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[
"cardinal-bishop"
] | easy | What was the position of Giovanni Boccamazza from Dec 1285 to Aug 1286? | /wiki/Giovanni_Boccamazza#P39#1 | Giovanni Boccamazza Giovanni Boccamazza ( died 1309 ) was an Italian Cardinal . He was from the Roman nobility , and was a nephew of Cardinal Giacomo Savelli , who had been an important figure in the Roman Curia since his creation as cardinal in 1261 . Early career . On 14 May 1264 Giovanni was granted the benefice of the church of S . Fortunato de Vernot in the Diocese of Sens . In 1285 Giovannis uncle , Cardinal Savelli , was elected Pope Honorius IV . Giovanni Boccamazza began his career in the Church as a Canon of the Vatican Basilica and Chaplain of Pope Nicholas III ( 1277-1280 ) . Bishop of Monreale . He was made Archbishop of Monreale , near Palermo , by Pope Nicholas III on 15 August 1278 . He had not , however , been the original choice as bishop . The Chapter of the Cathedral of Monreale had originally and unanimously chosen Guillaume , Bishop of Potenza , but he declined the position and resigned the election into the hands of the Pope . The matter was referred to the usual committee of cardinals on episcopal elections , in this case composed of Cardinals Latino Malabranca Orsini , Guillaume de Bray , and Matteo Rosso Orsini . Nicholas then received the bishops resignation of the election to Monreale and sought to appoint Bernard de Montemirato , OSB , the Abbot of Montismajoris in the Diocese of Arles . But he flatly refused . Nicholas then chose his Chaplain , Giovanni Boccamazza . He was there at the time of the Sicilian Vespers ( 1282 ) . It was Cardinal Boccamazza who delivered the news of the Sicilian Vespers to King Charles I of Anjou After fleeing Sicily , he was made cardinal-bishop of Frascati on 22 December 1285—the only cardinal created by Pope Honorius . Legate in Germany . As soon as Honorius IV became pope , he was approached by King Rudolf of Germany , King of the Romans , with regard to his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor . This honor had been promised him by Gregory X in 1275 , but succeeding popes had not authorized the coronation . Now he approached the new pope through the new Archbishop of Mainz , Heinrich de Isnay , O.Min . ( 1286-1288 ) . In reply Honorius sent Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza as Apostolic Legate to Germany , Bohemia , Hungary and Sweden to engage in conversations with Rudolf . Cardinal Giovanni attended the significant synod of March 1287 in Würzburg , considered as a German national council . On 22 July 1287 , during the Sede Vacante following the death of Honorius IV ( 1285-1287 ) , he was at Cambrai , where he issued orders for Dacia and Suecia . While he was at Cambrai the Legate , Cardinal Giovanni was attacked by a nobleman , Nicholas , his brothers and sons , and his retainers , while he was in church . When that attempt failed , they followed him to his house , where there was a riot . The bishop of Cambrai , who held both spiritual and temporal power in the city , was excommunicated by Cardinal Giovanni , and the city was placed under interdict . When Cardinal Giovanni returned to Rome and explained the whole affair to Pope Nicholas personally , the Pope cited the Bishop , the Archdeacon , the Bailli , the Chapter of the Cathedral , and numerous others , to appear before his court in Rome . The case was finally disposed of on 3 October 1291 with the suspension of the Bishop from his pontifical powers and right to collate to benefices for three years . Also , during the same Legatine assignment , Cardinal Giovanni became involved in strife between the Dominicans and the people of Strasbourg , and he felt compelled to lay the city under the Interdict . On 16 September 1287 Cardinal Giovanni was at Clairvaux , and he was still there on 8 November , when he wrote to the Archbishop of Uppsala , Sweden ( Suecia ) , and 6 December 1287 , when he wrote to the Dominicans of Hungary and Poland . He wrote from Novaevallis , on 14 December , to all of the clergy in his Legation for the benefit of the Cistercians . He did not , therefore , attend the Conclave of 1287-1288 . Work in the Roman Curia . He was back in Italy , at Rieti , in September , 1288 , when he subscribed a bull for Pope Nicholas IV . Later in the year , in Rome , he was a member of an examination committee of an abbot-elect . On 28 January 1289 he is mentioned as having been an Auditor in the case involving the canonical election of a bishop of Avignon . Two days later he was assigned the task of consecrating the newly approved Archbishop of Crete . In September 1290 Cardinal Giovanni served on the examination committee that investigated the contested election to the Bishopric of Alatri . In March 1291 he was a member of the committee that reviewed the election of the Abbot of S . Albans . At nearly the same time , he did the same in the case of the monastery of S . Pietro in Perugia . On 5 March 1291 Pope Nicholas granted Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza the power to investigate and reform the apparently large number of encroachments and illegal occupations made by various persons upon the properties belonging to the Lateran Basilica . The Senators and other magistrates of Rome were ordered to assist the Cardinal in restoring the properties of S . Giovanni Laterano . The same service was imposed on Cardinal Giovanni with respect to the Premonstratensian monastery of S . Quirico de valle introducti in the diocese of Reate . He was then empowered to do the same for the Monastery of Farfa . At the end of November 1295 Cardinal Giovanni was present and working in the Roman Curia , and was one of eighteen cardinals who received a distribution from the funds of the Treasury of the College of Cardinals . On 12 March 1296 he was one of twenty-one cardinals who received a 1/18 share in the payment of 2000 livres Tournois presented by the Procurators of the Abbot of Cluny . At Easter 1296 he had his share of 600 gold florins presented by the Archbishop of Florence ; and likewise a share in the 400 gold florins presented by the Bishop of Tortona in Lombardy . On 29 April he shared in the 600 florins paid by the Bishop of Famagusta . At Pentecost 1296 , eighteen cardinals shared in the 1900 florins presented by the Bishop of Séez ; and a distribution of the 500 livres Tournois paid by the Archbishop of Rouen ; and a 1/23 share in the 50 livres of the Bishop of Teramo . On 29 June 1296 there was a distribution of 500 florins paid by the Bishop of Patras . Around the Feast of S . Michael , 29 September 1296 he received a share of the payment made through the bankers of the Abbot of S . Victor of Marseille . On 10 May 1297 he was present at the degrading of Cardinals Jacobus and Petrus Colonna , from whose confiscated income Pope Boniface VIII granted a half to the cardinals , nineteen of whom are named , included Giovanni of Tusculum . He also participated in a distribution of 5 gold pieces which had been offered by the Archbishop of Strigonia at his ad limina visit . On 24 June 1297 he was one of twenty-two cardinals who received his share of the money offered by the Abbot of S . Justinus in Padua ; of the money offered by the Bishop of Padua ; and of the money brought by the Proctor of the Bishop of Siena . At Easter 1298 the Archbishop of Tours visited Rome , and presented the College of Cardinals with 200 livres Tournois , which was divided among fourteen cardinals , including Giovanni of Tusculum . At the same time the sum of 2500 florins out of the payment of the Bishop of Zaragoza was distributed to the same cardinals ; and a