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[
""
] | easy | Emir Spahić played for which team from 1998 to 2001? | /wiki/Emir_Spahić#P54#0 | Emir Spahić Emir Spahić ( ; born 18 August 1980 ) is a Bosnian former professional footballer who played as a centre back . During his club career , he represented teams in his homeland , Croatia , Russia , France , Spain and Germany . A full international from 2003 to 2018 , he has earned a total of 94 caps , scoring 6 goalsand was the captain of the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team from 2008 until the end of the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Club career . Over the course of his career , Spahić played for Zagreb , Shinnik Yaroslavl , Lokomotiv Moscow and Anzhi Makhachkala . He played for Zagreb and Leverkusen in the Champions League and with Montpellier , Sevilla and Lokomotiv in the Europa League . Montpellier . On 24 June 2009 , Spahić announced that he would join newly promoted Montpellier for the 2009–10 Ligue 1 season . On his league debut against Paris Saint-Germain , he scored a header in the 94th minute for a 1–1 draw , earning his side a point . Sevilla . On 4 July 2011 , Spahić agreed a transfer with Spanish side Sevilla for €2 million until July 2014 . His national teammate Miroslav Stevanović also transferred to Sevilla in January 2013 and upon his arrival at San Pablo International Airport , he was received by Spahić . Spahić scored his first goal for Sevilla on 5 January 2013 in a 1–0 victory against Osasuna . Anzhi Makhachkala . On 26 February 2013 , Spahić left Sevilla on loan to Anzhi Makhachkala of the Russian Premier League . He scored his first goal for the club on 14 April 2013 against Volga Nizhny Novgorod . Bayer Leverkusen . On 28 June 2013 , Spahić was signed by Bayer Leverkusen of the German Bundesliga on a two-year contract . He conceded a penalty and was later sent off in a Champions League last-16 first-leg game on 18 February 2014 , as Paris Saint-Germain beat Leverkusen 4–0 . On 20 April , he scored his first two goals for the club in a 4–1 league victory against 1 . FC Nürnberg . On 30 August 2014 , 34-year-old Spahić headed in a goal from a free kick to level the score at 2–2 in a game that finished 4–2 for Leverkusen against Hertha BSC , thus ensuring his teams unbeaten start to the season . Spahić was sent off for two yellow cards in a 4–5 home defeat against VfL Wolfsburg on 14 February 2015 ; having been 1–4 down , the score was level at his time of dismissal . On 30 March 2015 , Spahić was named the best defender in Europe ( in front of Martín Demichelis of Manchester City , Mats Hummels of Borussia Dortmund , Chris Smalling of Manchester United and Thiago Silva of PSG ) by International Centre for Sports Studies ( CIES ) . Spahić had his contract terminated on 12 April for headbutting a member of clubs security personnel reportedly after they refused to allow his friends entry inside the dressing room area . Hamburger SV . On 5 July 2015 , fellow Bundesliga team Hamburger SV confirmed Spahić as the teams newest player , signing a one-year contract lasting until June 2016 . He credited the move to his compatriot , former Hamburg player Sergej Barbarez , and expressed gratefulness at being given a second chance after his expulsion from Leverkusen . He was released by the club on 3 January 2017 . International career . On 7 June 2003 , Spahić made his debut as a substitute against Romania at Stadionul Ion Oblemenco in Craiova . On 28 February 2006 , he scored his first international goal , in a friendly game against Japan , played in Dortmund . Ever since his debut , he was an important member of the national team and served as their captain for a number of years . He headed a ball into the box and assisted Ermin Bičakčić who scored a crucial equalizer versus Slovakia in Žilina during the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . Bosnia and Herzegovina came back from one goal down in that game to win 2–1 and stay top of their qualifying group for ahead of Greece . Spahić retired from international football on 7 August 2014 . After his retirement , Bosnia lost their first game of Euro 2016 qualifiers versus Cyprus ( ranked 121 places behind Bosnia in FIFA Ranking for August 2014 ) without Spahić , which resulted in manager Safet Sušić calling him back from retirement on 22 September for the games that followed against Wales and Belgium . At the time , Bosnias key defenders were either injured or lacked competitive matches for their clubs , which prompted in Spahićs call-up to the national side . Due to injury , he missed those two games and later returned to international stage against Israel on 16 November where he played the full game , his first since playing against Iran at the 2014 FIFA World Cup . On 29 May 2016 , he scored in a 3–1 friendly loss to Spain in St . Gallen , Switzerland , and was sent off before half time for an altercation with Cesc Fàbregas . Personal life . Spahić is a Muslim . His father is from Sandžak , and his mother is from Gacko . They met when they were both working in Dubrovnik . Emir has two brothers , the older being Nermin and younger one Alen , who is also a football player . Spahić is a first cousin of fellow national team player Edin Džeko . Spahić is a fan of tennis , and has followed live matches in Dubai , Barcelona , Montpellier and Paris . He is enrolled at the University of Sarajevo , majoring in sport and physical education . Aside from his native Bosnian , Spahić speaks English , Spanish , French , German and Russian to varying degrees of fluency . On 30 August 2019 , Spahić was involved in a car accident , when his SUV rolled over on the road , sustaining multiple , but not life-threatening injuries . Honours . Zagreb - 1 . HNL : 2001–02 Lokomotiv Moscow - Russian Cup : 2006–07 |
[
"Bosnia and Herzegovina"
] | easy | Which team did the player Emir Spahić belong to from 2001 to 2009? | /wiki/Emir_Spahić#P54#1 | Emir Spahić Emir Spahić ( ; born 18 August 1980 ) is a Bosnian former professional footballer who played as a centre back . During his club career , he represented teams in his homeland , Croatia , Russia , France , Spain and Germany . A full international from 2003 to 2018 , he has earned a total of 94 caps , scoring 6 goalsand was the captain of the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team from 2008 until the end of the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Club career . Over the course of his career , Spahić played for Zagreb , Shinnik Yaroslavl , Lokomotiv Moscow and Anzhi Makhachkala . He played for Zagreb and Leverkusen in the Champions League and with Montpellier , Sevilla and Lokomotiv in the Europa League . Montpellier . On 24 June 2009 , Spahić announced that he would join newly promoted Montpellier for the 2009–10 Ligue 1 season . On his league debut against Paris Saint-Germain , he scored a header in the 94th minute for a 1–1 draw , earning his side a point . Sevilla . On 4 July 2011 , Spahić agreed a transfer with Spanish side Sevilla for €2 million until July 2014 . His national teammate Miroslav Stevanović also transferred to Sevilla in January 2013 and upon his arrival at San Pablo International Airport , he was received by Spahić . Spahić scored his first goal for Sevilla on 5 January 2013 in a 1–0 victory against Osasuna . Anzhi Makhachkala . On 26 February 2013 , Spahić left Sevilla on loan to Anzhi Makhachkala of the Russian Premier League . He scored his first goal for the club on 14 April 2013 against Volga Nizhny Novgorod . Bayer Leverkusen . On 28 June 2013 , Spahić was signed by Bayer Leverkusen of the German Bundesliga on a two-year contract . He conceded a penalty and was later sent off in a Champions League last-16 first-leg game on 18 February 2014 , as Paris Saint-Germain beat Leverkusen 4–0 . On 20 April , he scored his first two goals for the club in a 4–1 league victory against 1 . FC Nürnberg . On 30 August 2014 , 34-year-old Spahić headed in a goal from a free kick to level the score at 2–2 in a game that finished 4–2 for Leverkusen against Hertha BSC , thus ensuring his teams unbeaten start to the season . Spahić was sent off for two yellow cards in a 4–5 home defeat against VfL Wolfsburg on 14 February 2015 ; having been 1–4 down , the score was level at his time of dismissal . On 30 March 2015 , Spahić was named the best defender in Europe ( in front of Martín Demichelis of Manchester City , Mats Hummels of Borussia Dortmund , Chris Smalling of Manchester United and Thiago Silva of PSG ) by International Centre for Sports Studies ( CIES ) . Spahić had his contract terminated on 12 April for headbutting a member of clubs security personnel reportedly after they refused to allow his friends entry inside the dressing room area . Hamburger SV . On 5 July 2015 , fellow Bundesliga team Hamburger SV confirmed Spahić as the teams newest player , signing a one-year contract lasting until June 2016 . He credited the move to his compatriot , former Hamburg player Sergej Barbarez , and expressed gratefulness at being given a second chance after his expulsion from Leverkusen . He was released by the club on 3 January 2017 . International career . On 7 June 2003 , Spahić made his debut as a substitute against Romania at Stadionul Ion Oblemenco in Craiova . On 28 February 2006 , he scored his first international goal , in a friendly game against Japan , played in Dortmund . Ever since his debut , he was an important member of the national team and served as their captain for a number of years . He headed a ball into the box and assisted Ermin Bičakčić who scored a crucial equalizer versus Slovakia in Žilina during the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . Bosnia and Herzegovina came back from one goal down in that game to win 2–1 and stay top of their qualifying group for ahead of Greece . Spahić retired from international football on 7 August 2014 . After his retirement , Bosnia lost their first game of Euro 2016 qualifiers versus Cyprus ( ranked 121 places behind Bosnia in FIFA Ranking for August 2014 ) without Spahić , which resulted in manager Safet Sušić calling him back from retirement on 22 September for the games that followed against Wales and Belgium . At the time , Bosnias key defenders were either injured or lacked competitive matches for their clubs , which prompted in Spahićs call-up to the national side . Due to injury , he missed those two games and later returned to international stage against Israel on 16 November where he played the full game , his first since playing against Iran at the 2014 FIFA World Cup . On 29 May 2016 , he scored in a 3–1 friendly loss to Spain in St . Gallen , Switzerland , and was sent off before half time for an altercation with Cesc Fàbregas . Personal life . Spahić is a Muslim . His father is from Sandžak , and his mother is from Gacko . They met when they were both working in Dubrovnik . Emir has two brothers , the older being Nermin and younger one Alen , who is also a football player . Spahić is a first cousin of fellow national team player Edin Džeko . Spahić is a fan of tennis , and has followed live matches in Dubai , Barcelona , Montpellier and Paris . He is enrolled at the University of Sarajevo , majoring in sport and physical education . Aside from his native Bosnian , Spahić speaks English , Spanish , French , German and Russian to varying degrees of fluency . On 30 August 2019 , Spahić was involved in a car accident , when his SUV rolled over on the road , sustaining multiple , but not life-threatening injuries . Honours . Zagreb - 1 . HNL : 2001–02 Lokomotiv Moscow - Russian Cup : 2006–07 |
[
"Bosnia and Herzegovina",
"Montpellier"
] | easy | Which team did Emir Spahić play for from 2009 to 2011? | /wiki/Emir_Spahić#P54#2 | Emir Spahić Emir Spahić ( ; born 18 August 1980 ) is a Bosnian former professional footballer who played as a centre back . During his club career , he represented teams in his homeland , Croatia , Russia , France , Spain and Germany . A full international from 2003 to 2018 , he has earned a total of 94 caps , scoring 6 goalsand was the captain of the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team from 2008 until the end of the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Club career . Over the course of his career , Spahić played for Zagreb , Shinnik Yaroslavl , Lokomotiv Moscow and Anzhi Makhachkala . He played for Zagreb and Leverkusen in the Champions League and with Montpellier , Sevilla and Lokomotiv in the Europa League . Montpellier . On 24 June 2009 , Spahić announced that he would join newly promoted Montpellier for the 2009–10 Ligue 1 season . On his league debut against Paris Saint-Germain , he scored a header in the 94th minute for a 1–1 draw , earning his side a point . Sevilla . On 4 July 2011 , Spahić agreed a transfer with Spanish side Sevilla for €2 million until July 2014 . His national teammate Miroslav Stevanović also transferred to Sevilla in January 2013 and upon his arrival at San Pablo International Airport , he was received by Spahić . Spahić scored his first goal for Sevilla on 5 January 2013 in a 1–0 victory against Osasuna . Anzhi Makhachkala . On 26 February 2013 , Spahić left Sevilla on loan to Anzhi Makhachkala of the Russian Premier League . He scored his first goal for the club on 14 April 2013 against Volga Nizhny Novgorod . Bayer Leverkusen . On 28 June 2013 , Spahić was signed by Bayer Leverkusen of the German Bundesliga on a two-year contract . He conceded a penalty and was later sent off in a Champions League last-16 first-leg game on 18 February 2014 , as Paris Saint-Germain beat Leverkusen 4–0 . On 20 April , he scored his first two goals for the club in a 4–1 league victory against 1 . FC Nürnberg . On 30 August 2014 , 34-year-old Spahić headed in a goal from a free kick to level the score at 2–2 in a game that finished 4–2 for Leverkusen against Hertha BSC , thus ensuring his teams unbeaten start to the season . Spahić was sent off for two yellow cards in a 4–5 home defeat against VfL Wolfsburg on 14 February 2015 ; having been 1–4 down , the score was level at his time of dismissal . On 30 March 2015 , Spahić was named the best defender in Europe ( in front of Martín Demichelis of Manchester City , Mats Hummels of Borussia Dortmund , Chris Smalling of Manchester United and Thiago Silva of PSG ) by International Centre for Sports Studies ( CIES ) . Spahić had his contract terminated on 12 April for headbutting a member of clubs security personnel reportedly after they refused to allow his friends entry inside the dressing room area . Hamburger SV . On 5 July 2015 , fellow Bundesliga team Hamburger SV confirmed Spahić as the teams newest player , signing a one-year contract lasting until June 2016 . He credited the move to his compatriot , former Hamburg player Sergej Barbarez , and expressed gratefulness at being given a second chance after his expulsion from Leverkusen . He was released by the club on 3 January 2017 . International career . On 7 June 2003 , Spahić made his debut as a substitute against Romania at Stadionul Ion Oblemenco in Craiova . On 28 February 2006 , he scored his first international goal , in a friendly game against Japan , played in Dortmund . Ever since his debut , he was an important member of the national team and served as their captain for a number of years . He headed a ball into the box and assisted Ermin Bičakčić who scored a crucial equalizer versus Slovakia in Žilina during the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . Bosnia and Herzegovina came back from one goal down in that game to win 2–1 and stay top of their qualifying group for ahead of Greece . Spahić retired from international football on 7 August 2014 . After his retirement , Bosnia lost their first game of Euro 2016 qualifiers versus Cyprus ( ranked 121 places behind Bosnia in FIFA Ranking for August 2014 ) without Spahić , which resulted in manager Safet Sušić calling him back from retirement on 22 September for the games that followed against Wales and Belgium . At the time , Bosnias key defenders were either injured or lacked competitive matches for their clubs , which prompted in Spahićs call-up to the national side . Due to injury , he missed those two games and later returned to international stage against Israel on 16 November where he played the full game , his first since playing against Iran at the 2014 FIFA World Cup . On 29 May 2016 , he scored in a 3–1 friendly loss to Spain in St . Gallen , Switzerland , and was sent off before half time for an altercation with Cesc Fàbregas . Personal life . Spahić is a Muslim . His father is from Sandžak , and his mother is from Gacko . They met when they were both working in Dubrovnik . Emir has two brothers , the older being Nermin and younger one Alen , who is also a football player . Spahić is a first cousin of fellow national team player Edin Džeko . Spahić is a fan of tennis , and has followed live matches in Dubai , Barcelona , Montpellier and Paris . He is enrolled at the University of Sarajevo , majoring in sport and physical education . Aside from his native Bosnian , Spahić speaks English , Spanish , French , German and Russian to varying degrees of fluency . On 30 August 2019 , Spahić was involved in a car accident , when his SUV rolled over on the road , sustaining multiple , but not life-threatening injuries . Honours . Zagreb - 1 . HNL : 2001–02 Lokomotiv Moscow - Russian Cup : 2006–07 |
[
"Bosnia and Herzegovina",
"Sevilla"
] | easy | Which team did the player Emir Spahić belong to from 2011 to 2013? | /wiki/Emir_Spahić#P54#3 | Emir Spahić Emir Spahić ( ; born 18 August 1980 ) is a Bosnian former professional footballer who played as a centre back . During his club career , he represented teams in his homeland , Croatia , Russia , France , Spain and Germany . A full international from 2003 to 2018 , he has earned a total of 94 caps , scoring 6 goalsand was the captain of the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team from 2008 until the end of the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Club career . Over the course of his career , Spahić played for Zagreb , Shinnik Yaroslavl , Lokomotiv Moscow and Anzhi Makhachkala . He played for Zagreb and Leverkusen in the Champions League and with Montpellier , Sevilla and Lokomotiv in the Europa League . Montpellier . On 24 June 2009 , Spahić announced that he would join newly promoted Montpellier for the 2009–10 Ligue 1 season . On his league debut against Paris Saint-Germain , he scored a header in the 94th minute for a 1–1 draw , earning his side a point . Sevilla . On 4 July 2011 , Spahić agreed a transfer with Spanish side Sevilla for €2 million until July 2014 . His national teammate Miroslav Stevanović also transferred to Sevilla in January 2013 and upon his arrival at San Pablo International Airport , he was received by Spahić . Spahić scored his first goal for Sevilla on 5 January 2013 in a 1–0 victory against Osasuna . Anzhi Makhachkala . On 26 February 2013 , Spahić left Sevilla on loan to Anzhi Makhachkala of the Russian Premier League . He scored his first goal for the club on 14 April 2013 against Volga Nizhny Novgorod . Bayer Leverkusen . On 28 June 2013 , Spahić was signed by Bayer Leverkusen of the German Bundesliga on a two-year contract . He conceded a penalty and was later sent off in a Champions League last-16 first-leg game on 18 February 2014 , as Paris Saint-Germain beat Leverkusen 4–0 . On 20 April , he scored his first two goals for the club in a 4–1 league victory against 1 . FC Nürnberg . On 30 August 2014 , 34-year-old Spahić headed in a goal from a free kick to level the score at 2–2 in a game that finished 4–2 for Leverkusen against Hertha BSC , thus ensuring his teams unbeaten start to the season . Spahić was sent off for two yellow cards in a 4–5 home defeat against VfL Wolfsburg on 14 February 2015 ; having been 1–4 down , the score was level at his time of dismissal . On 30 March 2015 , Spahić was named the best defender in Europe ( in front of Martín Demichelis of Manchester City , Mats Hummels of Borussia Dortmund , Chris Smalling of Manchester United and Thiago Silva of PSG ) by International Centre for Sports Studies ( CIES ) . Spahić had his contract terminated on 12 April for headbutting a member of clubs security personnel reportedly after they refused to allow his friends entry inside the dressing room area . Hamburger SV . On 5 July 2015 , fellow Bundesliga team Hamburger SV confirmed Spahić as the teams newest player , signing a one-year contract lasting until June 2016 . He credited the move to his compatriot , former Hamburg player Sergej Barbarez , and expressed gratefulness at being given a second chance after his expulsion from Leverkusen . He was released by the club on 3 January 2017 . International career . On 7 June 2003 , Spahić made his debut as a substitute against Romania at Stadionul Ion Oblemenco in Craiova . On 28 February 2006 , he scored his first international goal , in a friendly game against Japan , played in Dortmund . Ever since his debut , he was an important member of the national team and served as their captain for a number of years . He headed a ball into the box and assisted Ermin Bičakčić who scored a crucial equalizer versus Slovakia in Žilina during the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . Bosnia and Herzegovina came back from one goal down in that game to win 2–1 and stay top of their qualifying group for ahead of Greece . Spahić retired from international football on 7 August 2014 . After his retirement , Bosnia lost their first game of Euro 2016 qualifiers versus Cyprus ( ranked 121 places behind Bosnia in FIFA Ranking for August 2014 ) without Spahić , which resulted in manager Safet Sušić calling him back from retirement on 22 September for the games that followed against Wales and Belgium . At the time , Bosnias key defenders were either injured or lacked competitive matches for their clubs , which prompted in Spahićs call-up to the national side . Due to injury , he missed those two games and later returned to international stage against Israel on 16 November where he played the full game , his first since playing against Iran at the 2014 FIFA World Cup . On 29 May 2016 , he scored in a 3–1 friendly loss to Spain in St . Gallen , Switzerland , and was sent off before half time for an altercation with Cesc Fàbregas . Personal life . Spahić is a Muslim . His father is from Sandžak , and his mother is from Gacko . They met when they were both working in Dubrovnik . Emir has two brothers , the older being Nermin and younger one Alen , who is also a football player . Spahić is a first cousin of fellow national team player Edin Džeko . Spahić is a fan of tennis , and has followed live matches in Dubai , Barcelona , Montpellier and Paris . He is enrolled at the University of Sarajevo , majoring in sport and physical education . Aside from his native Bosnian , Spahić speaks English , Spanish , French , German and Russian to varying degrees of fluency . On 30 August 2019 , Spahić was involved in a car accident , when his SUV rolled over on the road , sustaining multiple , but not life-threatening injuries . Honours . Zagreb - 1 . HNL : 2001–02 Lokomotiv Moscow - Russian Cup : 2006–07 |
[
"Egypt"
] | easy | What citizenship did Henri Curiel hold from Sep 1914 to Jun 1946? | /wiki/Henri_Curiel#P27#0 | Henri Curiel Henri Curiel ( 13 September 1914 – 4 May 1978 ) was a left-wing political activist in Egypt and France . Born in Egypt , Curiel led the communist Democratic Movement for National Liberation until he was expelled from the country in 1950 . Settling in France , Curiel aided the Algerian Front de Libération Nationale and other national liberation causes , including in South Africa and Latin America . In 1978 Curiel was assassinated in Paris ; his murderer has never been identified . Biography . Early life and family . Curiel was born in Cairo to an Italian Sephardic family . He became an Egyptian citizen in 1935 . His brother Raoul Curiel became a respected archaeologist and numismatist , specializing in Central Asian studies . A cousin was Eugenio Curiel , a physicist and anti-fascist militant who was murdered in Italy in 1945 . Another cousin was the noted British KGB spy George Blake . The latter said that the older Curiel had been influential as a communist in shaping his political views , as Blake met him as a teenager . His son is the French journalist Alain Gresh , who was born in Cairo in 1948 and grew up in Paris . Political career in Egypt . In 1943 Curiel founded the communist Egyptian Movement for National Liberation ( HAMETU ) الحركه المصريه للتحرر الوطني حمتو , which in 1947 became the Democratic Movement for National Liberation ( HADETU ) . He was repeatedly arrested , along with many other communists . Despite his Egyptian citizenship , he was forced to emigrate in 1950 . The Democratic Movement for National Liberation was an active participant in the 1952 revolution led by the free officers and Gamal Abdel Nasser . The revolutionary council and the free officers had many members from HADETU ; the most eminent of these were Khaled Mohy el din خالد محي الدين , Yousef Sedeek يوسف صديق and Ahmed Hamroush احمد حمروش . Curiel settled in France and led a circle of Jewish communist emigres from Egypt known as the Rome Group . Anti-colonial activism in Paris . Curiel worked for the Jeanson network which supported the Front de Libération Nationale ( FLN ) during the Algerian War ( 1954–62 ) . He was arrested by the French security services in 1960 . Curiel was a founder of Solidarité , a support group for various anti-colonial and opposition movements in the Third World ( in particular Africa and Latin America ) , such as the African National Congress ( ANC ) . In 1976 he initiated contacts with Israeli and Palestinian representatives willing to negotiate a mutual recognition . Several meetings , later known as the Paris talks , were organized . Under the chairmanship of Pierre Mendès France , they included Issam Sartawi , adviser to Yasser Arafat ; and Uri Avnery and Mattityahu Peled , members of the Israeli Council for Israeli-Palestinian Peace ( ICIPP ) . On 21 June 1976 , Georges Suffert published an article in Le Point reporting Curiel as the head of the terrorist support network , connected with the KGB . He was put under house arrest in Digne , an administrative measure that was lifted once the accusation was demonstrated to be untrue . An American CIA report from 1981 ( a Special National Intelligence Estimate ) said that Curiels organization has provided support to a wide variety of Third World leftist revolutionary organizations , including false documents , financial aid , and safehaven before and after operations , as well as some illegal training in France in weapons and explosives . The authors further comment that his groups association with non-communist and nonviolent leaders , including clergymen , has tended to cloak the nature and extent of its operations . Assassination . Henri Curiel was assassinated in Paris on 4 May 1978 . Two far-right groups ( OAS and the Charles Martel Group ) claimed responsibility , but the case is still unsolved . Police and journalistic investigations suggest other suspects : - Jean-Pierre Maïon , a French criminal linked to the SDECE and the OAS , who worked as an informant for Lucien Aimé-Blanc , may have killed Henri Curiel on behalf of a Spanish death squad - Abu Nidal group ( it allegedly later shot Issam Sartawi ) , allegedly commissioned by the KGB - South African Bureau of State Security ( because of Curiels aid to the ANC ) Henri Curiel is buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery , Paris . Curiels work in promoting dialogue between the PLO and left-wing Israelis was continued throughout the 1980s by the Comité Palestine et Israël Vivront , headed by Sorbonne lecturer Joyce Blau – Curiels close associate and fellow Egyptian exile . In fiction . Henri Curiel appears in several parts of the 1982 spy thriller Shadow of Shadows by Ted Allbeury , whose plot is focused on George Blake . Allbeury takes at face value the assertions of Curiel having been a KGB agent , and assumes that for some time in the 1950s Curiel was Blakes KGB contact – for which there is no historical proof of any kind . |
[
"Egypt",
"France",
"Paris"
] | easy | What was the nationality of Henri Curiel from Jun 1946 to May 1978? | /wiki/Henri_Curiel#P27#1 | Henri Curiel Henri Curiel ( 13 September 1914 – 4 May 1978 ) was a left-wing political activist in Egypt and France . Born in Egypt , Curiel led the communist Democratic Movement for National Liberation until he was expelled from the country in 1950 . Settling in France , Curiel aided the Algerian Front de Libération Nationale and other national liberation causes , including in South Africa and Latin America . In 1978 Curiel was assassinated in Paris ; his murderer has never been identified . Biography . Early life and family . Curiel was born in Cairo to an Italian Sephardic family . He became an Egyptian citizen in 1935 . His brother Raoul Curiel became a respected archaeologist and numismatist , specializing in Central Asian studies . A cousin was Eugenio Curiel , a physicist and anti-fascist militant who was murdered in Italy in 1945 . Another cousin was the noted British KGB spy George Blake . The latter said that the older Curiel had been influential as a communist in shaping his political views , as Blake met him as a teenager . His son is the French journalist Alain Gresh , who was born in Cairo in 1948 and grew up in Paris . Political career in Egypt . In 1943 Curiel founded the communist Egyptian Movement for National Liberation ( HAMETU ) الحركه المصريه للتحرر الوطني حمتو , which in 1947 became the Democratic Movement for National Liberation ( HADETU ) . He was repeatedly arrested , along with many other communists . Despite his Egyptian citizenship , he was forced to emigrate in 1950 . The Democratic Movement for National Liberation was an active participant in the 1952 revolution led by the free officers and Gamal Abdel Nasser . The revolutionary council and the free officers had many members from HADETU ; the most eminent of these were Khaled Mohy el din خالد محي الدين , Yousef Sedeek يوسف صديق and Ahmed Hamroush احمد حمروش . Curiel settled in France and led a circle of Jewish communist emigres from Egypt known as the Rome Group . Anti-colonial activism in Paris . Curiel worked for the Jeanson network which supported the Front de Libération Nationale ( FLN ) during the Algerian War ( 1954–62 ) . He was arrested by the French security services in 1960 . Curiel was a founder of Solidarité , a support group for various anti-colonial and opposition movements in the Third World ( in particular Africa and Latin America ) , such as the African National Congress ( ANC ) . In 1976 he initiated contacts with Israeli and Palestinian representatives willing to negotiate a mutual recognition . Several meetings , later known as the Paris talks , were organized . Under the chairmanship of Pierre Mendès France , they included Issam Sartawi , adviser to Yasser Arafat ; and Uri Avnery and Mattityahu Peled , members of the Israeli Council for Israeli-Palestinian Peace ( ICIPP ) . On 21 June 1976 , Georges Suffert published an article in Le Point reporting Curiel as the head of the terrorist support network , connected with the KGB . He was put under house arrest in Digne , an administrative measure that was lifted once the accusation was demonstrated to be untrue . An American CIA report from 1981 ( a Special National Intelligence Estimate ) said that Curiels organization has provided support to a wide variety of Third World leftist revolutionary organizations , including false documents , financial aid , and safehaven before and after operations , as well as some illegal training in France in weapons and explosives . The authors further comment that his groups association with non-communist and nonviolent leaders , including clergymen , has tended to cloak the nature and extent of its operations . Assassination . Henri Curiel was assassinated in Paris on 4 May 1978 . Two far-right groups ( OAS and the Charles Martel Group ) claimed responsibility , but the case is still unsolved . Police and journalistic investigations suggest other suspects : - Jean-Pierre Maïon , a French criminal linked to the SDECE and the OAS , who worked as an informant for Lucien Aimé-Blanc , may have killed Henri Curiel on behalf of a Spanish death squad - Abu Nidal group ( it allegedly later shot Issam Sartawi ) , allegedly commissioned by the KGB - South African Bureau of State Security ( because of Curiels aid to the ANC ) Henri Curiel is buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery , Paris . Curiels work in promoting dialogue between the PLO and left-wing Israelis was continued throughout the 1980s by the Comité Palestine et Israël Vivront , headed by Sorbonne lecturer Joyce Blau – Curiels close associate and fellow Egyptian exile . In fiction . Henri Curiel appears in several parts of the 1982 spy thriller Shadow of Shadows by Ted Allbeury , whose plot is focused on George Blake . Allbeury takes at face value the assertions of Curiel having been a KGB agent , and assumes that for some time in the 1950s Curiel was Blakes KGB contact – for which there is no historical proof of any kind . |
[
"Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam"
] | easy | Coosje van Bruggen worked in which location from 1967 to 1971? | /wiki/Coosje_van_Bruggen#P937#0 | Coosje van Bruggen Coosje van Bruggen ( June 6 , 1942 – January 10 , 2009 ) was a Dutch-born American sculptor , art historian , and critic . She collaborated extensively with her husband , Claes Oldenburg . Biography . Born to a physician in Groningen , van Bruggen studied history of art at the University of Groningen . From 1967 to 1971 , she worked at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam . Van Bruggen married her first husband Paul Kapteyn , they had two children , Maartje Kapteyn and Paulus Kapteyn . In Amsterdam she worked with environmental artists like Doug Wheeler , Larry Bell , and the members of the Dutch avant-garde . Until 1976 , van Bruggen taught at the Academy for Art and Industries in Enschede . In 1977 , van Bruggen married her second husband Claes Oldenburg . In 1978 , van Bruggen moved to New York . In 1993 she became a United States citizen . Work . She began working with her husband , sculptor Claes Oldenburg , in 1976 . Her first work with Oldenburg came when she helped him install his 41-foot Trowel I on the grounds of the Kröller-Müller Museum in Otterlo . They were married in 1977 . Together Oldenburg and van Bruggen produced three decades of monumental sculpture that van Bruggen would call Large-Scale Projects , with their first piece created as a team being Flashlight ( 1981 ) , a huge outdoor sculpture at the University of Nevada , Las Vegas . In Los Angeles , Collar and Bow - a 65-foot metal and fiberglass sculpture in the shape of a mans dress shirt collar and bow tie , designed for a spot outside Walt Disney Concert Hall - was stalled and eventually canceled because of technical problems and escalating costs . In 1988 , her work along with Oldenburg Spoonbridge and Cherry was commissioned by the Walker Art Center , and became a permanent fixture of the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden as well as an iconic image of the city of Minneapolis . Their final joint work , fabricated in Turin , Italy , was Tumbling Tacks ( 2009 ) , designed for the Kistefos Sculpture Park in the countryside north of Oslo . At her instigation , too , the couple branched out into indoor installations and performance . In 1985 they collaborated on Il Corso del Coltello ( “The Course of the Knife” ) a performance piece in Venice , Italy , with the architect Frank Gehry , whom van Bruggen had met in 1982 , when she was on the selection committee for documenta 7 in Kassel . Since the early 1980s van Bruggen worked as an independent critic and curator . She contributed articles to Artforum magazine from 1983 to 1988 , and served as senior critic in the sculpture department at Yale University School of Art in 1996–97 . Van Bruggen was the author of scholarly books and essays on the work of major contemporary artists including Gerhard Richter ( 1985 ) , John Baldessari ( 1990 ) , Bruce Nauman ( 1991 ) , and Hanne Darboven ( 1991 ) . She also wrote a monograph on architect Frank O . Gehrys Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao , Spain . Van Bruggen and Oldenburg were based in New York for many years , but they also lived and worked for extensive periods in Los Angeles and , since 1992 , at Château de la Borde in Beaumont-sur-Dême , in the Loire Valley of France . One U.S . installation the pair collaborated on is the fiberglass and steel Cupids Span , which was commissioned by GAP founders Donald and Doris F . Fisher , and installed in the newly built Rincon Park along the Embarcadero in San Francisco in 2002 . In 2021 , Pace Gallery presented an exhibition of van Bruggens collaborative practice with Claes Oldenburg spanning the 1980s to the late 2000s . Awards . Together with Oldenburg , Van Bruggen received numerous awards including the Distinction in Sculpture , Sculpture Center , New York ( 1994 ) ; Nathaniel S . Saltonstall Award , Institute of Contemporary Art , Boston ( 1996 ) ; Partners in Education Award , Solomon R . Guggenheim Museum , New York ( 2002 ) ; the Medal Award , School of the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston ( 2004 ) and honorary degrees from the California College of the Arts , San Francisco , California ( 1996 ) ; University of Teesside , Middlesbrough , England ( 1999 ) ; Nova Scotia College of Art and Design , Halifax , Nova Scotia ( 2005 ) ; and the College for Creative Studies in Detroit , Michigan ( 2005 ) . The Estate of Coosje van Bruggen is represented by The Pace Gallery , New York . Death . After a long battle with breast cancer , she died at her residence in Los Angeles in 2009 , aged 66 . Sculptures . - Pool Balls ( 1977 ) , Münster - Spitzhacke ( 1982 ) , Kassel - Gartenschlauch ( 1983 ) , Freiburg im Breisgau - Screwarch ( 1983 ) , Rotterdam - Cross section of a Toothbrush with Paste , in a Cup , on a Sink : Portrait of Coosjes Thinking ( 1983 ) , Krefeld - Balancing Tools ( 1984 ) , Weil am Rhein - Knife Ship I ( 1985 ) , Bilbao - Spoonbridge and Cherry ( 1988 ) , Minneapolis - Bicyclette Ensevelie ( 1990 ) Parc de la Villette , Paris - Free Stamp ( 1991 ) Willard Park , Cleveland - Mistos ( 1992 ) , Barcelona - Bottle of Notes ( 1993 ) , Middlesbrough - Inverted Collar and Tie ( 1994 ) , Frankfurt - Houseball ( 1996 ) , Berlin - Torn Notebook ( 1996 ) , Lincoln , Nebraska - Lions Tail ( 1999 ) , Venice - Ago , Filo e Nodo ( 2000 ) , Milan - Flying Pins ( 2000 ) , Eindhoven - Dropped Cone ( 2001 ) , Cologne - Cupids Span ( 2002 ) , San Francisco - Spiral ( 2006 ) , Seoul - Clothespin ( 1976 ) , Philadelphia - Split Button ( 1981 ) , Philadelphia |
[
"Academy for Art and Industries in Enschede"
] | easy | Where did Coosje van Bruggen work from 1971 to 1976? | /wiki/Coosje_van_Bruggen#P937#1 | Coosje van Bruggen Coosje van Bruggen ( June 6 , 1942 – January 10 , 2009 ) was a Dutch-born American sculptor , art historian , and critic . She collaborated extensively with her husband , Claes Oldenburg . Biography . Born to a physician in Groningen , van Bruggen studied history of art at the University of Groningen . From 1967 to 1971 , she worked at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam . Van Bruggen married her first husband Paul Kapteyn , they had two children , Maartje Kapteyn and Paulus Kapteyn . In Amsterdam she worked with environmental artists like Doug Wheeler , Larry Bell , and the members of the Dutch avant-garde . Until 1976 , van Bruggen taught at the Academy for Art and Industries in Enschede . In 1977 , van Bruggen married her second husband Claes Oldenburg . In 1978 , van Bruggen moved to New York . In 1993 she became a United States citizen . Work . She began working with her husband , sculptor Claes Oldenburg , in 1976 . Her first work with Oldenburg came when she helped him install his 41-foot Trowel I on the grounds of the Kröller-Müller Museum in Otterlo . They were married in 1977 . Together Oldenburg and van Bruggen produced three decades of monumental sculpture that van Bruggen would call Large-Scale Projects , with their first piece created as a team being Flashlight ( 1981 ) , a huge outdoor sculpture at the University of Nevada , Las Vegas . In Los Angeles , Collar and Bow - a 65-foot metal and fiberglass sculpture in the shape of a mans dress shirt collar and bow tie , designed for a spot outside Walt Disney Concert Hall - was stalled and eventually canceled because of technical problems and escalating costs . In 1988 , her work along with Oldenburg Spoonbridge and Cherry was commissioned by the Walker Art Center , and became a permanent fixture of the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden as well as an iconic image of the city of Minneapolis . Their final joint work , fabricated in Turin , Italy , was Tumbling Tacks ( 2009 ) , designed for the Kistefos Sculpture Park in the countryside north of Oslo . At her instigation , too , the couple branched out into indoor installations and performance . In 1985 they collaborated on Il Corso del Coltello ( “The Course of the Knife” ) a performance piece in Venice , Italy , with the architect Frank Gehry , whom van Bruggen had met in 1982 , when she was on the selection committee for documenta 7 in Kassel . Since the early 1980s van Bruggen worked as an independent critic and curator . She contributed articles to Artforum magazine from 1983 to 1988 , and served as senior critic in the sculpture department at Yale University School of Art in 1996–97 . Van Bruggen was the author of scholarly books and essays on the work of major contemporary artists including Gerhard Richter ( 1985 ) , John Baldessari ( 1990 ) , Bruce Nauman ( 1991 ) , and Hanne Darboven ( 1991 ) . She also wrote a monograph on architect Frank O . Gehrys Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao , Spain . Van Bruggen and Oldenburg were based in New York for many years , but they also lived and worked for extensive periods in Los Angeles and , since 1992 , at Château de la Borde in Beaumont-sur-Dême , in the Loire Valley of France . One U.S . installation the pair collaborated on is the fiberglass and steel Cupids Span , which was commissioned by GAP founders Donald and Doris F . Fisher , and installed in the newly built Rincon Park along the Embarcadero in San Francisco in 2002 . In 2021 , Pace Gallery presented an exhibition of van Bruggens collaborative practice with Claes Oldenburg spanning the 1980s to the late 2000s . Awards . Together with Oldenburg , Van Bruggen received numerous awards including the Distinction in Sculpture , Sculpture Center , New York ( 1994 ) ; Nathaniel S . Saltonstall Award , Institute of Contemporary Art , Boston ( 1996 ) ; Partners in Education Award , Solomon R . Guggenheim Museum , New York ( 2002 ) ; the Medal Award , School of the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston ( 2004 ) and honorary degrees from the California College of the Arts , San Francisco , California ( 1996 ) ; University of Teesside , Middlesbrough , England ( 1999 ) ; Nova Scotia College of Art and Design , Halifax , Nova Scotia ( 2005 ) ; and the College for Creative Studies in Detroit , Michigan ( 2005 ) . The Estate of Coosje van Bruggen is represented by The Pace Gallery , New York . Death . After a long battle with breast cancer , she died at her residence in Los Angeles in 2009 , aged 66 . Sculptures . - Pool Balls ( 1977 ) , Münster - Spitzhacke ( 1982 ) , Kassel - Gartenschlauch ( 1983 ) , Freiburg im Breisgau - Screwarch ( 1983 ) , Rotterdam - Cross section of a Toothbrush with Paste , in a Cup , on a Sink : Portrait of Coosjes Thinking ( 1983 ) , Krefeld - Balancing Tools ( 1984 ) , Weil am Rhein - Knife Ship I ( 1985 ) , Bilbao - Spoonbridge and Cherry ( 1988 ) , Minneapolis - Bicyclette Ensevelie ( 1990 ) Parc de la Villette , Paris - Free Stamp ( 1991 ) Willard Park , Cleveland - Mistos ( 1992 ) , Barcelona - Bottle of Notes ( 1993 ) , Middlesbrough - Inverted Collar and Tie ( 1994 ) , Frankfurt - Houseball ( 1996 ) , Berlin - Torn Notebook ( 1996 ) , Lincoln , Nebraska - Lions Tail ( 1999 ) , Venice - Ago , Filo e Nodo ( 2000 ) , Milan - Flying Pins ( 2000 ) , Eindhoven - Dropped Cone ( 2001 ) , Cologne - Cupids Span ( 2002 ) , San Francisco - Spiral ( 2006 ) , Seoul - Clothespin ( 1976 ) , Philadelphia - Split Button ( 1981 ) , Philadelphia |
[
"New York"
] | easy | Coosje van Bruggen worked in which location from 1978 to 1979? | /wiki/Coosje_van_Bruggen#P937#2 | Coosje van Bruggen Coosje van Bruggen ( June 6 , 1942 – January 10 , 2009 ) was a Dutch-born American sculptor , art historian , and critic . She collaborated extensively with her husband , Claes Oldenburg . Biography . Born to a physician in Groningen , van Bruggen studied history of art at the University of Groningen . From 1967 to 1971 , she worked at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam . Van Bruggen married her first husband Paul Kapteyn , they had two children , Maartje Kapteyn and Paulus Kapteyn . In Amsterdam she worked with environmental artists like Doug Wheeler , Larry Bell , and the members of the Dutch avant-garde . Until 1976 , van Bruggen taught at the Academy for Art and Industries in Enschede . In 1977 , van Bruggen married her second husband Claes Oldenburg . In 1978 , van Bruggen moved to New York . In 1993 she became a United States citizen . Work . She began working with her husband , sculptor Claes Oldenburg , in 1976 . Her first work with Oldenburg came when she helped him install his 41-foot Trowel I on the grounds of the Kröller-Müller Museum in Otterlo . They were married in 1977 . Together Oldenburg and van Bruggen produced three decades of monumental sculpture that van Bruggen would call Large-Scale Projects , with their first piece created as a team being Flashlight ( 1981 ) , a huge outdoor sculpture at the University of Nevada , Las Vegas . In Los Angeles , Collar and Bow - a 65-foot metal and fiberglass sculpture in the shape of a mans dress shirt collar and bow tie , designed for a spot outside Walt Disney Concert Hall - was stalled and eventually canceled because of technical problems and escalating costs . In 1988 , her work along with Oldenburg Spoonbridge and Cherry was commissioned by the Walker Art Center , and became a permanent fixture of the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden as well as an iconic image of the city of Minneapolis . Their final joint work , fabricated in Turin , Italy , was Tumbling Tacks ( 2009 ) , designed for the Kistefos Sculpture Park in the countryside north of Oslo . At her instigation , too , the couple branched out into indoor installations and performance . In 1985 they collaborated on Il Corso del Coltello ( “The Course of the Knife” ) a performance piece in Venice , Italy , with the architect Frank Gehry , whom van Bruggen had met in 1982 , when she was on the selection committee for documenta 7 in Kassel . Since the early 1980s van Bruggen worked as an independent critic and curator . She contributed articles to Artforum magazine from 1983 to 1988 , and served as senior critic in the sculpture department at Yale University School of Art in 1996–97 . Van Bruggen was the author of scholarly books and essays on the work of major contemporary artists including Gerhard Richter ( 1985 ) , John Baldessari ( 1990 ) , Bruce Nauman ( 1991 ) , and Hanne Darboven ( 1991 ) . She also wrote a monograph on architect Frank O . Gehrys Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao , Spain . Van Bruggen and Oldenburg were based in New York for many years , but they also lived and worked for extensive periods in Los Angeles and , since 1992 , at Château de la Borde in Beaumont-sur-Dême , in the Loire Valley of France . One U.S . installation the pair collaborated on is the fiberglass and steel Cupids Span , which was commissioned by GAP founders Donald and Doris F . Fisher , and installed in the newly built Rincon Park along the Embarcadero in San Francisco in 2002 . In 2021 , Pace Gallery presented an exhibition of van Bruggens collaborative practice with Claes Oldenburg spanning the 1980s to the late 2000s . Awards . Together with Oldenburg , Van Bruggen received numerous awards including the Distinction in Sculpture , Sculpture Center , New York ( 1994 ) ; Nathaniel S . Saltonstall Award , Institute of Contemporary Art , Boston ( 1996 ) ; Partners in Education Award , Solomon R . Guggenheim Museum , New York ( 2002 ) ; the Medal Award , School of the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston ( 2004 ) and honorary degrees from the California College of the Arts , San Francisco , California ( 1996 ) ; University of Teesside , Middlesbrough , England ( 1999 ) ; Nova Scotia College of Art and Design , Halifax , Nova Scotia ( 2005 ) ; and the College for Creative Studies in Detroit , Michigan ( 2005 ) . The Estate of Coosje van Bruggen is represented by The Pace Gallery , New York . Death . After a long battle with breast cancer , she died at her residence in Los Angeles in 2009 , aged 66 . Sculptures . - Pool Balls ( 1977 ) , Münster - Spitzhacke ( 1982 ) , Kassel - Gartenschlauch ( 1983 ) , Freiburg im Breisgau - Screwarch ( 1983 ) , Rotterdam - Cross section of a Toothbrush with Paste , in a Cup , on a Sink : Portrait of Coosjes Thinking ( 1983 ) , Krefeld - Balancing Tools ( 1984 ) , Weil am Rhein - Knife Ship I ( 1985 ) , Bilbao - Spoonbridge and Cherry ( 1988 ) , Minneapolis - Bicyclette Ensevelie ( 1990 ) Parc de la Villette , Paris - Free Stamp ( 1991 ) Willard Park , Cleveland - Mistos ( 1992 ) , Barcelona - Bottle of Notes ( 1993 ) , Middlesbrough - Inverted Collar and Tie ( 1994 ) , Frankfurt - Houseball ( 1996 ) , Berlin - Torn Notebook ( 1996 ) , Lincoln , Nebraska - Lions Tail ( 1999 ) , Venice - Ago , Filo e Nodo ( 2000 ) , Milan - Flying Pins ( 2000 ) , Eindhoven - Dropped Cone ( 2001 ) , Cologne - Cupids Span ( 2002 ) , San Francisco - Spiral ( 2006 ) , Seoul - Clothespin ( 1976 ) , Philadelphia - Split Button ( 1981 ) , Philadelphia |
[
"legislators of the Eighth Congress of the Philippines"
] | easy | Raul Roco took which position from Jun 1987 to Jun 1992? | /wiki/Raul_Roco#P39#0 | Raul Roco Raul Sagarbarria Roco ( October 26 , 1941 – August 5 , 2005 ) was a political figure in the Philippines . He was the standard-bearer of Aksyon Demokratiko , which he founded in 1997 as a vehicle for his presidential bids in 1998 and 2004 . He was a former senator and Secretary of the Department of Education under the presidency of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo . He had a strong following among young voters in the Philippines due to his efforts to promote honesty and good governance . Roco was married to Sonia Cubillo Malasarte , who is from Bohol . They have six children ( Robbie Pierre , Raul Jr. , Sophia , Sareena , Rex and Synara ) and seven grandchildren ( Nica , Reece , Samantha , Shania , Santina , Beannie and RB ) . Early life and education . Raul Roco was born in Naga City in the Philippine province of Camarines Sur , the son of farmer Sulpicio Azuela Roco and public school teacher Rosario Orlanda Sagarbarria . Roco finished elementary school at age 12 from Naga Parochial School , and high school at age 16 from Ateneo de Naga . He graduated magna cum laude from San Beda College ( now San Beda University ) in Manila with a degree in English at the age of 20 . Then , he was also the Editor-in-Chief of The Bedan working with the likes of Rene Saguisag and Jaime Licauco . Later , Roco received a Bachelor of Laws degree ( also at San Beda College ) and was the colleges Abbott Awardee for Over-All Excellence . In the United States , he obtained his Master of Laws at the University of Pennsylvania , while also enrolled at the Wharton School . He was the president of the National Union of Students of the Philippines in 1961 and was named one of the Ten Outstanding Students of the Philippines in 1964 . His wife Sonia was the Most Outstanding Student that same year . As a result of his various other achievements , he had been awarded seven honorary doctorates . Political/professional career . After he passed the bar in 1965 , Roco lobbied for the holding of a Constitutional Convention that aimed to amend the 1935 Philippine Constitution . He campaigned for a seat to represent his district in Camarines Sur . He won and thus became conventions youngest Bicolano delegate . From 1983 to 1985 , he served as president of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines . While there , he was on the legal staff of the late Philippine Senator Benigno Ninoy Aquino , and he drafted the Study Now , Pay Later law . Alongside his work in law , he has also served as a film producer . In 1974 , he was the executive producer of the late film director Lino Brockas movie Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang ; this film won six FAMAS awards that year , including best film . Among all legislators of the Eighth Congress of the Philippines ( which lasted from 1987 to 1992 ) , he was adjudged by the Ford Foundation and the University of the Philippines Institute of Strategic and Development Studies as first in over-all performance . Senate . Roco was elected to the Senate in 1992 and 1995 serving until 2001 , making many contributions that led many to recognize him as an outstanding senator . He wrote the law which reformed the nations banking system ; this earned him the title Father of the Bangko Sentral . Some other laws that he wrote resulted in the liberalization of the banking industry and the strengthening of the thrift banks . In addition , he wrote the Intellectual Property Code and the Securities Regulation Code . Roco has also made several contributions to education in the Philippines . He helped fund the teachers cooperatives as well as the increment mandated by the Magna Carta for Public School Teachers for retiring public school teachers . On the students side , he helped bring computers into Philippine universities , colleges , and public schools . In addition , he devised a plan for meal scholarships for poor students at the Philippine Normal University . Roco wrote several bills targeted at protecting and prioritizing women in the Philippines . He wrote the Women in Nation Building Law , the Nursing Act , the Anti-Sexual Harassment Law , the Anti-Rape Law , and the Child and Family Courts Act . He also let women play major roles in the Department of Educations literacy program . Out of thanks to his services for women , many womens groups named him an Honorary Woman . He also drafted a bill that abolished double taxation on Filipinos working abroad . He was given the Bantay Katarungan award by Kilosbayan for playing an integral role in the Senate impeachment trial of then-president Joseph Estrada who was impeached by the House of Representatives on 2000 for graft and corruption , bribery , betrayal of public trust , and culpable violation of the 1987 Philippine Constitution . Unfortunately , the impeachment trial was not concluded and in 2001 , Estrada was ousted from power by another People Power uprising . As Secretary of Education . Roco took over as education secretary of the Philippines in 2001 , at a time when the Philippines had not only one of the ten most corrupt governments in the world ( according to Transparency International ) , but its Department of Education was also the fourth-most corrupt of its agencies ( as named by the Asia Foundation - Social Weather Stations Survey of Enterprises on Public Sector Corruption ) . To combat this corruption , Roco imposed a department-wide transparency policy which also held employees accountable for the purchase of textbooks , which had been a major source of the departments corruption . This allowed the department to purchase textbooks for a much lower price , and after just eight months under Rocos leadership , the Department of Education gained a 73% public approval rating and became the most trusted government agency in the Philippines . During his tenure in that position , Roco allowed free public education ( through high school ) as required by the Philippine Constitution . He also enacted a reform of basic education curriculum in order that children would focus their studies on reading , writing , arithmetic , science , and Makabayan . In addition , he made sure that teachers were paid promptly and ended the 3% service fee that the department had long been deducting from teachers pay . Candidacy for President . 1998 . Roco ran for president in the 1998 Philippine election . He lost to Vice-President Joseph Estrada but had a remarkable showing in a field of eleven candidates despite being an independent candidate . His strong showing was attributed to the widespread support he received from young Filipinos who eventually formed his party , Aksyon Demokratiko , and its youth arm , Aksyon Kabataan . Party leaders then included Jaime Galvez Tan , Lorna Patajo-Kapunan and Darwin Mariano . 2004 . Roco rode his success in the Department of Education into a run for the Philippine presidency . His candidacy was based on his ability to fight corruption and to display fair play , decency , and honor . His Aksyon Demokratiko party formed a coalition with Promdi and Reporma , the parties of 1998 presidential candidates Lito Osmeña and Renato de Villa , to form the Alyansa ng Pag-asa ( Alliance of Hope ) . Roco was a front-runner in pre-election surveys and was considered a strong contender . However , during the campaign , he battled with recurrence of his cancer , after remission from his bout with prostate cancer in 1996 . His illness forced him to leave the campaign trail for medical attention in the United States . Doctors told him that his condition was not life-threatening and that he could continue his run for the presidency . He returned to the campaign trail , but concerns about his illness greatly diminished his support . He lost the election to the incumbent , Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo , and finished fourth in a field of 5 candidates . He was the President of Aksyon Demokratiko until his death . Death . On 5 August 2005 , Raul Roco died of prostate cancer , at St Lukes Medical Center in Quezon City . He was buried on August 11 in Naga City , Camarines Sur . His widow , Sonia , lost her bid for Senator under the Genuine Opposition ( formerly United Opposition ) umbrella in the May 14 , 2007 midterm elections . She still represents the party he started , Aksyon Demokratiko , in the hope of continuing the advocacies that her late husband had started . |
[
"Senate"
] | easy | What was the position of Raul Roco from Jun 1992 to Feb 2001? | /wiki/Raul_Roco#P39#1 | Raul Roco Raul Sagarbarria Roco ( October 26 , 1941 – August 5 , 2005 ) was a political figure in the Philippines . He was the standard-bearer of Aksyon Demokratiko , which he founded in 1997 as a vehicle for his presidential bids in 1998 and 2004 . He was a former senator and Secretary of the Department of Education under the presidency of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo . He had a strong following among young voters in the Philippines due to his efforts to promote honesty and good governance . Roco was married to Sonia Cubillo Malasarte , who is from Bohol . They have six children ( Robbie Pierre , Raul Jr. , Sophia , Sareena , Rex and Synara ) and seven grandchildren ( Nica , Reece , Samantha , Shania , Santina , Beannie and RB ) . Early life and education . Raul Roco was born in Naga City in the Philippine province of Camarines Sur , the son of farmer Sulpicio Azuela Roco and public school teacher Rosario Orlanda Sagarbarria . Roco finished elementary school at age 12 from Naga Parochial School , and high school at age 16 from Ateneo de Naga . He graduated magna cum laude from San Beda College ( now San Beda University ) in Manila with a degree in English at the age of 20 . Then , he was also the Editor-in-Chief of The Bedan working with the likes of Rene Saguisag and Jaime Licauco . Later , Roco received a Bachelor of Laws degree ( also at San Beda College ) and was the colleges Abbott Awardee for Over-All Excellence . In the United States , he obtained his Master of Laws at the University of Pennsylvania , while also enrolled at the Wharton School . He was the president of the National Union of Students of the Philippines in 1961 and was named one of the Ten Outstanding Students of the Philippines in 1964 . His wife Sonia was the Most Outstanding Student that same year . As a result of his various other achievements , he had been awarded seven honorary doctorates . Political/professional career . After he passed the bar in 1965 , Roco lobbied for the holding of a Constitutional Convention that aimed to amend the 1935 Philippine Constitution . He campaigned for a seat to represent his district in Camarines Sur . He won and thus became conventions youngest Bicolano delegate . From 1983 to 1985 , he served as president of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines . While there , he was on the legal staff of the late Philippine Senator Benigno Ninoy Aquino , and he drafted the Study Now , Pay Later law . Alongside his work in law , he has also served as a film producer . In 1974 , he was the executive producer of the late film director Lino Brockas movie Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang ; this film won six FAMAS awards that year , including best film . Among all legislators of the Eighth Congress of the Philippines ( which lasted from 1987 to 1992 ) , he was adjudged by the Ford Foundation and the University of the Philippines Institute of Strategic and Development Studies as first in over-all performance . Senate . Roco was elected to the Senate in 1992 and 1995 serving until 2001 , making many contributions that led many to recognize him as an outstanding senator . He wrote the law which reformed the nations banking system ; this earned him the title Father of the Bangko Sentral . Some other laws that he wrote resulted in the liberalization of the banking industry and the strengthening of the thrift banks . In addition , he wrote the Intellectual Property Code and the Securities Regulation Code . Roco has also made several contributions to education in the Philippines . He helped fund the teachers cooperatives as well as the increment mandated by the Magna Carta for Public School Teachers for retiring public school teachers . On the students side , he helped bring computers into Philippine universities , colleges , and public schools . In addition , he devised a plan for meal scholarships for poor students at the Philippine Normal University . Roco wrote several bills targeted at protecting and prioritizing women in the Philippines . He wrote the Women in Nation Building Law , the Nursing Act , the Anti-Sexual Harassment Law , the Anti-Rape Law , and the Child and Family Courts Act . He also let women play major roles in the Department of Educations literacy program . Out of thanks to his services for women , many womens groups named him an Honorary Woman . He also drafted a bill that abolished double taxation on Filipinos working abroad . He was given the Bantay Katarungan award by Kilosbayan for playing an integral role in the Senate impeachment trial of then-president Joseph Estrada who was impeached by the House of Representatives on 2000 for graft and corruption , bribery , betrayal of public trust , and culpable violation of the 1987 Philippine Constitution . Unfortunately , the impeachment trial was not concluded and in 2001 , Estrada was ousted from power by another People Power uprising . As Secretary of Education . Roco took over as education secretary of the Philippines in 2001 , at a time when the Philippines had not only one of the ten most corrupt governments in the world ( according to Transparency International ) , but its Department of Education was also the fourth-most corrupt of its agencies ( as named by the Asia Foundation - Social Weather Stations Survey of Enterprises on Public Sector Corruption ) . To combat this corruption , Roco imposed a department-wide transparency policy which also held employees accountable for the purchase of textbooks , which had been a major source of the departments corruption . This allowed the department to purchase textbooks for a much lower price , and after just eight months under Rocos leadership , the Department of Education gained a 73% public approval rating and became the most trusted government agency in the Philippines . During his tenure in that position , Roco allowed free public education ( through high school ) as required by the Philippine Constitution . He also enacted a reform of basic education curriculum in order that children would focus their studies on reading , writing , arithmetic , science , and Makabayan . In addition , he made sure that teachers were paid promptly and ended the 3% service fee that the department had long been deducting from teachers pay . Candidacy for President . 1998 . Roco ran for president in the 1998 Philippine election . He lost to Vice-President Joseph Estrada but had a remarkable showing in a field of eleven candidates despite being an independent candidate . His strong showing was attributed to the widespread support he received from young Filipinos who eventually formed his party , Aksyon Demokratiko , and its youth arm , Aksyon Kabataan . Party leaders then included Jaime Galvez Tan , Lorna Patajo-Kapunan and Darwin Mariano . 2004 . Roco rode his success in the Department of Education into a run for the Philippine presidency . His candidacy was based on his ability to fight corruption and to display fair play , decency , and honor . His Aksyon Demokratiko party formed a coalition with Promdi and Reporma , the parties of 1998 presidential candidates Lito Osmeña and Renato de Villa , to form the Alyansa ng Pag-asa ( Alliance of Hope ) . Roco was a front-runner in pre-election surveys and was considered a strong contender . However , during the campaign , he battled with recurrence of his cancer , after remission from his bout with prostate cancer in 1996 . His illness forced him to leave the campaign trail for medical attention in the United States . Doctors told him that his condition was not life-threatening and that he could continue his run for the presidency . He returned to the campaign trail , but concerns about his illness greatly diminished his support . He lost the election to the incumbent , Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo , and finished fourth in a field of 5 candidates . He was the President of Aksyon Demokratiko until his death . Death . On 5 August 2005 , Raul Roco died of prostate cancer , at St Lukes Medical Center in Quezon City . He was buried on August 11 in Naga City , Camarines Sur . His widow , Sonia , lost her bid for Senator under the Genuine Opposition ( formerly United Opposition ) umbrella in the May 14 , 2007 midterm elections . She still represents the party he started , Aksyon Demokratiko , in the hope of continuing the advocacies that her late husband had started . |
[
"Secretary of Education"
] | easy | Raul Roco took which position from Feb 2001 to Aug 2002? | /wiki/Raul_Roco#P39#2 | Raul Roco Raul Sagarbarria Roco ( October 26 , 1941 – August 5 , 2005 ) was a political figure in the Philippines . He was the standard-bearer of Aksyon Demokratiko , which he founded in 1997 as a vehicle for his presidential bids in 1998 and 2004 . He was a former senator and Secretary of the Department of Education under the presidency of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo . He had a strong following among young voters in the Philippines due to his efforts to promote honesty and good governance . Roco was married to Sonia Cubillo Malasarte , who is from Bohol . They have six children ( Robbie Pierre , Raul Jr. , Sophia , Sareena , Rex and Synara ) and seven grandchildren ( Nica , Reece , Samantha , Shania , Santina , Beannie and RB ) . Early life and education . Raul Roco was born in Naga City in the Philippine province of Camarines Sur , the son of farmer Sulpicio Azuela Roco and public school teacher Rosario Orlanda Sagarbarria . Roco finished elementary school at age 12 from Naga Parochial School , and high school at age 16 from Ateneo de Naga . He graduated magna cum laude from San Beda College ( now San Beda University ) in Manila with a degree in English at the age of 20 . Then , he was also the Editor-in-Chief of The Bedan working with the likes of Rene Saguisag and Jaime Licauco . Later , Roco received a Bachelor of Laws degree ( also at San Beda College ) and was the colleges Abbott Awardee for Over-All Excellence . In the United States , he obtained his Master of Laws at the University of Pennsylvania , while also enrolled at the Wharton School . He was the president of the National Union of Students of the Philippines in 1961 and was named one of the Ten Outstanding Students of the Philippines in 1964 . His wife Sonia was the Most Outstanding Student that same year . As a result of his various other achievements , he had been awarded seven honorary doctorates . Political/professional career . After he passed the bar in 1965 , Roco lobbied for the holding of a Constitutional Convention that aimed to amend the 1935 Philippine Constitution . He campaigned for a seat to represent his district in Camarines Sur . He won and thus became conventions youngest Bicolano delegate . From 1983 to 1985 , he served as president of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines . While there , he was on the legal staff of the late Philippine Senator Benigno Ninoy Aquino , and he drafted the Study Now , Pay Later law . Alongside his work in law , he has also served as a film producer . In 1974 , he was the executive producer of the late film director Lino Brockas movie Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang ; this film won six FAMAS awards that year , including best film . Among all legislators of the Eighth Congress of the Philippines ( which lasted from 1987 to 1992 ) , he was adjudged by the Ford Foundation and the University of the Philippines Institute of Strategic and Development Studies as first in over-all performance . Senate . Roco was elected to the Senate in 1992 and 1995 serving until 2001 , making many contributions that led many to recognize him as an outstanding senator . He wrote the law which reformed the nations banking system ; this earned him the title Father of the Bangko Sentral . Some other laws that he wrote resulted in the liberalization of the banking industry and the strengthening of the thrift banks . In addition , he wrote the Intellectual Property Code and the Securities Regulation Code . Roco has also made several contributions to education in the Philippines . He helped fund the teachers cooperatives as well as the increment mandated by the Magna Carta for Public School Teachers for retiring public school teachers . On the students side , he helped bring computers into Philippine universities , colleges , and public schools . In addition , he devised a plan for meal scholarships for poor students at the Philippine Normal University . Roco wrote several bills targeted at protecting and prioritizing women in the Philippines . He wrote the Women in Nation Building Law , the Nursing Act , the Anti-Sexual Harassment Law , the Anti-Rape Law , and the Child and Family Courts Act . He also let women play major roles in the Department of Educations literacy program . Out of thanks to his services for women , many womens groups named him an Honorary Woman . He also drafted a bill that abolished double taxation on Filipinos working abroad . He was given the Bantay Katarungan award by Kilosbayan for playing an integral role in the Senate impeachment trial of then-president Joseph Estrada who was impeached by the House of Representatives on 2000 for graft and corruption , bribery , betrayal of public trust , and culpable violation of the 1987 Philippine Constitution . Unfortunately , the impeachment trial was not concluded and in 2001 , Estrada was ousted from power by another People Power uprising . As Secretary of Education . Roco took over as education secretary of the Philippines in 2001 , at a time when the Philippines had not only one of the ten most corrupt governments in the world ( according to Transparency International ) , but its Department of Education was also the fourth-most corrupt of its agencies ( as named by the Asia Foundation - Social Weather Stations Survey of Enterprises on Public Sector Corruption ) . To combat this corruption , Roco imposed a department-wide transparency policy which also held employees accountable for the purchase of textbooks , which had been a major source of the departments corruption . This allowed the department to purchase textbooks for a much lower price , and after just eight months under Rocos leadership , the Department of Education gained a 73% public approval rating and became the most trusted government agency in the Philippines . During his tenure in that position , Roco allowed free public education ( through high school ) as required by the Philippine Constitution . He also enacted a reform of basic education curriculum in order that children would focus their studies on reading , writing , arithmetic , science , and Makabayan . In addition , he made sure that teachers were paid promptly and ended the 3% service fee that the department had long been deducting from teachers pay . Candidacy for President . 1998 . Roco ran for president in the 1998 Philippine election . He lost to Vice-President Joseph Estrada but had a remarkable showing in a field of eleven candidates despite being an independent candidate . His strong showing was attributed to the widespread support he received from young Filipinos who eventually formed his party , Aksyon Demokratiko , and its youth arm , Aksyon Kabataan . Party leaders then included Jaime Galvez Tan , Lorna Patajo-Kapunan and Darwin Mariano . 2004 . Roco rode his success in the Department of Education into a run for the Philippine presidency . His candidacy was based on his ability to fight corruption and to display fair play , decency , and honor . His Aksyon Demokratiko party formed a coalition with Promdi and Reporma , the parties of 1998 presidential candidates Lito Osmeña and Renato de Villa , to form the Alyansa ng Pag-asa ( Alliance of Hope ) . Roco was a front-runner in pre-election surveys and was considered a strong contender . However , during the campaign , he battled with recurrence of his cancer , after remission from his bout with prostate cancer in 1996 . His illness forced him to leave the campaign trail for medical attention in the United States . Doctors told him that his condition was not life-threatening and that he could continue his run for the presidency . He returned to the campaign trail , but concerns about his illness greatly diminished his support . He lost the election to the incumbent , Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo , and finished fourth in a field of 5 candidates . He was the President of Aksyon Demokratiko until his death . Death . On 5 August 2005 , Raul Roco died of prostate cancer , at St Lukes Medical Center in Quezon City . He was buried on August 11 in Naga City , Camarines Sur . His widow , Sonia , lost her bid for Senator under the Genuine Opposition ( formerly United Opposition ) umbrella in the May 14 , 2007 midterm elections . She still represents the party he started , Aksyon Demokratiko , in the hope of continuing the advocacies that her late husband had started . |
[
"London , Midland and Scottish Railway"
] | easy | What was the operator of British Rail Class D16/1 from 1947 to Dec 1947? | /wiki/British_Rail_Class_D16/1#P137#0 | British Rail Class D16/1 LMS No . 10000 and 10001 were the first mainline diesel locomotives built in Great Britain . They were built in association with English Electric by the London , Midland and Scottish Railway at its Derby Works , using an English Electric 1600 hp diesel engine , generator and electrics . Under British Railways , the locomotives became British Railways Class D16/1 ; they were initially operated primarily on mainline express passenger services on former LMS lines , both in single and in multiple . In 1953 , they were transferred to the Southern Region for comparison with O . Bulleids British Rail Class D16/2 diesel locomotives . Both locomotives were withdrawn and scrapped in the 1960s . Background and design . Background . In March 1947 , the LMS announced its intention to operate main line passenger services using diesel traction : initial specifications were for a pair of 1600 hp locomotives with a top speed of 100 mph , capable of hauling express services such as the Royal Scot . The company also announced it intended to use the same type singly on semi-fast suburban and medium weight freight services such as were hauled by 2-6-4T engines ; English Electric engines were specified of similar design to that used on the companys diesel electric shunting locomotives . The LMS signed an agreement with English Electric to construct two 1600 hp locomotives : the mechanical parts were to be constructed at the LMSs Derby Works with George Ivatt responsible as the overall designer ; electrical parts and diesel engine were to be supplied by English Electric . The bogies took an American pattern design , which was modified by Edward Fox and his team at Derby to create a smooth riding suspension . The welded bogie frame was derived from Foxs earlier design for Liverpool-Southport electric trains ( later renumbered British Rail Class 502 ) . Design . The primary suspension consisted of equalising beams with coil springs ; the equalising beams were located within the bogie sandwich type side frame , whilst the secondary suspension utilised a two bolsters per bogie incorporating four transverse leaf springs . The locomotive weight was carried on four sliding elements on the bolster , with a center pivot used to transfer tractive forces . The locomotive body was a cowl unit design , consisting of structural longitudinal members , with cross stretchers forming the supports for the internal equipment including the engine-generator . The locomotive superstructure was mechanically separated from the load-bearing structures by pivots at either end of the body and incorporated roof doors for access to the diesel engine . The driving cabs incorporating nose sections were also separate structures ; each cab was accessible from the other via an inner walkway , and passage between locomotives was enabled by end corridor connections . Each cab nose contained a traction motor cooling fan , and an air compressor . The external design was a streamlined , art-deco style twin cab design in a black & chromatic silver livery . English Electric supplied the engine from its Rugby factory , the DC Generator from its Bradford works , and Traction Motors from Dick , Kerr & Co in Preston . Vacuum brakes were from Westinghouse , and the oil-fired train-heat boiler was from Clarkson . The engine , and main and auxiliary generators formed a single unit which was mounted on anti-vibration mounts . For use in the locomotive the engine was rated at 1600 hp at 750rpm ; the engine was water-cooled . Water , lubricating oil and fuel pumps were driven from one end of the engines crankshaft . Two Serck radiators were used for cooling , each with water and oil cooling elements . The main generator was a 1080 kW 650 V 1660 A continuous rated self-ventilated machine directly connected to the engines crankshaft and supported by an extension of the diesel engines bedplate . The generator used two separately excited field windings whilst generating , using a series winding for battery-powered ( 60 cell , 236 Ahr , D.P . Kathanode ) motor starting . An auxiliary generator end connected to the main generator rated at 50 kW , 135V 375A supplied control equipment , compressors , motor cooling blowers , lighting , as well as providing the excitation for the main generator . Both generators projected from the engine room into a separate dust-filtered control equipment cubicle . Each axle was powered : the traction motors were axle-hung , nose-suspended , driving the wheelsets via a single reduction gear . The motors were connected in three parallel connected groups of sets of two motors connected in series ; each motor was a series-wound machine rated at 220 HP , 300 V , 550 A . Locomotive power control could be varied through 8 notches , obtained via three engine speeds used ( 450 , 620 , 750 rpm ) with additional control obtained by varying the main generator excitation . Service . Introduction . LMS 10000 was officially presented to the press at Derby Works in December 1947 , and the locomotive was also presented at Euston station on 18 December 1947 , making a demonstration return journey to Watford . 10000 was outshopped only three weeks before nationalisation , and when 10001 appeared in July 1948 , it had British Railways livery . Ivatt filed all correspondence from British Railways instructing the removal of the LMS letters , which were finally removed only upon his retirement , in 1951 . On 14 and 15 January 1948 , No . 10000 underwent tests on the line between St Pancras and Manchester , the schedule being set to timings based on a standard 4-6-0 ( 5X ) passenger express locomotive . The attached load was a 393-ton tare , 12 carriage train including a dynamometer car ; No . 10000 performed the services within the accepted schedule . Operations . After initial tests , from February 1948 , locomotive No . 10000 was placed on a twice-daily London-Derby ( 128.5 mile ) return passenger service , hauling trains of 300 to 450 gross tons . No . 10001 also began service on the London-Derby route when completed , with a Derby-Manchester service also begun . In late 1948 , both units were withdrawn for modifications based on service experience . They then returned to their midland service , before being transferred to operate express Euston-Carlisle-Glasgow passenger trains . The locomotives were operated in multiple : on 1 June 1949 , they operated the 16 carriage Royal Scot express of 545 gross tons non-stop from Euston to Glasgow , making a return run on 2 June . At the gradients leading to Shap and Beattock , the engines operated at full power , hauling the trains at 38 and 36 mph in each case . After June 1949 , the units operated for over 2 months in multiple formation - working London-Carlisle and later London-Glasgow services . In multiple , the locomotives showed potential for high speed services , on one occasion operating a standard Euston-Carlisle train at an average speed of just over 60 mph , including delays ; this was 74 minutes quicker than usually scheduled . From mid 1949 , the locomotives began operating singly , with No.10000 worked Euston-Blackpool services , and No.10001 was trialled operating London-Glasgow services . Other services operated included London to Crewe and to Liverpool . On the Red Rose express , No . 10001 recorded 82 mph on a down gradient with a gross train load of 490tons . The units were also used on freight services , including express London ( Camden ) to Crewe , and Crewe-Willesden ; the locomotives met the scheduled average speed of 45 mph on the Camden-Crewe trains with a 500-ton train . One notable freight working was the haulage of a 60 wagon , 1100 ton gross coal train , between Rugby and Willesden , achieving 25 mph on a 1 in 133 gradient to Tring Summit . Other operations included a trial on the Settle & Carlisle line , and workings to Perth , and on one occasion to Aberdeen . Due to boiler problems sometimes leaving them unable to provide carriage heating , they often worked freights in winter and the Royal Scot in summer . In March 1953 , they were both transferred to the Southern Region to allow direct comparison to be made between them and the SRs 10201 , 10202 & 10203 and remained there until spring 1955 , notably working the Bournemouth Belle and occasionally through to Weymouth and Exeter , but also visiting Brighton Works . At a low point of their career in terms of reliability , they ( and the SR locomotives ) were sent to Derby where they were overhauled and received green livery and then ran side by side on London Midland Region duties , including the Royal Scot again in 1957–58 . Classification . At a meeting between the LMS and English Electric on 20 May 1946 , it was agreed that a single locomotive would be equivalent to a Class 5 mixed traffic engine , and that two coupled together would be capable of handling the same loads as a Class 7 locomotive . The original power classification was 5P/5F . Upon transfer to the Southern Region ( SR ) in 1953 , they were given the classification 6P/5F , but no . 10000 was later marked 6P/5FA . At this time , SR practice was to show the loading classification on locomotives , whereas other regions applied the statistical classification . They reverted to 5P/5F at some point after their return to the London Midland Region in 1955 ; only no . 10000 was marked 5P/5F ; no . 10001 was marked 5P/5FA . Their final power classification , allotted in 1957 , was simply 5 . In 1957 , the two locomotives were placed in the Type 3 power group . The classification system introduced in February 1960 for internal use by the Eastern and North Eastern Regions gave these locomotives the code D16/1 ; in 1962 , this was amended to 16/8 . Eventually , they were placed in BR Class 34 . Withdrawal . Both locos were lastly allocated to Willesden . The locomotives were laid up at Derby in 1963 with Bulleids diesels ; No . 10001 was made functional using parts of both , and continued operating until 1966 , fitted with a yellow warning panel . No . 10000 was withdrawn in 1963 and scrapped at Cashmores , Great Bridge , in January 1968 ; between withdrawal and scrapping , 10000 spent some time in storage at Derby , and was one of the locos on display at the Derby Works Open Day and Flower Show in August 1964 . No . 10001s later workings were said to be mainly on North London freights to Greenwich , but was also photographed on Wolverhampton expresses and WCML freights during this period . Together , the two units clocked more than 2 million miles . 10001 was withdrawn in 1966 and scrapped at Cox & Danks , North Acton , also in January 1968 . Legacy . The bogie design was used practically unchanged on the EM2 electric locomotives ( ) . The bogie design incorporating equalising beam suspension influenced a large number of subsequent British diesel locomotives designs . Both locos were subject to preservation attempts from railwaymen who appreciated the change and improvements gained by the switch to diesels . 10000 was offered to Clapham Railway Museum , but was refused on grounds of space and not representing a class . No . 10001 was hidden at the back of Willesden Depot , having been overlooked for removal at least twice . Re-creation . In 2011 , the Ivatt Diesel Re-creation Society announced plans to build a replica of no . 10000 , using contemporary parts as well as new build components . The society has sourced a Mark 1 English Electric 16SVT diesel engine dating to the 1940s and the sole remaining Metropolitan Vickers bogies dating from the 1950s , formerly used by a class EM2 electric locomotive in England and the Netherlands . These bogies are of the same design as on the original 10000 although with weaker springs , which will be replaced . The society has purchased Class 58 diesel 58022 which will be used as the new locomotives chassis . An engineering summary was made public in 2019 followed lengthy discussions with engineers within the railway industry and after ascertaining the most available and practical group of components to include within the locomotive . |
[
"London , Midland and Scottish Railway"
] | easy | What was the operator of British Rail Class D16/1 from 1948 to 1953? | /wiki/British_Rail_Class_D16/1#P137#1 | British Rail Class D16/1 LMS No . 10000 and 10001 were the first mainline diesel locomotives built in Great Britain . They were built in association with English Electric by the London , Midland and Scottish Railway at its Derby Works , using an English Electric 1600 hp diesel engine , generator and electrics . Under British Railways , the locomotives became British Railways Class D16/1 ; they were initially operated primarily on mainline express passenger services on former LMS lines , both in single and in multiple . In 1953 , they were transferred to the Southern Region for comparison with O . Bulleids British Rail Class D16/2 diesel locomotives . Both locomotives were withdrawn and scrapped in the 1960s . Background and design . Background . In March 1947 , the LMS announced its intention to operate main line passenger services using diesel traction : initial specifications were for a pair of 1600 hp locomotives with a top speed of 100 mph , capable of hauling express services such as the Royal Scot . The company also announced it intended to use the same type singly on semi-fast suburban and medium weight freight services such as were hauled by 2-6-4T engines ; English Electric engines were specified of similar design to that used on the companys diesel electric shunting locomotives . The LMS signed an agreement with English Electric to construct two 1600 hp locomotives : the mechanical parts were to be constructed at the LMSs Derby Works with George Ivatt responsible as the overall designer ; electrical parts and diesel engine were to be supplied by English Electric . The bogies took an American pattern design , which was modified by Edward Fox and his team at Derby to create a smooth riding suspension . The welded bogie frame was derived from Foxs earlier design for Liverpool-Southport electric trains ( later renumbered British Rail Class 502 ) . Design . The primary suspension consisted of equalising beams with coil springs ; the equalising beams were located within the bogie sandwich type side frame , whilst the secondary suspension utilised a two bolsters per bogie incorporating four transverse leaf springs . The locomotive weight was carried on four sliding elements on the bolster , with a center pivot used to transfer tractive forces . The locomotive body was a cowl unit design , consisting of structural longitudinal members , with cross stretchers forming the supports for the internal equipment including the engine-generator . The locomotive superstructure was mechanically separated from the load-bearing structures by pivots at either end of the body and incorporated roof doors for access to the diesel engine . The driving cabs incorporating nose sections were also separate structures ; each cab was accessible from the other via an inner walkway , and passage between locomotives was enabled by end corridor connections . Each cab nose contained a traction motor cooling fan , and an air compressor . The external design was a streamlined , art-deco style twin cab design in a black & chromatic silver livery . English Electric supplied the engine from its Rugby factory , the DC Generator from its Bradford works , and Traction Motors from Dick , Kerr & Co in Preston . Vacuum brakes were from Westinghouse , and the oil-fired train-heat boiler was from Clarkson . The engine , and main and auxiliary generators formed a single unit which was mounted on anti-vibration mounts . For use in the locomotive the engine was rated at 1600 hp at 750rpm ; the engine was water-cooled . Water , lubricating oil and fuel pumps were driven from one end of the engines crankshaft . Two Serck radiators were used for cooling , each with water and oil cooling elements . The main generator was a 1080 kW 650 V 1660 A continuous rated self-ventilated machine directly connected to the engines crankshaft and supported by an extension of the diesel engines bedplate . The generator used two separately excited field windings whilst generating , using a series winding for battery-powered ( 60 cell , 236 Ahr , D.P . Kathanode ) motor starting . An auxiliary generator end connected to the main generator rated at 50 kW , 135V 375A supplied control equipment , compressors , motor cooling blowers , lighting , as well as providing the excitation for the main generator . Both generators projected from the engine room into a separate dust-filtered control equipment cubicle . Each axle was powered : the traction motors were axle-hung , nose-suspended , driving the wheelsets via a single reduction gear . The motors were connected in three parallel connected groups of sets of two motors connected in series ; each motor was a series-wound machine rated at 220 HP , 300 V , 550 A . Locomotive power control could be varied through 8 notches , obtained via three engine speeds used ( 450 , 620 , 750 rpm ) with additional control obtained by varying the main generator excitation . Service . Introduction . LMS 10000 was officially presented to the press at Derby Works in December 1947 , and the locomotive was also presented at Euston station on 18 December 1947 , making a demonstration return journey to Watford . 10000 was outshopped only three weeks before nationalisation , and when 10001 appeared in July 1948 , it had British Railways livery . Ivatt filed all correspondence from British Railways instructing the removal of the LMS letters , which were finally removed only upon his retirement , in 1951 . On 14 and 15 January 1948 , No . 10000 underwent tests on the line between St Pancras and Manchester , the schedule being set to timings based on a standard 4-6-0 ( 5X ) passenger express locomotive . The attached load was a 393-ton tare , 12 carriage train including a dynamometer car ; No . 10000 performed the services within the accepted schedule . Operations . After initial tests , from February 1948 , locomotive No . 10000 was placed on a twice-daily London-Derby ( 128.5 mile ) return passenger service , hauling trains of 300 to 450 gross tons . No . 10001 also began service on the London-Derby route when completed , with a Derby-Manchester service also begun . In late 1948 , both units were withdrawn for modifications based on service experience . They then returned to their midland service , before being transferred to operate express Euston-Carlisle-Glasgow passenger trains . The locomotives were operated in multiple : on 1 June 1949 , they operated the 16 carriage Royal Scot express of 545 gross tons non-stop from Euston to Glasgow , making a return run on 2 June . At the gradients leading to Shap and Beattock , the engines operated at full power , hauling the trains at 38 and 36 mph in each case . After June 1949 , the units operated for over 2 months in multiple formation - working London-Carlisle and later London-Glasgow services . In multiple , the locomotives showed potential for high speed services , on one occasion operating a standard Euston-Carlisle train at an average speed of just over 60 mph , including delays ; this was 74 minutes quicker than usually scheduled . From mid 1949 , the locomotives began operating singly , with No.10000 worked Euston-Blackpool services , and No.10001 was trialled operating London-Glasgow services . Other services operated included London to Crewe and to Liverpool . On the Red Rose express , No . 10001 recorded 82 mph on a down gradient with a gross train load of 490tons . The units were also used on freight services , including express London ( Camden ) to Crewe , and Crewe-Willesden ; the locomotives met the scheduled average speed of 45 mph on the Camden-Crewe trains with a 500-ton train . One notable freight working was the haulage of a 60 wagon , 1100 ton gross coal train , between Rugby and Willesden , achieving 25 mph on a 1 in 133 gradient to Tring Summit . Other operations included a trial on the Settle & Carlisle line , and workings to Perth , and on one occasion to Aberdeen . Due to boiler problems sometimes leaving them unable to provide carriage heating , they often worked freights in winter and the Royal Scot in summer . In March 1953 , they were both transferred to the Southern Region to allow direct comparison to be made between them and the SRs 10201 , 10202 & 10203 and remained there until spring 1955 , notably working the Bournemouth Belle and occasionally through to Weymouth and Exeter , but also visiting Brighton Works . At a low point of their career in terms of reliability , they ( and the SR locomotives ) were sent to Derby where they were overhauled and received green livery and then ran side by side on London Midland Region duties , including the Royal Scot again in 1957–58 . Classification . At a meeting between the LMS and English Electric on 20 May 1946 , it was agreed that a single locomotive would be equivalent to a Class 5 mixed traffic engine , and that two coupled together would be capable of handling the same loads as a Class 7 locomotive . The original power classification was 5P/5F . Upon transfer to the Southern Region ( SR ) in 1953 , they were given the classification 6P/5F , but no . 10000 was later marked 6P/5FA . At this time , SR practice was to show the loading classification on locomotives , whereas other regions applied the statistical classification . They reverted to 5P/5F at some point after their return to the London Midland Region in 1955 ; only no . 10000 was marked 5P/5F ; no . 10001 was marked 5P/5FA . Their final power classification , allotted in 1957 , was simply 5 . In 1957 , the two locomotives were placed in the Type 3 power group . The classification system introduced in February 1960 for internal use by the Eastern and North Eastern Regions gave these locomotives the code D16/1 ; in 1962 , this was amended to 16/8 . Eventually , they were placed in BR Class 34 . Withdrawal . Both locos were lastly allocated to Willesden . The locomotives were laid up at Derby in 1963 with Bulleids diesels ; No . 10001 was made functional using parts of both , and continued operating until 1966 , fitted with a yellow warning panel . No . 10000 was withdrawn in 1963 and scrapped at Cashmores , Great Bridge , in January 1968 ; between withdrawal and scrapping , 10000 spent some time in storage at Derby , and was one of the locos on display at the Derby Works Open Day and Flower Show in August 1964 . No . 10001s later workings were said to be mainly on North London freights to Greenwich , but was also photographed on Wolverhampton expresses and WCML freights during this period . Together , the two units clocked more than 2 million miles . 10001 was withdrawn in 1966 and scrapped at Cox & Danks , North Acton , also in January 1968 . Legacy . The bogie design was used practically unchanged on the EM2 electric locomotives ( ) . The bogie design incorporating equalising beam suspension influenced a large number of subsequent British diesel locomotives designs . Both locos were subject to preservation attempts from railwaymen who appreciated the change and improvements gained by the switch to diesels . 10000 was offered to Clapham Railway Museum , but was refused on grounds of space and not representing a class . No . 10001 was hidden at the back of Willesden Depot , having been overlooked for removal at least twice . Re-creation . In 2011 , the Ivatt Diesel Re-creation Society announced plans to build a replica of no . 10000 , using contemporary parts as well as new build components . The society has sourced a Mark 1 English Electric 16SVT diesel engine dating to the 1940s and the sole remaining Metropolitan Vickers bogies dating from the 1950s , formerly used by a class EM2 electric locomotive in England and the Netherlands . These bogies are of the same design as on the original 10000 although with weaker springs , which will be replaced . The society has purchased Class 58 diesel 58022 which will be used as the new locomotives chassis . An engineering summary was made public in 2019 followed lengthy discussions with engineers within the railway industry and after ascertaining the most available and practical group of components to include within the locomotive . |
