so Universal awarded him the starring role in The Prince Who Was a Thief ( 1951 ) , a swashbuckler set in the Middle East with Piper Laurie . It was a hit at the box office and Curtis was now established . He followed it up with Flesh and Fury ( 1952 ) , a boxing movie ; No Room for the Groom ( 1952 ) , a comedy with Laurie directed by Douglas Sirk ; and Son of Ali Baba ( 1952 ) , another film set in the Arab world with Laurie . Curtis then teamed up with then-wife Janet Leigh in Houdini ( 1953 ) , in which Curtis played the title role . His next movies were more B fare : All American ( 1953 ) , as a footballer ; Forbidden ( 1953 ) , as a criminal ; Beachhead ( 1954 ) , a war film ; Johnny Dark ( 1954 ) , with Laurie , as a racing car driver ; and The Black Shield of Falworth ( 1954 ) , a medieval swashbuckler with Leigh . The box office performances of these films were solid , and Curtis was growing in popularity . For a change of pace he did a musical , So This Is Paris ( 1955 ) , then it was back to more typical fare : Six Bridges to Cross ( 1955 ) , as a bank robber ; The Purple Mask ( 1955 ) , a swashbuckler ; The Square Jungle ( 1955 ) , a boxing film . Major star . Curtis graduated to more prestigious projects when he was cast in support of Burt Lancaster and Gina Lollobrigida in Trapeze ( 1956 ) . It was one of the biggest hits of the year . Curtis made a Western , The Rawhide Years ( 1957 ) , was a gambler in Mister Cory ( 1957 ) and a cop in The Midnight Story ( 1957 ) . Lancaster asked for him again , to play scheming press agent Sidney Falco in Sweet Smell of Success ( 1957 ) , starring and co-produced by Lancaster . The film was a box office disappointment , but Curtis , for the first time in his career , received sensational reviews . Another star-maker , Kirk Douglas , was eager to work with him in The Vikings ( 1958 ) . Janet Leigh also starred , and the resulting movie was a box office hit . Curtis then co-starred with Frank Sinatra and Natalie Wood in Kings Go Forth ( 1958 ) , a war story . It was mildly popular , but The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) , was a bigger success . Curtis gave an Oscar-nominated performance as a bigoted white escaped convict chained to a black man , Sidney Poitier . Curtis and Janet Leigh then made a popular comedy for Blake Edwards at Universal , The Perfect Furlough ( 1958 ) . He co-starred with Jack Lemmon and Marilyn Monroe in Billy Wilders Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) . It was a huge success and became a classic ; equally popular was Operation Petticoat ( 1959 ) , a military comedy which Curtis made for Edwards alongside Cary Grant . Curtis and Leigh made one more film together Who Was That Lady ? ( 1960 ) , a comedy with Dean Martin . He and Debbie Reynolds then starred in The Rat Race ( 1960 ) . Douglas came calling again , offering Curtis a key role in the formers epic production Spartacus ( 1960 ) . It was a huge hit and earned Curtis a Golden Globe nomination . Curtis then made two biopics : The Great Impostor ( 1961 ) , directed by Robert Mulligan , playing Ferdinand Waldo Demara ; and The Outsider ( 1961 ) , in which he played war hero Ira Hayes . He returned to epics with Taras Bulba ( 1962 ) , co starring Yul Brynner and Christine Kaufmann , who became Curtis second wife . Comedic roles . He starred with Suzanne Pleshette in the comedy 40 Pounds of Trouble ( 1962 ) , which was a mild hit . Curtis was one of many stars who had small roles in The List of Adrian Messenger ( 1963 ) . He supported Gregory Peck in Captain Newman , M.D . ( 1963 ) and had an uncredited dual role in Paris When It Sizzles ( 1964 ) . He and Kaufman made their third movie together , the comedy Wild and Wonderful ( 1964 ) . His focus remained on comedies : Goodbye Charlie ( 1964 ) , with Debbie Reynolds ; Sex and the Single Girl ( 1964 ) , with Natalie Wood ; The Great Race ( 1965 ) , with Wood and Lemmon for Blake Edwards — the most expensive comedy film up till that time , but popular ; Boeing Boeing ( 1965 ) a sex farce with Jerry Lewis ; Not with My Wife , You Dont ! ( 1966 ) with George C . Scott ; Drop Dead Darling ( 1966 ) , a British comedy ; Dont Make Waves ( 1967 ) , a satire of beach life from director Alexander Mackendrick , with Claudia Cardinale ; and On My Way to the Crusades , I Met a Girl Who.. . ( 1967 ) , an Italian comedy with Monica Vitti . In the early 1960s , he was a voice-over guest star on The Flintstones as Stoney Curtis . The Boston Strangler . Because of the poor performance of a series of comedies , Curtis fired his agent and took a pay cut to $100,000 to play the title role in The Boston Strangler ( 1968 ) , his first dramatic film in several years . Response from the critics and public was excellent . He returned to comedy for Monte Carlo or Bust ! ( 1969 ) , an all-star car race film in the vein of The Great Race . He made some comic adventure tales : You Cant Win Em All ( 1970 ) with Charles Bronson and Suppose They Gave a War and Nobody Came ( 1970 ) . Curtis decided it was time to turn to television and co-starred with Roger Moore in the TV series The Persuaders! . He was one of the villains in The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1975 ) and had the title role in the gangster film Lepke ( 1975 ) . Curtis had the lead in a TV series that did not last , McCoy ( 1975–76 ) . He was one of many names in The Last Tycoon ( 1976 ) and had the title role in an Italian comedy Casanova & Co . ( 1977 ) . Later , Curtis co-starred as a casino owner in the Robert Urich 1978-1981 ABC series Vega$ and was in The Users ( 1978 ) . Later career . Curtis supported Mae West in Sextette ( 1978 ) and starred in The Manitou ( 1978 ) , a horror film , and The Bad News Bears Go to Japan ( 1978 ) , a comedy . He had good roles in It Rained All Night the Day I Left ( 1980 ) , Little Miss Marker ( 1980 ) and The Scarlett OHara War ( 1980 ) and was one of many stars in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) . On television , he continued to make occasional guest appearances ( sometimes playing fictional versions of himself ) into the mid-2000s . His final TV series was as host of the documentary-retrospective series Hollywood Babylon ( adapting Kenneth Angers book series ) in 1992–1993 ; each episode would include Curtis recalling some anecdotes from his own career . Painter . Throughout his life , Curtis enjoyed painting and , beginning in the early 1980s , painted as a second career . His work commands more than $25,000 a canvas now . In the last years of his life , he concentrated on painting rather than movies . A surrealist , Curtis claimed Van Gogh , <a </nowiki>Matisse</a> , Picasso , and Magritte as influences . I still make movies but Im not that interested in them any more . But I paint all the time . In 2007 , his painting The Red Table was on display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City . His paintings can also be seen at the Tony Vanderploeg Gallery in Carmel , California . Curtis spoke of his disappointment at never being awarded an Oscar . In March 2006 , Curtis received the Sony Ericsson Empire Lifetime Achievement Award . He also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame inducted in 1960 , and received the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres from France in 1995 . Personal life . Marriages and children . Curtis was married six times . His first wife was actress Janet Leigh , to whom he was married from 1951 to 1962 , and with whom he fathered actresses Kelly and Jamie Lee . For a while , we were Hollywoods golden couple , he said . I was very dedicated and devoted to Janet , and on top of my trade , but in her eyes that goldenness started to wear off . I realized that whatever I was , I wasnt enough for Janet . That hurt me a lot and broke my heart . The studio he was under contract with , Universal-International , generally stayed out of their