distribution from the sum of 2000 florins paid by the Bishop of Pamiers . On 20 May 1298 the 500 florins brought by the Bishop of Lodève was shared by eighteen cardinals in the Curia ; at the same time there was a distribution of the 1000 gold florins paid by the Bishop of Urgel ; and a distribution from the 500 livres Tournois presented by the Archbishop of Rouen . On 2 June 1298 the Abbot of Subiaco paid 300 gold florins owed by his predecessor , which was shared by twenty cardinals . On 5 September 1298 there was a distribution of the payment of 180 livres Tournois made by the Abbot of the Major Monasterium in Tours , with a 1/15 share coming to Cardinal Giovanni of Tusculum . These are only examples , showing the very large , if irregular , income of a cardinal at the time , and indicating that a cardinal was present in the Roman Curia at the time . Cardinals who were not present in the Curia ( except occasionally deceased cardinals , whose estates benefitted from a late payment of dues ) did not share in the distributions ; this applied to Papal Legates , who had to be paid by the Pope through the Apostolic Camera , not by the Camera of the College of Cardinals . On 1 February 1301 Cardinal Giovanni of Tusculum , who had been acting as Assessor ( judge ) on appointment by Boniface VIII , pronounced his verdict in the case of the contested election of Leo , Bishop of Soli in Cyprus . On 20 May 1301 he and three other cardinals , Jean de Cressi , Robert de Pontigny and Matteo Rosso Orsini , were given the mandate to choose a new Abbot of the Monastery of S . Richard in the Diocese of Amiens . In June 1301 he was Auditor in the request that the Cathedral of Sagunto be transferred from regular to secular clergy . On 20 September 1301 his name heads the list of fifteen cardinals , ahead of Bishops Theoderic ( Civitas Papalis ) and Leonardo ( Albano ) , subscribing to the papal grant of privileges to the Monastery of Santa Croce Saxivivo in the Diocese of Foligno . Cardinal Niccolò Boccasini , OP , Bishop of Ostia , who would normally have signed first as senior Cardinal Bishop , was serving as Legate in Hungary . When the year 1301 began , the Curia was resident at the Lateran Palace in Rome ; from 1 May to mid-October it was in Anagni ; from 17 October to the end of the year it was back at the Lateran . In January 1302 Cardinal Giovanni served on a committee to examine the election of the Bishop of Cammin in Germany . On 2 July 1302 he is noted as having on a committee which examined the election and person of John , Abbot of Holy Cross Monastery in Waltham in the Diocese of London . In 1302 , Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza was Canon of the Cathedral of Amiens . At the beginning of 1303 Cardinal Giovanni was consulted by the Pope concerning the depredations which had taken place against the Chapter of the Cathedral of Cambrai . Papal Elector . He participated in five papal conclaves , which saw the elections of popes Nicholas IV in 1288 , Celestine V in 1294 , Boniface VIII in 1294 , Benedict XI in 1303 and Clement V in 1305 . He became dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1302 , upon the death of Cardinal Gerardo Bianchi , Bishop of Sabina ( 1 March 1302 ) . Reign of Benedict XI . On 30 October 1303 , a week after his election , Pope Benedict gave the College of Cardinals a gift of 2680 gold florins , 380 livres Tournois , and over 600 other gold coins of various origins and values . These funds were distributed among the Cardinals , including Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza , except for the Bishop of Ostia , Niccolò Boccasini , who was absent on a Legateship . In 1304 Cardinal Giovanni was again a member of a committee of cardinals that examined the election of an abbot for the Benedictine monastery of S . Maria de Alfiolo in the Diocese of Gubbio ; and likewise for the Benedictine Monastery of S . Angelo de Gaifa in the Diocese of Urbino ; On 4 March 1304 Pope Benedict XI ( 1303-1304 ) granted Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza subinfeudation of three castles , Scandrillia , Castellucii , and Rocca Soldana , which belonged to the Monastery of Farfa by primary infeudation of the Roman Church , along with their tenements and vassals , with full jurisdiction and authority . The properties and their rights would descend to the Cardinals heirs . Death . Pope Nicholas IV had granted Cardinal Giovanni the privilege of making his own Will on 25 November 1289 . He died in Avignon on 10 August 1309 and was buried in the Church of the Dominicans |
[
"dean of the Sacred College",
"cardinal-bishop"
] | easy | What was the position of Giovanni Boccamazza from 1302 to 1309? | /wiki/Giovanni_Boccamazza#P39#2 | Giovanni Boccamazza Giovanni Boccamazza ( died 1309 ) was an Italian Cardinal . He was from the Roman nobility , and was a nephew of Cardinal Giacomo Savelli , who had been an important figure in the Roman Curia since his creation as cardinal in 1261 . Early career . On 14 May 1264 Giovanni was granted the benefice of the church of S . Fortunato de Vernot in the Diocese of Sens . In 1285 Giovannis uncle , Cardinal Savelli , was elected Pope Honorius IV . Giovanni Boccamazza began his career in the Church as a Canon of the Vatican Basilica and Chaplain of Pope Nicholas III ( 1277-1280 ) . Bishop of Monreale . He was made Archbishop of Monreale , near Palermo , by Pope Nicholas III on 15 August 1278 . He had not , however , been the original choice as bishop . The Chapter of the Cathedral of Monreale had originally and unanimously chosen Guillaume , Bishop of Potenza , but he declined the position and resigned the election into the hands of the Pope . The matter was referred to the usual committee of cardinals on episcopal elections , in this case composed of Cardinals Latino Malabranca Orsini , Guillaume de Bray , and Matteo Rosso Orsini . Nicholas then received the bishops resignation of the election to Monreale and sought to appoint Bernard de Montemirato , OSB , the Abbot of Montismajoris in the Diocese of Arles . But he flatly refused . Nicholas then chose his Chaplain , Giovanni Boccamazza . He was there at the time of the Sicilian Vespers ( 1282 ) . It was Cardinal Boccamazza who delivered the news of the Sicilian Vespers to King Charles I of Anjou After fleeing Sicily , he was made cardinal-bishop of Frascati on 22 December 1285—the only cardinal created by Pope Honorius . Legate in Germany . As soon as Honorius IV became pope , he was approached by King Rudolf of Germany , King of the Romans , with regard to his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor . This honor had been promised him by Gregory X in 1275 , but succeeding popes had not authorized the coronation . Now he approached the new pope through the new Archbishop of Mainz , Heinrich de Isnay , O.Min . ( 1286-1288 ) . In reply Honorius sent Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza as Apostolic Legate to Germany , Bohemia , Hungary and Sweden to engage in conversations with Rudolf . Cardinal Giovanni attended the significant synod of March 1287 in Würzburg , considered as a German national council . On 22 July 1287 , during the Sede Vacante following the death of Honorius IV ( 1285-1287 ) , he was at Cambrai , where he issued orders for Dacia and Suecia . While he was at Cambrai the Legate , Cardinal Giovanni was attacked by a nobleman , Nicholas , his brothers and sons , and his retainers , while he was in church . When that attempt failed , they followed him to his house , where there was a riot . The bishop of Cambrai , who held both spiritual and temporal power in the city , was excommunicated by Cardinal Giovanni , and