[
"Southern Region"
] | easy | What was the operator of British Rail Class D16/1 from 1953 to 1955? | /wiki/British_Rail_Class_D16/1#P137#2 | British Rail Class D16/1 LMS No . 10000 and 10001 were the first mainline diesel locomotives built in Great Britain . They were built in association with English Electric by the London , Midland and Scottish Railway at its Derby Works , using an English Electric 1600 hp diesel engine , generator and electrics . Under British Railways , the locomotives became British Railways Class D16/1 ; they were initially operated primarily on mainline express passenger services on former LMS lines , both in single and in multiple . In 1953 , they were transferred to the Southern Region for comparison with O . Bulleids British Rail Class D16/2 diesel locomotives . Both locomotives were withdrawn and scrapped in the 1960s . Background and design . Background . In March 1947 , the LMS announced its intention to operate main line passenger services using diesel traction : initial specifications were for a pair of 1600 hp locomotives with a top speed of 100 mph , capable of hauling express services such as the Royal Scot . The company also announced it intended to use the same type singly on semi-fast suburban and medium weight freight services such as were hauled by 2-6-4T engines ; English Electric engines were specified of similar design to that used on the companys diesel electric shunting locomotives . The LMS signed an agreement with English Electric to construct two 1600 hp locomotives : the mechanical parts were to be constructed at the LMSs Derby Works with George Ivatt responsible as the overall designer ; electrical parts and diesel engine were to be supplied by English Electric . The bogies took an American pattern design , which was modified by Edward Fox and his team at Derby to create a smooth riding suspension . The welded bogie frame was derived from Foxs earlier design for Liverpool-Southport electric trains ( later renumbered British Rail Class 502 ) . Design . The primary suspension consisted of equalising beams with coil springs ; the equalising beams were located within the bogie sandwich type side frame , whilst the secondary suspension utilised a two bolsters per bogie incorporating four transverse leaf springs . The locomotive weight was carried on four sliding elements on the bolster , with a center pivot used to transfer tractive forces . The locomotive body was a cowl unit design , consisting of structural longitudinal members , with cross stretchers forming the supports for the internal equipment including the engine-generator . The locomotive superstructure was mechanically separated from the load-bearing structures by pivots at either end of the body and incorporated roof doors for access to the diesel engine . The driving cabs incorporating nose sections were also separate structures ; each cab was accessible from the other via an inner walkway , and passage between locomotives was enabled by end corridor connections . Each cab nose contained a traction motor cooling fan , and an air compressor . The external design was a streamlined , art-deco style twin cab design in a black & chromatic silver livery . English Electric supplied the engine from its Rugby factory , the DC Generator from its Bradford works , and Traction Motors from Dick , Kerr & Co in Preston . Vacuum brakes were from Westinghouse , and the oil-fired train-heat boiler was from Clarkson . The engine , and main and auxiliary generators formed a single unit which was mounted on anti-vibration mounts . For use in the locomotive the engine was rated at 1600 hp at 750rpm ; the engine was water-cooled . Water , lubricating oil and fuel pumps were driven from one end of the engines crankshaft . Two Serck radiators were used for cooling , each with water and oil cooling elements . The main generator was a 1080 kW 650 V 1660 A continuous rated self-ventilated machine directly connected to the engines crankshaft and supported by an extension of the diesel engines bedplate . The generator used two separately excited field windings whilst generating , using a series winding for battery-powered ( 60 cell , 236 Ahr , D.P . Kathanode ) motor starting . An auxiliary generator end connected to the main generator rated at 50 kW , 135V 375A supplied control equipment , compressors , motor cooling blowers , lighting , as well as providing the excitation for the main generator . Both generators projected from the engine room into a separate dust-filtered control equipment cubicle . Each axle was powered : the traction motors were axle-hung , nose-suspended , driving the wheelsets via a single reduction gear . The motors were connected in three parallel connected groups of sets of two motors connected in series ; each motor was a series-wound machine rated at 220 HP , 300 V , 550 A . Locomotive power control could be varied through 8 notches , obtained via three engine speeds used ( 450 , 620 , 750 rpm ) with additional control obtained by varying the main generator excitation . Service . Introduction . LMS 10000 was officially presented to the press at Derby Works in December 1947 , and the locomotive was also presented at Euston station on 18 December 1947 , making a demonstration return journey to Watford . 10000 was outshopped only three weeks before nationalisation , and when 10001 appeared in July 1948 , it had British Railways livery . Ivatt filed all correspondence from British Railways instructing the removal of the LMS letters , which were finally removed only upon his retirement , in 1951 . On 14 and 15 January 1948 , No . 10000 underwent tests on the line between St Pancras and Manchester , the schedule being set to timings based on a standard 4-6-0 ( 5X ) passenger express locomotive . The attached load was a 393-ton tare , 12 carriage train including a dynamometer car ; No . 10000 performed the services within the accepted schedule . Operations . After initial tests , from February 1948 , locomotive No . 10000 was placed on a twice-daily London-Derby ( 128.5 mile ) return passenger service , hauling trains of 300 to 450 gross tons . No . 10001 also began service on the London-Derby route when completed , with a Derby-Manchester service also begun . In late 1948 , both units were withdrawn for modifications based on service experience . They then returned to their midland service , before being transferred to operate express Euston-Carlisle-Glasgow passenger trains . The locomotives were operated in multiple : on 1 June 1949 , they operated the 16 carriage Royal Scot express of 545 gross tons non-stop from Euston to Glasgow , making a return run on 2 June . At the gradients leading to Shap and Beattock , the engines operated at full power , hauling the trains at 38 and 36 mph in each case . After June 1949 , the units operated for over 2 months in multiple formation - working London-Carlisle and later London-Glasgow services . In multiple , the locomotives showed potential for high speed services , on one occasion operating a standard Euston-Carlisle train at an average speed of just over 60 mph , including delays ; this was 74 minutes quicker than usually scheduled . From mid 1949 , the locomotives began operating singly , with No.10000 worked Euston-Blackpool services , and No.10001 was trialled operating London-Glasgow services . Other services operated included London to Crewe and to Liverpool . On the Red Rose express , No . 10001 recorded 82 mph on a down gradient with a gross train load of 490tons . The units were also used on freight services , including express London ( Camden ) to Crewe , and Crewe-Willesden ; the locomotives met the scheduled average speed of 45 mph on the Camden-Crewe trains with a 500-ton train . One notable freight working was the haulage of a 60 wagon , 1100 ton gross coal train , between Rugby and Willesden , achieving 25 mph on a 1 in 133 gradient to Tring Summit . Other operations included a trial on the Settle & Carlisle line , and workings to Perth , and on one occasion to Aberdeen . Due to boiler problems sometimes leaving them unable to provide carriage heating , they often worked freights in winter and the Royal Scot in summer . In March 1953 , they were both transferred to the Southern Region to allow direct comparison to be made between them and the SRs 10201 , 10202 & 10203 and remained there until spring 1955 , notably working the Bournemouth Belle and occasionally through to Weymouth and Exeter , but also visiting Brighton Works . At a low point of their career in terms of reliability , they ( and the SR locomotives ) were sent to Derby where they were overhauled and received green livery and then ran side by side on London Midland Region duties , including the Royal Scot again in 1957–58 . Classification . At a meeting between the LMS and English Electric on 20 May 1946 , it was agreed that a single locomotive would be equivalent to a Class 5 mixed traffic engine , and that two coupled together would be capable of handling the same loads as a Class 7 locomotive . The original power classification was 5P/5F . Upon transfer to the Southern Region ( SR ) in 1953 , they were given the classification 6P/5F , but no . 10000 was later marked 6P/5FA . At this time , SR practice was to show the loading classification on locomotives , whereas other regions applied the statistical classification . They reverted to 5P/5F at some point after their return to the London Midland Region in 1955 ; only no . 10000 was marked 5P/5F ; no . 10001 was marked 5P/5FA . Their final power classification , allotted in 1957 , was simply 5 . In 1957 , the two locomotives were placed in the Type 3 power group . The classification system introduced in February 1960 for internal use by the Eastern and North Eastern Regions gave these locomotives the code D16/1 ; in 1962 , this was amended to 16/8 . Eventually , they were placed in BR Class 34 . Withdrawal . Both locos were lastly allocated to Willesden . The locomotives were laid up at Derby in 1963 with Bulleids diesels ; No . 10001 was made functional using parts of both , and continued operating until 1966 , fitted with a yellow warning panel . No . 10000 was withdrawn in 1963 and scrapped at Cashmores , Great Bridge , in January 1968 ; between withdrawal and scrapping , 10000 spent some time in storage at Derby , and was one of the locos on display at the Derby Works Open Day and Flower Show in August 1964 . No . 10001s later workings were said to be mainly on North London freights to Greenwich , but was also photographed on Wolverhampton expresses and WCML freights during this period . Together , the two units clocked more than 2 million miles . 10001 was withdrawn in 1966 and scrapped at Cox & Danks , North Acton , also in January 1968 . Legacy . The bogie design was used practically unchanged on the EM2 electric locomotives ( ) . The bogie design incorporating equalising beam suspension influenced a large number of subsequent British diesel locomotives designs . Both locos were subject to preservation attempts from railwaymen who appreciated the change and improvements gained by the switch to diesels . 10000 was offered to Clapham Railway Museum , but was refused on grounds of space and not representing a class . No . 10001 was hidden at the back of Willesden Depot , having been overlooked for removal at least twice . Re-creation . In 2011 , the Ivatt Diesel Re-creation Society announced plans to build a replica of no . 10000 , using contemporary parts as well as new build components . The society has sourced a Mark 1 English Electric 16SVT diesel engine dating to the 1940s and the sole remaining Metropolitan Vickers bogies dating from the 1950s , formerly used by a class EM2 electric locomotive in England and the Netherlands . These bogies are of the same design as on the original 10000 although with weaker springs , which will be replaced . The society has purchased Class 58 diesel 58022 which will be used as the new locomotives chassis . An engineering summary was made public in 2019 followed lengthy discussions with engineers within the railway industry and after ascertaining the most available and practical group of components to include within the locomotive . |
[
"LMS"
] | easy | What operated British Rail Class D16/1 from 1955 to 1966? | /wiki/British_Rail_Class_D16/1#P137#3 | British Rail Class D16/1 LMS No . 10000 and 10001 were the first mainline diesel locomotives built in Great Britain . They were built in association with English Electric by the London , Midland and Scottish Railway at its Derby Works , using an English Electric 1600 hp diesel engine , generator and electrics . Under British Railways , the locomotives became British Railways Class D16/1 ; they were initially operated primarily on mainline express passenger services on former LMS lines , both in single and in multiple . In 1953 , they were transferred to the Southern Region for comparison with O . Bulleids British Rail Class D16/2 diesel locomotives . Both locomotives were withdrawn and scrapped in the 1960s . Background and design . Background . In March 1947 , the LMS announced its intention to operate main line passenger services using diesel traction : initial specifications were for a pair of 1600 hp locomotives with a top speed of 100 mph , capable of hauling express services such as the Royal Scot . The company also announced it intended to use the same type singly on semi-fast suburban and medium weight freight services such as were hauled by 2-6-4T engines ; English Electric engines were specified of similar design to that used on the companys diesel electric shunting locomotives . The LMS signed an agreement with English Electric to construct two 1600 hp locomotives : the mechanical parts were to be constructed at the LMSs Derby Works with George Ivatt responsible as the overall designer ; electrical parts and diesel engine were to be supplied by English Electric . The bogies took an American pattern design , which was modified by Edward Fox and his team at Derby to create a smooth riding suspension . The welded bogie frame was derived from Foxs earlier design for Liverpool-Southport electric trains ( later renumbered British Rail Class 502 ) . Design . The primary suspension consisted of equalising beams with coil springs ; the equalising beams were located within the bogie sandwich type side frame , whilst the secondary suspension utilised a two bolsters per bogie incorporating four transverse leaf springs . The locomotive weight was carried on four sliding elements on the bolster , with a center pivot used to transfer tractive forces . The locomotive body was a cowl unit design , consisting of structural longitudinal members , with cross stretchers forming the supports for the internal equipment including the engine-generator . The locomotive superstructure was mechanically separated from the load-bearing structures by pivots at either end of the body and incorporated roof doors for access to the diesel engine . The driving cabs incorporating nose sections were also separate structures ; each cab was accessible from the other via an inner walkway , and passage between locomotives was enabled by end corridor connections . Each cab nose contained a traction motor cooling fan , and an air compressor . The external design was a streamlined , art-deco style twin cab design in a black & chromatic silver livery . English Electric supplied the engine from its Rugby factory , the DC Generator from its Bradford works , and Traction Motors from Dick , Kerr & Co in Preston . Vacuum brakes were from Westinghouse , and the oil-fired train-heat boiler was from Clarkson . The engine , and main and auxiliary generators formed a single unit which was mounted on anti-vibration mounts . For use in the locomotive the engine was rated at 1600 hp at 750rpm ; the engine was water-cooled . Water , lubricating oil and fuel pumps were driven from one end of the engines crankshaft . Two Serck radiators were used for cooling , each with water and oil cooling elements . The main generator was a 1080 kW 650 V 1660 A continuous rated self-ventilated machine directly connected to the engines crankshaft and supported by an extension of the diesel engines bedplate . The generator used two separately excited field windings whilst generating , using a series winding for battery-powered ( 60 cell , 236 Ahr , D.P . Kathanode ) motor starting . An auxiliary generator end connected to the main generator rated at 50 kW , 135V 375A supplied control equipment , compressors , motor cooling blowers , lighting , as well as providing the excitation for the main generator . Both generators projected from the engine room into a separate dust-filtered control equipment cubicle . Each axle was powered : the traction motors were axle-hung , nose-suspended , driving the wheelsets via a single reduction gear . The motors were connected in three parallel connected groups of sets of two motors connected in series ; each motor was a series-wound machine rated at 220 HP , 300 V , 550 A . Locomotive power control could be varied through 8 notches , obtained via three engine speeds used ( 450 , 620 , 750 rpm ) with additional control obtained by varying the main generator excitation . Service . Introduction . LMS 10000 was officially presented to the press at Derby Works in December 1947 , and the locomotive was also presented at Euston station on 18 December 1947 , making a demonstration return journey to Watford . 10000 was outshopped only three weeks before nationalisation , and when 10001 appeared in July 1948 , it had British Railways livery . Ivatt filed all correspondence from British Railways instructing the removal of the LMS letters , which were finally removed only upon his retirement , in 1951 . On 14 and 15 January 1948 , No . 10000 underwent tests on the line between St Pancras and Manchester , the schedule being set to timings based on a standard 4-6-0 ( 5X ) passenger express locomotive . The attached load was a 393-ton tare , 12 carriage train including a dynamometer car ; No . 10000 performed the services within the accepted schedule . Operations . After initial tests , from February 1948 , locomotive No . 10000 was placed on a twice-daily London-Derby ( 128.5 mile ) return passenger service , hauling trains of 300 to 450 gross tons . No . 10001 also began service on the London-Derby route when completed , with a Derby-Manchester service also begun . In late 1948 , both units were withdrawn for modifications based on service experience . They then returned to their midland service , before being transferred to operate express Euston-Carlisle-Glasgow passenger trains . The locomotives were operated in multiple : on 1 June 1949 , they operated the 16 carriage Royal Scot express of 545 gross tons non-stop from Euston to Glasgow , making a return run on 2 June . At the gradients leading to Shap and Beattock , the engines operated at full power , hauling the trains at 38 and 36 mph in each case . After June 1949 , the units operated for over 2 months in multiple formation - working London-Carlisle and later London-Glasgow services . In multiple , the locomotives showed potential for high speed services , on one occasion operating a standard Euston-Carlisle train at an average speed of just over 60 mph , including delays ; this was 74 minutes quicker than usually scheduled . From mid 1949 , the locomotives began operating singly , with No.10000 worked Euston-Blackpool services , and No.10001 was trialled operating London-Glasgow services . Other services operated included London to Crewe and to Liverpool . On the Red Rose express , No . 10001 recorded 82 mph on a down gradient with a gross train load of 490tons . The units were also used on freight services , including express London ( Camden ) to Crewe , and Crewe-Willesden ; the locomotives met the scheduled average speed of 45 mph on the Camden-Crewe trains with a 500-ton train . One notable freight working was the haulage of a 60 wagon , 1100 ton gross coal train , between Rugby and Willesden , achieving 25 mph on a 1 in 133 gradient to Tring Summit . Other operations included a trial on the Settle & Carlisle line , and workings to Perth , and on one occasion to Aberdeen . Due to boiler problems sometimes leaving them unable to provide carriage heating , they often worked freights in winter and the Royal Scot in summer . In March 1953 , they were both transferred to the Southern Region to allow direct comparison to be made between them and the SRs 10201 , 10202 & 10203 and remained there until spring 1955 , notably working the Bournemouth Belle and occasionally through to Weymouth and Exeter , but also visiting Brighton Works . At a low point of their career in terms of reliability , they ( and the SR locomotives ) were sent to Derby where they were overhauled and received green livery and then ran side by side on London Midland Region duties , including the Royal Scot again in 1957–58 . Classification . At a meeting between the LMS and English Electric on 20 May 1946 , it was agreed that a single locomotive would be equivalent to a Class 5 mixed traffic engine , and that two coupled together would be capable of handling the same loads as a Class 7 locomotive . The original power classification was 5P/5F . Upon transfer to the Southern Region ( SR ) in 1953 , they were given the classification 6P/5F , but no . 10000 was later marked 6P/5FA . At this time , SR practice was to show the loading classification on locomotives , whereas other regions applied the statistical classification . They reverted to 5P/5F at some point after their return to the London Midland Region in 1955 ; only no . 10000 was marked 5P/5F ; no . 10001 was marked 5P/5FA . Their final power classification , allotted in 1957 , was simply 5 . In 1957 , the two locomotives were placed in the Type 3 power group . The classification system introduced in February 1960 for internal use by the Eastern and North Eastern Regions gave these locomotives the code D16/1 ; in 1962 , this was amended to 16/8 . Eventually , they were placed in BR Class 34 . Withdrawal . Both locos were lastly allocated to Willesden . The locomotives were laid up at Derby in 1963 with Bulleids diesels ; No . 10001 was made functional using parts of both , and continued operating until 1966 , fitted with a yellow warning panel . No . 10000 was withdrawn in 1963 and scrapped at Cashmores , Great Bridge , in January 1968 ; between withdrawal and scrapping , 10000 spent some time in storage at Derby , and was one of the locos on display at the Derby Works Open Day and Flower Show in August 1964 . No . 10001s later workings were said to be mainly on North London freights to Greenwich , but was also photographed on Wolverhampton expresses and WCML freights during this period . Together , the two units clocked more than 2 million miles . 10001 was withdrawn in 1966 and scrapped at Cox & Danks , North Acton , also in January 1968 . Legacy . The bogie design was used practically unchanged on the EM2 electric locomotives ( ) . The bogie design incorporating equalising beam suspension influenced a large number of subsequent British diesel locomotives designs . Both locos were subject to preservation attempts from railwaymen who appreciated the change and improvements gained by the switch to diesels . 10000 was offered to Clapham Railway Museum , but was refused on grounds of space and not representing a class . No . 10001 was hidden at the back of Willesden Depot , having been overlooked for removal at least twice . Re-creation . In 2011 , the Ivatt Diesel Re-creation Society announced plans to build a replica of no . 10000 , using contemporary parts as well as new build components . The society has sourced a Mark 1 English Electric 16SVT diesel engine dating to the 1940s and the sole remaining Metropolitan Vickers bogies dating from the 1950s , formerly used by a class EM2 electric locomotive in England and the Netherlands . These bogies are of the same design as on the original 10000 although with weaker springs , which will be replaced . The society has purchased Class 58 diesel 58022 which will be used as the new locomotives chassis . An engineering summary was made public in 2019 followed lengthy discussions with engineers within the railway industry and after ascertaining the most available and practical group of components to include within the locomotive . |
[
"National Historical Landmark"
] | easy | Which site was the heritage designation of San Sebastian Church (Manila) from Aug 1973 to May 2006? | /wiki/San_Sebastian_Church_(Manila)#P1435#0 | San Sebastian Church ( Manila ) The Minor Basilica of San Sebastian ( Filipino : Basilika Menor ng San Sebastian ; Spanish : Basílica Menor de San Sebastián ) , better known as San Sebastian Church ( Filipino : Simbahan ng San Sebastian ) or San Sebastian Basilica , is a minor basilica of the Roman Catholic Church in Manila , Philippines . It is the church of the parish of San Sebastian . Completed in 1891 , San Sebastian Church is noted for its architecture . An example of the Gothic Revival architecture in the Philippines , it is the only steel building church in the Philippines . It was designated as a National Historical Landmark in 1973 and as a National Cultural Treasure in 2011 . San Sebastian Church is under the care of the Order of Augustinian Recollects , who also operate the San Sebastian College adjacent to the basilica . It is located at Plaza del Carmen , at the eastern end of Recto Avenue , in Quiapo , Manila . History . In 1621 , Bernardino Castillo , a generous patron and a devotee of the 3rd-century Roman martyr Saint Sebastian , donated the land upon which the church stands . The original structure , made of wood , burned in 1651 during a Chinese Filipino uprising . Succeeding structures , which were built of brick , were destroyed by fire and earthquakes in 1859 , 1863 , and 1880 . In the 1880s , Esteban Martínez , the parish priest of the ruined church , approached Spanish Architect Genaro Palacios to build a church that will withstand the earthquakes . Palacios planned to build a fire and earthquake-resistant structure made entirely of steel . He completed a design that fused Earthquake Baroque with the Neo-Gothic style . His final design was said to have been inspired by the famed Gothic Burgos Cathedral in Burgos , Spain . Construction ( 1888–1891 ) . The prefabricated steel sections that would compose the church were manufactured in Binche , Belgium . According to historian Ambeth Ocampo , the knockdown steel parts were ordered from the Societe anonyme des Enterprises de Travaux Publiques in Brussels . In all , of prefabricated steel sections were transported in eight separate shipments from Belgium to the Philippines , the first shipment arriving in 1888 . Belgian engineers supervised the assembly of the church , the first column of which was erected on September 11 , 1890 . The walls were filled with mixed sand , gravel , and cement . The stained glass windows were imported from the Heinrich Oidtmann Company , a German stained glass firm , while local artisans assisted in applying the finishing touches . The church was raised to the status of a minor basilica by Pope Leo XIII on June 24 , 1890 . Upon its completion the following year , on August 16 , 1891 , the Basílica Menor de San Sebastián was consecrated by Bernardino Nozaleda y Villa OP , the 25th Archbishop of Manila . According to Jesús Pastor Paloma , an Augustinian Recollect priest , the structure was also supposed to have a prefabricated retablo ( reredos ) altar , which was lost at sea when the ship carrying it from Belgium capsized in a storm . A wooden altar was made locally in its stead . Paloma also noted that the bottom part of the church was designed to resemble a ships hull , so that it would sway during an earthquake . Restoration ( 2011-present ) . Restoration works began in 2011 . Features . San Sebastian Church has two openwork towers and steel vaulting . From its floor , the basilicas nave rises to the dome , and to the tip of the twin spires . The faux finished interior of the church incorporates groined vaults in the Gothic architecture style permitting very ample illumination from lateral windows . The steel columns , walls and ceiling were painted by Lorenzo Rocha , Isabelo Tampingco and Félix Martínez to give the appearance of marble and jasper . Trompe-lœil paintings of saints and martyrs by Rocha were used to decorate the interiors of the church . True to the Gothic revival spirit of the church are its confessionals , pulpit , altars and five retablos designed by Lorenzo Guerrero and Rocha . The sculptor Eusebio Garcia carved the statues of holy men and women . Six holy water fonts were constructed for the church , each crafted from marble obtained from Romblon . Above the main altar is an image of Our Lady of Mount Carmel , given to the church by Carmelite sisters from Mexico City in 1617 . The image withstood all the earthquakes and fires which had destroyed previous incarnations of San Sebastian Church , but its ivory head was stolen in 1975 . Cultural and historical declarations . San Sebastian Church was declared a National Historical Landmark by President Ferdinand Marcos through Presidential Decree No . 260 on August 1 , 1973 . Subsequently , the church was declared a National Cultural Treasure by the National Museum of the Philippines on August 15 , 2011 , with the unveiling of the marker on January 20 , 2012 . On May 16 , 2006 , San Sebastian Church was included by the National Historical Institute ( now the National Historical Commission of the Philippines ) in the Philippines Tentative List for possible designation as a World Heritage Site , on account of its architectural and historical heritage . the church is no longer included in the Tentative List . Preservation . In recent years , San Sebastian Church has encountered threats to its structural integrity . The steel structure has been beset by rust and corrosion due to sea breezes from nearby Manila Bay . State funding was accorded to the church through the National Historical Institute which undertook restoration in 1982 . The Recollect community has likewise expended funds for the churchs maintenance and restoration . In 1998 , it was placed on the biennial watchlist of the 100 Most Endangered Sites by the World Monuments Fund , though it was not retained in the subsequent watchlists . The church was listed again as one of the most endangered monuments in the world by World Monuments Fund in the 2010 World Monuments Watch , along with the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras and Santa Maria Church . All of the sites were taken off the list in 2011 after the passage of the National Cultural Heritage Act . UNESCO re-inclusion troubled . On October 1 , 2018 , it was revealed that a thirty one-storey residential highrise building of Summithome Realty Corporation is being planned to be constructed beside the historic San Sebastian Church , negatively affecting the sites possible re-inclusion in the UNESCO tentative list as the area around the church is integral to the site as a buffer zone . The site , the first and only all-steel church in Asia , used to be in the UNESCO tentative list but was removed in 2015 due to structural decay . To re-establish the sites integrity and re-inclusion in the tentative list , it underwent a massive restoration program , which conservationists have cited as a megalithic success . However , with the looming threat of the high-rise building , the sites inclusion in the UNESCO list is bleak . Summithome was able to acquire a barangay clearance supporting their application for a building permit from the barangay chairman , without the site managers being initially informed . Alleged involvement of Gustave Eiffel . It has long been reputed that Gustave Eiffel , the French engineer behind the Eiffel Tower and the steel structure within the Statue of Liberty , was involved in the design and construction of San Sebastián , but this was never confirmed . However , it was confirmed later on that Eiffel was involved in designing and supplying the metal framework for San Ignacio Church in Intramuros , thus confirming the contribution of Eiffel in Philippine church architecture , if not in San Sebastián Church . |
[
""
] | easy | Which site was the heritage designation of San Sebastian Church (Manila) from May 2006 to Aug 2011? | /wiki/San_Sebastian_Church_(Manila)#P1435#1 | San Sebastian Church ( Manila ) The Minor Basilica of San Sebastian ( Filipino : Basilika Menor ng San Sebastian ; Spanish : Basílica Menor de San Sebastián ) , better known as San Sebastian Church ( Filipino : Simbahan ng San Sebastian ) or San Sebastian Basilica , is a minor basilica of the Roman Catholic Church in Manila , Philippines . It is the church of the parish of San Sebastian . Completed in 1891 , San Sebastian Church is noted for its architecture . An example of the Gothic Revival architecture in the Philippines , it is the only steel building church in the Philippines . It was designated as a National Historical Landmark in 1973 and as a National Cultural Treasure in 2011 . San Sebastian Church is under the care of the Order of Augustinian Recollects , who also operate the San Sebastian College adjacent to the basilica . It is located at Plaza del Carmen , at the eastern end of Recto Avenue , in Quiapo , Manila . History . In 1621 , Bernardino Castillo , a generous patron and a devotee of the 3rd-century Roman martyr Saint Sebastian , donated the land upon which the church stands . The original structure , made of wood , burned in 1651 during a Chinese Filipino uprising . Succeeding structures , which were built of brick , were destroyed by fire and earthquakes in 1859 , 1863 , and 1880 . In the 1880s , Esteban Martínez , the parish priest of the ruined church , approached Spanish Architect Genaro Palacios to build a church that will withstand the earthquakes . Palacios planned to build a fire and earthquake-resistant structure made entirely of steel . He completed a design that fused Earthquake Baroque with the Neo-Gothic style . His final design was said to have been inspired by the famed Gothic Burgos Cathedral in Burgos , Spain . Construction ( 1888–1891 ) . The prefabricated steel sections that would compose the church were manufactured in Binche , Belgium . According to historian Ambeth Ocampo , the knockdown steel parts were ordered from the Societe anonyme des Enterprises de Travaux Publiques in Brussels . In all , of prefabricated steel sections were transported in eight separate shipments from Belgium to the Philippines , the first shipment arriving in 1888 . Belgian engineers supervised the assembly of the church , the first column of which was erected on September 11 , 1890 . The walls were filled with mixed sand , gravel , and cement . The stained glass windows were imported from the Heinrich Oidtmann Company , a German stained glass firm , while local artisans assisted in applying the finishing touches . The church was raised to the status of a minor basilica by Pope Leo XIII on June 24 , 1890 . Upon its completion the following year , on August 16 , 1891 , the Basílica Menor de San Sebastián was consecrated by Bernardino Nozaleda y Villa OP , the 25th Archbishop of Manila . According to Jesús Pastor Paloma , an Augustinian Recollect priest , the structure was also supposed to have a prefabricated retablo ( reredos ) altar , which was lost at sea when the ship carrying it from Belgium capsized in a storm . A wooden altar was made locally in its stead . Paloma also noted that the bottom part of the church was designed to resemble a ships hull , so that it would sway during an earthquake . Restoration ( 2011-present ) . Restoration works began in 2011 . Features . San Sebastian Church has two openwork towers and steel vaulting . From its floor , the basilicas nave rises to the dome , and to the tip of the twin spires . The faux finished interior of the church incorporates groined vaults in the Gothic architecture style permitting very ample illumination from lateral windows . The steel columns , walls and ceiling were painted by Lorenzo Rocha , Isabelo Tampingco and Félix Martínez to give the appearance of marble and jasper . Trompe-lœil paintings of saints and martyrs by Rocha were used to decorate the interiors of the church . True to the Gothic revival spirit of the church are its confessionals , pulpit , altars and five retablos designed by Lorenzo Guerrero and Rocha . The sculptor Eusebio Garcia carved the statues of holy men and women . Six holy water fonts were constructed for the church , each crafted from marble obtained from Romblon . Above the main altar is an image of Our Lady of Mount Carmel , given to the church by Carmelite sisters from Mexico City in 1617 . The image withstood all the earthquakes and fires which had destroyed previous incarnations of San Sebastian Church , but its ivory head was stolen in 1975 . Cultural and historical declarations . San Sebastian Church was declared a National Historical Landmark by President Ferdinand Marcos through Presidential Decree No . 260 on August 1 , 1973 . Subsequently , the church was declared a National Cultural Treasure by the National Museum of the Philippines on August 15 , 2011 , with the unveiling of the marker on January 20 , 2012 . On May 16 , 2006 , San Sebastian Church was included by the National Historical Institute ( now the National Historical Commission of the Philippines ) in the Philippines Tentative List for possible designation as a World Heritage Site , on account of its architectural and historical heritage . the church is no longer included in the Tentative List . Preservation . In recent years , San Sebastian Church has encountered threats to its structural integrity . The steel structure has been beset by rust and corrosion due to sea breezes from nearby Manila Bay . State funding was accorded to the church through the National Historical Institute which undertook restoration in 1982 . The Recollect community has likewise expended funds for the churchs maintenance and restoration . In 1998 , it was placed on the biennial watchlist of the 100 Most Endangered Sites by the World Monuments Fund , though it was not retained in the subsequent watchlists . The church was listed again as one of the most endangered monuments in the world by World Monuments Fund in the 2010 World Monuments Watch , along with the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras and Santa Maria Church . All of the sites were taken off the list in 2011 after the passage of the National Cultural Heritage Act . UNESCO re-inclusion troubled . On October 1 , 2018 , it was revealed that a thirty one-storey residential highrise building of Summithome Realty Corporation is being planned to be constructed beside the historic San Sebastian Church , negatively affecting the sites possible re-inclusion in the UNESCO tentative list as the area around the church is integral to the site as a buffer zone . The site , the first and only all-steel church in Asia , used to be in the UNESCO tentative list but was removed in 2015 due to structural decay . To re-establish the sites integrity and re-inclusion in the tentative list , it underwent a massive restoration program , which conservationists have cited as a megalithic success . However , with the looming threat of the high-rise building , the sites inclusion in the UNESCO list is bleak . Summithome was able to acquire a barangay clearance supporting their application for a building permit from the barangay chairman , without the site managers being initially informed . Alleged involvement of Gustave Eiffel . It has long been reputed that Gustave Eiffel , the French engineer behind the Eiffel Tower and the steel structure within the Statue of Liberty , was involved in the design and construction of San Sebastián , but this was never confirmed . However , it was confirmed later on that Eiffel was involved in designing and supplying the metal framework for San Ignacio Church in Intramuros , thus confirming the contribution of Eiffel in Philippine church architecture , if not in San Sebastián Church . |
[
"National Cultural Treasure"
] | easy | Which site was the heritage designation of San Sebastian Church (Manila) from Aug 2011 to 2015? | /wiki/San_Sebastian_Church_(Manila)#P1435#2 | San Sebastian Church ( Manila ) The Minor Basilica of San Sebastian ( Filipino : Basilika Menor ng San Sebastian ; Spanish : Basílica Menor de San Sebastián ) , better known as San Sebastian Church ( Filipino : Simbahan ng San Sebastian ) or San Sebastian Basilica , is a minor basilica of the Roman Catholic Church in Manila , Philippines . It is the church of the parish of San Sebastian . Completed in 1891 , San Sebastian Church is noted for its architecture . An example of the Gothic Revival architecture in the Philippines , it is the only steel building church in the Philippines . It was designated as a National Historical Landmark in 1973 and as a National Cultural Treasure in 2011 . San Sebastian Church is under the care of the Order of Augustinian Recollects , who also operate the San Sebastian College adjacent to the basilica . It is located at Plaza del Carmen , at the eastern end of Recto Avenue , in Quiapo , Manila . History . In 1621 , Bernardino Castillo , a generous patron and a devotee of the 3rd-century Roman martyr Saint Sebastian , donated the land upon which the church stands . The original structure , made of wood , burned in 1651 during a Chinese Filipino uprising . Succeeding structures , which were built of brick , were destroyed by fire and earthquakes in 1859 , 1863 , and 1880 . In the 1880s , Esteban Martínez , the parish priest of the ruined church , approached Spanish Architect Genaro Palacios to build a church that will withstand the earthquakes . Palacios planned to build a fire and earthquake-resistant structure made entirely of steel . He completed a design that fused Earthquake Baroque with the Neo-Gothic style . His final design was said to have been inspired by the famed Gothic Burgos Cathedral in Burgos , Spain . Construction ( 1888–1891 ) . The prefabricated steel sections that would compose the church were manufactured in Binche , Belgium . According to historian Ambeth Ocampo , the knockdown steel parts were ordered from the Societe anonyme des Enterprises de Travaux Publiques in Brussels . In all , of prefabricated steel sections were transported in eight separate shipments from Belgium to the Philippines , the first shipment arriving in 1888 . Belgian engineers supervised the assembly of the church , the first column of which was erected on September 11 , 1890 . The walls were filled with mixed sand , gravel , and cement . The stained glass windows were imported from the Heinrich Oidtmann Company , a German stained glass firm , while local artisans assisted in applying the finishing touches . The church was raised to the status of a minor basilica by Pope Leo XIII on June 24 , 1890 . Upon its completion the following year , on August 16 , 1891 , the Basílica Menor de San Sebastián was consecrated by Bernardino Nozaleda y Villa OP , the 25th Archbishop of Manila . According to Jesús Pastor Paloma , an Augustinian Recollect priest , the structure was also supposed to have a prefabricated retablo ( reredos ) altar , which was lost at sea when the ship carrying it from Belgium capsized in a storm . A wooden altar was made locally in its stead . Paloma also noted that the bottom part of the church was designed to resemble a ships hull , so that it would sway during an earthquake . Restoration ( 2011-present ) . Restoration works began in 2011 . Features . San Sebastian Church has two openwork towers and steel vaulting . From its floor , the basilicas nave rises to the dome , and to the tip of the twin spires . The faux finished interior of the church incorporates groined vaults in the Gothic architecture style permitting very ample illumination from lateral windows . The steel columns , walls and ceiling were painted by Lorenzo Rocha , Isabelo Tampingco and Félix Martínez to give the appearance of marble and jasper . Trompe-lœil paintings of saints and martyrs by Rocha were used to decorate the interiors of the church . True to the Gothic revival spirit of the church are its confessionals , pulpit , altars and five retablos designed by Lorenzo Guerrero and Rocha . The sculptor Eusebio Garcia carved the statues of holy men and women . Six holy water fonts were constructed for the church , each crafted from marble obtained from Romblon . Above the main altar is an image of Our Lady of Mount Carmel , given to the church by Carmelite sisters from Mexico City in 1617 . The image withstood all the earthquakes and fires which had destroyed previous incarnations of San Sebastian Church , but its ivory head was stolen in 1975 . Cultural and historical declarations . San Sebastian Church was declared a National Historical Landmark by President Ferdinand Marcos through Presidential Decree No . 260 on August 1 , 1973 . Subsequently , the church was declared a National Cultural Treasure by the National Museum of the Philippines on August 15 , 2011 , with the unveiling of the marker on January 20 , 2012 . On May 16 , 2006 , San Sebastian Church was included by the National Historical Institute ( now the National Historical Commission of the Philippines ) in the Philippines Tentative List for possible designation as a World Heritage Site , on account of its architectural and historical heritage . the church is no longer included in the Tentative List . Preservation . In recent years , San Sebastian Church has encountered threats to its structural integrity . The steel structure has been beset by rust and corrosion due to sea breezes from nearby Manila Bay . State funding was accorded to the church through the National Historical Institute which undertook restoration in 1982 . The Recollect community has likewise expended funds for the churchs maintenance and restoration . In 1998 , it was placed on the biennial watchlist of the 100 Most Endangered Sites by the World Monuments Fund , though it was not retained in the subsequent watchlists . The church was listed again as one of the most endangered monuments in the world by World Monuments Fund in the 2010 World Monuments Watch , along with the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras and Santa Maria Church . All of the sites were taken off the list in 2011 after the passage of the National Cultural Heritage Act . UNESCO re-inclusion troubled . On October 1 , 2018 , it was revealed that a thirty one-storey residential highrise building of Summithome Realty Corporation is being planned to be constructed beside the historic San Sebastian Church , negatively affecting the sites possible re-inclusion in the UNESCO tentative list as the area around the church is integral to the site as a buffer zone . The site , the first and only all-steel church in Asia , used to be in the UNESCO tentative list but was removed in 2015 due to structural decay . To re-establish the sites integrity and re-inclusion in the tentative list , it underwent a massive restoration program , which conservationists have cited as a megalithic success . However , with the looming threat of the high-rise building , the sites inclusion in the UNESCO list is bleak . Summithome was able to acquire a barangay clearance supporting their application for a building permit from the barangay chairman , without the site managers being initially informed . Alleged involvement of Gustave Eiffel . It has long been reputed that Gustave Eiffel , the French engineer behind the Eiffel Tower and the steel structure within the Statue of Liberty , was involved in the design and construction of San Sebastián , but this was never confirmed . However , it was confirmed later on that Eiffel was involved in designing and supplying the metal framework for San Ignacio Church in Intramuros , thus confirming the contribution of Eiffel in Philippine church architecture , if not in San Sebastián Church . |
[
"Public Relations at Serino Coyne"
] | easy | Patricia Harris was an employee for whom from 1994 to 2002? | /wiki/Patricia_Harris#P108#0 | Patricia Harris Patricia Harris ( born September 1 , 1956 ) is the chief executive officer of Michael Bloombergs philanthropic foundation , Bloomberg Philanthropies . She was first deputy mayor for the City of New York from 2006 to December 31 , 2013 . She advised the Mayor of New York City , then Bloomberg , on administrative , operational , and policy matters . As of 2016 , she was listed as the 87th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes . Early life and education . Born in 1956 and raised in New York City , Harris became interested in public service in high school , when she volunteered in then Congressman Ed Koch’s office . In 1977 , Harris graduated from Franklin & Marshall College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Government . Franklin and Marshalls Harris Center for Business , Government , and Public Policy was donated in her name in 2009 , and she has served on the colleges Board of Trustees since 2006 . Career . In 1977 , Harris began her public service career as an assistant to Congressman Koch . Upon Kochs election as Mayor , she became an Assistant to the deputy mayor in 1979 , and subsequently was appointed Assistant to the mayor for Federal Affairs . From 1983 to 1990 , she served as executive director of the Citys Art Commission . Following her work with the Koch Administration , Harris served as vice president for Public Relations at Serino Coyne Advertising before joining Bloomberg LP in 1994 , where she managed Bloomberg LPs Philanthropy , Public Relations , and Governmental Affairs divisions . Harris is generally credited with introducing founder Michael Bloomberg to the worlds of art and philanthropy . Harris joined Michael Bloombergs administration when he was elected mayor in 2001 , serving first as deputy mayor for Administration until 2005 , when she was appointed first deputy mayor . Harris was the first woman in New York Citys history to serve in this role . Harris is known as a key trusted adviser to Bloomberg , and she weighs in on every major policy or personnel decision . Crains Business New York named Patti Harris the fourth most powerful woman in New York City in 2013 and , according to a New York Times profile , she was the most powerful person in the Bloomberg administration . Harris currently serves as the chief executive officer of Bloomberg Philanthropies . Harris oversaw Bloombergs philanthropic giving , which he valued as a key component of his legacy . Michael Bloomberg , a billionaire , has pledged to give away all of his wealth . As of 2016 , she is listed as the 87th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes . Professional recognition and awards . - Manhattan Borough 50 ( City & State NY ) : On October 3 , 2016 , City & State New York listed Harris as #32 in its list of 50 people with the greatest impact on the economy , development , and culture of Manhattan , NY . The article cited her support for improving education , the environment , and the arts in New York City and around the world . - The Worlds Most Powerful Women ( Forbes ) : Harris was listed at #87 on Forbes’ 2016 list of “The World’s Most Powerful Women.” Forbes cited her stewardship of Bloomberg Philanthropies’ global initiatives and distribution of $510 million in charitable giving in 2015 , as well as her previous roles in New York City government and business . Harris was also listed in the 2015 edition of the Forbes list . - 50 Most Powerful Women in U.S . Philanthropy ( Inside Philanthropy ) : On March 10 , 2016 , Inside Philanthropy included Harris among its list of the “50 Most Powerful Women in US Philanthropy.” The list recognized Harris’ work to expand Bloomberg Philanthropies’ annual giving , mission , and global reach since its founding in 2010 . - Most Powerful Women in New York ( Crains New York Business ) : Harris has been listed among Crain’s “Most Powerful Women in New York” in each of the past four biannual lists . She has been cited for her work leading Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Mayors Fund to Advance NYC , as well as her previous work as Deputy Mayor of New York . Most recently , she was listed at #32 in 2015 . - New York Daily News : On November 16 , 2009 , the NY Daily News described Harris as the “most powerful woman in New York that you’ve never heard of,” based on her long tenure alongside Mike Bloomberg working to guide his philanthropic and government initiatives . Personal life . Harris is married to attorney Mark Lebow , a member of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority’s board . |
[
"deputy mayor for the City of New York"
] | easy | Patricia Harris was an employee for whom from 2002 to 2014? | /wiki/Patricia_Harris#P108#1 | Patricia Harris Patricia Harris ( born September 1 , 1956 ) is the chief executive officer of Michael Bloombergs philanthropic foundation , Bloomberg Philanthropies . She was first deputy mayor for the City of New York from 2006 to December 31 , 2013 . She advised the Mayor of New York City , then Bloomberg , on administrative , operational , and policy matters . As of 2016 , she was listed as the 87th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes . Early life and education . Born in 1956 and raised in New York City , Harris became interested in public service in high school , when she volunteered in then Congressman Ed Koch’s office . In 1977 , Harris graduated from Franklin & Marshall College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Government . Franklin and Marshalls Harris Center for Business , Government , and Public Policy was donated in her name in 2009 , and she has served on the colleges Board of Trustees since 2006 . Career . In 1977 , Harris began her public service career as an assistant to Congressman Koch . Upon Kochs election as Mayor , she became an Assistant to the deputy mayor in 1979 , and subsequently was appointed Assistant to the mayor for Federal Affairs . From 1983 to 1990 , she served as executive director of the Citys Art Commission . Following her work with the Koch Administration , Harris served as vice president for Public Relations at Serino Coyne Advertising before joining Bloomberg LP in 1994 , where she managed Bloomberg LPs Philanthropy , Public Relations , and Governmental Affairs divisions . Harris is generally credited with introducing founder Michael Bloomberg to the worlds of art and philanthropy . Harris joined Michael Bloombergs administration when he was elected mayor in 2001 , serving first as deputy mayor for Administration until 2005 , when she was appointed first deputy mayor . Harris was the first woman in New York Citys history to serve in this role . Harris is known as a key trusted adviser to Bloomberg , and she weighs in on every major policy or personnel decision . Crains Business New York named Patti Harris the fourth most powerful woman in New York City in 2013 and , according to a New York Times profile , she was the most powerful person in the Bloomberg administration . Harris currently serves as the chief executive officer of Bloomberg Philanthropies . Harris oversaw Bloombergs philanthropic giving , which he valued as a key component of his legacy . Michael Bloomberg , a billionaire , has pledged to give away all of his wealth . As of 2016 , she is listed as the 87th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes . Professional recognition and awards . - Manhattan Borough 50 ( City & State NY ) : On October 3 , 2016 , City & State New York listed Harris as #32 in its list of 50 people with the greatest impact on the economy , development , and culture of Manhattan , NY . The article cited her support for improving education , the environment , and the arts in New York City and around the world . - The Worlds Most Powerful Women ( Forbes ) : Harris was listed at #87 on Forbes’ 2016 list of “The World’s Most Powerful Women.” Forbes cited her stewardship of Bloomberg Philanthropies’ global initiatives and distribution of $510 million in charitable giving in 2015 , as well as her previous roles in New York City government and business . Harris was also listed in the 2015 edition of the Forbes list . - 50 Most Powerful Women in U.S . Philanthropy ( Inside Philanthropy ) : On March 10 , 2016 , Inside Philanthropy included Harris among its list of the “50 Most Powerful Women in US Philanthropy.” The list recognized Harris’ work to expand Bloomberg Philanthropies’ annual giving , mission , and global reach since its founding in 2010 . - Most Powerful Women in New York ( Crains New York Business ) : Harris has been listed among Crain’s “Most Powerful Women in New York” in each of the past four biannual lists . She has been cited for her work leading Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Mayors Fund to Advance NYC , as well as her previous work as Deputy Mayor of New York . Most recently , she was listed at #32 in 2015 . - New York Daily News : On November 16 , 2009 , the NY Daily News described Harris as the “most powerful woman in New York that you’ve never heard of,” based on her long tenure alongside Mike Bloomberg working to guide his philanthropic and government initiatives . Personal life . Harris is married to attorney Mark Lebow , a member of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority’s board . |
[
"Michael Bloombergs"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Patricia Harris work for from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/Patricia_Harris#P108#2 | Patricia Harris Patricia Harris ( born September 1 , 1956 ) is the chief executive officer of Michael Bloombergs philanthropic foundation , Bloomberg Philanthropies . She was first deputy mayor for the City of New York from 2006 to December 31 , 2013 . She advised the Mayor of New York City , then Bloomberg , on administrative , operational , and policy matters . As of 2016 , she was listed as the 87th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes . Early life and education . Born in 1956 and raised in New York City , Harris became interested in public service in high school , when she volunteered in then Congressman Ed Koch’s office . In 1977 , Harris graduated from Franklin & Marshall College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Government . Franklin and Marshalls Harris Center for Business , Government , and Public Policy was donated in her name in 2009 , and she has served on the colleges Board of Trustees since 2006 . Career . In 1977 , Harris began her public service career as an assistant to Congressman Koch . Upon Kochs election as Mayor , she became an Assistant to the deputy mayor in 1979 , and subsequently was appointed Assistant to the mayor for Federal Affairs . From 1983 to 1990 , she served as executive director of the Citys Art Commission . Following her work with the Koch Administration , Harris served as vice president for Public Relations at Serino Coyne Advertising before joining Bloomberg LP in 1994 , where she managed Bloomberg LPs Philanthropy , Public Relations , and Governmental Affairs divisions . Harris is generally credited with introducing founder Michael Bloomberg to the worlds of art and philanthropy . Harris joined Michael Bloombergs administration when he was elected mayor in 2001 , serving first as deputy mayor for Administration until 2005 , when she was appointed first deputy mayor . Harris was the first woman in New York Citys history to serve in this role . Harris is known as a key trusted adviser to Bloomberg , and she weighs in on every major policy or personnel decision . Crains Business New York named Patti Harris the fourth most powerful woman in New York City in 2013 and , according to a New York Times profile , she was the most powerful person in the Bloomberg administration . Harris currently serves as the chief executive officer of Bloomberg Philanthropies . Harris oversaw Bloombergs philanthropic giving , which he valued as a key component of his legacy . Michael Bloomberg , a billionaire , has pledged to give away all of his wealth . As of 2016 , she is listed as the 87th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes . Professional recognition and awards . - Manhattan Borough 50 ( City & State NY ) : On October 3 , 2016 , City & State New York listed Harris as #32 in its list of 50 people with the greatest impact on the economy , development , and culture of Manhattan , NY . The article cited her support for improving education , the environment , and the arts in New York City and around the world . - The Worlds Most Powerful Women ( Forbes ) : Harris was listed at #87 on Forbes’ 2016 list of “The World’s Most Powerful Women.” Forbes cited her stewardship of Bloomberg Philanthropies’ global initiatives and distribution of $510 million in charitable giving in 2015 , as well as her previous roles in New York City government and business . Harris was also listed in the 2015 edition of the Forbes list . - 50 Most Powerful Women in U.S . Philanthropy ( Inside Philanthropy ) : On March 10 , 2016 , Inside Philanthropy included Harris among its list of the “50 Most Powerful Women in US Philanthropy.” The list recognized Harris’ work to expand Bloomberg Philanthropies’ annual giving , mission , and global reach since its founding in 2010 . - Most Powerful Women in New York ( Crains New York Business ) : Harris has been listed among Crain’s “Most Powerful Women in New York” in each of the past four biannual lists . She has been cited for her work leading Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Mayors Fund to Advance NYC , as well as her previous work as Deputy Mayor of New York . Most recently , she was listed at #32 in 2015 . - New York Daily News : On November 16 , 2009 , the NY Daily News described Harris as the “most powerful woman in New York that you’ve never heard of,” based on her long tenure alongside Mike Bloomberg working to guide his philanthropic and government initiatives . Personal life . Harris is married to attorney Mark Lebow , a member of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority’s board . |
[
"Mayor of Decazeville"
] | easy | Which position did Paul Ramadier hold from Dec 1919 to 1945? | /wiki/Paul_Ramadier#P39#0 | Paul Ramadier Paul Ramadier ( 17 March 1888 in La Rochelle – 14 October 1961 in Rodez ) was a politician and a French statesman . Biography . Son of a Psychiatrist Paul Ramadier graduated in law from the university of Toulouse and started his profession as a lawyer in Paris . Then , in 1911 , he gained his doctorate in Roman Law . Mayor of Decazeville , starting in 1919 , he served as the first Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic in 1947 . He adhered to the socialist party with 16 years . On 10 July 1940 , he voted against the granting of the full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain , who installed the Vichy regime the next day . Ramadier took part in the Resistance where he used the nom de guerre Violette . His name was included in the Yad Vashem Jewish memorial after the war . Under the government of General De Gaulle ( 1944–1945 ) , he was Minister for Provisions , earning a reputation as a hardworker , pragmatic and conciliatory politician . It was during his first ministry that the Communists were forced out of the government in May 1947 , ending the tripartisme coalition between the French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) , Popular Republican Movement and Communists . He voted for the Marshall Plan . From 1956 until 1957 , Ramadier was Minister of Finance under Guy Mollet . Governments . First Ministry ( 22 January – 22 October 1947 ) . - Paul Ramadier – President of the Council - Maurice Thorez – Vice President of the Council - Georges Bidault – Minister of Foreign Affairs - Paul Coste-Floret – Minister of War - Louis Jacquinot – Minister of Marine - André Maroselli – Minister of Air - Édouard Depreux – Minister of the Interior - Robert Schuman – Minister of Finance - André Philip – Minister of National Economy - Robert Lacoste – Minister of Industrial Production - Ambroise Croizat – Minister of Labour and Social Security - André Marie – Minister of Justice - Marcel Edmond Naegelen – Minister of National Education - François Mitterrand – Minister of Veterans and War Victims - François Tanguy-Prigent – Minister of Agriculture - Pierre Bourdan – Minister of Youth , Arts , and Letters - Marius Moutet – Minister of Overseas France - Jules Moch – Minister of Public Works and Transport - Georges Marrane – Minister of Public Health and Population - Charles Tillon – Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning . - Jean Letourneau – Minister of Commerce - Félix Gouin – Minister of Planning - Marcel Roclore – Minister of State - Yvon Delbos – Minister of State Changes : - 4 May 1947 – Pierre-Henri Teitgen succeeds Thorez as Vice President of the Council . The other Communist ministers ( Croizat , Marranne , and Tillon ) also resign . - 9 May 1947 – Daniel Mayer succeeds Croizat as Minister of Labour and Social Security . Robert Prigent succeeds Marranne as Minister of Public Health and Population . Jean Letourneau succeeds Tillon as Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning . Eugène Thomas enters the Cabinet as Minister of Posts . - 11 August 1947 – Robert Lacoste succeeds Letourneau as Minister of Commerce , becoming thus Minister of Commerce and Industry . Second Ministry ( 22 October – 24 November 1947 ) . - Paul Ramadier – President of the Council - Georges Bidault – Minister of Foreign Affairs - Pierre-Henri Teitgen – Minister of National Defense - Édouard Depreux – Minister of the Interior - Robert Schuman – Minister of Finance - Jules Moch – Minister of Economic Affairs , Planning , Public Works , Transport , Reconstruction , and Town Planning - Robert Lacoste – Minister of Industry - André Marie – Minister of Justice - Marcel Edmond Naegelen – Minister of National Education - Daniel Mayer – Minister of Social Affairs , Veterans , and War Victims - Marcel Roclore – Minister of Agriculture - Paul Coste-Floret – Minister of Overseas France - Yvon Delbos – Minister of State External links . - Paul Ramadier – his activity to save Jews lives during the Holocaust , at Yad Vashem website |
[
""
] | easy | What was the position of Paul Ramadier from 1945 to 1947? | /wiki/Paul_Ramadier#P39#1 | Paul Ramadier Paul Ramadier ( 17 March 1888 in La Rochelle – 14 October 1961 in Rodez ) was a politician and a French statesman . Biography . Son of a Psychiatrist Paul Ramadier graduated in law from the university of Toulouse and started his profession as a lawyer in Paris . Then , in 1911 , he gained his doctorate in Roman Law . Mayor of Decazeville , starting in 1919 , he served as the first Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic in 1947 . He adhered to the socialist party with 16 years . On 10 July 1940 , he voted against the granting of the full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain , who installed the Vichy regime the next day . Ramadier took part in the Resistance where he used the nom de guerre Violette . His name was included in the Yad Vashem Jewish memorial after the war . Under the government of General De Gaulle ( 1944–1945 ) , he was Minister for Provisions , earning a reputation as a hardworker , pragmatic and conciliatory politician . It was during his first ministry that the Communists were forced out of the government in May 1947 , ending the tripartisme coalition between the French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) , Popular Republican Movement and Communists . He voted for the Marshall Plan . From 1956 until 1957 , Ramadier was Minister of Finance under Guy Mollet . Governments . First Ministry ( 22 January – 22 October 1947 ) . - Paul Ramadier – President of the Council - Maurice Thorez – Vice President of the Council - Georges Bidault – Minister of Foreign Affairs - Paul Coste-Floret – Minister of War - Louis Jacquinot – Minister of Marine - André Maroselli – Minister of Air - Édouard Depreux – Minister of the Interior - Robert Schuman – Minister of Finance - André Philip – Minister of National Economy - Robert Lacoste – Minister of Industrial Production - Ambroise Croizat – Minister of Labour and Social Security - André Marie – Minister of Justice - Marcel Edmond Naegelen – Minister of National Education - François Mitterrand – Minister of Veterans and War Victims - François Tanguy-Prigent – Minister of Agriculture - Pierre Bourdan – Minister of Youth , Arts , and Letters - Marius Moutet – Minister of Overseas France - Jules Moch – Minister of Public Works and Transport - Georges Marrane – Minister of Public Health and Population - Charles Tillon – Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning . - Jean Letourneau – Minister of Commerce - Félix Gouin – Minister of Planning - Marcel Roclore – Minister of State - Yvon Delbos – Minister of State Changes : - 4 May 1947 – Pierre-Henri Teitgen succeeds Thorez as Vice President of the Council . The other Communist ministers ( Croizat , Marranne , and Tillon ) also resign . - 9 May 1947 – Daniel Mayer succeeds Croizat as Minister of Labour and Social Security . Robert Prigent succeeds Marranne as Minister of Public Health and Population . Jean Letourneau succeeds Tillon as Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning . Eugène Thomas enters the Cabinet as Minister of Posts . - 11 August 1947 – Robert Lacoste succeeds Letourneau as Minister of Commerce , becoming thus Minister of Commerce and Industry . Second Ministry ( 22 October – 24 November 1947 ) . - Paul Ramadier – President of the Council - Georges Bidault – Minister of Foreign Affairs - Pierre-Henri Teitgen – Minister of National Defense - Édouard Depreux – Minister of the Interior - Robert Schuman – Minister of Finance - Jules Moch – Minister of Economic Affairs , Planning , Public Works , Transport , Reconstruction , and Town Planning - Robert Lacoste – Minister of Industry - André Marie – Minister of Justice - Marcel Edmond Naegelen – Minister of National Education - Daniel Mayer – Minister of Social Affairs , Veterans , and War Victims - Marcel Roclore – Minister of Agriculture - Paul Coste-Floret – Minister of Overseas France - Yvon Delbos – Minister of State External links . - Paul Ramadier – his activity to save Jews lives during the Holocaust , at Yad Vashem website |
[
"President of the Council"
] | easy | What was the position of Paul Ramadier from 1947 to Nov 1947? | /wiki/Paul_Ramadier#P39#2 | Paul Ramadier Paul Ramadier ( 17 March 1888 in La Rochelle – 14 October 1961 in Rodez ) was a politician and a French statesman . Biography . Son of a Psychiatrist Paul Ramadier graduated in law from the university of Toulouse and started his profession as a lawyer in Paris . Then , in 1911 , he gained his doctorate in Roman Law . Mayor of Decazeville , starting in 1919 , he served as the first Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic in 1947 . He adhered to the socialist party with 16 years . On 10 July 1940 , he voted against the granting of the full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain , who installed the Vichy regime the next day . Ramadier took part in the Resistance where he used the nom de guerre Violette . His name was included in the Yad Vashem Jewish memorial after the war . Under the government of General De Gaulle ( 1944–1945 ) , he was Minister for Provisions , earning a reputation as a hardworker , pragmatic and conciliatory politician . It was during his first ministry that the Communists were forced out of the government in May 1947 , ending the tripartisme coalition between the French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) , Popular Republican Movement and Communists . He voted for the Marshall Plan . From 1956 until 1957 , Ramadier was Minister of Finance under Guy Mollet . Governments . First Ministry ( 22 January – 22 October 1947 ) . - Paul Ramadier – President of the Council - Maurice Thorez – Vice President of the Council - Georges Bidault – Minister of Foreign Affairs - Paul Coste-Floret – Minister of War - Louis Jacquinot – Minister of Marine - André Maroselli – Minister of Air - Édouard Depreux – Minister of the Interior - Robert Schuman – Minister of Finance - André Philip – Minister of National Economy - Robert Lacoste – Minister of Industrial Production - Ambroise Croizat – Minister of Labour and Social Security - André Marie – Minister of Justice - Marcel Edmond Naegelen – Minister of National Education - François Mitterrand – Minister of Veterans and War Victims - François Tanguy-Prigent – Minister of Agriculture - Pierre Bourdan – Minister of Youth , Arts , and Letters - Marius Moutet – Minister of Overseas France - Jules Moch – Minister of Public Works and Transport - Georges Marrane – Minister of Public Health and Population - Charles Tillon – Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning . - Jean Letourneau – Minister of Commerce - Félix Gouin – Minister of Planning - Marcel Roclore – Minister of State - Yvon Delbos – Minister of State Changes : - 4 May 1947 – Pierre-Henri Teitgen succeeds Thorez as Vice President of the Council . The other Communist ministers ( Croizat , Marranne , and Tillon ) also resign . - 9 May 1947 – Daniel Mayer succeeds Croizat as Minister of Labour and Social Security . Robert Prigent succeeds Marranne as Minister of Public Health and Population . Jean Letourneau succeeds Tillon as Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning . Eugène Thomas enters the Cabinet as Minister of Posts . - 11 August 1947 – Robert Lacoste succeeds Letourneau as Minister of Commerce , becoming thus Minister of Commerce and Industry . Second Ministry ( 22 October – 24 November 1947 ) . - Paul Ramadier – President of the Council - Georges Bidault – Minister of Foreign Affairs - Pierre-Henri Teitgen – Minister of National Defense - Édouard Depreux – Minister of the Interior - Robert Schuman – Minister of Finance - Jules Moch – Minister of Economic Affairs , Planning , Public Works , Transport , Reconstruction , and Town Planning - Robert Lacoste – Minister of Industry - André Marie – Minister of Justice - Marcel Edmond Naegelen – Minister of National Education - Daniel Mayer – Minister of Social Affairs , Veterans , and War Victims - Marcel Roclore – Minister of Agriculture - Paul Coste-Floret – Minister of Overseas France - Yvon Delbos – Minister of State External links . - Paul Ramadier – his activity to save Jews lives during the Holocaust , at Yad Vashem website |
[
"Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic"
] | easy | Paul Ramadier took which position from Nov 1947 to 1949? | /wiki/Paul_Ramadier#P39#3 | Paul Ramadier Paul Ramadier ( 17 March 1888 in La Rochelle – 14 October 1961 in Rodez ) was a politician and a French statesman . Biography . Son of a Psychiatrist Paul Ramadier graduated in law from the university of Toulouse and started his profession as a lawyer in Paris . Then , in 1911 , he gained his doctorate in Roman Law . Mayor of Decazeville , starting in 1919 , he served as the first Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic in 1947 . He adhered to the socialist party with 16 years . On 10 July 1940 , he voted against the granting of the full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain , who installed the Vichy regime the next day . Ramadier took part in the Resistance where he used the nom de guerre Violette . His name was included in the Yad Vashem Jewish memorial after the war . Under the government of General De Gaulle ( 1944–1945 ) , he was Minister for Provisions , earning a reputation as a hardworker , pragmatic and conciliatory politician . It was during his first ministry that the Communists were forced out of the government in May 1947 , ending the tripartisme coalition between the French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) , Popular Republican Movement and Communists . He voted for the Marshall Plan . From 1956 until 1957 , Ramadier was Minister of Finance under Guy Mollet . Governments . First Ministry ( 22 January – 22 October 1947 ) . - Paul Ramadier – President of the Council - Maurice Thorez – Vice President of the Council - Georges Bidault – Minister of Foreign Affairs - Paul Coste-Floret – Minister of War - Louis Jacquinot – Minister of Marine - André Maroselli – Minister of Air - Édouard Depreux – Minister of the Interior - Robert Schuman – Minister of Finance - André Philip – Minister of National Economy - Robert Lacoste – Minister of Industrial Production - Ambroise Croizat – Minister of Labour and Social Security - André Marie – Minister of Justice - Marcel Edmond Naegelen – Minister of National Education - François Mitterrand – Minister of Veterans and War Victims - François Tanguy-Prigent – Minister of Agriculture - Pierre Bourdan – Minister of Youth , Arts , and Letters - Marius Moutet – Minister of Overseas France - Jules Moch – Minister of Public Works and Transport - Georges Marrane – Minister of Public Health and Population - Charles Tillon – Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning . - Jean Letourneau – Minister of Commerce - Félix Gouin – Minister of Planning - Marcel Roclore – Minister of State - Yvon Delbos – Minister of State Changes : - 4 May 1947 – Pierre-Henri Teitgen succeeds Thorez as Vice President of the Council . The other Communist ministers ( Croizat , Marranne , and Tillon ) also resign . - 9 May 1947 – Daniel Mayer succeeds Croizat as Minister of Labour and Social Security . Robert Prigent succeeds Marranne as Minister of Public Health and Population . Jean Letourneau succeeds Tillon as Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning . Eugène Thomas enters the Cabinet as Minister of Posts . - 11 August 1947 – Robert Lacoste succeeds Letourneau as Minister of Commerce , becoming thus Minister of Commerce and Industry . Second Ministry ( 22 October – 24 November 1947 ) . - Paul Ramadier – President of the Council - Georges Bidault – Minister of Foreign Affairs - Pierre-Henri Teitgen – Minister of National Defense - Édouard Depreux – Minister of the Interior - Robert Schuman – Minister of Finance - Jules Moch – Minister of Economic Affairs , Planning , Public Works , Transport , Reconstruction , and Town Planning - Robert Lacoste – Minister of Industry - André Marie – Minister of Justice - Marcel Edmond Naegelen – Minister of National Education - Daniel Mayer – Minister of Social Affairs , Veterans , and War Victims - Marcel Roclore – Minister of Agriculture - Paul Coste-Floret – Minister of Overseas France - Yvon Delbos – Minister of State External links . - Paul Ramadier – his activity to save Jews lives during the Holocaust , at Yad Vashem website |
[
"Minister of Finance"
] | easy | What was the position of Paul Ramadier from Feb 1956 to May 1957? | /wiki/Paul_Ramadier#P39#4 | Paul Ramadier Paul Ramadier ( 17 March 1888 in La Rochelle – 14 October 1961 in Rodez ) was a politician and a French statesman . Biography . Son of a Psychiatrist Paul Ramadier graduated in law from the university of Toulouse and started his profession as a lawyer in Paris . Then , in 1911 , he gained his doctorate in Roman Law . Mayor of Decazeville , starting in 1919 , he served as the first Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic in 1947 . He adhered to the socialist party with 16 years . On 10 July 1940 , he voted against the granting of the full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain , who installed the Vichy regime the next day . Ramadier took part in the Resistance where he used the nom de guerre Violette . His name was included in the Yad Vashem Jewish memorial after the war . Under the government of General De Gaulle ( 1944–1945 ) , he was Minister for Provisions , earning a reputation as a hardworker , pragmatic and conciliatory politician . It was during his first ministry that the Communists were forced out of the government in May 1947 , ending the tripartisme coalition between the French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) , Popular Republican Movement and Communists . He voted for the Marshall Plan . From 1956 until 1957 , Ramadier was Minister of Finance under Guy Mollet . Governments . First Ministry ( 22 January – 22 October 1947 ) . - Paul Ramadier – President of the Council - Maurice Thorez – Vice President of the Council - Georges Bidault – Minister of Foreign Affairs - Paul Coste-Floret – Minister of War - Louis Jacquinot – Minister of Marine - André Maroselli – Minister of Air - Édouard Depreux – Minister of the Interior - Robert Schuman – Minister of Finance - André Philip – Minister of National Economy - Robert Lacoste – Minister of Industrial Production - Ambroise Croizat – Minister of Labour and Social Security - André Marie – Minister of Justice - Marcel Edmond Naegelen – Minister of National Education - François Mitterrand – Minister of Veterans and War Victims - François Tanguy-Prigent – Minister of Agriculture - Pierre Bourdan – Minister of Youth , Arts , and Letters - Marius Moutet – Minister of Overseas France - Jules Moch – Minister of Public Works and Transport - Georges Marrane – Minister of Public Health and Population - Charles Tillon – Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning . - Jean Letourneau – Minister of Commerce - Félix Gouin – Minister of Planning - Marcel Roclore – Minister of State - Yvon Delbos – Minister of State Changes : - 4 May 1947 – Pierre-Henri Teitgen succeeds Thorez as Vice President of the Council . The other Communist ministers ( Croizat , Marranne , and Tillon ) also resign . - 9 May 1947 – Daniel Mayer succeeds Croizat as Minister of Labour and Social Security . Robert Prigent succeeds Marranne as Minister of Public Health and Population . Jean Letourneau succeeds Tillon as Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning . Eugène Thomas enters the Cabinet as Minister of Posts . - 11 August 1947 – Robert Lacoste succeeds Letourneau as Minister of Commerce , becoming thus Minister of Commerce and Industry . Second Ministry ( 22 October – 24 November 1947 ) . - Paul Ramadier – President of the Council - Georges Bidault – Minister of Foreign Affairs - Pierre-Henri Teitgen – Minister of National Defense - Édouard Depreux – Minister of the Interior - Robert Schuman – Minister of Finance - Jules Moch – Minister of Economic Affairs , Planning , Public Works , Transport , Reconstruction , and Town Planning - Robert Lacoste – Minister of Industry - André Marie – Minister of Justice - Marcel Edmond Naegelen – Minister of National Education - Daniel Mayer – Minister of Social Affairs , Veterans , and War Victims - Marcel Roclore – Minister of Agriculture - Paul Coste-Floret – Minister of Overseas France - Yvon Delbos – Minister of State External links . - Paul Ramadier – his activity to save Jews lives during the Holocaust , at Yad Vashem website |
[
""
] | easy | Who was the head coach of the team S.S.C. Bari from Mar 1983 to Jun 1983? | /wiki/S.S.C._Bari#P286#0 | S.S.C . Bari Società Sportiva Calcio Bari , commonly referred to as Bari , is an Italian football club founded in 1908 and based in Bari , Apulia . It currently plays in Serie C . The club spent many seasons bouncing between the top two divisions in Italian football , Serie A and Serie B . The club was formerly known as A.S . Bari or F.C . Bari 1908 as well as other names , due to re-foundations . Bari usually play in all-white with red detailing . Statistically Bari are the most successful club from the Apulia region , in terms of the all-time Serie A records . They are amongst the elite in Southern Italian football and are ranked 17th in the all-time Serie A records for all of Italy . Notably they won the Mitropa Cup in 1990 . Bari also held the British football transfer record , when it paid £5,500,000 for David Platt in 1991 . It was the most expensive fee paid by a foreign club for a British player for four years . One of the most notable achievements in the clubs history was in the 1996 season , when their forward Igor Protti became the top scorer in the Serie A with 24 goals . The club are known in the wider footballing world for producing Antonio Cassano who was born in Bari , he shone at the club as a youngster . History . The foundation . Foot-Ball Club Bari was founded in the city on 15 January 1908 . Like the majority of early Italian football clubs , foreign people were involved in the foundation of the club . Amongst the main founders were German Floriano Ludwig , Swiss Gustavo Kuhn and a native trader of Bari called Giovanni Tiberini . The first players included many non-Italians , the FBC Bari originals included ; founder Ludwig , along with Barther ( English ) , Bach ( Swiss ) , Attoma , Roth ( Swiss ) , Labourdette ( Spanish ) , Jovinet ( French ) , Giordano , Gazagne ( French ) , Randi and Ziegler . Originally the club wore red shirts with white shorts , early on they would play against English sailors at the San Lorenzo field in the San Pasquale area of Bari . Although the club was founded early on , clubs from the Mezzogiorno were not very well represented in the early Italian football championships and thus Bari did not take part in the early seasons . In fact only Campania had a regional section in the league from that area prior to the First World War . The war would see the original club becoming defunct , before being reorganised in 1924 under the same name . By this time other clubs from the city had begun playing too , including Foot-Ball Club Liberty who originally wore blue and white stripes , they were founded as a dissident club from the original Bari in 1909 and their rivals Unione Sportiva Ideale who wore green and black stripes and was founded in 1908 . It was FBC Liberty who became the first ever side from the Province of Bari to take part in the Italian Football Championship , this was during the 1921–22 CCI season , when the main clubs in the country had a falling out with FIGC . The following season Ideale became the first side from Bari to progress to the Southern Italian semi-finals round , but lost out to Lazio . All three clubs featured in the championship for the first time in 1924–25 however FBC Bari were relegated and ceased to exist again in 1927 , Liberty on the other hand reached the Southern semi-finals before losing out heavily to Alba Roma . Unione Sportiva Bari . During the 1926-1928 period the whole of Italian football was changing and beginning to become more organised , and several mergers were taking place in Naples , Florence and Rome around the same time . FBC Liberty opted to change their name into Bari FC and first used it on 6 February 1927 in a match against Audace Taranto , then on 27 February 1928 Bari FC merged with US Ideale to create Unione Sportiva Bari . The original US Bari shirts incorporated the stripes of Ideale , with the red and white colours of FBC Bari . After the Italian Championship of 1928–29 , the league system was reorganised and Bari was placed in Serie B . One of their players was called up to the Italian national football team that season for the first time , in the form of Raffaele Costantino , this made Bari the first Serie B club to contribute a player and a scorer to the national side . Between Serie A and Serie B . The 1930s and 1940s were Baris golden age , spending much of that time in Serie A with a finish of seventh in 1947 being the best they achieved . In the 1950s Bari went into a sharp decline and an equally rapid revival towards the end of the decade to spend three more years in Serie A ( 1958–61 ) . Stars of the team in this period included Biagio Catalano and Raúl Conti . The club returned to Serie A twice more in this period ( 1963–64 and 1969–70 ) with the latter proving especially harrowing with only 11 goals scored , the lowest of any top-flight club . In 1974 Bari descended to Serie C , finishing that season with only 12 goals scored and 26 conceded in 38 games . By the late 1970s Bari were back in Serie B and on something of an upward swing , narrowly missing promotion in 1982 . They managed promotion to Serie A in 1985 and acquired English players Gordon Cowans and Paul Rideout , but they were unable to prevent an instant return to Serie B . A return to Serie A in 1989 with stars including stalwart defender Giovanni Loseto , midfielder Pietro Maiellaro and Brazilian striker João Paulo saw a respectable 10th-place finish in 1990 , their last season at the Della Vittoria . The following season saw Bari move to the San Nicola stadium , built for the 1990 World Cup , but by 1992 , despite the signing of David Platt , and they would be relegated once more . Promotion in 1994 saw another two-year stay in Serie A with Igor Protti a regular scorer , and another promotion in 1997 saw the emergence of promising youngsters like Nicola Ventola , Gianluca Zambrotta , Antonio Cassano and Diego De Ascentis . This time they managed a four-year stay in Serie A under the guidance of Eugenio Fascetti , despite his uneasy relationship with many sections of the clubs support . The club has since had a generally indifferent spell in Serie B . However , having been near the top of the Serie B table for much of the 2008–09 season they gained promotion to Serie A on 8 May 2009 , under the guidance of Antonio Conte . In November 2009 , a take-over bid was rejected . A Texas-based company JMJ Holdings also gave an intent to take over in August 2009 . With Leonardo Bonucci and Andrea Ranocchia as centre-back and Barreto as striker , Bari performed well in the first half of the season . Eventually Bari finished 10th . However , Bari lost €19 million in 2009 financial year , which meant Bari was quiet in the 2010 summer window ( only Almirón and Ghezzal were the new significant signings plus the purchase of Barreto after the expiration of his loan , who broke his leg in mid-season ) and in the January 2011 transfer window , they failed to find a replacement of Bonucci and Ranocchia . The company recovered from negative equity due to TV income increasing as well as the sale of Bonucci ( a profit of €6.45 million ) . Bari had a positive equity of €870,653 on 31 December 2010 and a net income of 14 million in the 2010 calendar year , due to extraordinary income from selling the brand . Bari were relegated to Serie B after the 2010–11 season finishing 17 points short of 17th placed Lecce . During the season , manager Giampiero Ventura was replaced by Bortolo Mutti in a failed attempt to save the club from relegation . On 4 March 2011 , Bari played its 1,000th game in Serie A . The End of the Matarrese reign . On 13 June 2011 , President Vincenzo Matarrese and the rest of the board of directors resigned after 28 years of controlling the club . Vincenzo Torrente was brought in to manage the side in the summer of 2011 and much of the playing roster was let go due to financial difficulties at the club and replaced by young players . Despite six and seven point penalties in the following two seasons , Bari under Torrente were able to achieve to mid-table Serie B finishes however , disconcertingly , attendances continued to dwindle . In the summer of 2013 , Torrente resigned and was replaced by Carmine Gautieri , who also resigned after two weeks . The top job was then assigned to Roberto Alberti Mazzaferro . The financial position of the club continued to decline and the Mattarese family reduced the amount of money they put into the club . The clubs debt reached €30m in February 2014 . The club was declared bankrupt on 10 March 2014 . The first bankruptcy auction , on 18 April 2014 , was declared deserted due to the lack of a bid that met all of the criterion . The second auction , on 12 May 2014 , also failed to find a successful bidder . The club was in real danger of disappearing . F.C . Bari 1908 . The third bankruptcy auction was held on 20 May 2014 with an asking price for the club of just €2m . A consortium F.C . Bari 1908 S.p.A . led by former Serie A referee Gianluca Paparesta successfully acquired the club assets and sports title . A strong spell of form towards the end of the season , where the club lost just two of its last 15 Serie B matches , meant that Bari qualified for the 2013–14 Serie B play-offs . Bari met Crotone in the quarter finals and won 3–0 , setting up a clash against Latina , the side that finished 3rd in the regular season . The first leg of the play-off semifinal was a sell out with over 50,000 people attending the match , an incredible achievement considering the club recorded an attendance of less than 1,000 just a few months earlier . Bari were knocked out due to two draws ( 2–2 and 2–2 ) . In 2014–15 the team ended the season in 10th place . In 2015–16 Bari gained 5th place in the league and subsequent access to the play-off preliminary match against Novara but lost 4–5 after extra time at Stadio San Nicola . In December 2015 , Cosmo Giancaspro acquired 5% shares of Bari . In April 2016 Noordin Ahmad signed a preliminary agreement to acquire 50% shares of the club but the deal collapsed ; In June 2016 Cosmo Giancaspro became the sole director ( ) of the club , after the entire share capital were acquired by an Italian company Kreare Impresa S.r.l . According to La Repubblica , Kreare Impresa was owned by Giancaspro , but both Giancaspro and his company was involved in a money laundering investigation . A new beginning from Serie D : SSC Bari . On 16 July 2018 , Bari were excluded by Co.Vi.Soc . from participating in 2018–19 Serie B due to financial reasons . The shareholders also tried to recapitalize the club and appeal the exclusion to Collegio di Garanzia of Italian National Olympic Committee ( CONI ) , however , it was rejected . Thanks to the Article 52 of N.O.I.F. , it was reported that Aurelio De Laurentiis , the owner of football club Napoli and film company Filmauro , had won the rights to establish a phoenix club of Bari and restart in 2018–19 Serie D . He also re-established the current Napoli in 2004 . The new club will be named S.S.C . Bari , with De Laurentiis stating his intention to bring it back to Serie A as fast as possible . The club was subsequently assigned to Group I of 2018–19 Serie D , traditionally destined to teams from Sicily and Calabria . On 23 August 2018 , as part of a press conference , Aurelio De Laurentiis announced his eldest son , film producer Luigi De Laurentiis Jr. , as the new Bari chairman . Bari was promoted to Serie C at the end of the 2018–19 season . Players . As of 29 January 2021 . Presidential history . The official presidential history of Bari , since 1929 until the present day . - Alfredo Atti ( 1929–31 ) - Liborio Mincuzzi ( 1931–32 ) - Sebastiano Roca ( 1932–33 ) - Raffaele Tramonte ( 1933–34 ) - Giovanni Tomasicchio ( 1934–35 ) - Giovanni Di Cagno Abbrescia ( 1935–36 ) - Vincenzo Signorile ( 1936–37 ) - Giuseppe Abbruzzese ( 1937–38 ) - Giambattista Patarino ( 1938–39 ) - Angelo Albanese ( 1939–40 ) - Pasquale Ranieri ( 1940–41 ) - Giuseppe Santoro ( 1941–42 ) - Antonio De Palma ( 1941–44 ) - Andrea Somma ( 1942–43 ) - Tommaso Annoscia ( 1944–50 ) - Rocco Scafi ( 1950–51 ) - Florenzo Brattelli ( 1951–52 ) - Francesco Saverio Lonero ( 1952–53 ) - Achille Tarsia Incuria ( 1953–56 ) - Gianfranco Brunetti ( 1956–59 ) - Vincenzo La Gioia ( 1959–61 ) - Angelo Marino ( 1961–63 ) - Angelo De Palo ( 1961–77 ) - Antonio Matarrese ( 1977–83 ) - Vincenzo Matarrese ( 1983–11 ) - Claudio Garzelli ( 2011–12 ) ( as chief executive ) - Francesco Vinella ( 2012–14 ) ( as chief executive ) - Gianluca Paparesta ( 2014–16 ) - Cosmo Giancaspro ( 2016–18 ) - Luigi De Laurentiis ( 2018– ) Managerial history . Bari have had many managers and trainers , some seasons they have had co-managers running the team , here is a chronological list of them from 1928 onwards : Honours . - Serie B : 4 - Champions : 1941–42 , 2008–09 - Runners-up : 1930–31 , 1933–34 ( without promotion ) , 1957–58 , 1962–63 , 1988–89 , 1993–94 - Other Promotions : 1927–28 , 1934–35 , 1968–69 , 1984–85 , 1996–97 - Serie C - Champions : 1954–55 - Scudetto IV Serie - Champions : 1953–54 Mitropa Cup : 1 - Winners : 1990 |