stars love lives . However , when they chose to get married , studio executives spent three days trying to talk him out of it , telling him he would be poisoning himself at the box office . They threatened banishment back to the Bronx and the end of his budding career . In response , Curtis and Leigh decided to defy the studio heads and instead eloped and were married by a local judge in Greenwich , Connecticut . Comedian and close friend Jerry Lewis was present as a witness . The couple divorced in 1962 , and the following year Curtis married Christine Kaufmann , the 18-year-old German co-star of his latest film , Taras Bulba . He stated that his marriage with Leigh had effectively ended a year earlier . Curtis and Kaufmann had two daughters , Alexandra ( born July 19 , 1964 ) and Allegra ( born July 11 , 1966 ) . They divorced in 1968 . Kaufmann resumed her career , which she had interrupted during her marriage . On April 20 , 1968 , Curtis married Leslie Allen , with whom he had two sons : Nicholas Bernard ( December 31 , 1970 – July 2 , 1994 ) and Benjamin Curtis ( born May 2 , 1973 ) . The couple divorced in 1982 . Two years later , in 1984 , Curtis married Andrea Savio ; they divorced in 1992 . The following year , on February 28 , 1993 , he married Lisa Deutsch . They divorced only a year later in 1994 . His sixth and last wife , Jill Vandenberg , was 45 years his junior . They met in a restaurant in 1993 and married on November 6 , 1998 . The age gap doesnt bother us . We laugh a lot . My body is functioning and everything is good . Shes the sexiest woman Ive ever known . We dont think about time . I dont use Viagra either . There are 50 ways to please your lover . In 1994 , his son Nicholas died of a heroin overdose at the age of 23 . After his sons death , Curtis remarked that it was a terrible thing when a father loses his son . According to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , Curtis , who had a problem with alcoholism and drug abuse , went through the treatment center of the Betty Ford Clinic in the mid-1980s , which was successful for him . Philanthropy . Beginning in 1990 , Curtis and his daughter Jamie Lee Curtis took a renewed interest in their familys Hungarian Jewish heritage , and helped finance the rebuilding of the Great Synagogue in Budapest , Hungary . The largest synagogue in Europe today , it was originally built in 1859 and suffered damage during World War II . In 1998 , he also founded the Emanuel Foundation for Hungarian Culture , and served as honorary chairman . The organization works for the restoration and preservation of synagogues and the 1300 Jewish cemeteries in Hungary and is dedicated to the 600,000 Jewish victims of the Holocaust in Hungary and lands occupied by the Hungarian Army . Curtis also helped promote Hungarys national image in commercials . Books and appearances . In 1965 , Tony Curtis was animated in an episode of The Flintstones ; he also voiced his character Stoney Curtis . In 1994 , a mural featuring his likeness , painted by the artist George Sportelli , was unveiled on the Sunset Boulevard overpass of the Hollywood Freeway Highway 101 in Los Angeles . The mural was relocated to Hollywood Boulevard and Bronson Avenue in September 2011 . His face is featured among the celebrities on the cover of the Sgt . Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band album by The Beatles . Also in 1994 , the U.S . Navy Memorial Foundation awarded its Lone Sailor Award for his naval service and his subsequent acting career . In 2004 , he was inducted into the University of Nevada , Las Vegas Hall of Fame . A street is named after him in the Sun City Anthem development of his adopted hometown , Henderson , Nevada . In 2008 , he was featured in the documentary The Jill & Tony Curtis Story about his efforts with his wife to rescue horses from slaughterhouses . In October 2008 , Curtiss autobiography American Prince : A Memoir , was published . In it , he describes his encounters with other Hollywood legends of the time including Frank Sinatra and James Dean , as well as his hard-knock childhood and path to success . It was followed by the publication of his next book , The Making of Some Like it Hot : My Memories of Marilyn Monroe and the Classic American Movie ( 2009 ) . Curtis shared his memories of the making of the movie , in particular about Marilyn Monroe , whose antics and attitude on the set made everyone miserable . On May 22 , 2009 , Curtis apologized to the BBC radio audience after he used three profanities in a six-minute interview with BBC presenter William Crawley . The presenter also apologized to the audience for Curtiss Hollywood realism . Curtis explained that he thought the interview was being taped , when it was in fact live . Later years and death . Curtis was a lifelong Democrat and attended the 1960 Democratic National Convention alongside such liberal performers as Edward G . Robinson , Shelley Winters , Ralph Bellamy , and Lee Marvin . During the 1971 filming of The Persuaders! , Curtis developed a reputation among his costars and crew as a frequent marijuana smoker . Curtis developed a heavy cocaine addiction in 1974 while filming Lepke , at a time when his stardom had declined considerably and he was being offered few film roles . In 1984 , Curtis was rushed to the hospital suffering from advanced cirrhosis as a result of his alcoholism and cocaine addiction . He then entered the Betty Ford Clinic and vowed to overcome his various illnesses . He underwent heart bypass surgery in 1994 , after suffering a heart attack . On July 8 , 2010 , Curtis , who suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) , was hospitalized in Las Vegas after suffering an asthma attack during a book-signing engagement in Henderson , Nevada , where he lived . Curtis died at his Henderson home on September 29 , 2010 , of cardiac arrest . A few days beforehand he had met photographer Andy Gotts for a photo-shoot at his home , saying : Im not in a good way at the moment but can I ask you one thing ? Can you make me look like an icon just one more time ? He left behind five children and seven grandchildren . His widow Jill told the press that Curtis had suffered from various lung problems for years as a result of cigarette smoking , although he had quit smoking about 30 years earlier . In fact , during the 1960s Curtis served as the president of the American I Quit Smoking Club . In a release to the Associated Press , his daughter , actress Jamie Lee Curtis , stated : My father leaves behind a legacy of great performances in movies and in his paintings and assemblages . He leaves behind children and their families who loved him and respected him and a wife and in-laws who were devoted to him . He also leaves behind fans all over the world . He will be greatly missed . His remains were interred at Palm Memorial Park Cemetery in Henderson , Nevada , on October 4 , 2010 . The service was attended by daughters Kelly Curtis and Jamie Lee Curtis ; Arnold Schwarzenegger ; Rich Little ; and Vera Goulet , Robert Goulets widow . Investor Kirk Kerkorian , actor Kirk Douglas , and singer Phyllis McGuire were among the honorary pallbearers . Five months before his death he rewrote his will , naming all his children and intentionally disinheriting them with no explanation , then leaving his entire estate to his wife . Filmography . Box office ranking . For a number of years Curtis was voted by exhibitors in an annual poll from Quigley Publishing as among the top stars in the United States : - 1954—23rd - 1959—18th - 1960—6th - 1961—9th - 1962—18th Further reading . - The book includes Tony Curtiss prose , poetry , and artwork . - Wise , James . Stars in Blue : Movie Actors in Americas Sea Services . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press , 1997 . External links . - Tonycurtis.com - Remembering Tony Curtis Bronx News , 2012 - Biography and naval service from the California Center for Military History website - Alison Jackson , Some tormented Hollywood souls still like their gossip hot , Profile : Tony Curtis , Sunday Times , 20 April 2008 - Documentary film , The Jill & Tony Curtis Story - Photographs and literature - Tony Curtis : Life and Times – slideshow by Life magazine - The Telegraph obituary - Interview by Michael Hainey for GQ Magazine |