the city was placed under interdict . When Cardinal Giovanni returned to Rome and explained the whole affair to Pope Nicholas personally , the Pope cited the Bishop , the Archdeacon , the Bailli , the Chapter of the Cathedral , and numerous others , to appear before his court in Rome . The case was finally disposed of on 3 October 1291 with the suspension of the Bishop from his pontifical powers and right to collate to benefices for three years . Also , during the same Legatine assignment , Cardinal Giovanni became involved in strife between the Dominicans and the people of Strasbourg , and he felt compelled to lay the city under the Interdict . On 16 September 1287 Cardinal Giovanni was at Clairvaux , and he was still there on 8 November , when he wrote to the Archbishop of Uppsala , Sweden ( Suecia ) , and 6 December 1287 , when he wrote to the Dominicans of Hungary and Poland . He wrote from Novaevallis , on 14 December , to all of the clergy in his Legation for the benefit of the Cistercians . He did not , therefore , attend the Conclave of 1287-1288 . Work in the Roman Curia . He was back in Italy , at Rieti , in September , 1288 , when he subscribed a bull for Pope Nicholas IV . Later in the year , in Rome , he was a member of an examination committee of an abbot-elect . On 28 January 1289 he is mentioned as having been an Auditor in the case involving the canonical election of a bishop of Avignon . Two days later he was assigned the task of consecrating the newly approved Archbishop of Crete . In September 1290 Cardinal Giovanni served on the examination committee that investigated the contested election to the Bishopric of Alatri . In March 1291 he was a member of the committee that reviewed the election of the Abbot of S . Albans . At nearly the same time , he did the same in the case of the monastery of S . Pietro in Perugia . On 5 March 1291 Pope Nicholas granted Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza the power to investigate and reform the apparently large number of encroachments and illegal occupations made by various persons upon the properties belonging to the Lateran Basilica . The Senators and other magistrates of Rome were ordered to assist the Cardinal in restoring the properties of S . Giovanni Laterano . The same service was imposed on Cardinal Giovanni with respect to the Premonstratensian monastery of S . Quirico de valle introducti in the diocese of Reate . He was then empowered to do the same for the Monastery of Farfa . At the end of November 1295 Cardinal Giovanni was present and working in the Roman Curia , and was one of eighteen cardinals who received a distribution from the funds of the Treasury of the College of Cardinals . On 12 March 1296 he was one of twenty-one cardinals who received a 1/18 share in the payment of 2000 livres Tournois presented by the Procurators of the Abbot of Cluny . At Easter 1296 he had his share of 600 gold florins presented by the Archbishop of Florence ; and likewise a share in the 400 gold florins presented by the Bishop of Tortona in Lombardy . On 29 April he shared in the 600 florins paid by the Bishop of Famagusta . At Pentecost 1296 , eighteen cardinals shared in the 1900 florins presented by the Bishop of Séez ; and a distribution of the 500 livres Tournois paid by the Archbishop of Rouen ; and a 1/23 share in the 50 livres of the Bishop of Teramo . On 29 June 1296 there was a distribution of 500 florins paid by the Bishop of Patras . Around the Feast of S . Michael , 29 September 1296 he received a share of the payment made through the bankers of the Abbot of S . Victor of Marseille . On 10 May 1297 he was present at the degrading of Cardinals Jacobus and Petrus Colonna , from whose confiscated income Pope Boniface VIII granted a half to the cardinals , nineteen of whom are named , included Giovanni of Tusculum . He also participated in a distribution of 5 gold pieces which had been offered by the Archbishop of Strigonia at his ad limina visit . On 24 June 1297 he was one of twenty-two cardinals who received his share of the money offered by the Abbot of S . Justinus in Padua ; of the money offered by the Bishop of Padua ; and of the money brought by the Proctor of the Bishop of Siena . At Easter 1298 the Archbishop of Tours visited Rome , and presented the College of Cardinals with 200 livres Tournois , which was divided among fourteen cardinals , including Giovanni of Tusculum . At the same time the sum of 2500 florins out of the payment of the Bishop of Zaragoza was distributed to the same cardinals ; and a distribution from the sum of 2000 florins paid by the Bishop of Pamiers . On 20 May 1298 the 500 florins brought by the Bishop of Lodève was shared by eighteen cardinals in the Curia ; at the same time there was a distribution of the 1000 gold florins paid by the Bishop of Urgel ; and a distribution from the 500 livres Tournois presented by the Archbishop of Rouen . On 2 June 1298 the Abbot of Subiaco paid 300 gold florins owed by his predecessor , which was shared by twenty cardinals . On 5 September 1298 there was a distribution of the payment of 180 livres Tournois made by the Abbot of the Major Monasterium in Tours , with a 1/15 share coming to Cardinal Giovanni of Tusculum . These are only examples , showing the very large , if irregular , income of a cardinal at the time , and indicating that a cardinal was present in the Roman Curia at the time . Cardinals who were not present in the Curia ( except occasionally deceased cardinals , whose estates benefitted from a late payment of dues ) did not share in the distributions ; this applied to Papal Legates , who had to be paid by the Pope through the Apostolic Camera , not by the Camera of the College of Cardinals . On 1 February 1301 Cardinal Giovanni of Tusculum , who had been acting as Assessor ( judge ) on appointment by Boniface VIII , pronounced his verdict in the case of the contested election of Leo , Bishop of Soli in Cyprus . On 20 May 1301 he and three other cardinals , Jean de Cressi , Robert de Pontigny and Matteo Rosso Orsini , were given the mandate to choose a new Abbot of the Monastery of S . Richard in the Diocese of Amiens . In June 1301 he was Auditor in the request that the Cathedral of Sagunto be transferred from regular to secular clergy . On 20 September 1301 his name heads the list of fifteen cardinals , ahead of Bishops Theoderic ( Civitas Papalis ) and Leonardo ( Albano ) , subscribing to the papal grant of privileges to the Monastery of Santa Croce Saxivivo in the Diocese of Foligno . Cardinal Niccolò Boccasini , OP , Bishop of Ostia , who would normally have signed first as senior Cardinal Bishop , was serving as Legate in Hungary . When the year 1301 began , the Curia was resident at the Lateran Palace in Rome ; from 1 May to mid-October it was in Anagni ; from 17 October to the end of the year it was back at the Lateran . In January 1302 Cardinal Giovanni served on a committee to examine the election of the Bishop of Cammin in Germany . On 2 July 1302 he is noted as having on a committee which examined the election and person of John , Abbot of Holy Cross Monastery in Waltham in the Diocese of London . In 1302 , Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza was Canon of the Cathedral of Amiens . At the beginning of 1303 Cardinal Giovanni was consulted by the Pope concerning the depredations which had taken place against the Chapter of the Cathedral of Cambrai . Papal Elector . He participated in five papal conclaves , which saw the elections of popes Nicholas IV in 1288 , Celestine V in 1294 , Boniface VIII in 1294 , Benedict XI in 1303 and Clement V in 1305 . He became dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1302 , upon the death of Cardinal Gerardo Bianchi , Bishop of Sabina ( 1 March 1302 ) . Reign of Benedict XI . On 30 October 1303 , a week after his election , Pope Benedict gave the College of Cardinals a gift of 2680 gold florins , 380 livres Tournois , and over 600 other gold coins of various origins and values . These funds were distributed among the Cardinals , including Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza , except for the Bishop of Ostia , Niccolò Boccasini , who was absent on a Legateship . In 1304 Cardinal Giovanni was again a member of a committee of cardinals that examined the election of an abbot for the Benedictine monastery of S . Maria de Alfiolo in the Diocese of Gubbio ; and likewise for the Benedictine Monastery of S . Angelo de Gaifa in the Diocese of Urbino ; On 4 March 1304 Pope Benedict XI ( 1303-1304 ) granted Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza subinfeudation of three castles , Scandrillia , Castellucii , and Rocca Soldana , which belonged to the Monastery of Farfa by primary infeudation of the Roman Church , along with their tenements and vassals , with full jurisdiction and authority . The properties and their rights would descend to the Cardinals heirs . Death . Pope Nicholas IV had granted Cardinal Giovanni the privilege of making his own Will on 25 November 1289 . He died in Avignon on 10 August 1309 and was buried in the Church of the Dominicans |
[
"cardinal-bishop"
] | easy | Giovanni Boccamazza took which position from 1309 to Aug 1309? | /wiki/Giovanni_Boccamazza#P39#3 | Giovanni Boccamazza Giovanni Boccamazza ( died 1309 ) was an Italian Cardinal . He was from the Roman nobility , and was a nephew of Cardinal Giacomo Savelli , who had been an important figure in the Roman Curia since his creation as cardinal in 1261 . Early career . On 14 May 1264 Giovanni was granted the benefice of the church of S . Fortunato de Vernot in the Diocese of Sens . In 1285 Giovannis uncle , Cardinal Savelli , was elected Pope Honorius IV . Giovanni Boccamazza began his career in the Church as a Canon of the Vatican Basilica and Chaplain of Pope Nicholas III ( 1277-1280 ) . Bishop of Monreale . He was made Archbishop of Monreale , near Palermo , by Pope Nicholas III on 15 August 1278 . He had not , however , been the original choice as bishop . The Chapter of the Cathedral of Monreale had originally and unanimously chosen Guillaume , Bishop of Potenza , but he declined the position and resigned the election into the hands of the Pope . The matter was referred to the usual committee of cardinals on episcopal elections , in this case composed of Cardinals Latino Malabranca Orsini , Guillaume de Bray , and Matteo Rosso Orsini . Nicholas then received the bishops resignation of the election to Monreale and sought to appoint Bernard de Montemirato , OSB , the Abbot of Montismajoris in the Diocese of Arles . But he flatly refused . Nicholas then chose his Chaplain , Giovanni Boccamazza . He was there at the time of the Sicilian Vespers ( 1282 ) . It was Cardinal Boccamazza who delivered the news of the Sicilian Vespers to King Charles I of Anjou After fleeing Sicily , he was made cardinal-bishop of Frascati on 22 December 1285—the only cardinal created by Pope Honorius . Legate in Germany . As soon as Honorius IV became pope , he was approached by King Rudolf of Germany , King of the Romans , with regard to his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor . This honor had been promised him by Gregory X in 1275 , but succeeding popes had not authorized the coronation . Now he approached the new pope through the new Archbishop of Mainz , Heinrich de Isnay , O.Min . ( 1286-1288 ) . In reply Honorius sent Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza as Apostolic Legate to Germany , Bohemia , Hungary and Sweden to engage in conversations with Rudolf . Cardinal Giovanni attended the significant synod of March 1287 in Würzburg , considered as a German national council . On 22 July 1287 , during the Sede Vacante following the death of Honorius IV ( 1285-1287 ) , he was at Cambrai , where he issued orders for Dacia and Suecia . While he was at Cambrai the Legate , Cardinal Giovanni was attacked by a nobleman , Nicholas , his brothers and sons , and his retainers , while he was in church . When that attempt failed , they followed him to his house , where there was a riot . The bishop of Cambrai , who held both spiritual and temporal power in the city , was excommunicated by Cardinal Giovanni , and the city was placed under interdict . When Cardinal Giovanni returned to Rome and explained the whole affair to Pope Nicholas personally , the Pope cited the Bishop , the Archdeacon , the Bailli , the Chapter of the Cathedral , and numerous others , to appear before his court in Rome . The case was finally disposed of on 3 October 1291 with the suspension of the Bishop from his pontifical powers and right to collate to benefices for three years . Also , during the same Legatine assignment , Cardinal Giovanni became involved in strife between the Dominicans and the people of Strasbourg , and he felt compelled to lay the city under the Interdict . On 16 September 1287 Cardinal Giovanni was at Clairvaux , and he was still there on 8 November , when he wrote to the Archbishop of Uppsala , Sweden ( Suecia ) , and 6 December 1287 , when he wrote to the Dominicans of Hungary and Poland . He wrote from Novaevallis , on 14 December , to all of the clergy in his Legation for the benefit of the Cistercians . He did not , therefore , attend the Conclave of 1287-1288 . Work in the Roman Curia . He was back in Italy , at Rieti , in September , 1288 , when he subscribed a bull for Pope Nicholas IV . Later in the year , in Rome , he was a member of an examination committee of an abbot-elect . On 28 January 1289 he is mentioned as having been an Auditor in the case involving the canonical election of a bishop of Avignon . Two days later he was assigned the task of consecrating the newly approved Archbishop of Crete . In September 1290 Cardinal Giovanni served on the examination committee that investigated the contested election to the Bishopric of Alatri . In March 1291 he was a member of the committee that reviewed the election of the Abbot of S . Albans . At nearly the same time , he did the same in the case of the monastery of S . Pietro in Perugia . On 5 March 1291 Pope Nicholas granted Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza the power to investigate and reform the apparently large number of encroachments and illegal occupations made by various persons upon the properties belonging to the Lateran Basilica . The Senators and other magistrates of Rome were ordered to assist the Cardinal in restoring the properties of S . Giovanni Laterano . The same service was imposed on Cardinal Giovanni with respect to the Premonstratensian monastery of S . Quirico de valle introducti in the diocese of Reate . He was then empowered to do the same for the Monastery of Farfa . At the end of November 1295 Cardinal Giovanni was present and working in the Roman Curia , and was one of eighteen cardinals who received a distribution from the funds of the Treasury of the College of Cardinals . On 12 March 1296 he was one of twenty-one cardinals who received a 1/18 share in the payment of 2000 livres Tournois presented by the Procurators of the Abbot of Cluny . At Easter 1296 he had his share of 600 gold florins presented by the Archbishop of Florence ; and likewise a share in the 400 gold florins presented by the Bishop of Tortona in Lombardy . On 29 April he shared in the 600 florins paid by the Bishop of Famagusta . At Pentecost 1296 , eighteen cardinals