[
"Antonio Conte"
] | easy | Who was the head coach of the team S.S.C. Bari from Dec 2007 to Jun 2009? | /wiki/S.S.C._Bari#P286#1 | S.S.C . Bari Società Sportiva Calcio Bari , commonly referred to as Bari , is an Italian football club founded in 1908 and based in Bari , Apulia . It currently plays in Serie C . The club spent many seasons bouncing between the top two divisions in Italian football , Serie A and Serie B . The club was formerly known as A.S . Bari or F.C . Bari 1908 as well as other names , due to re-foundations . Bari usually play in all-white with red detailing . Statistically Bari are the most successful club from the Apulia region , in terms of the all-time Serie A records . They are amongst the elite in Southern Italian football and are ranked 17th in the all-time Serie A records for all of Italy . Notably they won the Mitropa Cup in 1990 . Bari also held the British football transfer record , when it paid £5,500,000 for David Platt in 1991 . It was the most expensive fee paid by a foreign club for a British player for four years . One of the most notable achievements in the clubs history was in the 1996 season , when their forward Igor Protti became the top scorer in the Serie A with 24 goals . The club are known in the wider footballing world for producing Antonio Cassano who was born in Bari , he shone at the club as a youngster . History . The foundation . Foot-Ball Club Bari was founded in the city on 15 January 1908 . Like the majority of early Italian football clubs , foreign people were involved in the foundation of the club . Amongst the main founders were German Floriano Ludwig , Swiss Gustavo Kuhn and a native trader of Bari called Giovanni Tiberini . The first players included many non-Italians , the FBC Bari originals included ; founder Ludwig , along with Barther ( English ) , Bach ( Swiss ) , Attoma , Roth ( Swiss ) , Labourdette ( Spanish ) , Jovinet ( French ) , Giordano , Gazagne ( French ) , Randi and Ziegler . Originally the club wore red shirts with white shorts , early on they would play against English sailors at the San Lorenzo field in the San Pasquale area of Bari . Although the club was founded early on , clubs from the Mezzogiorno were not very well represented in the early Italian football championships and thus Bari did not take part in the early seasons . In fact only Campania had a regional section in the league from that area prior to the First World War . The war would see the original club becoming defunct , before being reorganised in 1924 under the same name . By this time other clubs from the city had begun playing too , including Foot-Ball Club Liberty who originally wore blue and white stripes , they were founded as a dissident club from the original Bari in 1909 and their rivals Unione Sportiva Ideale who wore green and black stripes and was founded in 1908 . It was FBC Liberty who became the first ever side from the Province of Bari to take part in the Italian Football Championship , this was during the 1921–22 CCI season , when the main clubs in the country had a falling out with FIGC . The following season Ideale became the first side from Bari to progress to the Southern Italian semi-finals round , but lost out to Lazio . All three clubs featured in the championship for the first time in 1924–25 however FBC Bari were relegated and ceased to exist again in 1927 , Liberty on the other hand reached the Southern semi-finals before losing out heavily to Alba Roma . Unione Sportiva Bari . During the 1926-1928 period the whole of Italian football was changing and beginning to become more organised , and several mergers were taking place in Naples , Florence and Rome around the same time . FBC Liberty opted to change their name into Bari FC and first used it on 6 February 1927 in a match against Audace Taranto , then on 27 February 1928 Bari FC merged with US Ideale to create Unione Sportiva Bari . The original US Bari shirts incorporated the stripes of Ideale , with the red and white colours of FBC Bari . After the Italian Championship of 1928–29 , the league system was reorganised and Bari was placed in Serie B . One of their players was called up to the Italian national football team that season for the first time , in the form of Raffaele Costantino , this made Bari the first Serie B club to contribute a player and a scorer to the national side . Between Serie A and Serie B . The 1930s and 1940s were Baris golden age , spending much of that time in Serie A with a finish of seventh in 1947 being the best they achieved . In the 1950s Bari went into a sharp decline and an equally rapid revival towards the end of the decade to spend three more years in Serie A ( 1958–61 ) . Stars of the team in this period included Biagio Catalano and Raúl Conti . The club returned to Serie A twice more in this period ( 1963–64 and 1969–70 ) with the latter proving especially harrowing with only 11 goals scored , the lowest of any top-flight club . In 1974 Bari descended to Serie C , finishing that season with only 12 goals scored and 26 conceded in 38 games . By the late 1970s Bari were back in Serie B and on something of an upward swing , narrowly missing promotion in 1982 . They managed promotion to Serie A in 1985 and acquired English players Gordon Cowans and Paul Rideout , but they were unable to prevent an instant return to Serie B . A return to Serie A in 1989 with stars including stalwart defender Giovanni Loseto , midfielder Pietro Maiellaro and Brazilian striker João Paulo saw a respectable 10th-place finish in 1990 , their last season at the Della Vittoria . The following season saw Bari move to the San Nicola stadium , built for the 1990 World Cup , but by 1992 , despite the signing of David Platt , and they would be relegated once more . Promotion in 1994 saw another two-year stay in Serie A with Igor Protti a regular scorer , and another promotion in 1997 saw the emergence of promising youngsters like Nicola Ventola , Gianluca Zambrotta , Antonio Cassano and Diego De Ascentis . This time they managed a four-year stay in Serie A under the guidance of Eugenio Fascetti , despite his uneasy relationship with many sections of the clubs support . The club has since had a generally indifferent spell in Serie B . However , having been near the top of the Serie B table for much of the 2008–09 season they gained promotion to Serie A on 8 May 2009 , under the guidance of Antonio Conte . In November 2009 , a take-over bid was rejected . A Texas-based company JMJ Holdings also gave an intent to take over in August 2009 . With Leonardo Bonucci and Andrea Ranocchia as centre-back and Barreto as striker , Bari performed well in the first half of the season . Eventually Bari finished 10th . However , Bari lost €19 million in 2009 financial year , which meant Bari was quiet in the 2010 summer window ( only Almirón and Ghezzal were the new significant signings plus the purchase of Barreto after the expiration of his loan , who broke his leg in mid-season ) and in the January 2011 transfer window , they failed to find a replacement of Bonucci and Ranocchia . The company recovered from negative equity due to TV income increasing as well as the sale of Bonucci ( a profit of €6.45 million ) . Bari had a positive equity of €870,653 on 31 December 2010 and a net income of 14 million in the 2010 calendar year , due to extraordinary income from selling the brand . Bari were relegated to Serie B after the 2010–11 season finishing 17 points short of 17th placed Lecce . During the season , manager Giampiero Ventura was replaced by Bortolo Mutti in a failed attempt to save the club from relegation . On 4 March 2011 , Bari played its 1,000th game in Serie A . The End of the Matarrese reign . On 13 June 2011 , President Vincenzo Matarrese and the rest of the board of directors resigned after 28 years of controlling the club . Vincenzo Torrente was brought in to manage the side in the summer of 2011 and much of the playing roster was let go due to financial difficulties at the club and replaced by young players . Despite six and seven point penalties in the following two seasons , Bari under Torrente were able to achieve to mid-table Serie B finishes however , disconcertingly , attendances continued to dwindle . In the summer of 2013 , Torrente resigned and was replaced by Carmine Gautieri , who also resigned after two weeks . The top job was then assigned to Roberto Alberti Mazzaferro . The financial position of the club continued to decline and the Mattarese family reduced the amount of money they put into the club . The clubs debt reached €30m in February 2014 . The club was declared bankrupt on 10 March 2014 . The first bankruptcy auction , on 18 April 2014 , was declared deserted due to the lack of a bid that met all of the criterion . The second auction , on 12 May 2014 , also failed to find a successful bidder . The club was in real danger of disappearing . F.C . Bari 1908 . The third bankruptcy auction was held on 20 May 2014 with an asking price for the club of just €2m . A consortium F.C . Bari 1908 S.p.A . led by former Serie A referee Gianluca Paparesta successfully acquired the club assets and sports title . A strong spell of form towards the end of the season , where the club lost just two of its last 15 Serie B matches , meant that Bari qualified for the 2013–14 Serie B play-offs . Bari met Crotone in the quarter finals and won 3–0 , setting up a clash against Latina , the side that finished 3rd in the regular season . The first leg of the play-off semifinal was a sell out with over 50,000 people attending the match , an incredible achievement considering the club recorded an attendance of less than 1,000 just a few months earlier . Bari were knocked out due to two draws ( 2–2 and 2–2 ) . In 2014–15 the team ended the season in 10th place . In 2015–16 Bari gained 5th place in the league and subsequent access to the play-off preliminary match against Novara but lost 4–5 after extra time at Stadio San Nicola . In December 2015 , Cosmo Giancaspro acquired 5% shares of Bari . In April 2016 Noordin Ahmad signed a preliminary agreement to acquire 50% shares of the club but the deal collapsed ; In June 2016 Cosmo Giancaspro became the sole director ( ) of the club , after the entire share capital were acquired by an Italian company Kreare Impresa S.r.l . According to La Repubblica , Kreare Impresa was owned by Giancaspro , but both Giancaspro and his company was involved in a money laundering investigation . A new beginning from Serie D : SSC Bari . On 16 July 2018 , Bari were excluded by Co.Vi.Soc . from participating in 2018–19 Serie B due to financial reasons . The shareholders also tried to recapitalize the club and appeal the exclusion to Collegio di Garanzia of Italian National Olympic Committee ( CONI ) , however , it was rejected . Thanks to the Article 52 of N.O.I.F. , it was reported that Aurelio De Laurentiis , the owner of football club Napoli and film company Filmauro , had won the rights to establish a phoenix club of Bari and restart in 2018–19 Serie D . He also re-established the current Napoli in 2004 . The new club will be named S.S.C . Bari , with De Laurentiis stating his intention to bring it back to Serie A as fast as possible . The club was subsequently assigned to Group I of 2018–19 Serie D , traditionally destined to teams from Sicily and Calabria . On 23 August 2018 , as part of a press conference , Aurelio De Laurentiis announced his eldest son , film producer Luigi De Laurentiis Jr. , as the new Bari chairman . Bari was promoted to Serie C at the end of the 2018–19 season . Players . As of 29 January 2021 . Presidential history . The official presidential history of Bari , since 1929 until the present day . - Alfredo Atti ( 1929–31 ) - Liborio Mincuzzi ( 1931–32 ) - Sebastiano Roca ( 1932–33 ) - Raffaele Tramonte ( 1933–34 ) - Giovanni Tomasicchio ( 1934–35 ) - Giovanni Di Cagno Abbrescia ( 1935–36 ) - Vincenzo Signorile ( 1936–37 ) - Giuseppe Abbruzzese ( 1937–38 ) - Giambattista Patarino ( 1938–39 ) - Angelo Albanese ( 1939–40 ) - Pasquale Ranieri ( 1940–41 ) - Giuseppe Santoro ( 1941–42 ) - Antonio De Palma ( 1941–44 ) - Andrea Somma ( 1942–43 ) - Tommaso Annoscia ( 1944–50 ) - Rocco Scafi ( 1950–51 ) - Florenzo Brattelli ( 1951–52 ) - Francesco Saverio Lonero ( 1952–53 ) - Achille Tarsia Incuria ( 1953–56 ) - Gianfranco Brunetti ( 1956–59 ) - Vincenzo La Gioia ( 1959–61 ) - Angelo Marino ( 1961–63 ) - Angelo De Palo ( 1961–77 ) - Antonio Matarrese ( 1977–83 ) - Vincenzo Matarrese ( 1983–11 ) - Claudio Garzelli ( 2011–12 ) ( as chief executive ) - Francesco Vinella ( 2012–14 ) ( as chief executive ) - Gianluca Paparesta ( 2014–16 ) - Cosmo Giancaspro ( 2016–18 ) - Luigi De Laurentiis ( 2018– ) Managerial history . Bari have had many managers and trainers , some seasons they have had co-managers running the team , here is a chronological list of them from 1928 onwards : Honours . - Serie B : 4 - Champions : 1941–42 , 2008–09 - Runners-up : 1930–31 , 1933–34 ( without promotion ) , 1957–58 , 1962–63 , 1988–89 , 1993–94 - Other Promotions : 1927–28 , 1934–35 , 1968–69 , 1984–85 , 1996–97 - Serie C - Champions : 1954–55 - Scudetto IV Serie - Champions : 1953–54 Mitropa Cup : 1 - Winners : 1990 |
[
"Giampiero Ventura"
] | easy | Who coached the team S.S.C. Bari from Jun 2009 to Feb 2011? | /wiki/S.S.C._Bari#P286#2 | S.S.C . Bari Società Sportiva Calcio Bari , commonly referred to as Bari , is an Italian football club founded in 1908 and based in Bari , Apulia . It currently plays in Serie C . The club spent many seasons bouncing between the top two divisions in Italian football , Serie A and Serie B . The club was formerly known as A.S . Bari or F.C . Bari 1908 as well as other names , due to re-foundations . Bari usually play in all-white with red detailing . Statistically Bari are the most successful club from the Apulia region , in terms of the all-time Serie A records . They are amongst the elite in Southern Italian football and are ranked 17th in the all-time Serie A records for all of Italy . Notably they won the Mitropa Cup in 1990 . Bari also held the British football transfer record , when it paid £5,500,000 for David Platt in 1991 . It was the most expensive fee paid by a foreign club for a British player for four years . One of the most notable achievements in the clubs history was in the 1996 season , when their forward Igor Protti became the top scorer in the Serie A with 24 goals . The club are known in the wider footballing world for producing Antonio Cassano who was born in Bari , he shone at the club as a youngster . History . The foundation . Foot-Ball Club Bari was founded in the city on 15 January 1908 . Like the majority of early Italian football clubs , foreign people were involved in the foundation of the club . Amongst the main founders were German Floriano Ludwig , Swiss Gustavo Kuhn and a native trader of Bari called Giovanni Tiberini . The first players included many non-Italians , the FBC Bari originals included ; founder Ludwig , along with Barther ( English ) , Bach ( Swiss ) , Attoma , Roth ( Swiss ) , Labourdette ( Spanish ) , Jovinet ( French ) , Giordano , Gazagne ( French ) , Randi and Ziegler . Originally the club wore red shirts with white shorts , early on they would play against English sailors at the San Lorenzo field in the San Pasquale area of Bari . Although the club was founded early on , clubs from the Mezzogiorno were not very well represented in the early Italian football championships and thus Bari did not take part in the early seasons . In fact only Campania had a regional section in the league from that area prior to the First World War . The war would see the original club becoming defunct , before being reorganised in 1924 under the same name . By this time other clubs from the city had begun playing too , including Foot-Ball Club Liberty who originally wore blue and white stripes , they were founded as a dissident club from the original Bari in 1909 and their rivals Unione Sportiva Ideale who wore green and black stripes and was founded in 1908 . It was FBC Liberty who became the first ever side from the Province of Bari to take part in the Italian Football Championship , this was during the 1921–22 CCI season , when the main clubs in the country had a falling out with FIGC . The following season Ideale became the first side from Bari to progress to the Southern Italian semi-finals round , but lost out to Lazio . All three clubs featured in the championship for the first time in 1924–25 however FBC Bari were relegated and ceased to exist again in 1927 , Liberty on the other hand reached the Southern semi-finals before losing out heavily to Alba Roma . Unione Sportiva Bari . During the 1926-1928 period the whole of Italian football was changing and beginning to become more organised , and several mergers were taking place in Naples , Florence and Rome around the same time . FBC Liberty opted to change their name into Bari FC and first used it on 6 February 1927 in a match against Audace Taranto , then on 27 February 1928 Bari FC merged with US Ideale to create Unione Sportiva Bari . The original US Bari shirts incorporated the stripes of Ideale , with the red and white colours of FBC Bari . After the Italian Championship of 1928–29 , the league system was reorganised and Bari was placed in Serie B . One of their players was called up to the Italian national football team that season for the first time , in the form of Raffaele Costantino , this made Bari the first Serie B club to contribute a player and a scorer to the national side . Between Serie A and Serie B . The 1930s and 1940s were Baris golden age , spending much of that time in Serie A with a finish of seventh in 1947 being the best they achieved . In the 1950s Bari went into a sharp decline and an equally rapid revival towards the end of the decade to spend three more years in Serie A ( 1958–61 ) . Stars of the team in this period included Biagio Catalano and Raúl Conti . The club returned to Serie A twice more in this period ( 1963–64 and 1969–70 ) with the latter proving especially harrowing with only 11 goals scored , the lowest of any top-flight club . In 1974 Bari descended to Serie C , finishing that season with only 12 goals scored and 26 conceded in 38 games . By the late 1970s Bari were back in Serie B and on something of an upward swing , narrowly missing promotion in 1982 . They managed promotion to Serie A in 1985 and acquired English players Gordon Cowans and Paul Rideout , but they were unable to prevent an instant return to Serie B . A return to Serie A in 1989 with stars including stalwart defender Giovanni Loseto , midfielder Pietro Maiellaro and Brazilian striker João Paulo saw a respectable 10th-place finish in 1990 , their last season at the Della Vittoria . The following season saw Bari move to the San Nicola stadium , built for the 1990 World Cup , but by 1992 , despite the signing of David Platt , and they would be relegated once more . Promotion in 1994 saw another two-year stay in Serie A with Igor Protti a regular scorer , and another promotion in 1997 saw the emergence of promising youngsters like Nicola Ventola , Gianluca Zambrotta , Antonio Cassano and Diego De Ascentis . This time they managed a four-year stay in Serie A under the guidance of Eugenio Fascetti , despite his uneasy relationship with many sections of the clubs support . The club has since had a generally indifferent spell in Serie B . However , having been near the top of the Serie B table for much of the 2008–09 season they gained promotion to Serie A on 8 May 2009 , under the guidance of Antonio Conte . In November 2009 , a take-over bid was rejected . A Texas-based company JMJ Holdings also gave an intent to take over in August 2009 . With Leonardo Bonucci and Andrea Ranocchia as centre-back and Barreto as striker , Bari performed well in the first half of the season . Eventually Bari finished 10th . However , Bari lost €19 million in 2009 financial year , which meant Bari was quiet in the 2010 summer window ( only Almirón and Ghezzal were the new significant signings plus the purchase of Barreto after the expiration of his loan , who broke his leg in mid-season ) and in the January 2011 transfer window , they failed to find a replacement of Bonucci and Ranocchia . The company recovered from negative equity due to TV income increasing as well as the sale of Bonucci ( a profit of €6.45 million ) . Bari had a positive equity of €870,653 on 31 December 2010 and a net income of 14 million in the 2010 calendar year , due to extraordinary income from selling the brand . Bari were relegated to Serie B after the 2010–11 season finishing 17 points short of 17th placed Lecce . During the season , manager Giampiero Ventura was replaced by Bortolo Mutti in a failed attempt to save the club from relegation . On 4 March 2011 , Bari played its 1,000th game in Serie A . The End of the Matarrese reign . On 13 June 2011 , President Vincenzo Matarrese and the rest of the board of directors resigned after 28 years of controlling the club . Vincenzo Torrente was brought in to manage the side in the summer of 2011 and much of the playing roster was let go due to financial difficulties at the club and replaced by young players . Despite six and seven point penalties in the following two seasons , Bari under Torrente were able to achieve to mid-table Serie B finishes however , disconcertingly , attendances continued to dwindle . In the summer of 2013 , Torrente resigned and was replaced by Carmine Gautieri , who also resigned after two weeks . The top job was then assigned to Roberto Alberti Mazzaferro . The financial position of the club continued to decline and the Mattarese family reduced the amount of money they put into the club . The clubs debt reached €30m in February 2014 . The club was declared bankrupt on 10 March 2014 . The first bankruptcy auction , on 18 April 2014 , was declared deserted due to the lack of a bid that met all of the criterion . The second auction , on 12 May 2014 , also failed to find a successful bidder . The club was in real danger of disappearing . F.C . Bari 1908 . The third bankruptcy auction was held on 20 May 2014 with an asking price for the club of just €2m . A consortium F.C . Bari 1908 S.p.A . led by former Serie A referee Gianluca Paparesta successfully acquired the club assets and sports title . A strong spell of form towards the end of the season , where the club lost just two of its last 15 Serie B matches , meant that Bari qualified for the 2013–14 Serie B play-offs . Bari met Crotone in the quarter finals and won 3–0 , setting up a clash against Latina , the side that finished 3rd in the regular season . The first leg of the play-off semifinal was a sell out with over 50,000 people attending the match , an incredible achievement considering the club recorded an attendance of less than 1,000 just a few months earlier . Bari were knocked out due to two draws ( 2–2 and 2–2 ) . In 2014–15 the team ended the season in 10th place . In 2015–16 Bari gained 5th place in the league and subsequent access to the play-off preliminary match against Novara but lost 4–5 after extra time at Stadio San Nicola . In December 2015 , Cosmo Giancaspro acquired 5% shares of Bari . In April 2016 Noordin Ahmad signed a preliminary agreement to acquire 50% shares of the club but the deal collapsed ; In June 2016 Cosmo Giancaspro became the sole director ( ) of the club , after the entire share capital were acquired by an Italian company Kreare Impresa S.r.l . According to La Repubblica , Kreare Impresa was owned by Giancaspro , but both Giancaspro and his company was involved in a money laundering investigation . A new beginning from Serie D : SSC Bari . On 16 July 2018 , Bari were excluded by Co.Vi.Soc . from participating in 2018–19 Serie B due to financial reasons . The shareholders also tried to recapitalize the club and appeal the exclusion to Collegio di Garanzia of Italian National Olympic Committee ( CONI ) , however , it was rejected . Thanks to the Article 52 of N.O.I.F. , it was reported that Aurelio De Laurentiis , the owner of football club Napoli and film company Filmauro , had won the rights to establish a phoenix club of Bari and restart in 2018–19 Serie D . He also re-established the current Napoli in 2004 . The new club will be named S.S.C . Bari , with De Laurentiis stating his intention to bring it back to Serie A as fast as possible . The club was subsequently assigned to Group I of 2018–19 Serie D , traditionally destined to teams from Sicily and Calabria . On 23 August 2018 , as part of a press conference , Aurelio De Laurentiis announced his eldest son , film producer Luigi De Laurentiis Jr. , as the new Bari chairman . Bari was promoted to Serie C at the end of the 2018–19 season . Players . As of 29 January 2021 . Presidential history . The official presidential history of Bari , since 1929 until the present day . - Alfredo Atti ( 1929–31 ) - Liborio Mincuzzi ( 1931–32 ) - Sebastiano Roca ( 1932–33 ) - Raffaele Tramonte ( 1933–34 ) - Giovanni Tomasicchio ( 1934–35 ) - Giovanni Di Cagno Abbrescia ( 1935–36 ) - Vincenzo Signorile ( 1936–37 ) - Giuseppe Abbruzzese ( 1937–38 ) - Giambattista Patarino ( 1938–39 ) - Angelo Albanese ( 1939–40 ) - Pasquale Ranieri ( 1940–41 ) - Giuseppe Santoro ( 1941–42 ) - Antonio De Palma ( 1941–44 ) - Andrea Somma ( 1942–43 ) - Tommaso Annoscia ( 1944–50 ) - Rocco Scafi ( 1950–51 ) - Florenzo Brattelli ( 1951–52 ) - Francesco Saverio Lonero ( 1952–53 ) - Achille Tarsia Incuria ( 1953–56 ) - Gianfranco Brunetti ( 1956–59 ) - Vincenzo La Gioia ( 1959–61 ) - Angelo Marino ( 1961–63 ) - Angelo De Palo ( 1961–77 ) - Antonio Matarrese ( 1977–83 ) - Vincenzo Matarrese ( 1983–11 ) - Claudio Garzelli ( 2011–12 ) ( as chief executive ) - Francesco Vinella ( 2012–14 ) ( as chief executive ) - Gianluca Paparesta ( 2014–16 ) - Cosmo Giancaspro ( 2016–18 ) - Luigi De Laurentiis ( 2018– ) Managerial history . Bari have had many managers and trainers , some seasons they have had co-managers running the team , here is a chronological list of them from 1928 onwards : Honours . - Serie B : 4 - Champions : 1941–42 , 2008–09 - Runners-up : 1930–31 , 1933–34 ( without promotion ) , 1957–58 , 1962–63 , 1988–89 , 1993–94 - Other Promotions : 1927–28 , 1934–35 , 1968–69 , 1984–85 , 1996–97 - Serie C - Champions : 1954–55 - Scudetto IV Serie - Champions : 1953–54 Mitropa Cup : 1 - Winners : 1990 |
[
"National Register of Historic Places"
] | easy | Which site was the heritage designation of United States lightship Swiftsure (LV-83) from Apr 1975 to Mar 1977? | /wiki/United_States_lightship_Swiftsure_(LV-83)#P1435#0 | United States lightship Swiftsure ( LV-83 ) Light Vessel Number 83 ( LV-83 ) Swiftsure is a lightship and museum ship owned by Northwest Seaport in Seattle , Washington . Launched in 1904 at Camden , New Jersey and in active service until 1960 after serving on all five of the American west coasts lightship stations , it is the oldest surviving lightship in the United States , the only one still fitted with its original steam engine , and the last lightship with wooden decks . LV-83 was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989 , and has been undergoing major restoration since 2008 . Description . As built , LV-83 was one of the nations new third-generation lightships , with an all-steel hull , wooden decks , and a powerful double-expansion steam engine . It measured on the keel , 133 feet overall , with a beam of and a draft of , and was rated at 668 tons . The beakhead roller on the bow was later removed , reducing length overall to 129 feet 6 inches . The ships aids to navigation currently include a 1,000-watt beacon light , a 140-decibel Diaphone horn , and a foredeck fog bell . At the time of launching , however , the beacon consisted of a chandelier of three oil lamps that could be hoisted up the masts from the deck . These were originally powered by whale oil , then first converted to kerosene , and finally electrified in 1930 . A 12-inch diameter steam whistle was the primary sound signaling device on board with the 1,000-lb bell standing by as the auxiliary . For a time , LV-83 was also fitted with an underwater bell with a mechanical striker that would strike out the ships identity as a submarine signal . Sound carries much farther in water , extending the range of the ships signals . The underwater bell was removed when a radio beacon was fitted on the ship for long-range signaling . For propulsion , LV-83 was driven by a single 8-foot diameter screw powered by a 375-horsepower marine steam engine , originally fed by a pair of coal-fired fire-tube Scotch boilers . The ship had two coal bunkers , each with a capacity of 75 tons , and freshwater tankage for more than 11,000 gallons . In 1934 , the Scotch boilers were replaced with modern oil-fired watertube boilers , improving endurance , speed of bunkering , and speed in raising steam while simultaneously reducing the size of the boiler room crew . During active service , LV-83s normal crew complement was 15 , with 10 on duty at any given time . The others were on shore leave rotation . Crew size did fluctuate slightly with technological modifications such as the labor saving oil-fired boilers or the successive waves of new electronic devices like radio and radar . During World War II , the ships complement increased to more than 30 to man the guns fitted aboard for war duty . History . LV-83 was launched in Camden , New Jersey in 1904 , and was deployed to the West Coast to serve on the Blunts Reef lightship station . Since the Panama Canal would not be completed for another decade , LV-83 ( accompanied by LV-76 ) had to steam around the tip of South America and north to San Francisco to reach its first station assignment at Blunts Reef off Crescent City , California . While there , the ship rescued 150 people from the steamer Bear after that ship ran aground on the reef in dense fog . Formerly known as Relief , LV-83 had numerous names on its sides , all of which indicated the location of its station . Swiftsure refers to the Swiftsure Bank near the entrance to the Strait of Juan de Fuca , which separates Washington from Vancouver Island . She also guided ships near Umatilla Reef and the Columbia River Bar . The ship was decommissioned in 1960 , and purchased by Northwest Seaport in 1966 . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places , was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989 , and is on the Washington State Heritage Register . LV-83 is docked on Lake Union , in Seattle , Washington , where a long-running restoration was begun in 2008 . LV-83 is open to visitors on most summer weekends , or by appointment . |
[
""
] | easy | Which site was the heritage designation of United States lightship Swiftsure (LV-83) from Mar 1977 to Apr 1989? | /wiki/United_States_lightship_Swiftsure_(LV-83)#P1435#1 | United States lightship Swiftsure ( LV-83 ) Light Vessel Number 83 ( LV-83 ) Swiftsure is a lightship and museum ship owned by Northwest Seaport in Seattle , Washington . Launched in 1904 at Camden , New Jersey and in active service until 1960 after serving on all five of the American west coasts lightship stations , it is the oldest surviving lightship in the United States , the only one still fitted with its original steam engine , and the last lightship with wooden decks . LV-83 was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989 , and has been undergoing major restoration since 2008 . Description . As built , LV-83 was one of the nations new third-generation lightships , with an all-steel hull , wooden decks , and a powerful double-expansion steam engine . It measured on the keel , 133 feet overall , with a beam of and a draft of , and was rated at 668 tons . The beakhead roller on the bow was later removed , reducing length overall to 129 feet 6 inches . The ships aids to navigation currently include a 1,000-watt beacon light , a 140-decibel Diaphone horn , and a foredeck fog bell . At the time of launching , however , the beacon consisted of a chandelier of three oil lamps that could be hoisted up the masts from the deck . These were originally powered by whale oil , then first converted to kerosene , and finally electrified in 1930 . A 12-inch diameter steam whistle was the primary sound signaling device on board with the 1,000-lb bell standing by as the auxiliary . For a time , LV-83 was also fitted with an underwater bell with a mechanical striker that would strike out the ships identity as a submarine signal . Sound carries much farther in water , extending the range of the ships signals . The underwater bell was removed when a radio beacon was fitted on the ship for long-range signaling . For propulsion , LV-83 was driven by a single 8-foot diameter screw powered by a 375-horsepower marine steam engine , originally fed by a pair of coal-fired fire-tube Scotch boilers . The ship had two coal bunkers , each with a capacity of 75 tons , and freshwater tankage for more than 11,000 gallons . In 1934 , the Scotch boilers were replaced with modern oil-fired watertube boilers , improving endurance , speed of bunkering , and speed in raising steam while simultaneously reducing the size of the boiler room crew . During active service , LV-83s normal crew complement was 15 , with 10 on duty at any given time . The others were on shore leave rotation . Crew size did fluctuate slightly with technological modifications such as the labor saving oil-fired boilers or the successive waves of new electronic devices like radio and radar . During World War II , the ships complement increased to more than 30 to man the guns fitted aboard for war duty . History . LV-83 was launched in Camden , New Jersey in 1904 , and was deployed to the West Coast to serve on the Blunts Reef lightship station . Since the Panama Canal would not be completed for another decade , LV-83 ( accompanied by LV-76 ) had to steam around the tip of South America and north to San Francisco to reach its first station assignment at Blunts Reef off Crescent City , California . While there , the ship rescued 150 people from the steamer Bear after that ship ran aground on the reef in dense fog . Formerly known as Relief , LV-83 had numerous names on its sides , all of which indicated the location of its station . Swiftsure refers to the Swiftsure Bank near the entrance to the Strait of Juan de Fuca , which separates Washington from Vancouver Island . She also guided ships near Umatilla Reef and the Columbia River Bar . The ship was decommissioned in 1960 , and purchased by Northwest Seaport in 1966 . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places , was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989 , and is on the Washington State Heritage Register . LV-83 is docked on Lake Union , in Seattle , Washington , where a long-running restoration was begun in 2008 . LV-83 is open to visitors on most summer weekends , or by appointment . |
[
"National Historic Landmark"
] | easy | Which site was the heritage designation of United States lightship Swiftsure (LV-83) from Apr 1989 to Apr 1990? | /wiki/United_States_lightship_Swiftsure_(LV-83)#P1435#2 | United States lightship Swiftsure ( LV-83 ) Light Vessel Number 83 ( LV-83 ) Swiftsure is a lightship and museum ship owned by Northwest Seaport in Seattle , Washington . Launched in 1904 at Camden , New Jersey and in active service until 1960 after serving on all five of the American west coasts lightship stations , it is the oldest surviving lightship in the United States , the only one still fitted with its original steam engine , and the last lightship with wooden decks . LV-83 was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989 , and has been undergoing major restoration since 2008 . Description . As built , LV-83 was one of the nations new third-generation lightships , with an all-steel hull , wooden decks , and a powerful double-expansion steam engine . It measured on the keel , 133 feet overall , with a beam of and a draft of , and was rated at 668 tons . The beakhead roller on the bow was later removed , reducing length overall to 129 feet 6 inches . The ships aids to navigation currently include a 1,000-watt beacon light , a 140-decibel Diaphone horn , and a foredeck fog bell . At the time of launching , however , the beacon consisted of a chandelier of three oil lamps that could be hoisted up the masts from the deck . These were originally powered by whale oil , then first converted to kerosene , and finally electrified in 1930 . A 12-inch diameter steam whistle was the primary sound signaling device on board with the 1,000-lb bell standing by as the auxiliary . For a time , LV-83 was also fitted with an underwater bell with a mechanical striker that would strike out the ships identity as a submarine signal . Sound carries much farther in water , extending the range of the ships signals . The underwater bell was removed when a radio beacon was fitted on the ship for long-range signaling . For propulsion , LV-83 was driven by a single 8-foot diameter screw powered by a 375-horsepower marine steam engine , originally fed by a pair of coal-fired fire-tube Scotch boilers . The ship had two coal bunkers , each with a capacity of 75 tons , and freshwater tankage for more than 11,000 gallons . In 1934 , the Scotch boilers were replaced with modern oil-fired watertube boilers , improving endurance , speed of bunkering , and speed in raising steam while simultaneously reducing the size of the boiler room crew . During active service , LV-83s normal crew complement was 15 , with 10 on duty at any given time . The others were on shore leave rotation . Crew size did fluctuate slightly with technological modifications such as the labor saving oil-fired boilers or the successive waves of new electronic devices like radio and radar . During World War II , the ships complement increased to more than 30 to man the guns fitted aboard for war duty . History . LV-83 was launched in Camden , New Jersey in 1904 , and was deployed to the West Coast to serve on the Blunts Reef lightship station . Since the Panama Canal would not be completed for another decade , LV-83 ( accompanied by LV-76 ) had to steam around the tip of South America and north to San Francisco to reach its first station assignment at Blunts Reef off Crescent City , California . While there , the ship rescued 150 people from the steamer Bear after that ship ran aground on the reef in dense fog . Formerly known as Relief , LV-83 had numerous names on its sides , all of which indicated the location of its station . Swiftsure refers to the Swiftsure Bank near the entrance to the Strait of Juan de Fuca , which separates Washington from Vancouver Island . She also guided ships near Umatilla Reef and the Columbia River Bar . The ship was decommissioned in 1960 , and purchased by Northwest Seaport in 1966 . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places , was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989 , and is on the Washington State Heritage Register . LV-83 is docked on Lake Union , in Seattle , Washington , where a long-running restoration was begun in 2008 . LV-83 is open to visitors on most summer weekends , or by appointment . |
[
"Conservative Party"
] | easy | Which political party did Laurențiu Rebega belong to from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/Laurențiu_Rebega#P102#0 | Laurențiu Rebega Laurențiu Rebega ( born 20 February 1976 ) is a Romanian politician and since 2014 , a member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) . In the European Parliament , Laurentiu Rebega is a full member of the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development ( COMAGRI ) and the Committee on Petitions ( PETI ) and a substitute in the European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs ( AFET ) , Committee on Industry , Research and Energy ( ITRE ) and Committee on Regional Development ( REGI ) . He is also a member of the Delegation to the EU-Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee . He is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Group ( ECR ) . Education . In 2004 , Laurentiu Rebega received his bachelors degree from the Zootechnology faculty of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine ( USAMV ) , the Zootechnology faculty , in Bucharest Romania . As a student , he has been involved in various student organizations and student related activities . For example , he was the representative of the Student League at USAMV in Bucharest , the president of the Sports Association Agronomia and the editor in chief at Impact studentesc magazine . In 2003 , he took the course Young farmers offered by Grindsted Agricultural College in Denmark . After graduation from USAMV , he got back to Denmark , at the Grindsted Agricultural College where he enrolled for Junior Leaders in Agricultural Business , a 2-year programme . Therefore , between 2004 and 2006 , he studied and worked on projects in the field of agricultural management . Between 2007 and 2009 , he enrolled for an MA degree in Management and Rural Development at the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine in Bucharest . Between 2009 and 2011 , he studied Rural and Regional Development Project Management at the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies , from where he received his second MA degree . In 2012 , he attended the short-term course on Foreign Policy and Diplomacy offered by the Diplomatic Institute of Romania . He graduated International Politics , an MA programme offered by the Centre Européen de Recherches Internationales et Stratégiques , a post-graduate school that provides education designed for professionals . Career . Between 2004 and 2006 , Laurentiu Rebega worked in Denmark as a junior agricultural engineer . After his return to Romania , he worked in Bucharest as an agricultural engineer for ISPIF , then he was recruited as an expert in logistics by ADT Projekt . Afterwards , he became a production director for the company JD Agro Cocora and a GM for SC Semina SA . He also worked as a consultant for the department of agriculture at SDC Agro Seed SRL . In 2010 , he chose to join the Conservative Partys Prahova county local branch where he very soon became president . In 2012 , following the local elections in Romania , Laurentiu Rebega secured a mandate as a county counsellor . Then , he was elected vice-president of the Prahova County Council . In 2014 , he became the vice-president of the Conservative Party at a national level and the coordinator of the Agriculture and Rural Development Department . Starting from October 2018 he is Vicepresident of the PRO Romania party . At the European Parliament . In 2014 , as a candidate of the PSD-PC-UNPR party coalition , he ran for the European Parliament elections organized at the end of May 2014 . At 38 years old , he has become one of the 32 Romanian members of the European Parliament . Until June 2015 , he was a member of Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats , one of the 8 political groups at the EP . For one year , during June 2014 and June 2015 , he was a member of the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development ( COMAGRI ) and the Committee on Petitions ( PETI ) and a substitute in the Committee for Fisheries ( PECH ) . He was also a member in the Delegation to the EU-Armenia and EU-Azerbaijan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees and the EU-Georgia Parliamentary Association Committee . In January 2015 , he resigned from the Romanian Conservative Party and thus , became a politically independent Member of the European Parliament . A couple of months later , in June 2015 , he left the S&D group at the EP and joined the newly formed political group , the Europe of Nations and Freedom ( ENF ) . On 1 March 2018 , Laurențiu Rebega left the ENF Group and became an independent Member of the European Parliament . Starting from April 2018 he became a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Group ( ECR ) . Since June 2015 , Rebega has been a substitute in the Committee on Foreign Affairs ( AFET ) , Committee on Industry , Research and Energy ( ITRE ) and Committee on Regional Development ( REGI ) and became a member of the Delegation to the EU-Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee . On his personal website , Laurentiu Rebega highlights that his entire ideological and participatory activity stands up for individual liberties , national sovereignty and the protection of the freedom of expression in all its forms . Rebega expresses his unconditional patriotism and loyalty for national values and Romanias unitary state principles . I firmly believe that the good of one nation does not necessary mean the bad of the other , therefore my patriotic and nationalist beliefs will always be part of my political actions . I will stand up for national ideals , history , traditions , Christianity and inherited customs and I will actively participate in the process of Romanian values’ recognition at a European and global level . I am and I will always be the one who follows the rightful aspirations of the Romanian revolution from 1848 , namely the territorial unity , the spirit of emancipation and affirmation of the Romanian nation , its just , national harmony.My activity is based on the defense of Romanias territorial integrity and national sovereignty , the support of Christianity , in general and the Orthodox faith , in particular , the protection of individual liberties , with a focus on the freedom of speech . Rebega is a strong supporter of the unification of the Republic of Moldova with Romania . Laurențiu Rebega is the first Romanian in the EU history who run for elections in one of the European institutions . During the elections held on 17 January 2017 , Laurențiu Rebega was amongst the seven candidates for the presidency of the European Parliament . Books . Terorism și Contra-terorism în UE : lecții din trecut - book published in 2017 at Mica Valahie publishing house , written in Romanian language Terrorism and Counter-terrorism in the EU : Lessons from the past -book published in 2017 at Mica Valahie publishing house , , written in English language . Romania from Romania and Romania from the European Union - book published in 2018 at Mica Valahie publishing house , written in Romanian language . Personal life . Laurentiu Rebega is married and has two daughters . External links . - ( in Romanian ) - Profile of MEP Laurentiu Rebega ( in the EP database ) |
[
"Romanian Conservative Party"
] | easy | Which party was Laurențiu Rebega a member of from 2015 to 2018? | /wiki/Laurențiu_Rebega#P102#1 | Laurențiu Rebega Laurențiu Rebega ( born 20 February 1976 ) is a Romanian politician and since 2014 , a member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) . In the European Parliament , Laurentiu Rebega is a full member of the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development ( COMAGRI ) and the Committee on Petitions ( PETI ) and a substitute in the European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs ( AFET ) , Committee on Industry , Research and Energy ( ITRE ) and Committee on Regional Development ( REGI ) . He is also a member of the Delegation to the EU-Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee . He is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Group ( ECR ) . Education . In 2004 , Laurentiu Rebega received his bachelors degree from the Zootechnology faculty of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine ( USAMV ) , the Zootechnology faculty , in Bucharest Romania . As a student , he has been involved in various student organizations and student related activities . For example , he was the representative of the Student League at USAMV in Bucharest , the president of the Sports Association Agronomia and the editor in chief at Impact studentesc magazine . In 2003 , he took the course Young farmers offered by Grindsted Agricultural College in Denmark . After graduation from USAMV , he got back to Denmark , at the Grindsted Agricultural College where he enrolled for Junior Leaders in Agricultural Business , a 2-year programme . Therefore , between 2004 and 2006 , he studied and worked on projects in the field of agricultural management . Between 2007 and 2009 , he enrolled for an MA degree in Management and Rural Development at the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine in Bucharest . Between 2009 and 2011 , he studied Rural and Regional Development Project Management at the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies , from where he received his second MA degree . In 2012 , he attended the short-term course on Foreign Policy and Diplomacy offered by the Diplomatic Institute of Romania . He graduated International Politics , an MA programme offered by the Centre Européen de Recherches Internationales et Stratégiques , a post-graduate school that provides education designed for professionals . Career . Between 2004 and 2006 , Laurentiu Rebega worked in Denmark as a junior agricultural engineer . After his return to Romania , he worked in Bucharest as an agricultural engineer for ISPIF , then he was recruited as an expert in logistics by ADT Projekt . Afterwards , he became a production director for the company JD Agro Cocora and a GM for SC Semina SA . He also worked as a consultant for the department of agriculture at SDC Agro Seed SRL . In 2010 , he chose to join the Conservative Partys Prahova county local branch where he very soon became president . In 2012 , following the local elections in Romania , Laurentiu Rebega secured a mandate as a county counsellor . Then , he was elected vice-president of the Prahova County Council . In 2014 , he became the vice-president of the Conservative Party at a national level and the coordinator of the Agriculture and Rural Development Department . Starting from October 2018 he is Vicepresident of the PRO Romania party . At the European Parliament . In 2014 , as a candidate of the PSD-PC-UNPR party coalition , he ran for the European Parliament elections organized at the end of May 2014 . At 38 years old , he has become one of the 32 Romanian members of the European Parliament . Until June 2015 , he was a member of Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats , one of the 8 political groups at the EP . For one year , during June 2014 and June 2015 , he was a member of the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development ( COMAGRI ) and the Committee on Petitions ( PETI ) and a substitute in the Committee for Fisheries ( PECH ) . He was also a member in the Delegation to the EU-Armenia and EU-Azerbaijan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees and the EU-Georgia Parliamentary Association Committee . In January 2015 , he resigned from the Romanian Conservative Party and thus , became a politically independent Member of the European Parliament . A couple of months later , in June 2015 , he left the S&D group at the EP and joined the newly formed political group , the Europe of Nations and Freedom ( ENF ) . On 1 March 2018 , Laurențiu Rebega left the ENF Group and became an independent Member of the European Parliament . Starting from April 2018 he became a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Group ( ECR ) . Since June 2015 , Rebega has been a substitute in the Committee on Foreign Affairs ( AFET ) , Committee on Industry , Research and Energy ( ITRE ) and Committee on Regional Development ( REGI ) and became a member of the Delegation to the EU-Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee . On his personal website , Laurentiu Rebega highlights that his entire ideological and participatory activity stands up for individual liberties , national sovereignty and the protection of the freedom of expression in all its forms . Rebega expresses his unconditional patriotism and loyalty for national values and Romanias unitary state principles . I firmly believe that the good of one nation does not necessary mean the bad of the other , therefore my patriotic and nationalist beliefs will always be part of my political actions . I will stand up for national ideals , history , traditions , Christianity and inherited customs and I will actively participate in the process of Romanian values’ recognition at a European and global level . I am and I will always be the one who follows the rightful aspirations of the Romanian revolution from 1848 , namely the territorial unity , the spirit of emancipation and affirmation of the Romanian nation , its just , national harmony.My activity is based on the defense of Romanias territorial integrity and national sovereignty , the support of Christianity , in general and the Orthodox faith , in particular , the protection of individual liberties , with a focus on the freedom of speech . Rebega is a strong supporter of the unification of the Republic of Moldova with Romania . Laurențiu Rebega is the first Romanian in the EU history who run for elections in one of the European institutions . During the elections held on 17 January 2017 , Laurențiu Rebega was amongst the seven candidates for the presidency of the European Parliament . Books . Terorism și Contra-terorism în UE : lecții din trecut - book published in 2017 at Mica Valahie publishing house , written in Romanian language Terrorism and Counter-terrorism in the EU : Lessons from the past -book published in 2017 at Mica Valahie publishing house , , written in English language . Romania from Romania and Romania from the European Union - book published in 2018 at Mica Valahie publishing house , written in Romanian language . Personal life . Laurentiu Rebega is married and has two daughters . External links . - ( in Romanian ) - Profile of MEP Laurentiu Rebega ( in the EP database ) |
[
"PRO Romania party"
] | easy | Which party was Laurențiu Rebega a member of from 2018 to 2019? | /wiki/Laurențiu_Rebega#P102#2 | Laurențiu Rebega Laurențiu Rebega ( born 20 February 1976 ) is a Romanian politician and since 2014 , a member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) . In the European Parliament , Laurentiu Rebega is a full member of the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development ( COMAGRI ) and the Committee on Petitions ( PETI ) and a substitute in the European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs ( AFET ) , Committee on Industry , Research and Energy ( ITRE ) and Committee on Regional Development ( REGI ) . He is also a member of the Delegation to the EU-Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee . He is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Group ( ECR ) . Education . In 2004 , Laurentiu Rebega received his bachelors degree from the Zootechnology faculty of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine ( USAMV ) , the Zootechnology faculty , in Bucharest Romania . As a student , he has been involved in various student organizations and student related activities . For example , he was the representative of the Student League at USAMV in Bucharest , the president of the Sports Association Agronomia and the editor in chief at Impact studentesc magazine . In 2003 , he took the course Young farmers offered by Grindsted Agricultural College in Denmark . After graduation from USAMV , he got back to Denmark , at the Grindsted Agricultural College where he enrolled for Junior Leaders in Agricultural Business , a 2-year programme . Therefore , between 2004 and 2006 , he studied and worked on projects in the field of agricultural management . Between 2007 and 2009 , he enrolled for an MA degree in Management and Rural Development at the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine in Bucharest . Between 2009 and 2011 , he studied Rural and Regional Development Project Management at the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies , from where he received his second MA degree . In 2012 , he attended the short-term course on Foreign Policy and Diplomacy offered by the Diplomatic Institute of Romania . He graduated International Politics , an MA programme offered by the Centre Européen de Recherches Internationales et Stratégiques , a post-graduate school that provides education designed for professionals . Career . Between 2004 and 2006 , Laurentiu Rebega worked in Denmark as a junior agricultural engineer . After his return to Romania , he worked in Bucharest as an agricultural engineer for ISPIF , then he was recruited as an expert in logistics by ADT Projekt . Afterwards , he became a production director for the company JD Agro Cocora and a GM for SC Semina SA . He also worked as a consultant for the department of agriculture at SDC Agro Seed SRL . In 2010 , he chose to join the Conservative Partys Prahova county local branch where he very soon became president . In 2012 , following the local elections in Romania , Laurentiu Rebega secured a mandate as a county counsellor . Then , he was elected vice-president of the Prahova County Council . In 2014 , he became the vice-president of the Conservative Party at a national level and the coordinator of the Agriculture and Rural Development Department . Starting from October 2018 he is Vicepresident of the PRO Romania party . At the European Parliament . In 2014 , as a candidate of the PSD-PC-UNPR party coalition , he ran for the European Parliament elections organized at the end of May 2014 . At 38 years old , he has become one of the 32 Romanian members of the European Parliament . Until June 2015 , he was a member of Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats , one of the 8 political groups at the EP . For one year , during June 2014 and June 2015 , he was a member of the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development ( COMAGRI ) and the Committee on Petitions ( PETI ) and a substitute in the Committee for Fisheries ( PECH ) . He was also a member in the Delegation to the EU-Armenia and EU-Azerbaijan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees and the EU-Georgia Parliamentary Association Committee . In January 2015 , he resigned from the Romanian Conservative Party and thus , became a politically independent Member of the European Parliament . A couple of months later , in June 2015 , he left the S&D group at the EP and joined the newly formed political group , the Europe of Nations and Freedom ( ENF ) . On 1 March 2018 , Laurențiu Rebega left the ENF Group and became an independent Member of the European Parliament . Starting from April 2018 he became a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Group ( ECR ) . Since June 2015 , Rebega has been a substitute in the Committee on Foreign Affairs ( AFET ) , Committee on Industry , Research and Energy ( ITRE ) and Committee on Regional Development ( REGI ) and became a member of the Delegation to the EU-Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee . On his personal website , Laurentiu Rebega highlights that his entire ideological and participatory activity stands up for individual liberties , national sovereignty and the protection of the freedom of expression in all its forms . Rebega expresses his unconditional patriotism and loyalty for national values and Romanias unitary state principles . I firmly believe that the good of one nation does not necessary mean the bad of the other , therefore my patriotic and nationalist beliefs will always be part of my political actions . I will stand up for national ideals , history , traditions , Christianity and inherited customs and I will actively participate in the process of Romanian values’ recognition at a European and global level . I am and I will always be the one who follows the rightful aspirations of the Romanian revolution from 1848 , namely the territorial unity , the spirit of emancipation and affirmation of the Romanian nation , its just , national harmony.My activity is based on the defense of Romanias territorial integrity and national sovereignty , the support of Christianity , in general and the Orthodox faith , in particular , the protection of individual liberties , with a focus on the freedom of speech . Rebega is a strong supporter of the unification of the Republic of Moldova with Romania . Laurențiu Rebega is the first Romanian in the EU history who run for elections in one of the European institutions . During the elections held on 17 January 2017 , Laurențiu Rebega was amongst the seven candidates for the presidency of the European Parliament . Books . Terorism și Contra-terorism în UE : lecții din trecut - book published in 2017 at Mica Valahie publishing house , written in Romanian language Terrorism and Counter-terrorism in the EU : Lessons from the past -book published in 2017 at Mica Valahie publishing house , , written in English language . Romania from Romania and Romania from the European Union - book published in 2018 at Mica Valahie publishing house , written in Romanian language . Personal life . Laurentiu Rebega is married and has two daughters . External links . - ( in Romanian ) - Profile of MEP Laurentiu Rebega ( in the EP database ) |
[
"Member of Parliament"
] | easy | Sir Glynne Welby, 3rd Baronet took which position from Dec 1832 to Dec 1834? | /wiki/Sir_Glynne_Welby,_3rd_Baronet#P39#0 | Sir Glynne Welby , 3rd Baronet Sir Glynne Earle Welby-Gregory , 3rd Baronet ( 26 June 1806 – 23 August 1875 ) , born Glynne Earle Welby , was a British Tory ( and then Conservative Party ) Member of Parliament . Early life and family . Glynne Earle Welby was born on 26 June 1806 , the eldest son of Sir William Welby , 2nd Baronet , of Denton , near Grantham , and his wife , Wilhelmina , daughter of William Spry , who was Governor of Barbados from 1767 to 1772 . The family claimed descent from land-owners who came over with the Norman Conquest , but their origins have only been traced with certainty to John Welby , a subsidy collector at Denton in 1523 ; one of his descendants bought the manor in 1648 and occupied the manor house . His great grandson , William , was created a baronet and represented Grantham in Parliament ( 1802–06 ) , while his son , the 2nd baronet , occupied the same seat for 13 years between 1807 and 1820 . Glynne Welby was educated at Rugby School and Oriel College , Oxford , where he matriculated in 1824 . He succeeded his father as baronet on 3 November 1852 and took additional surname of Gregory by royal licence on 5 July 1861 to comply with the will of Gregory Gregory of Harlaxton . Welby married , on 6 March 1828 , Frances , youngest daughter of Sir Montague Cholmeley , 1st Baronet . She died on 9 October 1881 . He and his wife had seven sons and four daughters , including William Earle ( 1829–1898 ) , who succeeded to the baronetcy and was a Member of Parliament , and Alfred Cholmeley Earle ( 1849–1937 ) , a Member of Parliament for Taunton . Three other sons and a daughter died unmarried : Captain Henry Glynne Earle ( 1830–1876 ) , who served in the 48th Regiment ; Rev . Philip James Earle ( 1842–1873 ) , who was educated at Magdalen College , Oxford , and served as Rector of Stroxton from 1863 till his death ; Hugh Richard Earle ( 1845–1862 ) , who served in the Royal Navy and died aboard HMS James Watt ; and Cecily ( d . 1869 ) . Of the remainder : - Rev . Walter Hugh Earle , ( 1833–1912 ) was educated at Corpus Christi , Oxford , and served as rector of Strensham ( 1860–62 ) , Bearwood ( 1862–67 ) and Harston ( 1867 ) . He married , firstly in 1861 , Frances ( d . 1875 ) , youngest daughter of Alfred Ollivant , Bishop of Llandaff ; and secondly , in 1875 , Florence Laura , eldest daughter of George Sloane Stanley , Rector of Branstone . - Edward Montague Earle , ( 1836–1926 ) was a barrister and Stipendary Magistrate in Sheffield ; in 1870 he married Sarah Elizabeth ( d . 1909 ) , only child of Robert Everard of Fulney House , Lincolnshire . Their sons included Hugh Robert Everard Earle , CMG , JP ( 1885–1970 ) , who was a provincial commissioner in Kenya , and Edward Everard Earle , JP , DL ( 1870–1951 ) , who adopted the surname Welby-Everard and served as Vice-Chairman ( 1930–39 ) and then Chairman ( 1939–42 ) of the Holland Quarter Sessions , as well as High Sheriff of Lincolnshire in 1935 and Chairman of the Welland Catchment Board ( 1930–46 ) ; he married Gwladys Muriel Petra ( d . 1946 ) , daughter of Rev . G . W . Herbert , and their children included Major-General Sir Christopher Earle Welby-Everard , KBE , CB , DL ( 1909–1996 ) . - Frances Wilhelmina ( d . 1858 ) married Lieutenant-Colonel John Reeve ( d . 1897 ) , of Leadenham House . - Mary Elizabeth Welby ( d . 1919 ) married twice : firstly , in 1860 , to John Richards Homfray ( d . 1882 ) of Penllyn Castle , Glamorganshire ; and secondly , in 1893 , to Colonel George Shirley Maxwell . - Alice ( d . 1915 ) married in 1860 to George Troyte Bullock ( from 1852 Troyte-Bullock , from 1892 Troyte-Chafyn-Grove ) of Zeals and North Coker House , who served as High Sheriff of Dorset in 1888 . Member of Parliament . He was elected at the 1830 general election as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Grantham , and held the seat until he stood down from the House of Commons at the 1857 general election . He was appointed High Sheriff of Lincolnshire for 1860–61 . References . Bibliography . - Casey , Martin , Salmon , Philip ( 2009 ) . Welby , Glynne Earle ( 1806–1875 ) , of Denton Hall , nr . Grantham , Lincs. , The History of Parliament : the House of Commons 1820–1832 , ed . by D . R . Fisher - Foster , Joseph ( 1888 ) . Alumni Oxonienses , 1715–1886 , volume 4 . Oxford : Parker and Co . - Ruvigny et Raineval , le Marquis de ( 1911 ) . <a Plantagenet Roll of the Blood Royal being a Complete Roll of all the Descendants now Living of Edward III</a> , Mortimer-Percy Volume , Part 1 . London : Melville and Company . - Mosley , Charles ( ed. ) ( 2003 ) . Burkes Peerage , Baronetage and Knightage , 107th ed. , volume 3 . Wilmington , Delaware : Burkes Peerage and Gentry . - Port , M.H . ( 1986 ) . Welby , Sir William Earle , 1st Bt . ( ?1734–1815 ) , of Denton Hall , Lincs. , The History of Parliament : the House of Commons 1790–1820 , ed . by R . Thorne - Port , M.H. , Thorne , R.G . ( 1986b ) . Welby , William Earle ( 1768–1852 ) , of Denton Hall , Lincs. , The History of Parliament : the House of Commons 1790–1820 , ed . by R . Thorne Newspapers . - Sir Glynne Earle Welby-Gregory , Bart. . Grantham Journal . 28 August 1875 . p . 4 - The late Sir G . E . Welby-Gregory , Bart. . Grantham Journal . 4 September 1875 . p . 4 |
[
"Member of Parliament"
] | easy | Which position did Sir Glynne Welby, 3rd Baronet hold from 1835 to Mar 1857? | /wiki/Sir_Glynne_Welby,_3rd_Baronet#P39#1 | Sir Glynne Welby , 3rd Baronet Sir Glynne Earle Welby-Gregory , 3rd Baronet ( 26 June 1806 – 23 August 1875 ) , born Glynne Earle Welby , was a British Tory ( and then Conservative Party ) Member of Parliament . Early life and family . Glynne Earle Welby was born on 26 June 1806 , the eldest son of Sir William Welby , 2nd Baronet , of Denton , near Grantham , and his wife , Wilhelmina , daughter of William Spry , who was Governor of Barbados from 1767 to 1772 . The family claimed descent from land-owners who came over with the Norman Conquest , but their origins have only been traced with certainty to John Welby , a subsidy collector at Denton in 1523 ; one of his descendants bought the manor in 1648 and occupied the manor house . His great grandson , William , was created a baronet and represented Grantham in Parliament ( 1802–06 ) , while his son , the 2nd baronet , occupied the same seat for 13 years between 1807 and 1820 . Glynne Welby was educated at Rugby School and Oriel College , Oxford , where he matriculated in 1824 . He succeeded his father as baronet on 3 November 1852 and took additional surname of Gregory by royal licence on 5 July 1861 to comply with the will of Gregory Gregory of Harlaxton . Welby married , on 6 March 1828 , Frances , youngest daughter of Sir Montague Cholmeley , 1st Baronet . She died on 9 October 1881 . He and his wife had seven sons and four daughters , including William Earle ( 1829–1898 ) , who succeeded to the baronetcy and was a Member of Parliament , and Alfred Cholmeley Earle ( 1849–1937 ) , a Member of Parliament for Taunton . Three other sons and a daughter died unmarried : Captain Henry Glynne Earle ( 1830–1876 ) , who served in the 48th Regiment ; Rev . Philip James Earle ( 1842–1873 ) , who was educated at Magdalen College , Oxford , and served as Rector of Stroxton from 1863 till his death ; Hugh Richard Earle ( 1845–1862 ) , who served in the Royal Navy and died aboard HMS James Watt ; and Cecily ( d . 1869 ) . Of the remainder : - Rev . Walter Hugh Earle , ( 1833–1912 ) was educated at Corpus Christi , Oxford , and served as rector of Strensham ( 1860–62 ) , Bearwood ( 1862–67 ) and Harston ( 1867 ) . He married , firstly in 1861 , Frances ( d . 1875 ) , youngest daughter of Alfred Ollivant , Bishop of Llandaff ; and secondly , in 1875 , Florence Laura , eldest daughter of George Sloane Stanley , Rector of Branstone . - Edward Montague Earle , ( 1836–1926 ) was a barrister and Stipendary Magistrate in Sheffield ; in 1870 he married Sarah Elizabeth ( d . 1909 ) , only child of Robert Everard of Fulney House , Lincolnshire . Their sons included Hugh Robert Everard Earle , CMG , JP ( 1885–1970 ) , who was a provincial commissioner in Kenya , and Edward Everard Earle , JP , DL ( 1870–1951 ) , who adopted the surname Welby-Everard and served as Vice-Chairman ( 1930–39 ) and then Chairman ( 1939–42 ) of the Holland Quarter Sessions , as well as High Sheriff of Lincolnshire in 1935 and Chairman of the Welland Catchment Board ( 1930–46 ) ; he married Gwladys Muriel Petra ( d . 1946 ) , daughter of Rev . G . W . Herbert , and their children included Major-General Sir Christopher Earle Welby-Everard , KBE , CB , DL ( 1909–1996 ) . - Frances Wilhelmina ( d . 1858 ) married Lieutenant-Colonel John Reeve ( d . 1897 ) , of Leadenham House . - Mary Elizabeth Welby ( d . 1919 ) married twice : firstly , in 1860 , to John Richards Homfray ( d . 1882 ) of Penllyn Castle , Glamorganshire ; and secondly , in 1893 , to Colonel George Shirley Maxwell . - Alice ( d . 1915 ) married in 1860 to George Troyte Bullock ( from 1852 Troyte-Bullock , from 1892 Troyte-Chafyn-Grove ) of Zeals and North Coker House , who served as High Sheriff of Dorset in 1888 . Member of Parliament . He was elected at the 1830 general election as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Grantham , and held the seat until he stood down from the House of Commons at the 1857 general election . He was appointed High Sheriff of Lincolnshire for 1860–61 . References . Bibliography . - Casey , Martin , Salmon , Philip ( 2009 ) . Welby , Glynne Earle ( 1806–1875 ) , of Denton Hall , nr . Grantham , Lincs. , The History of Parliament : the House of Commons 1820–1832 , ed . by D . R . Fisher - Foster , Joseph ( 1888 ) . Alumni Oxonienses , 1715–1886 , volume 4 . Oxford : Parker and Co . - Ruvigny et Raineval , le Marquis de ( 1911 ) . <a Plantagenet Roll of the Blood Royal being a Complete Roll of all the Descendants now Living of Edward III</a> , Mortimer-Percy Volume , Part 1 . London : Melville and Company . - Mosley , Charles ( ed. ) ( 2003 ) . Burkes Peerage , Baronetage and Knightage , 107th ed. , volume 3 . Wilmington , Delaware : Burkes Peerage and Gentry . - Port , M.H . ( 1986 ) . Welby , Sir William Earle , 1st Bt . ( ?1734–1815 ) , of Denton Hall , Lincs. , The History of Parliament : the House of Commons 1790–1820 , ed . by R . Thorne - Port , M.H. , Thorne , R.G . ( 1986b ) . Welby , William Earle ( 1768–1852 ) , of Denton Hall , Lincs. , The History of Parliament : the House of Commons 1790–1820 , ed . by R . Thorne Newspapers . - Sir Glynne Earle Welby-Gregory , Bart. . Grantham Journal . 28 August 1875 . p . 4 - The late Sir G . E . Welby-Gregory , Bart. . Grantham Journal . 4 September 1875 . p . 4 |
[
"Villarreal CF B"
] | easy | Which team did Raúl Fabiani play for from 2003 to 2004? | /wiki/Raúl_Fabiani#P54#0 | Raúl Fabiani Raúl Iván Fabiani Bosio ( born 23 February 1984 ) is an Equatoguinean footballer who plays as a centre forward for Spanish club CD Soneja . He spent most of his extensive career in Spain , representing Alcoyano in Segunda División . He also played professionally in India and Hong Kong . Fabiani was a member of the Equatorial Guinea national team . Early life . Fabiani was born in Valencia , Spain to an Italian father and an Equatorial Guinean mother related to , a politician executed during the regime of Francisco Macías Nguema . Club career . Fabiani spent most of his senior career in the lower levels of Spanish football , mainly competing in the Valencian Community . He made his Segunda División debut in the 2011–12 season at the age of already 27 , with CD Alcoyano , after having scored 12 Segunda División B goals the previous campaign to help the team return to the second level after an absence of 42 years ; his first game in the second level of Spanish football occurred on 22 October 2011 as he came on as a late substitute in a 1–4 home loss against FC Barcelona B , and he netted his first and second goals in the competition on 27 May of the following year to contribute decisively to a 4–0 home win over Elche CF , but his team had already sealed their relegation . Fabiani also represented Villarreal CF B , Moralo CP , CP Cacereño , UD Lanzarote , CD Teruel , Villajoyosa CF and Huracán Valencia CF . On 5 August 2013 the 29-year-old moved teams and countries , signing with Pune F.C . in India . On 21 September 2013 , Fabiani made his debut in the I-League , which was an eventful affair as he scored two goals , provided one assist and was also sent off after 77 minutes of play for a second bookable offence . He later sustained an injury while playing against Mohun Bagan AC which ruled him out for four months , so on 26 October he was released and replaced by Riga Mustapha , returning to former club Huracán . In the following years , safe for a very brief spell in the Hong Kong First Division League , Fabiani continued to compete in Spanish lower league and amateur football . On 19 June 2019 , he signed with CD Soneja of the Valencian regional leagues . International career . Fabiani received his first call for Equatorial Guinea , on 29 January 2011 , but he did not play in the friendly match with Congo on 9 February . The following month he was called for another exhibition game , this time against Gambia , but again he stayed on the verge of his international debut . These factors led to discomfort at Alcoyano because the club had lost him for four league matches ( two for each international match ) , which led to the organization asking the player to reject international calls for the remainder of the season ; thus , he rejected to appear for the pre-Olympic national team in two qualifying matches against Nigeria in April 2011 . Subsequently , Fabiani ceased to be called until Henri Michel , who at the same time gave little importance to the Spanish-born players , resigned from his position as national team coach . After the departure of the Frenchman and before the Brazilians Gílson Paulo arrival at Malabo as his replacement , the player was included in the preliminary list for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations . Fabiani did not play in the goalless friendly match with South Africa on 6 January 2012 , appearing shortly after in a non-FIFA recognized match against Cameroonian club Coton Sport FC de Garoua . He was confirmed in the roster of 23 players for the CAN tournament , played on home soil , only being fielded by the eventual quarter-finalists in the last group stage game , a 0–1 loss to Zambia . External links . - Stats at FútbolEsta ( in Spanish ) |
[
"Moralo CP"
] | easy | Which team did the player Raúl Fabiani belong to from 2004 to 2005? | /wiki/Raúl_Fabiani#P54#1 | Raúl Fabiani Raúl Iván Fabiani Bosio ( born 23 February 1984 ) is an Equatoguinean footballer who plays as a centre forward for Spanish club CD Soneja . He spent most of his extensive career in Spain , representing Alcoyano in Segunda División . He also played professionally in India and Hong Kong . Fabiani was a member of the Equatorial Guinea national team . Early life . Fabiani was born in Valencia , Spain to an Italian father and an Equatorial Guinean mother related to , a politician executed during the regime of Francisco Macías Nguema . Club career . Fabiani spent most of his senior career in the lower levels of Spanish football , mainly competing in the Valencian Community . He made his Segunda División debut in the 2011–12 season at the age of already 27 , with CD Alcoyano , after having scored 12 Segunda División B goals the previous campaign to help the team return to the second level after an absence of 42 years ; his first game in the second level of Spanish football occurred on 22 October 2011 as he came on as a late substitute in a 1–4 home loss against FC Barcelona B , and he netted his first and second goals in the competition on 27 May of the following year to contribute decisively to a 4–0 home win over Elche CF , but his team had already sealed their relegation . Fabiani also represented Villarreal CF B , Moralo CP , CP Cacereño , UD Lanzarote , CD Teruel , Villajoyosa CF and Huracán Valencia CF . On 5 August 2013 the 29-year-old moved teams and countries , signing with Pune F.C . in India . On 21 September 2013 , Fabiani made his debut in the I-League , which was an eventful affair as he scored two goals , provided one assist and was also sent off after 77 minutes of play for a second bookable offence . He later sustained an injury while playing against Mohun Bagan AC which ruled him out for four months , so on 26 October he was released and replaced by Riga Mustapha , returning to former club Huracán . In the following years , safe for a very brief spell in the Hong Kong First Division League , Fabiani continued to compete in Spanish lower league and amateur football . On 19 June 2019 , he signed with CD Soneja of the Valencian regional leagues . International career . Fabiani received his first call for Equatorial Guinea , on 29 January 2011 , but he did not play in the friendly match with Congo on 9 February . The following month he was called for another exhibition game , this time against Gambia , but again he stayed on the verge of his international debut . These factors led to discomfort at Alcoyano because the club had lost him for four league matches ( two for each international match ) , which led to the organization asking the player to reject international calls for the remainder of the season ; thus , he rejected to appear for the pre-Olympic national team in two qualifying matches against Nigeria in April 2011 . Subsequently , Fabiani ceased to be called until Henri Michel , who at the same time gave little importance to the Spanish-born players , resigned from his position as national team coach . After the departure of the Frenchman and before the Brazilians Gílson Paulo arrival at Malabo as his replacement , the player was included in the preliminary list for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations . Fabiani did not play in the goalless friendly match with South Africa on 6 January 2012 , appearing shortly after in a non-FIFA recognized match against Cameroonian club Coton Sport FC de Garoua . He was confirmed in the roster of 23 players for the CAN tournament , played on home soil , only being fielded by the eventual quarter-finalists in the last group stage game , a 0–1 loss to Zambia . External links . - Stats at FútbolEsta ( in Spanish ) |
[
"CP Cacereño"
] | easy | Raúl Fabiani played for which team from 2005 to 2006? | /wiki/Raúl_Fabiani#P54#2 | Raúl Fabiani Raúl Iván Fabiani Bosio ( born 23 February 1984 ) is an Equatoguinean footballer who plays as a centre forward for Spanish club CD Soneja . He spent most of his extensive career in Spain , representing Alcoyano in Segunda División . He also played professionally in India and Hong Kong . Fabiani was a member of the Equatorial Guinea national team . Early life . Fabiani was born in Valencia , Spain to an Italian father and an Equatorial Guinean mother related to , a politician executed during the regime of Francisco Macías Nguema . Club career . Fabiani spent most of his senior career in the lower levels of Spanish football , mainly competing in the Valencian Community . He made his Segunda División debut in the 2011–12 season at the age of already 27 , with CD Alcoyano , after having scored 12 Segunda División B goals the previous campaign to help the team return to the second level after an absence of 42 years ; his first game in the second level of Spanish football occurred on 22 October 2011 as he came on as a late substitute in a 1–4 home loss against FC Barcelona B , and he netted his first and second goals in the competition on 27 May of the following year to contribute decisively to a 4–0 home win over Elche CF , but his team had already sealed their relegation . Fabiani also represented Villarreal CF B , Moralo CP , CP Cacereño , UD Lanzarote , CD Teruel , Villajoyosa CF and Huracán Valencia CF . On 5 August 2013 the 29-year-old moved teams and countries , signing with Pune F.C . in India . On 21 September 2013 , Fabiani made his debut in the I-League , which was an eventful affair as he scored two goals , provided one assist and was also sent off after 77 minutes of play for a second bookable offence . He later sustained an injury while playing against Mohun Bagan AC which ruled him out for four months , so on 26 October he was released and replaced by Riga Mustapha , returning to former club Huracán . In the following years , safe for a very brief spell in the Hong Kong First Division League , Fabiani continued to compete in Spanish lower league and amateur football . On 19 June 2019 , he signed with CD Soneja of the Valencian regional leagues . International career . Fabiani received his first call for Equatorial Guinea , on 29 January 2011 , but he did not play in the friendly match with Congo on 9 February . The following month he was called for another exhibition game , this time against Gambia , but again he stayed on the verge of his international debut . These factors led to discomfort at Alcoyano because the club had lost him for four league matches ( two for each international match ) , which led to the organization asking the player to reject international calls for the remainder of the season ; thus , he rejected to appear for the pre-Olympic national team in two qualifying matches against Nigeria in April 2011 . Subsequently , Fabiani ceased to be called until Henri Michel , who at the same time gave little importance to the Spanish-born players , resigned from his position as national team coach . After the departure of the Frenchman and before the Brazilians Gílson Paulo arrival at Malabo as his replacement , the player was included in the preliminary list for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations . Fabiani did not play in the goalless friendly match with South Africa on 6 January 2012 , appearing shortly after in a non-FIFA recognized match against Cameroonian club Coton Sport FC de Garoua . He was confirmed in the roster of 23 players for the CAN tournament , played on home soil , only being fielded by the eventual quarter-finalists in the last group stage game , a 0–1 loss to Zambia . External links . - Stats at FútbolEsta ( in Spanish ) |
[
"UD Lanzarote"
] | easy | Which team did the player Raúl Fabiani belong to from 2006 to 2007? | /wiki/Raúl_Fabiani#P54#3 | Raúl Fabiani Raúl Iván Fabiani Bosio ( born 23 February 1984 ) is an Equatoguinean footballer who plays as a centre forward for Spanish club CD Soneja . He spent most of his extensive career in Spain , representing Alcoyano in Segunda División . He also played professionally in India and Hong Kong . Fabiani was a member of the Equatorial Guinea national team . Early life . Fabiani was born in Valencia , Spain to an Italian father and an Equatorial Guinean mother related to , a politician executed during the regime of Francisco Macías Nguema . Club career . Fabiani spent most of his senior career in the lower levels of Spanish football , mainly competing in the Valencian Community . He made his Segunda División debut in the 2011–12 season at the age of already 27 , with CD Alcoyano , after having scored 12 Segunda División B goals the previous campaign to help the team return to the second level after an absence of 42 years ; his first game in the second level of Spanish football occurred on 22 October 2011 as he came on as a late substitute in a 1–4 home loss against FC Barcelona B , and he netted his first and second goals in the competition on 27 May of the following year to contribute decisively to a 4–0 home win over Elche CF , but his team had already sealed their relegation . Fabiani also represented Villarreal CF B , Moralo CP , CP Cacereño , UD Lanzarote , CD Teruel , Villajoyosa CF and Huracán Valencia CF . On 5 August 2013 the 29-year-old moved teams and countries , signing with Pune F.C . in India . On 21 September 2013 , Fabiani made his debut in the I-League , which was an eventful affair as he scored two goals , provided one assist and was also sent off after 77 minutes of play for a second bookable offence . He later sustained an injury while playing against Mohun Bagan AC which ruled him out for four months , so on 26 October he was released and replaced by Riga Mustapha , returning to former club Huracán . In the following years , safe for a very brief spell in the Hong Kong First Division League , Fabiani continued to compete in Spanish lower league and amateur football . On 19 June 2019 , he signed with CD Soneja of the Valencian regional leagues . International career . Fabiani received his first call for Equatorial Guinea , on 29 January 2011 , but he did not play in the friendly match with Congo on 9 February . The following month he was called for another exhibition game , this time against Gambia , but again he stayed on the verge of his international debut . These factors led to discomfort at Alcoyano because the club had lost him for four league matches ( two for each international match ) , which led to the organization asking the player to reject international calls for the remainder of the season ; thus , he rejected to appear for the pre-Olympic national team in two qualifying matches against Nigeria in April 2011 . Subsequently , Fabiani ceased to be called until Henri Michel , who at the same time gave little importance to the Spanish-born players , resigned from his position as national team coach . After the departure of the Frenchman and before the Brazilians Gílson Paulo arrival at Malabo as his replacement , the player was included in the preliminary list for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations . Fabiani did not play in the goalless friendly match with South Africa on 6 January 2012 , appearing shortly after in a non-FIFA recognized match against Cameroonian club Coton Sport FC de Garoua . He was confirmed in the roster of 23 players for the CAN tournament , played on home soil , only being fielded by the eventual quarter-finalists in the last group stage game , a 0–1 loss to Zambia . External links . - Stats at FútbolEsta ( in Spanish ) |
[
"CD Teruel"
] | easy | Which team did Raúl Fabiani play for from 2007 to 2008? | /wiki/Raúl_Fabiani#P54#4 | Raúl Fabiani Raúl Iván Fabiani Bosio ( born 23 February 1984 ) is an Equatoguinean footballer who plays as a centre forward for Spanish club CD Soneja . He spent most of his extensive career in Spain , representing Alcoyano in Segunda División . He also played professionally in India and Hong Kong . Fabiani was a member of the Equatorial Guinea national team . Early life . Fabiani was born in Valencia , Spain to an Italian father and an Equatorial Guinean mother related to , a politician executed during the regime of Francisco Macías Nguema . Club career . Fabiani spent most of his senior career in the lower levels of Spanish football , mainly competing in the Valencian Community . He made his Segunda División debut in the 2011–12 season at the age of already 27 , with CD Alcoyano , after having scored 12 Segunda División B goals the previous campaign to help the team return to the second level after an absence of 42 years ; his first game in the second level of Spanish football occurred on 22 October 2011 as he came on as a late substitute in a 1–4 home loss against FC Barcelona B , and he netted his first and second goals in the competition on 27 May of the following year to contribute decisively to a 4–0 home win over Elche CF , but his team had already sealed their relegation . Fabiani also represented Villarreal CF B , Moralo CP , CP Cacereño , UD Lanzarote , CD Teruel , Villajoyosa CF and Huracán Valencia CF . On 5 August 2013 the 29-year-old moved teams and countries , signing with Pune F.C . in India . On 21 September 2013 , Fabiani made his debut in the I-League , which was an eventful affair as he scored two goals , provided one assist and was also sent off after 77 minutes of play for a second bookable offence . He later sustained an injury while playing against Mohun Bagan AC which ruled him out for four months , so on 26 October he was released and replaced by Riga Mustapha , returning to former club Huracán . In the following years , safe for a very brief spell in the Hong Kong First Division League , Fabiani continued to compete in Spanish lower league and amateur football . On 19 June 2019 , he signed with CD Soneja of the Valencian regional leagues . International career . Fabiani received his first call for Equatorial Guinea , on 29 January 2011 , but he did not play in the friendly match with Congo on 9 February . The following month he was called for another exhibition game , this time against Gambia , but again he stayed on the verge of his international debut . These factors led to discomfort at Alcoyano because the club had lost him for four league matches ( two for each international match ) , which led to the organization asking the player to reject international calls for the remainder of the season ; thus , he rejected to appear for the pre-Olympic national team in two qualifying matches against Nigeria in April 2011 . Subsequently , Fabiani ceased to be called until Henri Michel , who at the same time gave little importance to the Spanish-born players , resigned from his position as national team coach . After the departure of the Frenchman and before the Brazilians Gílson Paulo arrival at Malabo as his replacement , the player was included in the preliminary list for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations . Fabiani did not play in the goalless friendly match with South Africa on 6 January 2012 , appearing shortly after in a non-FIFA recognized match against Cameroonian club Coton Sport FC de Garoua . He was confirmed in the roster of 23 players for the CAN tournament , played on home soil , only being fielded by the eventual quarter-finalists in the last group stage game , a 0–1 loss to Zambia . External links . - Stats at FútbolEsta ( in Spanish ) |
[
"Villajoyosa CF"