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] | easy | Tim Ream played for which team from 2008 to 2009? | /wiki/Tim_Ream#P54#0 | Tim Ream Timothy Michael Ream ( born October 5 , 1987 ) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a center back for club Fulham and the United States national team . Career . Youth and college . Born in St . Louis , Missouri , Ream was a 2005 NSCAA All-Midwest Region selection with his high school , St . Dominic , and after finishing his career with 15 goals and a school-record 39 assists , was tabbed All-State , All-Conference and Class 2 Defensive Player of the Year in both 2004 and 2005 , was a St . Louis Post-Dispatch All-Metro selection and garnered Archdiocesan Athletic Association Player of the Year honors following senior season . He helped lead St . Dominic to the 2004 Missouri Class 2 state title . Ream also played with academy club St . Louis Scott Gallagher , winning national championships in 2003 and 2004 . Ream attended Saint Louis University where he was a regular figure as a defender for the Saint Louis Billikens , earning NSCAA first-team All-Region and second-team All-Conference honors . During his college years Ream also played for Chicago Fire Premier in the USL Premier Development League . New York Red Bulls . Ream was drafted in the second round ( 18th overall ) of the 2010 MLS SuperDraft by New York Red Bulls . His play during pre-season impressed many observers , including new coach Hans Backe who was pleased with his distribution and tactical awareness . On March 20 , 2010 , Ream started and played the full 90 minutes for Red Bulls in a 3–1 victory against Santos FC , which was the first match played at the new Red Bull Arena . He made his professional debut on March 27 , 2010 , playing the full 90 in New Yorks opening game of the 2010 MLS season against Chicago Fire that ended in a 1–0 victory for New York . On September 11 , 2010 , he scored his first professional goal ( and MLS goal ) against the Colorado Rapids in a 3–1 win for New York Red Bulls . Ream ended his first professional season starting all 30 matches for New York and helped New York capture its second regular season Eastern Conference title . Upon the conclusion of the 2010 season , he was named the teams Defender of the Year , and he was one of three listed candidates for MLS Rookie of the Year . During Reams second season in New York , he played and started in 28 of 34 matches during the regular season ; he missed 6 matches largely due to international call-ups during the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup . In December 2011 , during the MLS off-season , Ream spent a short time training with both West Bromwich Albion and Bolton Wanderers with permission from the Red Bulls to maintain his fitness during the winter break . At the beginning of January 2012 , Bolton made a transfer offer of £2.5m for him . The bid was accepted and after personal terms were agreed he received a work permit on January 24 . Bolton Wanderers . Bolton completed the signing of Ream on January 26 , 2012 , on a three-and-a-half-year contract . He canceled his honeymoon so that he could sign for Bolton . He was given the number 32 shirt and made his debut for the club in Boltons 2–0 FA Cup win at Millwall on February 18 . He made his Premier League debut the following weekend in Boltons 3–0 defeat at Chelsea . On March 10 , 2012 , he assisted Darren Pratleys opening goal in a 2–1 win over Queens Park Rangers . He went on to appear ten games straight towards the end of the season , but was unable to help the club survive relegation in the Premier League . For the start of the 2012–13 season , Ream was given the number 5 shirt , previously worn by Gary Cahill . He was given his first start of the 2012–13 season in a 2–0 loss against Burnley . However , he was sidelined from the first team , due to losing his starting place and was relegated to the substitutes bench . Despite this , Ream went on to make fifteen appearances . Ahead of the 2013–14 season , Ream was linked with a move to Middlesbrough , a move that was denied by the club and Ream . After appearing the first three matches as an unused substitute , he started as defensive midfielder for four matches in September . In early February 2014 , he was forced to wear a protective mask in Wanderers games after a collision with Queens Park Rangers striker Charlie Austin . Throughout the 2013–14 season , Ream played at left back and center back , where he established his partnership with Matt Mills and redeemed himself in the first team making 42 appearances . At the end of that season , he was voted the fans player of the year and the clubs player of the year . Ahead of the 2014–15 season , on July 6 , 2014 , Ream signed a new three-year contract with Bolton that lasts until the summer of 2017 . Over the course of the season , he made a total of 44 appearances , missing two matches , one as an unused substitute against Derby County on September 27 , 2014 and one through injury . For the second season in a row , he was named as Boltons player of the year . Ahead of the 2015–16 season , Ream was linked with a move to Championship rivals Queens Park Rangers , who made a bid for him . However , the bid was rejected . Fulham . On August 20 , 2015 , Ream was sold to Fulham , with whom he signed a four-year contract . The move was undisclosed fee and has an option to extend his stay by a further year . He made his Fulham debut on August 29 , 2015 , in a 3–1 win over Rotherham United , playing 90 minutes . He made 29 appearances for the club in his first season , partly due to international commitment and injuries . After initially playing as a center back , he was used at left back towards the end of the season , following the departure of James Husband . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 loss against Queens Park Rangers on October 1 , 2016 . International career . On November 11 , 2010 , Ream was called up to the United States mens national soccer team for the first time as part of an 18-man roster for a match against South Africa on November 17 in Cape Town . He made his international debut against South Africa on November 17 , 2010 . He started the match and played until the 67th minute before being replaced by Nat Borchers . The U.S . won 1–0 with the lone goal coming from fellow Red Bull teammate Juan Agudelo . On January 22 , 2011 , he earned his second international cap against Chile in a 1–1 draw . He played all 90 minutes at center back . Ream started in their first game of the 2011 Gold Cup , a 2–0 win over Canada . He also started the second match against Panama , which the U.S . lost 2–1 for their first ever loss in Gold Cup group play . In the 34th minute , he committed a foul on Blas Pérez resulting in a penalty kick for Panama . The penalty was converted by Gabriel Gómez and became the match-winner . In the next match , against Guadeloupe , he was replaced by Eric Lichaj and did not play in the final four matches of the 2011 Gold Cup . After a two-year absence , Ream was again called into the U.S . national team in 2013 appearing as an unused substitute against Bosnia and Herzegovina on August 14 , 2013 . On September 3 , 2014 , he played his first international match in three years , playing 45 minutes in a 1–0 win over Czech Republic . Ream also was called up for the 2015 Gold Cup where he played all 90 minutes against the Haiti national team and helped preserve a 1–0 clean sheet . He scored his first international goal on May 22 , 2016 , in a friendly against Puerto Rico at the Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium in Bayamón , Puerto Rico . Personal life . In January 2012 , Ream married his childhood sweetheart Kristen Sapienza , who is also a soccer player . Twenty-four hours after getting married Ream canceled his honeymoon planned in Tahiti to undergo a move to Bolton Wanderers . Ream later stated in The Bolton News interview that he still made a right choice in canceling his honeymoon . Career statistics . Club . Sources : - For English clubs : - For Major League Soccer , MLS Cup : - For U.S . Open Cup : Honors . Fulham - EFL Championship play-offs : 2018 , 2020 Individual - Bolton Wanderers Player of the Year : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Fulham Player of the Year : 2017–18 |