shared in the 1900 florins presented by the Bishop of Séez ; and a distribution of the 500 livres Tournois paid by the Archbishop of Rouen ; and a 1/23 share in the 50 livres of the Bishop of Teramo . On 29 June 1296 there was a distribution of 500 florins paid by the Bishop of Patras . Around the Feast of S . Michael , 29 September 1296 he received a share of the payment made through the bankers of the Abbot of S . Victor of Marseille . On 10 May 1297 he was present at the degrading of Cardinals Jacobus and Petrus Colonna , from whose confiscated income Pope Boniface VIII granted a half to the cardinals , nineteen of whom are named , included Giovanni of Tusculum . He also participated in a distribution of 5 gold pieces which had been offered by the Archbishop of Strigonia at his ad limina visit . On 24 June 1297 he was one of twenty-two cardinals who received his share of the money offered by the Abbot of S . Justinus in Padua ; of the money offered by the Bishop of Padua ; and of the money brought by the Proctor of the Bishop of Siena . At Easter 1298 the Archbishop of Tours visited Rome , and presented the College of Cardinals with 200 livres Tournois , which was divided among fourteen cardinals , including Giovanni of Tusculum . At the same time the sum of 2500 florins out of the payment of the Bishop of Zaragoza was distributed to the same cardinals ; and a distribution from the sum of 2000 florins paid by the Bishop of Pamiers . On 20 May 1298 the 500 florins brought by the Bishop of Lodève was shared by eighteen cardinals in the Curia ; at the same time there was a distribution of the 1000 gold florins paid by the Bishop of Urgel ; and a distribution from the 500 livres Tournois presented by the Archbishop of Rouen . On 2 June 1298 the Abbot of Subiaco paid 300 gold florins owed by his predecessor , which was shared by twenty cardinals . On 5 September 1298 there was a distribution of the payment of 180 livres Tournois made by the Abbot of the Major Monasterium in Tours , with a 1/15 share coming to Cardinal Giovanni of Tusculum . These are only examples , showing the very large , if irregular , income of a cardinal at the time , and indicating that a cardinal was present in the Roman Curia at the time . Cardinals who were not present in the Curia ( except occasionally deceased cardinals , whose estates benefitted from a late payment of dues ) did not share in the distributions ; this applied to Papal Legates , who had to be paid by the Pope through the Apostolic Camera , not by the Camera of the College of Cardinals . On 1 February 1301 Cardinal Giovanni of Tusculum , who had been acting as Assessor ( judge ) on appointment by Boniface VIII , pronounced his verdict in the case of the contested election of Leo , Bishop of Soli in Cyprus . On 20 May 1301 he and three other cardinals , Jean de Cressi , Robert de Pontigny and Matteo Rosso Orsini , were given the mandate to choose a new Abbot of the Monastery of S . Richard in the Diocese of Amiens . In June 1301 he was Auditor in the request that the Cathedral of Sagunto be transferred from regular to secular clergy . On 20 September 1301 his name heads the list of fifteen cardinals , ahead of Bishops Theoderic ( Civitas Papalis ) and Leonardo ( Albano ) , subscribing to the papal grant of privileges to the Monastery of Santa Croce Saxivivo in the Diocese of Foligno . Cardinal Niccolò Boccasini , OP , Bishop of Ostia , who would normally have signed first as senior Cardinal Bishop , was serving as Legate in Hungary . When the year 1301 began , the Curia was resident at the Lateran Palace in Rome ; from 1 May to mid-October it was in Anagni ; from 17 October to the end of the year it was back at the Lateran . In January 1302 Cardinal Giovanni served on a committee to examine the election of the Bishop of Cammin in Germany . On 2 July 1302 he is noted as having on a committee which examined the election and person of John , Abbot of Holy Cross Monastery in Waltham in the Diocese of London . In 1302 , Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza was Canon of the Cathedral of Amiens . At the beginning of 1303 Cardinal Giovanni was consulted by the Pope concerning the depredations which had taken place against the Chapter of the Cathedral of Cambrai . Papal Elector . He participated in five papal conclaves , which saw the elections of popes Nicholas IV in 1288 , Celestine V in 1294 , Boniface VIII in 1294 , Benedict XI in 1303 and Clement V in 1305 . He became dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1302 , upon the death of Cardinal Gerardo Bianchi , Bishop of Sabina ( 1 March 1302 ) . Reign of Benedict XI . On 30 October 1303 , a week after his election , Pope Benedict gave the College of Cardinals a gift of 2680 gold florins , 380 livres Tournois , and over 600 other gold coins of various origins and values . These funds were distributed among the Cardinals , including Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza , except for the Bishop of Ostia , Niccolò Boccasini , who was absent on a Legateship . In 1304 Cardinal Giovanni was again a member of a committee of cardinals that examined the election of an abbot for the Benedictine monastery of S . Maria de Alfiolo in the Diocese of Gubbio ; and likewise for the Benedictine Monastery of S . Angelo de Gaifa in the Diocese of Urbino ; On 4 March 1304 Pope Benedict XI ( 1303-1304 ) granted Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza subinfeudation of three castles , Scandrillia , Castellucii , and Rocca Soldana , which belonged to the Monastery of Farfa by primary infeudation of the Roman Church , along with their tenements and vassals , with full jurisdiction and authority . The properties and their rights would descend to the Cardinals heirs . Death . Pope Nicholas IV had granted Cardinal Giovanni the privilege of making his own Will on 25 November 1289 . He died in Avignon on 10 August 1309 and was buried in the Church of the Dominicans |
[
"Munster High School"
] | easy | Where was Nan Hayworth educated from 1976 to 1977? | /wiki/Nan_Hayworth#P69#0 | Nan Hayworth Nan Alison Sutter Hayworth ( née Sutter ; born December 14 , 1959 ) is an American ophthalmologist and former Congresswoman for . A Republican , she was elected in 2010 . In 2012 , after redistricting , Hayworth ran for reelection in the new 18th district . She lost to Democrat and former Clinton White House staff secretary Sean Patrick Maloney that year and again in a 2014 rematch . Early life , education , and medical career . Nan Alison Sutter was born on December 14 , 1959 , in Chicago and was raised in Munster , Indiana , to parents who were both World War II veterans . Her mother Sarah Margaret Badley immigrated to the United States from England in 1948 . A graduate of Munster High School , she went on to graduate from Princeton University with an A.B . in biology in 1981 after completing a 53-page long senior thesis titled Studies of the Interphase Development of Dictyostelium Discoideum on Gradients of Cyclic 3:5 - Adenosine Monophosphate in Agar . She then studied at Cornell University Medical College , after which she trained in ophthalmology at Mount Sinai Hospital , New York . She first worked in a solo practice and in 1996 joined the Mount Kisco Medical Group . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2010 On September 14 , 2010 , Hayworth defeated Neil DiCarlo in the Republican primary , with 69% of the vote . She defeated Democratic incumbent , John Hall , with 53% of the vote in the 2010 general election . Hayworth was one of 41 Republican physicians who ran for Congress in 2010 . During the campaign , she posted her medical diploma on her website . She was the only female physician in Congress . She was a member of the GOP Young Guns and the GOPs Republican Main Street Partnership . She was a member of the LGBT Equality Caucus . District 19 ( 2002–2010 ) had a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+3 . President George W . Bush carried this district with 54% in 2004 and President Barack Obama carried it with 51% in 2008 . The district lay north of New York City and was composed of parts of Dutchess , Orange , Rockland , Westchester and Putnam Counties . District 18 ( 2012–present ) is composed of all of Orange and Putnam Counties , as well as parts of Dutchess and Westchester Counties . - 2012 As part of redistricting after the 2010 census , Hayworths district was renumbered as the 18th District . In terms of voter population , the new district is composed of the old 18th District ( 1% ) ; the old 19th ( 76% ) ; the old 20th ( 2% ) ; and the old 22nd ( 21% ) . She lost the election to Sean Patrick Maloney , former White House Staff Secretary to President Bill Clinton , 52%–48% . - 2014 Hayworth filed papers with the FEC to lay the groundwork for a 2014 campaign against Maloney and suggested in media reports that she is strongly considering running . The race was one of the most competitive in New York . Late in the campaign , Hayworth released a campaign advertisement featuring her gay son , who told voters that his mother was not an extremist . The ad drew criticism from LGBT groups , who said that Hayworth did not do enough to support pro-LGBT legislation while in office . Maloney , who was on the ballots of the Democratic and Working Families parties , won the election by a plurality with a 47.66% to 45.88% split . Hayworth had won the primary nominations of the Republican , Conservative , and Independence parties . Tenure . During her time in Congress , Hayworth focused on fiscal issues , while avoiding divisive stances on issues such as abortion and same-sex marriage . She endorsed Mitt Romney in November 2011 . She supported repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , and generally opposed additional gun control measures . Hurricane Irene . Following Hurricane Irene in 2011 , Hayworth made the following statement after touring her district : Ive written to the President to support Governor Cuomos request for the farthest-reaching disaster declaration for the counties , to ensure that residents are eligible for individual assistance and municipalities are eligible for public assistance programs . She added that any additions to the disaster relief fund must be offset by federal budget cuts elsewhere . Hayworth voted for Paul Ryans budget in 2011 and 2012 . During an interview on Early Start on CNN , she reiterated her support for Ryan , calling him a teacher and mentor for the House Republicans when it comes to a budget plan that actually will work for the United States . In 2011 , she was one of several House Republicans who sent a letter to President Obama urging him to expedite the permitting process for safe offshore energy exploration . The majority of Hayworths votes were related to budget , spending and tax issues . Some bills that passed in the House that Hayworth voted for include the Budget Control Act of 2011 and the Cut , Cap and Balance Act of 2011 . Hayworth voted against the motion to increase the debt limit . On January 1 , 2013 , she voted in favor of the final bill preventing the Fiscal Cliff . Fundraising . Hayworth had a debt totaling half a million dollars following her campaign . The top industries that contributed to Hayworths campaign included health professionals , securities and investment , and health services companies . Her top contributors were Mount Kisco Medical Group , Vestar Capital Partners , and Elliott Management . Committee assignments . - Committee on Financial Services - Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government-Sponsored Enterprises - Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy and Technology - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Personal life . Hayworth met her husband , Scott D . Hayworth , at Princeton University . Scott is the President and CEO of Mount Kisco Medical Group , Associate Dean at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , and the former Chair of the Board of Directors for the American Medical Group Association . They married in 1981 and have two children . She is a member of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod . Hayworth is on the board of 501 ( c ) 4 political action committee , ConservAmerica , formerly Republicans for Environmental Protection . |
[
"Princeton University"
] | easy | Where was Nan Hayworth educated in 1977? | /wiki/Nan_Hayworth#P69#1 | Nan Hayworth Nan Alison Sutter Hayworth ( née Sutter ; born December 14 , 1959 ) is an American ophthalmologist and former Congresswoman for . A Republican , she was elected in 2010 . In 2012 , after redistricting , Hayworth ran for reelection in the new 18th district . She lost to Democrat and former Clinton White House staff secretary Sean Patrick Maloney that year and again in a 2014 rematch . Early life , education , and medical career . Nan Alison Sutter was born on December 14 , 1959 , in Chicago and was raised in Munster , Indiana , to parents who were both World War II veterans . Her mother Sarah Margaret Badley immigrated to the United States from England in 1948 . A graduate of Munster High School , she went on to graduate from Princeton University with an A.B . in biology in 1981 after completing a 53-page long senior thesis titled Studies of the Interphase Development of Dictyostelium Discoideum on Gradients of Cyclic 3:5 - Adenosine Monophosphate in Agar . She then studied at Cornell University Medical College , after which she trained in ophthalmology at Mount Sinai Hospital , New York . She first worked in a solo practice and in 1996 joined the Mount Kisco Medical Group . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2010 On September 14 , 2010 , Hayworth defeated Neil DiCarlo in the Republican primary , with 69% of the vote . She defeated Democratic incumbent , John Hall , with 53% of the vote in the 2010 general election . Hayworth was one of 41 Republican physicians who ran for Congress in 2010 . During the campaign , she posted her medical diploma on her website . She was the only female physician in Congress . She was a member of the GOP Young Guns and the GOPs Republican Main Street Partnership . She was a member of the LGBT Equality Caucus . District 19 ( 2002–2010 ) had a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+3 . President George W . Bush carried this district with 54% in 2004 and President Barack Obama carried it with 51% in 2008 . The district lay north of New York City and was composed of parts of Dutchess , Orange , Rockland , Westchester and Putnam Counties . District 18 ( 2012–present ) is composed of all of Orange and Putnam Counties , as well as parts of Dutchess and Westchester Counties . - 2012 As part of redistricting after the 2010 census , Hayworths district was renumbered as the 18th District . In terms of voter population , the new district is composed of the old 18th District ( 1% ) ; the old 19th ( 76% ) ; the old 20th ( 2% ) ; and the old 22nd ( 21% ) . She lost the election to Sean Patrick Maloney , former White House Staff Secretary to President Bill Clinton , 52%–48% . - 2014 Hayworth filed papers with the FEC to lay the groundwork for a 2014 campaign against Maloney and suggested in media reports that she is strongly considering running . The race was one of the most competitive in New York . Late in the campaign , Hayworth released a campaign advertisement featuring her gay