] | easy | Which team did the player Raúl Fabiani belong to from 2008 to 2010? | /wiki/Raúl_Fabiani#P54#5 | Raúl Fabiani Raúl Iván Fabiani Bosio ( born 23 February 1984 ) is an Equatoguinean footballer who plays as a centre forward for Spanish club CD Soneja . He spent most of his extensive career in Spain , representing Alcoyano in Segunda División . He also played professionally in India and Hong Kong . Fabiani was a member of the Equatorial Guinea national team . Early life . Fabiani was born in Valencia , Spain to an Italian father and an Equatorial Guinean mother related to , a politician executed during the regime of Francisco Macías Nguema . Club career . Fabiani spent most of his senior career in the lower levels of Spanish football , mainly competing in the Valencian Community . He made his Segunda División debut in the 2011–12 season at the age of already 27 , with CD Alcoyano , after having scored 12 Segunda División B goals the previous campaign to help the team return to the second level after an absence of 42 years ; his first game in the second level of Spanish football occurred on 22 October 2011 as he came on as a late substitute in a 1–4 home loss against FC Barcelona B , and he netted his first and second goals in the competition on 27 May of the following year to contribute decisively to a 4–0 home win over Elche CF , but his team had already sealed their relegation . Fabiani also represented Villarreal CF B , Moralo CP , CP Cacereño , UD Lanzarote , CD Teruel , Villajoyosa CF and Huracán Valencia CF . On 5 August 2013 the 29-year-old moved teams and countries , signing with Pune F.C . in India . On 21 September 2013 , Fabiani made his debut in the I-League , which was an eventful affair as he scored two goals , provided one assist and was also sent off after 77 minutes of play for a second bookable offence . He later sustained an injury while playing against Mohun Bagan AC which ruled him out for four months , so on 26 October he was released and replaced by Riga Mustapha , returning to former club Huracán . In the following years , safe for a very brief spell in the Hong Kong First Division League , Fabiani continued to compete in Spanish lower league and amateur football . On 19 June 2019 , he signed with CD Soneja of the Valencian regional leagues . International career . Fabiani received his first call for Equatorial Guinea , on 29 January 2011 , but he did not play in the friendly match with Congo on 9 February . The following month he was called for another exhibition game , this time against Gambia , but again he stayed on the verge of his international debut . These factors led to discomfort at Alcoyano because the club had lost him for four league matches ( two for each international match ) , which led to the organization asking the player to reject international calls for the remainder of the season ; thus , he rejected to appear for the pre-Olympic national team in two qualifying matches against Nigeria in April 2011 . Subsequently , Fabiani ceased to be called until Henri Michel , who at the same time gave little importance to the Spanish-born players , resigned from his position as national team coach . After the departure of the Frenchman and before the Brazilians Gílson Paulo arrival at Malabo as his replacement , the player was included in the preliminary list for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations . Fabiani did not play in the goalless friendly match with South Africa on 6 January 2012 , appearing shortly after in a non-FIFA recognized match against Cameroonian club Coton Sport FC de Garoua . He was confirmed in the roster of 23 players for the CAN tournament , played on home soil , only being fielded by the eventual quarter-finalists in the last group stage game , a 0–1 loss to Zambia . External links . - Stats at FútbolEsta ( in Spanish ) |
[
"CD Alcoyano"
] | easy | Which team did the player Raúl Fabiani belong to from 2010 to 2012? | /wiki/Raúl_Fabiani#P54#6 | Raúl Fabiani Raúl Iván Fabiani Bosio ( born 23 February 1984 ) is an Equatoguinean footballer who plays as a centre forward for Spanish club CD Soneja . He spent most of his extensive career in Spain , representing Alcoyano in Segunda División . He also played professionally in India and Hong Kong . Fabiani was a member of the Equatorial Guinea national team . Early life . Fabiani was born in Valencia , Spain to an Italian father and an Equatorial Guinean mother related to , a politician executed during the regime of Francisco Macías Nguema . Club career . Fabiani spent most of his senior career in the lower levels of Spanish football , mainly competing in the Valencian Community . He made his Segunda División debut in the 2011–12 season at the age of already 27 , with CD Alcoyano , after having scored 12 Segunda División B goals the previous campaign to help the team return to the second level after an absence of 42 years ; his first game in the second level of Spanish football occurred on 22 October 2011 as he came on as a late substitute in a 1–4 home loss against FC Barcelona B , and he netted his first and second goals in the competition on 27 May of the following year to contribute decisively to a 4–0 home win over Elche CF , but his team had already sealed their relegation . Fabiani also represented Villarreal CF B , Moralo CP , CP Cacereño , UD Lanzarote , CD Teruel , Villajoyosa CF and Huracán Valencia CF . On 5 August 2013 the 29-year-old moved teams and countries , signing with Pune F.C . in India . On 21 September 2013 , Fabiani made his debut in the I-League , which was an eventful affair as he scored two goals , provided one assist and was also sent off after 77 minutes of play for a second bookable offence . He later sustained an injury while playing against Mohun Bagan AC which ruled him out for four months , so on 26 October he was released and replaced by Riga Mustapha , returning to former club Huracán . In the following years , safe for a very brief spell in the Hong Kong First Division League , Fabiani continued to compete in Spanish lower league and amateur football . On 19 June 2019 , he signed with CD Soneja of the Valencian regional leagues . International career . Fabiani received his first call for Equatorial Guinea , on 29 January 2011 , but he did not play in the friendly match with Congo on 9 February . The following month he was called for another exhibition game , this time against Gambia , but again he stayed on the verge of his international debut . These factors led to discomfort at Alcoyano because the club had lost him for four league matches ( two for each international match ) , which led to the organization asking the player to reject international calls for the remainder of the season ; thus , he rejected to appear for the pre-Olympic national team in two qualifying matches against Nigeria in April 2011 . Subsequently , Fabiani ceased to be called until Henri Michel , who at the same time gave little importance to the Spanish-born players , resigned from his position as national team coach . After the departure of the Frenchman and before the Brazilians Gílson Paulo arrival at Malabo as his replacement , the player was included in the preliminary list for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations . Fabiani did not play in the goalless friendly match with South Africa on 6 January 2012 , appearing shortly after in a non-FIFA recognized match against Cameroonian club Coton Sport FC de Garoua . He was confirmed in the roster of 23 players for the CAN tournament , played on home soil , only being fielded by the eventual quarter-finalists in the last group stage game , a 0–1 loss to Zambia . External links . - Stats at FútbolEsta ( in Spanish ) |
[
"Huracán Valencia CF"
] | easy | Which team did the player Raúl Fabiani belong to from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Raúl_Fabiani#P54#7 | Raúl Fabiani Raúl Iván Fabiani Bosio ( born 23 February 1984 ) is an Equatoguinean footballer who plays as a centre forward for Spanish club CD Soneja . He spent most of his extensive career in Spain , representing Alcoyano in Segunda División . He also played professionally in India and Hong Kong . Fabiani was a member of the Equatorial Guinea national team . Early life . Fabiani was born in Valencia , Spain to an Italian father and an Equatorial Guinean mother related to , a politician executed during the regime of Francisco Macías Nguema . Club career . Fabiani spent most of his senior career in the lower levels of Spanish football , mainly competing in the Valencian Community . He made his Segunda División debut in the 2011–12 season at the age of already 27 , with CD Alcoyano , after having scored 12 Segunda División B goals the previous campaign to help the team return to the second level after an absence of 42 years ; his first game in the second level of Spanish football occurred on 22 October 2011 as he came on as a late substitute in a 1–4 home loss against FC Barcelona B , and he netted his first and second goals in the competition on 27 May of the following year to contribute decisively to a 4–0 home win over Elche CF , but his team had already sealed their relegation . Fabiani also represented Villarreal CF B , Moralo CP , CP Cacereño , UD Lanzarote , CD Teruel , Villajoyosa CF and Huracán Valencia CF . On 5 August 2013 the 29-year-old moved teams and countries , signing with Pune F.C . in India . On 21 September 2013 , Fabiani made his debut in the I-League , which was an eventful affair as he scored two goals , provided one assist and was also sent off after 77 minutes of play for a second bookable offence . He later sustained an injury while playing against Mohun Bagan AC which ruled him out for four months , so on 26 October he was released and replaced by Riga Mustapha , returning to former club Huracán . In the following years , safe for a very brief spell in the Hong Kong First Division League , Fabiani continued to compete in Spanish lower league and amateur football . On 19 June 2019 , he signed with CD Soneja of the Valencian regional leagues . International career . Fabiani received his first call for Equatorial Guinea , on 29 January 2011 , but he did not play in the friendly match with Congo on 9 February . The following month he was called for another exhibition game , this time against Gambia , but again he stayed on the verge of his international debut . These factors led to discomfort at Alcoyano because the club had lost him for four league matches ( two for each international match ) , which led to the organization asking the player to reject international calls for the remainder of the season ; thus , he rejected to appear for the pre-Olympic national team in two qualifying matches against Nigeria in April 2011 . Subsequently , Fabiani ceased to be called until Henri Michel , who at the same time gave little importance to the Spanish-born players , resigned from his position as national team coach . After the departure of the Frenchman and before the Brazilians Gílson Paulo arrival at Malabo as his replacement , the player was included in the preliminary list for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations . Fabiani did not play in the goalless friendly match with South Africa on 6 January 2012 , appearing shortly after in a non-FIFA recognized match against Cameroonian club Coton Sport FC de Garoua . He was confirmed in the roster of 23 players for the CAN tournament , played on home soil , only being fielded by the eventual quarter-finalists in the last group stage game , a 0–1 loss to Zambia . External links . - Stats at FútbolEsta ( in Spanish ) |
[
""
] | easy | Who did Alan Blumlein work for from 1923 to 1924? | /wiki/Alan_Blumlein#P108#0 | Alan Blumlein Alan Dower Blumlein ( 29 June 1903 – 7 June 1942 ) was an English electronics engineer , notable for his many inventions in telecommunications , sound recording , stereophonic sound , television and radar . He received 128 patents and was considered as one of the most significant engineers and inventors of his time . He died during World War II on 7 June 1942 , aged 38 , during the secret trial of an H2S airborne radar system then under development , when all on board the Halifax bomber in which he was flying were killed when it crashed at Welsh Bicknor in Herefordshire . Early life . Alan Dower Blumlein was born on 29 June 1903 in Hampstead , London . His father , Semmy Blumlein , was a German-born naturalised British subject . Semmy was the son of Joseph Blumlein , a German of Jewish descent , and Philippine Hellmann , a French woman of German descent . Alans mother , Jessie Dower , was Scottish , daughter of William Dower ( born 1837 ) who went to South Africa for the London Missionary Society . Alan was christened as a Presbyterian ; he later married in a Church of England parish church . Alan Blumleins future career seemed to have been determined by the age of seven , when he presented his father with an invoice for repairing the doorbell , signed Alan Blumlein , Electrical Engineer ( with paid scrawled in pencil ) . His sister claimed that he could not read proficiently until he was 12 . He replied no , but I knew a lot of quadratic equations ! After leaving Highgate School in 1921 , he studied at City and Guilds College ( part of Imperial College ) . He won a Governors scholarship and joined the second year of the course . He graduated with a First-Class Honours BSc two years later . In mid-1930 , Blumlein met Doreen Lane , a preparatory school teacher five years his junior . After two-and-a-half years of courtship the two were married in 1933 . Lane was warned by acquaintances before the wedding that , There was a joke amongst some of his friends , they used to call it Blumlein-itis or First Class Mind . It seems that he didnt want to know anyone who didnt have a first class mind . Recording engineer Joseph B . Kaye , known as J . B . Kaye , who was Blumleins closest friend and best man at the wedding , thought the couple were well matched . Career and inventions . Telecommunications . In 1924 Blumlein started his first job at International Western Electric , a division of the Western Electric Company . The company subsequently became International Standard Electric Corporation and then , later on , Standard Telephones and Cables ( STC ) . During his time there , he measured the amplitude/frequency response of human ears , and used the results to design the first weighting networks . In 1924 he published ( with Professor Edward Mallett ) the first of his only two IEE papers , on high-frequency resistance measurement . This won him the IEEs Premium award for innovation . The following year he wrote ( with Norman Kipping ) a series of seven articles for Wireless World . In 1925 and 1926 , Blumlein and John Percy Johns designed an improved form of loading coil which reduced loss and crosstalk in long-distance telephone lines . These were used until the end of the analogue telephony era . The same duo also invented an improved form of AC measurement bridge which became known as the Blumlein Bridge and subsequently the transformer ratio arm bridge . These two inventions were the basis for Blumleins first two patents . His inventions while working at STC resulted in another five patents , which were not awarded until after he left the company in 1929 . Sound recording . In 1929 Blumlein resigned from STC and joined the Columbia Graphophone Company , where he reported directly to general manager Isaac Shoenberg . His first project was to find a method of disc cutting that circumvented a Bell patent in the Western Electric moving-iron cutting head then used , and on which substantial royalties had to be paid . He invented the moving-coil disc cutting head , which not only got around the patent but offered greatly improved sound quality . He led a small team which developed the concept into a practical cutter . The other principal team members were Herbert Holman and Henry Ham Clark . Their work resulted in several patents . Early in 1931 , the Columbia Graphophone Company and the Gramophone Company merged and became EMI . New joint research laboratories were set up at Hayes and Blumlein was officially transferred there on 1 November the same year . During the early 1930s Blumlein and Herbert Holman developed a series of moving-coil microphones , which were used in EMI recording studios and by the BBC at Alexandra Palace . Ultra-linear amplifier . In June 1937 , Blumlein patented what is now known as the Ultra-Linear amplifier ( US Patent 2,218,902 , dated 5 June 1937 ) . A deceptively simple design , the circuit provided a tap on the primary winding of the output transformer to provide feedback to the second grid , which improved the amplifiers linearity . With the tap placed at the anode end of the primary winding , the tube ( valve ) is effectively connected as a triode , and if the tap was at the supply end , as a pure pentode . Blumlein discovered that if the tap was placed at a distance 15–20% down from the supply end of the output transformer , the tube or valve would combine the positive features of both the triode and the pentode design . Long-tailed pair . Blumlein may or may not have invented the long-tailed pair , but his name is on the first patent ( 1936 ) . The long-tailed pair is a form of differential amplifier that has been popular since the days of the vacuum tube ( valve ) . It is now more pervasive than ever , as it is particularly suitable for implementation in integrated circuit form , and almost every operational amplifier integrated circuit contains at least one . Stereophonic sound . In 1931 , Blumlein invented what he called binaural sound , now known as stereophonic sound . In early 1931 , he and his wife were at the cinema . The sound reproduction systems of the early talkies only had a single set of speakers – the actor might be on one side of the screen , but the voice could come from the other . Blumlein declared to his wife that he had found a way to make the sound follow the actor . Blumlein explained his ideas to Isaac Shoenberg in the late summer of 1931 . His earliest notes on the subject are dated 25 September 1931 , and his patent had the title Improvements in and relating to Sound-transmission , Sound-recording and Sound-reproducing Systems . The application was dated 14 December 1931 , and was accepted on 14 June 1933 as UK patent number 394,325 . The patent covered numerous ideas in stereo , some of which are used today . Some 70 claims include : - A shuffling circuit , which aimed to preserve the directional effect when sound from a spaced pair of microphones was reproduced via stereo loudspeakers instead of a pair of headphones - The use of a coincident pair of velocity microphones with their axes at right angles to each other , which is still known as a Blumlein Pair - Recording two channels in the single groove of a record using the two groove walls at right angles to each other and 45 degrees to the vertical - A stereo disc-cutting head - Using hybrid transformers to matrix between left and right signals and sum and difference signals Blumleins binaural experiments began in early 1933 , and the first stereo discs were cut later the same year . Much of the development work on this system for cinematic use was completed by 1935 . In Blumleins short test films ( most notably , Trains at Hayes Station , which lasts 5 minutes 11 seconds , and , The Walking & Talking Film ) , his original intent of having the sound follow the actor was fully realised . In 1934 , Blumlein recorded Mozarts Jupiter Symphony conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham at Abbey Road Studios in London using his vertical-lateral technique . Television . Television was developed by many individuals and companies throughout the 1920s and 1930s . Blumleins contributions , as a member of the EMI team , started in earnest in 1933 when his boss , Isaac Shoenberg , assigned him full-time to TV research . His ideas included : - Resonant flyback scanning ( the use of a tuned circuit in the creation of a sawtooth deflection waveform ) . ( British Patent No . 400976 , application filed April 1932. ) - Use of constant-impedance network in power supplies to obtain voltage regulation independent of load frequency , extending down to DC ( 421546 , filed 16 June 1933 ) . - Black-level clamping ( 422914 , filed 11 July 1933 by Blumlein , Browne and Hardwick ) . This is an improved form of DC restoration , compared to the simple DC restorer ( consisting of a capacitor , diode and resistor ) which had been patented by Peter Willans three months earlier . - The slot antenna . ( 515684 , filed 7 March 1939. ) Blumlein was also largely responsible for the development of the waveform structure used in the 405-line Marconi-EMI system – developed for the UKs BBC Television Service at Alexandra Palace , the worlds first scheduled high definition ( 240 lines or better ) television service – which was later adopted as the CCIR System A . H2S radar . Blumlein was so central to the development of the H2S airborne radar system ( to aid bomb targeting ) , that after his death in June 1942 , many believed that the project would fail . However it survived and was a factor in shortening the Second World War . Blumleins role in the project was a closely guarded secret at the time and consequently only a brief announcement of his death was made some two years later , to avoid providing solace to Hitler . His invention of the line type pulse modulator ( ref vol 5 of MIT Radiation Laboratory series ) was a major contribution to high-powered pulse radars , not just the H2Ss system , and continues to be used today . Death and investigation . Blumlein was killed in the crash of an H2S-equipped Handley Page Halifax test aircraft while making a test flight for the Telecommunications Research Establishment ( TRE ) on 7 June 1942 . During the flight from RAF Defford , whilst at an altitude of 500 ft the Halifax developed an engine fire which rapidly grew out of control . The aircraft was seen to lose altitude , then rolled inverted and struck the ground . The crash occurred near the village of Welsh Bicknor in Herefordshire . Two of Blumleins colleagues , Cecil Oswald Browne and Frank Blythen , also died in the crash . The Halifax was carrying a highly-secret cavity magnetron as part of the H2S test system , and the immediate recovery of the device was essential . A team led by Bernard Lovell arrived at the crash scene the same night , and took the magnetron . Then reports of a crash in south Wales began to come in and the rest of that night was just a nightmare . I was driven by the C-in-C of the aerodrome [ Defford ] , a man called King , and winding through these lanes near Ross-on-Wye searching for this wreckage , and then the field with the burnt-out Halifax , and of course it was wartime , there was no time for emotions , our first duties were to search for the precious highly-secret equipment , and collect the bits-and-pieces of it . – Bernard Lovell . After the RAF investigative board completed its report on the Halifax crash on 1 July 1942 , it was distributed to a restricted list of approved recipients , but not publicly divulged . In the interests of wartime secrecy , the announcement of Blumleins death was not made for another three years . The investigative board , headed by AIB Chief Inspector Vernon Brown – who later also investigated the post-war Star Tiger and Star Ariel disappearances – and assisted by Rolls-Royce , who had made the Halifaxs Merlin engines , found that the crash was caused by engine fire , attributed to the unscrewing of a tappet nut on the starboard outer engine , which had been improperly tightened by an RAF engine fitter while inspecting the engine some three hours prior to the crash . During the flight the loosened nut caused increasingly excessive valve clearance eventually allowing collision of the valve head with the rising piston fracturing the valve stem , which then allowed the inlet valve to drop open , resulting in the ignition by the spark plug of the pressurised fuel/air mixture within the inlet manifold and , eventually , the pumping of the ignited fuel outboard of the rocker cover and along the outside of the engine , leading to an extensive fire in the engine nacelle . Due to the fire originating in the induction system , where the supercharged fuel/air mixture was at higher pressure than atmospheric , the heart of the fire was much hotter burning and intense than would be the case in a simple fuel fire . Constantly fuelled by the broken intake , the fire burned rapidly along the wing and fuselage , eventually causing the outboard section of the starboard wing to separate from the centre section at approximately 350 feet of altitude . With the loss of a substantial part of the starboard wing , all control over level flight was lost , and the plane rolled inverted and struck the ground at approximately 150 mph . The board found that the crew and passengers had not jumped immediately from the aircraft owing to several factors , including a loss of altitude while attempting to find an emergency field , the rapidly spreading fire , which blocked or impeded egress from the plane , and the fact that a sufficient number of parachutes were either not on board or were not being worn . Almost immediately following the crash , Prime Minister Churchill issued a directive requiring any test flights with civilians or scientific personnel to carry a sufficient number of parachutes for all individuals involved . After the RAF investigative board completed its report on the Halifax crash , it was ordered to be kept secret by Prime Minister Churchill , and the cause of the crash was not revealed publicly , even to the relatives of the deceased . As a result , numerous unfounded rumours of German sabotage as the cause of the crash would circulate for many years afterwards . Personal life . Alan Blumlein had two sons , Simon Blumlein and David Blumlein . Outside his work Blumlein was a lover of music and he attempted to learn to play the piano , but gave it up . He enjoyed horse riding and occasionally went cub hunting with his father-in-law . He was interested in many forms of engineering , including aviation , motor engineering and railway engineering . He obtained a pilots licence and flew Tiger Moth aircraft of the London Aerodrome Club at Stag Lane Aerodrome . On one occasion , he persuaded a bus driver to allow him to drive the vehicle from Penzance to Lands End . On another he spent several hours assisting the operator of a railway signal box in his duties at Paddington Station . Tributes . - Alan Blumlein Way is a road on the Tektronix campus in Beaverton , Oregon , in keeping with their policy of naming roads after those who made significant contributions to the knowledge and understanding in the field of electronics . - There continues to be a meeting room named the Blumlein Room in the Institution of Engineering and Technology ( IET ) headquarters at Savoy Place , following a major refurbishment in 2015 . - A Blue Plaque commemorating Blumlein was erected in 1977 by the Greater London Council at his former home in Ealing . - On 1 April 2015 an IEEE Milestone Plaque was posthumously presented for the Invention of Stereo to Alan Dower Blumlein . A ceremony was held at Abbey Road Sudios attended by many leading audio experts and recording engineers . The plaque is now located on the right hand side of the front door of Abbey Road Studios . - In 2017 , The Recording Academy posthumously awarded Alan Dower Blumlein with the 2017 Technical Grammy for the invention of Stereo and contributions of outstanding technical significance to the recording field . |
[
"Western Electric Company"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Alan Blumlein work for from 1924 to 1928? | /wiki/Alan_Blumlein#P108#1 | Alan Blumlein Alan Dower Blumlein ( 29 June 1903 – 7 June 1942 ) was an English electronics engineer , notable for his many inventions in telecommunications , sound recording , stereophonic sound , television and radar . He received 128 patents and was considered as one of the most significant engineers and inventors of his time . He died during World War II on 7 June 1942 , aged 38 , during the secret trial of an H2S airborne radar system then under development , when all on board the Halifax bomber in which he was flying were killed when it crashed at Welsh Bicknor in Herefordshire . Early life . Alan Dower Blumlein was born on 29 June 1903 in Hampstead , London . His father , Semmy Blumlein , was a German-born naturalised British subject . Semmy was the son of Joseph Blumlein , a German of Jewish descent , and Philippine Hellmann , a French woman of German descent . Alans mother , Jessie Dower , was Scottish , daughter of William Dower ( born 1837 ) who went to South Africa for the London Missionary Society . Alan was christened as a Presbyterian ; he later married in a Church of England parish church . Alan Blumleins future career seemed to have been determined by the age of seven , when he presented his father with an invoice for repairing the doorbell , signed Alan Blumlein , Electrical Engineer ( with paid scrawled in pencil ) . His sister claimed that he could not read proficiently until he was 12 . He replied no , but I knew a lot of quadratic equations ! After leaving Highgate School in 1921 , he studied at City and Guilds College ( part of Imperial College ) . He won a Governors scholarship and joined the second year of the course . He graduated with a First-Class Honours BSc two years later . In mid-1930 , Blumlein met Doreen Lane , a preparatory school teacher five years his junior . After two-and-a-half years of courtship the two were married in 1933 . Lane was warned by acquaintances before the wedding that , There was a joke amongst some of his friends , they used to call it Blumlein-itis or First Class Mind . It seems that he didnt want to know anyone who didnt have a first class mind . Recording engineer Joseph B . Kaye , known as J . B . Kaye , who was Blumleins closest friend and best man at the wedding , thought the couple were well matched . Career and inventions . Telecommunications . In 1924 Blumlein started his first job at International Western Electric , a division of the Western Electric Company . The company subsequently became International Standard Electric Corporation and then , later on , Standard Telephones and Cables ( STC ) . During his time there , he measured the amplitude/frequency response of human ears , and used the results to design the first weighting networks . In 1924 he published ( with Professor Edward Mallett ) the first of his only two IEE papers , on high-frequency resistance measurement . This won him the IEEs Premium award for innovation . The following year he wrote ( with Norman Kipping ) a series of seven articles for Wireless World . In 1925 and 1926 , Blumlein and John Percy Johns designed an improved form of loading coil which reduced loss and crosstalk in long-distance telephone lines . These were used until the end of the analogue telephony era . The same duo also invented an improved form of AC measurement bridge which became known as the Blumlein Bridge and subsequently the transformer ratio arm bridge . These two inventions were the basis for Blumleins first two patents . His inventions while working at STC resulted in another five patents , which were not awarded until after he left the company in 1929 . Sound recording . In 1929 Blumlein resigned from STC and joined the Columbia Graphophone Company , where he reported directly to general manager Isaac Shoenberg . His first project was to find a method of disc cutting that circumvented a Bell patent in the Western Electric moving-iron cutting head then used , and on which substantial royalties had to be paid . He invented the moving-coil disc cutting head , which not only got around the patent but offered greatly improved sound quality . He led a small team which developed the concept into a practical cutter . The other principal team members were Herbert Holman and Henry Ham Clark . Their work resulted in several patents . Early in 1931 , the Columbia Graphophone Company and the Gramophone Company merged and became EMI . New joint research laboratories were set up at Hayes and Blumlein was officially transferred there on 1 November the same year . During the early 1930s Blumlein and Herbert Holman developed a series of moving-coil microphones , which were used in EMI recording studios and by the BBC at Alexandra Palace . Ultra-linear amplifier . In June 1937 , Blumlein patented what is now known as the Ultra-Linear amplifier ( US Patent 2,218,902 , dated 5 June 1937 ) . A deceptively simple design , the circuit provided a tap on the primary winding of the output transformer to provide feedback to the second grid , which improved the amplifiers linearity . With the tap placed at the anode end of the primary winding , the tube ( valve ) is effectively connected as a triode , and if the tap was at the supply end , as a pure pentode . Blumlein discovered that if the tap was placed at a distance 15–20% down from the supply end of the output transformer , the tube or valve would combine the positive features of both the triode and the pentode design . Long-tailed pair . Blumlein may or may not have invented the long-tailed pair , but his name is on the first patent ( 1936 ) . The long-tailed pair is a form of differential amplifier that has been popular since the days of the vacuum tube ( valve ) . It is now more pervasive than ever , as it is particularly suitable for implementation in integrated circuit form , and almost every operational amplifier integrated circuit contains at least one . Stereophonic sound . In 1931 , Blumlein invented what he called binaural sound , now known as stereophonic sound . In early 1931 , he and his wife were at the cinema . The sound reproduction systems of the early talkies only had a single set of speakers – the actor might be on one side of the screen , but the voice could come from the other . Blumlein declared to his wife that he had found a way to make the sound follow the actor . Blumlein explained his ideas to Isaac Shoenberg in the late summer of 1931 . His earliest notes on the subject are dated 25 September 1931 , and his patent had the title Improvements in and relating to Sound-transmission , Sound-recording and Sound-reproducing Systems . The application was dated 14 December 1931 , and was accepted on 14 June 1933 as UK patent number 394,325 . The patent covered numerous ideas in stereo , some of which are used today . Some 70 claims include : - A shuffling circuit , which aimed to preserve the directional effect when sound from a spaced pair of microphones was reproduced via stereo loudspeakers instead of a pair of headphones - The use of a coincident pair of velocity microphones with their axes at right angles to each other , which is still known as a Blumlein Pair - Recording two channels in the single groove of a record using the two groove walls at right angles to each other and 45 degrees to the vertical - A stereo disc-cutting head - Using hybrid transformers to matrix between left and right signals and sum and difference signals Blumleins binaural experiments began in early 1933 , and the first stereo discs were cut later the same year . Much of the development work on this system for cinematic use was completed by 1935 . In Blumleins short test films ( most notably , Trains at Hayes Station , which lasts 5 minutes 11 seconds , and , The Walking & Talking Film ) , his original intent of having the sound follow the actor was fully realised . In 1934 , Blumlein recorded Mozarts Jupiter Symphony conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham at Abbey Road Studios in London using his vertical-lateral technique . Television . Television was developed by many individuals and companies throughout the 1920s and 1930s . Blumleins contributions , as a member of the EMI team , started in earnest in 1933 when his boss , Isaac Shoenberg , assigned him full-time to TV research . His ideas included : - Resonant flyback scanning ( the use of a tuned circuit in the creation of a sawtooth deflection waveform ) . ( British Patent No . 400976 , application filed April 1932. ) - Use of constant-impedance network in power supplies to obtain voltage regulation independent of load frequency , extending down to DC ( 421546 , filed 16 June 1933 ) . - Black-level clamping ( 422914 , filed 11 July 1933 by Blumlein , Browne and Hardwick ) . This is an improved form of DC restoration , compared to the simple DC restorer ( consisting of a capacitor , diode and resistor ) which had been patented by Peter Willans three months earlier . - The slot antenna . ( 515684 , filed 7 March 1939. ) Blumlein was also largely responsible for the development of the waveform structure used in the 405-line Marconi-EMI system – developed for the UKs BBC Television Service at Alexandra Palace , the worlds first scheduled high definition ( 240 lines or better ) television service – which was later adopted as the CCIR System A . H2S radar . Blumlein was so central to the development of the H2S airborne radar system ( to aid bomb targeting ) , that after his death in June 1942 , many believed that the project would fail . However it survived and was a factor in shortening the Second World War . Blumleins role in the project was a closely guarded secret at the time and consequently only a brief announcement of his death was made some two years later , to avoid providing solace to Hitler . His invention of the line type pulse modulator ( ref vol 5 of MIT Radiation Laboratory series ) was a major contribution to high-powered pulse radars , not just the H2Ss system , and continues to be used today . Death and investigation . Blumlein was killed in the crash of an H2S-equipped Handley Page Halifax test aircraft while making a test flight for the Telecommunications Research Establishment ( TRE ) on 7 June 1942 . During the flight from RAF Defford , whilst at an altitude of 500 ft the Halifax developed an engine fire which rapidly grew out of control . The aircraft was seen to lose altitude , then rolled inverted and struck the ground . The crash occurred near the village of Welsh Bicknor in Herefordshire . Two of Blumleins colleagues , Cecil Oswald Browne and Frank Blythen , also died in the crash . The Halifax was carrying a highly-secret cavity magnetron as part of the H2S test system , and the immediate recovery of the device was essential . A team led by Bernard Lovell arrived at the crash scene the same night , and took the magnetron . Then reports of a crash in south Wales began to come in and the rest of that night was just a nightmare . I was driven by the C-in-C of the aerodrome [ Defford ] , a man called King , and winding through these lanes near Ross-on-Wye searching for this wreckage , and then the field with the burnt-out Halifax , and of course it was wartime , there was no time for emotions , our first duties were to search for the precious highly-secret equipment , and collect the bits-and-pieces of it . – Bernard Lovell . After the RAF investigative board completed its report on the Halifax crash on 1 July 1942 , it was distributed to a restricted list of approved recipients , but not publicly divulged . In the interests of wartime secrecy , the announcement of Blumleins death was not made for another three years . The investigative board , headed by AIB Chief Inspector Vernon Brown – who later also investigated the post-war Star Tiger and Star Ariel disappearances – and assisted by Rolls-Royce , who had made the Halifaxs Merlin engines , found that the crash was caused by engine fire , attributed to the unscrewing of a tappet nut on the starboard outer engine , which had been improperly tightened by an RAF engine fitter while inspecting the engine some three hours prior to the crash . During the flight the loosened nut caused increasingly excessive valve clearance eventually allowing collision of the valve head with the rising piston fracturing the valve stem , which then allowed the inlet valve to drop open , resulting in the ignition by the spark plug of the pressurised fuel/air mixture within the inlet manifold and , eventually , the pumping of the ignited fuel outboard of the rocker cover and along the outside of the engine , leading to an extensive fire in the engine nacelle . Due to the fire originating in the induction system , where the supercharged fuel/air mixture was at higher pressure than atmospheric , the heart of the fire was much hotter burning and intense than would be the case in a simple fuel fire . Constantly fuelled by the broken intake , the fire burned rapidly along the wing and fuselage , eventually causing the outboard section of the starboard wing to separate from the centre section at approximately 350 feet of altitude . With the loss of a substantial part of the starboard wing , all control over level flight was lost , and the plane rolled inverted and struck the ground at approximately 150 mph . The board found that the crew and passengers had not jumped immediately from the aircraft owing to several factors , including a loss of altitude while attempting to find an emergency field , the rapidly spreading fire , which blocked or impeded egress from the plane , and the fact that a sufficient number of parachutes were either not on board or were not being worn . Almost immediately following the crash , Prime Minister Churchill issued a directive requiring any test flights with civilians or scientific personnel to carry a sufficient number of parachutes for all individuals involved . After the RAF investigative board completed its report on the Halifax crash , it was ordered to be kept secret by Prime Minister Churchill , and the cause of the crash was not revealed publicly , even to the relatives of the deceased . As a result , numerous unfounded rumours of German sabotage as the cause of the crash would circulate for many years afterwards . Personal life . Alan Blumlein had two sons , Simon Blumlein and David Blumlein . Outside his work Blumlein was a lover of music and he attempted to learn to play the piano , but gave it up . He enjoyed horse riding and occasionally went cub hunting with his father-in-law . He was interested in many forms of engineering , including aviation , motor engineering and railway engineering . He obtained a pilots licence and flew Tiger Moth aircraft of the London Aerodrome Club at Stag Lane Aerodrome . On one occasion , he persuaded a bus driver to allow him to drive the vehicle from Penzance to Lands End . On another he spent several hours assisting the operator of a railway signal box in his duties at Paddington Station . Tributes . - Alan Blumlein Way is a road on the Tektronix campus in Beaverton , Oregon , in keeping with their policy of naming roads after those who made significant contributions to the knowledge and understanding in the field of electronics . - There continues to be a meeting room named the Blumlein Room in the Institution of Engineering and Technology ( IET ) headquarters at Savoy Place , following a major refurbishment in 2015 . - A Blue Plaque commemorating Blumlein was erected in 1977 by the Greater London Council at his former home in Ealing . - On 1 April 2015 an IEEE Milestone Plaque was posthumously presented for the Invention of Stereo to Alan Dower Blumlein . A ceremony was held at Abbey Road Sudios attended by many leading audio experts and recording engineers . The plaque is now located on the right hand side of the front door of Abbey Road Studios . - In 2017 , The Recording Academy posthumously awarded Alan Dower Blumlein with the 2017 Technical Grammy for the invention of Stereo and contributions of outstanding technical significance to the recording field . |
[
"Standard Telephones and Cables"
] | easy | Who did Alan Blumlein work for from 1928 to 1929? | /wiki/Alan_Blumlein#P108#2 | Alan Blumlein Alan Dower Blumlein ( 29 June 1903 – 7 June 1942 ) was an English electronics engineer , notable for his many inventions in telecommunications , sound recording , stereophonic sound , television and radar . He received 128 patents and was considered as one of the most significant engineers and inventors of his time . He died during World War II on 7 June 1942 , aged 38 , during the secret trial of an H2S airborne radar system then under development , when all on board the Halifax bomber in which he was flying were killed when it crashed at Welsh Bicknor in Herefordshire . Early life . Alan Dower Blumlein was born on 29 June 1903 in Hampstead , London . His father , Semmy Blumlein , was a German-born naturalised British subject . Semmy was the son of Joseph Blumlein , a German of Jewish descent , and Philippine Hellmann , a French woman of German descent . Alans mother , Jessie Dower , was Scottish , daughter of William Dower ( born 1837 ) who went to South Africa for the London Missionary Society . Alan was christened as a Presbyterian ; he later married in a Church of England parish church . Alan Blumleins future career seemed to have been determined by the age of seven , when he presented his father with an invoice for repairing the doorbell , signed Alan Blumlein , Electrical Engineer ( with paid scrawled in pencil ) . His sister claimed that he could not read proficiently until he was 12 . He replied no , but I knew a lot of quadratic equations ! After leaving Highgate School in 1921 , he studied at City and Guilds College ( part of Imperial College ) . He won a Governors scholarship and joined the second year of the course . He graduated with a First-Class Honours BSc two years later . In mid-1930 , Blumlein met Doreen Lane , a preparatory school teacher five years his junior . After two-and-a-half years of courtship the two were married in 1933 . Lane was warned by acquaintances before the wedding that , There was a joke amongst some of his friends , they used to call it Blumlein-itis or First Class Mind . It seems that he didnt want to know anyone who didnt have a first class mind . Recording engineer Joseph B . Kaye , known as J . B . Kaye , who was Blumleins closest friend and best man at the wedding , thought the couple were well matched . Career and inventions . Telecommunications . In 1924 Blumlein started his first job at International Western Electric , a division of the Western Electric Company . The company subsequently became International Standard Electric Corporation and then , later on , Standard Telephones and Cables ( STC ) . During his time there , he measured the amplitude/frequency response of human ears , and used the results to design the first weighting networks . In 1924 he published ( with Professor Edward Mallett ) the first of his only two IEE papers , on high-frequency resistance measurement . This won him the IEEs Premium award for innovation . The following year he wrote ( with Norman Kipping ) a series of seven articles for Wireless World . In 1925 and 1926 , Blumlein and John Percy Johns designed an improved form of loading coil which reduced loss and crosstalk in long-distance telephone lines . These were used until the end of the analogue telephony era . The same duo also invented an improved form of AC measurement bridge which became known as the Blumlein Bridge and subsequently the transformer ratio arm bridge . These two inventions were the basis for Blumleins first two patents . His inventions while working at STC resulted in another five patents , which were not awarded until after he left the company in 1929 . Sound recording . In 1929 Blumlein resigned from STC and joined the Columbia Graphophone Company , where he reported directly to general manager Isaac Shoenberg . His first project was to find a method of disc cutting that circumvented a Bell patent in the Western Electric moving-iron cutting head then used , and on which substantial royalties had to be paid . He invented the moving-coil disc cutting head , which not only got around the patent but offered greatly improved sound quality . He led a small team which developed the concept into a practical cutter . The other principal team members were Herbert Holman and Henry Ham Clark . Their work resulted in several patents . Early in 1931 , the Columbia Graphophone Company and the Gramophone Company merged and became EMI . New joint research laboratories were set up at Hayes and Blumlein was officially transferred there on 1 November the same year . During the early 1930s Blumlein and Herbert Holman developed a series of moving-coil microphones , which were used in EMI recording studios and by the BBC at Alexandra Palace . Ultra-linear amplifier . In June 1937 , Blumlein patented what is now known as the Ultra-Linear amplifier ( US Patent 2,218,902 , dated 5 June 1937 ) . A deceptively simple design , the circuit provided a tap on the primary winding of the output transformer to provide feedback to the second grid , which improved the amplifiers linearity . With the tap placed at the anode end of the primary winding , the tube ( valve ) is effectively connected as a triode , and if the tap was at the supply end , as a pure pentode . Blumlein discovered that if the tap was placed at a distance 15–20% down from the supply end of the output transformer , the tube or valve would combine the positive features of both the triode and the pentode design . Long-tailed pair . Blumlein may or may not have invented the long-tailed pair , but his name is on the first patent ( 1936 ) . The long-tailed pair is a form of differential amplifier that has been popular since the days of the vacuum tube ( valve ) . It is now more pervasive than ever , as it is particularly suitable for implementation in integrated circuit form , and almost every operational amplifier integrated circuit contains at least one . Stereophonic sound . In 1931 , Blumlein invented what he called binaural sound , now known as stereophonic sound . In early 1931 , he and his wife were at the cinema . The sound reproduction systems of the early talkies only had a single set of speakers – the actor might be on one side of the screen , but the voice could come from the other . Blumlein declared to his wife that he had found a way to make the sound follow the actor . Blumlein explained his ideas to Isaac Shoenberg in the late summer of 1931 . His earliest notes on the subject are dated 25 September 1931 , and his patent had the title Improvements in and relating to Sound-transmission , Sound-recording and Sound-reproducing Systems . The application was dated 14 December 1931 , and was accepted on 14 June 1933 as UK patent number 394,325 . The patent covered numerous ideas in stereo , some of which are used today . Some 70 claims include : - A shuffling circuit , which aimed to preserve the directional effect when sound from a spaced pair of microphones was reproduced via stereo loudspeakers instead of a pair of headphones - The use of a coincident pair of velocity microphones with their axes at right angles to each other , which is still known as a Blumlein Pair - Recording two channels in the single groove of a record using the two groove walls at right angles to each other and 45 degrees to the vertical - A stereo disc-cutting head - Using hybrid transformers to matrix between left and right signals and sum and difference signals Blumleins binaural experiments began in early 1933 , and the first stereo discs were cut later the same year . Much of the development work on this system for cinematic use was completed by 1935 . In Blumleins short test films ( most notably , Trains at Hayes Station , which lasts 5 minutes 11 seconds , and , The Walking & Talking Film ) , his original intent of having the sound follow the actor was fully realised . In 1934 , Blumlein recorded Mozarts Jupiter Symphony conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham at Abbey Road Studios in London using his vertical-lateral technique . Television . Television was developed by many individuals and companies throughout the 1920s and 1930s . Blumleins contributions , as a member of the EMI team , started in earnest in 1933 when his boss , Isaac Shoenberg , assigned him full-time to TV research . His ideas included : - Resonant flyback scanning ( the use of a tuned circuit in the creation of a sawtooth deflection waveform ) . ( British Patent No . 400976 , application filed April 1932. ) - Use of constant-impedance network in power supplies to obtain voltage regulation independent of load frequency , extending down to DC ( 421546 , filed 16 June 1933 ) . - Black-level clamping ( 422914 , filed 11 July 1933 by Blumlein , Browne and Hardwick ) . This is an improved form of DC restoration , compared to the simple DC restorer ( consisting of a capacitor , diode and resistor ) which had been patented by Peter Willans three months earlier . - The slot antenna . ( 515684 , filed 7 March 1939. ) Blumlein was also largely responsible for the development of the waveform structure used in the 405-line Marconi-EMI system – developed for the UKs BBC Television Service at Alexandra Palace , the worlds first scheduled high definition ( 240 lines or better ) television service – which was later adopted as the CCIR System A . H2S radar . Blumlein was so central to the development of the H2S airborne radar system ( to aid bomb targeting ) , that after his death in June 1942 , many believed that the project would fail . However it survived and was a factor in shortening the Second World War . Blumleins role in the project was a closely guarded secret at the time and consequently only a brief announcement of his death was made some two years later , to avoid providing solace to Hitler . His invention of the line type pulse modulator ( ref vol 5 of MIT Radiation Laboratory series ) was a major contribution to high-powered pulse radars , not just the H2Ss system , and continues to be used today . Death and investigation . Blumlein was killed in the crash of an H2S-equipped Handley Page Halifax test aircraft while making a test flight for the Telecommunications Research Establishment ( TRE ) on 7 June 1942 . During the flight from RAF Defford , whilst at an altitude of 500 ft the Halifax developed an engine fire which rapidly grew out of control . The aircraft was seen to lose altitude , then rolled inverted and struck the ground . The crash occurred near the village of Welsh Bicknor in Herefordshire . Two of Blumleins colleagues , Cecil Oswald Browne and Frank Blythen , also died in the crash . The Halifax was carrying a highly-secret cavity magnetron as part of the H2S test system , and the immediate recovery of the device was essential . A team led by Bernard Lovell arrived at the crash scene the same night , and took the magnetron . Then reports of a crash in south Wales began to come in and the rest of that night was just a nightmare . I was driven by the C-in-C of the aerodrome [ Defford ] , a man called King , and winding through these lanes near Ross-on-Wye searching for this wreckage , and then the field with the burnt-out Halifax , and of course it was wartime , there was no time for emotions , our first duties were to search for the precious highly-secret equipment , and collect the bits-and-pieces of it . – Bernard Lovell . After the RAF investigative board completed its report on the Halifax crash on 1 July 1942 , it was distributed to a restricted list of approved recipients , but not publicly divulged . In the interests of wartime secrecy , the announcement of Blumleins death was not made for another three years . The investigative board , headed by AIB Chief Inspector Vernon Brown – who later also investigated the post-war Star Tiger and Star Ariel disappearances – and assisted by Rolls-Royce , who had made the Halifaxs Merlin engines , found that the crash was caused by engine fire , attributed to the unscrewing of a tappet nut on the starboard outer engine , which had been improperly tightened by an RAF engine fitter while inspecting the engine some three hours prior to the crash . During the flight the loosened nut caused increasingly excessive valve clearance eventually allowing collision of the valve head with the rising piston fracturing the valve stem , which then allowed the inlet valve to drop open , resulting in the ignition by the spark plug of the pressurised fuel/air mixture within the inlet manifold and , eventually , the pumping of the ignited fuel outboard of the rocker cover and along the outside of the engine , leading to an extensive fire in the engine nacelle . Due to the fire originating in the induction system , where the supercharged fuel/air mixture was at higher pressure than atmospheric , the heart of the fire was much hotter burning and intense than would be the case in a simple fuel fire . Constantly fuelled by the broken intake , the fire burned rapidly along the wing and fuselage , eventually causing the outboard section of the starboard wing to separate from the centre section at approximately 350 feet of altitude . With the loss of a substantial part of the starboard wing , all control over level flight was lost , and the plane rolled inverted and struck the ground at approximately 150 mph . The board found that the crew and passengers had not jumped immediately from the aircraft owing to several factors , including a loss of altitude while attempting to find an emergency field , the rapidly spreading fire , which blocked or impeded egress from the plane , and the fact that a sufficient number of parachutes were either not on board or were not being worn . Almost immediately following the crash , Prime Minister Churchill issued a directive requiring any test flights with civilians or scientific personnel to carry a sufficient number of parachutes for all individuals involved . After the RAF investigative board completed its report on the Halifax crash , it was ordered to be kept secret by Prime Minister Churchill , and the cause of the crash was not revealed publicly , even to the relatives of the deceased . As a result , numerous unfounded rumours of German sabotage as the cause of the crash would circulate for many years afterwards . Personal life . Alan Blumlein had two sons , Simon Blumlein and David Blumlein . Outside his work Blumlein was a lover of music and he attempted to learn to play the piano , but gave it up . He enjoyed horse riding and occasionally went cub hunting with his father-in-law . He was interested in many forms of engineering , including aviation , motor engineering and railway engineering . He obtained a pilots licence and flew Tiger Moth aircraft of the London Aerodrome Club at Stag Lane Aerodrome . On one occasion , he persuaded a bus driver to allow him to drive the vehicle from Penzance to Lands End . On another he spent several hours assisting the operator of a railway signal box in his duties at Paddington Station . Tributes . - Alan Blumlein Way is a road on the Tektronix campus in Beaverton , Oregon , in keeping with their policy of naming roads after those who made significant contributions to the knowledge and understanding in the field of electronics . - There continues to be a meeting room named the Blumlein Room in the Institution of Engineering and Technology ( IET ) headquarters at Savoy Place , following a major refurbishment in 2015 . - A Blue Plaque commemorating Blumlein was erected in 1977 by the Greater London Council at his former home in Ealing . - On 1 April 2015 an IEEE Milestone Plaque was posthumously presented for the Invention of Stereo to Alan Dower Blumlein . A ceremony was held at Abbey Road Sudios attended by many leading audio experts and recording engineers . The plaque is now located on the right hand side of the front door of Abbey Road Studios . - In 2017 , The Recording Academy posthumously awarded Alan Dower Blumlein with the 2017 Technical Grammy for the invention of Stereo and contributions of outstanding technical significance to the recording field . |
[
"Premium"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Alan Blumlein work for from 1929 to 1942? | /wiki/Alan_Blumlein#P108#3 | Alan Blumlein Alan Dower Blumlein ( 29 June 1903 – 7 June 1942 ) was an English electronics engineer , notable for his many inventions in telecommunications , sound recording , stereophonic sound , television and radar . He received 128 patents and was considered as one of the most significant engineers and inventors of his time . He died during World War II on 7 June 1942 , aged 38 , during the secret trial of an H2S airborne radar system then under development , when all on board the Halifax bomber in which he was flying were killed when it crashed at Welsh Bicknor in Herefordshire . Early life . Alan Dower Blumlein was born on 29 June 1903 in Hampstead , London . His father , Semmy Blumlein , was a German-born naturalised British subject . Semmy was the son of Joseph Blumlein , a German of Jewish descent , and Philippine Hellmann , a French woman of German descent . Alans mother , Jessie Dower , was Scottish , daughter of William Dower ( born 1837 ) who went to South Africa for the London Missionary Society . Alan was christened as a Presbyterian ; he later married in a Church of England parish church . Alan Blumleins future career seemed to have been determined by the age of seven , when he presented his father with an invoice for repairing the doorbell , signed Alan Blumlein , Electrical Engineer ( with paid scrawled in pencil ) . His sister claimed that he could not read proficiently until he was 12 . He replied no , but I knew a lot of quadratic equations ! After leaving Highgate School in 1921 , he studied at City and Guilds College ( part of Imperial College ) . He won a Governors scholarship and joined the second year of the course . He graduated with a First-Class Honours BSc two years later . In mid-1930 , Blumlein met Doreen Lane , a preparatory school teacher five years his junior . After two-and-a-half years of courtship the two were married in 1933 . Lane was warned by acquaintances before the wedding that , There was a joke amongst some of his friends , they used to call it Blumlein-itis or First Class Mind . It seems that he didnt want to know anyone who didnt have a first class mind . Recording engineer Joseph B . Kaye , known as J . B . Kaye , who was Blumleins closest friend and best man at the wedding , thought the couple were well matched . Career and inventions . Telecommunications . In 1924 Blumlein started his first job at International Western Electric , a division of the Western Electric Company . The company subsequently became International Standard Electric Corporation and then , later on , Standard Telephones and Cables ( STC ) . During his time there , he measured the amplitude/frequency response of human ears , and used the results to design the first weighting networks . In 1924 he published ( with Professor Edward Mallett ) the first of his only two IEE papers , on high-frequency resistance measurement . This won him the IEEs Premium award for innovation . The following year he wrote ( with Norman Kipping ) a series of seven articles for Wireless World . In 1925 and 1926 , Blumlein and John Percy Johns designed an improved form of loading coil which reduced loss and crosstalk in long-distance telephone lines . These were used until the end of the analogue telephony era . The same duo also invented an improved form of AC measurement bridge which became known as the Blumlein Bridge and subsequently the transformer ratio arm bridge . These two inventions were the basis for Blumleins first two patents . His inventions while working at STC resulted in another five patents , which were not awarded until after he left the company in 1929 . Sound recording . In 1929 Blumlein resigned from STC and joined the Columbia Graphophone Company , where he reported directly to general manager Isaac Shoenberg . His first project was to find a method of disc cutting that circumvented a Bell patent in the Western Electric moving-iron cutting head then used , and on which substantial royalties had to be paid . He invented the moving-coil disc cutting head , which not only got around the patent but offered greatly improved sound quality . He led a small team which developed the concept into a practical cutter . The other principal team members were Herbert Holman and Henry Ham Clark . Their work resulted in several patents . Early in 1931 , the Columbia Graphophone Company and the Gramophone Company merged and became EMI . New joint research laboratories were set up at Hayes and Blumlein was officially transferred there on 1 November the same year . During the early 1930s Blumlein and Herbert Holman developed a series of moving-coil microphones , which were used in EMI recording studios and by the BBC at Alexandra Palace . Ultra-linear amplifier . In June 1937 , Blumlein patented what is now known as the Ultra-Linear amplifier ( US Patent 2,218,902 , dated 5 June 1937 ) . A deceptively simple design , the circuit provided a tap on the primary winding of the output transformer to provide feedback to the second grid , which improved the amplifiers linearity . With the tap placed at the anode end of the primary winding , the tube ( valve ) is effectively connected as a triode , and if the tap was at the supply end , as a pure pentode . Blumlein discovered that if the tap was placed at a distance 15–20% down from the supply end of the output transformer , the tube or valve would combine the positive features of both the triode and the pentode design . Long-tailed pair . Blumlein may or may not have invented the long-tailed pair , but his name is on the first patent ( 1936 ) . The long-tailed pair is a form of differential amplifier that has been popular since the days of the vacuum tube ( valve ) . It is now more pervasive than ever , as it is particularly suitable for implementation in integrated circuit form , and almost every operational amplifier integrated circuit contains at least one . Stereophonic sound . In 1931 , Blumlein invented what he called binaural sound , now known as stereophonic sound . In early 1931 , he and his wife were at the cinema . The sound reproduction systems of the early talkies only had a single set of speakers – the actor might be on one side of the screen , but the voice could come from the other . Blumlein declared to his wife that he had found a way to make the sound follow the actor . Blumlein explained his ideas to Isaac Shoenberg in the late summer of 1931 . His earliest notes on the subject are dated 25 September 1931 , and his patent had the title Improvements in and relating to Sound-transmission , Sound-recording and Sound-reproducing Systems . The application was dated 14 December 1931 , and was accepted on 14 June 1933 as UK patent number 394,325 . The patent covered numerous ideas in stereo , some of which are used today . Some 70 claims include : - A shuffling circuit , which aimed to preserve the directional effect when sound from a spaced pair of microphones was reproduced via stereo loudspeakers instead of a pair of headphones - The use of a coincident pair of velocity microphones with their axes at right angles to each other , which is still known as a Blumlein Pair - Recording two channels in the single groove of a record using the two groove walls at right angles to each other and 45 degrees to the vertical - A stereo disc-cutting head - Using hybrid transformers to matrix between left and right signals and sum and difference signals Blumleins binaural experiments began in early 1933 , and the first stereo discs were cut later the same year . Much of the development work on this system for cinematic use was completed by 1935 . In Blumleins short test films ( most notably , Trains at Hayes Station , which lasts 5 minutes 11 seconds , and , The Walking & Talking Film ) , his original intent of having the sound follow the actor was fully realised . In 1934 , Blumlein recorded Mozarts Jupiter Symphony conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham at Abbey Road Studios in London using his vertical-lateral technique . Television . Television was developed by many individuals and companies throughout the 1920s and 1930s . Blumleins contributions , as a member of the EMI team , started in earnest in 1933 when his boss , Isaac Shoenberg , assigned him full-time to TV research . His ideas included : - Resonant flyback scanning ( the use of a tuned circuit in the creation of a sawtooth deflection waveform ) . ( British Patent No . 400976 , application filed April 1932. ) - Use of constant-impedance network in power supplies to obtain voltage regulation independent of load frequency , extending down to DC ( 421546 , filed 16 June 1933 ) . - Black-level clamping ( 422914 , filed 11 July 1933 by Blumlein , Browne and Hardwick ) . This is an improved form of DC restoration , compared to the simple DC restorer ( consisting of a capacitor , diode and resistor ) which had been patented by Peter Willans three months earlier . - The slot antenna . ( 515684 , filed 7 March 1939. ) Blumlein was also largely responsible for the development of the waveform structure used in the 405-line Marconi-EMI system – developed for the UKs BBC Television Service at Alexandra Palace , the worlds first scheduled high definition ( 240 lines or better ) television service – which was later adopted as the CCIR System A . H2S radar . Blumlein was so central to the development of the H2S airborne radar system ( to aid bomb targeting ) , that after his death in June 1942 , many believed that the project would fail . However it survived and was a factor in shortening the Second World War . Blumleins role in the project was a closely guarded secret at the time and consequently only a brief announcement of his death was made some two years later , to avoid providing solace to Hitler . His invention of the line type pulse modulator ( ref vol 5 of MIT Radiation Laboratory series ) was a major contribution to high-powered pulse radars , not just the H2Ss system , and continues to be used today . Death and investigation . Blumlein was killed in the crash of an H2S-equipped Handley Page Halifax test aircraft while making a test flight for the Telecommunications Research Establishment ( TRE ) on 7 June 1942 . During the flight from RAF Defford , whilst at an altitude of 500 ft the Halifax developed an engine fire which rapidly grew out of control . The aircraft was seen to lose altitude , then rolled inverted and struck the ground . The crash occurred near the village of Welsh Bicknor in Herefordshire . Two of Blumleins colleagues , Cecil Oswald Browne and Frank Blythen , also died in the crash . The Halifax was carrying a highly-secret cavity magnetron as part of the H2S test system , and the immediate recovery of the device was essential . A team led by Bernard Lovell arrived at the crash scene the same night , and took the magnetron . Then reports of a crash in south Wales began to come in and the rest of that night was just a nightmare . I was driven by the C-in-C of the aerodrome [ Defford ] , a man called King , and winding through these lanes near Ross-on-Wye searching for this wreckage , and then the field with the burnt-out Halifax , and of course it was wartime , there was no time for emotions , our first duties were to search for the precious highly-secret equipment , and collect the bits-and-pieces of it . – Bernard Lovell . After the RAF investigative board completed its report on the Halifax crash on 1 July 1942 , it was distributed to a restricted list of approved recipients , but not publicly divulged . In the interests of wartime secrecy , the announcement of Blumleins death was not made for another three years . The investigative board , headed by AIB Chief Inspector Vernon Brown – who later also investigated the post-war Star Tiger and Star Ariel disappearances – and assisted by Rolls-Royce , who had made the Halifaxs Merlin engines , found that the crash was caused by engine fire , attributed to the unscrewing of a tappet nut on the starboard outer engine , which had been improperly tightened by an RAF engine fitter while inspecting the engine some three hours prior to the crash . During the flight the loosened nut caused increasingly excessive valve clearance eventually allowing collision of the valve head with the rising piston fracturing the valve stem , which then allowed the inlet valve to drop open , resulting in the ignition by the spark plug of the pressurised fuel/air mixture within the inlet manifold and , eventually , the pumping of the ignited fuel outboard of the rocker cover and along the outside of the engine , leading to an extensive fire in the engine nacelle . Due to the fire originating in the induction system , where the supercharged fuel/air mixture was at higher pressure than atmospheric , the heart of the fire was much hotter burning and intense than would be the case in a simple fuel fire . Constantly fuelled by the broken intake , the fire burned rapidly along the wing and fuselage , eventually causing the outboard section of the starboard wing to separate from the centre section at approximately 350 feet of altitude . With the loss of a substantial part of the starboard wing , all control over level flight was lost , and the plane rolled inverted and struck the ground at approximately 150 mph . The board found that the crew and passengers had not jumped immediately from the aircraft owing to several factors , including a loss of altitude while attempting to find an emergency field , the rapidly spreading fire , which blocked or impeded egress from the plane , and the fact that a sufficient number of parachutes were either not on board or were not being worn . Almost immediately following the crash , Prime Minister Churchill issued a directive requiring any test flights with civilians or scientific personnel to carry a sufficient number of parachutes for all individuals involved . After the RAF investigative board completed its report on the Halifax crash , it was ordered to be kept secret by Prime Minister Churchill , and the cause of the crash was not revealed publicly , even to the relatives of the deceased . As a result , numerous unfounded rumours of German sabotage as the cause of the crash would circulate for many years afterwards . Personal life . Alan Blumlein had two sons , Simon Blumlein and David Blumlein . Outside his work Blumlein was a lover of music and he attempted to learn to play the piano , but gave it up . He enjoyed horse riding and occasionally went cub hunting with his father-in-law . He was interested in many forms of engineering , including aviation , motor engineering and railway engineering . He obtained a pilots licence and flew Tiger Moth aircraft of the London Aerodrome Club at Stag Lane Aerodrome . On one occasion , he persuaded a bus driver to allow him to drive the vehicle from Penzance to Lands End . On another he spent several hours assisting the operator of a railway signal box in his duties at Paddington Station . Tributes . - Alan Blumlein Way is a road on the Tektronix campus in Beaverton , Oregon , in keeping with their policy of naming roads after those who made significant contributions to the knowledge and understanding in the field of electronics . - There continues to be a meeting room named the Blumlein Room in the Institution of Engineering and Technology ( IET ) headquarters at Savoy Place , following a major refurbishment in 2015 . - A Blue Plaque commemorating Blumlein was erected in 1977 by the Greater London Council at his former home in Ealing . - On 1 April 2015 an IEEE Milestone Plaque was posthumously presented for the Invention of Stereo to Alan Dower Blumlein . A ceremony was held at Abbey Road Sudios attended by many leading audio experts and recording engineers . The plaque is now located on the right hand side of the front door of Abbey Road Studios . - In 2017 , The Recording Academy posthumously awarded Alan Dower Blumlein with the 2017 Technical Grammy for the invention of Stereo and contributions of outstanding technical significance to the recording field . |
[
"Sarah Lawrence College"
] | easy | Jewel Plummer Cobb was an employee for whom from 1960 to 1969? | /wiki/Jewel_Plummer_Cobb#P108#0 | Jewel Plummer Cobb Jewel Plummer Cobb ( January 17 , 1924 – January 1 , 2017 ) was an American biologist , cancer researcher , professor , dean , and academic administrator . She contributed to the field of cancer research by studying the cure for melanoma . Cobb was an advocate for increasing the representation of women and students of color in universities , and she created programs to support students interested in pursuing graduate school . Early life . Jewel Isadora Plummer was the only child of Frank V . Plummer , and Carriebel ( Cole ) Plummer . Both of her parents used to live in Washington D.C . Her mother , Carriebel , found employment as a physical education and dance teacher who graduated from college with a B.A in interpretive dancing . She had re-entered college the same time Jewell enrolled resulting in both mother and daughter getting degrees in the same year . Jewells father , Frank , was the first black person to graduate with a Doctor of Medicine from Cornell University , becoming a physician specializing in dermatology . Plummers paternal grandfather was a freed slave who graduated from Howard University in 1898 making a living as a pharmacist . Cobbs economically privileged upbringing offered her a childhood of intellectual exploration . From her fathers scientific library to her education at several multiracial institutions , Cobb developed an interest in learning from a young age . Although she anticipated becoming a physical education teacher , her interest in science solidified during her sophomore year of high school whilst looking through a microscope in biology class . This interest was encouraged by her biology teacher and she was fascinated by books on microorganisms like Paul DeKruifs The Microbe Hunters . Higher education . Cobb matriculated at the University of Michigan in 1942 , but , dissatisfied with segregated housing for African-American students at Michigan , she transferred to Talladega College in Alabama . Talladega College did not accept transfer credits forcing Cobb to start anew . In spite of this , she completed her course work in three years instead of the standard four . She graduated with a B.A . in biology in 1944 and became a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority . Cobb initially was denied a fellowship for graduate study in biology at New York University , allegedly due to her race , but was granted the fellowship after an interview . She earned her M.S . degree from New York University in 1947 , and her Ph.D . degree with a focus on cell physiology in 1950 Her dissertation , Mechanisms of Pigment Formation , examined melanin pigment granules formations in vitro using the enzyme tyrosinase . In 1949 , she was appointed an independent investigator at Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory . In 2021 , the town re-named a road near the Marine Biological Laboratory Jewel Cobb Road in honor of Cobb . Professional life . After receiving her Ph.D , Cobb became a biology teaching fellow at New York University while also working for the National Cancer Institute at Harlem Hospital ( 1950-1952 ) . University of Illinois College of Medicine . From 1952-1954 Cobb was an instructor in anatomy in Chicago at the University of Illinois College of Medicine where she taught histology . Hunter College . Shortly thereafter , Cobb returned to New York , serving as an assistant professor for NYUs post graduate medical school ( 1955–60 ) , while also working as a visiting lecturer at Hunter College ( 1956–57 ) . Sarah Lawrence College . From 1960-69 , Cobb was employed as head of the biology laboratory at Sarah Lawrence College . While there , she conducted research for participants in the National Science Foundation . Connecticut College . Cobb served as a professor of Zoology and as Dean of Arts and Sciences at Connecticut College from July 1969 until July 1976 . Cobb was the first black Dean in the Colleges history . Upon accepting the position at Connecticut College , she expressed : This is a college in transition , moving forward at an exciting pace . We need more black students and teachers to help us formulate and carry out our bold new plans . During her time at Connecticut College , she implemented a Black Scholarship program that provided financial assistance to at least 37 Black undergraduates at the college . The scholarship intended to increase financial assistance needs for students of color . This work inspired similar programs at other universities . Cobb also established a Fifth Year Post-Baccalaureate Pre-Medical Program , which provided financial assistance and educational opportunities for minority students at the College who wanted to pursue careers in medicine or dentistry . Students were provided with resources for tutoring and counseling . Just five years after this program was established , these students were accepted into graduate programs , which included , Yale , Georgetown , and the University of Connecticut . While in Connecticut , Dr . Cobb also served as a member of the Lawrence and Memorial Hospital in New London , in addition to being elected Director of the American Council on Education , ( 1973-1976 ) . Dr Cobb , as member of the National Science Board and advisor to the American Association for the Advancement of Science , chaired a conference of 30 minority women scientists to provide recommendations to schools , policy-makers and the US government on how to recruit more women of color into the sciences . The highly influential report was published as The Double Bind : The Price of Being a Minority Woman in Science . Due to the many roles , Cobb worked long hours . She did laboratory work in the early morning followed by administrative work before teaching in the afternoons . Douglass Residential College . In July 1976 , Cobb decided to leave Connecticut College and become a dean and professor of Biological Sciences at Douglass Residential College at Rutgers University . Cobbs decision to leave was not premeditated , rather it centered on an interest in becoming a full-time administrator for the Womens division of Rutgers . Cobbs greatest hesitation in leaving the College concerned her inability to continue research to the same degree in her new role . While at Douglass , Cobb ( alongside nine other Americans ) was selected by the Rockefeller Foundation to participate in a global conference in Italy concerning the future of higher education for women . Additionally , in April 1978 , Cobb was nominated by President Carter as a member of the Board of Foreign Scholarships , best known as the organization responsible for determining Fulbright eligibility . California State University , Fullerton . Cobb was appointed President of California State University , Fullerton in 1981 where she began to improve campus facilities from the start of her term . Cobb was successful in obtaining funds for the construction of an Engineering and Computer Science Building which was constructed with state funds , as well as the Ruby Gerontology Center , which was the first building in the Colleges history to be funded through private donations . She also acquired financial capital for the construction of the first ever student residence on campus . The completion of this apartment complex was later named in her honor . Cobb also negotiated an agreement with the Marriott Corporation and the city of Fullerton for a lease to construct a hotel , allowing her to use available funds for the construction of a campus sports complex . The majority of the planning for the Science Laboratory Center , now called Dan Black Hall , was done while Cobb was president . At Fullerton , some faculty members did not share Cobbs interests in research and rebuilding , holding that the primary mission of the college was to teach . Her decision to enter into the agreement to build the hotel on campus and to add a satellite campus in the southern part of Orange County thus generated criticism on campus . Cobb brought both of these issues to the Faculty Senate for a vote . Both times , her decisions were upheld . In 1990 , aged 66 , she was forced to retire under a rule imposed by W . Ann Reynolds , the Chancellor of the California State University System , requiring all campus presidents aged 65 or older to retire . In response to her departure , Julian Foster , a campus leader and prominent political scientist , expressed Cobbs emphasis on research and scholarship to be her most important contribution to Cal State Fullerton . Shortly after retiring , Cobb was named California State University Trustee Professor for its Los Angeles division . In 1991 , she became the principal investigator at Southern California Science and Engineering ACCESS Center and Network , which assists middle school and high school students from disadvantaged backgrounds pursue a future in the fields of science and engineering . In 2001 , Cobb became the principal investigator for Science Technology Engineering Program ( STEP ) Up for Youth—ASCEND project at California State University , Los Angeles . She also was named and served as a member of the Caltech Board of Trustees . Research . Cobbs research included work on the relationship between melanin and skin damage , and on the effects of hormones , ultraviolet light , and chemotherapy agents on cell division . Cobb discovered that methotrexate was effective in the treatment of certain skin cancers , lung cancers , and childhood leukemia . This drug is still being used in chemotherapy today to give treatment to a variety of cancers and autoimmune diseases which includes : breast cancer , head and neck cancers , lung cancer , leukemia , and some types of lymphoma . Cobb was the first to publish data on actinomycin D and its ability to cause a reduction of nucleoli in the nucleus of normal and malignant human cells . She received a $5,000 grant from the American Cancer Society to continue her research inDirect Hormone Action to Human and Mouse Melanomas in Tissue Culture . This grant supported her research and a broader examination of pigment cell growth and differentiation in human and mouse melanomas . Other support for her cancer research came through her post-doctoral fellowship , research grants from the : Damon Runyon , National Science Foundation , National Cancer Institute , and Public Health Services . Cobb was part of the United States International Cancer congresses in London ( 1958 ) and Moscow ( 1962 ) and served on the advisory board to Mohegan Community College . She was awarded the National Institute of Health Fellowship for $68,000 , where she spent seven months in Naples , Italy continuing cell growth research at the International Laboratory of Genetics and Biophysics . Throughout her career , she collaborated with other notable researchers , including oncologist Jane C . Wright , Grace Antikajian , and Dorothy Walker Jones . Her most influential mentors were her bacteriology professor James R . Hayden and her biochemistry professor M.J . Kopac . In recognition of her research achievements , Cobb was elected to the Institute of Medicine in the National Academy of Sciences in 1974 . She was also a member of the National Science Board from 1974 to 1980 . Additional societal contributions . Cobb was named Vice President of the Board for the 21st Century Foundation , dedicated to supporting the development of Black institutions that addressed issues in the Black community . Programs established by the organization included : economic , educational , and community development with the purpose of creating opportunities for people of color . She was also a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , which supported both women and people of color in the field . Cobb was one of seven recognized by the Oakland Museum Associations Cultural and Ethnic Affairs for her contributions to science and/or technology . The museums exhibition hoped to increase minority representation in the sciences by showcasing the accomplishments of people of color , including several of Cobbs findings . As the keynote speaker at the 1971 Wheaton College commencement , Cobb called for an alliance between the Womens Liberation Movement and the Black Liberation Movement . She called for the equality of women , the abolition of abortion laws , and the demand for public child care in particular . Final years and legacy . Many of the policies and programs Cobb initiated during her administrative careers take form in her 1979 paper , Filters for Women in Science , where she expressed concerns about female representation in science and engineering . Through an analogy connecting her passion for science and demand for equity , Cobb claimed that the characteristics of the filtrate passing through a filter are primarily determined by the size of the pores , which she connected with the limitations of female employment in science . Cobbs insistence on providing resources and programs to increase minority representation at her colleges of employment define her legacy outside of the laboratory . A former student , Timothy Yarboro , stated , I would not have become a doctor . Because of her , I knew it was possible . Cobb resided in Maplewood , New Jersey , until her death on January 1 , 2017 at the age of 92 . She was survived by her only child , Jonathan , a radiologist specializing in magnetic resonance imaging . Honors , awards , and memberships . - Honorary doctorates - Medical College of Pennsylvania - Northern University - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Rutgers University - Tuskegee University - Awards - Reginald Wilson Award - Candace Award , National Coalition of 100 Black Women , 1982 - 1999 Achievement in Excellence Award from the Center for Excellence in Education - Memberships - Human Resource Commission - Sigma Xi - National Academy of Sciences ( Institute of Medicine ) - National Science Foundation . - Allied Corporations board of directors - Tissue Culture Association of the Education Committee ( 1972-1974 ) - Marine Biological Laboratory - Board of Trustees for the Institute of Education Management Publications . - Cobb , Jewel Plummer , Dorothy G . Walker , and Jane C . Wright . Comparative chemotherapy studies on primary short-term cultures of human normal , benign , and malignant tumor tissues—a five-year study . Cancer research 21.5 ( 1961 ) : 583 . - Cobb , Jewel Plummer , and Dorothy G . Walker . Studies on Human Melanoma Cells in Tissue Culture I . Growth Characteristics and Cytology . Cancer research 20.6 ( 1960 ) : 858-867 . - Cobb , Jewel Plummer , and Dorothy G . Walker . Effect of Actinomycin D on Tissue Cultures of Normal and Neoplastic Cells23 . ( 1958 ) . - A National Assessment of Performance and Participation of Women in Mathematics , 1979 - A Study of the Learning Environment at Womens Colleges , 1981 - A Survey of Black American Doctorates , 1968 - A Survey of the Current Status and Plans of Colleges Traditionally for Women Only , 1972 - A Survey of Research Concerns on Womens Issues , 1975 - Academic Challenges , 1990 - Access and Power for Blacks in Higher Education , 1972 - Advancing Womens Leadership in Science , 1995 - An Assessment of Factors Affecting Female Participation in Advanced Placement Programs in Mathematics , Chemistry , and Physics , 1975 - An Impact Analysis of Sponsored Projects to Increase the Participation of Women in Careers in Science and Technology , 1977 - And Pleasantly Ignore my Sex , 1974 - Annual Report of the National Science Foundation Committee on Equal Opportunities in Science and Technology , 1982 - Black Initiative and Governmental Responsibility , 1987 - Campus 1970 , Where do Women Stand ? Research Report of a Survey on Women in Academe , 1970 - Careers in Science and Engineering for Black Americans , 1972 - Catalyst Annual Report , 1978-1979 - Changing America : The New Face of Science and Engineering , 1989 - College Resource Council—Study on Seniors and Freshman of a Number of Colleges Within the Member Group , u.d . - Committee on the Education and Employment of Women in Science and Engineering ( CEEWISE ) , 1977-1979 - Data on Women in Scientific Research , 1977 - Degree Awards to Women : An Update , 1979 - Degrees Granted and Enrollment Trends in Historically Black Colleges : An Eight-Year Study , 1965 - Department of Health , Education and Welfare- Statement by the Director , National Cancer Program , National Cancer Institute , 1975 External links . - Profile , Fullerton.edu ; accessed January 13 , 2018 . |
[
"Connecticut College"