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"New York Red Bulls"
] | easy | Which team did Tim Ream play for from 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/Tim_Ream#P54#1 | Tim Ream Timothy Michael Ream ( born October 5 , 1987 ) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a center back for club Fulham and the United States national team . Career . Youth and college . Born in St . Louis , Missouri , Ream was a 2005 NSCAA All-Midwest Region selection with his high school , St . Dominic , and after finishing his career with 15 goals and a school-record 39 assists , was tabbed All-State , All-Conference and Class 2 Defensive Player of the Year in both 2004 and 2005 , was a St . Louis Post-Dispatch All-Metro selection and garnered Archdiocesan Athletic Association Player of the Year honors following senior season . He helped lead St . Dominic to the 2004 Missouri Class 2 state title . Ream also played with academy club St . Louis Scott Gallagher , winning national championships in 2003 and 2004 . Ream attended Saint Louis University where he was a regular figure as a defender for the Saint Louis Billikens , earning NSCAA first-team All-Region and second-team All-Conference honors . During his college years Ream also played for Chicago Fire Premier in the USL Premier Development League . New York Red Bulls . Ream was drafted in the second round ( 18th overall ) of the 2010 MLS SuperDraft by New York Red Bulls . His play during pre-season impressed many observers , including new coach Hans Backe who was pleased with his distribution and tactical awareness . On March 20 , 2010 , Ream started and played the full 90 minutes for Red Bulls in a 3–1 victory against Santos FC , which was the first match played at the new Red Bull Arena . He made his professional debut on March 27 , 2010 , playing the full 90 in New Yorks opening game of the 2010 MLS season against Chicago Fire that ended in a 1–0 victory for New York . On September 11 , 2010 , he scored his first professional goal ( and MLS goal ) against the Colorado Rapids in a 3–1 win for New York Red Bulls . Ream ended his first professional season starting all 30 matches for New York and helped New York capture its second regular season Eastern Conference title . Upon the conclusion of the 2010 season , he was named the teams Defender of the Year , and he was one of three listed candidates for MLS Rookie of the Year . During Reams second season in New York , he played and started in 28 of 34 matches during the regular season ; he missed 6 matches largely due to international call-ups during the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup . In December 2011 , during the MLS off-season , Ream spent a short time training with both West Bromwich Albion and Bolton Wanderers with permission from the Red Bulls to maintain his fitness during the winter break . At the beginning of January 2012 , Bolton made a transfer offer of £2.5m for him . The bid was accepted and after personal terms were agreed he received a work permit on January 24 . Bolton Wanderers . Bolton completed the signing of Ream on January 26 , 2012 , on a three-and-a-half-year contract . He canceled his honeymoon so that he could sign for Bolton . He was given the number 32 shirt and made his debut for the club in Boltons 2–0 FA Cup win at Millwall on February 18 . He made his Premier League debut the following weekend in Boltons 3–0 defeat at Chelsea . On March 10 , 2012 , he assisted Darren Pratleys opening goal in a 2–1 win over Queens Park Rangers . He went on to appear ten games straight towards the end of the season , but was unable to help the club survive relegation in the Premier League . For the start of the 2012–13 season , Ream was given the number 5 shirt , previously worn by Gary Cahill . He was given his first start of the 2012–13 season in a 2–0 loss against Burnley . However , he was sidelined from the first team , due to losing his starting place and was relegated to the substitutes bench . Despite this , Ream went on to make fifteen appearances . Ahead of the 2013–14 season , Ream was linked with a move to Middlesbrough , a move that was denied by the club and Ream . After appearing the first three matches as an unused substitute , he started as defensive midfielder for four matches in September . In early February 2014 , he was forced to wear a protective mask in Wanderers games after a collision with Queens Park Rangers striker Charlie Austin . Throughout the 2013–14 season , Ream played at left back and center back , where he established his partnership with Matt Mills and redeemed himself in the first team making 42 appearances . At the end of that season , he was voted the fans player of the year and the clubs player of the year . Ahead of the 2014–15 season , on July 6 , 2014 , Ream signed a new three-year contract with Bolton that lasts until the summer of 2017 . Over the course of the season , he made a total of 44 appearances , missing two matches , one as an unused substitute against Derby County on September 27 , 2014 and one through injury . For the second season in a row , he was named as Boltons player of the year . Ahead of the 2015–16 season , Ream was linked with a move to Championship rivals Queens Park Rangers , who made a bid for him . However , the bid was rejected . Fulham . On August 20 , 2015 , Ream was sold to Fulham , with whom he signed a four-year contract . The move was undisclosed fee and has an option to extend his stay by a further year . He made his Fulham debut on August 29 , 2015 , in a 3–1 win over Rotherham United , playing 90 minutes . He made 29 appearances for the club in his first season , partly due to international commitment and injuries . After initially playing as a center back , he was used at left back towards the end of the season , following the departure of James Husband . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 loss against Queens Park Rangers on October 1 , 2016 . International career . On November 11 , 2010 , Ream was called up to the United States mens national soccer team for the first time as part of an 18-man roster for a match against South Africa on November 17 in Cape Town . He made his international debut against South Africa on November 17 , 2010 . He started the match and played until the 67th minute before being replaced by Nat Borchers . The U.S . won 1–0 with the lone goal coming from fellow Red Bull teammate Juan Agudelo . On January 22 , 2011 , he earned his second international cap against Chile in a 1–1 draw . He played all 90 minutes at center back . Ream started in their first game of the 2011 Gold Cup , a 2–0 win over Canada . He also started the second match against Panama , which the U.S . lost 2–1 for their first ever loss in Gold Cup group play . In the 34th minute , he committed a foul on Blas Pérez resulting in a penalty kick for Panama . The penalty was converted by Gabriel Gómez and became the match-winner . In the next match , against Guadeloupe , he was replaced by Eric Lichaj and did not play in the final four matches of the 2011 Gold Cup . After a two-year absence , Ream was again