son , who told voters that his mother was not an extremist . The ad drew criticism from LGBT groups , who said that Hayworth did not do enough to support pro-LGBT legislation while in office . Maloney , who was on the ballots of the Democratic and Working Families parties , won the election by a plurality with a 47.66% to 45.88% split . Hayworth had won the primary nominations of the Republican , Conservative , and Independence parties . Tenure . During her time in Congress , Hayworth focused on fiscal issues , while avoiding divisive stances on issues such as abortion and same-sex marriage . She endorsed Mitt Romney in November 2011 . She supported repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , and generally opposed additional gun control measures . Hurricane Irene . Following Hurricane Irene in 2011 , Hayworth made the following statement after touring her district : Ive written to the President to support Governor Cuomos request for the farthest-reaching disaster declaration for the counties , to ensure that residents are eligible for individual assistance and municipalities are eligible for public assistance programs . She added that any additions to the disaster relief fund must be offset by federal budget cuts elsewhere . Hayworth voted for Paul Ryans budget in 2011 and 2012 . During an interview on Early Start on CNN , she reiterated her support for Ryan , calling him a teacher and mentor for the House Republicans when it comes to a budget plan that actually will work for the United States . In 2011 , she was one of several House Republicans who sent a letter to President Obama urging him to expedite the permitting process for safe offshore energy exploration . The majority of Hayworths votes were related to budget , spending and tax issues . Some bills that passed in the House that Hayworth voted for include the Budget Control Act of 2011 and the Cut , Cap and Balance Act of 2011 . Hayworth voted against the motion to increase the debt limit . On January 1 , 2013 , she voted in favor of the final bill preventing the Fiscal Cliff . Fundraising . Hayworth had a debt totaling half a million dollars following her campaign . The top industries that contributed to Hayworths campaign included health professionals , securities and investment , and health services companies . Her top contributors were Mount Kisco Medical Group , Vestar Capital Partners , and Elliott Management . Committee assignments . - Committee on Financial Services - Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government-Sponsored Enterprises - Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy and Technology - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Personal life . Hayworth met her husband , Scott D . Hayworth , at Princeton University . Scott is the President and CEO of Mount Kisco Medical Group , Associate Dean at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , and the former Chair of the Board of Directors for the American Medical Group Association . They married in 1981 and have two children . She is a member of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod . Hayworth is on the board of 501 ( c ) 4 political action committee , ConservAmerica , formerly Republicans for Environmental Protection . |
[
"Cornell University Medical College"
] | easy | Where was Nan Hayworth educated from 1981 to 1985? | /wiki/Nan_Hayworth#P69#2 | Nan Hayworth Nan Alison Sutter Hayworth ( née Sutter ; born December 14 , 1959 ) is an American ophthalmologist and former Congresswoman for . A Republican , she was elected in 2010 . In 2012 , after redistricting , Hayworth ran for reelection in the new 18th district . She lost to Democrat and former Clinton White House staff secretary Sean Patrick Maloney that year and again in a 2014 rematch . Early life , education , and medical career . Nan Alison Sutter was born on December 14 , 1959 , in Chicago and was raised in Munster , Indiana , to parents who were both World War II veterans . Her mother Sarah Margaret Badley immigrated to the United States from England in 1948 . A graduate of Munster High School , she went on to graduate from Princeton University with an A.B . in biology in 1981 after completing a 53-page long senior thesis titled Studies of the Interphase Development of Dictyostelium Discoideum on Gradients of Cyclic 3:5 - Adenosine Monophosphate in Agar . She then studied at Cornell University Medical College , after which she trained in ophthalmology at Mount Sinai Hospital , New York . She first worked in a solo practice and in 1996 joined the Mount Kisco Medical Group . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2010 On September 14 , 2010 , Hayworth defeated Neil DiCarlo in the Republican primary , with 69% of the vote . She defeated Democratic incumbent , John Hall , with 53% of the vote in the 2010 general election . Hayworth was one of 41 Republican physicians who ran for Congress in 2010 . During the campaign , she posted her medical diploma on her website . She was the only female physician in Congress . She was a member of the GOP Young Guns and the GOPs Republican Main Street Partnership . She was a member of the LGBT Equality Caucus . District 19 ( 2002–2010 ) had a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+3 . President George W . Bush carried this district with 54% in 2004 and President Barack Obama carried it with 51% in 2008 . The district lay north of New York City and was composed of parts of Dutchess , Orange , Rockland , Westchester and Putnam Counties . District 18 ( 2012–present ) is composed of all of Orange and Putnam Counties , as well as parts of Dutchess and Westchester Counties . - 2012 As part of redistricting after the 2010 census , Hayworths district was renumbered as the 18th District . In terms of voter population , the new district is composed of the old 18th District ( 1% ) ; the old 19th ( 76% ) ; the old 20th ( 2% ) ; and the old 22nd ( 21% ) . She lost the election to Sean Patrick Maloney , former White House Staff Secretary to President Bill Clinton , 52%–48% . - 2014 Hayworth filed papers with the FEC to lay the groundwork for a 2014 campaign against Maloney and suggested in media reports that she is strongly considering running . The race was one of the most competitive in New York . Late in the campaign , Hayworth released a campaign advertisement featuring her gay son , who told voters that his mother was not an extremist . The ad drew criticism from LGBT groups , who said that Hayworth did not do enough to support pro-LGBT legislation while in office . Maloney , who was on the ballots of the Democratic and Working Families parties , won the election by a plurality with a 47.66% to 45.88% split . Hayworth had won the primary nominations of the Republican , Conservative , and Independence parties . Tenure . During her time in Congress , Hayworth focused on fiscal issues , while avoiding divisive stances on issues such as abortion and same-sex marriage . She endorsed Mitt Romney in November 2011 . She supported repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , and generally opposed additional gun control measures . Hurricane Irene . Following Hurricane Irene in 2011 , Hayworth made the following statement after touring her district : Ive written to the President to support Governor Cuomos request for the farthest-reaching disaster declaration for the counties , to ensure that residents are eligible for individual assistance and municipalities are eligible for public assistance programs . She added that any additions to the disaster relief fund must be offset by federal budget cuts elsewhere . Hayworth voted for Paul Ryans budget in 2011 and 2012 . During an interview