] | easy | Jewel Plummer Cobb was an employee for whom from 1969 to 1976? | /wiki/Jewel_Plummer_Cobb#P108#1 | Jewel Plummer Cobb Jewel Plummer Cobb ( January 17 , 1924 – January 1 , 2017 ) was an American biologist , cancer researcher , professor , dean , and academic administrator . She contributed to the field of cancer research by studying the cure for melanoma . Cobb was an advocate for increasing the representation of women and students of color in universities , and she created programs to support students interested in pursuing graduate school . Early life . Jewel Isadora Plummer was the only child of Frank V . Plummer , and Carriebel ( Cole ) Plummer . Both of her parents used to live in Washington D.C . Her mother , Carriebel , found employment as a physical education and dance teacher who graduated from college with a B.A in interpretive dancing . She had re-entered college the same time Jewell enrolled resulting in both mother and daughter getting degrees in the same year . Jewells father , Frank , was the first black person to graduate with a Doctor of Medicine from Cornell University , becoming a physician specializing in dermatology . Plummers paternal grandfather was a freed slave who graduated from Howard University in 1898 making a living as a pharmacist . Cobbs economically privileged upbringing offered her a childhood of intellectual exploration . From her fathers scientific library to her education at several multiracial institutions , Cobb developed an interest in learning from a young age . Although she anticipated becoming a physical education teacher , her interest in science solidified during her sophomore year of high school whilst looking through a microscope in biology class . This interest was encouraged by her biology teacher and she was fascinated by books on microorganisms like Paul DeKruifs The Microbe Hunters . Higher education . Cobb matriculated at the University of Michigan in 1942 , but , dissatisfied with segregated housing for African-American students at Michigan , she transferred to Talladega College in Alabama . Talladega College did not accept transfer credits forcing Cobb to start anew . In spite of this , she completed her course work in three years instead of the standard four . She graduated with a B.A . in biology in 1944 and became a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority . Cobb initially was denied a fellowship for graduate study in biology at New York University , allegedly due to her race , but was granted the fellowship after an interview . She earned her M.S . degree from New York University in 1947 , and her Ph.D . degree with a focus on cell physiology in 1950 Her dissertation , Mechanisms of Pigment Formation , examined melanin pigment granules formations in vitro using the enzyme tyrosinase . In 1949 , she was appointed an independent investigator at Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory . In 2021 , the town re-named a road near the Marine Biological Laboratory Jewel Cobb Road in honor of Cobb . Professional life . After receiving her Ph.D , Cobb became a biology teaching fellow at New York University while also working for the National Cancer Institute at Harlem Hospital ( 1950-1952 ) . University of Illinois College of Medicine . From 1952-1954 Cobb was an instructor in anatomy in Chicago at the University of Illinois College of Medicine where she taught histology . Hunter College . Shortly thereafter , Cobb returned to New York , serving as an assistant professor for NYUs post graduate medical school ( 1955–60 ) , while also working as a visiting lecturer at Hunter College ( 1956–57 ) . Sarah Lawrence College . From 1960-69 , Cobb was employed as head of the biology laboratory at Sarah Lawrence College . While there , she conducted research for participants in the National Science Foundation . Connecticut College . Cobb served as a professor of Zoology and as Dean of Arts and Sciences at Connecticut College from July 1969 until July 1976 . Cobb was the first black Dean in the Colleges history . Upon accepting the position at Connecticut College , she expressed : This is a college in transition , moving forward at an exciting pace . We need more black students and teachers to help us formulate and carry out our bold new plans . During her time at Connecticut College , she implemented a Black Scholarship program that provided financial assistance to at least 37 Black undergraduates at the college . The scholarship intended to increase financial assistance needs for students of color . This work inspired similar programs at other universities . Cobb also established a Fifth Year Post-Baccalaureate Pre-Medical Program , which provided financial assistance and educational opportunities for minority students at the College who wanted to pursue careers in medicine or dentistry . Students were provided with resources for tutoring and counseling . Just five years after this program was established , these students were accepted into graduate programs , which included , Yale , Georgetown , and the University of Connecticut . While in Connecticut , Dr . Cobb also served as a member of the Lawrence and Memorial Hospital in New London , in addition to being elected Director of the American Council on Education , ( 1973-1976 ) . Dr Cobb , as member of the National Science Board and advisor to the American Association for the Advancement of Science , chaired a conference of 30 minority women scientists to provide recommendations to schools , policy-makers and the US government on how to recruit more women of color into the sciences . The highly influential report was published as The Double Bind : The Price of Being a Minority Woman in Science . Due to the many roles , Cobb worked long hours . She did laboratory work in the early morning followed by administrative work before teaching in the afternoons . Douglass Residential College . In July 1976 , Cobb decided to leave Connecticut College and become a dean and professor of Biological Sciences at Douglass Residential College at Rutgers University . Cobbs decision to leave was not premeditated , rather it centered on an interest in becoming a full-time administrator for the Womens division of Rutgers . Cobbs greatest hesitation in leaving the College concerned her inability to continue research to the same degree in her new role . While at Douglass , Cobb ( alongside nine other Americans ) was selected by the Rockefeller Foundation to participate in a global conference in Italy concerning the future of higher education for women . Additionally , in April 1978 , Cobb was nominated by President Carter as a member of the Board of Foreign Scholarships , best known as the organization responsible for determining Fulbright eligibility . California State University , Fullerton . Cobb was appointed President of California State University , Fullerton in 1981 where she began to improve campus facilities from the start of her term . Cobb was successful in obtaining funds for the construction of an Engineering and Computer Science Building which was constructed with state funds , as well as the Ruby Gerontology Center , which was the first building in the Colleges history to be funded through private donations . She also acquired financial capital for the construction of the first ever student residence on campus . The completion of this apartment complex was later named in her honor . Cobb also negotiated an agreement with the Marriott Corporation and the city of Fullerton for a lease to construct a hotel , allowing her to use available funds for the construction of a campus sports complex . The majority of the planning for the Science Laboratory Center , now called Dan Black Hall , was done while Cobb was president . At Fullerton , some faculty members did not share Cobbs interests in research and rebuilding , holding that the primary mission of the college was to teach . Her decision to enter into the agreement to build the hotel on campus and to add a satellite campus in the southern part of Orange County thus generated criticism on campus . Cobb brought both of these issues to the Faculty Senate for a vote . Both times , her decisions were upheld . In 1990 , aged 66 , she was forced to retire under a rule imposed by W . Ann Reynolds , the Chancellor of the California State University System , requiring all campus presidents aged 65 or older to retire . In response to her departure , Julian Foster , a campus leader and prominent political scientist , expressed Cobbs emphasis on research and scholarship to be her most important contribution to Cal State Fullerton . Shortly after retiring , Cobb was named California State University Trustee Professor for its Los Angeles division . In 1991 , she became the principal investigator at Southern California Science and Engineering ACCESS Center and Network , which assists middle school and high school students from disadvantaged backgrounds pursue a future in the fields of science and engineering . In 2001 , Cobb became the principal investigator for Science Technology Engineering Program ( STEP ) Up for Youth—ASCEND project at California State University , Los Angeles . She also was named and served as a member of the Caltech Board of Trustees . Research . Cobbs research included work on the relationship between melanin and skin damage , and on the effects of hormones , ultraviolet light , and chemotherapy agents on cell division . Cobb discovered that methotrexate was effective in the treatment of certain skin cancers , lung cancers , and childhood leukemia . This drug is still being used in chemotherapy today to give treatment to a variety of cancers and autoimmune diseases which includes : breast cancer , head and neck cancers , lung cancer , leukemia , and some types of lymphoma . Cobb was the first to publish data on actinomycin D and its ability to cause a reduction of nucleoli in the nucleus of normal and malignant human cells . She received a $5,000 grant from the American Cancer Society to continue her research inDirect Hormone Action to Human and Mouse Melanomas in Tissue Culture . This grant supported her research and a broader examination of pigment cell growth and differentiation in human and mouse melanomas . Other support for her cancer research came through her post-doctoral fellowship , research grants from the : Damon Runyon , National Science Foundation , National Cancer Institute , and Public Health Services . Cobb was part of the United States International Cancer congresses in London ( 1958 ) and Moscow ( 1962 ) and served on the advisory board to Mohegan Community College . She was awarded the National Institute of Health Fellowship for $68,000 , where she spent seven months in Naples , Italy continuing cell growth research at the International Laboratory of Genetics and Biophysics . Throughout her career , she collaborated with other notable researchers , including oncologist Jane C . Wright , Grace Antikajian , and Dorothy Walker Jones . Her most influential mentors were her bacteriology professor James R . Hayden and her biochemistry professor M.J . Kopac . In recognition of her research achievements , Cobb was elected to the Institute of Medicine in the National Academy of Sciences in 1974 . She was also a member of the National Science Board from 1974 to 1980 . Additional societal contributions . Cobb was named Vice President of the Board for the 21st Century Foundation , dedicated to supporting the development of Black institutions that addressed issues in the Black community . Programs established by the organization included : economic , educational , and community development with the purpose of creating opportunities for people of color . She was also a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , which supported both women and people of color in the field . Cobb was one of seven recognized by the Oakland Museum Associations Cultural and Ethnic Affairs for her contributions to science and/or technology . The museums exhibition hoped to increase minority representation in the sciences by showcasing the accomplishments of people of color , including several of Cobbs findings . As the keynote speaker at the 1971 Wheaton College commencement , Cobb called for an alliance between the Womens Liberation Movement and the Black Liberation Movement . She called for the equality of women , the abolition of abortion laws , and the demand for public child care in particular . Final years and legacy . Many of the policies and programs Cobb initiated during her administrative careers take form in her 1979 paper , Filters for Women in Science , where she expressed concerns about female representation in science and engineering . Through an analogy connecting her passion for science and demand for equity , Cobb claimed that the characteristics of the filtrate passing through a filter are primarily determined by the size of the pores , which she connected with the limitations of female employment in science . Cobbs insistence on providing resources and programs to increase minority representation at her colleges of employment define her legacy outside of the laboratory . A former student , Timothy Yarboro , stated , I would not have become a doctor . Because of her , I knew it was possible . Cobb resided in Maplewood , New Jersey , until her death on January 1 , 2017 at the age of 92 . She was survived by her only child , Jonathan , a radiologist specializing in magnetic resonance imaging . Honors , awards , and memberships . - Honorary doctorates - Medical College of Pennsylvania - Northern University - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Rutgers University - Tuskegee University - Awards - Reginald Wilson Award - Candace Award , National Coalition of 100 Black Women , 1982 - 1999 Achievement in Excellence Award from the Center for Excellence in Education - Memberships - Human Resource Commission - Sigma Xi - National Academy of Sciences ( Institute of Medicine ) - National Science Foundation . - Allied Corporations board of directors - Tissue Culture Association of the Education Committee ( 1972-1974 ) - Marine Biological Laboratory - Board of Trustees for the Institute of Education Management Publications . - Cobb , Jewel Plummer , Dorothy G . Walker , and Jane C . Wright . Comparative chemotherapy studies on primary short-term cultures of human normal , benign , and malignant tumor tissues—a five-year study . Cancer research 21.5 ( 1961 ) : 583 . - Cobb , Jewel Plummer , and Dorothy G . Walker . Studies on Human Melanoma Cells in Tissue Culture I . Growth Characteristics and Cytology . Cancer research 20.6 ( 1960 ) : 858-867 . - Cobb , Jewel Plummer , and Dorothy G . Walker . Effect of Actinomycin D on Tissue Cultures of Normal and Neoplastic Cells23 . ( 1958 ) . - A National Assessment of Performance and Participation of Women in Mathematics , 1979 - A Study of the Learning Environment at Womens Colleges , 1981 - A Survey of Black American Doctorates , 1968 - A Survey of the Current Status and Plans of Colleges Traditionally for Women Only , 1972 - A Survey of Research Concerns on Womens Issues , 1975 - Academic Challenges , 1990 - Access and Power for Blacks in Higher Education , 1972 - Advancing Womens Leadership in Science , 1995 - An Assessment of Factors Affecting Female Participation in Advanced Placement Programs in Mathematics , Chemistry , and Physics , 1975 - An Impact Analysis of Sponsored Projects to Increase the Participation of Women in Careers in Science and Technology , 1977 - And Pleasantly Ignore my Sex , 1974 - Annual Report of the National Science Foundation Committee on Equal Opportunities in Science and Technology , 1982 - Black Initiative and Governmental Responsibility , 1987 - Campus 1970 , Where do Women Stand ? Research Report of a Survey on Women in Academe , 1970 - Careers in Science and Engineering for Black Americans , 1972 - Catalyst Annual Report , 1978-1979 - Changing America : The New Face of Science and Engineering , 1989 - College Resource Council—Study on Seniors and Freshman of a Number of Colleges Within the Member Group , u.d . - Committee on the Education and Employment of Women in Science and Engineering ( CEEWISE ) , 1977-1979 - Data on Women in Scientific Research , 1977 - Degree Awards to Women : An Update , 1979 - Degrees Granted and Enrollment Trends in Historically Black Colleges : An Eight-Year Study , 1965 - Department of Health , Education and Welfare- Statement by the Director , National Cancer Program , National Cancer Institute , 1975 External links . - Profile , Fullerton.edu ; accessed January 13 , 2018 . |
[
"Rutgers University"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Jewel Plummer Cobb work for from 1976 to 1981? | /wiki/Jewel_Plummer_Cobb#P108#2 | Jewel Plummer Cobb Jewel Plummer Cobb ( January 17 , 1924 – January 1 , 2017 ) was an American biologist , cancer researcher , professor , dean , and academic administrator . She contributed to the field of cancer research by studying the cure for melanoma . Cobb was an advocate for increasing the representation of women and students of color in universities , and she created programs to support students interested in pursuing graduate school . Early life . Jewel Isadora Plummer was the only child of Frank V . Plummer , and Carriebel ( Cole ) Plummer . Both of her parents used to live in Washington D.C . Her mother , Carriebel , found employment as a physical education and dance teacher who graduated from college with a B.A in interpretive dancing . She had re-entered college the same time Jewell enrolled resulting in both mother and daughter getting degrees in the same year . Jewells father , Frank , was the first black person to graduate with a Doctor of Medicine from Cornell University , becoming a physician specializing in dermatology . Plummers paternal grandfather was a freed slave who graduated from Howard University in 1898 making a living as a pharmacist . Cobbs economically privileged upbringing offered her a childhood of intellectual exploration . From her fathers scientific library to her education at several multiracial institutions , Cobb developed an interest in learning from a young age . Although she anticipated becoming a physical education teacher , her interest in science solidified during her sophomore year of high school whilst looking through a microscope in biology class . This interest was encouraged by her biology teacher and she was fascinated by books on microorganisms like Paul DeKruifs The Microbe Hunters . Higher education . Cobb matriculated at the University of Michigan in 1942 , but , dissatisfied with segregated housing for African-American students at Michigan , she transferred to Talladega College in Alabama . Talladega College did not accept transfer credits forcing Cobb to start anew . In spite of this , she completed her course work in three years instead of the standard four . She graduated with a B.A . in biology in 1944 and became a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority . Cobb initially was denied a fellowship for graduate study in biology at New York University , allegedly due to her race , but was granted the fellowship after an interview . She earned her M.S . degree from New York University in 1947 , and her Ph.D . degree with a focus on cell physiology in 1950 Her dissertation , Mechanisms of Pigment Formation , examined melanin pigment granules formations in vitro using the enzyme tyrosinase . In 1949 , she was appointed an independent investigator at Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory . In 2021 , the town re-named a road near the Marine Biological Laboratory Jewel Cobb Road in honor of Cobb . Professional life . After receiving her Ph.D , Cobb became a biology teaching fellow at New York University while also working for the National Cancer Institute at Harlem Hospital ( 1950-1952 ) . University of Illinois College of Medicine . From 1952-1954 Cobb was an instructor in anatomy in Chicago at the University of Illinois College of Medicine where she taught histology . Hunter College . Shortly thereafter , Cobb returned to New York , serving as an assistant professor for NYUs post graduate medical school ( 1955–60 ) , while also working as a visiting lecturer at Hunter College ( 1956–57 ) . Sarah Lawrence College . From 1960-69 , Cobb was employed as head of the biology laboratory at Sarah Lawrence College . While there , she conducted research for participants in the National Science Foundation . Connecticut College . Cobb served as a professor of Zoology and as Dean of Arts and Sciences at Connecticut College from July 1969 until July 1976 . Cobb was the first black Dean in the Colleges history . Upon accepting the position at Connecticut College , she expressed : This is a college in transition , moving forward at an exciting pace . We need more black students and teachers to help us formulate and carry out our bold new plans . During her time at Connecticut College , she implemented a Black Scholarship program that provided financial assistance to at least 37 Black undergraduates at the college . The scholarship intended to increase financial assistance needs for students of color . This work inspired similar programs at other universities . Cobb also established a Fifth Year Post-Baccalaureate Pre-Medical Program , which provided financial assistance and educational opportunities for minority students at the College who wanted to pursue careers in medicine or dentistry . Students were provided with resources for tutoring and counseling . Just five years after this program was established , these students were accepted into graduate programs , which included , Yale , Georgetown , and the University of Connecticut . While in Connecticut , Dr . Cobb also served as a member of the Lawrence and Memorial Hospital in New London , in addition to being elected Director of the American Council on Education , ( 1973-1976 ) . Dr Cobb , as member of the National Science Board and advisor to the American Association for the Advancement of Science , chaired a conference of 30 minority women scientists to provide recommendations to schools , policy-makers and the US government on how to recruit more women of color into the sciences . The highly influential report was published as The Double Bind : The Price of Being a Minority Woman in Science . Due to the many roles , Cobb worked long hours . She did laboratory work in the early morning followed by administrative work before teaching in the afternoons . Douglass Residential College . In July 1976 , Cobb decided to leave Connecticut College and become a dean and professor of Biological Sciences at Douglass Residential College at Rutgers University . Cobbs decision to leave was not premeditated , rather it centered on an interest in becoming a full-time administrator for the Womens division of Rutgers . Cobbs greatest hesitation in leaving the College concerned her inability to continue research to the same degree in her new role . While at Douglass , Cobb ( alongside nine other Americans ) was selected by the Rockefeller Foundation to participate in a global conference in Italy concerning the future of higher education for women . Additionally , in April 1978 , Cobb was nominated by President Carter as a member of the Board of Foreign Scholarships , best known as the organization responsible for determining Fulbright eligibility . California State University , Fullerton . Cobb was appointed President of California State University , Fullerton in 1981 where she began to improve campus facilities from the start of her term . Cobb was successful in obtaining funds for the construction of an Engineering and Computer Science Building which was constructed with state funds , as well as the Ruby Gerontology Center , which was the first building in the Colleges history to be funded through private donations . She also acquired financial capital for the construction of the first ever student residence on campus . The completion of this apartment complex was later named in her honor . Cobb also negotiated an agreement with the Marriott Corporation and the city of Fullerton for a lease to construct a hotel , allowing her to use available funds for the construction of a campus sports complex . The majority of the planning for the Science Laboratory Center , now called Dan Black Hall , was done while Cobb was president . At Fullerton , some faculty members did not share Cobbs interests in research and rebuilding , holding that the primary mission of the college was to teach . Her decision to enter into the agreement to build the hotel on campus and to add a satellite campus in the southern part of Orange County thus generated criticism on campus . Cobb brought both of these issues to the Faculty Senate for a vote . Both times , her decisions were upheld . In 1990 , aged 66 , she was forced to retire under a rule imposed by W . Ann Reynolds , the Chancellor of the California State University System , requiring all campus presidents aged 65 or older to retire . In response to her departure , Julian Foster , a campus leader and prominent political scientist , expressed Cobbs emphasis on research and scholarship to be her most important contribution to Cal State Fullerton . Shortly after retiring , Cobb was named California State University Trustee Professor for its Los Angeles division . In 1991 , she became the principal investigator at Southern California Science and Engineering ACCESS Center and Network , which assists middle school and high school students from disadvantaged backgrounds pursue a future in the fields of science and engineering . In 2001 , Cobb became the principal investigator for Science Technology Engineering Program ( STEP ) Up for Youth—ASCEND project at California State University , Los Angeles . She also was named and served as a member of the Caltech Board of Trustees . Research . Cobbs research included work on the relationship between melanin and skin damage , and on the effects of hormones , ultraviolet light , and chemotherapy agents on cell division . Cobb discovered that methotrexate was effective in the treatment of certain skin cancers , lung cancers , and childhood leukemia . This drug is still being used in chemotherapy today to give treatment to a variety of cancers and autoimmune diseases which includes : breast cancer , head and neck cancers , lung cancer , leukemia , and some types of lymphoma . Cobb was the first to publish data on actinomycin D and its ability to cause a reduction of nucleoli in the nucleus of normal and malignant human cells . She received a $5,000 grant from the American Cancer Society to continue her research inDirect Hormone Action to Human and Mouse Melanomas in Tissue Culture . This grant supported her research and a broader examination of pigment cell growth and differentiation in human and mouse melanomas . Other support for her cancer research came through her post-doctoral fellowship , research grants from the : Damon Runyon , National Science Foundation , National Cancer Institute , and Public Health Services . Cobb was part of the United States International Cancer congresses in London ( 1958 ) and Moscow ( 1962 ) and served on the advisory board to Mohegan Community College . She was awarded the National Institute of Health Fellowship for $68,000 , where she spent seven months in Naples , Italy continuing cell growth research at the International Laboratory of Genetics and Biophysics . Throughout her career , she collaborated with other notable researchers , including oncologist Jane C . Wright , Grace Antikajian , and Dorothy Walker Jones . Her most influential mentors were her bacteriology professor James R . Hayden and her biochemistry professor M.J . Kopac . In recognition of her research achievements , Cobb was elected to the Institute of Medicine in the National Academy of Sciences in 1974 . She was also a member of the National Science Board from 1974 to 1980 . Additional societal contributions . Cobb was named Vice President of the Board for the 21st Century Foundation , dedicated to supporting the development of Black institutions that addressed issues in the Black community . Programs established by the organization included : economic , educational , and community development with the purpose of creating opportunities for people of color . She was also a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , which supported both women and people of color in the field . Cobb was one of seven recognized by the Oakland Museum Associations Cultural and Ethnic Affairs for her contributions to science and/or technology . The museums exhibition hoped to increase minority representation in the sciences by showcasing the accomplishments of people of color , including several of Cobbs findings . As the keynote speaker at the 1971 Wheaton College commencement , Cobb called for an alliance between the Womens Liberation Movement and the Black Liberation Movement . She called for the equality of women , the abolition of abortion laws , and the demand for public child care in particular . Final years and legacy . Many of the policies and programs Cobb initiated during her administrative careers take form in her 1979 paper , Filters for Women in Science , where she expressed concerns about female representation in science and engineering . Through an analogy connecting her passion for science and demand for equity , Cobb claimed that the characteristics of the filtrate passing through a filter are primarily determined by the size of the pores , which she connected with the limitations of female employment in science . Cobbs insistence on providing resources and programs to increase minority representation at her colleges of employment define her legacy outside of the laboratory . A former student , Timothy Yarboro , stated , I would not have become a doctor . Because of her , I knew it was possible . Cobb resided in Maplewood , New Jersey , until her death on January 1 , 2017 at the age of 92 . She was survived by her only child , Jonathan , a radiologist specializing in magnetic resonance imaging . Honors , awards , and memberships . - Honorary doctorates - Medical College of Pennsylvania - Northern University - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Rutgers University - Tuskegee University - Awards - Reginald Wilson Award - Candace Award , National Coalition of 100 Black Women , 1982 - 1999 Achievement in Excellence Award from the Center for Excellence in Education - Memberships - Human Resource Commission - Sigma Xi - National Academy of Sciences ( Institute of Medicine ) - National Science Foundation . - Allied Corporations board of directors - Tissue Culture Association of the Education Committee ( 1972-1974 ) - Marine Biological Laboratory - Board of Trustees for the Institute of Education Management Publications . - Cobb , Jewel Plummer , Dorothy G . Walker , and Jane C . Wright . Comparative chemotherapy studies on primary short-term cultures of human normal , benign , and malignant tumor tissues—a five-year study . Cancer research 21.5 ( 1961 ) : 583 . - Cobb , Jewel Plummer , and Dorothy G . Walker . Studies on Human Melanoma Cells in Tissue Culture I . Growth Characteristics and Cytology . Cancer research 20.6 ( 1960 ) : 858-867 . - Cobb , Jewel Plummer , and Dorothy G . Walker . Effect of Actinomycin D on Tissue Cultures of Normal and Neoplastic Cells23 . ( 1958 ) . - A National Assessment of Performance and Participation of Women in Mathematics , 1979 - A Study of the Learning Environment at Womens Colleges , 1981 - A Survey of Black American Doctorates , 1968 - A Survey of the Current Status and Plans of Colleges Traditionally for Women Only , 1972 - A Survey of Research Concerns on Womens Issues , 1975 - Academic Challenges , 1990 - Access and Power for Blacks in Higher Education , 1972 - Advancing Womens Leadership in Science , 1995 - An Assessment of Factors Affecting Female Participation in Advanced Placement Programs in Mathematics , Chemistry , and Physics , 1975 - An Impact Analysis of Sponsored Projects to Increase the Participation of Women in Careers in Science and Technology , 1977 - And Pleasantly Ignore my Sex , 1974 - Annual Report of the National Science Foundation Committee on Equal Opportunities in Science and Technology , 1982 - Black Initiative and Governmental Responsibility , 1987 - Campus 1970 , Where do Women Stand ? Research Report of a Survey on Women in Academe , 1970 - Careers in Science and Engineering for Black Americans , 1972 - Catalyst Annual Report , 1978-1979 - Changing America : The New Face of Science and Engineering , 1989 - College Resource Council—Study on Seniors and Freshman of a Number of Colleges Within the Member Group , u.d . - Committee on the Education and Employment of Women in Science and Engineering ( CEEWISE ) , 1977-1979 - Data on Women in Scientific Research , 1977 - Degree Awards to Women : An Update , 1979 - Degrees Granted and Enrollment Trends in Historically Black Colleges : An Eight-Year Study , 1965 - Department of Health , Education and Welfare- Statement by the Director , National Cancer Program , National Cancer Institute , 1975 External links . - Profile , Fullerton.edu ; accessed January 13 , 2018 . |
[
"California State University , Fullerton"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Jewel Plummer Cobb work for from 1981 to 1990? | /wiki/Jewel_Plummer_Cobb#P108#3 | Jewel Plummer Cobb Jewel Plummer Cobb ( January 17 , 1924 – January 1 , 2017 ) was an American biologist , cancer researcher , professor , dean , and academic administrator . She contributed to the field of cancer research by studying the cure for melanoma . Cobb was an advocate for increasing the representation of women and students of color in universities , and she created programs to support students interested in pursuing graduate school . Early life . Jewel Isadora Plummer was the only child of Frank V . Plummer , and Carriebel ( Cole ) Plummer . Both of her parents used to live in Washington D.C . Her mother , Carriebel , found employment as a physical education and dance teacher who graduated from college with a B.A in interpretive dancing . She had re-entered college the same time Jewell enrolled resulting in both mother and daughter getting degrees in the same year . Jewells father , Frank , was the first black person to graduate with a Doctor of Medicine from Cornell University , becoming a physician specializing in dermatology . Plummers paternal grandfather was a freed slave who graduated from Howard University in 1898 making a living as a pharmacist . Cobbs economically privileged upbringing offered her a childhood of intellectual exploration . From her fathers scientific library to her education at several multiracial institutions , Cobb developed an interest in learning from a young age . Although she anticipated becoming a physical education teacher , her interest in science solidified during her sophomore year of high school whilst looking through a microscope in biology class . This interest was encouraged by her biology teacher and she was fascinated by books on microorganisms like Paul DeKruifs The Microbe Hunters . Higher education . Cobb matriculated at the University of Michigan in 1942 , but , dissatisfied with segregated housing for African-American students at Michigan , she transferred to Talladega College in Alabama . Talladega College did not accept transfer credits forcing Cobb to start anew . In spite of this , she completed her course work in three years instead of the standard four . She graduated with a B.A . in biology in 1944 and became a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority . Cobb initially was denied a fellowship for graduate study in biology at New York University , allegedly due to her race , but was granted the fellowship after an interview . She earned her M.S . degree from New York University in 1947 , and her Ph.D . degree with a focus on cell physiology in 1950 Her dissertation , Mechanisms of Pigment Formation , examined melanin pigment granules formations in vitro using the enzyme tyrosinase . In 1949 , she was appointed an independent investigator at Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory . In 2021 , the town re-named a road near the Marine Biological Laboratory Jewel Cobb Road in honor of Cobb . Professional life . After receiving her Ph.D , Cobb became a biology teaching fellow at New York University while also working for the National Cancer Institute at Harlem Hospital ( 1950-1952 ) . University of Illinois College of Medicine . From 1952-1954 Cobb was an instructor in anatomy in Chicago at the University of Illinois College of Medicine where she taught histology . Hunter College . Shortly thereafter , Cobb returned to New York , serving as an assistant professor for NYUs post graduate medical school ( 1955–60 ) , while also working as a visiting lecturer at Hunter College ( 1956–57 ) . Sarah Lawrence College . From 1960-69 , Cobb was employed as head of the biology laboratory at Sarah Lawrence College . While there , she conducted research for participants in the National Science Foundation . Connecticut College . Cobb served as a professor of Zoology and as Dean of Arts and Sciences at Connecticut College from July 1969 until July 1976 . Cobb was the first black Dean in the Colleges history . Upon accepting the position at Connecticut College , she expressed : This is a college in transition , moving forward at an exciting pace . We need more black students and teachers to help us formulate and carry out our bold new plans . During her time at Connecticut College , she implemented a Black Scholarship program that provided financial assistance to at least 37 Black undergraduates at the college . The scholarship intended to increase financial assistance needs for students of color . This work inspired similar programs at other universities . Cobb also established a Fifth Year Post-Baccalaureate Pre-Medical Program , which provided financial assistance and educational opportunities for minority students at the College who wanted to pursue careers in medicine or dentistry . Students were provided with resources for tutoring and counseling . Just five years after this program was established , these students were accepted into graduate programs , which included , Yale , Georgetown , and the University of Connecticut . While in Connecticut , Dr . Cobb also served as a member of the Lawrence and Memorial Hospital in New London , in addition to being elected Director of the American Council on Education , ( 1973-1976 ) . Dr Cobb , as member of the National Science Board and advisor to the American Association for the Advancement of Science , chaired a conference of 30 minority women scientists to provide recommendations to schools , policy-makers and the US government on how to recruit more women of color into the sciences . The highly influential report was published as The Double Bind : The Price of Being a Minority Woman in Science . Due to the many roles , Cobb worked long hours . She did laboratory work in the early morning followed by administrative work before teaching in the afternoons . Douglass Residential College . In July 1976 , Cobb decided to leave Connecticut College and become a dean and professor of Biological Sciences at Douglass Residential College at Rutgers University . Cobbs decision to leave was not premeditated , rather it centered on an interest in becoming a full-time administrator for the Womens division of Rutgers . Cobbs greatest hesitation in leaving the College concerned her inability to continue research to the same degree in her new role . While at Douglass , Cobb ( alongside nine other Americans ) was selected by the Rockefeller Foundation to participate in a global conference in Italy concerning the future of higher education for women . Additionally , in April 1978 , Cobb was nominated by President Carter as a member of the Board of Foreign Scholarships , best known as the organization responsible for determining Fulbright eligibility . California State University , Fullerton . Cobb was appointed President of California State University , Fullerton in 1981 where she began to improve campus facilities from the start of her term . Cobb was successful in obtaining funds for the construction of an Engineering and Computer Science Building which was constructed with state funds , as well as the Ruby Gerontology Center , which was the first building in the Colleges history to be funded through private donations . She also acquired financial capital for the construction of the first ever student residence on campus . The completion of this apartment complex was later named in her honor . Cobb also negotiated an agreement with the Marriott Corporation and the city of Fullerton for a lease to construct a hotel , allowing her to use available funds for the construction of a campus sports complex . The majority of the planning for the Science Laboratory Center , now called Dan Black Hall , was done while Cobb was president . At Fullerton , some faculty members did not share Cobbs interests in research and rebuilding , holding that the primary mission of the college was to teach . Her decision to enter into the agreement to build the hotel on campus and to add a satellite campus in the southern part of Orange County thus generated criticism on campus . Cobb brought both of these issues to the Faculty Senate for a vote . Both times , her decisions were upheld . In 1990 , aged 66 , she was forced to retire under a rule imposed by W . Ann Reynolds , the Chancellor of the California State University System , requiring all campus presidents aged 65 or older to retire . In response to her departure , Julian Foster , a campus leader and prominent political scientist , expressed Cobbs emphasis on research and scholarship to be her most important contribution to Cal State Fullerton . Shortly after retiring , Cobb was named California State University Trustee Professor for its Los Angeles division . In 1991 , she became the principal investigator at Southern California Science and Engineering ACCESS Center and Network , which assists middle school and high school students from disadvantaged backgrounds pursue a future in the fields of science and engineering . In 2001 , Cobb became the principal investigator for Science Technology Engineering Program ( STEP ) Up for Youth—ASCEND project at California State University , Los Angeles . She also was named and served as a member of the Caltech Board of Trustees . Research . Cobbs research included work on the relationship between melanin and skin damage , and on the effects of hormones , ultraviolet light , and chemotherapy agents on cell division . Cobb discovered that methotrexate was effective in the treatment of certain skin cancers , lung cancers , and childhood leukemia . This drug is still being used in chemotherapy today to give treatment to a variety of cancers and autoimmune diseases which includes : breast cancer , head and neck cancers , lung cancer , leukemia , and some types of lymphoma . Cobb was the first to publish data on actinomycin D and its ability to cause a reduction of nucleoli in the nucleus of normal and malignant human cells . She received a $5,000 grant from the American Cancer Society to continue her research inDirect Hormone Action to Human and Mouse Melanomas in Tissue Culture . This grant supported her research and a broader examination of pigment cell growth and differentiation in human and mouse melanomas . Other support for her cancer research came through her post-doctoral fellowship , research grants from the : Damon Runyon , National Science Foundation , National Cancer Institute , and Public Health Services . Cobb was part of the United States International Cancer congresses in London ( 1958 ) and Moscow ( 1962 ) and served on the advisory board to Mohegan Community College . She was awarded the National Institute of Health Fellowship for $68,000 , where she spent seven months in Naples , Italy continuing cell growth research at the International Laboratory of Genetics and Biophysics . Throughout her career , she collaborated with other notable researchers , including oncologist Jane C . Wright , Grace Antikajian , and Dorothy Walker Jones . Her most influential mentors were her bacteriology professor James R . Hayden and her biochemistry professor M.J . Kopac . In recognition of her research achievements , Cobb was elected to the Institute of Medicine in the National Academy of Sciences in 1974 . She was also a member of the National Science Board from 1974 to 1980 . Additional societal contributions . Cobb was named Vice President of the Board for the 21st Century Foundation , dedicated to supporting the development of Black institutions that addressed issues in the Black community . Programs established by the organization included : economic , educational , and community development with the purpose of creating opportunities for people of color . She was also a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , which supported both women and people of color in the field . Cobb was one of seven recognized by the Oakland Museum Associations Cultural and Ethnic Affairs for her contributions to science and/or technology . The museums exhibition hoped to increase minority representation in the sciences by showcasing the accomplishments of people of color , including several of Cobbs findings . As the keynote speaker at the 1971 Wheaton College commencement , Cobb called for an alliance between the Womens Liberation Movement and the Black Liberation Movement . She called for the equality of women , the abolition of abortion laws , and the demand for public child care in particular . Final years and legacy . Many of the policies and programs Cobb initiated during her administrative careers take form in her 1979 paper , Filters for Women in Science , where she expressed concerns about female representation in science and engineering . Through an analogy connecting her passion for science and demand for equity , Cobb claimed that the characteristics of the filtrate passing through a filter are primarily determined by the size of the pores , which she connected with the limitations of female employment in science . Cobbs insistence on providing resources and programs to increase minority representation at her colleges of employment define her legacy outside of the laboratory . A former student , Timothy Yarboro , stated , I would not have become a doctor . Because of her , I knew it was possible . Cobb resided in Maplewood , New Jersey , until her death on January 1 , 2017 at the age of 92 . She was survived by her only child , Jonathan , a radiologist specializing in magnetic resonance imaging . Honors , awards , and memberships . - Honorary doctorates - Medical College of Pennsylvania - Northern University - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Rutgers University - Tuskegee University - Awards - Reginald Wilson Award - Candace Award , National Coalition of 100 Black Women , 1982 - 1999 Achievement in Excellence Award from the Center for Excellence in Education - Memberships - Human Resource Commission - Sigma Xi - National Academy of Sciences ( Institute of Medicine ) - National Science Foundation . - Allied Corporations board of directors - Tissue Culture Association of the Education Committee ( 1972-1974 ) - Marine Biological Laboratory - Board of Trustees for the Institute of Education Management Publications . - Cobb , Jewel Plummer , Dorothy G . Walker , and Jane C . Wright . Comparative chemotherapy studies on primary short-term cultures of human normal , benign , and malignant tumor tissues—a five-year study . Cancer research 21.5 ( 1961 ) : 583 . - Cobb , Jewel Plummer , and Dorothy G . Walker . Studies on Human Melanoma Cells in Tissue Culture I . Growth Characteristics and Cytology . Cancer research 20.6 ( 1960 ) : 858-867 . - Cobb , Jewel Plummer , and Dorothy G . Walker . Effect of Actinomycin D on Tissue Cultures of Normal and Neoplastic Cells23 . ( 1958 ) . - A National Assessment of Performance and Participation of Women in Mathematics , 1979 - A Study of the Learning Environment at Womens Colleges , 1981 - A Survey of Black American Doctorates , 1968 - A Survey of the Current Status and Plans of Colleges Traditionally for Women Only , 1972 - A Survey of Research Concerns on Womens Issues , 1975 - Academic Challenges , 1990 - Access and Power for Blacks in Higher Education , 1972 - Advancing Womens Leadership in Science , 1995 - An Assessment of Factors Affecting Female Participation in Advanced Placement Programs in Mathematics , Chemistry , and Physics , 1975 - An Impact Analysis of Sponsored Projects to Increase the Participation of Women in Careers in Science and Technology , 1977 - And Pleasantly Ignore my Sex , 1974 - Annual Report of the National Science Foundation Committee on Equal Opportunities in Science and Technology , 1982 - Black Initiative and Governmental Responsibility , 1987 - Campus 1970 , Where do Women Stand ? Research Report of a Survey on Women in Academe , 1970 - Careers in Science and Engineering for Black Americans , 1972 - Catalyst Annual Report , 1978-1979 - Changing America : The New Face of Science and Engineering , 1989 - College Resource Council—Study on Seniors and Freshman of a Number of Colleges Within the Member Group , u.d . - Committee on the Education and Employment of Women in Science and Engineering ( CEEWISE ) , 1977-1979 - Data on Women in Scientific Research , 1977 - Degree Awards to Women : An Update , 1979 - Degrees Granted and Enrollment Trends in Historically Black Colleges : An Eight-Year Study , 1965 - Department of Health , Education and Welfare- Statement by the Director , National Cancer Program , National Cancer Institute , 1975 External links . - Profile , Fullerton.edu ; accessed January 13 , 2018 . |
[
"Deportiva Francesa"
] | easy | Which team did Juan Martín Hernández play for from 2002 to 2003? | /wiki/Juan_Martín_Hernández#P54#0 | Juan Martín Hernández Juan Martín Hernández ( born August 7 , 1982 in Buenos Aires ) is a retired Argentine rugby union player . A mainstay of the Argentina national team The Pumas . He played for the club Toulon in the French Top 14 competition . His 2010 move to Racing brought him back to the city where he had begun his professional career in 2003 with Stade Français . He has also played in the South African Currie Cup with the , and was slated to play with the Sharks in Super Rugby in 2010 , but suffered a back injury that knocked him out of the Super Rugby season . Hernández is a utility back capable of playing at fly-half , centre , or fullback , though he generally prefers fly-half . Hernández made his test debut for Los Pumas against Paraguay on April 2003 . Since then he has accumulated over 50 caps for his national team . He retired in April 2018 following a knee injury . Family . His uncle Patricio Hernández was part of the Argentine football squad for the 1982 FIFA World Cup . His sister María de la Paz Hernández , won the silver medal with the Argentina field hockey team at the 2000 Summer Olympics , bronze medals at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics and the World Cup in 2002 . Career . Club . Hernández began his rugby career at the amateur club Deportiva Francesa in Buenos Aires . In 2003 , he moved to Paris to play professionally for Stade Français , one of the top clubs in France and Europe . He saw considerable success with Stade Français ; winning the domestic championship in 2004 , as well as being runners-up in the domestic championship and the European Heineken Cup in 2005 . In 2006 , he was named fullback of the year . This award has coincided with many commentators naming Hernández as the worlds best fullback . On 27 July 2009 , Hernández signed with South Africas KwaZulu-Natal Rugby Union , operator of the in the Currie Cup and the Sharks in the Super 14 , on a one-year contract . He took on a coaching role at the clubs academy , helping young players at grass roots level . In December 2009 , the French rugby magazine Midi Olympique reported that Hernández had signed a deal with Paris other Top 14 club , Racing Métro , and would return to France after the 2010 Super 14 season . In early January 2010 , it was announced that Hernández would be sidelined for at least 6 months following a back operation . He thus played no part in the Sharks 2010 Super 14 campaign . International . Hernández made his debut for Argentina against Paraguay on 27 April 2003 . Appearing in the starting line up , he helped the Pumas to a 144-0 victory . Following a further five Tests for Argentina in May , June and August 2003 , Hernández was included in Argentinas squad for the 2003 Rugby World Cup . He came on in the opening game of the tournament against the Wallabies , as well as starting in the games against Namibia and Romania . Following the 2003 World Cup , Hernández next played for Argentina in November 2004 , starting against France , Ireland and the Springboks . He earned another three Test caps on the November tour the following season . He was then capped twice against Wales and once against the All Blacks . Hernández was unexpectedly picked at outside half for the opening game of the 2007 Rugby World Cup against France on 7 September 2007 . His scintillating form , particularly with the boot , kept him as first choice in that position during Argentinas run to the semi-finals , and he subsequently scored three drop goals in the pool match with Ireland and another in the quarter final victory over Scotland . Hernández was nominated by the IRB as one of the five candidates for the 2007 International Player of the Year award , which was won by Bryan Habana . Before the 2011 Rugby World Cup , Hernández was named on a list of candidates for the greatest fly half in Rugby World Cup history . The Pumas wouldnt need to delay long to battle their southern hemisphere competitors while they were contained in the Tri-Places for that start of the 2012 Rugby Title . After a remarkable time for Rushing Neighborhood , Hernandez was back to his greatest and appeared set-to enjoy a key position in the contest for that Pumas . Hernández was part of the national squad that competes in the Rugby Championship . He was part of the national squad that competed at the 2015 Rugby World Cup . Statistics . Tests . - 2009 : 6/6 vs . England ; 13/6 vs . England - 2008 : 28/6 vs . Italy ; 8/11 vs . France ; 15/8 vs . Italy - 2007 ( all Rugby World Cup ) : 7/9 vs . France , 11/9 vs . Georgia ; 30/9 vs . Ireland ; 7/10 vs . Scotland ( QF ) ; 14/10 vs . South Africa ( SF ) ; 19/10 vs . France ( 3rd place ) - 2006 : 17/6 vs . Wales ; 24/6 vs . New Zealand ; 11/11 vs . England ; 18/11 vs . Italy ; 25/11 vs . France ( 1 try ) - 2005 : 5/11 vs . South Africa ; 12/11 vs . Scotland ] ; 19/11 vs . Italy - 2004 : 20/11 : vs . France ; 27/11 : vs . Ireland ; 4/12 : vs . South Africa - 2003 : 27/4 : vs . Paraguay ; 3/5 : vs . Uruguay ; 14/6 : vs . France ; 20/6 : vs . France ( 1 try ) ; 28/6 : vs . South Africa ( 1 try ) ; 30/8 vs . Canada . Rugby World Cup : 10/10 : vs . Australia ; 14/10 : vs . Namibia ; 22/10 : vs . Romania ( 2 tries ) Tours . - 2009 : England ( first June Test , originally scheduled for Argentina but moved by the national federation to Old Trafford ) - 2008 : Italy & France - 2007 : England ( vs Northampton and Leicester ) - 2006 : England , Italy & France - 2005 : Scotland & Italy - 2004 : France & Ireland - 2003 : South Africa - Australia Rugby World Cup - 2002 : Italy & Ireland Honours . Stade Français - Top 14 : 2003–04 , 2006–07 External links . - Juan Martín Hernández at UAR.com.ar - Stade Français - Juan Martin Hernandez “El Mago” in story life - VIDEO : Incredible banana-swerve kick vs the All Blacks in 2012 |
[
"Argentina"
] | easy | Which team did the player Juan Martín Hernández belong to from 2003 to 2009? | /wiki/Juan_Martín_Hernández#P54#1 | Juan Martín Hernández Juan Martín Hernández ( born August 7 , 1982 in Buenos Aires ) is a retired Argentine rugby union player . A mainstay of the Argentina national team The Pumas . He played for the club Toulon in the French Top 14 competition . His 2010 move to Racing brought him back to the city where he had begun his professional career in 2003 with Stade Français . He has also played in the South African Currie Cup with the , and was slated to play with the Sharks in Super Rugby in 2010 , but suffered a back injury that knocked him out of the Super Rugby season . Hernández is a utility back capable of playing at fly-half , centre , or fullback , though he generally prefers fly-half . Hernández made his test debut for Los Pumas against Paraguay on April 2003 . Since then he has accumulated over 50 caps for his national team . He retired in April 2018 following a knee injury . Family . His uncle Patricio Hernández was part of the Argentine football squad for the 1982 FIFA World Cup . His sister María de la Paz Hernández , won the silver medal with the Argentina field hockey team at the 2000 Summer Olympics , bronze medals at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics and the World Cup in 2002 . Career . Club . Hernández began his rugby career at the amateur club Deportiva Francesa in Buenos Aires . In 2003 , he moved to Paris to play professionally for Stade Français , one of the top clubs in France and Europe . He saw considerable success with Stade Français ; winning the domestic championship in 2004 , as well as being runners-up in the domestic championship and the European Heineken Cup in 2005 . In 2006 , he was named fullback of the year . This award has coincided with many commentators naming Hernández as the worlds best fullback . On 27 July 2009 , Hernández signed with South Africas KwaZulu-Natal Rugby Union , operator of the in the Currie Cup and the Sharks in the Super 14 , on a one-year contract . He took on a coaching role at the clubs academy , helping young players at grass roots level . In December 2009 , the French rugby magazine Midi Olympique reported that Hernández had signed a deal with Paris other Top 14 club , Racing Métro , and would return to France after the 2010 Super 14 season . In early January 2010 , it was announced that Hernández would be sidelined for at least 6 months following a back operation . He thus played no part in the Sharks 2010 Super 14 campaign . International . Hernández made his debut for Argentina against Paraguay on 27 April 2003 . Appearing in the starting line up , he helped the Pumas to a 144-0 victory . Following a further five Tests for Argentina in May , June and August 2003 , Hernández was included in Argentinas squad for the 2003 Rugby World Cup . He came on in the opening game of the tournament against the Wallabies , as well as starting in the games against Namibia and Romania . Following the 2003 World Cup , Hernández next played for Argentina in November 2004 , starting against France , Ireland and the Springboks . He earned another three Test caps on the November tour the following season . He was then capped twice against Wales and once against the All Blacks . Hernández was unexpectedly picked at outside half for the opening game of the 2007 Rugby World Cup against France on 7 September 2007 . His scintillating form , particularly with the boot , kept him as first choice in that position during Argentinas run to the semi-finals , and he subsequently scored three drop goals in the pool match with Ireland and another in the quarter final victory over Scotland . Hernández was nominated by the IRB as one of the five candidates for the 2007 International Player of the Year award , which was won by Bryan Habana . Before the 2011 Rugby World Cup , Hernández was named on a list of candidates for the greatest fly half in Rugby World Cup history . The Pumas wouldnt need to delay long to battle their southern hemisphere competitors while they were contained in the Tri-Places for that start of the 2012 Rugby Title . After a remarkable time for Rushing Neighborhood , Hernandez was back to his greatest and appeared set-to enjoy a key position in the contest for that Pumas . Hernández was part of the national squad that competes in the Rugby Championship . He was part of the national squad that competed at the 2015 Rugby World Cup . Statistics . Tests . - 2009 : 6/6 vs . England ; 13/6 vs . England - 2008 : 28/6 vs . Italy ; 8/11 vs . France ; 15/8 vs . Italy - 2007 ( all Rugby World Cup ) : 7/9 vs . France , 11/9 vs . Georgia ; 30/9 vs . Ireland ; 7/10 vs . Scotland ( QF ) ; 14/10 vs . South Africa ( SF ) ; 19/10 vs . France ( 3rd place ) - 2006 : 17/6 vs . Wales ; 24/6 vs . New Zealand ; 11/11 vs . England ; 18/11 vs . Italy ; 25/11 vs . France ( 1 try ) - 2005 : 5/11 vs . South Africa ; 12/11 vs . Scotland ] ; 19/11 vs . Italy - 2004 : 20/11 : vs . France ; 27/11 : vs . Ireland ; 4/12 : vs . South Africa - 2003 : 27/4 : vs . Paraguay ; 3/5 : vs . Uruguay ; 14/6 : vs . France ; 20/6 : vs . France ( 1 try ) ; 28/6 : vs . South Africa ( 1 try ) ; 30/8 vs . Canada . Rugby World Cup : 10/10 : vs . Australia ; 14/10 : vs . Namibia ; 22/10 : vs . Romania ( 2 tries ) Tours . - 2009 : England ( first June Test , originally scheduled for Argentina but moved by the national federation to Old Trafford ) - 2008 : Italy & France - 2007 : England ( vs Northampton and Leicester ) - 2006 : England , Italy & France - 2005 : Scotland & Italy - 2004 : France & Ireland - 2003 : South Africa - Australia Rugby World Cup - 2002 : Italy & Ireland Honours . Stade Français - Top 14 : 2003–04 , 2006–07 External links . - Juan Martín Hernández at UAR.com.ar - Stade Français - Juan Martin Hernandez “El Mago” in story life - VIDEO : Incredible banana-swerve kick vs the All Blacks in 2012 |
[
"Argentina",
"KwaZulu-Natal"
] | easy | Which team did Juan Martín Hernández play for from 2009 to 2010? | /wiki/Juan_Martín_Hernández#P54#2 | Juan Martín Hernández Juan Martín Hernández ( born August 7 , 1982 in Buenos Aires ) is a retired Argentine rugby union player . A mainstay of the Argentina national team The Pumas . He played for the club Toulon in the French Top 14 competition . His 2010 move to Racing brought him back to the city where he had begun his professional career in 2003 with Stade Français . He has also played in the South African Currie Cup with the , and was slated to play with the Sharks in Super Rugby in 2010 , but suffered a back injury that knocked him out of the Super Rugby season . Hernández is a utility back capable of playing at fly-half , centre , or fullback , though he generally prefers fly-half . Hernández made his test debut for Los Pumas against Paraguay on April 2003 . Since then he has accumulated over 50 caps for his national team . He retired in April 2018 following a knee injury . Family . His uncle Patricio Hernández was part of the Argentine football squad for the 1982 FIFA World Cup . His sister María de la Paz Hernández , won the silver medal with the Argentina field hockey team at the 2000 Summer Olympics , bronze medals at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics and the World Cup in 2002 . Career . Club . Hernández began his rugby career at the amateur club Deportiva Francesa in Buenos Aires . In 2003 , he moved to Paris to play professionally for Stade Français , one of the top clubs in France and Europe . He saw considerable success with Stade Français ; winning the domestic championship in 2004 , as well as being runners-up in the domestic championship and the European Heineken Cup in 2005 . In 2006 , he was named fullback of the year . This award has coincided with many commentators naming Hernández as the worlds best fullback . On 27 July 2009 , Hernández signed with South Africas KwaZulu-Natal Rugby Union , operator of the in the Currie Cup and the Sharks in the Super 14 , on a one-year contract . He took on a coaching role at the clubs academy , helping young players at grass roots level . In December 2009 , the French rugby magazine Midi Olympique reported that Hernández had signed a deal with Paris other Top 14 club , Racing Métro , and would return to France after the 2010 Super 14 season . In early January 2010 , it was announced that Hernández would be sidelined for at least 6 months following a back operation . He thus played no part in the Sharks 2010 Super 14 campaign . International . Hernández made his debut for Argentina against Paraguay on 27 April 2003 . Appearing in the starting line up , he helped the Pumas to a 144-0 victory . Following a further five Tests for Argentina in May , June and August 2003 , Hernández was included in Argentinas squad for the 2003 Rugby World Cup . He came on in the opening game of the tournament against the Wallabies , as well as starting in the games against Namibia and Romania . Following the 2003 World Cup , Hernández next played for Argentina in November 2004 , starting against France , Ireland and the Springboks . He earned another three Test caps on the November tour the following season . He was then capped twice against Wales and once against the All Blacks . Hernández was unexpectedly picked at outside half for the opening game of the 2007 Rugby World Cup against France on 7 September 2007 . His scintillating form , particularly with the boot , kept him as first choice in that position during Argentinas run to the semi-finals , and he subsequently scored three drop goals in the pool match with Ireland and another in the quarter final victory over Scotland . Hernández was nominated by the IRB as one of the five candidates for the 2007 International Player of the Year award , which was won by Bryan Habana . Before the 2011 Rugby World Cup , Hernández was named on a list of candidates for the greatest fly half in Rugby World Cup history . The Pumas wouldnt need to delay long to battle their southern hemisphere competitors while they were contained in the Tri-Places for that start of the 2012 Rugby Title . After a remarkable time for Rushing Neighborhood , Hernandez was back to his greatest and appeared set-to enjoy a key position in the contest for that Pumas . Hernández was part of the national squad that competes in the Rugby Championship . He was part of the national squad that competed at the 2015 Rugby World Cup . Statistics . Tests . - 2009 : 6/6 vs . England ; 13/6 vs . England - 2008 : 28/6 vs . Italy ; 8/11 vs . France ; 15/8 vs . Italy - 2007 ( all Rugby World Cup ) : 7/9 vs . France , 11/9 vs . Georgia ; 30/9 vs . Ireland ; 7/10 vs . Scotland ( QF ) ; 14/10 vs . South Africa ( SF ) ; 19/10 vs . France ( 3rd place ) - 2006 : 17/6 vs . Wales ; 24/6 vs . New Zealand ; 11/11 vs . England ; 18/11 vs . Italy ; 25/11 vs . France ( 1 try ) - 2005 : 5/11 vs . South Africa ; 12/11 vs . Scotland ] ; 19/11 vs . Italy - 2004 : 20/11 : vs . France ; 27/11 : vs . Ireland ; 4/12 : vs . South Africa - 2003 : 27/4 : vs . Paraguay ; 3/5 : vs . Uruguay ; 14/6 : vs . France ; 20/6 : vs . France ( 1 try ) ; 28/6 : vs . South Africa ( 1 try ) ; 30/8 vs . Canada . Rugby World Cup : 10/10 : vs . Australia ; 14/10 : vs . Namibia ; 22/10 : vs . Romania ( 2 tries ) Tours . - 2009 : England ( first June Test , originally scheduled for Argentina but moved by the national federation to Old Trafford ) - 2008 : Italy & France - 2007 : England ( vs Northampton and Leicester ) - 2006 : England , Italy & France - 2005 : Scotland & Italy - 2004 : France & Ireland - 2003 : South Africa - Australia Rugby World Cup - 2002 : Italy & Ireland Honours . Stade Français - Top 14 : 2003–04 , 2006–07 External links . - Juan Martín Hernández at UAR.com.ar - Stade Français - Juan Martin Hernandez “El Mago” in story life - VIDEO : Incredible banana-swerve kick vs the All Blacks in 2012 |
[
"Argentina",
"Racing Métro"
] | easy | Which team did Juan Martín Hernández play for from 2010 to 2014? | /wiki/Juan_Martín_Hernández#P54#3 | Juan Martín Hernández Juan Martín Hernández ( born August 7 , 1982 in Buenos Aires ) is a retired Argentine rugby union player . A mainstay of the Argentina national team The Pumas . He played for the club Toulon in the French Top 14 competition . His 2010 move to Racing brought him back to the city where he had begun his professional career in 2003 with Stade Français . He has also played in the South African Currie Cup with the , and was slated to play with the Sharks in Super Rugby in 2010 , but suffered a back injury that knocked him out of the Super Rugby season . Hernández is a utility back capable of playing at fly-half , centre , or fullback , though he generally prefers fly-half . Hernández made his test debut for Los Pumas against Paraguay on April 2003 . Since then he has accumulated over 50 caps for his national team . He retired in April 2018 following a knee injury . Family . His uncle Patricio Hernández was part of the Argentine football squad for the 1982 FIFA World Cup . His sister María de la Paz Hernández , won the silver medal with the Argentina field hockey team at the 2000 Summer Olympics , bronze medals at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics and the World Cup in 2002 . Career . Club . Hernández began his rugby career at the amateur club Deportiva Francesa in Buenos Aires . In 2003 , he moved to Paris to play professionally for Stade Français , one of the top clubs in France and Europe . He saw considerable success with Stade Français ; winning the domestic championship in 2004 , as well as being runners-up in the domestic championship and the European Heineken Cup in 2005 . In 2006 , he was named fullback of the year . This award has coincided with many commentators naming Hernández as the worlds best fullback . On 27 July 2009 , Hernández signed with South Africas KwaZulu-Natal Rugby Union , operator of the in the Currie Cup and the Sharks in the Super 14 , on a one-year contract . He took on a coaching role at the clubs academy , helping young players at grass roots level . In December 2009 , the French rugby magazine Midi Olympique reported that Hernández had signed a deal with Paris other Top 14 club , Racing Métro , and would return to France after the 2010 Super 14 season . In early January 2010 , it was announced that Hernández would be sidelined for at least 6 months following a back operation . He thus played no part in the Sharks 2010 Super 14 campaign . International . Hernández made his debut for Argentina against Paraguay on 27 April 2003 . Appearing in the starting line up , he helped the Pumas to a 144-0 victory . Following a further five Tests for Argentina in May , June and August 2003 , Hernández was included in Argentinas squad for the 2003 Rugby World Cup . He came on in the opening game of the tournament against the Wallabies , as well as starting in the games against Namibia and Romania . Following the 2003 World Cup , Hernández next played for Argentina in November 2004 , starting against France , Ireland and the Springboks . He earned another three Test caps on the November tour the following season . He was then capped twice against Wales and once against the All Blacks . Hernández was unexpectedly picked at outside half for the opening game of the 2007 Rugby World Cup against France on 7 September 2007 . His scintillating form , particularly with the boot , kept him as first choice in that position during Argentinas run to the semi-finals , and he subsequently scored three drop goals in the pool match with Ireland and another in the quarter final victory over Scotland . Hernández was nominated by the IRB as one of the five candidates for the 2007 International Player of the Year award , which was won by Bryan Habana . Before the 2011 Rugby World Cup , Hernández was named on a list of candidates for the greatest fly half in Rugby World Cup history . The Pumas wouldnt need to delay long to battle their southern hemisphere competitors while they were contained in the Tri-Places for that start of the 2012 Rugby Title . After a remarkable time for Rushing Neighborhood , Hernandez was back to his greatest and appeared set-to enjoy a key position in the contest for that Pumas . Hernández was part of the national squad that competes in the Rugby Championship . He was part of the national squad that competed at the 2015 Rugby World Cup . Statistics . Tests . - 2009 : 6/6 vs . England ; 13/6 vs . England - 2008 : 28/6 vs . Italy ; 8/11 vs . France ; 15/8 vs . Italy - 2007 ( all Rugby World Cup ) : 7/9 vs . France , 11/9 vs . Georgia ; 30/9 vs . Ireland ; 7/10 vs . Scotland ( QF ) ; 14/10 vs . South Africa ( SF ) ; 19/10 vs . France ( 3rd place ) - 2006 : 17/6 vs . Wales ; 24/6 vs . New Zealand ; 11/11 vs . England ; 18/11 vs . Italy ; 25/11 vs . France ( 1 try ) - 2005 : 5/11 vs . South Africa ; 12/11 vs . Scotland ] ; 19/11 vs . Italy - 2004 : 20/11 : vs . France ; 27/11 : vs . Ireland ; 4/12 : vs . South Africa - 2003 : 27/4 : vs . Paraguay ; 3/5 : vs . Uruguay ; 14/6 : vs . France ; 20/6 : vs . France ( 1 try ) ; 28/6 : vs . South Africa ( 1 try ) ; 30/8 vs . Canada . Rugby World Cup : 10/10 : vs . Australia ; 14/10 : vs . Namibia ; 22/10 : vs . Romania ( 2 tries ) Tours . - 2009 : England ( first June Test , originally scheduled for Argentina but moved by the national federation to Old Trafford ) - 2008 : Italy & France - 2007 : England ( vs Northampton and Leicester ) - 2006 : England , Italy & France - 2005 : Scotland & Italy - 2004 : France & Ireland - 2003 : South Africa - Australia Rugby World Cup - 2002 : Italy & Ireland Honours . Stade Français - Top 14 : 2003–04 , 2006–07 External links . - Juan Martín Hernández at UAR.com.ar - Stade Français - Juan Martin Hernandez “El Mago” in story life - VIDEO : Incredible banana-swerve kick vs the All Blacks in 2012 |
[
"Argentina"
] | easy | Which team did Juan Martín Hernández play for from 2014 to 2016? | /wiki/Juan_Martín_Hernández#P54#4 | Juan Martín Hernández Juan Martín Hernández ( born August 7 , 1982 in Buenos Aires ) is a retired Argentine rugby union player . A mainstay of the Argentina national team The Pumas . He played for the club Toulon in the French Top 14 competition . His 2010 move to Racing brought him back to the city where he had begun his professional career in 2003 with Stade Français . He has also played in the South African Currie Cup with the , and was slated to play with the Sharks in Super Rugby in 2010 , but suffered a back injury that knocked him out of the Super Rugby season . Hernández is a utility back capable of playing at fly-half , centre , or fullback , though he generally prefers fly-half . Hernández made his test debut for Los Pumas against Paraguay on April 2003 . Since then he has accumulated over 50 caps for his national team . He retired in April 2018 following a knee injury . Family . His uncle Patricio Hernández was part of the Argentine football squad for the 1982 FIFA World Cup . His sister María de la Paz Hernández , won the silver medal with the Argentina field hockey team at the 2000 Summer Olympics , bronze medals at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics and the World Cup in 2002 . Career . Club . Hernández began his rugby career at the amateur club Deportiva Francesa in Buenos Aires . In 2003 , he moved to Paris to play professionally for Stade Français , one of the top clubs in France and Europe . He saw considerable success with Stade Français ; winning the domestic championship in 2004 , as well as being runners-up in the domestic championship and the European Heineken Cup in 2005 . In 2006 , he was named fullback of the year . This award has coincided with many commentators naming Hernández as the worlds best fullback . On 27 July 2009 , Hernández signed with South Africas KwaZulu-Natal Rugby Union , operator of the in the Currie Cup and the Sharks in the Super 14 , on a one-year contract . He took on a coaching role at the clubs academy , helping young players at grass roots level . In December 2009 , the French rugby magazine Midi Olympique reported that Hernández had signed a deal with Paris other Top 14 club , Racing Métro , and would return to France after the 2010 Super 14 season . In early January 2010 , it was announced that Hernández would be sidelined for at least 6 months following a back operation . He thus played no part in the Sharks 2010 Super 14 campaign . International . Hernández made his debut for Argentina against Paraguay on 27 April 2003 . Appearing in the starting line up , he helped the Pumas to a 144-0 victory . Following a further five Tests for Argentina in May , June and August 2003 , Hernández was included in Argentinas squad for the 2003 Rugby World Cup . He came on in the opening game of the tournament against the Wallabies , as well as starting in the games against Namibia and Romania . Following the 2003 World Cup , Hernández next played for Argentina in November 2004 , starting against France , Ireland and the Springboks . He earned another three Test caps on the November tour the following season . He was then capped twice against Wales and once against the All Blacks . Hernández was unexpectedly picked at outside half for the opening game of the 2007 Rugby World Cup against France on 7 September 2007 . His scintillating form , particularly with the boot , kept him as first choice in that position during Argentinas run to the semi-finals , and he subsequently scored three drop goals in the pool match with Ireland and another in the quarter final victory over Scotland . Hernández was nominated by the IRB as one of the five candidates for the 2007 International Player of the Year award , which was won by Bryan Habana . Before the 2011 Rugby World Cup , Hernández was named on a list of candidates for the greatest fly half in Rugby World Cup history . The Pumas wouldnt need to delay long to battle their southern hemisphere competitors while they were contained in the Tri-Places for that start of the 2012 Rugby Title . After a remarkable time for Rushing Neighborhood , Hernandez was back to his greatest and appeared set-to enjoy a key position in the contest for that Pumas . Hernández was part of the national squad that competes in the Rugby Championship . He was part of the national squad that competed at the 2015 Rugby World Cup . Statistics . Tests . - 2009 : 6/6 vs . England ; 13/6 vs . England - 2008 : 28/6 vs . Italy ; 8/11 vs . France ; 15/8 vs . Italy - 2007 ( all Rugby World Cup ) : 7/9 vs . France , 11/9 vs . Georgia ; 30/9 vs . Ireland ; 7/10 vs . Scotland ( QF ) ; 14/10 vs . South Africa ( SF ) ; 19/10 vs . France ( 3rd place ) - 2006 : 17/6 vs . Wales ; 24/6 vs . New Zealand ; 11/11 vs . England ; 18/11 vs . Italy ; 25/11 vs . France ( 1 try ) - 2005 : 5/11 vs . South Africa ; 12/11 vs . Scotland ] ; 19/11 vs . Italy - 2004 : 20/11 : vs . France ; 27/11 : vs . Ireland ; 4/12 : vs . South Africa - 2003 : 27/4 : vs . Paraguay ; 3/5 : vs . Uruguay ; 14/6 : vs . France ; 20/6 : vs . France ( 1 try ) ; 28/6 : vs . South Africa ( 1 try ) ; 30/8 vs . Canada . Rugby World Cup : 10/10 : vs . Australia ; 14/10 : vs . Namibia ; 22/10 : vs . Romania ( 2 tries ) Tours . - 2009 : England ( first June Test , originally scheduled for Argentina but moved by the national federation to Old Trafford ) - 2008 : Italy & France - 2007 : England ( vs Northampton and Leicester ) - 2006 : England , Italy & France - 2005 : Scotland & Italy - 2004 : France & Ireland - 2003 : South Africa - Australia Rugby World Cup - 2002 : Italy & Ireland Honours . Stade Français - Top 14 : 2003–04 , 2006–07 External links . - Juan Martín Hernández at UAR.com.ar - Stade Français - Juan Martin Hernandez “El Mago” in story life - VIDEO : Incredible banana-swerve kick vs the All Blacks in 2012 |
[
""
] | easy | Juan Martín Hernández played for which team from 2016 to 2018? | /wiki/Juan_Martín_Hernández#P54#5 | Juan Martín Hernández Juan Martín Hernández ( born August 7 , 1982 in Buenos Aires ) is a retired Argentine rugby union player . A mainstay of the Argentina national team The Pumas . He played for the club Toulon in the French Top 14 competition . His 2010 move to Racing brought him back to the city where he had begun his professional career in 2003 with Stade Français . He has also played in the South African Currie Cup with the , and was slated to play with the Sharks in Super Rugby in 2010 , but suffered a back injury that knocked him out of the Super Rugby season . Hernández is a utility back capable of playing at fly-half , centre , or fullback , though he generally prefers fly-half . Hernández made his test debut for Los Pumas against Paraguay on April 2003 . Since then he has accumulated over 50 caps for his national team . He retired in April 2018 following a knee injury . Family . His uncle Patricio Hernández was part of the Argentine football squad for the 1982 FIFA World Cup . His sister María de la Paz Hernández , won the silver medal with the Argentina field hockey team at the 2000 Summer Olympics , bronze medals at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics and the World Cup in 2002 . Career . Club . Hernández began his rugby career at the amateur club Deportiva Francesa in Buenos Aires . In 2003 , he moved to Paris to play professionally for Stade Français , one of the top clubs in France and Europe . He saw considerable success with Stade Français ; winning the domestic championship in 2004 , as well as being runners-up in the domestic championship and the European Heineken Cup in 2005 . In 2006 , he was named fullback of the year . This award has coincided with many commentators naming Hernández as the worlds best fullback . On 27 July 2009 , Hernández signed with South Africas KwaZulu-Natal Rugby Union , operator of the in the Currie Cup and the Sharks in the Super 14 , on a one-year contract . He took on a coaching role at the clubs academy , helping young players at grass roots level . In December 2009 , the French rugby magazine Midi Olympique reported that Hernández had signed a deal with Paris other Top 14 club , Racing Métro , and would return to France after the 2010 Super 14 season . In early January 2010 , it was announced that Hernández would be sidelined for at least 6 months following a back operation . He thus played no part in the Sharks 2010 Super 14 campaign . International . Hernández made his debut for Argentina against Paraguay on 27 April 2003 . Appearing in the starting line up , he helped the Pumas to a 144-0 victory . Following a further five Tests for Argentina in May , June and August 2003 , Hernández was included in Argentinas squad for the 2003 Rugby World Cup . He came on in the opening game of the tournament against the Wallabies , as well as starting in the games against Namibia and Romania . Following the 2003 World Cup , Hernández next played for Argentina in November 2004 , starting against France , Ireland and the Springboks . He earned another three Test caps on the November tour the following season . He was then capped twice against Wales and once against the All Blacks . Hernández was unexpectedly picked at outside half for the opening game of the 2007 Rugby World Cup against France on 7 September 2007 . His scintillating form , particularly with the boot , kept him as first choice in that position during Argentinas run to the semi-finals , and he subsequently scored three drop goals in the pool match with Ireland and another in the quarter final victory over Scotland . Hernández was nominated by the IRB as one of the five candidates for the 2007 International Player of the Year award , which was won by Bryan Habana . Before the 2011 Rugby World Cup , Hernández was named on a list of candidates for the greatest fly half in Rugby World Cup history . The Pumas wouldnt need to delay long to battle their southern hemisphere competitors while they were contained in the Tri-Places for that start of the 2012 Rugby Title . After a remarkable time for Rushing Neighborhood , Hernandez was back to his greatest and appeared set-to enjoy a key position in the contest for that Pumas . Hernández was part of the national squad that competes in the Rugby Championship . He was part of the national squad that competed at the 2015 Rugby World Cup . Statistics . Tests . - 2009 : 6/6 vs . England ; 13/6 vs . England - 2008 : 28/6 vs . Italy ; 8/11 vs . France ; 15/8 vs . Italy - 2007 ( all Rugby World Cup ) : 7/9 vs . France , 11/9 vs . Georgia ; 30/9 vs . Ireland ; 7/10 vs . Scotland ( QF ) ; 14/10 vs . South Africa ( SF ) ; 19/10 vs . France ( 3rd place ) - 2006 : 17/6 vs . Wales ; 24/6 vs . New Zealand ; 11/11 vs . England ; 18/11 vs . Italy ; 25/11 vs . France ( 1 try ) - 2005 : 5/11 vs . South Africa ; 12/11 vs . Scotland ] ; 19/11 vs . Italy - 2004 : 20/11 : vs . France ; 27/11 : vs . Ireland ; 4/12 : vs . South Africa - 2003 : 27/4 : vs . Paraguay ; 3/5 : vs . Uruguay ; 14/6 : vs . France ; 20/6 : vs . France ( 1 try ) ; 28/6 : vs . South Africa ( 1 try ) ; 30/8 vs . Canada . Rugby World Cup : 10/10 : vs . Australia ; 14/10 : vs . Namibia ; 22/10 : vs . Romania ( 2 tries ) Tours . - 2009 : England ( first June Test , originally scheduled for Argentina but moved by the national federation to Old Trafford ) - 2008 : Italy & France - 2007 : England ( vs Northampton and Leicester ) - 2006 : England , Italy & France - 2005 : Scotland & Italy - 2004 : France & Ireland - 2003 : South Africa - Australia Rugby World Cup - 2002 : Italy & Ireland Honours . Stade Français - Top 14 : 2003–04 , 2006–07 External links . - Juan Martín Hernández at UAR.com.ar - Stade Français - Juan Martin Hernandez “El Mago” in story life - VIDEO : Incredible banana-swerve kick vs the All Blacks in 2012 |
[
"BBC Home Service"
] | easy | Who was the original broadcaster of The Clitheroe Kid from Apr 1956 to Sep 1957? | /wiki/The_Clitheroe_Kid#P449#0 | The Clitheroe Kid The Clitheroe Kid is a BBC radio comedy show featuring diminutive Northern comic Jimmy Clitheroe in the role of a cheeky schoolboy , who lived with his family at Lilac Avenue in an unnamed town in the North of England . The pilot show , pilot series , and 16 subsequent series , totalling 290 episodes in all , were originally broadcast between April 1957 . and August 1972 . Cast . In addition to Clitheroe himself , the shows stars included Peter Sinclair playing his Scottish granddad , Patricia Burke as his mother ( in some early shows the part was played by Renée Houston ) , and Diana Day as his long-suffering sister , Susan ( the sister , originally called Judith Clitheroe , was played in the earliest episodes by Judith Chalmers ) . Jimmys father never appeared , and his absence was never addressed . Oldham comedian Danny Ross played Alfie Hall , Susans half-witted , tongue-tied boyfriend , who was often drawn into Jimmys reckless schemes . He joined the show in 1960 , replacing Susans original boyfriend , played by Peter Goodwright . Tony Melody played Mr ( Horatio ) Higginbottom ( his first name was almost never used ) , normally known as Higgie , a taxi driver — Granddads drinking buddy , and father of Jimmys pal Ozzie . Higginbottom was always threatening to give Jimmy a good hiding for things he had done to Ozzie . Ozzie himself was rarely heard , save as an indistinct background voice in occasional early episodes ( such as The Trouble with Higginbottom ) . Several actors regularly played supporting roles in the show , including Leonard Williams ( who played both Mr Craythorpe and Harry Whittle until 1962 ) , Brian Trueman ( who played Harry Whittle from 1966 ) , and Rosalie Williams . Deryck Guyler , who had appeared in supporting roles in some early episodes , spent two years as a regular on the show , replacing Leonard Williams after the latters death . Famous guest stars included John Laurie , later best known as Private Fraser in Dads Army , playing Grandads Scottish brother , Angus , and Mollie Weir as Anguss wife ( she was well known on radio from ITMA and Life with the Lyons ) , who appeared together on at least two occasions every year from 1962 until 1970 . The lost 1956 pilot episode guest starred Irene Handl and Robert Moreton , as Jimmys aunt and uncle , with Anthea Askey as his girl cousin ( playing the roles which would eventually evolve into his Mother , Grandfather and Sister ) , and Eddie Leslie . In the 1957 pilot series , actors who appeared in guest roles included John Broadbent , Violet Carson , Fred Fairclough , Fred Ferris , Tom Harrison , Jack Howarth , Shirley King , Eddie Leslie , Bob Monkhouse , Herbert Smith , Jack Watson , and Patrick Wells . Of the 290 broadcasts aired between 1956 and 1972 , the BBC has retained 57 complete tapes ( in the BBC Sound Archive and at BBC Manchester ) , together with edited BBC Transcription Service vinyl discs preserving a further 118 episodes , making 175 recordings in all . However , almost no complete episodes exist prior to 1st January 1970 ( i.e . from the Pilot series and Series 1 to 13 ) . For the period 1956 to 1969 , supplementing the edited Transcription Service discs , 58 episodes are currently known to exist as off air recordings made by listeners , many of variable sound quality , some of which are incomplete . An on-going project exists to locate and restore the approximately sixty entirely missing episodes , for which no recording of any sort is known , and to locate better quality and more complete recordings for the others . Production . Jimmy Clitheroe was 35 years old when he started playing the part on radio , but ( in the variety theatres and , later , on television ) he could pass as an 11-year-old boy because he had never grown physically beyond that age . Although in later years his lined face gave his real age away , this was not apparent on radio . Created by James Casey in 1956 , the show was produced in Manchester , originally by the North Region studios of the BBC Home Service . But after two series were aired on North Region only , in 1959 the show was deemed sufficiently popular to be moved to the national transmitters of the BBC Light Programme . The radio show was recorded in front of a studio audience , and there were frequently gales of laughter at Jimmys schoolboy humour , or at Alfies mangling of the English language as he tried to explain something , only to make it even less clear , as well as ( to the mystification of home listeners ) Alfie Halls physical comedy , when he performed one of his trademark falls or other sight-gags . Jimmy always wore a schoolboy blazer and cap in the role , even at radio recordings , to maintain the illusion that he was 11-years-old . In the beginning ( and , in fact , for many years ) , his high-pitched voice sounded astonishingly young . And real kids never appeared on the show , as this would have shattered the carefully crafted illusion that he was a child ( the shows popularity overseas arose , in part , because audiences unfamiliar with British showbusiness believed he really was a child ) . So he discussed his pal Ozzie , and his schoolboy friends in the Black Hand Gang ( who would punish any member caught in the company of a girl ) , but the characters he spoke about were never actually heard themselves . The show ( apart from the 1957 pilot series ) was written by James Casey and Frank Roscoe ( occasionally by Ronnie Taylor , who had written the pilot series ) , and from 1958 was also produced by James Casey . Following transmission , the BBC mainly preserved the series as 154 recordings on vinyl discs , sold overseas to Commonwealth radio stations by their commercial arm , BBC Enterprises ( currently trading as BBC Worldwide and BBC Radio International ) . Altogether , the BBC retains 175 episodes , as a mixture of complete original recordings on magnetic tape and 25 minute edits on vinyl disc . Plot elements . Misunderstandings are the essence of the character-driven plots . Jimmy is depicted as frequently eavesdropping , or listening at keyholes , and as mishearing or misunderstanding what he overhears . Even when trying to do a good deed ( as when he believes Grandad has stolen money from a local shop , which he is actually only minding for the bowling club ) , he usually messes up , with the assistance of the disaster-prone Alfie . Another frequent scenario is some variation on one of Jimmys many money-making schemes , intended to finance another visit to the sweetshop , or the purchase of a new pair of roller-skates , or somesuch , but which inevitably leads to disaster . Jimmys comedy technique involves much use of a popular style known ( then as now ) as insult humour . He refers to his teachers by comic nicknames , such as Hum-ya Pete , Whistling Willie and Tick-Tock Tillie . Mr Higginbottom is frequently likened to a rampaging grizzly-bear . And Grandads Scottish ancestry is endlessly mocked , with much talk of haggis and playing the bagpipes in the bath , and he is portrayed as a man who lives only for his beer . Jimmys sister , Susan , is typically referred to as Scraggy-neck , Sparrow-legs , or occasionally the Octopus ( for her clinches with boyfriend Alfie ) . Alfie is endlessly mocked also — often countering by threatening to thump Jimmy ! Its Alfie who Jimmy refers to in his catchphrase , Dont some mothers ave em! ? Mr Higginbottom is also mocked whenever he appears : among other things , his house is said to be a rat-infested dump . But Jimmy treads carefully in this , because the bad-tempered Higginbottom is known for his hair-trigger temper . Higginbottoms son , the much-maligned Ozzie , is a fat kid who Jimmy calls his best friend.. . while frequently thrashing him , mocking him , and involving him in his wild schemes . The one person who escapes Jimmys ready wit is his mother . In real life , his father had died and he was devoted to his widowed mother ; so he wouldnt stand for either his real mother , or his radio mother , being mocked . She is the calm centre around which the chaos revolves . Susan occasionally turns the tables on her little brother ( Jimmy was only ) , in return . In the episode Enough to Make a Kitten Laugh , Susan tricks Jimmy into buying back a lost kitten that he had sold to Ozzie , by offering a reward for it in the local newspaper ( under an assumed name ) , but warns Mr Higginbottom that Jimmy wants it back , so that he has to pay double what Ozzie had paid him . But when Jimmy discovers the trick , he gets the last laugh , selling the kitten ( at a profit ) to an employee at the newspaper , who then turns up at home to demand the reward shes offered . After the end credits , Jimmy would usually deliver a short epilogue , addressed to the audience , tying up loose ends in the plot and , frequently , reporting that Grandad has given him the ( expected ) good spanking for the trouble he caused . External links . - Clitheroe Kid episode guide - BBC Genome for The Clitheroe Kid - Surviving recordings in BBC Sound Archives - Jimmy Clitheroe official website ( founded in 2001 ) - Jimmy Clitheroe website ( archived version ) ( 2012 ) |
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""
] | easy | Who was the original broadcaster of The Clitheroe Kid from May 1958 to Mar 1967? | /wiki/The_Clitheroe_Kid#P449#1 | The Clitheroe Kid The Clitheroe Kid is a BBC radio comedy show featuring diminutive Northern comic Jimmy Clitheroe in the role of a cheeky schoolboy , who lived with his family at Lilac Avenue in an unnamed town in the North of England . The pilot show , pilot series , and 16 subsequent series , totalling 290 episodes in all , were originally broadcast between April 1957 . and August 1972 . Cast . In addition to Clitheroe himself , the shows stars included Peter Sinclair playing his Scottish granddad , Patricia Burke as his mother ( in some early shows the part was played by Renée Houston ) , and Diana Day as his long-suffering sister , Susan ( the sister , originally called Judith Clitheroe , was played in the earliest episodes by Judith Chalmers ) . Jimmys father never appeared , and his absence was never addressed . Oldham comedian Danny Ross played Alfie Hall , Susans half-witted , tongue-tied boyfriend , who was often drawn into Jimmys reckless schemes . He joined the show in 1960 , replacing Susans original boyfriend , played by Peter Goodwright . Tony Melody played Mr ( Horatio ) Higginbottom ( his first name was almost never used ) , normally known as Higgie , a taxi driver — Granddads drinking buddy , and father of Jimmys pal Ozzie . Higginbottom was always threatening to give Jimmy a good hiding for things he had done to Ozzie . Ozzie himself was rarely heard , save as an indistinct background voice in occasional early episodes ( such as The Trouble with Higginbottom ) . Several actors regularly played supporting roles in the show , including Leonard Williams ( who played both Mr Craythorpe and Harry Whittle until 1962 ) , Brian Trueman ( who played Harry Whittle from 1966 ) , and Rosalie Williams . Deryck Guyler , who had appeared in supporting roles in some early episodes , spent two years as a regular on the show , replacing Leonard Williams after the latters death . Famous guest stars included John Laurie , later best known as Private Fraser in Dads Army , playing Grandads Scottish brother , Angus , and Mollie Weir as Anguss wife ( she was well known on radio from ITMA and Life with the Lyons ) , who appeared together on at least two occasions every year from 1962 until 1970 . The lost 1956 pilot episode guest starred Irene Handl and Robert Moreton , as Jimmys aunt and uncle , with Anthea Askey as his girl cousin ( playing the roles which would eventually evolve into his Mother , Grandfather and Sister ) , and Eddie Leslie . In the 1957 pilot series , actors who appeared in guest roles included John Broadbent , Violet Carson , Fred Fairclough , Fred Ferris , Tom Harrison , Jack Howarth , Shirley King , Eddie Leslie , Bob Monkhouse , Herbert Smith , Jack Watson , and Patrick Wells . Of the 290 broadcasts aired between 1956 and 1972 , the BBC has retained 57 complete tapes ( in the BBC Sound Archive and at BBC Manchester ) , together with edited BBC Transcription Service vinyl discs preserving a further 118 episodes , making 175 recordings in all . However , almost no complete episodes exist prior to 1st January 1970 ( i.e . from the Pilot series and Series 1 to 13 ) . For the period 1956 to 1969 , supplementing the edited Transcription Service discs , 58 episodes are currently known to exist as off air recordings made by listeners , many of variable sound quality , some of which are incomplete . An on-going project exists to locate and restore the approximately sixty entirely missing episodes , for which no recording of any sort is known , and to locate better quality and more complete recordings for the others . Production . Jimmy Clitheroe was 35 years old when he started playing the part on radio , but ( in the variety theatres and , later , on television ) he could pass as an 11-year-old boy because he had never grown physically beyond that age . Although in later years his lined face gave his real age away , this was not apparent on radio . Created by James Casey in 1956 , the show was produced in Manchester , originally by the North Region studios of the BBC Home Service . But after two series were aired on North Region only , in 1959 the show was deemed sufficiently popular to be moved to the national transmitters of the BBC Light Programme . The radio show was recorded in front of a studio audience , and there were frequently gales of laughter at Jimmys schoolboy humour , or at Alfies mangling of the English language as he tried to explain something , only to make it even less clear , as well as ( to the mystification of home listeners ) Alfie Halls physical comedy , when he performed one of his trademark falls or other sight-gags . Jimmy always wore a schoolboy blazer and cap in the role , even at radio recordings , to maintain the illusion that he was 11-years-old . In the beginning ( and , in fact , for many years ) , his high-pitched voice sounded astonishingly young . And real kids never appeared on the show , as this would have shattered the carefully crafted illusion that he was a child ( the shows popularity overseas arose , in part , because audiences unfamiliar with British showbusiness believed he really was a child ) . So he discussed his pal Ozzie , and his schoolboy friends in the Black Hand Gang ( who would punish any member caught in the company of a girl ) , but the characters he spoke about were never actually heard themselves . The show ( apart from the 1957 pilot series ) was written by James Casey and Frank Roscoe ( occasionally by Ronnie Taylor , who had written the pilot series ) , and from 1958 was also produced by James Casey . Following transmission , the BBC mainly preserved the series as 154 recordings on vinyl discs , sold overseas to Commonwealth radio stations by their commercial arm , BBC Enterprises ( currently trading as BBC Worldwide and BBC Radio International ) . Altogether , the BBC retains 175 episodes , as a mixture of complete original recordings on magnetic tape and 25 minute edits on vinyl disc . Plot elements . Misunderstandings are the essence of the character-driven plots . Jimmy is depicted as frequently eavesdropping , or listening at keyholes , and as mishearing or misunderstanding what he overhears . Even when trying to do a good deed ( as when he believes Grandad has stolen money from a local shop , which he is actually only minding for the bowling club ) , he usually messes up , with the assistance of the disaster-prone Alfie . Another frequent scenario is some variation on one of Jimmys many money-making schemes , intended to finance another visit to the sweetshop , or the purchase of a new pair of roller-skates , or somesuch , but which inevitably leads to disaster . Jimmys comedy technique involves much use of a popular style known ( then as now ) as insult humour . He refers to his teachers by comic nicknames , such as Hum-ya Pete , Whistling Willie and Tick-Tock Tillie . Mr Higginbottom is frequently likened to a rampaging grizzly-bear . And Grandads Scottish ancestry is endlessly mocked , with much talk of haggis and playing the bagpipes in the bath , and he is portrayed as a man who lives only for his beer . Jimmys sister , Susan , is typically referred to as Scraggy-neck , Sparrow-legs , or occasionally the Octopus ( for her clinches with boyfriend Alfie ) . Alfie is endlessly mocked also — often countering by threatening to thump Jimmy ! Its Alfie who Jimmy refers to in his catchphrase , Dont some mothers ave em! ? Mr Higginbottom is also mocked whenever he appears : among other things , his house is said to be a rat-infested dump . But Jimmy treads carefully in this , because the bad-tempered Higginbottom is known for his hair-trigger temper . Higginbottoms son , the much-maligned Ozzie , is a fat kid who Jimmy calls his best friend.. . while frequently thrashing him , mocking him , and involving him in his wild schemes . The one person who escapes Jimmys ready wit is his mother . In real life , his father had died and he was devoted to his widowed mother ; so he wouldnt stand for either his real mother , or his radio mother , being mocked . She is the calm centre around which the chaos revolves . Susan occasionally turns the tables on her little brother ( Jimmy was only ) , in return . In the episode Enough to Make a Kitten Laugh , Susan tricks Jimmy into buying back a lost kitten that he had sold to Ozzie , by offering a reward for it in the local newspaper ( under an assumed name ) , but warns Mr Higginbottom that Jimmy wants it back , so that he has to pay double what Ozzie had paid him . But when Jimmy discovers the trick , he gets the last laugh , selling the kitten ( at a profit ) to an employee at the newspaper , who then turns up at home to demand the reward shes offered . After the end credits , Jimmy would usually deliver a short epilogue , addressed to the audience , tying up loose ends in the plot and , frequently , reporting that Grandad has given him the ( expected ) good spanking for the trouble he caused . External links . - Clitheroe Kid episode guide - BBC Genome for The Clitheroe Kid - Surviving recordings in BBC Sound Archives - Jimmy Clitheroe official website ( founded in 2001 ) - Jimmy Clitheroe website ( archived version ) ( 2012 ) |