called into the U.S . national team in 2013 appearing as an unused substitute against Bosnia and Herzegovina on August 14 , 2013 . On September 3 , 2014 , he played his first international match in three years , playing 45 minutes in a 1–0 win over Czech Republic . Ream also was called up for the 2015 Gold Cup where he played all 90 minutes against the Haiti national team and helped preserve a 1–0 clean sheet . He scored his first international goal on May 22 , 2016 , in a friendly against Puerto Rico at the Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium in Bayamón , Puerto Rico . Personal life . In January 2012 , Ream married his childhood sweetheart Kristen Sapienza , who is also a soccer player . Twenty-four hours after getting married Ream canceled his honeymoon planned in Tahiti to undergo a move to Bolton Wanderers . Ream later stated in The Bolton News interview that he still made a right choice in canceling his honeymoon . Career statistics . Club . Sources : - For English clubs : - For Major League Soccer , MLS Cup : - For U.S . Open Cup : Honors . Fulham - EFL Championship play-offs : 2018 , 2020 Individual - Bolton Wanderers Player of the Year : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Fulham Player of the Year : 2017–18 |
[
"Bolton Wanderers"
] | easy | Tim Ream played for which team from 2011 to 2015? | /wiki/Tim_Ream#P54#2 | Tim Ream Timothy Michael Ream ( born October 5 , 1987 ) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a center back for club Fulham and the United States national team . Career . Youth and college . Born in St . Louis , Missouri , Ream was a 2005 NSCAA All-Midwest Region selection with his high school , St . Dominic , and after finishing his career with 15 goals and a school-record 39 assists , was tabbed All-State , All-Conference and Class 2 Defensive Player of the Year in both 2004 and 2005 , was a St . Louis Post-Dispatch All-Metro selection and garnered Archdiocesan Athletic Association Player of the Year honors following senior season . He helped lead St . Dominic to the 2004 Missouri Class 2 state title . Ream also played with academy club St . Louis Scott Gallagher , winning national championships in 2003 and 2004 . Ream attended Saint Louis University where he was a regular figure as a defender for the Saint Louis Billikens , earning NSCAA first-team All-Region and second-team All-Conference honors . During his college years Ream also played for Chicago Fire Premier in the USL Premier Development League . New York Red Bulls . Ream was drafted in the second round ( 18th overall ) of the 2010 MLS SuperDraft by New York Red Bulls . His play during pre-season impressed many observers , including new coach Hans Backe who was pleased with his distribution and tactical awareness . On March 20 , 2010 , Ream started and played the full 90 minutes for Red Bulls in a 3–1 victory against Santos FC , which was the first match played at the new Red Bull Arena . He made his professional debut on March 27 , 2010 , playing the full 90 in New Yorks opening game of the 2010 MLS season against Chicago Fire that ended in a 1–0 victory for New York . On September 11 , 2010 , he scored his first professional goal ( and MLS goal ) against the Colorado Rapids in a 3–1 win for New York Red Bulls . Ream ended his first professional season starting all 30 matches for New York and helped New York capture its second regular season Eastern Conference title . Upon the conclusion of the 2010 season , he was named the teams Defender of the Year , and he was one of three listed candidates for MLS Rookie of the Year . During Reams second season in New York , he played and started in 28 of 34 matches during the regular season ; he missed 6 matches largely due to international call-ups during the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup . In December 2011 , during the MLS off-season , Ream spent a short time training with both West Bromwich Albion and Bolton Wanderers with permission from the Red Bulls to maintain his fitness during the winter break . At the beginning of January 2012 , Bolton made a transfer offer of £2.5m for him . The bid was accepted and after personal terms were agreed he received a work permit on January 24 . Bolton Wanderers . Bolton completed the signing of Ream on January 26 , 2012 , on a three-and-a-half-year contract . He canceled his honeymoon so that he could sign for Bolton . He was given the number 32 shirt and made his debut for the club in Boltons 2–0 FA Cup win at Millwall on February 18 . He made his Premier League debut the following weekend in Boltons 3–0 defeat at Chelsea . On March 10 , 2012 , he assisted Darren Pratleys opening goal in a 2–1 win over Queens Park Rangers . He went on to appear ten games straight towards the end of the season , but was unable to help the club survive relegation in the Premier League . For the start of the 2012–13 season , Ream was given the number 5 shirt , previously worn by Gary Cahill . He was given his first start of the 2012–13 season in a 2–0 loss against Burnley . However , he was sidelined from the first team , due to losing his starting place and was relegated to the substitutes bench . Despite this , Ream went on to make fifteen appearances . Ahead of the 2013–14 season , Ream was linked with a move to Middlesbrough , a move that was denied by the club and Ream . After appearing the first three matches as an unused substitute , he started as defensive midfielder for four matches in September . In early February 2014 , he was forced to wear a protective mask in Wanderers games after a collision with Queens Park Rangers striker Charlie Austin . Throughout the 2013–14 season , Ream played at left back and center back , where he established his partnership with Matt Mills and redeemed himself in the first team making 42 appearances . At the end of that season , he was voted the fans player of the year and the clubs player of the year . Ahead of the 2014–15 season , on July 6 , 2014 , Ream signed a new three-year contract with Bolton that lasts until the summer of 2017 . Over the course of the season , he made a total of 44 appearances , missing two matches , one as an unused substitute against Derby County on September 27 , 2014 and one through injury . For the second season in a row , he was named as Boltons player of the year . Ahead of the 2015–16 season , Ream was linked with a move to Championship rivals Queens Park Rangers , who made a bid for him . However , the bid was rejected . Fulham . On August 20 , 2015 , Ream was sold to Fulham , with whom he signed a four-year contract . The move was undisclosed fee and has an option to extend his stay by a further year . He made his Fulham debut on August 29 , 2015 , in a 3–1 win over Rotherham United , playing 90 minutes . He made 29 appearances for the club in his first season , partly due to international commitment and injuries . After initially playing as a center back , he was used at left back towards the end of the season , following the departure of James Husband . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 loss against Queens Park Rangers on October 1 , 2016 . International career . On November 11 , 2010 , Ream was called up to the United States mens national soccer team for the first time as part of an 18-man roster for a match against South Africa on November 17 in Cape Town . He made his international debut against South Africa on November 17 , 2010 . He started the match and played until the 67th minute before being replaced by Nat Borchers . The U.S . won 1–0 with the lone goal coming from fellow Red Bull teammate Juan Agudelo . On January 22 , 2011 , he earned his second international cap against Chile in a 1–1 draw . He played all 90 minutes at center back . Ream started in their first game of the 2011 Gold Cup , a 2–0 win over Canada . He also started the second match against Panama , which the U.S . lost 2–1 for their first ever loss in Gold Cup group play . In the 34th minute , he committed a foul on Blas Pérez resulting in a penalty kick for Panama . The penalty was converted by Gabriel Gómez and became the match-winner . In the next match , against Guadeloupe , he was replaced by Eric Lichaj and did not play in the final four matches of the 2011 Gold Cup . After a two-year absence , Ream was again called into the U.S . national team in 2013 appearing as an unused substitute against Bosnia and Herzegovina on August 14 , 2013 . On September 3 , 2014 , he played his first international match in three years , playing 45 minutes in a 1–0 win over Czech Republic . Ream also was called up for the 2015 Gold Cup where he played all 90 minutes against the Haiti national team and helped preserve a 1–0 clean sheet . He scored his first international goal on May 22 , 2016 , in a friendly against Puerto Rico at the Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium in Bayamón , Puerto Rico . Personal life . In January 2012 , Ream married his childhood sweetheart Kristen Sapienza , who is also a soccer player . Twenty-four hours after getting married Ream canceled his honeymoon planned in Tahiti to undergo a move to Bolton Wanderers . Ream later stated in The Bolton News interview that he still made a right choice in canceling his honeymoon . Career statistics . Club . Sources : - For English clubs : - For Major League Soccer , MLS Cup : - For U.S . Open Cup : Honors . Fulham - EFL Championship play-offs : 2018 , 2020 Individual - Bolton Wanderers Player of the Year : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Fulham Player of the Year : 2017–18 |
[
"U.S . national team"
] | easy | Which team did the player Tim Ream belong to from 2015 to 2016? | /wiki/Tim_Ream#P54#3 | Tim Ream Timothy Michael Ream ( born October 5 , 1987 ) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a center back for club Fulham and the United States national team . Career . Youth and college . Born in St . Louis , Missouri , Ream was a 2005 NSCAA All-Midwest Region selection with his high school , St . Dominic , and after finishing his career with 15 goals and a school-record 39 assists , was tabbed All-State , All-Conference and Class 2 Defensive Player of the Year in both 2004 and 2005 , was a St . Louis Post-Dispatch All-Metro selection and garnered Archdiocesan Athletic Association Player of the Year honors following senior season . He helped lead St . Dominic to the 2004 Missouri Class 2 state title . Ream also played with academy club St . Louis Scott Gallagher , winning national championships in 2003 and 2004 . Ream attended Saint Louis University where he was a regular figure as a defender for the Saint Louis Billikens , earning NSCAA first-team All-Region and second-team All-Conference honors . During his college years Ream also played for Chicago Fire Premier in the USL Premier Development League . New York Red Bulls . Ream was drafted in the second round ( 18th overall ) of the 2010 MLS SuperDraft by New York Red Bulls . His play during pre-season impressed many observers , including new coach Hans Backe who was pleased with his distribution and tactical awareness . On March 20 , 2010 , Ream started and played the full 90 minutes for Red Bulls in a 3–1 victory against Santos FC , which was the first match played at the new Red Bull Arena . He made his professional debut on March 27 , 2010 , playing the full 90 in New Yorks opening game of the 2010 MLS season against Chicago Fire that ended in a 1–0 victory for New York . On September 11 , 2010 , he scored his first professional goal ( and MLS goal ) against the Colorado Rapids in a 3–1 win for New York Red Bulls . Ream ended his first professional season starting all 30 matches for New York and helped New York capture its second regular season Eastern Conference title . Upon the conclusion of the 2010 season , he was named the teams Defender of the Year , and he was one of three listed candidates for MLS Rookie of the Year . During Reams second season in New York , he played and started in 28 of 34 matches during the regular season ; he missed 6 matches largely due to international call-ups during the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup . In December 2011 , during the MLS off-season , Ream spent a short time training with both West Bromwich Albion and Bolton Wanderers with permission from the Red Bulls to maintain his fitness during the winter break . At the beginning of January 2012 , Bolton made a transfer offer of £2.5m for him . The bid was accepted and after personal terms were agreed he received a work permit on January 24 . Bolton Wanderers . Bolton completed the signing of Ream on January 26 , 2012 , on a three-and-a-half-year contract . He canceled his honeymoon so that he could sign for Bolton . He was given the number 32 shirt and made his debut for the club in Boltons 2–0 FA Cup win at Millwall on February 18 . He made his Premier League debut the following weekend in Boltons 3–0 defeat at Chelsea . On March 10 , 2012 , he assisted Darren Pratleys opening goal in a 2–1 win over Queens Park Rangers . He went on to appear ten games straight towards the end of the season , but was unable to help the club survive relegation in the Premier League . For the start of the 2012–13 season , Ream was given the number 5 shirt , previously worn by Gary Cahill . He was given his first start of the 2012–13 season in a 2–0 loss against Burnley . However , he was sidelined from the first team , due to losing his starting place and was relegated to the substitutes bench . Despite this , Ream went on to make fifteen appearances . Ahead of the 2013–14 season , Ream was linked with a move to Middlesbrough , a move that was denied by the club and Ream . After appearing the first three matches as an unused substitute , he started as defensive midfielder for four matches in September . In early February 2014 , he was forced to wear a protective mask in Wanderers games after a collision with Queens Park Rangers striker Charlie Austin . Throughout the 2013–14 season , Ream played at left back and center back , where he established his partnership with Matt Mills and redeemed himself in the first team making 42 appearances . At the end of that season , he was voted the fans player of the year and the clubs player of the year . Ahead of the 2014–15 season , on July 6 , 2014 , Ream signed a new three-year contract with Bolton that lasts until the summer of 2017 . Over the course of the season , he made a total of 44 appearances , missing two matches , one as an unused substitute against Derby County on September 27 , 2014 and one through injury . For the second season in a row , he was named as Boltons player of the year . Ahead of the 2015–16 season , Ream was linked with a move to Championship rivals Queens Park Rangers , who made a bid for him . However , the bid was rejected . Fulham . On August 20 , 2015 , Ream was sold to Fulham , with whom he signed a four-year contract . The move was undisclosed fee and has an option to extend his stay by a further year . He made his Fulham debut on August 29 , 2015 , in a 3–1 win over Rotherham United , playing 90 minutes . He made 29 appearances for the club in his first season , partly due to international commitment and injuries . After initially playing as a center back , he was used at left back towards the end of the season , following the departure of James Husband . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 loss against Queens Park Rangers on October 1 , 2016 . International career . On November 11 , 2010 , Ream was called up to the United States mens national soccer team for the first time as part of an 18-man roster for a match against South Africa on November 17 in Cape Town . He made his international debut against South Africa on November 17 , 2010 . He started the match and played until the 67th minute before being replaced by Nat Borchers . The U.S . won 1–0 with the lone goal coming from fellow Red Bull teammate Juan Agudelo . On January 22 , 2011 , he earned his second international cap against Chile in a 1–1 draw . He played all 90 minutes at center back . Ream started in their first game of the 2011 Gold Cup , a 2–0 win over Canada . He also started the second match against Panama , which the U.S . lost 2–1 for their first ever loss in Gold Cup group play . In the 34th minute , he committed a foul on Blas Pérez resulting in a penalty kick for Panama . The penalty was converted by Gabriel Gómez and became the match-winner . In the next match , against Guadeloupe , he was replaced by Eric Lichaj and did not play in the final four matches of the 2011 Gold Cup . After a two-year absence , Ream was again called into the U.S . national team in 2013 appearing as an unused substitute against Bosnia and Herzegovina on August 14 , 2013 . On September 3 , 2014 , he played his first international match in three years , playing 45 minutes in a 1–0 win over Czech Republic . Ream also was called up for the 2015 Gold Cup where he played all 90 minutes against the Haiti national team and helped preserve a 1–0 clean sheet . He scored his first international goal on May 22 , 2016 , in a friendly against Puerto Rico at the Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium in Bayamón , Puerto Rico . Personal life . In January 2012 , Ream married his childhood sweetheart Kristen Sapienza , who is also a soccer player . Twenty-four hours after getting married Ream canceled his honeymoon planned in Tahiti to undergo a move to Bolton Wanderers . Ream later stated in The Bolton News interview that he still made a right choice in canceling his honeymoon . Career statistics . Club . Sources : - For English clubs : - For Major League Soccer , MLS Cup : - For U.S . Open Cup : Honors . Fulham - EFL Championship play-offs : 2018 , 2020 Individual - Bolton Wanderers Player of the Year : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Fulham Player of the Year : 2017–18 |
[
""
] | easy | Kevin Ellison (footballer) played for which team from 1997 to 2001? | /wiki/Kevin_Ellison_(footballer)#P54#0 | Kevin Ellison ( footballer ) Kevin Ellison ( born 23 February 1979 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger for side Newport County . He has represented fourteen clubs during his career , making in excess of 550 appearances in the Football League ; including 350 games for Morecambe . Ellison also played once in the Premier League . During the 2019–20 season , Ellison briefly acted as a coach for Morecambe . Career . Born in Liverpool , Ellison started his career in non-league football , playing for Southport , Chorley , Conwy United and Altrincham . In February 2001 he joined Leicester City for a £50,000 fee . At Leicester he made his only appearance as a late substitute against Manchester United at Old Trafford . He later joined Stockport County . In 2004 , he was loaned out to Lincoln City . In August 2004 he was transferred to Chester City . Ellison signed for Hull City in January 2005 for a £100,000 fee . Despite a solid work rate he often struggled for form and was regularly in the shadow of Stuart Elliott , the Tigers most outstanding left winger of recent times . Ellison did score an individual goal away at Southampton in a 1–1 draw and was part of the 2004–05 team that gained promotion from the third tier to the Championship . In June 2006 , Hull accepted £100,000 for the player from Scunthorpe United , though Ellison refused the move . Instead he joined Tranmere Rovers for an undisclosed fee . In June 2007 he moved on to Chester City for £150,000 , signing a three-year contract . His first league game back at Chester was a goalless draw with Chesterfield on 11 August 2007 . In January 2008 Wrexham put in a five-figure offer for the player , though he did not make the move . Stockport County also attempted to win his signature , but were also unsuccessful . In the 2008–09 Football League Two campaign , Ellison scored a hat-trick for Chester in a 3–1 victory over Grimsby Town on 13 September 2008 . He scored 12 other league goals during the season , which still ended with the club being relegated from The Football League . On 11 August 2009 , he scored the winning goal as Rotherham upset Championship side Derby County 2–1 in the first round of the Football League Cup . In February 2011 , Ellison was loaned to Rotherhams fellow League Two side Bradford City , with Omar Daley moving in the opposite direction . He scored the only goal of a 1–0 win against Wycombe Wanderers in his Bradford debut . Ellison was released by Rotherham at the end of the 2010–2011 season . On 31 May 2011 , Ellison signed for Jim Bentleys Morecambe on a one-year contract . On 1 January 2012 , Ellison signed an extension to his Morecambe contract , which would keep him at the Globe Arena for a further 18 months . In June 2018 Ellison publicly talked about his struggles with depression , giving advice to fellow professionals . In November 2018 , a club-released YouTube video featuring Ellison challenging his online gaming speed stat gained notoriety when it was featured on the sports website Deadspin . He signed a new one-year contract with Morecambe in June 2019 . Following Jim Bentleys departure as manager on 28 October 2019 , Ellison assumed the role of caretaker player-manager , alongside Barry Roche . Ellisons only match in charge was the 1–0 home win against Leyton Orient in League Two on 2 November 2019 . Derek Adams was appointed Morecambe team manager on 7 November 2019 . In June 2020 , Ellison was released by Morecambe after 352 league appearances during nine years with the club . On 4 September 2020 , Ellison joined fellow League Two side Newport County on a one-year deal . For the 2020–21 season , Newport County appointed Ellison as their mental health ambassador . He made his debut for Newport on 6 October 2020 in the starting line up for the 5–0 EFL Trophy defeat against Norwich City Under 21s . His first goal for Newport was the 96th minute winner in a 1–0 League Two win against Port Vale on 21 November 2020 . When he came on as a substitute in the second leg of Newports play-off semi-final against Forest Green Rovers on 23 May 2021 , he became the oldest outfield player in play-off history . He scored a goal in the 70th minute , thus also becoming the oldest goal scorer in the play-offs . Ellison played for Newport in the League Two playoff final at Wembley Stadium on 31 May 2021 which Newport lost to Morecambe , 1-0 after a 107th minute penalty . External links . - Welsh Premier League stats |
[
"Stockport County"
] | easy | Which team did the player Kevin Ellison (footballer) belong to from 2001 to 2004? | /wiki/Kevin_Ellison_(footballer)#P54#1 | Kevin Ellison ( footballer ) Kevin Ellison ( born 23 February 1979 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger for side Newport County . He has represented fourteen clubs during his career , making in excess of 550 appearances in the Football League ; including 350 games for Morecambe . Ellison also played once in the Premier League . During the 2019–20 season , Ellison briefly acted as a coach for Morecambe . Career . Born in Liverpool , Ellison started his career in non-league football , playing for Southport , Chorley , Conwy United and Altrincham . In February 2001 he joined Leicester City for a £50,000 fee . At Leicester he made his only appearance as a late substitute against Manchester United at Old Trafford . He later joined Stockport County . In 2004 , he was loaned out to Lincoln City . In August 2004 he was transferred to Chester City . Ellison signed for Hull City in January 2005 for a £100,000 fee . Despite a solid work rate he often struggled for form and was regularly in the shadow of Stuart Elliott , the Tigers most outstanding left winger of recent times . Ellison did score an individual goal away at Southampton in a 1–1 draw and was part of the 2004–05 team that gained promotion from the third tier to the Championship . In June 2006 , Hull accepted £100,000 for the player from Scunthorpe United , though Ellison refused the move . Instead he joined Tranmere Rovers for an undisclosed fee . In June 2007 he moved on to Chester City for £150,000 , signing a three-year contract . His first league game back at Chester was a goalless draw with Chesterfield on 11 August 2007 . In January 2008 Wrexham put in a five-figure offer for the player , though he did not make the move . Stockport County also attempted to win his signature , but were also unsuccessful . In the 2008–09 Football League Two campaign , Ellison scored a hat-trick for Chester in a 3–1 victory over Grimsby Town on 13 September 2008 . He scored 12 other league goals during the season , which still ended with the club being relegated from The Football League . On 11 August 2009 , he scored the winning goal as Rotherham upset Championship side Derby County 2–1 in the first round of the Football League Cup . In February 2011 , Ellison was loaned to Rotherhams fellow League Two side Bradford City , with Omar Daley moving in the opposite direction . He scored the only goal of a 1–0 win against Wycombe Wanderers in his Bradford debut . Ellison was released by Rotherham at the end of the 2010–2011 season . On 31 May 2011 , Ellison signed for Jim Bentleys Morecambe on a one-year contract . On 1 January 2012 , Ellison signed an extension to his Morecambe contract , which would keep him at the Globe Arena for a further 18 months . In June 2018 Ellison publicly talked about his struggles with depression , giving advice to fellow professionals . In November 2018 , a club-released YouTube video featuring Ellison challenging his online gaming speed stat gained notoriety when it was featured on the sports website Deadspin . He signed a new one-year contract with Morecambe in June 2019 . Following Jim Bentleys departure as manager on 28 October 2019 , Ellison assumed the role of caretaker player-manager , alongside Barry Roche . Ellisons only match in charge was the 1–0 home win against Leyton Orient in League Two on 2 November 2019 . Derek Adams was appointed Morecambe team manager on 7 November 2019 . In June 2020 , Ellison was released by Morecambe after 352 league appearances during nine years with the club . On 4 September 2020 , Ellison joined fellow League Two side Newport County on a one-year deal . For the 2020–21 season , Newport County appointed Ellison as their mental health ambassador . He made his debut for Newport on 6 October 2020 in the starting line up for the 5–0 EFL Trophy defeat against Norwich City Under 21s . His first goal for Newport was the 96th minute winner in a 1–0 League Two win against Port Vale on 21 November 2020 . When he came on as a substitute in the second leg of Newports play-off semi-final against Forest Green Rovers on 23 May 2021 , he became the oldest outfield player in play-off history . He scored a goal in the 70th minute , thus also becoming the oldest goal scorer in the play-offs . Ellison played for Newport in the League Two playoff final at Wembley Stadium on 31 May 2021 which Newport lost to Morecambe , 1-0 after a 107th minute penalty . External links . - Welsh Premier League stats |
[
"Manchester"
] | easy | Which team did the player Kevin Ellison (footballer) belong to from 2004 to 2005? | /wiki/Kevin_Ellison_(footballer)#P54#2 | Kevin Ellison ( footballer ) Kevin Ellison ( born 23 February 1979 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger for side Newport County . He has represented fourteen clubs during his career , making in excess of 550 appearances in the Football League ; including 350 games for Morecambe . Ellison also played once in the Premier League . During the 2019–20 season , Ellison briefly acted as a coach for Morecambe . Career . Born in Liverpool , Ellison started his career in non-league football , playing for Southport , Chorley , Conwy United and Altrincham . In February 2001 he joined Leicester City for a £50,000 fee . At Leicester he made his only appearance as a late substitute against Manchester United at Old Trafford . He later joined Stockport County . In 2004 , he was loaned out to Lincoln City . In August 2004 he was transferred to Chester City . Ellison signed for Hull City in January 2005 for a £100,000 fee . Despite a solid work rate he often struggled for form and was regularly in the shadow of Stuart Elliott , the Tigers most outstanding left winger of recent times . Ellison did score an individual goal away at Southampton in a 1–1 draw and was part of the 2004–05 team that gained promotion from the third tier to the Championship . In June 2006 , Hull accepted £100,000 for the player from Scunthorpe United , though Ellison refused the move . Instead he joined Tranmere Rovers for an undisclosed fee . In June 2007 he moved on to Chester City for £150,000 , signing a three-year contract . His first league game back at Chester was a goalless draw with Chesterfield on 11 August 2007 . In January 2008 Wrexham put in a five-figure offer for the player , though he did not make the move . Stockport County also attempted to win his signature , but were also unsuccessful . In the 2008–09 Football League Two campaign , Ellison scored a hat-trick for Chester in a 3–1 victory over Grimsby Town on 13 September 2008 . He scored 12 other league goals during the season , which still ended with the club being relegated from The Football League . On 11 August 2009 , he scored the winning goal as Rotherham upset Championship side Derby County 2–1 in the first round of the Football League Cup . In February 2011 , Ellison was loaned to Rotherhams fellow League Two side Bradford City , with Omar Daley moving in the opposite direction . He scored the only goal of a 1–0 win against Wycombe Wanderers in his Bradford debut . Ellison was released by Rotherham at the end of the 2010–2011 season . On 31 May 2011 , Ellison signed for Jim Bentleys Morecambe on a one-year contract . On 1 January 2012 , Ellison signed an extension to his Morecambe contract , which would keep him at the Globe Arena for a further 18 months . In June 2018 Ellison publicly talked about his struggles with depression , giving advice to fellow professionals . In November 2018 , a club-released YouTube video featuring Ellison challenging his online gaming speed stat gained notoriety when it was featured on the sports website Deadspin . He signed a new one-year contract with Morecambe in June 2019 . Following Jim Bentleys departure as manager on 28 October 2019 , Ellison assumed the role of caretaker player-manager , alongside Barry Roche . Ellisons only match in charge was the 1–0 home win against Leyton Orient in League Two on 2 November 2019 . Derek Adams was appointed Morecambe team manager on 7 November 2019 . In June 2020 , Ellison was released by Morecambe after 352 league appearances during nine years with the club . On 4 September 2020 , Ellison joined fellow League Two side Newport County on a one-year deal . For the 2020–21 season , Newport County appointed Ellison as their mental health ambassador . He made his debut for Newport on 6 October 2020 in the starting line up for the 5–0 EFL Trophy defeat against Norwich City Under 21s . His first goal for Newport was the 96th minute winner in a 1–0 League Two win against Port Vale on 21 November 2020 . When he came on as a substitute in the second leg of Newports play-off semi-final against Forest Green Rovers on 23 May 2021 , he became the oldest outfield player in play-off history . He scored a goal in the 70th minute , thus also becoming the oldest goal scorer in the play-offs . Ellison played for Newport in the League Two playoff final at Wembley Stadium on 31 May 2021 which Newport lost to Morecambe , 1-0 after a 107th minute penalty . External links . - Welsh Premier League stats |
Subsets and Splits