[
""
] | easy | Who was the original broadcaster of The Clitheroe Kid from Oct 1967 to Aug 1972? | /wiki/The_Clitheroe_Kid#P449#2 | The Clitheroe Kid The Clitheroe Kid is a BBC radio comedy show featuring diminutive Northern comic Jimmy Clitheroe in the role of a cheeky schoolboy , who lived with his family at Lilac Avenue in an unnamed town in the North of England . The pilot show , pilot series , and 16 subsequent series , totalling 290 episodes in all , were originally broadcast between April 1957 . and August 1972 . Cast . In addition to Clitheroe himself , the shows stars included Peter Sinclair playing his Scottish granddad , Patricia Burke as his mother ( in some early shows the part was played by Renée Houston ) , and Diana Day as his long-suffering sister , Susan ( the sister , originally called Judith Clitheroe , was played in the earliest episodes by Judith Chalmers ) . Jimmys father never appeared , and his absence was never addressed . Oldham comedian Danny Ross played Alfie Hall , Susans half-witted , tongue-tied boyfriend , who was often drawn into Jimmys reckless schemes . He joined the show in 1960 , replacing Susans original boyfriend , played by Peter Goodwright . Tony Melody played Mr ( Horatio ) Higginbottom ( his first name was almost never used ) , normally known as Higgie , a taxi driver — Granddads drinking buddy , and father of Jimmys pal Ozzie . Higginbottom was always threatening to give Jimmy a good hiding for things he had done to Ozzie . Ozzie himself was rarely heard , save as an indistinct background voice in occasional early episodes ( such as The Trouble with Higginbottom ) . Several actors regularly played supporting roles in the show , including Leonard Williams ( who played both Mr Craythorpe and Harry Whittle until 1962 ) , Brian Trueman ( who played Harry Whittle from 1966 ) , and Rosalie Williams . Deryck Guyler , who had appeared in supporting roles in some early episodes , spent two years as a regular on the show , replacing Leonard Williams after the latters death . Famous guest stars included John Laurie , later best known as Private Fraser in Dads Army , playing Grandads Scottish brother , Angus , and Mollie Weir as Anguss wife ( she was well known on radio from ITMA and Life with the Lyons ) , who appeared together on at least two occasions every year from 1962 until 1970 . The lost 1956 pilot episode guest starred Irene Handl and Robert Moreton , as Jimmys aunt and uncle , with Anthea Askey as his girl cousin ( playing the roles which would eventually evolve into his Mother , Grandfather and Sister ) , and Eddie Leslie . In the 1957 pilot series , actors who appeared in guest roles included John Broadbent , Violet Carson , Fred Fairclough , Fred Ferris , Tom Harrison , Jack Howarth , Shirley King , Eddie Leslie , Bob Monkhouse , Herbert Smith , Jack Watson , and Patrick Wells . Of the 290 broadcasts aired between 1956 and 1972 , the BBC has retained 57 complete tapes ( in the BBC Sound Archive and at BBC Manchester ) , together with edited BBC Transcription Service vinyl discs preserving a further 118 episodes , making 175 recordings in all . However , almost no complete episodes exist prior to 1st January 1970 ( i.e . from the Pilot series and Series 1 to 13 ) . For the period 1956 to 1969 , supplementing the edited Transcription Service discs , 58 episodes are currently known to exist as off air recordings made by listeners , many of variable sound quality , some of which are incomplete . An on-going project exists to locate and restore the approximately sixty entirely missing episodes , for which no recording of any sort is known , and to locate better quality and more complete recordings for the others . Production . Jimmy Clitheroe was 35 years old when he started playing the part on radio , but ( in the variety theatres and , later , on television ) he could pass as an 11-year-old boy because he had never grown physically beyond that age . Although in later years his lined face gave his real age away , this was not apparent on radio . Created by James Casey in 1956 , the show was produced in Manchester , originally by the North Region studios of the BBC Home Service . But after two series were aired on North Region only , in 1959 the show was deemed sufficiently popular to be moved to the national transmitters of the BBC Light Programme . The radio show was recorded in front of a studio audience , and there were frequently gales of laughter at Jimmys schoolboy humour , or at Alfies mangling of the English language as he tried to explain something , only to make it even less clear , as well as ( to the mystification of home listeners ) Alfie Halls physical comedy , when he performed one of his trademark falls or other sight-gags . Jimmy always wore a schoolboy blazer and cap in the role , even at radio recordings , to maintain the illusion that he was 11-years-old . In the beginning ( and , in fact , for many years ) , his high-pitched voice sounded astonishingly young . And real kids never appeared on the show , as this would have shattered the carefully crafted illusion that he was a child ( the shows popularity overseas arose , in part , because audiences unfamiliar with British showbusiness believed he really was a child ) . So he discussed his pal Ozzie , and his schoolboy friends in the Black Hand Gang ( who would punish any member caught in the company of a girl ) , but the characters he spoke about were never actually heard themselves . The show ( apart from the 1957 pilot series ) was written by James Casey and Frank Roscoe ( occasionally by Ronnie Taylor , who had written the pilot series ) , and from 1958 was also produced by James Casey . Following transmission , the BBC mainly preserved the series as 154 recordings on vinyl discs , sold overseas to Commonwealth radio stations by their commercial arm , BBC Enterprises ( currently trading as BBC Worldwide and BBC Radio International ) . Altogether , the BBC retains 175 episodes , as a mixture of complete original recordings on magnetic tape and 25 minute edits on vinyl disc . Plot elements . Misunderstandings are the essence of the character-driven plots . Jimmy is depicted as frequently eavesdropping , or listening at keyholes , and as mishearing or misunderstanding what he overhears . Even when trying to do a good deed ( as when he believes Grandad has stolen money from a local shop , which he is actually only minding for the bowling club ) , he usually messes up , with the assistance of the disaster-prone Alfie . Another frequent scenario is some variation on one of Jimmys many money-making schemes , intended to finance another visit to the sweetshop , or the purchase of a new pair of roller-skates , or somesuch , but which inevitably leads to disaster . Jimmys comedy technique involves much use of a popular style known ( then as now ) as insult humour . He refers to his teachers by comic nicknames , such as Hum-ya Pete , Whistling Willie and Tick-Tock Tillie . Mr Higginbottom is frequently likened to a rampaging grizzly-bear . And Grandads Scottish ancestry is endlessly mocked , with much talk of haggis and playing the bagpipes in the bath , and he is portrayed as a man who lives only for his beer . Jimmys sister , Susan , is typically referred to as Scraggy-neck , Sparrow-legs , or occasionally the Octopus ( for her clinches with boyfriend Alfie ) . Alfie is endlessly mocked also — often countering by threatening to thump Jimmy ! Its Alfie who Jimmy refers to in his catchphrase , Dont some mothers ave em! ? Mr Higginbottom is also mocked whenever he appears : among other things , his house is said to be a rat-infested dump . But Jimmy treads carefully in this , because the bad-tempered Higginbottom is known for his hair-trigger temper . Higginbottoms son , the much-maligned Ozzie , is a fat kid who Jimmy calls his best friend.. . while frequently thrashing him , mocking him , and involving him in his wild schemes . The one person who escapes Jimmys ready wit is his mother . In real life , his father had died and he was devoted to his widowed mother ; so he wouldnt stand for either his real mother , or his radio mother , being mocked . She is the calm centre around which the chaos revolves . Susan occasionally turns the tables on her little brother ( Jimmy was only ) , in return . In the episode Enough to Make a Kitten Laugh , Susan tricks Jimmy into buying back a lost kitten that he had sold to Ozzie , by offering a reward for it in the local newspaper ( under an assumed name ) , but warns Mr Higginbottom that Jimmy wants it back , so that he has to pay double what Ozzie had paid him . But when Jimmy discovers the trick , he gets the last laugh , selling the kitten ( at a profit ) to an employee at the newspaper , who then turns up at home to demand the reward shes offered . After the end credits , Jimmy would usually deliver a short epilogue , addressed to the audience , tying up loose ends in the plot and , frequently , reporting that Grandad has given him the ( expected ) good spanking for the trouble he caused . External links . - Clitheroe Kid episode guide - BBC Genome for The Clitheroe Kid - Surviving recordings in BBC Sound Archives - Jimmy Clitheroe official website ( founded in 2001 ) - Jimmy Clitheroe website ( archived version ) ( 2012 ) |
[
"Ernst Bauer"
] | easy | Who was the commander of German submarine U-120 (1940) from Apr 1940 to Nov 1940? | /wiki/German_submarine_U-120_(1940)#P4791#0 | German submarine U-120 ( 1940 ) German submarine U-120 was a Type IIB U-boat of Nazi Germanys Kriegsmarine during World War II . She was laid down on 31 March 1938 at the Flender Werke , Lübeck as yard number 268 . She was launched on 16 March 1940 and commissioned on 20 April under Oberleutnant zur See ( Oblt.z.S. ) Ernst Bauer . Emblem . U-120s emblem was an oak leaf , with an anchor , and a knife or dagger . She also shared this emblem with , , , and . Built for China . The Chinese Nationalist government used 10,000,000 Marks to order two Type IIB U-boats in 1937 . They also dispatched 80 men to Germany for training in submarine operations . The Japanese government complained about this transaction , so the Chinese took their money back and these two vessels joined the Kriegsmarine after the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe . They were U-120 and U-121 . Design . German Type IIB submarines were enlarged versions of the original Type IIs . U-120 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged . Officially , the standard tonnage was , however . The U-boat had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MWM RS 127 S four-stroke , six-cylinder diesel engines of for cruising , two Siemens-Schuckert PG VV 322/36 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged . She had two shafts and two propellers . The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged , the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced , she could travel at . U-120 was fitted with three torpedo tubes at the bow , five torpedoes or up to twelve Type A torpedo mines , and a anti-aircraft gun . The boat had a complement of twenty five . Service history . U-120 was active from 1940 until she was scuttled in 1945 . She was one of two Type II U-boats built at the Flender Werke in Lübeck . Along with her sister boat , she was originally built for export to China . The advent of World War II and increased training needs , led the German high command to assign U-120 and U-121 to the training command . From 20 April 1940 to 30 June she was part of the U-Bootschulflottille . In July 1940 she became part of the 21st U-boat Flotilla as a training boat until 16 March 1945 when she became part of the 31st U-boat Flotilla ( training ) until 2 May 1945 when she was scuttled at Bremerhaven . The boat was raised in 1950 and broken up for scrap . Many sources incorrectly report that U-120 sank due to a malfunctioning toilet . This submarine was actually the much larger . Commanders . - 20 April 1940 – 25 November : Oberleutnant zur See Ernst Bauer ( Knights Cross ) - 26 November 1940 – 19 May 1941 : Kptlt . Wolfgang Heyda - 20 May 1941 – 24 February 1942 : Oblt.z.S . Willy-Roderich Körner - 25 February 1942 – 30 September : Oblt.z.S . Hans Fiedler - 24 May 1943 – 26 July 1943 Oblt.z.S . Adolf Gundlach - 26 July 1943 – 14 September 1944 : Oblt.z.S . Joachim Sauerbier - 15 September 1944 – 2 May 1945 : Oblt.z.S . Rolf Rüdiger Bensel |
[
"Wolfgang Heyda"
] | easy | Who was the commander of German submarine U-120 (1940) from Nov 1940 to May 1941? | /wiki/German_submarine_U-120_(1940)#P4791#1 | German submarine U-120 ( 1940 ) German submarine U-120 was a Type IIB U-boat of Nazi Germanys Kriegsmarine during World War II . She was laid down on 31 March 1938 at the Flender Werke , Lübeck as yard number 268 . She was launched on 16 March 1940 and commissioned on 20 April under Oberleutnant zur See ( Oblt.z.S. ) Ernst Bauer . Emblem . U-120s emblem was an oak leaf , with an anchor , and a knife or dagger . She also shared this emblem with , , , and . Built for China . The Chinese Nationalist government used 10,000,000 Marks to order two Type IIB U-boats in 1937 . They also dispatched 80 men to Germany for training in submarine operations . The Japanese government complained about this transaction , so the Chinese took their money back and these two vessels joined the Kriegsmarine after the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe . They were U-120 and U-121 . Design . German Type IIB submarines were enlarged versions of the original Type IIs . U-120 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged . Officially , the standard tonnage was , however . The U-boat had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MWM RS 127 S four-stroke , six-cylinder diesel engines of for cruising , two Siemens-Schuckert PG VV 322/36 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged . She had two shafts and two propellers . The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged , the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced , she could travel at . U-120 was fitted with three torpedo tubes at the bow , five torpedoes or up to twelve Type A torpedo mines , and a anti-aircraft gun . The boat had a complement of twenty five . Service history . U-120 was active from 1940 until she was scuttled in 1945 . She was one of two Type II U-boats built at the Flender Werke in Lübeck . Along with her sister boat , she was originally built for export to China . The advent of World War II and increased training needs , led the German high command to assign U-120 and U-121 to the training command . From 20 April 1940 to 30 June she was part of the U-Bootschulflottille . In July 1940 she became part of the 21st U-boat Flotilla as a training boat until 16 March 1945 when she became part of the 31st U-boat Flotilla ( training ) until 2 May 1945 when she was scuttled at Bremerhaven . The boat was raised in 1950 and broken up for scrap . Many sources incorrectly report that U-120 sank due to a malfunctioning toilet . This submarine was actually the much larger . Commanders . - 20 April 1940 – 25 November : Oberleutnant zur See Ernst Bauer ( Knights Cross ) - 26 November 1940 – 19 May 1941 : Kptlt . Wolfgang Heyda - 20 May 1941 – 24 February 1942 : Oblt.z.S . Willy-Roderich Körner - 25 February 1942 – 30 September : Oblt.z.S . Hans Fiedler - 24 May 1943 – 26 July 1943 Oblt.z.S . Adolf Gundlach - 26 July 1943 – 14 September 1944 : Oblt.z.S . Joachim Sauerbier - 15 September 1944 – 2 May 1945 : Oblt.z.S . Rolf Rüdiger Bensel |
[
"Hans Fiedler"
] | easy | Who commanded German submarine U-120 (1940) from Feb 1942 to Sep 1942? | /wiki/German_submarine_U-120_(1940)#P4791#2 | German submarine U-120 ( 1940 ) German submarine U-120 was a Type IIB U-boat of Nazi Germanys Kriegsmarine during World War II . She was laid down on 31 March 1938 at the Flender Werke , Lübeck as yard number 268 . She was launched on 16 March 1940 and commissioned on 20 April under Oberleutnant zur See ( Oblt.z.S. ) Ernst Bauer . Emblem . U-120s emblem was an oak leaf , with an anchor , and a knife or dagger . She also shared this emblem with , , , and . Built for China . The Chinese Nationalist government used 10,000,000 Marks to order two Type IIB U-boats in 1937 . They also dispatched 80 men to Germany for training in submarine operations . The Japanese government complained about this transaction , so the Chinese took their money back and these two vessels joined the Kriegsmarine after the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe . They were U-120 and U-121 . Design . German Type IIB submarines were enlarged versions of the original Type IIs . U-120 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged . Officially , the standard tonnage was , however . The U-boat had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MWM RS 127 S four-stroke , six-cylinder diesel engines of for cruising , two Siemens-Schuckert PG VV 322/36 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged . She had two shafts and two propellers . The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged , the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced , she could travel at . U-120 was fitted with three torpedo tubes at the bow , five torpedoes or up to twelve Type A torpedo mines , and a anti-aircraft gun . The boat had a complement of twenty five . Service history . U-120 was active from 1940 until she was scuttled in 1945 . She was one of two Type II U-boats built at the Flender Werke in Lübeck . Along with her sister boat , she was originally built for export to China . The advent of World War II and increased training needs , led the German high command to assign U-120 and U-121 to the training command . From 20 April 1940 to 30 June she was part of the U-Bootschulflottille . In July 1940 she became part of the 21st U-boat Flotilla as a training boat until 16 March 1945 when she became part of the 31st U-boat Flotilla ( training ) until 2 May 1945 when she was scuttled at Bremerhaven . The boat was raised in 1950 and broken up for scrap . Many sources incorrectly report that U-120 sank due to a malfunctioning toilet . This submarine was actually the much larger . Commanders . - 20 April 1940 – 25 November : Oberleutnant zur See Ernst Bauer ( Knights Cross ) - 26 November 1940 – 19 May 1941 : Kptlt . Wolfgang Heyda - 20 May 1941 – 24 February 1942 : Oblt.z.S . Willy-Roderich Körner - 25 February 1942 – 30 September : Oblt.z.S . Hans Fiedler - 24 May 1943 – 26 July 1943 Oblt.z.S . Adolf Gundlach - 26 July 1943 – 14 September 1944 : Oblt.z.S . Joachim Sauerbier - 15 September 1944 – 2 May 1945 : Oblt.z.S . Rolf Rüdiger Bensel |
[
""
] | easy | Who commanded German submarine U-120 (1940) from Oct 1942 to May 1943? | /wiki/German_submarine_U-120_(1940)#P4791#3 | German submarine U-120 ( 1940 ) German submarine U-120 was a Type IIB U-boat of Nazi Germanys Kriegsmarine during World War II . She was laid down on 31 March 1938 at the Flender Werke , Lübeck as yard number 268 . She was launched on 16 March 1940 and commissioned on 20 April under Oberleutnant zur See ( Oblt.z.S. ) Ernst Bauer . Emblem . U-120s emblem was an oak leaf , with an anchor , and a knife or dagger . She also shared this emblem with , , , and . Built for China . The Chinese Nationalist government used 10,000,000 Marks to order two Type IIB U-boats in 1937 . They also dispatched 80 men to Germany for training in submarine operations . The Japanese government complained about this transaction , so the Chinese took their money back and these two vessels joined the Kriegsmarine after the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe . They were U-120 and U-121 . Design . German Type IIB submarines were enlarged versions of the original Type IIs . U-120 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged . Officially , the standard tonnage was , however . The U-boat had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MWM RS 127 S four-stroke , six-cylinder diesel engines of for cruising , two Siemens-Schuckert PG VV 322/36 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged . She had two shafts and two propellers . The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged , the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced , she could travel at . U-120 was fitted with three torpedo tubes at the bow , five torpedoes or up to twelve Type A torpedo mines , and a anti-aircraft gun . The boat had a complement of twenty five . Service history . U-120 was active from 1940 until she was scuttled in 1945 . She was one of two Type II U-boats built at the Flender Werke in Lübeck . Along with her sister boat , she was originally built for export to China . The advent of World War II and increased training needs , led the German high command to assign U-120 and U-121 to the training command . From 20 April 1940 to 30 June she was part of the U-Bootschulflottille . In July 1940 she became part of the 21st U-boat Flotilla as a training boat until 16 March 1945 when she became part of the 31st U-boat Flotilla ( training ) until 2 May 1945 when she was scuttled at Bremerhaven . The boat was raised in 1950 and broken up for scrap . Many sources incorrectly report that U-120 sank due to a malfunctioning toilet . This submarine was actually the much larger . Commanders . - 20 April 1940 – 25 November : Oberleutnant zur See Ernst Bauer ( Knights Cross ) - 26 November 1940 – 19 May 1941 : Kptlt . Wolfgang Heyda - 20 May 1941 – 24 February 1942 : Oblt.z.S . Willy-Roderich Körner - 25 February 1942 – 30 September : Oblt.z.S . Hans Fiedler - 24 May 1943 – 26 July 1943 Oblt.z.S . Adolf Gundlach - 26 July 1943 – 14 September 1944 : Oblt.z.S . Joachim Sauerbier - 15 September 1944 – 2 May 1945 : Oblt.z.S . Rolf Rüdiger Bensel |
[
"Rolf Rüdiger Bensel"
] | easy | Who commanded German submarine U-120 (1940) from Sep 1944 to May 1945? | /wiki/German_submarine_U-120_(1940)#P4791#4 | German submarine U-120 ( 1940 ) German submarine U-120 was a Type IIB U-boat of Nazi Germanys Kriegsmarine during World War II . She was laid down on 31 March 1938 at the Flender Werke , Lübeck as yard number 268 . She was launched on 16 March 1940 and commissioned on 20 April under Oberleutnant zur See ( Oblt.z.S. ) Ernst Bauer . Emblem . U-120s emblem was an oak leaf , with an anchor , and a knife or dagger . She also shared this emblem with , , , and . Built for China . The Chinese Nationalist government used 10,000,000 Marks to order two Type IIB U-boats in 1937 . They also dispatched 80 men to Germany for training in submarine operations . The Japanese government complained about this transaction , so the Chinese took their money back and these two vessels joined the Kriegsmarine after the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe . They were U-120 and U-121 . Design . German Type IIB submarines were enlarged versions of the original Type IIs . U-120 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged . Officially , the standard tonnage was , however . The U-boat had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MWM RS 127 S four-stroke , six-cylinder diesel engines of for cruising , two Siemens-Schuckert PG VV 322/36 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged . She had two shafts and two propellers . The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged , the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced , she could travel at . U-120 was fitted with three torpedo tubes at the bow , five torpedoes or up to twelve Type A torpedo mines , and a anti-aircraft gun . The boat had a complement of twenty five . Service history . U-120 was active from 1940 until she was scuttled in 1945 . She was one of two Type II U-boats built at the Flender Werke in Lübeck . Along with her sister boat , she was originally built for export to China . The advent of World War II and increased training needs , led the German high command to assign U-120 and U-121 to the training command . From 20 April 1940 to 30 June she was part of the U-Bootschulflottille . In July 1940 she became part of the 21st U-boat Flotilla as a training boat until 16 March 1945 when she became part of the 31st U-boat Flotilla ( training ) until 2 May 1945 when she was scuttled at Bremerhaven . The boat was raised in 1950 and broken up for scrap . Many sources incorrectly report that U-120 sank due to a malfunctioning toilet . This submarine was actually the much larger . Commanders . - 20 April 1940 – 25 November : Oberleutnant zur See Ernst Bauer ( Knights Cross ) - 26 November 1940 – 19 May 1941 : Kptlt . Wolfgang Heyda - 20 May 1941 – 24 February 1942 : Oblt.z.S . Willy-Roderich Körner - 25 February 1942 – 30 September : Oblt.z.S . Hans Fiedler - 24 May 1943 – 26 July 1943 Oblt.z.S . Adolf Gundlach - 26 July 1943 – 14 September 1944 : Oblt.z.S . Joachim Sauerbier - 15 September 1944 – 2 May 1945 : Oblt.z.S . Rolf Rüdiger Bensel |
[
"Royal Society"
] | easy | What organization did Thomas Eisner join in 1997? | /wiki/Thomas_Eisner#P463#0 | Thomas Eisner Thomas Eisner ( June 25 , 1929 – March 25 , 2011 ) was a German-American entomologist and ecologist , known as the father of chemical ecology . He was a Jacob Gould Schurman Professor of Chemical Ecology at Cornell University , and Director of the Cornell Institute for Research in Chemical Ecology ( CIRCE ) . He was a world authority on animal behavior , ecology , and evolution , and , together with his Cornell colleague Jerrold Meinwald , was one of the pioneers of chemical ecology , the discipline dealing with the chemical interactions of organisms . He was author or co-author of some 400 scientific articles and seven books . Personal life . Thomas Eisner was born on June 25 , 1929 , in Berlin , Germany . His father , Hans Eisner , was a chemist of Jewish origin , and a coworker of Fritz Haber at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Electrochemistry in Berlin ; he later held a chair for chemistry at Cornell . His mother , Margarete Heil-Eisner , was an artist . Escaping the Nazi regime , the family moved to Barcelona and , following the Spanish Civil War , to Uruguay . The Eisners came to the U.S . in 1947 . Thomas Eisner became a naturalized American citizen , and applied to Cornell University as an undergraduate , but was rejected . He received his B.S . and PhD degrees from Harvard University , and joined Cornells entomology faculty in 1957 . He married Maria Eisner , who was a member of his lab . In 1964 , he helped found the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior , where he worked until his death . In addition to his academic work , he was a passionate nature photographer and videographer . His film Secret Weapons won the Grand Award at the New York Film Festival and was named Best Science Film by the British Association for the Advancement of Science . He was also an avid pianist and occasional conductor . Eisner died on March 25 , 2011 , of Parkinsons disease . He was an atheist . Work . Eisners main body of work was in chemical ecology , primarily studying the chemical defenses of insects against predation . Some of his most famous work was conducted on the bombardier beetle , which he discovered creates a chemical reaction within its body to shoot a boiling noxious liquid from a nozzle in its abdomen . A field biologist with working experience on four continents , he was also an active conservationist . He served on the Board of Directors of the National Audubon Society , the National Scientific Council of the Nature Conservancy , and the World Resources Institute Council . He was a past president of the American Society of Naturalists , and chairman of the Biology Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . He played a key role in initiating the Congressional Fellow Program in Washington DC , and in efforts to preserve wilderness areas in Florida and Texas . Eisner was furthermore a member of the National Academy of Sciences , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , and the American Philosophical Society . He received numerous honors , including the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement , the Harvard Centennial Medal , the 1994 National Medal of Science and the Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science . He also held honorary degrees from universities in Sweden , Germany , Switzerland and the United States , and was a foreign fellow of the Royal Society . Eisner was additionally a member of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina and Academia Europaea . In 2008 , Eisner was awarded the John J . Carty Award by the National Academy of Sciences . Publications . - Eisner , T , ( 2003 ) For Love of Insects . Harvard University Press . ; - Eisner , T , Eisner , M , & Siegler , M , ( 2005 ) Secret Weapons : Defenses of Insects , Spiders , Scorpions , and Other Many-Legged Creatures . Harvard University Press . - Eisner , T , Bert Hölldobler & Martin Lindauer : Chemische Ökologie , Territorialität , gegenseitige Verständigung . Fischer , Stuttgart/New York 1986 , . External links . - Thomas Eisners Cornell Homepage - Thomas Eisner tells his life story at Web of Stories ( video ) |
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""
] | easy | What organization did Thomas Eisner join in 1994? | /wiki/Thomas_Eisner#P463#1 | Thomas Eisner Thomas Eisner ( June 25 , 1929 – March 25 , 2011 ) was a German-American entomologist and ecologist , known as the father of chemical ecology . He was a Jacob Gould Schurman Professor of Chemical Ecology at Cornell University , and Director of the Cornell Institute for Research in Chemical Ecology ( CIRCE ) . He was a world authority on animal behavior , ecology , and evolution , and , together with his Cornell colleague Jerrold Meinwald , was one of the pioneers of chemical ecology , the discipline dealing with the chemical interactions of organisms . He was author or co-author of some 400 scientific articles and seven books . Personal life . Thomas Eisner was born on June 25 , 1929 , in Berlin , Germany . His father , Hans Eisner , was a chemist of Jewish origin , and a coworker of Fritz Haber at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Electrochemistry in Berlin ; he later held a chair for chemistry at Cornell . His mother , Margarete Heil-Eisner , was an artist . Escaping the Nazi regime , the family moved to Barcelona and , following the Spanish Civil War , to Uruguay . The Eisners came to the U.S . in 1947 . Thomas Eisner became a naturalized American citizen , and applied to Cornell University as an undergraduate , but was rejected . He received his B.S . and PhD degrees from Harvard University , and joined Cornells entomology faculty in 1957 . He married Maria Eisner , who was a member of his lab . In 1964 , he helped found the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior , where he worked until his death . In addition to his academic work , he was a passionate nature photographer and videographer . His film Secret Weapons won the Grand Award at the New York Film Festival and was named Best Science Film by the British Association for the Advancement of Science . He was also an avid pianist and occasional conductor . Eisner died on March 25 , 2011 , of Parkinsons disease . He was an atheist . Work . Eisners main body of work was in chemical ecology , primarily studying the chemical defenses of insects against predation . Some of his most famous work was conducted on the bombardier beetle , which he discovered creates a chemical reaction within its body to shoot a boiling noxious liquid from a nozzle in its abdomen . A field biologist with working experience on four continents , he was also an active conservationist . He served on the Board of Directors of the National Audubon Society , the National Scientific Council of the Nature Conservancy , and the World Resources Institute Council . He was a past president of the American Society of Naturalists , and chairman of the Biology Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . He played a key role in initiating the Congressional Fellow Program in Washington DC , and in efforts to preserve wilderness areas in Florida and Texas . Eisner was furthermore a member of the National Academy of Sciences , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , and the American Philosophical Society . He received numerous honors , including the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement , the Harvard Centennial Medal , the 1994 National Medal of Science and the Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science . He also held honorary degrees from universities in Sweden , Germany , Switzerland and the United States , and was a foreign fellow of the Royal Society . Eisner was additionally a member of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina and Academia Europaea . In 2008 , Eisner was awarded the John J . Carty Award by the National Academy of Sciences . Publications . - Eisner , T , ( 2003 ) For Love of Insects . Harvard University Press . ; - Eisner , T , Eisner , M , & Siegler , M , ( 2005 ) Secret Weapons : Defenses of Insects , Spiders , Scorpions , and Other Many-Legged Creatures . Harvard University Press . - Eisner , T , Bert Hölldobler & Martin Lindauer : Chemische Ökologie , Territorialität , gegenseitige Verständigung . Fischer , Stuttgart/New York 1986 , . External links . - Thomas Eisners Cornell Homepage - Thomas Eisner tells his life story at Web of Stories ( video ) |
[
""
] | easy | What organization did Thomas Eisner join in 1969? | /wiki/Thomas_Eisner#P463#2 | Thomas Eisner Thomas Eisner ( June 25 , 1929 – March 25 , 2011 ) was a German-American entomologist and ecologist , known as the father of chemical ecology . He was a Jacob Gould Schurman Professor of Chemical Ecology at Cornell University , and Director of the Cornell Institute for Research in Chemical Ecology ( CIRCE ) . He was a world authority on animal behavior , ecology , and evolution , and , together with his Cornell colleague Jerrold Meinwald , was one of the pioneers of chemical ecology , the discipline dealing with the chemical interactions of organisms . He was author or co-author of some 400 scientific articles and seven books . Personal life . Thomas Eisner was born on June 25 , 1929 , in Berlin , Germany . His father , Hans Eisner , was a chemist of Jewish origin , and a coworker of Fritz Haber at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Electrochemistry in Berlin ; he later held a chair for chemistry at Cornell . His mother , Margarete Heil-Eisner , was an artist . Escaping the Nazi regime , the family moved to Barcelona and , following the Spanish Civil War , to Uruguay . The Eisners came to the U.S . in 1947 . Thomas Eisner became a naturalized American citizen , and applied to Cornell University as an undergraduate , but was rejected . He received his B.S . and PhD degrees from Harvard University , and joined Cornells entomology faculty in 1957 . He married Maria Eisner , who was a member of his lab . In 1964 , he helped found the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior , where he worked until his death . In addition to his academic work , he was a passionate nature photographer and videographer . His film Secret Weapons won the Grand Award at the New York Film Festival and was named Best Science Film by the British Association for the Advancement of Science . He was also an avid pianist and occasional conductor . Eisner died on March 25 , 2011 , of Parkinsons disease . He was an atheist . Work . Eisners main body of work was in chemical ecology , primarily studying the chemical defenses of insects against predation . Some of his most famous work was conducted on the bombardier beetle , which he discovered creates a chemical reaction within its body to shoot a boiling noxious liquid from a nozzle in its abdomen . A field biologist with working experience on four continents , he was also an active conservationist . He served on the Board of Directors of the National Audubon Society , the National Scientific Council of the Nature Conservancy , and the World Resources Institute Council . He was a past president of the American Society of Naturalists , and chairman of the Biology Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . He played a key role in initiating the Congressional Fellow Program in Washington DC , and in efforts to preserve wilderness areas in Florida and Texas . Eisner was furthermore a member of the National Academy of Sciences , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , and the American Philosophical Society . He received numerous honors , including the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement , the Harvard Centennial Medal , the 1994 National Medal of Science and the Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science . He also held honorary degrees from universities in Sweden , Germany , Switzerland and the United States , and was a foreign fellow of the Royal Society . Eisner was additionally a member of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina and Academia Europaea . In 2008 , Eisner was awarded the John J . Carty Award by the National Academy of Sciences . Publications . - Eisner , T , ( 2003 ) For Love of Insects . Harvard University Press . ; - Eisner , T , Eisner , M , & Siegler , M , ( 2005 ) Secret Weapons : Defenses of Insects , Spiders , Scorpions , and Other Many-Legged Creatures . Harvard University Press . - Eisner , T , Bert Hölldobler & Martin Lindauer : Chemische Ökologie , Territorialität , gegenseitige Verständigung . Fischer , Stuttgart/New York 1986 , . External links . - Thomas Eisners Cornell Homepage - Thomas Eisner tells his life story at Web of Stories ( video ) |
[
""
] | easy | Where did John Baptist Medina work from 1685 to 1686? | /wiki/John_Baptist_Medina#P937#0 | John Baptist Medina Sir John Baptist Medina or John Baptiste de Medina ( 1659 – 5 October 1710 ) was an artist of Flemish-Spanish origin who worked in England and Scotland , mostly as a portrait painter , though he was also the first illustrator of Paradise Lost by John Milton in 1688 . Life and portrait-painting . Medina was the son of a Spanish army captain posted to Brussels , where he was born and later trained by François Duchatel , before coming to London in 1686 and setting up his studio in Drury Lane . Even in London he seems to have specialized in Scottish sitters , and in either 1688–89 or 1694 he moved to Edinburgh , where he remained for the rest of his life . He was encouraged and sponsored by the Earl of Melville , who he painted in London . From 1689 Melville , like many of Medinas subjects a strong Whig , was Secretary of State for Scotland , effectively running the country for the King in London . With little competition , Medina was the most prominent Scottish portraitist for the rest of his life , charging £5 for a head and £10 for a half-length . His best known works are a group of about 30 oval bust-lengths , including a self-portrait , in Surgeons Hall , Edinburgh ; these are invariably compared to the Kit Cat Club series in London by Sir Godfrey Kneller . His style follows the conventions of Kneller , but his portraits are often more relaxed and informal , favouring relatively bright blues and rose-reds in the clothing , and dark backgrounds . The quality of the painting can vary considerably , probably reflecting the use of his assistants . In 1706 he was knighted , one of the last batch of Scottish knights to be created before the Acts of Union 1707 . Medina died in Edinburgh on 5 October 1710 . He was buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard in the centre of the city . The grave is a solid enclosed vault on the east side , now appearing half-sunken , adjacent to the steps leading to the northern section . The engraver , William Howison , is buried in front of the vault . He trained both his own son and the talented William Aikman , the leading Scottish portrait-painter of the next generation . The Scottish National Portrait Gallery has a representative ten works , including another self-portrait , and most of his paintings remain in Scotland – there are none , for example , in the National Portrait Gallery , London . Illustrations to Paradise Lost . Although he appears to have painted other types of work than portraits , the only works other than portraits known to survive are his eight ( out of a total of twelve plates prefacing each book of the poem ) engraved book illustrations for the fourth edition , the first to be illustrated , of Paradise Lost by John Milton , published in London by Jacob Tonson in 1688 . Though they have been described , perhaps rather unfairly , as stiff and archaic , these follow Miltons text carefully , unlike those of the artists used for the other prints , and usually include several different episodes in each illustration . Appropriately , Medina drew on traditional Biblical iconography , carefully and imaginatively adapting it to fit Miltons text . Medinas designs preface Books 3 and 5 to 11 ; the plates were engraved from his designs by a specialist , Michael Burghers ( also Burgese or Burgess ) , a Flemish engraver working in Oxford , who signed all but one plate as the engraver . They were still being used , in rather worn-out condition , for the sixth edition of 1695 . The exact authorship of some plates is a matter of dispute . Purely based on the interpretation of a hand-written note attributed to Horace Walpole in the New York City Public Library copy of the book , Henry Aldrich , an Oxford don of diverse talents , but not otherwise known as an artist , has been identified as the unknown artist of some plates , usually Books I , II and XII . Bernard Lens II , otherwise known as a painter of enamels , is signed as the artist for Book IV , and Medina is signed as the artist for one more plate than some say would seem likely to be his on stylistic grounds . References . - National Galleries of Scotland biography - Behrendt , Stephen C. ; The Moment of Explosion : Blake and the Illustration of Milton , University of Nebraska Press , 1983 , - Earl Roy Miner , William Moeck , Steven Edward Jablonski , Steven Jablonski ; Paradise Lost , 1668–1968 : Three Centuries of Commentary , Bucknell University Press , 2004 , , online - Waterhouse , Ellis ; Painting in Britain , 1530–1790 , 4th Edn , 1978 , Penguin Books ( now Yale History of Art series ) Further reading . - Marshall , Rosalind K . John de Medina , 1659–1710 . Edinburgh , National Galleries of Scotland , 1988 ( 32pp ) , |
[
"London"
] | easy | What was the working location for John Baptist Medina from 1686 to 1693? | /wiki/John_Baptist_Medina#P937#1 | John Baptist Medina Sir John Baptist Medina or John Baptiste de Medina ( 1659 – 5 October 1710 ) was an artist of Flemish-Spanish origin who worked in England and Scotland , mostly as a portrait painter , though he was also the first illustrator of Paradise Lost by John Milton in 1688 . Life and portrait-painting . Medina was the son of a Spanish army captain posted to Brussels , where he was born and later trained by François Duchatel , before coming to London in 1686 and setting up his studio in Drury Lane . Even in London he seems to have specialized in Scottish sitters , and in either 1688–89 or 1694 he moved to Edinburgh , where he remained for the rest of his life . He was encouraged and sponsored by the Earl of Melville , who he painted in London . From 1689 Melville , like many of Medinas subjects a strong Whig , was Secretary of State for Scotland , effectively running the country for the King in London . With little competition , Medina was the most prominent Scottish portraitist for the rest of his life , charging £5 for a head and £10 for a half-length . His best known works are a group of about 30 oval bust-lengths , including a self-portrait , in Surgeons Hall , Edinburgh ; these are invariably compared to the Kit Cat Club series in London by Sir Godfrey Kneller . His style follows the conventions of Kneller , but his portraits are often more relaxed and informal , favouring relatively bright blues and rose-reds in the clothing , and dark backgrounds . The quality of the painting can vary considerably , probably reflecting the use of his assistants . In 1706 he was knighted , one of the last batch of Scottish knights to be created before the Acts of Union 1707 . Medina died in Edinburgh on 5 October 1710 . He was buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard in the centre of the city . The grave is a solid enclosed vault on the east side , now appearing half-sunken , adjacent to the steps leading to the northern section . The engraver , William Howison , is buried in front of the vault . He trained both his own son and the talented William Aikman , the leading Scottish portrait-painter of the next generation . The Scottish National Portrait Gallery has a representative ten works , including another self-portrait , and most of his paintings remain in Scotland – there are none , for example , in the National Portrait Gallery , London . Illustrations to Paradise Lost . Although he appears to have painted other types of work than portraits , the only works other than portraits known to survive are his eight ( out of a total of twelve plates prefacing each book of the poem ) engraved book illustrations for the fourth edition , the first to be illustrated , of Paradise Lost by John Milton , published in London by Jacob Tonson in 1688 . Though they have been described , perhaps rather unfairly , as stiff and archaic , these follow Miltons text carefully , unlike those of the artists used for the other prints , and usually include several different episodes in each illustration . Appropriately , Medina drew on traditional Biblical iconography , carefully and imaginatively adapting it to fit Miltons text . Medinas designs preface Books 3 and 5 to 11 ; the plates were engraved from his designs by a specialist , Michael Burghers ( also Burgese or Burgess ) , a Flemish engraver working in Oxford , who signed all but one plate as the engraver . They were still being used , in rather worn-out condition , for the sixth edition of 1695 . The exact authorship of some plates is a matter of dispute . Purely based on the interpretation of a hand-written note attributed to Horace Walpole in the New York City Public Library copy of the book , Henry Aldrich , an Oxford don of diverse talents , but not otherwise known as an artist , has been identified as the unknown artist of some plates , usually Books I , II and XII . Bernard Lens II , otherwise known as a painter of enamels , is signed as the artist for Book IV , and Medina is signed as the artist for one more plate than some say would seem likely to be his on stylistic grounds . References . - National Galleries of Scotland biography - Behrendt , Stephen C. ; The Moment of Explosion : Blake and the Illustration of Milton , University of Nebraska Press , 1983 , - Earl Roy Miner , William Moeck , Steven Edward Jablonski , Steven Jablonski ; Paradise Lost , 1668–1968 : Three Centuries of Commentary , Bucknell University Press , 2004 , , online - Waterhouse , Ellis ; Painting in Britain , 1530–1790 , 4th Edn , 1978 , Penguin Books ( now Yale History of Art series ) Further reading . - Marshall , Rosalind K . John de Medina , 1659–1710 . Edinburgh , National Galleries of Scotland , 1988 ( 32pp ) , |
[
"Edinburgh"
] | easy | What was the working location for John Baptist Medina from 1693 to 1710? | /wiki/John_Baptist_Medina#P937#2 | John Baptist Medina Sir John Baptist Medina or John Baptiste de Medina ( 1659 – 5 October 1710 ) was an artist of Flemish-Spanish origin who worked in England and Scotland , mostly as a portrait painter , though he was also the first illustrator of Paradise Lost by John Milton in 1688 . Life and portrait-painting . Medina was the son of a Spanish army captain posted to Brussels , where he was born and later trained by François Duchatel , before coming to London in 1686 and setting up his studio in Drury Lane . Even in London he seems to have specialized in Scottish sitters , and in either 1688–89 or 1694 he moved to Edinburgh , where he remained for the rest of his life . He was encouraged and sponsored by the Earl of Melville , who he painted in London . From 1689 Melville , like many of Medinas subjects a strong Whig , was Secretary of State for Scotland , effectively running the country for the King in London . With little competition , Medina was the most prominent Scottish portraitist for the rest of his life , charging £5 for a head and £10 for a half-length . His best known works are a group of about 30 oval bust-lengths , including a self-portrait , in Surgeons Hall , Edinburgh ; these are invariably compared to the Kit Cat Club series in London by Sir Godfrey Kneller . His style follows the conventions of Kneller , but his portraits are often more relaxed and informal , favouring relatively bright blues and rose-reds in the clothing , and dark backgrounds . The quality of the painting can vary considerably , probably reflecting the use of his assistants . In 1706 he was knighted , one of the last batch of Scottish knights to be created before the Acts of Union 1707 . Medina died in Edinburgh on 5 October 1710 . He was buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard in the centre of the city . The grave is a solid enclosed vault on the east side , now appearing half-sunken , adjacent to the steps leading to the northern section . The engraver , William Howison , is buried in front of the vault . He trained both his own son and the talented William Aikman , the leading Scottish portrait-painter of the next generation . The Scottish National Portrait Gallery has a representative ten works , including another self-portrait , and most of his paintings remain in Scotland – there are none , for example , in the National Portrait Gallery , London . Illustrations to Paradise Lost . Although he appears to have painted other types of work than portraits , the only works other than portraits known to survive are his eight ( out of a total of twelve plates prefacing each book of the poem ) engraved book illustrations for the fourth edition , the first to be illustrated , of Paradise Lost by John Milton , published in London by Jacob Tonson in 1688 . Though they have been described , perhaps rather unfairly , as stiff and archaic , these follow Miltons text carefully , unlike those of the artists used for the other prints , and usually include several different episodes in each illustration . Appropriately , Medina drew on traditional Biblical iconography , carefully and imaginatively adapting it to fit Miltons text . Medinas designs preface Books 3 and 5 to 11 ; the plates were engraved from his designs by a specialist , Michael Burghers ( also Burgese or Burgess ) , a Flemish engraver working in Oxford , who signed all but one plate as the engraver . They were still being used , in rather worn-out condition , for the sixth edition of 1695 . The exact authorship of some plates is a matter of dispute . Purely based on the interpretation of a hand-written note attributed to Horace Walpole in the New York City Public Library copy of the book , Henry Aldrich , an Oxford don of diverse talents , but not otherwise known as an artist , has been identified as the unknown artist of some plates , usually Books I , II and XII . Bernard Lens II , otherwise known as a painter of enamels , is signed as the artist for Book IV , and Medina is signed as the artist for one more plate than some say would seem likely to be his on stylistic grounds . References . - National Galleries of Scotland biography - Behrendt , Stephen C. ; The Moment of Explosion : Blake and the Illustration of Milton , University of Nebraska Press , 1983 , - Earl Roy Miner , William Moeck , Steven Edward Jablonski , Steven Jablonski ; Paradise Lost , 1668–1968 : Three Centuries of Commentary , Bucknell University Press , 2004 , , online - Waterhouse , Ellis ; Painting in Britain , 1530–1790 , 4th Edn , 1978 , Penguin Books ( now Yale History of Art series ) Further reading . - Marshall , Rosalind K . John de Medina , 1659–1710 . Edinburgh , National Galleries of Scotland , 1988 ( 32pp ) , |
[
"Australia"
] | easy | Which team did the player Erik Paartalu belong to from 2003 to 2004? | /wiki/Erik_Paartalu#P54#0 | Erik Paartalu Erik Endel Paartalu ( born 3 May 1986 ) is an Australian professional footballer of Estonian descent who plays as a defensive midfielder for Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC . He has played professionally in Scotland , Australia , China , Qatar , South Korea , Thailand and India . Club career . NSL . Paartalu began his career with Northern Spirit in the National Soccer League , after stints with the Spirit youth team and the New South Wales Institute of Sport . His NSL career at the Spirit was however limited to a single appearance as a substitute on 11 January 2004 against the Melbourne Knights . After the dissolution of the Northern Spirit , Paartalu moved to the Northern Tigers in the New South Wales Winter Super League where he played 17 matches scoring four goals in the 2004 season . During 2004 Paartalu moved to the Parramatta Eagles who were then playing in the New South Wales Premier League . He continued with the Eagles until the latter half of the 2006 season , before he decided to take his chances on a career in the United Kingdom . Scotland . After a trial with Doncaster in League One it was expected he would sign a contract until the departure of manager Dave Penney put an end to the deal . Arriving at Gretna in September Paartalu was signed on a short term contract after a trial . A number of impressive performances led to a two and a half-year contract being signed in January 2007 . Paartalu joined Stirling Albion on 1 January 2008 on a loan deal from Gretna until the end of the 2007/2008 season . Paartalu made his debut for the Binos against Hamilton on 5 January 2008 at New Douglas Park . In his second game he scored his first and only goal for the club , in a 4–1 defeat to Livingston . Paartalu was released by Gretna in March 2008 due to them entering administration . He then joined Greenock Morton . After helping Morton stay in the First Division , Paartalu signed a two-year deal at the end of April 2008 to keep him at Cappielow until 2010 . Brisbane Roar . With his contract at Morton running out in the summer , Paartalu signed a pre-contract agreement with Brisbane Roar on 24 February 2010 . Paartalu became an important player for Brisbane , a linchpin in the midfield and scoring crucial goals . Paartalus defining moment at the Roar came in the 2011 A-League Grand Final , where he scored the equaliser with the last touch of the game in the 120th minute . He also went on to score the Roars second penalty in the shootout against the Mariners . Paartalu was awarded the A-League Solo Goal of the Year for the 2010–11 season for his volley against Gold Coast United in the last game of the regular season . In Brisbanes first match of the 2011–12 finals series , Paartalus powerful strike sealed a 2–0 win for Brisbane in the first leg against the Central Coast . Paartalu started in 85 consecutive games for Brisbane Roar in the A-League and the AFC Champions League in both the 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons , including the A-League finals series . Tianjin Teda . On 21 January 2013 it was confirmed that Paartalu had signed a three-year deal with Tianjin Teda in the Chinese Super League . Muangthong United . After leaving Tianjin Teda in February 2014 , Paartalu signed for Muangthong United in the Thai Premier League . Melbourne City . In July 2014 , Paartalu was offered a to be signed as a domestic marquee player by Newcastle Jets , but he opted to see out his contract with Muangthong United . In September Newcastle Jets reopened talks with Paartalu , following the departure of Craig Goodwin from the club . However , despite the courting and lucrative offer by Newcastle Jets , on 15 September Paartalu signed a four-year deal with Melbourne City under the salary cap , saying I want to be at a club with an ambition to be successful on and off the field and Melbourne City FC is that club . After 40 games and 7 goals for the club across nearly two season , Paartalu was released by the club to pursue opportunities in South Korea . Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors . Following his release from Melbourne City , Paartalu joined K League Classic side Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors on a one year deal . However , after just three months with the team , Paartalu was dropped from the squad , with coach Chio Kang-hee asking the midfielder to train alone . Al Kharaitiyat . In October 2016 , Paartalu joined Qatari Stars League club Al Kharaitiyat . Bengaluru FC . On 5 July 2017 , Paartalu joined Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC on a one-year deal . In November , he scored a brace against Delhi Dynamos . On 14 March 2018 , his contract was extended until the end of 2020 . Paartalu was part of the 2018–19 Indian Super League season winning squad and ended the following 2019-20 season as the clubs highest assist getter with five contributions to his name . Paartalu signed a two-year extension to his contract with Bengaluru FC at the end of the 2019-20 campaign . Bengaluru has held a special place in my heart for the past three years . Every time I leave the city , I am somehow drawn back to it , Paartalu said after putting pen to paper . International career . Paartalu represented Australia at the 2003 FIFA U-17 World Championship . Paartalu played in all three of Australias three games in the tournament , including losses against Argentina and Nigeria . On 21 February 2012 he was selected to play for the Socceroos against Saudi Arabia national football team in a World Cup qualification match . Paartalu also represented the Australian National Team in two games at the 2013 EAFF East Asian Cup , with appearances against South Korea and China PR . Honours . Club . Gretna - Scottish Football League First Division : 2006–07 Brisbane Roar - A-League Championship : 2010–11 , 2011–12 - A-League Premiership : 2010–11 Bengaluru - Indian Super League : 2018–19 - Super Cup : 2018 International . Australia U-17 - OFC U-17 Championship : 2003 Individual . - A-League Goal of the Year : 2010–11 External links . - Indian Super League Profile - OzFootball profile |
[
"Northern Spirit",
"Parramatta Eagles"
] | easy | Erik Paartalu played for which team from 2004 to 2006? | /wiki/Erik_Paartalu#P54#1 | Erik Paartalu Erik Endel Paartalu ( born 3 May 1986 ) is an Australian professional footballer of Estonian descent who plays as a defensive midfielder for Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC . He has played professionally in Scotland , Australia , China , Qatar , South Korea , Thailand and India . Club career . NSL . Paartalu began his career with Northern Spirit in the National Soccer League , after stints with the Spirit youth team and the New South Wales Institute of Sport . His NSL career at the Spirit was however limited to a single appearance as a substitute on 11 January 2004 against the Melbourne Knights . After the dissolution of the Northern Spirit , Paartalu moved to the Northern Tigers in the New South Wales Winter Super League where he played 17 matches scoring four goals in the 2004 season . During 2004 Paartalu moved to the Parramatta Eagles who were then playing in the New South Wales Premier League . He continued with the Eagles until the latter half of the 2006 season , before he decided to take his chances on a career in the United Kingdom . Scotland . After a trial with Doncaster in League One it was expected he would sign a contract until the departure of manager Dave Penney put an end to the deal . Arriving at Gretna in September Paartalu was signed on a short term contract after a trial . A number of impressive performances led to a two and a half-year contract being signed in January 2007 . Paartalu joined Stirling Albion on 1 January 2008 on a loan deal from Gretna until the end of the 2007/2008 season . Paartalu made his debut for the Binos against Hamilton on 5 January 2008 at New Douglas Park . In his second game he scored his first and only goal for the club , in a 4–1 defeat to Livingston . Paartalu was released by Gretna in March 2008 due to them entering administration . He then joined Greenock Morton . After helping Morton stay in the First Division , Paartalu signed a two-year deal at the end of April 2008 to keep him at Cappielow until 2010 . Brisbane Roar . With his contract at Morton running out in the summer , Paartalu signed a pre-contract agreement with Brisbane Roar on 24 February 2010 . Paartalu became an important player for Brisbane , a linchpin in the midfield and scoring crucial goals . Paartalus defining moment at the Roar came in the 2011 A-League Grand Final , where he scored the equaliser with the last touch of the game in the 120th minute . He also went on to score the Roars second penalty in the shootout against the Mariners . Paartalu was awarded the A-League Solo Goal of the Year for the 2010–11 season for his volley against Gold Coast United in the last game of the regular season . In Brisbanes first match of the 2011–12 finals series , Paartalus powerful strike sealed a 2–0 win for Brisbane in the first leg against the Central Coast . Paartalu started in 85 consecutive games for Brisbane Roar in the A-League and the AFC Champions League in both the 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons , including the A-League finals series . Tianjin Teda . On 21 January 2013 it was confirmed that Paartalu had signed a three-year deal with Tianjin Teda in the Chinese Super League . Muangthong United . After leaving Tianjin Teda in February 2014 , Paartalu signed for Muangthong United in the Thai Premier League . Melbourne City . In July 2014 , Paartalu was offered a to be signed as a domestic marquee player by Newcastle Jets , but he opted to see out his contract with Muangthong United . In September Newcastle Jets reopened talks with Paartalu , following the departure of Craig Goodwin from the club . However , despite the courting and lucrative offer by Newcastle Jets , on 15 September Paartalu signed a four-year deal with Melbourne City under the salary cap , saying I want to be at a club with an ambition to be successful on and off the field and Melbourne City FC is that club . After 40 games and 7 goals for the club across nearly two season , Paartalu was released by the club to pursue opportunities in South Korea . Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors . Following his release from Melbourne City , Paartalu joined K League Classic side Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors on a one year deal . However , after just three months with the team , Paartalu was dropped from the squad , with coach Chio Kang-hee asking the midfielder to train alone . Al Kharaitiyat . In October 2016 , Paartalu joined Qatari Stars League club Al Kharaitiyat . Bengaluru FC . On 5 July 2017 , Paartalu joined Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC on a one-year deal . In November , he scored a brace against Delhi Dynamos . On 14 March 2018 , his contract was extended until the end of 2020 . Paartalu was part of the 2018–19 Indian Super League season winning squad and ended the following 2019-20 season as the clubs highest assist getter with five contributions to his name . Paartalu signed a two-year extension to his contract with Bengaluru FC at the end of the 2019-20 campaign . Bengaluru has held a special place in my heart for the past three years . Every time I leave the city , I am somehow drawn back to it , Paartalu said after putting pen to paper . International career . Paartalu represented Australia at the 2003 FIFA U-17 World Championship . Paartalu played in all three of Australias three games in the tournament , including losses against Argentina and Nigeria . On 21 February 2012 he was selected to play for the Socceroos against Saudi Arabia national football team in a World Cup qualification match . Paartalu also represented the Australian National Team in two games at the 2013 EAFF East Asian Cup , with appearances against South Korea and China PR . Honours . Club . Gretna - Scottish Football League First Division : 2006–07 Brisbane Roar - A-League Championship : 2010–11 , 2011–12 - A-League Premiership : 2010–11 Bengaluru - Indian Super League : 2018–19 - Super Cup : 2018 International . Australia U-17 - OFC U-17 Championship : 2003 Individual . - A-League Goal of the Year : 2010–11 External links . - Indian Super League Profile - OzFootball profile |
[
"Eagles"
] | easy | Which team did the player Erik Paartalu belong to from 2006 to 2008? | /wiki/Erik_Paartalu#P54#2 | Erik Paartalu Erik Endel Paartalu ( born 3 May 1986 ) is an Australian professional footballer of Estonian descent who plays as a defensive midfielder for Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC . He has played professionally in Scotland , Australia , China , Qatar , South Korea , Thailand and India . Club career . NSL . Paartalu began his career with Northern Spirit in the National Soccer League , after stints with the Spirit youth team and the New South Wales Institute of Sport . His NSL career at the Spirit was however limited to a single appearance as a substitute on 11 January 2004 against the Melbourne Knights . After the dissolution of the Northern Spirit , Paartalu moved to the Northern Tigers in the New South Wales Winter Super League where he played 17 matches scoring four goals in the 2004 season . During 2004 Paartalu moved to the Parramatta Eagles who were then playing in the New South Wales Premier League . He continued with the Eagles until the latter half of the 2006 season , before he decided to take his chances on a career in the United Kingdom . Scotland . After a trial with Doncaster in League One it was expected he would sign a contract until the departure of manager Dave Penney put an end to the deal . Arriving at Gretna in September Paartalu was signed on a short term contract after a trial . A number of impressive performances led to a two and a half-year contract being signed in January 2007 . Paartalu joined Stirling Albion on 1 January 2008 on a loan deal from Gretna until the end of the 2007/2008 season . Paartalu made his debut for the Binos against Hamilton on 5 January 2008 at New Douglas Park . In his second game he scored his first and only goal for the club , in a 4–1 defeat to Livingston . Paartalu was released by Gretna in March 2008 due to them entering administration . He then joined Greenock Morton . After helping Morton stay in the First Division , Paartalu signed a two-year deal at the end of April 2008 to keep him at Cappielow until 2010 . Brisbane Roar . With his contract at Morton running out in the summer , Paartalu signed a pre-contract agreement with Brisbane Roar on 24 February 2010 . Paartalu became an important player for Brisbane , a linchpin in the midfield and scoring crucial goals . Paartalus defining moment at the Roar came in the 2011 A-League Grand Final , where he scored the equaliser with the last touch of the game in the 120th minute . He also went on to score the Roars second penalty in the shootout against the Mariners . Paartalu was awarded the A-League Solo Goal of the Year for the 2010–11 season for his volley against Gold Coast United in the last game of the regular season . In Brisbanes first match of the 2011–12 finals series , Paartalus powerful strike sealed a 2–0 win for Brisbane in the first leg against the Central Coast . Paartalu started in 85 consecutive games for Brisbane Roar in the A-League and the AFC Champions League in both the 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons , including the A-League finals series . Tianjin Teda . On 21 January 2013 it was confirmed that Paartalu had signed a three-year deal with Tianjin Teda in the Chinese Super League . Muangthong United . After leaving Tianjin Teda in February 2014 , Paartalu signed for Muangthong United in the Thai Premier League . Melbourne City . In July 2014 , Paartalu was offered a to be signed as a domestic marquee player by Newcastle Jets , but he opted to see out his contract with Muangthong United . In September Newcastle Jets reopened talks with Paartalu , following the departure of Craig Goodwin from the club . However , despite the courting and lucrative offer by Newcastle Jets , on 15 September Paartalu signed a four-year deal with Melbourne City under the salary cap , saying I want to be at a club with an ambition to be successful on and off the field and Melbourne City FC is that club . After 40 games and 7 goals for the club across nearly two season , Paartalu was released by the club to pursue opportunities in South Korea . Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors . Following his release from Melbourne City , Paartalu joined K League Classic side Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors on a one year deal . However , after just three months with the team , Paartalu was dropped from the squad , with coach Chio Kang-hee asking the midfielder to train alone . Al Kharaitiyat . In October 2016 , Paartalu joined Qatari Stars League club Al Kharaitiyat . Bengaluru FC . On 5 July 2017 , Paartalu joined Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC on a one-year deal . In November , he scored a brace against Delhi Dynamos . On 14 March 2018 , his contract was extended until the end of 2020 . Paartalu was part of the 2018–19 Indian Super League season winning squad and ended the following 2019-20 season as the clubs highest assist getter with five contributions to his name . Paartalu signed a two-year extension to his contract with Bengaluru FC at the end of the 2019-20 campaign . Bengaluru has held a special place in my heart for the past three years . Every time I leave the city , I am somehow drawn back to it , Paartalu said after putting pen to paper . International career . Paartalu represented Australia at the 2003 FIFA U-17 World Championship . Paartalu played in all three of Australias three games in the tournament , including losses against Argentina and Nigeria . On 21 February 2012 he was selected to play for the Socceroos against Saudi Arabia national football team in a World Cup qualification match . Paartalu also represented the Australian National Team in two games at the 2013 EAFF East Asian Cup , with appearances against South Korea and China PR . Honours . Club . Gretna - Scottish Football League First Division : 2006–07 Brisbane Roar - A-League Championship : 2010–11 , 2011–12 - A-League Premiership : 2010–11 Bengaluru - Indian Super League : 2018–19 - Super Cup : 2018 International . Australia U-17 - OFC U-17 Championship : 2003 Individual . - A-League Goal of the Year : 2010–11 External links . - Indian Super League Profile - OzFootball profile |
[
"Binos"
] | easy | Erik Paartalu played for which team from 2008 to 2010? | /wiki/Erik_Paartalu#P54#3 | Erik Paartalu Erik Endel Paartalu ( born 3 May 1986 ) is an Australian professional footballer of Estonian descent who plays as a defensive midfielder for Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC . He has played professionally in Scotland , Australia , China , Qatar , South Korea , Thailand and India . Club career . NSL . Paartalu began his career with Northern Spirit in the National Soccer League , after stints with the Spirit youth team and the New South Wales Institute of Sport . His NSL career at the Spirit was however limited to a single appearance as a substitute on 11 January 2004 against the Melbourne Knights . After the dissolution of the Northern Spirit , Paartalu moved to the Northern Tigers in the New South Wales Winter Super League where he played 17 matches scoring four goals in the 2004 season . During 2004 Paartalu moved to the Parramatta Eagles who were then playing in the New South Wales Premier League . He continued with the Eagles until the latter half of the 2006 season , before he decided to take his chances on a career in the United Kingdom . Scotland . After a trial with Doncaster in League One it was expected he would sign a contract until the departure of manager Dave Penney put an end to the deal . Arriving at Gretna in September Paartalu was signed on a short term contract after a trial . A number of impressive performances led to a two and a half-year contract being signed in January 2007 . Paartalu joined Stirling Albion on 1 January 2008 on a loan deal from Gretna until the end of the 2007/2008 season . Paartalu made his debut for the Binos against Hamilton on 5 January 2008 at New Douglas Park . In his second game he scored his first and only goal for the club , in a 4–1 defeat to Livingston . Paartalu was released by Gretna in March 2008 due to them entering administration . He then joined Greenock Morton . After helping Morton stay in the First Division , Paartalu signed a two-year deal at the end of April 2008 to keep him at Cappielow until 2010 . Brisbane Roar . With his contract at Morton running out in the summer , Paartalu signed a pre-contract agreement with Brisbane Roar on 24 February 2010 . Paartalu became an important player for Brisbane , a linchpin in the midfield and scoring crucial goals . Paartalus defining moment at the Roar came in the 2011 A-League Grand Final , where he scored the equaliser with the last touch of the game in the 120th minute . He also went on to score the Roars second penalty in the shootout against the Mariners . Paartalu was awarded the A-League Solo Goal of the Year for the 2010–11 season for his volley against Gold Coast United in the last game of the regular season . In Brisbanes first match of the 2011–12 finals series , Paartalus powerful strike sealed a 2–0 win for Brisbane in the first leg against the Central Coast . Paartalu started in 85 consecutive games for Brisbane Roar in the A-League and the AFC Champions League in both the 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons , including the A-League finals series . Tianjin Teda . On 21 January 2013 it was confirmed that Paartalu had signed a three-year deal with Tianjin Teda in the Chinese Super League . Muangthong United . After leaving Tianjin Teda in February 2014 , Paartalu signed for Muangthong United in the Thai Premier League . Melbourne City . In July 2014 , Paartalu was offered a to be signed as a domestic marquee player by Newcastle Jets , but he opted to see out his contract with Muangthong United . In September Newcastle Jets reopened talks with Paartalu , following the departure of Craig Goodwin from the club . However , despite the courting and lucrative offer by Newcastle Jets , on 15 September Paartalu signed a four-year deal with Melbourne City under the salary cap , saying I want to be at a club with an ambition to be successful on and off the field and Melbourne City FC is that club . After 40 games and 7 goals for the club across nearly two season , Paartalu was released by the club to pursue opportunities in South Korea . Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors . Following his release from Melbourne City , Paartalu joined K League Classic side Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors on a one year deal . However , after just three months with the team , Paartalu was dropped from the squad , with coach Chio Kang-hee asking the midfielder to train alone . Al Kharaitiyat . In October 2016 , Paartalu joined Qatari Stars League club Al Kharaitiyat . Bengaluru FC . On 5 July 2017 , Paartalu joined Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC on a one-year deal . In November , he scored a brace against Delhi Dynamos . On 14 March 2018 , his contract was extended until the end of 2020 . Paartalu was part of the 2018–19 Indian Super League season winning squad and ended the following 2019-20 season as the clubs highest assist getter with five contributions to his name . Paartalu signed a two-year extension to his contract with Bengaluru FC at the end of the 2019-20 campaign . Bengaluru has held a special place in my heart for the past three years . Every time I leave the city , I am somehow drawn back to it , Paartalu said after putting pen to paper . International career . Paartalu represented Australia at the 2003 FIFA U-17 World Championship . Paartalu played in all three of Australias three games in the tournament , including losses against Argentina and Nigeria . On 21 February 2012 he was selected to play for the Socceroos against Saudi Arabia national football team in a World Cup qualification match . Paartalu also represented the Australian National Team in two games at the 2013 EAFF East Asian Cup , with appearances against South Korea and China PR . Honours . Club . Gretna - Scottish Football League First Division : 2006–07 Brisbane Roar - A-League Championship : 2010–11 , 2011–12 - A-League Premiership : 2010–11 Bengaluru - Indian Super League : 2018–19 - Super Cup : 2018 International . Australia U-17 - OFC U-17 Championship : 2003 Individual . - A-League Goal of the Year : 2010–11 External links . - Indian Super League Profile - OzFootball profile |
[
"Brisbane Roar"
] | easy | Which team did Erik Paartalu play for from 2010 to 2013? | /wiki/Erik_Paartalu#P54#4 | Erik Paartalu Erik Endel Paartalu ( born 3 May 1986 ) is an Australian professional footballer of Estonian descent who plays as a defensive midfielder for Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC . He has played professionally in Scotland , Australia , China , Qatar , South Korea , Thailand and India . Club career . NSL . Paartalu began his career with Northern Spirit in the National Soccer League , after stints with the Spirit youth team and the New South Wales Institute of Sport . His NSL career at the Spirit was however limited to a single appearance as a substitute on 11 January 2004 against the Melbourne Knights . After the dissolution of the Northern Spirit , Paartalu moved to the Northern Tigers in the New South Wales Winter Super League where he played 17 matches scoring four goals in the 2004 season . During 2004 Paartalu moved to the Parramatta Eagles who were then playing in the New South Wales Premier League . He continued with the Eagles until the latter half of the 2006 season , before he decided to take his chances on a career in the United Kingdom . Scotland . After a trial with Doncaster in League One it was expected he would sign a contract until the departure of manager Dave Penney put an end to the deal . Arriving at Gretna in September Paartalu was signed on a short term contract after a trial . A number of impressive performances led to a two and a half-year contract being signed in January 2007 . Paartalu joined Stirling Albion on 1 January 2008 on a loan deal from Gretna until the end of the 2007/2008 season . Paartalu made his debut for the Binos against Hamilton on 5 January 2008 at New Douglas Park . In his second game he scored his first and only goal for the club , in a 4–1 defeat to Livingston . Paartalu was released by Gretna in March 2008 due to them entering administration . He then joined Greenock Morton . After helping Morton stay in the First Division , Paartalu signed a two-year deal at the end of April 2008 to keep him at Cappielow until 2010 . Brisbane Roar . With his contract at Morton running out in the summer , Paartalu signed a pre-contract agreement with Brisbane Roar on 24 February 2010 . Paartalu became an important player for Brisbane , a linchpin in the midfield and scoring crucial goals . Paartalus defining moment at the Roar came in the 2011 A-League Grand Final , where he scored the equaliser with the last touch of the game in the 120th minute . He also went on to score the Roars second penalty in the shootout against the Mariners . Paartalu was awarded the A-League Solo Goal of the Year for the 2010–11 season for his volley against Gold Coast United in the last game of the regular season . In Brisbanes first match of the 2011–12 finals series , Paartalus powerful strike sealed a 2–0 win for Brisbane in the first leg against the Central Coast . Paartalu started in 85 consecutive games for Brisbane Roar in the A-League and the AFC Champions League in both the 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons , including the A-League finals series . Tianjin Teda . On 21 January 2013 it was confirmed that Paartalu had signed a three-year deal with Tianjin Teda in the Chinese Super League . Muangthong United . After leaving Tianjin Teda in February 2014 , Paartalu signed for Muangthong United in the Thai Premier League . Melbourne City . In July 2014 , Paartalu was offered a to be signed as a domestic marquee player by Newcastle Jets , but he opted to see out his contract with Muangthong United . In September Newcastle Jets reopened talks with Paartalu , following the departure of Craig Goodwin from the club . However , despite the courting and lucrative offer by Newcastle Jets , on 15 September Paartalu signed a four-year deal with Melbourne City under the salary cap , saying I want to be at a club with an ambition to be successful on and off the field and Melbourne City FC is that club . After 40 games and 7 goals for the club across nearly two season , Paartalu was released by the club to pursue opportunities in South Korea . Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors . Following his release from Melbourne City , Paartalu joined K League Classic side Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors on a one year deal . However , after just three months with the team , Paartalu was dropped from the squad , with coach Chio Kang-hee asking the midfielder to train alone . Al Kharaitiyat . In October 2016 , Paartalu joined Qatari Stars League club Al Kharaitiyat . Bengaluru FC . On 5 July 2017 , Paartalu joined Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC on a one-year deal . In November , he scored a brace against Delhi Dynamos . On 14 March 2018 , his contract was extended until the end of 2020 . Paartalu was part of the 2018–19 Indian Super League season winning squad and ended the following 2019-20 season as the clubs highest assist getter with five contributions to his name . Paartalu signed a two-year extension to his contract with Bengaluru FC at the end of the 2019-20 campaign . Bengaluru has held a special place in my heart for the past three years . Every time I leave the city , I am somehow drawn back to it , Paartalu said after putting pen to paper . International career . Paartalu represented Australia at the 2003 FIFA U-17 World Championship . Paartalu played in all three of Australias three games in the tournament , including losses against Argentina and Nigeria . On 21 February 2012 he was selected to play for the Socceroos against Saudi Arabia national football team in a World Cup qualification match . Paartalu also represented the Australian National Team in two games at the 2013 EAFF East Asian Cup , with appearances against South Korea and China PR . Honours . Club . Gretna - Scottish Football League First Division : 2006–07 Brisbane Roar - A-League Championship : 2010–11 , 2011–12 - A-League Premiership : 2010–11 Bengaluru - Indian Super League : 2018–19 - Super Cup : 2018 International . Australia U-17 - OFC U-17 Championship : 2003 Individual . - A-League Goal of the Year : 2010–11 External links . - Indian Super League Profile - OzFootball profile |
[
"Muangthong United"
] | easy | Which team did the player Erik Paartalu belong to from 2014 to 2016? | /wiki/Erik_Paartalu#P54#5 | Erik Paartalu Erik Endel Paartalu ( born 3 May 1986 ) is an Australian professional footballer of Estonian descent who plays as a defensive midfielder for Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC . He has played professionally in Scotland , Australia , China , Qatar , South Korea , Thailand and India . Club career . NSL . Paartalu began his career with Northern Spirit in the National Soccer League , after stints with the Spirit youth team and the New South Wales Institute of Sport . His NSL career at the Spirit was however limited to a single appearance as a substitute on 11 January 2004 against the Melbourne Knights . After the dissolution of the Northern Spirit , Paartalu moved to the Northern Tigers in the New South Wales Winter Super League where he played 17 matches scoring four goals in the 2004 season . During 2004 Paartalu moved to the Parramatta Eagles who were then playing in the New South Wales Premier League . He continued with the Eagles until the latter half of the 2006 season , before he decided to take his chances on a career in the United Kingdom . Scotland . After a trial with Doncaster in League One it was expected he would sign a contract until the departure of manager Dave Penney put an end to the deal . Arriving at Gretna in September Paartalu was signed on a short term contract after a trial . A number of impressive performances led to a two and a half-year contract being signed in January 2007 . Paartalu joined Stirling Albion on 1 January 2008 on a loan deal from Gretna until the end of the 2007/2008 season . Paartalu made his debut for the Binos against Hamilton on 5 January 2008 at New Douglas Park . In his second game he scored his first and only goal for the club , in a 4–1 defeat to Livingston . Paartalu was released by Gretna in March 2008 due to them entering administration . He then joined Greenock Morton . After helping Morton stay in the First Division , Paartalu signed a two-year deal at the end of April 2008 to keep him at Cappielow until 2010 . Brisbane Roar . With his contract at Morton running out in the summer , Paartalu signed a pre-contract agreement with Brisbane Roar on 24 February 2010 . Paartalu became an important player for Brisbane , a linchpin in the midfield and scoring crucial goals . Paartalus defining moment at the Roar came in the 2011 A-League Grand Final , where he scored the equaliser with the last touch of the game in the 120th minute . He also went on to score the Roars second penalty in the shootout against the Mariners . Paartalu was awarded the A-League Solo Goal of the Year for the 2010–11 season for his volley against Gold Coast United in the last game of the regular season . In Brisbanes first match of the 2011–12 finals series , Paartalus powerful strike sealed a 2–0 win for Brisbane in the first leg against the Central Coast . Paartalu started in 85 consecutive games for Brisbane Roar in the A-League and the AFC Champions League in both the 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons , including the A-League finals series . Tianjin Teda . On 21 January 2013 it was confirmed that Paartalu had signed a three-year deal with Tianjin Teda in the Chinese Super League . Muangthong United . After leaving Tianjin Teda in February 2014 , Paartalu signed for Muangthong United in the Thai Premier League . Melbourne City . In July 2014 , Paartalu was offered a to be signed as a domestic marquee player by Newcastle Jets , but he opted to see out his contract with Muangthong United . In September Newcastle Jets reopened talks with Paartalu , following the departure of Craig Goodwin from the club . However , despite the courting and lucrative offer by Newcastle Jets , on 15 September Paartalu signed a four-year deal with Melbourne City under the salary cap , saying I want to be at a club with an ambition to be successful on and off the field and Melbourne City FC is that club . After 40 games and 7 goals for the club across nearly two season , Paartalu was released by the club to pursue opportunities in South Korea . Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors . Following his release from Melbourne City , Paartalu joined K League Classic side Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors on a one year deal . However , after just three months with the team , Paartalu was dropped from the squad , with coach Chio Kang-hee asking the midfielder to train alone . Al Kharaitiyat . In October 2016 , Paartalu joined Qatari Stars League club Al Kharaitiyat . Bengaluru FC . On 5 July 2017 , Paartalu joined Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC on a one-year deal . In November , he scored a brace against Delhi Dynamos . On 14 March 2018 , his contract was extended until the end of 2020 . Paartalu was part of the 2018–19 Indian Super League season winning squad and ended the following 2019-20 season as the clubs highest assist getter with five contributions to his name . Paartalu signed a two-year extension to his contract with Bengaluru FC at the end of the 2019-20 campaign . Bengaluru has held a special place in my heart for the past three years . Every time I leave the city , I am somehow drawn back to it , Paartalu said after putting pen to paper . International career . Paartalu represented Australia at the 2003 FIFA U-17 World Championship . Paartalu played in all three of Australias three games in the tournament , including losses against Argentina and Nigeria . On 21 February 2012 he was selected to play for the Socceroos against Saudi Arabia national football team in a World Cup qualification match . Paartalu also represented the Australian National Team in two games at the 2013 EAFF East Asian Cup , with appearances against South Korea and China PR . Honours . Club . Gretna - Scottish Football League First Division : 2006–07 Brisbane Roar - A-League Championship : 2010–11 , 2011–12 - A-League Premiership : 2010–11 Bengaluru - Indian Super League : 2018–19 - Super Cup : 2018 International . Australia U-17 - OFC U-17 Championship : 2003 Individual . - A-League Goal of the Year : 2010–11 External links . - Indian Super League Profile - OzFootball profile |
[
"Al Kharaitiyat"
] | easy | Erik Paartalu played for which team from 2016 to 2017? | /wiki/Erik_Paartalu#P54#6 | Erik Paartalu Erik Endel Paartalu ( born 3 May 1986 ) is an Australian professional footballer of Estonian descent who plays as a defensive midfielder for Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC . He has played professionally in Scotland , Australia , China , Qatar , South Korea , Thailand and India . Club career . NSL . Paartalu began his career with Northern Spirit in the National Soccer League , after stints with the Spirit youth team and the New South Wales Institute of Sport . His NSL career at the Spirit was however limited to a single appearance as a substitute on 11 January 2004 against the Melbourne Knights . After the dissolution of the Northern Spirit , Paartalu moved to the Northern Tigers in the New South Wales Winter Super League where he played 17 matches scoring four goals in the 2004 season . During 2004 Paartalu moved to the Parramatta Eagles who were then playing in the New South Wales Premier League . He continued with the Eagles until the latter half of the 2006 season , before he decided to take his chances on a career in the United Kingdom . Scotland . After a trial with Doncaster in League One it was expected he would sign a contract until the departure of manager Dave Penney put an end to the deal . Arriving at Gretna in September Paartalu was signed on a short term contract after a trial . A number of impressive performances led to a two and a half-year contract being signed in January 2007 . Paartalu joined Stirling Albion on 1 January 2008 on a loan deal from Gretna until the end of the 2007/2008 season . Paartalu made his debut for the Binos against Hamilton on 5 January 2008 at New Douglas Park . In his second game he scored his first and only goal for the club , in a 4–1 defeat to Livingston . Paartalu was released by Gretna in March 2008 due to them entering administration . He then joined Greenock Morton . After helping Morton stay in the First Division , Paartalu signed a two-year deal at the end of April 2008 to keep him at Cappielow until 2010 . Brisbane Roar . With his contract at Morton running out in the summer , Paartalu signed a pre-contract agreement with Brisbane Roar on 24 February 2010 . Paartalu became an important player for Brisbane , a linchpin in the midfield and scoring crucial goals . Paartalus defining moment at the Roar came in the 2011 A-League Grand Final , where he scored the equaliser with the last touch of the game in the 120th minute . He also went on to score the Roars second penalty in the shootout against the Mariners . Paartalu was awarded the A-League Solo Goal of the Year for the 2010–11 season for his volley against Gold Coast United in the last game of the regular season . In Brisbanes first match of the 2011–12 finals series , Paartalus powerful strike sealed a 2–0 win for Brisbane in the first leg against the Central Coast . Paartalu started in 85 consecutive games for Brisbane Roar in the A-League and the AFC Champions League in both the 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons , including the A-League finals series . Tianjin Teda . On 21 January 2013 it was confirmed that Paartalu had signed a three-year deal with Tianjin Teda in the Chinese Super League . Muangthong United . After leaving Tianjin Teda in February 2014 , Paartalu signed for Muangthong United in the Thai Premier League . Melbourne City . In July 2014 , Paartalu was offered a to be signed as a domestic marquee player by Newcastle Jets , but he opted to see out his contract with Muangthong United . In September Newcastle Jets reopened talks with Paartalu , following the departure of Craig Goodwin from the club . However , despite the courting and lucrative offer by Newcastle Jets , on 15 September Paartalu signed a four-year deal with Melbourne City under the salary cap , saying I want to be at a club with an ambition to be successful on and off the field and Melbourne City FC is that club . After 40 games and 7 goals for the club across nearly two season , Paartalu was released by the club to pursue opportunities in South Korea . Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors . Following his release from Melbourne City , Paartalu joined K League Classic side Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors on a one year deal . However , after just three months with the team , Paartalu was dropped from the squad , with coach Chio Kang-hee asking the midfielder to train alone . Al Kharaitiyat . In October 2016 , Paartalu joined Qatari Stars League club Al Kharaitiyat . Bengaluru FC . On 5 July 2017 , Paartalu joined Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC on a one-year deal . In November , he scored a brace against Delhi Dynamos . On 14 March 2018 , his contract was extended until the end of 2020 . Paartalu was part of the 2018–19 Indian Super League season winning squad and ended the following 2019-20 season as the clubs highest assist getter with five contributions to his name . Paartalu signed a two-year extension to his contract with Bengaluru FC at the end of the 2019-20 campaign . Bengaluru has held a special place in my heart for the past three years . Every time I leave the city , I am somehow drawn back to it , Paartalu said after putting pen to paper . International career . Paartalu represented Australia at the 2003 FIFA U-17 World Championship . Paartalu played in all three of Australias three games in the tournament , including losses against Argentina and Nigeria . On 21 February 2012 he was selected to play for the Socceroos against Saudi Arabia national football team in a World Cup qualification match . Paartalu also represented the Australian National Team in two games at the 2013 EAFF East Asian Cup , with appearances against South Korea and China PR . Honours . Club . Gretna - Scottish Football League First Division : 2006–07 Brisbane Roar - A-League Championship : 2010–11 , 2011–12 - A-League Premiership : 2010–11 Bengaluru - Indian Super League : 2018–19 - Super Cup : 2018 International . Australia U-17 - OFC U-17 Championship : 2003 Individual . - A-League Goal of the Year : 2010–11 External links . - Indian Super League Profile - OzFootball profile |
[
"University of Göttingen"
] | easy | Wolfram von Soden was an employee for whom from 1934 to 1940? | /wiki/Wolfram_von_Soden#P108#0 | Wolfram von Soden Wolfram Theodor Hermann Freiherr von Soden ( 19 June 1908 in Berlin – 6 October 1996 in Münster ) was the most notable German Assyriologist of the post–World War II era . Life and work . Born in Berlin , Wolfram von Soden was a student of the ancient Semitic languages who studied under the Jewish Assyriologist , Benno Landsberger at Leipzig . He received his doctorate in 1931 at age 23 with his thesis Der hymnisch-epische Dialekt des Akkadischen ( The Hymnic-Epic Dialect of Akkadian ) . In 1936 , he was appointed a professor of Assyriology and Arabic studies , a new position at the University of Göttingen . When his mentor , Landsberger , was forced to leave Germany due to National-Socialist racial policy , von Soden joined the Sturmabteilung in 1934 . He was a fervent German nationalist . He joined the NSDAP in 1937 From 1939 to 1945 , von Soden served in the military , primarily as a translator , and in 1940 this work prevented him accepting the offer of a chair in Ancient Near Eastern studies at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin . Von Soden published works that implicitly supported Nazi cultural and racial policy . Following the Second World War , von Sodens former activities as an involuntary member of the Nazi Party initially barred his reentry to the teaching profession . Because of his extraordinary abilities , however , and thanks to his Doktorvater , Benno Landsberger , who wrote in his support , von Soden was appointed to an academic position at the University of Vienna in 1954 . In 1961 , he accepted the offer of a professorship at Münster , where he served as director of the Oriental Seminar until his retirement in 1976 . At his death in 1996 , he left his scholarly library to the newly revived Institute for Near Eastern Studies at the University of Leipzig , where he had earned his doctorate . Scholarship . After World War II , von Soden became a prominent scholar in the world in ancient Semitic languages , and his scholarship greatly influenced his field the post World War II era . He was an integral member of the history of religions ( Religionsgeschichte ) school at Goettingen , and disproved the long-standing claim that the Babylonians had believed in their creator god , Marduk , as a dying , rising god . Instead , he was able to show that the texts that purveyed this view were polemical Assyrian works deriding the chief god of their chief rival state . Von Sodens philological works , particularly the Akkadisches Handwörterbuch ( AHW ) , in which the Dutch scholar Rykle Borger assisted , laid the basis for the detailed philological contributions that later appeared in the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary . His Grundriss Akkadischer Grammatik ( GAG ) and the AHW remain the definitive foundational works of Assyriology today and establish von Soden as the dean of ancient Near Eastern Studies in the world . His work has been alleged to promote the Nazi ideology . His early works , especially Der Aufstieg des Assyrreiches als geschichtliches Problem from 1937 , do promote racist concepts of Aryan superiority over the influence of Semitic culture . Another example is Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und babylonischer Wissenschaft ( 1936 ) . In the 1965 edition , page 122 , the conclusion is : “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes nur unter den bei den indogermanischen Griechen und Indern gegebenen besonderen Voraussetzungen Gestalt gewinnen konnte” . In the 1936 edition , page 556 , the conclusion is : “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes etwas ist , das nur von den durch die nordischen Rasse bestimmten Indogermanen geschaffen werden konnte” . His Einführung in die Altorientalistik ( 1985 ) also contains an obsession with skincolour : über die vermutlich immer hellhäutigen Bewohner Vorderasiens während der Kupfersteinzeit ( p . 14 ) . Works ( partial ) . - Das akkadische Syllabar ( 1948 , rev . 1967 , 1976 , 1991 , ) - Grundriss der akkadischen Grammatik ( 1952 , ) - Das Gilgamesch-Epos ( 1958 , with Albert Schott ; ) - Akkadisches Handwörterbuch ( 1965–1981 , 3 vols ; ) - Das akkadisch-hethitische Vokabular KBo I 44+KBo XIII 1 ( 1968 , with Heinrich Otten ) - Einführung in die Altorientalistik ( 1985 ; ) ; translated ( by Donald G . Schley ) into English as The Ancient Orient : An Introduction to the Study of the Ancient Near East . Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1994 . References . - Rykle Borger , Wolfram von Soden . In : Archiv für Orientforschung 44/45 , 1997/98 , pp . 588–594 . - Gary Beckman , von Soden , Wolfram ( 1908-1996 ) . In The Encyclopedia of Ancient History 2018 , pp.1 . - Jakob Flygare , Assyriology in Nazi Germany : the Case of Wolfram von Soden . In Perspectives on the History of Ancient Near Eastern Studies . 2020 , p . 44-60 . |
[
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] | easy | Wolfram von Soden was an employee for whom from 1940 to 1945? | /wiki/Wolfram_von_Soden#P108#1 | Wolfram von Soden Wolfram Theodor Hermann Freiherr von Soden ( 19 June 1908 in Berlin – 6 October 1996 in Münster ) was the most notable German Assyriologist of the post–World War II era . Life and work . Born in Berlin , Wolfram von Soden was a student of the ancient Semitic languages who studied under the Jewish Assyriologist , Benno Landsberger at Leipzig . He received his doctorate in 1931 at age 23 with his thesis Der hymnisch-epische Dialekt des Akkadischen ( The Hymnic-Epic Dialect of Akkadian ) . In 1936 , he was appointed a professor of Assyriology and Arabic studies , a new position at the University of Göttingen . When his mentor , Landsberger , was forced to leave Germany due to National-Socialist racial policy , von Soden joined the Sturmabteilung in 1934 . He was a fervent German nationalist . He joined the NSDAP in 1937 From 1939 to 1945 , von Soden served in the military , primarily as a translator , and in 1940 this work prevented him accepting the offer of a chair in Ancient Near Eastern studies at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin . Von Soden published works that implicitly supported Nazi cultural and racial policy . Following the Second World War , von Sodens former activities as an involuntary member of the Nazi Party initially barred his reentry to the teaching profession . Because of his extraordinary abilities , however , and thanks to his Doktorvater , Benno Landsberger , who wrote in his support , von Soden was appointed to an academic position at the University of Vienna in 1954 . In 1961 , he accepted the offer of a professorship at Münster , where he served as director of the Oriental Seminar until his retirement in 1976 . At his death in 1996 , he left his scholarly library to the newly revived Institute for Near Eastern Studies at the University of Leipzig , where he had earned his doctorate . Scholarship . After World War II , von Soden became a prominent scholar in the world in ancient Semitic languages , and his scholarship greatly influenced his field the post World War II era . He was an integral member of the history of religions ( Religionsgeschichte ) school at Goettingen , and disproved the long-standing claim that the Babylonians had believed in their creator god , Marduk , as a dying , rising god . Instead , he was able to show that the texts that purveyed this view were polemical Assyrian works deriding the chief god of their chief rival state . Von Sodens philological works , particularly the Akkadisches Handwörterbuch ( AHW ) , in which the Dutch scholar Rykle Borger assisted , laid the basis for the detailed philological contributions that later appeared in the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary . His Grundriss Akkadischer Grammatik ( GAG ) and the AHW remain the definitive foundational works of Assyriology today and establish von Soden as the dean of ancient Near Eastern Studies in the world . His work has been alleged to promote the Nazi ideology . His early works , especially Der Aufstieg des Assyrreiches als geschichtliches Problem from 1937 , do promote racist concepts of Aryan superiority over the influence of Semitic culture . Another example is Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und babylonischer Wissenschaft ( 1936 ) . In the 1965 edition , page 122 , the conclusion is : “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes nur unter den bei den indogermanischen Griechen und Indern gegebenen besonderen Voraussetzungen Gestalt gewinnen konnte” . In the 1936 edition , page 556 , the conclusion is : “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes etwas ist , das nur von den durch die nordischen Rasse bestimmten Indogermanen geschaffen werden konnte” . His Einführung in die Altorientalistik ( 1985 ) also contains an obsession with skincolour : über die vermutlich immer hellhäutigen Bewohner Vorderasiens während der Kupfersteinzeit ( p . 14 ) . Works ( partial ) . - Das akkadische Syllabar ( 1948 , rev . 1967 , 1976 , 1991 , ) - Grundriss der akkadischen Grammatik ( 1952 , ) - Das Gilgamesch-Epos ( 1958 , with Albert Schott ; ) - Akkadisches Handwörterbuch ( 1965–1981 , 3 vols ; ) - Das akkadisch-hethitische Vokabular KBo I 44+KBo XIII 1 ( 1968 , with Heinrich Otten ) - Einführung in die Altorientalistik ( 1985 ; ) ; translated ( by Donald G . Schley ) into English as The Ancient Orient : An Introduction to the Study of the Ancient Near East . Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1994 . References . - Rykle Borger , Wolfram von Soden . In : Archiv für Orientforschung 44/45 , 1997/98 , pp . 588–594 . - Gary Beckman , von Soden , Wolfram ( 1908-1996 ) . In The Encyclopedia of Ancient History 2018 , pp.1 . - Jakob Flygare , Assyriology in Nazi Germany : the Case of Wolfram von Soden . In Perspectives on the History of Ancient Near Eastern Studies . 2020 , p . 44-60 . |
[
""
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Wolfram von Soden work for from 1950 to 1954? | /wiki/Wolfram_von_Soden#P108#2 | Wolfram von Soden Wolfram Theodor Hermann Freiherr von Soden ( 19 June 1908 in Berlin – 6 October 1996 in Münster ) was the most notable German Assyriologist of the post–World War II era . Life and work . Born in Berlin , Wolfram von Soden was a student of the ancient Semitic languages who studied under the Jewish Assyriologist , Benno Landsberger at Leipzig . He received his doctorate in 1931 at age 23 with his thesis Der hymnisch-epische Dialekt des Akkadischen ( The Hymnic-Epic Dialect of Akkadian ) . In 1936 , he was appointed a professor of Assyriology and Arabic studies , a new position at the University of Göttingen . When his mentor , Landsberger , was forced to leave Germany due to National-Socialist racial policy , von Soden joined the Sturmabteilung in 1934 . He was a fervent German nationalist . He joined the NSDAP in 1937 From 1939 to 1945 , von Soden served in the military , primarily as a translator , and in 1940 this work prevented him accepting the offer of a chair in Ancient Near Eastern studies at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin . Von Soden published works that implicitly supported Nazi cultural and racial policy . Following the Second World War , von Sodens former activities as an involuntary member of the Nazi Party initially barred his reentry to the teaching profession . Because of his extraordinary abilities , however , and thanks to his Doktorvater , Benno Landsberger , who wrote in his support , von Soden was appointed to an academic position at the University of Vienna in 1954 . In 1961 , he accepted the offer of a professorship at Münster , where he served as director of the Oriental Seminar until his retirement in 1976 . At his death in 1996 , he left his scholarly library to the newly revived Institute for Near Eastern Studies at the University of Leipzig , where he had earned his doctorate . Scholarship . After World War II , von Soden became a prominent scholar in the world in ancient Semitic languages , and his scholarship greatly influenced his field the post World War II era . He was an integral member of the history of religions ( Religionsgeschichte ) school at Goettingen , and disproved the long-standing claim that the Babylonians had believed in their creator god , Marduk , as a dying , rising god . Instead , he was able to show that the texts that purveyed this view were polemical Assyrian works deriding the chief god of their chief rival state . Von Sodens philological works , particularly the Akkadisches Handwörterbuch ( AHW ) , in which the Dutch scholar Rykle Borger assisted , laid the basis for the detailed philological contributions that later appeared in the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary . His Grundriss Akkadischer Grammatik ( GAG ) and the AHW remain the definitive foundational works of Assyriology today and establish von Soden as the dean of ancient Near Eastern Studies in the world . His work has been alleged to promote the Nazi ideology . His early works , especially Der Aufstieg des Assyrreiches als geschichtliches Problem from 1937 , do promote racist concepts of Aryan superiority over the influence of Semitic culture . Another example is Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und babylonischer Wissenschaft ( 1936 ) . In the 1965 edition , page 122 , the conclusion is : “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes nur unter den bei den indogermanischen Griechen und Indern gegebenen besonderen Voraussetzungen Gestalt gewinnen konnte” . In the 1936 edition , page 556 , the conclusion is : “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes etwas ist , das nur von den durch die nordischen Rasse bestimmten Indogermanen geschaffen werden konnte” . His Einführung in die Altorientalistik ( 1985 ) also contains an obsession with skincolour : über die vermutlich immer hellhäutigen Bewohner Vorderasiens während der Kupfersteinzeit ( p . 14 ) . Works ( partial ) . - Das akkadische Syllabar ( 1948 , rev . 1967 , 1976 , 1991 , ) - Grundriss der akkadischen Grammatik ( 1952 , ) - Das Gilgamesch-Epos ( 1958 , with Albert Schott ; ) - Akkadisches Handwörterbuch ( 1965–1981 , 3 vols ; ) - Das akkadisch-hethitische Vokabular KBo I 44+KBo XIII 1 ( 1968 , with Heinrich Otten ) - Einführung in die Altorientalistik ( 1985 ; ) ; translated ( by Donald G . Schley ) into English as The Ancient Orient : An Introduction to the Study of the Ancient Near East . Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1994 . References . - Rykle Borger , Wolfram von Soden . In : Archiv für Orientforschung 44/45 , 1997/98 , pp . 588–594 . - Gary Beckman , von Soden , Wolfram ( 1908-1996 ) . In The Encyclopedia of Ancient History 2018 , pp.1 . - Jakob Flygare , Assyriology in Nazi Germany : the Case of Wolfram von Soden . In Perspectives on the History of Ancient Near Eastern Studies . 2020 , p . 44-60 . |
[
"University of Vienna"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Wolfram von Soden work for from 1954 to 1961? | /wiki/Wolfram_von_Soden#P108#3 | Wolfram von Soden Wolfram Theodor Hermann Freiherr von Soden ( 19 June 1908 in Berlin – 6 October 1996 in Münster ) was the most notable German Assyriologist of the post–World War II era . Life and work . Born in Berlin , Wolfram von Soden was a student of the ancient Semitic languages who studied under the Jewish Assyriologist , Benno Landsberger at Leipzig . He received his doctorate in 1931 at age 23 with his thesis Der hymnisch-epische Dialekt des Akkadischen ( The Hymnic-Epic Dialect of Akkadian ) . In 1936 , he was appointed a professor of Assyriology and Arabic studies , a new position at the University of Göttingen . When his mentor , Landsberger , was forced to leave Germany due to National-Socialist racial policy , von Soden joined the Sturmabteilung in 1934 . He was a fervent German nationalist . He joined the NSDAP in 1937 From 1939 to 1945 , von Soden served in the military , primarily as a translator , and in 1940 this work prevented him accepting the offer of a chair in Ancient Near Eastern studies at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin . Von Soden published works that implicitly supported Nazi cultural and racial policy . Following the Second World War , von Sodens former activities as an involuntary member of the Nazi Party initially barred his reentry to the teaching profession . Because of his extraordinary abilities , however , and thanks to his Doktorvater , Benno Landsberger , who wrote in his support , von Soden was appointed to an academic position at the University of Vienna in 1954 . In 1961 , he accepted the offer of a professorship at Münster , where he served as director of the Oriental Seminar until his retirement in 1976 . At his death in 1996 , he left his scholarly library to the newly revived Institute for Near Eastern Studies at the University of Leipzig , where he had earned his doctorate . Scholarship . After World War II , von Soden became a prominent scholar in the world in ancient Semitic languages , and his scholarship greatly influenced his field the post World War II era . He was an integral member of the history of religions ( Religionsgeschichte ) school at Goettingen , and disproved the long-standing claim that the Babylonians had believed in their creator god , Marduk , as a dying , rising god . Instead , he was able to show that the texts that purveyed this view were polemical Assyrian works deriding the chief god of their chief rival state . Von Sodens philological works , particularly the Akkadisches Handwörterbuch ( AHW ) , in which the Dutch scholar Rykle Borger assisted , laid the basis for the detailed philological contributions that later appeared in the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary . His Grundriss Akkadischer Grammatik ( GAG ) and the AHW remain the definitive foundational works of Assyriology today and establish von Soden as the dean of ancient Near Eastern Studies in the world . His work has been alleged to promote the Nazi ideology . His early works , especially Der Aufstieg des Assyrreiches als geschichtliches Problem from 1937 , do promote racist concepts of Aryan superiority over the influence of Semitic culture . Another example is Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und babylonischer Wissenschaft ( 1936 ) . In the 1965 edition , page 122 , the conclusion is : “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes nur unter den bei den indogermanischen Griechen und Indern gegebenen besonderen Voraussetzungen Gestalt gewinnen konnte” . In the 1936 edition , page 556 , the conclusion is : “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes etwas ist , das nur von den durch die nordischen Rasse bestimmten Indogermanen geschaffen werden konnte” . His Einführung in die Altorientalistik ( 1985 ) also contains an obsession with skincolour : über die vermutlich immer hellhäutigen Bewohner Vorderasiens während der Kupfersteinzeit ( p . 14 ) . Works ( partial ) . - Das akkadische Syllabar ( 1948 , rev . 1967 , 1976 , 1991 , ) - Grundriss der akkadischen Grammatik ( 1952 , ) - Das Gilgamesch-Epos ( 1958 , with Albert Schott ; ) - Akkadisches Handwörterbuch ( 1965–1981 , 3 vols ; ) - Das akkadisch-hethitische Vokabular KBo I 44+KBo XIII 1 ( 1968 , with Heinrich Otten ) - Einführung in die Altorientalistik ( 1985 ; ) ; translated ( by Donald G . Schley ) into English as The Ancient Orient : An Introduction to the Study of the Ancient Near East . Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1994 . References . - Rykle Borger , Wolfram von Soden . In : Archiv für Orientforschung 44/45 , 1997/98 , pp . 588–594 . - Gary Beckman , von Soden , Wolfram ( 1908-1996 ) . In The Encyclopedia of Ancient History 2018 , pp.1 . - Jakob Flygare , Assyriology in Nazi Germany : the Case of Wolfram von Soden . In Perspectives on the History of Ancient Near Eastern Studies . 2020 , p . 44-60 . |
[
"Münster"
] | easy | Who did Wolfram von Soden work for from 1961 to 1976? | /wiki/Wolfram_von_Soden#P108#4 | Wolfram von Soden Wolfram Theodor Hermann Freiherr von Soden ( 19 June 1908 in Berlin – 6 October 1996 in Münster ) was the most notable German Assyriologist of the post–World War II era . Life and work . Born in Berlin , Wolfram von Soden was a student of the ancient Semitic languages who studied under the Jewish Assyriologist , Benno Landsberger at Leipzig . He received his doctorate in 1931 at age 23 with his thesis Der hymnisch-epische Dialekt des Akkadischen ( The Hymnic-Epic Dialect of Akkadian ) . In 1936 , he was appointed a professor of Assyriology and Arabic studies , a new position at the University of Göttingen . When his mentor , Landsberger , was forced to leave Germany due to National-Socialist racial policy , von Soden joined the Sturmabteilung in 1934 . He was a fervent German nationalist . He joined the NSDAP in 1937 From 1939 to 1945 , von Soden served in the military , primarily as a translator , and in 1940 this work prevented him accepting the offer of a chair in Ancient Near Eastern studies at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin . Von Soden published works that implicitly supported Nazi cultural and racial policy . Following the Second World War , von Sodens former activities as an involuntary member of the Nazi Party initially barred his reentry to the teaching profession . Because of his extraordinary abilities , however , and thanks to his Doktorvater , Benno Landsberger , who wrote in his support , von Soden was appointed to an academic position at the University of Vienna in 1954 . In 1961 , he accepted the offer of a professorship at Münster , where he served as director of the Oriental Seminar until his retirement in 1976 . At his death in 1996 , he left his scholarly library to the newly revived Institute for Near Eastern Studies at the University of Leipzig , where he had earned his doctorate . Scholarship . After World War II , von Soden became a prominent scholar in the world in ancient Semitic languages , and his scholarship greatly influenced his field the post World War II era . He was an integral member of the history of religions ( Religionsgeschichte ) school at Goettingen , and disproved the long-standing claim that the Babylonians had believed in their creator god , Marduk , as a dying , rising god . Instead , he was able to show that the texts that purveyed this view were polemical Assyrian works deriding the chief god of their chief rival state . Von Sodens philological works , particularly the Akkadisches Handwörterbuch ( AHW ) , in which the Dutch scholar Rykle Borger assisted , laid the basis for the detailed philological contributions that later appeared in the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary . His Grundriss Akkadischer Grammatik ( GAG ) and the AHW remain the definitive foundational works of Assyriology today and establish von Soden as the dean of ancient Near Eastern Studies in the world . His work has been alleged to promote the Nazi ideology . His early works , especially Der Aufstieg des Assyrreiches als geschichtliches Problem from 1937 , do promote racist concepts of Aryan superiority over the influence of Semitic culture . Another example is Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und babylonischer Wissenschaft ( 1936 ) . In the 1965 edition , page 122 , the conclusion is : “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes nur unter den bei den indogermanischen Griechen und Indern gegebenen besonderen Voraussetzungen Gestalt gewinnen konnte” . In the 1936 edition , page 556 , the conclusion is : “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes etwas ist , das nur von den durch die nordischen Rasse bestimmten Indogermanen geschaffen werden konnte” . His Einführung in die Altorientalistik ( 1985 ) also contains an obsession with skincolour : über die vermutlich immer hellhäutigen Bewohner Vorderasiens während der Kupfersteinzeit ( p . 14 ) . Works ( partial ) . - Das akkadische Syllabar ( 1948 , rev . 1967 , 1976 , 1991 , ) - Grundriss der akkadischen Grammatik ( 1952 , ) - Das Gilgamesch-Epos ( 1958 , with Albert Schott ; ) - Akkadisches Handwörterbuch ( 1965–1981 , 3 vols ; ) - Das akkadisch-hethitische Vokabular KBo I 44+KBo XIII 1 ( 1968 , with Heinrich Otten ) - Einführung in die Altorientalistik ( 1985 ; ) ; translated ( by Donald G . Schley ) into English as The Ancient Orient : An Introduction to the Study of the Ancient Near East . Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1994 . References . - Rykle Borger , Wolfram von Soden . In : Archiv für Orientforschung 44/45 , 1997/98 , pp . 588–594 . - Gary Beckman , von Soden , Wolfram ( 1908-1996 ) . In The Encyclopedia of Ancient History 2018 , pp.1 . - Jakob Flygare , Assyriology in Nazi Germany : the Case of Wolfram von Soden . In Perspectives on the History of Ancient Near Eastern Studies . 2020 , p . 44-60 . |
[
"Colgate University"
] | easy | Which school did Richard B. Spencer go to from 1998 to 1999? | /wiki/Richard_B._Spencer#P69#0 | Richard B . Spencer Richard Bertrand Spencer ( born May 1978 ) is an American neo-Nazi , antisemitic conspiracy theorist , and white supremacist who is known for his activism on behalf of the alt-right movement in 2016 and 2017 . Spencer calls for the reconstitution of the European Union into a white racial empire , which he believes will replace the diverse European ethnic identities with one homogeneous white identity . The majority of European nations have banned Spencer and denounced his call for white racial empire . Poland in particular has repeatedly sought to ban Spencer from Europe , citing Spencers Nazi rhetoric and the Nazis genocide of Slavic people during World War II . Spencer is known for his public advocacy of violence against nonwhites . He has advocated for the enslavement of Haitians by whites , the ethnic cleansing of racial minorities from the United States , and the ethnic cleansing of Turks from Anatolia . On the subject of neo-Nazism , Spencer has expressed admiration for the political tactics of American Nazi Party founder George Lincoln Rockwell . He was a featured speaker at the August 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , Virginia , among other neo-Nazi rallies that Spencer has headlined . Spencers public persona was defined by his repeated , public use of Nazi rhetoric . In early 2016 , Spencer was filmed giving the Nazi salute in a karaoke bar , and leaked footage also depicts Spencer giving the Sieg Heil salute to his supporters during the August 2017 Charlottesville rally . After Donald Trump was elected president in 2016 , Spencer urged his supporters to party like its 1933 , the year Hitler came to power in Germany . In the weeks following , Spencer quoted Nazi propaganda and denounced Jews . At a conference Spencer held celebrating the election , Spencer cried : Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory! ; subsequently Mike Enoch led a number of Spencers supporters in performing a Nazi salute and a chant similar to the chant . In early-to-mid 2017 , when Spencers following was at its height , his supporters would reportedly give him the Sieg Heil salute when he entered a room . Spencer has been involved in several legal issues . After the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , during which an alt-right supporter drove his car into a group of counter-protesters , killing one and injuring at least 19 others , Spencer was sued for allegedly acting as a gang boss and inciting the killing . Three supporters of Spencer were charged with attempted homicide following his October 2017 speech at the University of Florida . Early life . Richard Bertrand Spencer was born in 1978 in Boston , Massachusetts , the son of ophthalmologist Rand Spencer and Sherry Spencer ( née Dickenhorst ) , the heiress to cotton farms in Louisiana . He grew up in Preston Hollow , Dallas , Texas . Spencer attended St . Marks School of Texas , then Colgate University for one year before transferring to the University of Virginia . In 2001 , he received a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature and Music from the University of Virginia and , in 2003 , a Master of Arts in the Humanities from the University of Chicago . From the summer of 2005 into 2006 , Spencer attended Vienna International Summer University . From 2005 to 2007 , he was a PhD student in Modern European intellectual history at Duke University . He joined the Duke Conservative Union , where he met future President Trumps senior policy advisor Stephen Miller . His former website says he did not complete his PhD at Duke in order to pursue a life of thought-crime . Activities . Early activities . From March to December 2007 , Spencer was the assistant editor at The American Conservative magazine . According to founding editor Scott McConnell , he was fired from The American Conservative because his views were considered too extreme . Spencer spoke about the Duke lacrosse case and credits it with changing the course of his career . From January 2008 to December 2009 , he served as the executive editor of Takis Magazine , a libertarian online magazine published by Taki Theodoracopulos . He has claimed credit for coining the term alt-right in 2008 in order to differentiate himself from mainstream American conservatism , although Paul Gottfried argues that both he and Spencer created the term . In March 2010 , Spencer founded AlternativeRight.com , a website he edited until 2012 . In January 2011 , he became the owner and executive director of Washington Summit Publishers . In January 2011 , Spencer became president and director of the National Policy Institute ( NPI ) , a white supremacist think tank based in Virginia . George Hawley , an assistant professor of political science at the University of Alabama , has described NPI as rather obscure and marginalized until Spencer became its president . Spencer was invited to speak at Vanderbilt University in 2010 and Providence College in 2011 by Youth for Western Civilization . In 2012 , he founded Radix Journal as a biannual publication of Washington Summit Publishers . Contributions have included articles by Kevin B . MacDonald , Alex Kurtagić , and Samuel T . Francis . He also hosts a weekly podcast , Vanguard Radio . In 2014 , Spencer was deported from Budapest , Hungary . Under terms of the Schengen Agreement , he was banned for three years from 26 countries in Europe after trying to organize the National Policy Institute Conference , a conference for white nationalists . Alt Right leader . On January 15 , 2017 , the day of Martin Luther King Jr.s birthday , Spencer launched the AltRight Corporation and its website altright.com , another commentary website for alt-right members . According to Spencer , the site is a populist and big tent site for members of the alt-right . Swedish publisher Daniel Friberg of Arktos Media is co-founder and European editor of the site . The Southern Poverty Law Center of the United States describes the common thread among contributors as antisemitism , rather than white nationalism or white supremacy in general . Contributors to AltRight.com have included Henrik Palmgren and Jared Taylor . On February 23 , 2017 , Spencer was removed from the Conservative Political Action Conference , where he was giving statements to the press . A CPAC spokesman said he was removed from the event because other members found him repugnant . On May 13 , 2017 , he led a torch-lit protest in Charlottesville , Virginia , against the vote of the city council to remove a statue of Robert E . Lee , the commanding general of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War . Spencer led the crowd in chants of You will not replace us and Blood and soil . Michael Signer , the mayor of Charlottesville , called the protest horrific , and stated that it was either profoundly ignorant or intended to instill fear among minorities in a way that hearkens back to the days of the KKK . In August 2017 , Spencer was listed as an organizer on posters promoting the Charlottesville , Virginia , Unite the Right rally . It attracted counter-protesters , and violence broke out . One rightist drove his car into a group of counter-protesters , killing one woman and wounding 30 so severely they needed treatment at the hospital . In November 2017 , Twitter removed from Spencers account the blue checkmark that , reported The Washington Post , the company gives to prominent accounts to help readers ensure they are authentic . Spencer told The Post he was worried this would lead to Twitter banning people like him . He later joined the social network Gab . In November 2019 , Milo Yiannopolous released an audio recording allegedly of Spencer using racist slurs immediately after the 2017 Unite the Right rally . Spencer said he did not recall making the remarks , but did not deny the voice on the recording was his . On the tape , Spencer is heard saying Little fucking kikes . They get ruled by people like me . Little fucking octaroons . My ancestors fucking enslaved those little pieces of fucking shit . Public speaking . During a speech which Spencer gave in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference that was attended by approximately 200 people in Washington , D.C. , Spencer quoted Nazi propaganda in the original German and denounced Jews . Audience members cheered and gave the Nazi salute when he said , Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory ! and extended his right arm with a glass to toast that victory . Spencer later defended their conduct , stating that the Nazi salute was given in a spirit of irony and exuberance . It was later revealed that Spencer had given the Nazi salute at a karaoke bar in April 2016 . Additionally , in 2017 Spencer reportedly pressured followers to give him the Sieg Heil salute when he entered a room . Leaked texts between Spencer and Eli Mosley indicate that those who refused to give the Nazi salute to Spencer , such as Jason Kessler , were stigmatized within the movement . Groups and events which Spencer has spoken to include the Property and Freedom Society , the American Renaissance conference , and the HL Mencken Club . In November 2016 , an online petition to prevent Spencer from speaking at Texas A&M University on December 6 , 2016 , was signed by thousands of students , employees , and alumni . A protest and a university-organized counter-event were held to coincide with Spencers event . On January 20 , 2017 , Spencer attended the inauguration of Donald Trump . As he was giving an impromptu interview on a nearby street afterwards , a masked man punched Spencer in the face , then fled . A video of the incident was posted online , leading to divergent views on whether the attack was appropriate . Shortly after the violent Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , Virginia , in August 2017 , the University of Florida denied Spencers request for a September 2017 speaking opportunity , citing public safety grounds after opposition from students and locals of Gainesville , Florida . Due to safety reasons , he was also denied speaking requests at Louisiana State University and Michigan State University in August 2017 . In September 2017 , Cameron Padgett , who tried to book Spencer , sued MSU ; he was represented by Kyle Bristow , an MSU alumnus . On August 16 , during a television interview with Israeli Channel 2 anchor Danny Kushmaro , Spencer claimed that Jews are vastly over-represented in.. . the establishment , that is , Ivy League educated people who really determine policy . Viewing Israel as an , he described his political position as a white Zionist , who wants white people to have a secure homeland for us and ourselves . Spencer has repeatedly used this argument over the years in speeches and interviews . Spencers National Policy Institute , David Duke , Stefan Molyneux , and American Renaissance magazine were among the white nationalist outlets banned by YouTube from their platform in late June 2020 for not following the platforms policies on hate speech . Public response . Speech at the University of Florida . After the University of Floridas August 2017 denial of Spencers request to speak the following month , Floridian lawyer Gary Edinger threatened to sue the university for violating the First Amendment by prohibiting Spencer from speaking despite being a publicly funded institution . The university subsequently reached an agreement with Edinger allowing Spencer to speak on October 19 , 2017 . Florida Governor Rick Scott declared a state of emergency for Alachua County on October 16 , saying : I find that the threat of a potential emergency is imminent as a result of Spencers appearance . On October 19 , 2017 , Spencer spoke at the Curtis M . Phillips Center for the Performing Arts on university grounds . In addition to Spencer , the speakers included Eli Mosley of Identity Evropa , a white supremacist group from California , and Mike Enoch , a white nationalist blogger . The events security costs reportedly amounted to an estimated $600,000 . It drew about 2,500 protestors , vastly outnumbering Spencers supporters . The speech , which was Spencers first public appearance after the Charlottesville rally , was disrupted by loud protests . When drowned out by chants from the audience , he grew visibly frustrated , stating that the protestors were interfering with his freedom of speech . He added : You are all engaged in whats known as the hecklers veto . According to Clay Calvert , director of the Marion B . Brechner First Amendment Project at the University of Florida College of Journalism and Communications , non-violent protesting , booing and suggesting that the speaker leave was not a hecklers veto in law . The speech and the concurrent protests were largely peaceful . Later that day , three of Spencers supporters were arrested on felony charges following an alleged discharge of a firearm , directed at protestors leaving the event . The three suspects were residents of Texas who had traveled to Florida to hear Spencer speak . According to the Gainesville Police Department , they had shouted Hail Hitler and gave Nazi salutes immediately before the alleged attack . Authorities said that two of the suspects had known links to extremist groups . The men had participated in the August 2017 Unite the Right rally , where Spencer had been scheduled to speak . All three were charged with attempted homicide . In the aftermath of the October 19 events , Ohio State University declined Spencers request to allow him to speak on campus , citing substantial risk to public safety . In response , a lawyer representing Spencers associate and organizer of his speaking tour filed a lawsuit against the university . Opposition in Montana . The National Policy Institute think tank , AlternativeRight.com , and Radix Journal all use the same mailing address in Whitefish , Montana . In 2013 , a dispute with neoconservative lobbyist Randy Scheunemann at Whitefish Mountain Resort in Montana drew public attention to Spencer and his political views . In 2014 , a pro-tolerance group affiliated with the Montana Human Rights Network rallied against Spencers residency in Whitefish . In response , the city council approved a non-discrimination resolution . In December 2016 , Republican Representative Ryan Zinke , Republican Senator Steve Daines , Democratic Senator Jon Tester , Democratic Governor Steve Bullock and Republican Attorney General Tim Fox condemned a neo-Nazi march that had been planned for January 2017 . The community of Whitefish organized in opposition to the event , and the march never occurred . Also in December 2016 , Spencer announced he was considering an independent run for Montanas at-large congressional district in the 2017 special election , although he ultimately did not enter the race . European Union bans . European governments and media have responded to his visits . During his speaking tour in Hungary in 2014 , Spencer was mocked by the Hungarian newspaper for his call for a white Imperium through a revival of the Roman Empire , and for his claim to be a racial European , ideas that the newspaper called contrived and without any basis in European history . In the aftermath of his visit , Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán pressed through legislative measures which banned his entry and condemned Spencer . The government of Poland has also banned him from entering the country and condemned Spencer , citing his Nazi rhetoric , the anti-Polish and anti-Slavic racism of the Nazis , and the Nazis genocide of Slavic peoples during World War II . In July 2018 , Spencer was detained at Keflavík Airport in Reykjavík , Iceland en route to Sweden and was ordered by Polish officials to return to the United States ; the successful effort of the Poles to ban Spencer from other parts of Europe arises from the Schengen Agreement . Views . White identity . Spencer believes in white pride and the unification of a pan-European white race in a potential racial empire resembling the Roman Empire . In an interview with CNN , he was criticized for an apparent inconsistency or lack of clarity in his definition of white , with his interviewer saying that Spencer defined Syrians as white in the context of Steve Jobss role in developing the iPhone , but described them as a non-white presence in Europe in the context of the Syrian refugee crisis . In 2013 , the Anti-Defamation League called Spencer a leader in white supremacist circles , and said that after leaving The American Conservative , he rejected conservatism , because he believed its adherents cant or wont represent explicitly white interests . While being interviewed by David Pakman , he was asked if he would condemn the Ku Klux Klan and Adolf Hitler , he refused by saying : Im not going to play this game , while stating that Hitler had done things that I think are despicable , without elaborating on which things he was referring to . Spencer also admires George Lincoln Rockwell , the founder of the American Nazi Party , for using shock as a positive means to an end . In a 2016 interview for Time magazine , Spencer said he rejected white supremacy and the slavery of nonwhites , preferring to establish America as a white ethnostate . He also advocates the creation of a white ethnostate in Europe that would be open to all racial Europeans . Jason Wilson in The Guardian has argued that Spencer and other white nationalists are appropriating some elements of socialist rhetoric to critique a notion of capitalism centered on stereotypes of Jews . According to political scientist Tamir Bar-On , Spencer defends racialist and anti-Semitic agendas of the Old Right under a new metapolitical guise , acting as a cultural influencer rather than a direct political actor , and using various media outlets to disseminate his views to ordinary people in an accessible manner . Ethno-nationalism . According to the Southern Poverty Law Center , Spencer has advocated for a white homeland for a dispossessed white race , and called for peaceful ethnic cleansing to halt the deconstruction of what he describes as white culture . To this end he has supported what he has called the creation of a White Ethno-State on the North American continent , an ideal that he has regarded as a reconstitution of the Roman Empire . Prior to the UK vote to leave the EU , Spencer expressed support for the multi-national bloc as a potential racial empire and an alternative to American hegemony , stating that he has always been highly skeptical of so-called Euro-Skeptics . Nazi rhetoric . Spencer has been made frequent use of Nazi rhetoric in his public speeches . He called Donald Trumps 2016 presidential election the victory of will , a phrase evoking the title of Leni Riefenstahls Triumph of the Will ( 1935 ) , a Nazi-era propaganda film . Spencer urged his supporters to party like its 1933 , the year Hitler came to power in Germany . In the weeks following , Spencer quoted Nazi propaganda and denounced Jews . At a conference Spencer held celebrating Trumps election , he mentioned the mainstream media in those terms : or perhaps we should refer to them in the original German : Lügenpresse , meaning lying press or press of lies , a term frequently used by Joseph Goebbels in Nazi propaganda . Spencer ended his speech with : Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory! , and a number of his supporters gave the Nazi salute and chanted in a similar fashion to the chant . Donald Trump and Joe Biden . Spencer supported Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election . Following Trumps appointment of Steve Bannon as chief White House strategist and senior counselor , Spencer said Bannon would be in the best possible position to influence policy . In November 2018 , however , Spencer told his followers : The Trump moment is over , and its time for us to move on . The Southern Poverty Law Center reported that , around the same time , the white nationalist movement as a whole was dissatisfied with Trumps presidency . In a July 2019 interview on CNN , he called Trumps tweet about four congresswomen ( telling them to go back to where they came from ) racist . He believed Trump was practicing a con game in not clearly developing a white nationalist agenda as Trump gives us nothing outside of racist tweets , and by racist tweets , I mean tweets that are meaningless and cheap . In 2020 , following the assassination of Iranian general Qasem Soleimani , Spencer said that he regretted voting for Trump . In August of that year , Spencer said that he planned to vote for Joe Biden and the straight Democratic ticket in the November election . The MAGA/Alt-Right moment is over . I made mistakes ; Trump is an obvious disaster ; but mainly the paradigm contained flaws that we now are able to perceive . And it needs to end , Spencer wrote . So be patient . Well have another day in the sun . We need to recover and return in a new form . The Biden campaign renounced his support . Gender roles . During the 2016 United States presidential election , Spencer tweeted that women should not be allowed to make foreign policy . He also stated in an interview with The Washington Post that his vision of America as a white ethnostate includes women returning to traditional roles as childbearers and homemakers . In October 2017 , when asked his opinion on American women having the right to vote , he said : I dont necessarily think that thats a great thing after stating that he was not terribly excited about voting in general . Spencer opposes same-sex marriage , which he has described as unnatural and a non-issue , commenting that very few gay men will find the idea of monogamy to their liking . Despite his opposition to same-sex marriage , Spencer barred people with anti-gay views from the National Policy Institutes annual conference in 2015 . Health care . Spencer supports legal access to abortion , in part because he believes it would reduce the number of black and Hispanic people , which he says would be a great boon to white people . Spencer also supports a national single-payer health care system because he believes it would benefit white people . Christianity . Spencer is an atheist , although he also believes that the Christian church previously held some pragmatic value , because Spencer believes that it helped unify the white population of Europe . He opposes traditional Christian values as a moral code , due to the fact that Christianity is a universalizing religion , rather than an ethnic religion . Spencer references his views on Christianity as being influenced by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche . Citing Nietzsches criticism of anti-Semitism and nationalism , Scott Galupo writing for The Week , Sean Illing for Vox , and Jordan Harris for The Courier-Journal have described Spencers interpretation of Nietzsches philosophy as incorrect . Spencers Radix Journal has promoted paganism , running titles such as Why I am a pagan . Spencer has also described himself as a cultural Christian . Geopolitics . Spencer states he voted for Democrat John Kerry over incumbent Republican George W . Bush during the 2004 United States presidential election , because Bush stood for the war . Spencer criticized President Trumps administration for escalating tensions between the U.S . and Iran . In January 2020 , Spencer tweeted : To the people of Iran , there are millions of Americans who do not want war , who do not hate you , and who respect your nation and its history . After our traitorous elite is brought to justice , we hope to achieve peace , reconciliation , and forgiveness . Spencer praised Israels , saying : Jews are , once again , at the vanguard , rethinking politics and sovereignty for the future , showing a path forward for Europeans . Spencer has advocated for the US pulling out of NATO , and called Russia the sole white power in the world . His former partner , Nina Kouprianova , under her pen name Nina Byzantina referred to herself as a Kremlin troll leader and regularly aligned to Kremlin talking points , with ties to Aleksandr Dugin , a far-right ultranationalist Russian leader in the Eurasianism movement and writer of Foundations of Geopolitics . The webzine founded by Spencer in 2010 , called Alternative Right , accepted direct contributor pieces from Dugin . Kouprianova has translated several books written by Dugin . The books were later published by Spencers publishing house , Washington Summit Publishers . Libertarianism . In the late 2000s , Spencer was involved in the libertarian movement , supporting libertarian Republican presidential candidate Ron Paul and hosting him at his discussion club , the Robert Taft Club . Spencer later disavowed libertarianism as incompatible with white nationalism , and in 2017 he came into conflict with libertarians after reportedly attempting to crash an International Students for Liberty conference . Influences . According to political scientist Tamir Bar-On , Spencers key intellectual influences are largely those thinkers concerned with winning the cultural war against egalitarianism , liberal democracy , capitalism , socialism , and multiculturalism , citing Nietzsche , the German Conservative Revolution ( including Carl Schmitt , Ernst Jünger , and Martin Heidegger ) , French New Right theorists like Alain de Benoist and Guillaume Faye , along with other far-right figures such as Julius Evola , Francis Parker Yockey , Aleksandr Dugin , and US right-wingers with a penchant for race-driven politics or anti-Semitism like Sam Francis , Jared Taylor , and Kevin B . MacDonald . Legal issues . In June 2020 , the federal magistrate judge presiding over a civil rights lawsuit that stemmed from the violence at the Unite the Right rally in 2017 , allowed Spencers lawyer , John DiNucci , to withdraw from the case , on the grounds that Spencer owed DiNucci a significant amount in legal fees , and also was not cooperating with him in preparing the case . Spencer will represent himself . At the time of DiNuccis withdrawal , Spencer also faced a $500 fine and two weeks in a county jail in Montana if he did not pay over $60,000 he owed to the guardian ad litem representing his childrens interests in Spencers ongoing divorce proceedings there . Ultimately Spencer avoided going to jail after settling the debt . Personal life . In 2010 , Spencer moved to Whitefish , Montana . He says he splits his time between Whitefish and Arlington , Virginia , although he has said he has lived in Whitefish for over 10 years and considers it home . As of 2017 , Spencer was renting an apartment in Alexandria , Virginia . He moved out in August 2018 . Prior to his marriage , Spencers dating history included Asian women , which he has said predates his white nationalism , though this evaluation is disputed . Spencer married Nina Kouprianova in 2010 , with whom he has two children . He separated from Kouprianova , a Russian-Canadian with Georgian roots , in October 2016 ; in April 2017 , Spencer said he and his wife were not separated and were still together . In October 2018 , Kouprianova accused him , in divorce documents , of multiple forms of abuse . Kouprianova provided hours of recordings and text messages to the press in order to substantiate her allegations . Court documents detailed emotional abuse , financial abuse , and violent physical abuse , including when Kouprianova was four months pregnant , and frequently in front of their children . According to media reports , the recordings and text messages show Spencer telling his wife that he will fucking break [ her ] nose , encouraging her to commit suicide , and apologizing for previous incidents of physical abuse . A caregiver to the children testified in court about Spencers abuses towards both her and Kouprianova . Spencer denied all allegations made against him , and was not charged with a crime . |
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] | easy | Where was Richard B. Spencer educated from 1999 to 2001? | /wiki/Richard_B._Spencer#P69#1 | Richard B . Spencer Richard Bertrand Spencer ( born May 1978 ) is an American neo-Nazi , antisemitic conspiracy theorist , and white supremacist who is known for his activism on behalf of the alt-right movement in 2016 and 2017 . Spencer calls for the reconstitution of the European Union into a white racial empire , which he believes will replace the diverse European ethnic identities with one homogeneous white identity . The majority of European nations have banned Spencer and denounced his call for white racial empire . Poland in particular has repeatedly sought to ban Spencer from Europe , citing Spencers Nazi rhetoric and the Nazis genocide of Slavic people during World War II . Spencer is known for his public advocacy of violence against nonwhites . He has advocated for the enslavement of Haitians by whites , the ethnic cleansing of racial minorities from the United States , and the ethnic cleansing of Turks from Anatolia . On the subject of neo-Nazism , Spencer has expressed admiration for the political tactics of American Nazi Party founder George Lincoln Rockwell . He was a featured speaker at the August 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , Virginia , among other neo-Nazi rallies that Spencer has headlined . Spencers public persona was defined by his repeated , public use of Nazi rhetoric . In early 2016 , Spencer was filmed giving the Nazi salute in a karaoke bar , and leaked footage also depicts Spencer giving the Sieg Heil salute to his supporters during the August 2017 Charlottesville rally . After Donald Trump was elected president in 2016 , Spencer urged his supporters to party like its 1933 , the year Hitler came to power in Germany . In the weeks following , Spencer quoted Nazi propaganda and denounced Jews . At a conference Spencer held celebrating the election , Spencer cried : Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory! ; subsequently Mike Enoch led a number of Spencers supporters in performing a Nazi salute and a chant similar to the chant . In early-to-mid 2017 , when Spencers following was at its height , his supporters would reportedly give him the Sieg Heil salute when he entered a room . Spencer has been involved in several legal issues . After the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , during which an alt-right supporter drove his car into a group of counter-protesters , killing one and injuring at least 19 others , Spencer was sued for allegedly acting as a gang boss and inciting the killing . Three supporters of Spencer were charged with attempted homicide following his October 2017 speech at the University of Florida . Early life . Richard Bertrand Spencer was born in 1978 in Boston , Massachusetts , the son of ophthalmologist Rand Spencer and Sherry Spencer ( née Dickenhorst ) , the heiress to cotton farms in Louisiana . He grew up in Preston Hollow , Dallas , Texas . Spencer attended St . Marks School of Texas , then Colgate University for one year before transferring to the University of Virginia . In 2001 , he received a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature and Music from the University of Virginia and , in 2003 , a Master of Arts in the Humanities from the University of Chicago . From the summer of 2005 into 2006 , Spencer attended Vienna International Summer University . From 2005 to 2007 , he was a PhD student in Modern European intellectual history at Duke University . He joined the Duke Conservative Union , where he met future President Trumps senior policy advisor Stephen Miller . His former website says he did not complete his PhD at Duke in order to pursue a life of thought-crime . Activities . Early activities . From March to December 2007 , Spencer was the assistant editor at The American Conservative magazine . According to founding editor Scott McConnell , he was fired from The American Conservative because his views were considered too extreme . Spencer spoke about the Duke lacrosse case and credits it with changing the course of his career . From January 2008 to December 2009 , he served as the executive editor of Takis Magazine , a libertarian online magazine published by Taki Theodoracopulos . He has claimed credit for coining the term alt-right in 2008 in order to differentiate himself from mainstream American conservatism , although Paul Gottfried argues that both he and Spencer created the term . In March 2010 , Spencer founded AlternativeRight.com , a website he edited until 2012 . In January 2011 , he became the owner and executive director of Washington Summit Publishers . In January 2011 , Spencer became president and director of the National Policy Institute ( NPI ) , a white supremacist think tank based in Virginia . George Hawley , an assistant professor of political science at the University of Alabama , has described NPI as rather obscure and marginalized until Spencer became its president . Spencer was invited to speak at Vanderbilt University in 2010 and Providence College in 2011 by Youth for Western Civilization . In 2012 , he founded Radix Journal as a biannual publication of Washington Summit Publishers . Contributions have included articles by Kevin B . MacDonald , Alex Kurtagić , and Samuel T . Francis . He also hosts a weekly podcast , Vanguard Radio . In 2014 , Spencer was deported from Budapest , Hungary . Under terms of the Schengen Agreement , he was banned for three years from 26 countries in Europe after trying to organize the National Policy Institute Conference , a conference for white nationalists . Alt Right leader . On January 15 , 2017 , the day of Martin Luther King Jr.s birthday , Spencer launched the AltRight Corporation and its website altright.com , another commentary website for alt-right members . According to Spencer , the site is a populist and big tent site for members of the alt-right . Swedish publisher Daniel Friberg of Arktos Media is co-founder and European editor of the site . The Southern Poverty Law Center of the United States describes the common thread among contributors as antisemitism , rather than white nationalism or white supremacy in general . Contributors to AltRight.com have included Henrik Palmgren and Jared Taylor . On February 23 , 2017 , Spencer was removed from the Conservative Political Action Conference , where he was giving statements to the press . A CPAC spokesman said he was removed from the event because other members found him repugnant . On May 13 , 2017 , he led a torch-lit protest in Charlottesville , Virginia , against the vote of the city council to remove a statue of Robert E . Lee , the commanding general of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War . Spencer led the crowd in chants of You will not replace us and Blood and soil . Michael Signer , the mayor of Charlottesville , called the protest horrific , and stated that it was either profoundly ignorant or intended to instill fear among minorities in a way that hearkens back to the days of the KKK . In August 2017 , Spencer was listed as an organizer on posters promoting the Charlottesville , Virginia , Unite the Right rally . It attracted counter-protesters , and violence broke out . One rightist drove his car into a group of counter-protesters , killing one woman and wounding 30 so severely they needed treatment at the hospital . In November 2017 , Twitter removed from Spencers account the blue checkmark that , reported The Washington Post , the company gives to prominent accounts to help readers ensure they are authentic . Spencer told The Post he was worried this would lead to Twitter banning people like him . He later joined the social network Gab . In November 2019 , Milo Yiannopolous released an audio recording allegedly of Spencer using racist slurs immediately after the 2017 Unite the Right rally . Spencer said he did not recall making the remarks , but did not deny the voice on the recording was his . On the tape , Spencer is heard saying Little fucking kikes . They get ruled by people like me . Little fucking octaroons . My ancestors fucking enslaved those little pieces of fucking shit . Public speaking . During a speech which Spencer gave in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference that was attended by approximately 200 people in Washington , D.C. , Spencer quoted Nazi propaganda in the original German and denounced Jews . Audience members cheered and gave the Nazi salute when he said , Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory ! and extended his right arm with a glass to toast that victory . Spencer later defended their conduct , stating that the Nazi salute was given in a spirit of irony and exuberance . It was later revealed that Spencer had given the Nazi salute at a karaoke bar in April 2016 . Additionally , in 2017 Spencer reportedly pressured followers to give him the Sieg Heil salute when he entered a room . Leaked texts between Spencer and Eli Mosley indicate that those who refused to give the Nazi salute to Spencer , such as Jason Kessler , were stigmatized within the movement . Groups and events which Spencer has spoken to include the Property and Freedom Society , the American Renaissance conference , and the HL Mencken Club . In November 2016 , an online petition to prevent Spencer from speaking at Texas A&M University on December 6 , 2016 , was signed by thousands of students , employees , and alumni . A protest and a university-organized counter-event were held to coincide with Spencers event . On January 20 , 2017 , Spencer attended the inauguration of Donald Trump . As he was giving an impromptu interview on a nearby street afterwards , a masked man punched Spencer in the face , then fled . A video of the incident was posted online , leading to divergent views on whether the attack was appropriate . Shortly after the violent Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , Virginia , in August 2017 , the University of Florida denied Spencers request for a September 2017 speaking opportunity , citing public safety grounds after opposition from students and locals of Gainesville , Florida . Due to safety reasons , he was also denied speaking requests at Louisiana State University and Michigan State University in August 2017 . In September 2017 , Cameron Padgett , who tried to book Spencer , sued MSU ; he was represented by Kyle Bristow , an MSU alumnus . On August 16 , during a television interview with Israeli Channel 2 anchor Danny Kushmaro , Spencer claimed that Jews are vastly over-represented in.. . the establishment , that is , Ivy League educated people who really determine policy . Viewing Israel as an , he described his political position as a white Zionist , who wants white people to have a secure homeland for us and ourselves . Spencer has repeatedly used this argument over the years in speeches and interviews . Spencers National Policy Institute , David Duke , Stefan Molyneux , and American Renaissance magazine were among the white nationalist outlets banned by YouTube from their platform in late June 2020 for not following the platforms policies on hate speech . Public response . Speech at the University of Florida . After the University of Floridas August 2017 denial of Spencers request to speak the following month , Floridian lawyer Gary Edinger threatened to sue the university for violating the First Amendment by prohibiting Spencer from speaking despite being a publicly funded institution . The university subsequently reached an agreement with Edinger allowing Spencer to speak on October 19 , 2017 . Florida Governor Rick Scott declared a state of emergency for Alachua County on October 16 , saying : I find that the threat of a potential emergency is imminent as a result of Spencers appearance . On October 19 , 2017 , Spencer spoke at the Curtis M . Phillips Center for the Performing Arts on university grounds . In addition to Spencer , the speakers included Eli Mosley of Identity Evropa , a white supremacist group from California , and Mike Enoch , a white nationalist blogger . The events security costs reportedly amounted to an estimated $600,000 . It drew about 2,500 protestors , vastly outnumbering Spencers supporters . The speech , which was Spencers first public appearance after the Charlottesville rally , was disrupted by loud protests . When drowned out by chants from the audience , he grew visibly frustrated , stating that the protestors were interfering with his freedom of speech . He added : You are all engaged in whats known as the hecklers veto . According to Clay Calvert , director of the Marion B . Brechner First Amendment Project at the University of Florida College of Journalism and Communications , non-violent protesting , booing and suggesting that the speaker leave was not a hecklers veto in law . The speech and the concurrent protests were largely peaceful . Later that day , three of Spencers supporters were arrested on felony charges following an alleged discharge of a firearm , directed at protestors leaving the event . The three suspects were residents of Texas who had traveled to Florida to hear Spencer speak . According to the Gainesville Police Department , they had shouted Hail Hitler and gave Nazi salutes immediately before the alleged attack . Authorities said that two of the suspects had known links to extremist groups . The men had participated in the August 2017 Unite the Right rally , where Spencer had been scheduled to speak . All three were charged with attempted homicide . In the aftermath of the October 19 events , Ohio State University declined Spencers request to allow him to speak on campus , citing substantial risk to public safety . In response , a lawyer representing Spencers associate and organizer of his speaking tour filed a lawsuit against the university . Opposition in Montana . The National Policy Institute think tank , AlternativeRight.com , and Radix Journal all use the same mailing address in Whitefish , Montana . In 2013 , a dispute with neoconservative lobbyist Randy Scheunemann at Whitefish Mountain Resort in Montana drew public attention to Spencer and his political views . In 2014 , a pro-tolerance group affiliated with the Montana Human Rights Network rallied against Spencers residency in Whitefish . In response , the city council approved a non-discrimination resolution . In December 2016 , Republican Representative Ryan Zinke , Republican Senator Steve Daines , Democratic Senator Jon Tester , Democratic Governor Steve Bullock and Republican Attorney General Tim Fox condemned a neo-Nazi march that had been planned for January 2017 . The community of Whitefish organized in opposition to the event , and the march never occurred . Also in December 2016 , Spencer announced he was considering an independent run for Montanas at-large congressional district in the 2017 special election , although he ultimately did not enter the race . European Union bans . European governments and media have responded to his visits . During his speaking tour in Hungary in 2014 , Spencer was mocked by the Hungarian newspaper for his call for a white Imperium through a revival of the Roman Empire , and for his claim to be a racial European , ideas that the newspaper called contrived and without any basis in European history . In the aftermath of his visit , Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán pressed through legislative measures which banned his entry and condemned Spencer . The government of Poland has also banned him from entering the country and condemned Spencer , citing his Nazi rhetoric , the anti-Polish and anti-Slavic racism of the Nazis , and the Nazis genocide of Slavic peoples during World War II . In July 2018 , Spencer was detained at Keflavík Airport in Reykjavík , Iceland en route to Sweden and was ordered by Polish officials to return to the United States ; the successful effort of the Poles to ban Spencer from other parts of Europe arises from the Schengen Agreement . Views . White identity . Spencer believes in white pride and the unification of a pan-European white race in a potential racial empire resembling the Roman Empire . In an interview with CNN , he was criticized for an apparent inconsistency or lack of clarity in his definition of white , with his interviewer saying that Spencer defined Syrians as white in the context of Steve Jobss role in developing the iPhone , but described them as a non-white presence in Europe in the context of the Syrian refugee crisis . In 2013 , the Anti-Defamation League called Spencer a leader in white supremacist circles , and said that after leaving The American Conservative , he rejected conservatism , because he believed its adherents cant or wont represent explicitly white interests . While being interviewed by David Pakman , he was asked if he would condemn the Ku Klux Klan and Adolf Hitler , he refused by saying : Im not going to play this game , while stating that Hitler had done things that I think are despicable , without elaborating on which things he was referring to . Spencer also admires George Lincoln Rockwell , the founder of the American Nazi Party , for using shock as a positive means to an end . In a 2016 interview for Time magazine , Spencer said he rejected white supremacy and the slavery of nonwhites , preferring to establish America as a white ethnostate . He also advocates the creation of a white ethnostate in Europe that would be open to all racial Europeans . Jason Wilson in The Guardian has argued that Spencer and other white nationalists are appropriating some elements of socialist rhetoric to critique a notion of capitalism centered on stereotypes of Jews . According to political scientist Tamir Bar-On , Spencer defends racialist and anti-Semitic agendas of the Old Right under a new metapolitical guise , acting as a cultural influencer rather than a direct political actor , and using various media outlets to disseminate his views to ordinary people in an accessible manner . Ethno-nationalism . According to the Southern Poverty Law Center , Spencer has advocated for a white homeland for a dispossessed white race , and called for peaceful ethnic cleansing to halt the deconstruction of what he describes as white culture . To this end he has supported what he has called the creation of a White Ethno-State on the North American continent , an ideal that he has regarded as a reconstitution of the Roman Empire . Prior to the UK vote to leave the EU , Spencer expressed support for the multi-national bloc as a potential racial empire and an alternative to American hegemony , stating that he has always been highly skeptical of so-called Euro-Skeptics . Nazi rhetoric . Spencer has been made frequent use of Nazi rhetoric in his public speeches . He called Donald Trumps 2016 presidential election the victory of will , a phrase evoking the title of Leni Riefenstahls Triumph of the Will ( 1935 ) , a Nazi-era propaganda film . Spencer urged his supporters to party like its 1933 , the year Hitler came to power in Germany . In the weeks following , Spencer quoted Nazi propaganda and denounced Jews . At a conference Spencer held celebrating Trumps election , he mentioned the mainstream media in those terms : or perhaps we should refer to them in the original German : Lügenpresse , meaning lying press or press of lies , a term frequently used by Joseph Goebbels in Nazi propaganda . Spencer ended his speech with : Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory! , and a number of his supporters gave the Nazi salute and chanted in a similar fashion to the chant . Donald Trump and Joe Biden . Spencer supported Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election . Following Trumps appointment of Steve Bannon as chief White House strategist and senior counselor , Spencer said Bannon would be in the best possible position to influence policy . In November 2018 , however , Spencer told his followers : The Trump moment is over , and its time for us to move on . The Southern Poverty Law Center reported that , around the same time , the white nationalist movement as a whole was dissatisfied with Trumps presidency . In a July 2019 interview on CNN , he called Trumps tweet about four congresswomen ( telling them to go back to where they came from ) racist . He believed Trump was practicing a con game in not clearly developing a white nationalist agenda as Trump gives us nothing outside of racist tweets , and by racist tweets , I mean tweets that are meaningless and cheap . In 2020 , following the assassination of Iranian general Qasem Soleimani , Spencer said that he regretted voting for Trump . In August of that year , Spencer said that he planned to vote for Joe Biden and the straight Democratic ticket in the November election . The MAGA/Alt-Right moment is over . I made mistakes ; Trump is an obvious disaster ; but mainly the paradigm contained flaws that we now are able to perceive . And it needs to end , Spencer wrote . So be patient . Well have another day in the sun . We need to recover and return in a new form . The Biden campaign renounced his support . Gender roles . During the 2016 United States presidential election , Spencer tweeted that women should not be allowed to make foreign policy . He also stated in an interview with The Washington Post that his vision of America as a white ethnostate includes women returning to traditional roles as childbearers and homemakers . In October 2017 , when asked his opinion on American women having the right to vote , he said : I dont necessarily think that thats a great thing after stating that he was not terribly excited about voting in general . Spencer opposes same-sex marriage , which he has described as unnatural and a non-issue , commenting that very few gay men will find the idea of monogamy to their liking . Despite his opposition to same-sex marriage , Spencer barred people with anti-gay views from the National Policy Institutes annual conference in 2015 . Health care . Spencer supports legal access to abortion , in part because he believes it would reduce the number of black and Hispanic people , which he says would be a great boon to white people . Spencer also supports a national single-payer health care system because he believes it would benefit white people . Christianity . Spencer is an atheist , although he also believes that the Christian church previously held some pragmatic value , because Spencer believes that it helped unify the white population of Europe . He opposes traditional Christian values as a moral code , due to the fact that Christianity is a universalizing religion , rather than an ethnic religion . Spencer references his views on Christianity as being influenced by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche . Citing Nietzsches criticism of anti-Semitism and nationalism , Scott Galupo writing for The Week , Sean Illing for Vox , and Jordan Harris for The Courier-Journal have described Spencers interpretation of Nietzsches philosophy as incorrect . Spencers Radix Journal has promoted paganism , running titles such as Why I am a pagan . Spencer has also described himself as a cultural Christian . Geopolitics . Spencer states he voted for Democrat John Kerry over incumbent Republican George W . Bush during the 2004 United States presidential election , because Bush stood for the war . Spencer criticized President Trumps administration for escalating tensions between the U.S . and Iran . In January 2020 , Spencer tweeted : To the people of Iran , there are millions of Americans who do not want war , who do not hate you , and who respect your nation and its history . After our traitorous elite is brought to justice , we hope to achieve peace , reconciliation , and forgiveness . Spencer praised Israels , saying : Jews are , once again , at the vanguard , rethinking politics and sovereignty for the future , showing a path forward for Europeans . Spencer has advocated for the US pulling out of NATO , and called Russia the sole white power in the world . His former partner , Nina Kouprianova , under her pen name Nina Byzantina referred to herself as a Kremlin troll leader and regularly aligned to Kremlin talking points , with ties to Aleksandr Dugin , a far-right ultranationalist Russian leader in the Eurasianism movement and writer of Foundations of Geopolitics . The webzine founded by Spencer in 2010 , called Alternative Right , accepted direct contributor pieces from Dugin . Kouprianova has translated several books written by Dugin . The books were later published by Spencers publishing house , Washington Summit Publishers . Libertarianism . In the late 2000s , Spencer was involved in the libertarian movement , supporting libertarian Republican presidential candidate Ron Paul and hosting him at his discussion club , the Robert Taft Club . Spencer later disavowed libertarianism as incompatible with white nationalism , and in 2017 he came into conflict with libertarians after reportedly attempting to crash an International Students for Liberty conference . Influences . According to political scientist Tamir Bar-On , Spencers key intellectual influences are largely those thinkers concerned with winning the cultural war against egalitarianism , liberal democracy , capitalism , socialism , and multiculturalism , citing Nietzsche , the German Conservative Revolution ( including Carl Schmitt , Ernst Jünger , and Martin Heidegger ) , French New Right theorists like Alain de Benoist and Guillaume Faye , along with other far-right figures such as Julius Evola , Francis Parker Yockey , Aleksandr Dugin , and US right-wingers with a penchant for race-driven politics or anti-Semitism like Sam Francis , Jared Taylor , and Kevin B . MacDonald . Legal issues . In June 2020 , the federal magistrate judge presiding over a civil rights lawsuit that stemmed from the violence at the Unite the Right rally in 2017 , allowed Spencers lawyer , John DiNucci , to withdraw from the case , on the grounds that Spencer owed DiNucci a significant amount in legal fees , and also was not cooperating with him in preparing the case . Spencer will represent himself . At the time of DiNuccis withdrawal , Spencer also faced a $500 fine and two weeks in a county jail in Montana if he did not pay over $60,000 he owed to the guardian ad litem representing his childrens interests in Spencers ongoing divorce proceedings there . Ultimately Spencer avoided going to jail after settling the debt . Personal life . In 2010 , Spencer moved to Whitefish , Montana . He says he splits his time between Whitefish and Arlington , Virginia , although he has said he has lived in Whitefish for over 10 years and considers it home . As of 2017 , Spencer was renting an apartment in Alexandria , Virginia . He moved out in August 2018 . Prior to his marriage , Spencers dating history included Asian women , which he has said predates his white nationalism , though this evaluation is disputed . Spencer married Nina Kouprianova in 2010 , with whom he has two children . He separated from Kouprianova , a Russian-Canadian with Georgian roots , in October 2016 ; in April 2017 , Spencer said he and his wife were not separated and were still together . In October 2018 , Kouprianova accused him , in divorce documents , of multiple forms of abuse . Kouprianova provided hours of recordings and text messages to the press in order to substantiate her allegations . Court documents detailed emotional abuse , financial abuse , and violent physical abuse , including when Kouprianova was four months pregnant , and frequently in front of their children . According to media reports , the recordings and text messages show Spencer telling his wife that he will fucking break [ her ] nose , encouraging her to commit suicide , and apologizing for previous incidents of physical abuse . A caregiver to the children testified in court about Spencers abuses towards both her and Kouprianova . Spencer denied all allegations made against him , and was not charged with a crime . |
[
"University of Chicago"
] | easy | Where was Richard B. Spencer educated from 2001 to 2003? | /wiki/Richard_B._Spencer#P69#2 | Richard B . Spencer Richard Bertrand Spencer ( born May 1978 ) is an American neo-Nazi , antisemitic conspiracy theorist , and white supremacist who is known for his activism on behalf of the alt-right movement in 2016 and 2017 . Spencer calls for the reconstitution of the European Union into a white racial empire , which he believes will replace the diverse European ethnic identities with one homogeneous white identity . The majority of European nations have banned Spencer and denounced his call for white racial empire . Poland in particular has repeatedly sought to ban Spencer from Europe , citing Spencers Nazi rhetoric and the Nazis genocide of Slavic people during World War II . Spencer is known for his public advocacy of violence against nonwhites . He has advocated for the enslavement of Haitians by whites , the ethnic cleansing of racial minorities from the United States , and the ethnic cleansing of Turks from Anatolia . On the subject of neo-Nazism , Spencer has expressed admiration for the political tactics of American Nazi Party founder George Lincoln Rockwell . He was a featured speaker at the August 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , Virginia , among other neo-Nazi rallies that Spencer has headlined . Spencers public persona was defined by his repeated , public use of Nazi rhetoric . In early 2016 , Spencer was filmed giving the Nazi salute in a karaoke bar , and leaked footage also depicts Spencer giving the Sieg Heil salute to his supporters during the August 2017 Charlottesville rally . After Donald Trump was elected president in 2016 , Spencer urged his supporters to party like its 1933 , the year Hitler came to power in Germany . In the weeks following , Spencer quoted Nazi propaganda and denounced Jews . At a conference Spencer held celebrating the election , Spencer cried : Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory! ; subsequently Mike Enoch led a number of Spencers supporters in performing a Nazi salute and a chant similar to the chant . In early-to-mid 2017 , when Spencers following was at its height , his supporters would reportedly give him the Sieg Heil salute when he entered a room . Spencer has been involved in several legal issues . After the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , during which an alt-right supporter drove his car into a group of counter-protesters , killing one and injuring at least 19 others , Spencer was sued for allegedly acting as a gang boss and inciting the killing . Three supporters of Spencer were charged with attempted homicide following his October 2017 speech at the University of Florida . Early life . Richard Bertrand Spencer was born in 1978 in Boston , Massachusetts , the son of ophthalmologist Rand Spencer and Sherry Spencer ( née Dickenhorst ) , the heiress to cotton farms in Louisiana . He grew up in Preston Hollow , Dallas , Texas . Spencer attended St . Marks School of Texas , then Colgate University for one year before transferring to the University of Virginia . In 2001 , he received a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature and Music from the University of Virginia and , in 2003 , a Master of Arts in the Humanities from the University of Chicago . From the summer of 2005 into 2006 , Spencer attended Vienna International Summer University . From 2005 to 2007 , he was a PhD student in Modern European intellectual history at Duke University . He joined the Duke Conservative Union , where he met future President Trumps senior policy advisor Stephen Miller . His former website says he did not complete his PhD at Duke in order to pursue a life of thought-crime . Activities . Early activities . From March to December 2007 , Spencer was the assistant editor at The American Conservative magazine . According to founding editor Scott McConnell , he was fired from The American Conservative because his views were considered too extreme . Spencer spoke about the Duke lacrosse case and credits it with changing the course of his career . From January 2008 to December 2009 , he served as the executive editor of Takis Magazine , a libertarian online magazine published by Taki Theodoracopulos . He has claimed credit for coining the term alt-right in 2008 in order to differentiate himself from mainstream American conservatism , although Paul Gottfried argues that both he and Spencer created the term . In March 2010 , Spencer founded AlternativeRight.com , a website he edited until 2012 . In January 2011 , he became the owner and executive director of Washington Summit Publishers . In January 2011 , Spencer became president and director of the National Policy Institute ( NPI ) , a white supremacist think tank based in Virginia . George Hawley , an assistant professor of political science at the University of Alabama , has described NPI as rather obscure and marginalized until Spencer became its president . Spencer was invited to speak at Vanderbilt University in 2010 and Providence College in 2011 by Youth for Western Civilization . In 2012 , he founded Radix Journal as a biannual publication of Washington Summit Publishers . Contributions have included articles by Kevin B . MacDonald , Alex Kurtagić , and Samuel T . Francis . He also hosts a weekly podcast , Vanguard Radio . In 2014 , Spencer was deported from Budapest , Hungary . Under terms of the Schengen Agreement , he was banned for three years from 26 countries in Europe after trying to organize the National Policy Institute Conference , a conference for white nationalists . Alt Right leader . On January 15 , 2017 , the day of Martin Luther King Jr.s birthday , Spencer launched the AltRight Corporation and its website altright.com , another commentary website for alt-right members . According to Spencer , the site is a populist and big tent site for members of the alt-right . Swedish publisher Daniel Friberg of Arktos Media is co-founder and European editor of the site . The Southern Poverty Law Center of the United States describes the common thread among contributors as antisemitism , rather than white nationalism or white supremacy in general . Contributors to AltRight.com have included Henrik Palmgren and Jared Taylor . On February 23 , 2017 , Spencer was removed from the Conservative Political Action Conference , where he was giving statements to the press . A CPAC spokesman said he was removed from the event because other members found him repugnant . On May 13 , 2017 , he led a torch-lit protest in Charlottesville , Virginia , against the vote of the city council to remove a statue of Robert E . Lee , the commanding general of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War . Spencer led the crowd in chants of You will not replace us and Blood and soil . Michael Signer , the mayor of Charlottesville , called the protest horrific , and stated that it was either profoundly ignorant or intended to instill fear among minorities in a way that hearkens back to the days of the KKK . In August 2017 , Spencer was listed as an organizer on posters promoting the Charlottesville , Virginia , Unite the Right rally . It attracted counter-protesters , and violence broke out . One rightist drove his car into a group of counter-protesters , killing one woman and wounding 30 so severely they needed treatment at the hospital . In November 2017 , Twitter removed from Spencers account the blue checkmark that , reported The Washington Post , the company gives to prominent accounts to help readers ensure they are authentic . Spencer told The Post he was worried this would lead to Twitter banning people like him . He later joined the social network Gab . In November 2019 , Milo Yiannopolous released an audio recording allegedly of Spencer using racist slurs immediately after the 2017 Unite the Right rally . Spencer said he did not recall making the remarks , but did not deny the voice on the recording was his . On the tape , Spencer is heard saying Little fucking kikes . They get ruled by people like me . Little fucking octaroons . My ancestors fucking enslaved those little pieces of fucking shit . Public speaking . During a speech which Spencer gave in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference that was attended by approximately 200 people in Washington , D.C. , Spencer quoted Nazi propaganda in the original German and denounced Jews . Audience members cheered and gave the Nazi salute when he said , Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory ! and extended his right arm with a glass to toast that victory . Spencer later defended their conduct , stating that the Nazi salute was given in a spirit of irony and exuberance . It was later revealed that Spencer had given the Nazi salute at a karaoke bar in April 2016 . Additionally , in 2017 Spencer reportedly pressured followers to give him the Sieg Heil salute when he entered a room . Leaked texts between Spencer and Eli Mosley indicate that those who refused to give the Nazi salute to Spencer , such as Jason Kessler , were stigmatized within the movement . Groups and events which Spencer has spoken to include the Property and Freedom Society , the American Renaissance conference , and the HL Mencken Club . In November 2016 , an online petition to prevent Spencer from speaking at Texas A&M University on December 6 , 2016 , was signed by thousands of students , employees , and alumni . A protest and a university-organized counter-event were held to coincide with Spencers event . On January 20 , 2017 , Spencer attended the inauguration of Donald Trump . As he was giving an impromptu interview on a nearby street afterwards , a masked man punched Spencer in the face , then fled . A video of the incident was posted online , leading to divergent views on whether the attack was appropriate . Shortly after the violent Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , Virginia , in August 2017 , the University of Florida denied Spencers request for a September 2017 speaking opportunity , citing public safety grounds after opposition from students and locals of Gainesville , Florida . Due to safety reasons , he was also denied speaking requests at Louisiana State University and Michigan State University in August 2017 . In September 2017 , Cameron Padgett , who tried to book Spencer , sued MSU ; he was represented by Kyle Bristow , an MSU alumnus . On August 16 , during a television interview with Israeli Channel 2 anchor Danny Kushmaro , Spencer claimed that Jews are vastly over-represented in.. . the establishment , that is , Ivy League educated people who really determine policy . Viewing Israel as an , he described his political position as a white Zionist , who wants white people to have a secure homeland for us and ourselves . Spencer has repeatedly used this argument over the years in speeches and interviews . Spencers National Policy Institute , David Duke , Stefan Molyneux , and American Renaissance magazine were among the white nationalist outlets banned by YouTube from their platform in late June 2020 for not following the platforms policies on hate speech . Public response . Speech at the University of Florida . After the University of Floridas August 2017 denial of Spencers request to speak the following month , Floridian lawyer Gary Edinger threatened to sue the university for violating the First Amendment by prohibiting Spencer from speaking despite being a publicly funded institution . The university subsequently reached an agreement with Edinger allowing Spencer to speak on October 19 , 2017 . Florida Governor Rick Scott declared a state of emergency for Alachua County on October 16 , saying : I find that the threat of a potential emergency is imminent as a result of Spencers appearance . On October 19 , 2017 , Spencer spoke at the Curtis M . Phillips Center for the Performing Arts on university grounds . In addition to Spencer , the speakers included Eli Mosley of Identity Evropa , a white supremacist group from California , and Mike Enoch , a white nationalist blogger . The events security costs reportedly amounted to an estimated $600,000 . It drew about 2,500 protestors , vastly outnumbering Spencers supporters . The speech , which was Spencers first public appearance after the Charlottesville rally , was disrupted by loud protests . When drowned out by chants from the audience , he grew visibly frustrated , stating that the protestors were interfering with his freedom of speech . He added : You are all engaged in whats known as the hecklers veto . According to Clay Calvert , director of the Marion B . Brechner First Amendment Project at the University of Florida College of Journalism and Communications , non-violent protesting , booing and suggesting that the speaker leave was not a hecklers veto in law . The speech and the concurrent protests were largely peaceful . Later that day , three of Spencers supporters were arrested on felony charges following an alleged discharge of a firearm , directed at protestors leaving the event . The three suspects were residents of Texas who had traveled to Florida to hear Spencer speak . According to the Gainesville Police Department , they had shouted Hail Hitler and gave Nazi salutes immediately before the alleged attack . Authorities said that two of the suspects had known links to extremist groups . The men had participated in the August 2017 Unite the Right rally , where Spencer had been scheduled to speak . All three were charged with attempted homicide . In the aftermath of the October 19 events , Ohio State University declined Spencers request to allow him to speak on campus , citing substantial risk to public safety . In response , a lawyer representing Spencers associate and organizer of his speaking tour filed a lawsuit against the university . Opposition in Montana . The National Policy Institute think tank , AlternativeRight.com , and Radix Journal all use the same mailing address in Whitefish , Montana . In 2013 , a dispute with neoconservative lobbyist Randy Scheunemann at Whitefish Mountain Resort in Montana drew public attention to Spencer and his political views . In 2014 , a pro-tolerance group affiliated with the Montana Human Rights Network rallied against Spencers residency in Whitefish . In response , the city council approved a non-discrimination resolution . In December 2016 , Republican Representative Ryan Zinke , Republican Senator Steve Daines , Democratic Senator Jon Tester , Democratic Governor Steve Bullock and Republican Attorney General Tim Fox condemned a neo-Nazi march that had been planned for January 2017 . The community of Whitefish organized in opposition to the event , and the march never occurred . Also in December 2016 , Spencer announced he was considering an independent run for Montanas at-large congressional district in the 2017 special election , although he ultimately did not enter the race . European Union bans . European governments and media have responded to his visits . During his speaking tour in Hungary in 2014 , Spencer was mocked by the Hungarian newspaper for his call for a white Imperium through a revival of the Roman Empire , and for his claim to be a racial European , ideas that the newspaper called contrived and without any basis in European history . In the aftermath of his visit , Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán pressed through legislative measures which banned his entry and condemned Spencer . The government of Poland has also banned him from entering the country and condemned Spencer , citing his Nazi rhetoric , the anti-Polish and anti-Slavic racism of the Nazis , and the Nazis genocide of Slavic peoples during World War II . In July 2018 , Spencer was detained at Keflavík Airport in Reykjavík , Iceland en route to Sweden and was ordered by Polish officials to return to the United States ; the successful effort of the Poles to ban Spencer from other parts of Europe arises from the Schengen Agreement . Views . White identity . Spencer believes in white pride and the unification of a pan-European white race in a potential racial empire resembling the Roman Empire . In an interview with CNN , he was criticized for an apparent inconsistency or lack of clarity in his definition of white , with his interviewer saying that Spencer defined Syrians as white in the context of Steve Jobss role in developing the iPhone , but described them as a non-white presence in Europe in the context of the Syrian refugee crisis . In 2013 , the Anti-Defamation League called Spencer a leader in white supremacist circles , and said that after leaving The American Conservative , he rejected conservatism , because he believed its adherents cant or wont represent explicitly white interests . While being interviewed by David Pakman , he was asked if he would condemn the Ku Klux Klan and Adolf Hitler , he refused by saying : Im not going to play this game , while stating that Hitler had done things that I think are despicable , without elaborating on which things he was referring to . Spencer also admires George Lincoln Rockwell , the founder of the American Nazi Party , for using shock as a positive means to an end . In a 2016 interview for Time magazine , Spencer said he rejected white supremacy and the slavery of nonwhites , preferring to establish America as a white ethnostate . He also advocates the creation of a white ethnostate in Europe that would be open to all racial Europeans . Jason Wilson in The Guardian has argued that Spencer and other white nationalists are appropriating some elements of socialist rhetoric to critique a notion of capitalism centered on stereotypes of Jews . According to political scientist Tamir Bar-On , Spencer defends racialist and anti-Semitic agendas of the Old Right under a new metapolitical guise , acting as a cultural influencer rather than a direct political actor , and using various media outlets to disseminate his views to ordinary people in an accessible manner . Ethno-nationalism . According to the Southern Poverty Law Center , Spencer has advocated for a white homeland for a dispossessed white race , and called for peaceful ethnic cleansing to halt the deconstruction of what he describes as white culture . To this end he has supported what he has called the creation of a White Ethno-State on the North American continent , an ideal that he has regarded as a reconstitution of the Roman Empire . Prior to the UK vote to leave the EU , Spencer expressed support for the multi-national bloc as a potential racial empire and an alternative to American hegemony , stating that he has always been highly skeptical of so-called Euro-Skeptics . Nazi rhetoric . Spencer has been made frequent use of Nazi rhetoric in his public speeches . He called Donald Trumps 2016 presidential election the victory of will , a phrase evoking the title of Leni Riefenstahls Triumph of the Will ( 1935 ) , a Nazi-era propaganda film . Spencer urged his supporters to party like its 1933 , the year Hitler came to power in Germany . In the weeks following , Spencer quoted Nazi propaganda and denounced Jews . At a conference Spencer held celebrating Trumps election , he mentioned the mainstream media in those terms : or perhaps we should refer to them in the original German : Lügenpresse , meaning lying press or press of lies , a term frequently used by Joseph Goebbels in Nazi propaganda . Spencer ended his speech with : Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory! , and a number of his supporters gave the Nazi salute and chanted in a similar fashion to the chant . Donald Trump and Joe Biden . Spencer supported Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election . Following Trumps appointment of Steve Bannon as chief White House strategist and senior counselor , Spencer said Bannon would be in the best possible position to influence policy . In November 2018 , however , Spencer told his followers : The Trump moment is over , and its time for us to move on . The Southern Poverty Law Center reported that , around the same time , the white nationalist movement as a whole was dissatisfied with Trumps presidency . In a July 2019 interview on CNN , he called Trumps tweet about four congresswomen ( telling them to go back to where they came from ) racist . He believed Trump was practicing a con game in not clearly developing a white nationalist agenda as Trump gives us nothing outside of racist tweets , and by racist tweets , I mean tweets that are meaningless and cheap . In 2020 , following the assassination of Iranian general Qasem Soleimani , Spencer said that he regretted voting for Trump . In August of that year , Spencer said that he planned to vote for Joe Biden and the straight Democratic ticket in the November election . The MAGA/Alt-Right moment is over . I made mistakes ; Trump is an obvious disaster ; but mainly the paradigm contained flaws that we now are able to perceive . And it needs to end , Spencer wrote . So be patient . Well have another day in the sun . We need to recover and return in a new form . The Biden campaign renounced his support . Gender roles . During the 2016 United States presidential election , Spencer tweeted that women should not be allowed to make foreign policy . He also stated in an interview with The Washington Post that his vision of America as a white ethnostate includes women returning to traditional roles as childbearers and homemakers . In October 2017 , when asked his opinion on American women having the right to vote , he said : I dont necessarily think that thats a great thing after stating that he was not terribly excited about voting in general . Spencer opposes same-sex marriage , which he has described as unnatural and a non-issue , commenting that very few gay men will find the idea of monogamy to their liking . Despite his opposition to same-sex marriage , Spencer barred people with anti-gay views from the National Policy Institutes annual conference in 2015 . Health care . Spencer supports legal access to abortion , in part because he believes it would reduce the number of black and Hispanic people , which he says would be a great boon to white people . Spencer also supports a national single-payer health care system because he believes it would benefit white people . Christianity . Spencer is an atheist , although he also believes that the Christian church previously held some pragmatic value , because Spencer believes that it helped unify the white population of Europe . He opposes traditional Christian values as a moral code , due to the fact that Christianity is a universalizing religion , rather than an ethnic religion . Spencer references his views on Christianity as being influenced by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche . Citing Nietzsches criticism of anti-Semitism and nationalism , Scott Galupo writing for The Week , Sean Illing for Vox , and Jordan Harris for The Courier-Journal have described Spencers interpretation of Nietzsches philosophy as incorrect . Spencers Radix Journal has promoted paganism , running titles such as Why I am a pagan . Spencer has also described himself as a cultural Christian . Geopolitics . Spencer states he voted for Democrat John Kerry over incumbent Republican George W . Bush during the 2004 United States presidential election , because Bush stood for the war . Spencer criticized President Trumps administration for escalating tensions between the U.S . and Iran . In January 2020 , Spencer tweeted : To the people of Iran , there are millions of Americans who do not want war , who do not hate you , and who respect your nation and its history . After our traitorous elite is brought to justice , we hope to achieve peace , reconciliation , and forgiveness . Spencer praised Israels , saying : Jews are , once again , at the vanguard , rethinking politics and sovereignty for the future , showing a path forward for Europeans . Spencer has advocated for the US pulling out of NATO , and called Russia the sole white power in the world . His former partner , Nina Kouprianova , under her pen name Nina Byzantina referred to herself as a Kremlin troll leader and regularly aligned to Kremlin talking points , with ties to Aleksandr Dugin , a far-right ultranationalist Russian leader in the Eurasianism movement and writer of Foundations of Geopolitics . The webzine founded by Spencer in 2010 , called Alternative Right , accepted direct contributor pieces from Dugin . Kouprianova has translated several books written by Dugin . The books were later published by Spencers publishing house , Washington Summit Publishers . Libertarianism . In the late 2000s , Spencer was involved in the libertarian movement , supporting libertarian Republican presidential candidate Ron Paul and hosting him at his discussion club , the Robert Taft Club . Spencer later disavowed libertarianism as incompatible with white nationalism , and in 2017 he came into conflict with libertarians after reportedly attempting to crash an International Students for Liberty conference . Influences . According to political scientist Tamir Bar-On , Spencers key intellectual influences are largely those thinkers concerned with winning the cultural war against egalitarianism , liberal democracy , capitalism , socialism , and multiculturalism , citing Nietzsche , the German Conservative Revolution ( including Carl Schmitt , Ernst Jünger , and Martin Heidegger ) , French New Right theorists like Alain de Benoist and Guillaume Faye , along with other far-right figures such as Julius Evola , Francis Parker Yockey , Aleksandr Dugin , and US right-wingers with a penchant for race-driven politics or anti-Semitism like Sam Francis , Jared Taylor , and Kevin B . MacDonald . Legal issues . In June 2020 , the federal magistrate judge presiding over a civil rights lawsuit that stemmed from the violence at the Unite the Right rally in 2017 , allowed Spencers lawyer , John DiNucci , to withdraw from the case , on the grounds that Spencer owed DiNucci a significant amount in legal fees , and also was not cooperating with him in preparing the case . Spencer will represent himself . At the time of DiNuccis withdrawal , Spencer also faced a $500 fine and two weeks in a county jail in Montana if he did not pay over $60,000 he owed to the guardian ad litem representing his childrens interests in Spencers ongoing divorce proceedings there . Ultimately Spencer avoided going to jail after settling the debt . Personal life . In 2010 , Spencer moved to Whitefish , Montana . He says he splits his time between Whitefish and Arlington , Virginia , although he has said he has lived in Whitefish for over 10 years and considers it home . As of 2017 , Spencer was renting an apartment in Alexandria , Virginia . He moved out in August 2018 . Prior to his marriage , Spencers dating history included Asian women , which he has said predates his white nationalism , though this evaluation is disputed . Spencer married Nina Kouprianova in 2010 , with whom he has two children . He separated from Kouprianova , a Russian-Canadian with Georgian roots , in October 2016 ; in April 2017 , Spencer said he and his wife were not separated and were still together . In October 2018 , Kouprianova accused him , in divorce documents , of multiple forms of abuse . Kouprianova provided hours of recordings and text messages to the press in order to substantiate her allegations . Court documents detailed emotional abuse , financial abuse , and violent physical abuse , including when Kouprianova was four months pregnant , and frequently in front of their children . According to media reports , the recordings and text messages show Spencer telling his wife that he will fucking break [ her ] nose , encouraging her to commit suicide , and apologizing for previous incidents of physical abuse . A caregiver to the children testified in court about Spencers abuses towards both her and Kouprianova . Spencer denied all allegations made against him , and was not charged with a crime . |
[
"Duke University"
] | easy | Richard B. Spencer went to which school from 2005 to 2007? | /wiki/Richard_B._Spencer#P69#3 | Richard B . Spencer Richard Bertrand Spencer ( born May 1978 ) is an American neo-Nazi , antisemitic conspiracy theorist , and white supremacist who is known for his activism on behalf of the alt-right movement in 2016 and 2017 . Spencer calls for the reconstitution of the European Union into a white racial empire , which he believes will replace the diverse European ethnic identities with one homogeneous white identity . The majority of European nations have banned Spencer and denounced his call for white racial empire . Poland in particular has repeatedly sought to ban Spencer from Europe , citing Spencers Nazi rhetoric and the Nazis genocide of Slavic people during World War II . Spencer is known for his public advocacy of violence against nonwhites . He has advocated for the enslavement of Haitians by whites , the ethnic cleansing of racial minorities from the United States , and the ethnic cleansing of Turks from Anatolia . On the subject of neo-Nazism , Spencer has expressed admiration for the political tactics of American Nazi Party founder George Lincoln Rockwell . He was a featured speaker at the August 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , Virginia , among other neo-Nazi rallies that Spencer has headlined . Spencers public persona was defined by his repeated , public use of Nazi rhetoric . In early 2016 , Spencer was filmed giving the Nazi salute in a karaoke bar , and leaked footage also depicts Spencer giving the Sieg Heil salute to his supporters during the August 2017 Charlottesville rally . After Donald Trump was elected president in 2016 , Spencer urged his supporters to party like its 1933 , the year Hitler came to power in Germany . In the weeks following , Spencer quoted Nazi propaganda and denounced Jews . At a conference Spencer held celebrating the election , Spencer cried : Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory! ; subsequently Mike Enoch led a number of Spencers supporters in performing a Nazi salute and a chant similar to the chant . In early-to-mid 2017 , when Spencers following was at its height , his supporters would reportedly give him the Sieg Heil salute when he entered a room . Spencer has been involved in several legal issues . After the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , during which an alt-right supporter drove his car into a group of counter-protesters , killing one and injuring at least 19 others , Spencer was sued for allegedly acting as a gang boss and inciting the killing . Three supporters of Spencer were charged with attempted homicide following his October 2017 speech at the University of Florida . Early life . Richard Bertrand Spencer was born in 1978 in Boston , Massachusetts , the son of ophthalmologist Rand Spencer and Sherry Spencer ( née Dickenhorst ) , the heiress to cotton farms in Louisiana . He grew up in Preston Hollow , Dallas , Texas . Spencer attended St . Marks School of Texas , then Colgate University for one year before transferring to the University of Virginia . In 2001 , he received a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature and Music from the University of Virginia and , in 2003 , a Master of Arts in the Humanities from the University of Chicago . From the summer of 2005 into 2006 , Spencer attended Vienna International Summer University . From 2005 to 2007 , he was a PhD student in Modern European intellectual history at Duke University . He joined the Duke Conservative Union , where he met future President Trumps senior policy advisor Stephen Miller . His former website says he did not complete his PhD at Duke in order to pursue a life of thought-crime . Activities . Early activities . From March to December 2007 , Spencer was the assistant editor at The American Conservative magazine . According to founding editor Scott McConnell , he was fired from The American Conservative because his views were considered too extreme . Spencer spoke about the Duke lacrosse case and credits it with changing the course of his career . From January 2008 to December 2009 , he served as the executive editor of Takis Magazine , a libertarian online magazine published by Taki Theodoracopulos . He has claimed credit for coining the term alt-right in 2008 in order to differentiate himself from mainstream American conservatism , although Paul Gottfried argues that both he and Spencer created the term . In March 2010 , Spencer founded AlternativeRight.com , a website he edited until 2012 . In January 2011 , he became the owner and executive director of Washington Summit Publishers . In January 2011 , Spencer became president and director of the National Policy Institute ( NPI ) , a white supremacist think tank based in Virginia . George Hawley , an assistant professor of political science at the University of Alabama , has described NPI as rather obscure and marginalized until Spencer became its president . Spencer was invited to speak at Vanderbilt University in 2010 and Providence College in 2011 by Youth for Western Civilization . In 2012 , he founded Radix Journal as a biannual publication of Washington Summit Publishers . Contributions have included articles by Kevin B . MacDonald , Alex Kurtagić , and Samuel T . Francis . He also hosts a weekly podcast , Vanguard Radio . In 2014 , Spencer was deported from Budapest , Hungary . Under terms of the Schengen Agreement , he was banned for three years from 26 countries in Europe after trying to organize the National Policy Institute Conference , a conference for white nationalists . Alt Right leader . On January 15 , 2017 , the day of Martin Luther King Jr.s birthday , Spencer launched the AltRight Corporation and its website altright.com , another commentary website for alt-right members . According to Spencer , the site is a populist and big tent site for members of the alt-right . Swedish publisher Daniel Friberg of Arktos Media is co-founder and European editor of the site . The Southern Poverty Law Center of the United States describes the common thread among contributors as antisemitism , rather than white nationalism or white supremacy in general . Contributors to AltRight.com have included Henrik Palmgren and Jared Taylor . On February 23 , 2017 , Spencer was removed from the Conservative Political Action Conference , where he was giving statements to the press . A CPAC spokesman said he was removed from the event because other members found him repugnant . On May 13 , 2017 , he led a torch-lit protest in Charlottesville , Virginia , against the vote of the city council to remove a statue of Robert E . Lee , the commanding general of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War . Spencer led the crowd in chants of You will not replace us and Blood and soil . Michael Signer , the mayor of Charlottesville , called the protest horrific , and stated that it was either profoundly ignorant or intended to instill fear among minorities in a way that hearkens back to the days of the KKK . In August 2017 , Spencer was listed as an organizer on posters promoting the Charlottesville , Virginia , Unite the Right rally . It attracted counter-protesters , and violence broke out . One rightist drove his car into a group of counter-protesters , killing one woman and wounding 30 so severely they needed treatment at the hospital . In November 2017 , Twitter removed from Spencers account the blue checkmark that , reported The Washington Post , the company gives to prominent accounts to help readers ensure they are authentic . Spencer told The Post he was worried this would lead to Twitter banning people like him . He later joined the social network Gab . In November 2019 , Milo Yiannopolous released an audio recording allegedly of Spencer using racist slurs immediately after the 2017 Unite the Right rally . Spencer said he did not recall making the remarks , but did not deny the voice on the recording was his . On the tape , Spencer is heard saying Little fucking kikes . They get ruled by people like me . Little fucking octaroons . My ancestors fucking enslaved those little pieces of fucking shit . Public speaking . During a speech which Spencer gave in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference that was attended by approximately 200 people in Washington , D.C. , Spencer quoted Nazi propaganda in the original German and denounced Jews . Audience members cheered and gave the Nazi salute when he said , Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory ! and extended his right arm with a glass to toast that victory . Spencer later defended their conduct , stating that the Nazi salute was given in a spirit of irony and exuberance . It was later revealed that Spencer had given the Nazi salute at a karaoke bar in April 2016 . Additionally , in 2017 Spencer reportedly pressured followers to give him the Sieg Heil salute when he entered a room . Leaked texts between Spencer and Eli Mosley indicate that those who refused to give the Nazi salute to Spencer , such as Jason Kessler , were stigmatized within the movement . Groups and events which Spencer has spoken to include the Property and Freedom Society , the American Renaissance conference , and the HL Mencken Club . In November 2016 , an online petition to prevent Spencer from speaking at Texas A&M University on December 6 , 2016 , was signed by thousands of students , employees , and alumni . A protest and a university-organized counter-event were held to coincide with Spencers event . On January 20 , 2017 , Spencer attended the inauguration of Donald Trump . As he was giving an impromptu interview on a nearby street afterwards , a masked man punched Spencer in the face , then fled . A video of the incident was posted online , leading to divergent views on whether the attack was appropriate . Shortly after the violent Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , Virginia , in August 2017 , the University of Florida denied Spencers request for a September 2017 speaking opportunity , citing public safety grounds after opposition from students and locals of Gainesville , Florida . Due to safety reasons , he was also denied speaking requests at Louisiana State University and Michigan State University in August 2017 . In September 2017 , Cameron Padgett , who tried to book Spencer , sued MSU ; he was represented by Kyle Bristow , an MSU alumnus . On August 16 , during a television interview with Israeli Channel 2 anchor Danny Kushmaro , Spencer claimed that Jews are vastly over-represented in.. . the establishment , that is , Ivy League educated people who really determine policy . Viewing Israel as an , he described his political position as a white Zionist , who wants white people to have a secure homeland for us and ourselves . Spencer has repeatedly used this argument over the years in speeches and interviews . Spencers National Policy Institute , David Duke , Stefan Molyneux , and American Renaissance magazine were among the white nationalist outlets banned by YouTube from their platform in late June 2020 for not following the platforms policies on hate speech . Public response . Speech at the University of Florida . After the University of Floridas August 2017 denial of Spencers request to speak the following month , Floridian lawyer Gary Edinger threatened to sue the university for violating the First Amendment by prohibiting Spencer from speaking despite being a publicly funded institution . The university subsequently reached an agreement with Edinger allowing Spencer to speak on October 19 , 2017 . Florida Governor Rick Scott declared a state of emergency for Alachua County on October 16 , saying : I find that the threat of a potential emergency is imminent as a result of Spencers appearance . On October 19 , 2017 , Spencer spoke at the Curtis M . Phillips Center for the Performing Arts on university grounds . In addition to Spencer , the speakers included Eli Mosley of Identity Evropa , a white supremacist group from California , and Mike Enoch , a white nationalist blogger . The events security costs reportedly amounted to an estimated $600,000 . It drew about 2,500 protestors , vastly outnumbering Spencers supporters . The speech , which was Spencers first public appearance after the Charlottesville rally , was disrupted by loud protests . When drowned out by chants from the audience , he grew visibly frustrated , stating that the protestors were interfering with his freedom of speech . He added : You are all engaged in whats known as the hecklers veto . According to Clay Calvert , director of the Marion B . Brechner First Amendment Project at the University of Florida College of Journalism and Communications , non-violent protesting , booing and suggesting that the speaker leave was not a hecklers veto in law . The speech and the concurrent protests were largely peaceful . Later that day , three of Spencers supporters were arrested on felony charges following an alleged discharge of a firearm , directed at protestors leaving the event . The three suspects were residents of Texas who had traveled to Florida to hear Spencer speak . According to the Gainesville Police Department , they had shouted Hail Hitler and gave Nazi salutes immediately before the alleged attack . Authorities said that two of the suspects had known links to extremist groups . The men had participated in the August 2017 Unite the Right rally , where Spencer had been scheduled to speak . All three were charged with attempted homicide . In the aftermath of the October 19 events , Ohio State University declined Spencers request to allow him to speak on campus , citing substantial risk to public safety . In response , a lawyer representing Spencers associate and organizer of his speaking tour filed a lawsuit against the university . Opposition in Montana . The National Policy Institute think tank , AlternativeRight.com , and Radix Journal all use the same mailing address in Whitefish , Montana . In 2013 , a dispute with neoconservative lobbyist Randy Scheunemann at Whitefish Mountain Resort in Montana drew public attention to Spencer and his political views . In 2014 , a pro-tolerance group affiliated with the Montana Human Rights Network rallied against Spencers residency in Whitefish . In response , the city council approved a non-discrimination resolution . In December 2016 , Republican Representative Ryan Zinke , Republican Senator Steve Daines , Democratic Senator Jon Tester , Democratic Governor Steve Bullock and Republican Attorney General Tim Fox condemned a neo-Nazi march that had been planned for January 2017 . The community of Whitefish organized in opposition to the event , and the march never occurred . Also in December 2016 , Spencer announced he was considering an independent run for Montanas at-large congressional district in the 2017 special election , although he ultimately did not enter the race . European Union bans . European governments and media have responded to his visits . During his speaking tour in Hungary in 2014 , Spencer was mocked by the Hungarian newspaper for his call for a white Imperium through a revival of the Roman Empire , and for his claim to be a racial European , ideas that the newspaper called contrived and without any basis in European history . In the aftermath of his visit , Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán pressed through legislative measures which banned his entry and condemned Spencer . The government of Poland has also banned him from entering the country and condemned Spencer , citing his Nazi rhetoric , the anti-Polish and anti-Slavic racism of the Nazis , and the Nazis genocide of Slavic peoples during World War II . In July 2018 , Spencer was detained at Keflavík Airport in Reykjavík , Iceland en route to Sweden and was ordered by Polish officials to return to the United States ; the successful effort of the Poles to ban Spencer from other parts of Europe arises from the Schengen Agreement . Views . White identity . Spencer believes in white pride and the unification of a pan-European white race in a potential racial empire resembling the Roman Empire . In an interview with CNN , he was criticized for an apparent inconsistency or lack of clarity in his definition of white , with his interviewer saying that Spencer defined Syrians as white in the context of Steve Jobss role in developing the iPhone , but described them as a non-white presence in Europe in the context of the Syrian refugee crisis . In 2013 , the Anti-Defamation League called Spencer a leader in white supremacist circles , and said that after leaving The American Conservative , he rejected conservatism , because he believed its adherents cant or wont represent explicitly white interests . While being interviewed by David Pakman , he was asked if he would condemn the Ku Klux Klan and Adolf Hitler , he refused by saying : Im not going to play this game , while stating that Hitler had done things that I think are despicable , without elaborating on which things he was referring to . Spencer also admires George Lincoln Rockwell , the founder of the American Nazi Party , for using shock as a positive means to an end . In a 2016 interview for Time magazine , Spencer said he rejected white supremacy and the slavery of nonwhites , preferring to establish America as a white ethnostate . He also advocates the creation of a white ethnostate in Europe that would be open to all racial Europeans . Jason Wilson in The Guardian has argued that Spencer and other white nationalists are appropriating some elements of socialist rhetoric to critique a notion of capitalism centered on stereotypes of Jews . According to political scientist Tamir Bar-On , Spencer defends racialist and anti-Semitic agendas of the Old Right under a new metapolitical guise , acting as a cultural influencer rather than a direct political actor , and using various media outlets to disseminate his views to ordinary people in an accessible manner . Ethno-nationalism . According to the Southern Poverty Law Center , Spencer has advocated for a white homeland for a dispossessed white race , and called for peaceful ethnic cleansing to halt the deconstruction of what he describes as white culture . To this end he has supported what he has called the creation of a White Ethno-State on the North American continent , an ideal that he has regarded as a reconstitution of the Roman Empire . Prior to the UK vote to leave the EU , Spencer expressed support for the multi-national bloc as a potential racial empire and an alternative to American hegemony , stating that he has always been highly skeptical of so-called Euro-Skeptics . Nazi rhetoric . Spencer has been made frequent use of Nazi rhetoric in his public speeches . He called Donald Trumps 2016 presidential election the victory of will , a phrase evoking the title of Leni Riefenstahls Triumph of the Will ( 1935 ) , a Nazi-era propaganda film . Spencer urged his supporters to party like its 1933 , the year Hitler came to power in Germany . In the weeks following , Spencer quoted Nazi propaganda and denounced Jews . At a conference Spencer held celebrating Trumps election , he mentioned the mainstream media in those terms : or perhaps we should refer to them in the original German : Lügenpresse , meaning lying press or press of lies , a term frequently used by Joseph Goebbels in Nazi propaganda . Spencer ended his speech with : Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory! , and a number of his supporters gave the Nazi salute and chanted in a similar fashion to the chant . Donald Trump and Joe Biden . Spencer supported Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election . Following Trumps appointment of Steve Bannon as chief White House strategist and senior counselor , Spencer said Bannon would be in the best possible position to influence policy . In November 2018 , however , Spencer told his followers : The Trump moment is over , and its time for us to move on . The Southern Poverty Law Center reported that , around the same time , the white nationalist movement as a whole was dissatisfied with Trumps presidency . In a July 2019 interview on CNN , he called Trumps tweet about four congresswomen ( telling them to go back to where they came from ) racist . He believed Trump was practicing a con game in not clearly developing a white nationalist agenda as Trump gives us nothing outside of racist tweets , and by racist tweets , I mean tweets that are meaningless and cheap . In 2020 , following the assassination of Iranian general Qasem Soleimani , Spencer said that he regretted voting for Trump . In August of that year , Spencer said that he planned to vote for Joe Biden and the straight Democratic ticket in the November election . The MAGA/Alt-Right moment is over . I made mistakes ; Trump is an obvious disaster ; but mainly the paradigm contained flaws that we now are able to perceive . And it needs to end , Spencer wrote . So be patient . Well have another day in the sun . We need to recover and return in a new form . The Biden campaign renounced his support . Gender roles . During the 2016 United States presidential election , Spencer tweeted that women should not be allowed to make foreign policy . He also stated in an interview with The Washington Post that his vision of America as a white ethnostate includes women returning to traditional roles as childbearers and homemakers . In October 2017 , when asked his opinion on American women having the right to vote , he said : I dont necessarily think that thats a great thing after stating that he was not terribly excited about voting in general . Spencer opposes same-sex marriage , which he has described as unnatural and a non-issue , commenting that very few gay men will find the idea of monogamy to their liking . Despite his opposition to same-sex marriage , Spencer barred people with anti-gay views from the National Policy Institutes annual conference in 2015 . Health care . Spencer supports legal access to abortion , in part because he believes it would reduce the number of black and Hispanic people , which he says would be a great boon to white people . Spencer also supports a national single-payer health care system because he believes it would benefit white people . Christianity . Spencer is an atheist , although he also believes that the Christian church previously held some pragmatic value , because Spencer believes that it helped unify the white population of Europe . He opposes traditional Christian values as a moral code , due to the fact that Christianity is a universalizing religion , rather than an ethnic religion . Spencer references his views on Christianity as being influenced by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche . Citing Nietzsches criticism of anti-Semitism and nationalism , Scott Galupo writing for The Week , Sean Illing for Vox , and Jordan Harris for The Courier-Journal have described Spencers interpretation of Nietzsches philosophy as incorrect . Spencers Radix Journal has promoted paganism , running titles such as Why I am a pagan . Spencer has also described himself as a cultural Christian . Geopolitics . Spencer states he voted for Democrat John Kerry over incumbent Republican George W . Bush during the 2004 United States presidential election , because Bush stood for the war . Spencer criticized President Trumps administration for escalating tensions between the U.S . and Iran . In January 2020 , Spencer tweeted : To the people of Iran , there are millions of Americans who do not want war , who do not hate you , and who respect your nation and its history . After our traitorous elite is brought to justice , we hope to achieve peace , reconciliation , and forgiveness . Spencer praised Israels , saying : Jews are , once again , at the vanguard , rethinking politics and sovereignty for the future , showing a path forward for Europeans . Spencer has advocated for the US pulling out of NATO , and called Russia the sole white power in the world . His former partner , Nina Kouprianova , under her pen name Nina Byzantina referred to herself as a Kremlin troll leader and regularly aligned to Kremlin talking points , with ties to Aleksandr Dugin , a far-right ultranationalist Russian leader in the Eurasianism movement and writer of Foundations of Geopolitics . The webzine founded by Spencer in 2010 , called Alternative Right , accepted direct contributor pieces from Dugin . Kouprianova has translated several books written by Dugin . The books were later published by Spencers publishing house , Washington Summit Publishers . Libertarianism . In the late 2000s , Spencer was involved in the libertarian movement , supporting libertarian Republican presidential candidate Ron Paul and hosting him at his discussion club , the Robert Taft Club . Spencer later disavowed libertarianism as incompatible with white nationalism , and in 2017 he came into conflict with libertarians after reportedly attempting to crash an International Students for Liberty conference . Influences . According to political scientist Tamir Bar-On , Spencers key intellectual influences are largely those thinkers concerned with winning the cultural war against egalitarianism , liberal democracy , capitalism , socialism , and multiculturalism , citing Nietzsche , the German Conservative Revolution ( including Carl Schmitt , Ernst Jünger , and Martin Heidegger ) , French New Right theorists like Alain de Benoist and Guillaume Faye , along with other far-right figures such as Julius Evola , Francis Parker Yockey , Aleksandr Dugin , and US right-wingers with a penchant for race-driven politics or anti-Semitism like Sam Francis , Jared Taylor , and Kevin B . MacDonald . Legal issues . In June 2020 , the federal magistrate judge presiding over a civil rights lawsuit that stemmed from the violence at the Unite the Right rally in 2017 , allowed Spencers lawyer , John DiNucci , to withdraw from the case , on the grounds that Spencer owed DiNucci a significant amount in legal fees , and also was not cooperating with him in preparing the case . Spencer will represent himself . At the time of DiNuccis withdrawal , Spencer also faced a $500 fine and two weeks in a county jail in Montana if he did not pay over $60,000 he owed to the guardian ad litem representing his childrens interests in Spencers ongoing divorce proceedings there . Ultimately Spencer avoided going to jail after settling the debt . Personal life . In 2010 , Spencer moved to Whitefish , Montana . He says he splits his time between Whitefish and Arlington , Virginia , although he has said he has lived in Whitefish for over 10 years and considers it home . As of 2017 , Spencer was renting an apartment in Alexandria , Virginia . He moved out in August 2018 . Prior to his marriage , Spencers dating history included Asian women , which he has said predates his white nationalism , though this evaluation is disputed . Spencer married Nina Kouprianova in 2010 , with whom he has two children . He separated from Kouprianova , a Russian-Canadian with Georgian roots , in October 2016 ; in April 2017 , Spencer said he and his wife were not separated and were still together . In October 2018 , Kouprianova accused him , in divorce documents , of multiple forms of abuse . Kouprianova provided hours of recordings and text messages to the press in order to substantiate her allegations . Court documents detailed emotional abuse , financial abuse , and violent physical abuse , including when Kouprianova was four months pregnant , and frequently in front of their children . According to media reports , the recordings and text messages show Spencer telling his wife that he will fucking break [ her ] nose , encouraging her to commit suicide , and apologizing for previous incidents of physical abuse . A caregiver to the children testified in court about Spencers abuses towards both her and Kouprianova . Spencer denied all allegations made against him , and was not charged with a crime . |
[
"University of Edinburgh"
] | easy | Who did Frances Melville work for from 1896 to 1899? | /wiki/Frances_Melville#P108#0 | Frances Melville Frances Helen Melville ( 11 October 1873 – 7 March 1962 ) , was a suffragist , advocate for higher education for women in Scotland , and one of the first women to matriculate at the University of Edinburgh in 1892 . Early life . Melville was born in Merchiston in Edinburgh , the elder daughter of Francis Suther Melville , a depute clerk of the Court of Session , and Helen Alexandrina Kerr . Melville was one of seven children ; five brothers and two sister . She spent her childhood in Edinburgh , where she was educated at George Watsons Ladies College and later studied music for a year in Germany . Education . Following the 1889 Universities ( Scotland ) Act which allowed women to graduate from universities in Scotland , Melville became one of the first women to matriculate at the University of Edinburgh in 1892 . She graduated five years later in 1897 with a first class MA Honours degree in Philosophy . In 1910 Melville was awarded a Bachelor of Divinity degree by the University of St Andrews , the first woman in Scotland to graduate with this degree . Academic career . Following graduation , Melville worked as a tutor at the University of Edinburgh from 1896 to 1899 , where she taught classes on logic , psychology , and metaphysics run by Professor Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattinson . From 1899 to 1909 Melville held the post of Warden of University Hall at the University of St Andrews . On her departure she wrote a Memorandum on the duties of the warden of University Hall which is held by the University of St Andrews Archives . After a short spell as lecturer in Mental and Moral Science at Cheltenham Ladies College , Melville succeeded Janet Anne Galloway as Mistress of Queen Margaret College , University of Glasgow , in 1909 a post she held until the closure of the college in 1935 . After becoming Head of the Womens Department at the University of Glasgow , Melville was asked to gather information on the suitability of women for diplomatic and consular service positions . This led to a lengthy correspondence between Melville and educationist Marjorie Rackstraw , warden of Masson House at the University of Edinburgh . Rackstraw was hoping to compile data from all Scottish universities in support of womens potential for governmental service and sought Melvilles help to provide information on Glasgows female graduates . At the height of her career Melville was the most senior female academic in Scotland , notable for her academic achievements and administrative abilities . In 1927 she was awarded an honorary LL.D by the University of Glasgow . She was the first woman academic to receive an honorary degree from the University . In Kings Birthday Honours list of 1935 Melville was awarded an OBE . Political activism . Throughout her life Melville campaigned for the cause of womens education . In 1902 she presented a paper University Education for Women in Scotland : Its Effects on Social and Intellectual Life at the Conference of the National Union of Women Workers of Great Britain and Ireland in Edinburgh and in 1911 contributed a paper titled The Education of Woman to a collection of essays The Position of Woman : Actual and Real . Melville argued that all women should have access to a general education and that the false dichotomy between the female ideals of domesticity and professionalism had a damaging influence on attitudes to womens education . During her time at St Andrews she set up the Association of University Women , from 1930 to 1931 she was president of the Soroptimists Club , and in 1935 she was appointed president of the British Federation of University Women . Melville was also an active and prominent Suffragist and a member of the Edinburgh National Society for Womens Suffrage , the Scottish Universities Womens Suffrage Union , the Glasgow Women Citizens Association and the Glasgow Society for Equal Citizenship . In 1906 , Melville , together with Margaret Nairn , Chrystal Macmillan , Frances Simson , and Elsie Inglis took the universities of St Andrews and Edinburgh to the Court of Session , arguing that as members of the general council , they were entitled to vote . The University of Edinburgh conceded that The women have been admitted to graduation in several of the faculties of the universities and their names have been placed on the Register of the General Council . They have attended and voted at the meetings of the General Council , and they have hitherto enjoyed and exercised all the privileges possessed by male graduates of the universities.However they refused to grant their request . After losing their case in 1907 , Melville and her colleagues appealed through the House of Lords in 1908 , but again the appeal was lost . In 1937 , after the death of Ramsay MacDonald , Melville stood as an independent candidate in the Scottish Universities by-election , which was won by Sir John Anderson . Melville came second , ahead of Andrew Dewar Gibb and Sir Peter Chalmers Mitchell , with 5618 votes . During World War I Melville undertook a range of war work related to training women and during World War II she was a driver for the Home Guard . Death . During her retirement , Melville lived in Dalry in Kirkcudbrightshire , before moving back to Edinburgh where she died on 7 March 1962 at her home on Merchiston Place . She is buried in Warriston Cemetery , Edinburgh . Legacy . Melville House at the University of Glasgow is named in honour of Frances Melville and the University awards the Frances Melville medal annually to the most distinguished honours candidate in Mental Philosophy . |
[
"University of St Andrews"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Frances Melville work for from 1899 to 1909? | /wiki/Frances_Melville#P108#1 | Frances Melville Frances Helen Melville ( 11 October 1873 – 7 March 1962 ) , was a suffragist , advocate for higher education for women in Scotland , and one of the first women to matriculate at the University of Edinburgh in 1892 . Early life . Melville was born in Merchiston in Edinburgh , the elder daughter of Francis Suther Melville , a depute clerk of the Court of Session , and Helen Alexandrina Kerr . Melville was one of seven children ; five brothers and two sister . She spent her childhood in Edinburgh , where she was educated at George Watsons Ladies College and later studied music for a year in Germany . Education . Following the 1889 Universities ( Scotland ) Act which allowed women to graduate from universities in Scotland , Melville became one of the first women to matriculate at the University of Edinburgh in 1892 . She graduated five years later in 1897 with a first class MA Honours degree in Philosophy . In 1910 Melville was awarded a Bachelor of Divinity degree by the University of St Andrews , the first woman in Scotland to graduate with this degree . Academic career . Following graduation , Melville worked as a tutor at the University of Edinburgh from 1896 to 1899 , where she taught classes on logic , psychology , and metaphysics run by Professor Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattinson . From 1899 to 1909 Melville held the post of Warden of University Hall at the University of St Andrews . On her departure she wrote a Memorandum on the duties of the warden of University Hall which is held by the University of St Andrews Archives . After a short spell as lecturer in Mental and Moral Science at Cheltenham Ladies College , Melville succeeded Janet Anne Galloway as Mistress of Queen Margaret College , University of Glasgow , in 1909 a post she held until the closure of the college in 1935 . After becoming Head of the Womens Department at the University of Glasgow , Melville was asked to gather information on the suitability of women for diplomatic and consular service positions . This led to a lengthy correspondence between Melville and educationist Marjorie Rackstraw , warden of Masson House at the University of Edinburgh . Rackstraw was hoping to compile data from all Scottish universities in support of womens potential for governmental service and sought Melvilles help to provide information on Glasgows female graduates . At the height of her career Melville was the most senior female academic in Scotland , notable for her academic achievements and administrative abilities . In 1927 she was awarded an honorary LL.D by the University of Glasgow . She was the first woman academic to receive an honorary degree from the University . In Kings Birthday Honours list of 1935 Melville was awarded an OBE . Political activism . Throughout her life Melville campaigned for the cause of womens education . In 1902 she presented a paper University Education for Women in Scotland : Its Effects on Social and Intellectual Life at the Conference of the National Union of Women Workers of Great Britain and Ireland in Edinburgh and in 1911 contributed a paper titled The Education of Woman to a collection of essays The Position of Woman : Actual and Real . Melville argued that all women should have access to a general education and that the false dichotomy between the female ideals of domesticity and professionalism had a damaging influence on attitudes to womens education . During her time at St Andrews she set up the Association of University Women , from 1930 to 1931 she was president of the Soroptimists Club , and in 1935 she was appointed president of the British Federation of University Women . Melville was also an active and prominent Suffragist and a member of the Edinburgh National Society for Womens Suffrage , the Scottish Universities Womens Suffrage Union , the Glasgow Women Citizens Association and the Glasgow Society for Equal Citizenship . In 1906 , Melville , together with Margaret Nairn , Chrystal Macmillan , Frances Simson , and Elsie Inglis took the universities of St Andrews and Edinburgh to the Court of Session , arguing that as members of the general council , they were entitled to vote . The University of Edinburgh conceded that The women have been admitted to graduation in several of the faculties of the universities and their names have been placed on the Register of the General Council . They have attended and voted at the meetings of the General Council , and they have hitherto enjoyed and exercised all the privileges possessed by male graduates of the universities.However they refused to grant their request . After losing their case in 1907 , Melville and her colleagues appealed through the House of Lords in 1908 , but again the appeal was lost . In 1937 , after the death of Ramsay MacDonald , Melville stood as an independent candidate in the Scottish Universities by-election , which was won by Sir John Anderson . Melville came second , ahead of Andrew Dewar Gibb and Sir Peter Chalmers Mitchell , with 5618 votes . During World War I Melville undertook a range of war work related to training women and during World War II she was a driver for the Home Guard . Death . During her retirement , Melville lived in Dalry in Kirkcudbrightshire , before moving back to Edinburgh where she died on 7 March 1962 at her home on Merchiston Place . She is buried in Warriston Cemetery , Edinburgh . Legacy . Melville House at the University of Glasgow is named in honour of Frances Melville and the University awards the Frances Melville medal annually to the most distinguished honours candidate in Mental Philosophy . |
[
"University of Glasgow"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Frances Melville work for from 1909 to 1935? | /wiki/Frances_Melville#P108#2 | Frances Melville Frances Helen Melville ( 11 October 1873 – 7 March 1962 ) , was a suffragist , advocate for higher education for women in Scotland , and one of the first women to matriculate at the University of Edinburgh in 1892 . Early life . Melville was born in Merchiston in Edinburgh , the elder daughter of Francis Suther Melville , a depute clerk of the Court of Session , and Helen Alexandrina Kerr . Melville was one of seven children ; five brothers and two sister . She spent her childhood in Edinburgh , where she was educated at George Watsons Ladies College and later studied music for a year in Germany . Education . Following the 1889 Universities ( Scotland ) Act which allowed women to graduate from universities in Scotland , Melville became one of the first women to matriculate at the University of Edinburgh in 1892 . She graduated five years later in 1897 with a first class MA Honours degree in Philosophy . In 1910 Melville was awarded a Bachelor of Divinity degree by the University of St Andrews , the first woman in Scotland to graduate with this degree . Academic career . Following graduation , Melville worked as a tutor at the University of Edinburgh from 1896 to 1899 , where she taught classes on logic , psychology , and metaphysics run by Professor Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattinson . From 1899 to 1909 Melville held the post of Warden of University Hall at the University of St Andrews . On her departure she wrote a Memorandum on the duties of the warden of University Hall which is held by the University of St Andrews Archives . After a short spell as lecturer in Mental and Moral Science at Cheltenham Ladies College , Melville succeeded Janet Anne Galloway as Mistress of Queen Margaret College , University of Glasgow , in 1909 a post she held until the closure of the college in 1935 . After becoming Head of the Womens Department at the University of Glasgow , Melville was asked to gather information on the suitability of women for diplomatic and consular service positions . This led to a lengthy correspondence between Melville and educationist Marjorie Rackstraw , warden of Masson House at the University of Edinburgh . Rackstraw was hoping to compile data from all Scottish universities in support of womens potential for governmental service and sought Melvilles help to provide information on Glasgows female graduates . At the height of her career Melville was the most senior female academic in Scotland , notable for her academic achievements and administrative abilities . In 1927 she was awarded an honorary LL.D by the University of Glasgow . She was the first woman academic to receive an honorary degree from the University . In Kings Birthday Honours list of 1935 Melville was awarded an OBE . Political activism . Throughout her life Melville campaigned for the cause of womens education . In 1902 she presented a paper University Education for Women in Scotland : Its Effects on Social and Intellectual Life at the Conference of the National Union of Women Workers of Great Britain and Ireland in Edinburgh and in 1911 contributed a paper titled The Education of Woman to a collection of essays The Position of Woman : Actual and Real . Melville argued that all women should have access to a general education and that the false dichotomy between the female ideals of domesticity and professionalism had a damaging influence on attitudes to womens education . During her time at St Andrews she set up the Association of University Women , from 1930 to 1931 she was president of the Soroptimists Club , and in 1935 she was appointed president of the British Federation of University Women . Melville was also an active and prominent Suffragist and a member of the Edinburgh National Society for Womens Suffrage , the Scottish Universities Womens Suffrage Union , the Glasgow Women Citizens Association and the Glasgow Society for Equal Citizenship . In 1906 , Melville , together with Margaret Nairn , Chrystal Macmillan , Frances Simson , and Elsie Inglis took the universities of St Andrews and Edinburgh to the Court of Session , arguing that as members of the general council , they were entitled to vote . The University of Edinburgh conceded that The women have been admitted to graduation in several of the faculties of the universities and their names have been placed on the Register of the General Council . They have attended and voted at the meetings of the General Council , and they have hitherto enjoyed and exercised all the privileges possessed by male graduates of the universities.However they refused to grant their request . After losing their case in 1907 , Melville and her colleagues appealed through the House of Lords in 1908 , but again the appeal was lost . In 1937 , after the death of Ramsay MacDonald , Melville stood as an independent candidate in the Scottish Universities by-election , which was won by Sir John Anderson . Melville came second , ahead of Andrew Dewar Gibb and Sir Peter Chalmers Mitchell , with 5618 votes . During World War I Melville undertook a range of war work related to training women and during World War II she was a driver for the Home Guard . Death . During her retirement , Melville lived in Dalry in Kirkcudbrightshire , before moving back to Edinburgh where she died on 7 March 1962 at her home on Merchiston Place . She is buried in Warriston Cemetery , Edinburgh . Legacy . Melville House at the University of Glasgow is named in honour of Frances Melville and the University awards the Frances Melville medal annually to the most distinguished honours candidate in Mental Philosophy . |
[
"Cambridge"
] | easy | Tony Wrigley was an employee for whom from 1958 to 1974? | /wiki/Tony_Wrigley#P108#0 | Tony Wrigley Sir Edward Anthony Wrigley ( born 17 August 1931 ) , commonly known as Tony Wrigley , is a historical demographer . Wrigley and Peter Laslett co-founded the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure in 1964 . Wrigleys scholarly works focus on demographic history , and the long-term causes and effects of urbanization and industrialization . Among his many publications , Wrigley is known for the book Continuity , Chance and Change , published in 1988 , in which he explained why Malthus was wrong about the law of diminishing returns slowing population growth . His most celebrated work , however , is The Population History of England , 1541-1871 , published in 1981 with co-author Roger S . Schofield . Wrigley completed undergraduate and postgraduate courses at Peterhouse , Cambridge between 1949-1958 . He was elected as a Fellow of Peterhouse in the latter year and held office until 1979 , when he became an Emeritus Fellow there and also Professor of Population Studies at the London School of Economics . He ceased the professorship in 1988 to become a Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College , Oxford and returned to Cambridge as Professor of Economic History for the period 1994-1997 . As of 2019 , he was an Honorary Fellow at Peterhouse . He was Master of Corpus Christi College , Cambridge from 1994 until 2000 , and was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1980 , serving as president from 1997 to 2001 . He was the recipient of the 2005 Leverhulme Medal and Prize awarded by the British Academy and in the same year became a Quondam Fellow of All Souls College . In 1960 , Wrigley married Mieke Spelberg , with whom by 1972 he had three daughters and a son . Publications . - Industrial growth and population change ; a regional study of the coalfield areas of north-west Europe in the later nineteenth century , Cambridge University Press 1961 , - An introduction to English historical demography from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century , editor,Weidenfeld & Nicolson ( London ) 1966 - Population and history , Weidenfeld & Nicolson ( London ) 1969 , - Nineteenth-century society essays in the use of quantitative methods for the study of social data , editor , Cambridge University Press 1972 , - Population private choice and public policy , The Lindsey Press ( London ) 1972 , The Essex Hall lecture - Identifying people in the past , Arnold ( London ) 1973 , - Towns in Societies ( editor , 1978 ) - People , cities , and wealth : the transformation of traditional society , Blackwell 1987 , - The population history of England , 1541-1871 : a reconstruction , Harvard University Press ( Cambridge , Mass ) 1981 , - People Cities and Wealth : The Transformation of Traditional Society , Blackwell Publishers 1989 , - Continuity , Chance and Change : The Character of the Industrial Revolution in England , Cambridge University Press 1990 , - Poverty , Progress , and Population , Cambridge University Press 2004 , - English Population History from Family Reconstitution 1580-1837 , with R . S . Davies , J . E . Oeppen and R . S . Schofield , Cambridge University Press 2005 , - Industrial Growth and Population Change , Cambridge University Press 2007 , - Energy and the English Industrial Revolution , Cambridge University Press 2010 , - The Path to Sustained Growth . Englands Transition from an Organic Economy to an Industrial Revolution . Cambridge University Press , 2016 , . External links . - Personal page at Cambridge University Department of Geography - interviewed by Alan Macfarlane , 23 July 2007 ( video ) |
[
"London School of Economics"
] | easy | Tony Wrigley was an employee for whom from 1979 to 1988? | /wiki/Tony_Wrigley#P108#1 | Tony Wrigley Sir Edward Anthony Wrigley ( born 17 August 1931 ) , commonly known as Tony Wrigley , is a historical demographer . Wrigley and Peter Laslett co-founded the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure in 1964 . Wrigleys scholarly works focus on demographic history , and the long-term causes and effects of urbanization and industrialization . Among his many publications , Wrigley is known for the book Continuity , Chance and Change , published in 1988 , in which he explained why Malthus was wrong about the law of diminishing returns slowing population growth . His most celebrated work , however , is The Population History of England , 1541-1871 , published in 1981 with co-author Roger S . Schofield . Wrigley completed undergraduate and postgraduate courses at Peterhouse , Cambridge between 1949-1958 . He was elected as a Fellow of Peterhouse in the latter year and held office until 1979 , when he became an Emeritus Fellow there and also Professor of Population Studies at the London School of Economics . He ceased the professorship in 1988 to become a Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College , Oxford and returned to Cambridge as Professor of Economic History for the period 1994-1997 . As of 2019 , he was an Honorary Fellow at Peterhouse . He was Master of Corpus Christi College , Cambridge from 1994 until 2000 , and was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1980 , serving as president from 1997 to 2001 . He was the recipient of the 2005 Leverhulme Medal and Prize awarded by the British Academy and in the same year became a Quondam Fellow of All Souls College . In 1960 , Wrigley married Mieke Spelberg , with whom by 1972 he had three daughters and a son . Publications . - Industrial growth and population change ; a regional study of the coalfield areas of north-west Europe in the later nineteenth century , Cambridge University Press 1961 , - An introduction to English historical demography from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century , editor,Weidenfeld & Nicolson ( London ) 1966 - Population and history , Weidenfeld & Nicolson ( London ) 1969 , - Nineteenth-century society essays in the use of quantitative methods for the study of social data , editor , Cambridge University Press 1972 , - Population private choice and public policy , The Lindsey Press ( London ) 1972 , The Essex Hall lecture - Identifying people in the past , Arnold ( London ) 1973 , - Towns in Societies ( editor , 1978 ) - People , cities , and wealth : the transformation of traditional society , Blackwell 1987 , - The population history of England , 1541-1871 : a reconstruction , Harvard University Press ( Cambridge , Mass ) 1981 , - People Cities and Wealth : The Transformation of Traditional Society , Blackwell Publishers 1989 , - Continuity , Chance and Change : The Character of the Industrial Revolution in England , Cambridge University Press 1990 , - Poverty , Progress , and Population , Cambridge University Press 2004 , - English Population History from Family Reconstitution 1580-1837 , with R . S . Davies , J . E . Oeppen and R . S . Schofield , Cambridge University Press 2005 , - Industrial Growth and Population Change , Cambridge University Press 2007 , - Energy and the English Industrial Revolution , Cambridge University Press 2010 , - The Path to Sustained Growth . Englands Transition from an Organic Economy to an Industrial Revolution . Cambridge University Press , 2016 , . External links . - Personal page at Cambridge University Department of Geography - interviewed by Alan Macfarlane , 23 July 2007 ( video ) |
[
"All Souls College"
] | easy | Who did Tony Wrigley work for from 1988 to 1994? | /wiki/Tony_Wrigley#P108#2 | Tony Wrigley Sir Edward Anthony Wrigley ( born 17 August 1931 ) , commonly known as Tony Wrigley , is a historical demographer . Wrigley and Peter Laslett co-founded the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure in 1964 . Wrigleys scholarly works focus on demographic history , and the long-term causes and effects of urbanization and industrialization . Among his many publications , Wrigley is known for the book Continuity , Chance and Change , published in 1988 , in which he explained why Malthus was wrong about the law of diminishing returns slowing population growth . His most celebrated work , however , is The Population History of England , 1541-1871 , published in 1981 with co-author Roger S . Schofield . Wrigley completed undergraduate and postgraduate courses at Peterhouse , Cambridge between 1949-1958 . He was elected as a Fellow of Peterhouse in the latter year and held office until 1979 , when he became an Emeritus Fellow there and also Professor of Population Studies at the London School of Economics . He ceased the professorship in 1988 to become a Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College , Oxford and returned to Cambridge as Professor of Economic History for the period 1994-1997 . As of 2019 , he was an Honorary Fellow at Peterhouse . He was Master of Corpus Christi College , Cambridge from 1994 until 2000 , and was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1980 , serving as president from 1997 to 2001 . He was the recipient of the 2005 Leverhulme Medal and Prize awarded by the British Academy and in the same year became a Quondam Fellow of All Souls College . In 1960 , Wrigley married Mieke Spelberg , with whom by 1972 he had three daughters and a son . Publications . - Industrial growth and population change ; a regional study of the coalfield areas of north-west Europe in the later nineteenth century , Cambridge University Press 1961 , - An introduction to English historical demography from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century , editor,Weidenfeld & Nicolson ( London ) 1966 - Population and history , Weidenfeld & Nicolson ( London ) 1969 , - Nineteenth-century society essays in the use of quantitative methods for the study of social data , editor , Cambridge University Press 1972 , - Population private choice and public policy , The Lindsey Press ( London ) 1972 , The Essex Hall lecture - Identifying people in the past , Arnold ( London ) 1973 , - Towns in Societies ( editor , 1978 ) - People , cities , and wealth : the transformation of traditional society , Blackwell 1987 , - The population history of England , 1541-1871 : a reconstruction , Harvard University Press ( Cambridge , Mass ) 1981 , - People Cities and Wealth : The Transformation of Traditional Society , Blackwell Publishers 1989 , - Continuity , Chance and Change : The Character of the Industrial Revolution in England , Cambridge University Press 1990 , - Poverty , Progress , and Population , Cambridge University Press 2004 , - English Population History from Family Reconstitution 1580-1837 , with R . S . Davies , J . E . Oeppen and R . S . Schofield , Cambridge University Press 2005 , - Industrial Growth and Population Change , Cambridge University Press 2007 , - Energy and the English Industrial Revolution , Cambridge University Press 2010 , - The Path to Sustained Growth . Englands Transition from an Organic Economy to an Industrial Revolution . Cambridge University Press , 2016 , . External links . - Personal page at Cambridge University Department of Geography - interviewed by Alan Macfarlane , 23 July 2007 ( video ) |
[
"Cambridge"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Tony Wrigley work for from 1994 to 1997? | /wiki/Tony_Wrigley#P108#3 | Tony Wrigley Sir Edward Anthony Wrigley ( born 17 August 1931 ) , commonly known as Tony Wrigley , is a historical demographer . Wrigley and Peter Laslett co-founded the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure in 1964 . Wrigleys scholarly works focus on demographic history , and the long-term causes and effects of urbanization and industrialization . Among his many publications , Wrigley is known for the book Continuity , Chance and Change , published in 1988 , in which he explained why Malthus was wrong about the law of diminishing returns slowing population growth . His most celebrated work , however , is The Population History of England , 1541-1871 , published in 1981 with co-author Roger S . Schofield . Wrigley completed undergraduate and postgraduate courses at Peterhouse , Cambridge between 1949-1958 . He was elected as a Fellow of Peterhouse in the latter year and held office until 1979 , when he became an Emeritus Fellow there and also Professor of Population Studies at the London School of Economics . He ceased the professorship in 1988 to become a Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College , Oxford and returned to Cambridge as Professor of Economic History for the period 1994-1997 . As of 2019 , he was an Honorary Fellow at Peterhouse . He was Master of Corpus Christi College , Cambridge from 1994 until 2000 , and was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1980 , serving as president from 1997 to 2001 . He was the recipient of the 2005 Leverhulme Medal and Prize awarded by the British Academy and in the same year became a Quondam Fellow of All Souls College . In 1960 , Wrigley married Mieke Spelberg , with whom by 1972 he had three daughters and a son . Publications . - Industrial growth and population change ; a regional study of the coalfield areas of north-west Europe in the later nineteenth century , Cambridge University Press 1961 , - An introduction to English historical demography from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century , editor,Weidenfeld & Nicolson ( London ) 1966 - Population and history , Weidenfeld & Nicolson ( London ) 1969 , - Nineteenth-century society essays in the use of quantitative methods for the study of social data , editor , Cambridge University Press 1972 , - Population private choice and public policy , The Lindsey Press ( London ) 1972 , The Essex Hall lecture - Identifying people in the past , Arnold ( London ) 1973 , - Towns in Societies ( editor , 1978 ) - People , cities , and wealth : the transformation of traditional society , Blackwell 1987 , - The population history of England , 1541-1871 : a reconstruction , Harvard University Press ( Cambridge , Mass ) 1981 , - People Cities and Wealth : The Transformation of Traditional Society , Blackwell Publishers 1989 , - Continuity , Chance and Change : The Character of the Industrial Revolution in England , Cambridge University Press 1990 , - Poverty , Progress , and Population , Cambridge University Press 2004 , - English Population History from Family Reconstitution 1580-1837 , with R . S . Davies , J . E . Oeppen and R . S . Schofield , Cambridge University Press 2005 , - Industrial Growth and Population Change , Cambridge University Press 2007 , - Energy and the English Industrial Revolution , Cambridge University Press 2010 , - The Path to Sustained Growth . Englands Transition from an Organic Economy to an Industrial Revolution . Cambridge University Press , 2016 , . External links . - Personal page at Cambridge University Department of Geography - interviewed by Alan Macfarlane , 23 July 2007 ( video ) |
[
"Parliament of the United Kingdom for Queens County"
] | easy | What position did Henry Parnell, 1st Baron Congleton take from Apr 1833 to Dec 1834? | /wiki/Henry_Parnell,_1st_Baron_Congleton#P39#0 | Henry Parnell , 1st Baron Congleton Henry Brooke Parnell , 1st Baron Congleton PC ( 3 July 1776 – 8 June 1842 ) , known as Sir Henry Parnell , Bt , from 1812 to 1841 , was an Irish writer and Whig politician . He was a member of the Whig administrations headed by Lord Grey and Lord Melbourne of the 1830s and also published works on financial and penal questions as well as on civil engineering . He was the great-uncle of Irish nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell . Background and education . Parnell was the second son of Sir John Parnell , 2nd Baronet , Chancellor of the Irish Exchequer , and Laetitia Charlotte , daughter of Sir Arthur Brooke , 1st Baronet . His younger brother William Parnell-Hayes was the grandfather of Charles Stewart Parnell . He was educated at Eton and Trinity College , Cambridge . In 1801 he inherited the family estates in Queens County on the death of his father , bypassing his disabled elder brother according to a special Act of Parliament passed in 1789 . In 1812 he succeeded as fourth Baronet , of Rathleague , on the death of his brother . Political career . Parnell represented Maryborough in the Irish House of Commons from 1798 until the Act of Union in 1801 . In April the following year he was elected to Parliament of the United Kingdom for Queens County , but relinquished this seat already in July of the same year , when he was returned for Portarlington . However , he resigned the seat already in December 1802 . In 1806 he was once again elected for Queens County , and represented the constituency until 1832 . In 1828 he was chairman of the Select Committee on the State of Public Income and Expenditure which successfully recommended abolition of the 280-year old Navy Board and the merging of its functions into the Board of Admiralty . It was Parnells motion on the civil list that the Duke of Wellingtons administration was defeated in 1830 . The Whigs came to power under Lord Grey and in 1831 Parnell was admitted to the Privy Council and appointed Secretary at War , a post he held until February 1833 . He resigned his seat in Parliament the same year but returned in 1833 as the representative for Dundee . When the Whigs again came to power in April 1835 under Lord Melbourne , Parnell was made Paymaster of the Forces and Treasurer of the Ordnance and Navy . These offices were consolidated into that of Paymaster-General in 1836 , and Parnell retained this post until the government fell in 1841 . The latter year he was raised to the peerage as Baron Congleton , of Congleton in the County Palatine of Chester . Writings . Henry Parnell was also the author of several volumes and pamphlets on matters connected with financial questions , the most important being that On Financial Reform , published in 1830 . Parnell was strongly opposed to the prevailing protectionist system and passionately believed in the retrenchment of public expenditure , especially on the armed services . In On Financial Reform , he advocated the repeal of taxes on raw materials and home manufactures , along with the reduction of import duties on foreign manufactures . He also favoured the reduction of taxes on luxuries , such as tea , sugar , tobacco , wine and spirits . In order to pay for these reforms , Parnell proposed the reintroduction of the income tax . According to Sidney Buxton , On Financial Reform exercised a considerable influence on public opinion and laid before the country the financial and fiscal policy that Peel and Gladstone afterwards carried through . He was one of the main representatives of the so-called Free Banking School , which argued that the best way to achieve monetary stability was to revoke the Bank of Englands monopoly on the issue of banknotes . These ideas were defended by Parnell and others in opposition to those of the Currency School ( which advocated legal restrictions on the amount of notes that could be issued , with respect to their deposits in specie ) and the Banking School , which advocated discretionary policy by the banks in monetary matters . The influence of the Free Banking School declined significantly after Parnells death in 1842 , and the Bank Charter Act 1844 eliminated the right of new banks in England and Wales to issue notes , thus consolidating the Bank of Englands monopoly , which Parnell had opposed . Parnell also wrote about penal matters . In the domain of civil engineering , he authored the 1833 and 1838 editions of A Treatise on Roads .. . in which the works and techniques of Thomas Telford are described . Family . Lord Congleton married Lady Caroline Elizabeth , daughter of John Dawson , 1st Earl of Portarlington , in 1801 . In 1842 , having suffered for some time from ill-health and melancholy , he committed suicide by hanging , aged 65 . He was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son John Vesey Parnell . Lady Congleton died in February 1861 . Works . - Observations upon the State of Currency of Ireland , and upon the Course of Exchange between London and Dublin ( 1804 ; 2nd edn. , 1804 ; 3rd edn . ( with additional appendix ) , 1804 ) . - The Principles of Currency and Exchange , illustrated by Observations on the State of Ireland ( 1805 ) . - An Historical Apology for the Irish Catholics ( 1807 ) . - A History of the Penal Laws against the Irish Catholics , from the Treaty of Limerick to the Union ( 1808 ; a ‘new edition’ appeared in vols . xx . and xxi . of the Pamphleteer ( 1822 ) ; 4th edn . ( with slightly altered title ) , 1825 ) . - Treatise on the Corn Trade and Agriculture ( 1809 ) . - The Substance of the Speeches of Sir Henry Parnell , bart. , in the House of Commons , with additional Observations on the Corn Laws ( 1814 ; 3rd edn . published in vol . iv . of the Pamphleteer ( 1814 ) . - Observations on the Irish Butter Acts ( 1825 ) . - Observations on Paper Money , Banking , and Over-Trading , including those parts of the Evidence taken before the Committee of the House of Commons which explain the Scotch System of Banking ( 1827 , 1829 ) . - On Financial Reform ( 1830 ; 2nd edn. , 1830 ; 3rd edn. , 1831 ; 4th edn. , 1832 ) . Selections from this book , compiled by Henry Lloyd Morgan , were published under the title of National Accounts ( 2nd edn. , 1873 ) . - A plain Statement of the Power of the Bank of England , and the Use it has made of it ; with a Refutation of the Objections made to the Scotch System of Banking , and a Reply to “The Historical Sketch [ by J . R . McCulloch ] of the Bank of England,” ( 1832 ) . - A Treatise on Roads , wherein the Principles on which Roads should be made are explained and illustrated by the Plans , Specifications , and Contracts made use of by Thomas Telford , Esq. , on the Holyhead Road ( 1833 ; 2nd edn. , 1838 ) . - The Psalms : a new Version ( 1860 ; 2nd edn. , 1875 ) . |
[
"Paymaster of the Forces and Treasurer of the Ordnance and Navy"
] | easy | What position did Henry Parnell, 1st Baron Congleton take from 1835 to Jul 1837? | /wiki/Henry_Parnell,_1st_Baron_Congleton#P39#1 | Henry Parnell , 1st Baron Congleton Henry Brooke Parnell , 1st Baron Congleton PC ( 3 July 1776 – 8 June 1842 ) , known as Sir Henry Parnell , Bt , from 1812 to 1841 , was an Irish writer and Whig politician . He was a member of the Whig administrations headed by Lord Grey and Lord Melbourne of the 1830s and also published works on financial and penal questions as well as on civil engineering . He was the great-uncle of Irish nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell . Background and education . Parnell was the second son of Sir John Parnell , 2nd Baronet , Chancellor of the Irish Exchequer , and Laetitia Charlotte , daughter of Sir Arthur Brooke , 1st Baronet . His younger brother William Parnell-Hayes was the grandfather of Charles Stewart Parnell . He was educated at Eton and Trinity College , Cambridge . In 1801 he inherited the family estates in Queens County on the death of his father , bypassing his disabled elder brother according to a special Act of Parliament passed in 1789 . In 1812 he succeeded as fourth Baronet , of Rathleague , on the death of his brother . Political career . Parnell represented Maryborough in the Irish House of Commons from 1798 until the Act of Union in 1801 . In April the following year he was elected to Parliament of the United Kingdom for Queens County , but relinquished this seat already in July of the same year , when he was returned for Portarlington . However , he resigned the seat already in December 1802 . In 1806 he was once again elected for Queens County , and represented the constituency until 1832 . In 1828 he was chairman of the Select Committee on the State of Public Income and Expenditure which successfully recommended abolition of the 280-year old Navy Board and the merging of its functions into the Board of Admiralty . It was Parnells motion on the civil list that the Duke of Wellingtons administration was defeated in 1830 . The Whigs came to power under Lord Grey and in 1831 Parnell was admitted to the Privy Council and appointed Secretary at War , a post he held until February 1833 . He resigned his seat in Parliament the same year but returned in 1833 as the representative for Dundee . When the Whigs again came to power in April 1835 under Lord Melbourne , Parnell was made Paymaster of the Forces and Treasurer of the Ordnance and Navy . These offices were consolidated into that of Paymaster-General in 1836 , and Parnell retained this post until the government fell in 1841 . The latter year he was raised to the peerage as Baron Congleton , of Congleton in the County Palatine of Chester . Writings . Henry Parnell was also the author of several volumes and pamphlets on matters connected with financial questions , the most important being that On Financial Reform , published in 1830 . Parnell was strongly opposed to the prevailing protectionist system and passionately believed in the retrenchment of public expenditure , especially on the armed services . In On Financial Reform , he advocated the repeal of taxes on raw materials and home manufactures , along with the reduction of import duties on foreign manufactures . He also favoured the reduction of taxes on luxuries , such as tea , sugar , tobacco , wine and spirits . In order to pay for these reforms , Parnell proposed the reintroduction of the income tax . According to Sidney Buxton , On Financial Reform exercised a considerable influence on public opinion and laid before the country the financial and fiscal policy that Peel and Gladstone afterwards carried through . He was one of the main representatives of the so-called Free Banking School , which argued that the best way to achieve monetary stability was to revoke the Bank of Englands monopoly on the issue of banknotes . These ideas were defended by Parnell and others in opposition to those of the Currency School ( which advocated legal restrictions on the amount of notes that could be issued , with respect to their deposits in specie ) and the Banking School , which advocated discretionary policy by the banks in monetary matters . The influence of the Free Banking School declined significantly after Parnells death in 1842 , and the Bank Charter Act 1844 eliminated the right of new banks in England and Wales to issue notes , thus consolidating the Bank of Englands monopoly , which Parnell had opposed . Parnell also wrote about penal matters . In the domain of civil engineering , he authored the 1833 and 1838 editions of A Treatise on Roads .. . in which the works and techniques of Thomas Telford are described . Family . Lord Congleton married Lady Caroline Elizabeth , daughter of John Dawson , 1st Earl of Portarlington , in 1801 . In 1842 , having suffered for some time from ill-health and melancholy , he committed suicide by hanging , aged 65 . He was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son John Vesey Parnell . Lady Congleton died in February 1861 . Works . - Observations upon the State of Currency of Ireland , and upon the Course of Exchange between London and Dublin ( 1804 ; 2nd edn. , 1804 ; 3rd edn . ( with additional appendix ) , 1804 ) . - The Principles of Currency and Exchange , illustrated by Observations on the State of Ireland ( 1805 ) . - An Historical Apology for the Irish Catholics ( 1807 ) . - A History of the Penal Laws against the Irish Catholics , from the Treaty of Limerick to the Union ( 1808 ; a ‘new edition’ appeared in vols . xx . and xxi . of the Pamphleteer ( 1822 ) ; 4th edn . ( with slightly altered title ) , 1825 ) . - Treatise on the Corn Trade and Agriculture ( 1809 ) . - The Substance of the Speeches of Sir Henry Parnell , bart. , in the House of Commons , with additional Observations on the Corn Laws ( 1814 ; 3rd edn . published in vol . iv . of the Pamphleteer ( 1814 ) . - Observations on the Irish Butter Acts ( 1825 ) . - Observations on Paper Money , Banking , and Over-Trading , including those parts of the Evidence taken before the Committee of the House of Commons which explain the Scotch System of Banking ( 1827 , 1829 ) . - On Financial Reform ( 1830 ; 2nd edn. , 1830 ; 3rd edn. , 1831 ; 4th edn. , 1832 ) . Selections from this book , compiled by Henry Lloyd Morgan , were published under the title of National Accounts ( 2nd edn. , 1873 ) . - A plain Statement of the Power of the Bank of England , and the Use it has made of it ; with a Refutation of the Objections made to the Scotch System of Banking , and a Reply to “The Historical Sketch [ by J . R . McCulloch ] of the Bank of England,” ( 1832 ) . - A Treatise on Roads , wherein the Principles on which Roads should be made are explained and illustrated by the Plans , Specifications , and Contracts made use of by Thomas Telford , Esq. , on the Holyhead Road ( 1833 ; 2nd edn. , 1838 ) . - The Psalms : a new Version ( 1860 ; 2nd edn. , 1875 ) . |
[
"Paymaster-General"
] | easy | What position did Henry Parnell, 1st Baron Congleton take from Jul 1837 to Jun 1841? | /wiki/Henry_Parnell,_1st_Baron_Congleton#P39#2 | Henry Parnell , 1st Baron Congleton Henry Brooke Parnell , 1st Baron Congleton PC ( 3 July 1776 – 8 June 1842 ) , known as Sir Henry Parnell , Bt , from 1812 to 1841 , was an Irish writer and Whig politician . He was a member of the Whig administrations headed by Lord Grey and Lord Melbourne of the 1830s and also published works on financial and penal questions as well as on civil engineering . He was the great-uncle of Irish nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell . Background and education . Parnell was the second son of Sir John Parnell , 2nd Baronet , Chancellor of the Irish Exchequer , and Laetitia Charlotte , daughter of Sir Arthur Brooke , 1st Baronet . His younger brother William Parnell-Hayes was the grandfather of Charles Stewart Parnell . He was educated at Eton and Trinity College , Cambridge . In 1801 he inherited the family estates in Queens County on the death of his father , bypassing his disabled elder brother according to a special Act of Parliament passed in 1789 . In 1812 he succeeded as fourth Baronet , of Rathleague , on the death of his brother . Political career . Parnell represented Maryborough in the Irish House of Commons from 1798 until the Act of Union in 1801 . In April the following year he was elected to Parliament of the United Kingdom for Queens County , but relinquished this seat already in July of the same year , when he was returned for Portarlington . However , he resigned the seat already in December 1802 . In 1806 he was once again elected for Queens County , and represented the constituency until 1832 . In 1828 he was chairman of the Select Committee on the State of Public Income and Expenditure which successfully recommended abolition of the 280-year old Navy Board and the merging of its functions into the Board of Admiralty . It was Parnells motion on the civil list that the Duke of Wellingtons administration was defeated in 1830 . The Whigs came to power under Lord Grey and in 1831 Parnell was admitted to the Privy Council and appointed Secretary at War , a post he held until February 1833 . He resigned his seat in Parliament the same year but returned in 1833 as the representative for Dundee . When the Whigs again came to power in April 1835 under Lord Melbourne , Parnell was made Paymaster of the Forces and Treasurer of the Ordnance and Navy . These offices were consolidated into that of Paymaster-General in 1836 , and Parnell retained this post until the government fell in 1841 . The latter year he was raised to the peerage as Baron Congleton , of Congleton in the County Palatine of Chester . Writings . Henry Parnell was also the author of several volumes and pamphlets on matters connected with financial questions , the most important being that On Financial Reform , published in 1830 . Parnell was strongly opposed to the prevailing protectionist system and passionately believed in the retrenchment of public expenditure , especially on the armed services . In On Financial Reform , he advocated the repeal of taxes on raw materials and home manufactures , along with the reduction of import duties on foreign manufactures . He also favoured the reduction of taxes on luxuries , such as tea , sugar , tobacco , wine and spirits . In order to pay for these reforms , Parnell proposed the reintroduction of the income tax . According to Sidney Buxton , On Financial Reform exercised a considerable influence on public opinion and laid before the country the financial and fiscal policy that Peel and Gladstone afterwards carried through . He was one of the main representatives of the so-called Free Banking School , which argued that the best way to achieve monetary stability was to revoke the Bank of Englands monopoly on the issue of banknotes . These ideas were defended by Parnell and others in opposition to those of the Currency School ( which advocated legal restrictions on the amount of notes that could be issued , with respect to their deposits in specie ) and the Banking School , which advocated discretionary policy by the banks in monetary matters . The influence of the Free Banking School declined significantly after Parnells death in 1842 , and the Bank Charter Act 1844 eliminated the right of new banks in England and Wales to issue notes , thus consolidating the Bank of Englands monopoly , which Parnell had opposed . Parnell also wrote about penal matters . In the domain of civil engineering , he authored the 1833 and 1838 editions of A Treatise on Roads .. . in which the works and techniques of Thomas Telford are described . Family . Lord Congleton married Lady Caroline Elizabeth , daughter of John Dawson , 1st Earl of Portarlington , in 1801 . In 1842 , having suffered for some time from ill-health and melancholy , he committed suicide by hanging , aged 65 . He was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son John Vesey Parnell . Lady Congleton died in February 1861 . Works . - Observations upon the State of Currency of Ireland , and upon the Course of Exchange between London and Dublin ( 1804 ; 2nd edn. , 1804 ; 3rd edn . ( with additional appendix ) , 1804 ) . - The Principles of Currency and Exchange , illustrated by Observations on the State of Ireland ( 1805 ) . - An Historical Apology for the Irish Catholics ( 1807 ) . - A History of the Penal Laws against the Irish Catholics , from the Treaty of Limerick to the Union ( 1808 ; a ‘new edition’ appeared in vols . xx . and xxi . of the Pamphleteer ( 1822 ) ; 4th edn . ( with slightly altered title ) , 1825 ) . - Treatise on the Corn Trade and Agriculture ( 1809 ) . - The Substance of the Speeches of Sir Henry Parnell , bart. , in the House of Commons , with additional Observations on the Corn Laws ( 1814 ; 3rd edn . published in vol . iv . of the Pamphleteer ( 1814 ) . - Observations on the Irish Butter Acts ( 1825 ) . - Observations on Paper Money , Banking , and Over-Trading , including those parts of the Evidence taken before the Committee of the House of Commons which explain the Scotch System of Banking ( 1827 , 1829 ) . - On Financial Reform ( 1830 ; 2nd edn. , 1830 ; 3rd edn. , 1831 ; 4th edn. , 1832 ) . Selections from this book , compiled by Henry Lloyd Morgan , were published under the title of National Accounts ( 2nd edn. , 1873 ) . - A plain Statement of the Power of the Bank of England , and the Use it has made of it ; with a Refutation of the Objections made to the Scotch System of Banking , and a Reply to “The Historical Sketch [ by J . R . McCulloch ] of the Bank of England,” ( 1832 ) . - A Treatise on Roads , wherein the Principles on which Roads should be made are explained and illustrated by the Plans , Specifications , and Contracts made use of by Thomas Telford , Esq. , on the Holyhead Road ( 1833 ; 2nd edn. , 1838 ) . - The Psalms : a new Version ( 1860 ; 2nd edn. , 1875 ) . |
Subsets and Splits