on Early Start on CNN , she reiterated her support for Ryan , calling him a teacher and mentor for the House Republicans when it comes to a budget plan that actually will work for the United States . In 2011 , she was one of several House Republicans who sent a letter to President Obama urging him to expedite the permitting process for safe offshore energy exploration . The majority of Hayworths votes were related to budget , spending and tax issues . Some bills that passed in the House that Hayworth voted for include the Budget Control Act of 2011 and the Cut , Cap and Balance Act of 2011 . Hayworth voted against the motion to increase the debt limit . On January 1 , 2013 , she voted in favor of the final bill preventing the Fiscal Cliff . Fundraising . Hayworth had a debt totaling half a million dollars following her campaign . The top industries that contributed to Hayworths campaign included health professionals , securities and investment , and health services companies . Her top contributors were Mount Kisco Medical Group , Vestar Capital Partners , and Elliott Management . Committee assignments . - Committee on Financial Services - Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government-Sponsored Enterprises - Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy and Technology - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Personal life . Hayworth met her husband , Scott D . Hayworth , at Princeton University . Scott is the President and CEO of Mount Kisco Medical Group , Associate Dean at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , and the former Chair of the Board of Directors for the American Medical Group Association . They married in 1981 and have two children . She is a member of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod . Hayworth is on the board of 501 ( c ) 4 political action committee , ConservAmerica , formerly Republicans for Environmental Protection . |
[
"attorney general for the state"
] | easy | Which position did George W. Crawford hold from 1827 to 1831? | /wiki/George_W._Crawford#P39#0 | George W . Crawford George Walker Crawford ( December 22 , 1798 – July 27 , 1872 ) was a licensed attorney turned politician from Columbia County , Georgia . Crawford was appointed attorney general for the state in 1827 , by Governor John Forsyth , serving in that capacity until 1831 . Crawford also served five years in the General Assemblys lower house as a representative of Richmond County on a platform of states rights . George Crawford served in the U.S . House of Representatives , filling the seat vacated by Richard W . Habersham who died while in office . Crawford was elected Georgias 38th governor – serving two terms from 1843 to 1847 . He became the only Whig Party candidate in state history to occupy the Governors Mansion . Crawford then served as United States Secretary of War from 1849 to 1850 . Crawfords time in President Zachary Taylors cabinet was marred by speculation regarding a probate claim he settled for George Galphins heirs . Crawford received a gratuity of substantial remuneration for his services - Crawfords political adversaries framed it as the Galphin Affair – marking the end of Crawfords political aspirations . When President Taylor unexpectedly died while in office , Crawford resigned his position as Secretary of War and entered political retirement . In 1861 , however , Crawford was elected a delegate from Richmond County to the states Secession Convention which brought him out of retirement to answer the call of his constituents . By the conventions first order of business , Crawford was elected Permanent President of the Convention by which he presided over Georgias decision to secede from the Union and join the Confederate States of America . Early life . George Walker Crawford was born on December 22 , 1798 , in Columbia County , Georgia . He was the fourth son of Peter and Mary Ann Crawford . His father was a veteran of the American Revolutionary War from Virginia who had settled in Georgia to claim a land share , known as a bounty grant , which the state of Georgia had set aside for those who had fought for independence . Peter Crawford acquired a sizable tract of land that he called Belair Plantation . The homestead was situated close to his uncle , Joel Crawford . Peters uncle Joel fathered William H . Crawford , soon becoming a politician renowned locally for his political service to the state and for two presidential bids – running in 1816 , and then again in 1824 . George Crawford grew up on the familys estate , heavily influenced by his father , and his cousin William as well . Georges father was a practicing attorney and George availed himself to the well-stocked personal library of his father while homeschooling his education . Peter Crawford also entered Georgia politics himself – beginning as Columbia Countys first clerk of courts and becoming a 10-term representative in the state legislature . George Crawfords cousin , William H . Crawford , was also becoming well known for his political service , and was the subject of local legend for two famous duels he had been a principal of . George Crawford built on his homeschooling at the College of New Jerseys school of law ( later becoming Princeton University ) . Crawford graduated with a bachelors degree in 1820 , and subsequently completed an internship under the tutelage of Richard Henry Wilde . Crawford was licensed to practice law in 1822 , and started a legal practice in Augusta partnering with Henry H . Cumming . He went on to obtain a masters degree from the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences , the founding college of the University of Georgia . After graduating Franklin , Crawford served from 1824 to 1825 , as a second lieutenant in the 10th Regiment of the Georgia Militia . In 1826 , George Crawford married Mary Ann MacIntosh , having four children of the marriage : William Peter , Sarah MacIntosh , Anna Elizabeth , and Charles . George W . Crawford embarked on his political career the following year , accepting a gubernatorial appointment to become Georgias attorney general . Attorney General of Georgia . Governor John Forsyth appointed Crawford to succeed Thomas F . Wells as Georgias attorney general in 1827 . The following year , Crawford challenged Georgia state legislator Thomas E . Burnside , Ambrose Burnsides uncle , to a duel over published defamation Burnside had written about Crawfords father . The code duello . When George Crawford read the anonymous letter to the editor published in The Augusta Chronicle he was incensed by the prose – sharply criticizing the political views of his father , then declining in health . Crawford regarded it as an attack on his fathers good name . Crawford demanded the newspaper editor give him the authors name but the editor refused , protecting Burnsides identity by telling Crawford the letter was from a woman , and that for this reason , he would not release the persons name . Inexplicably , Burnside contacted Crawford telling him that he was the author . Crawford immediately challenged Burnside to a duel which Burnside accepted , although with reluctance . The code duello was waning in vogue but it was still held as a measure which an honorable man was obliged to endure . Burnside was aspiring his own political career which showed promise of upward mobility . Burnside felt he would be shamed with dishonor if he refused , and in his era , without honor there was no career in politics . Dueling had already been outlawed in Georgia so the two belligerents , with their seconds , traveled together by train to Fort Mitchell , Alabama where the practice was still legal – to finish what by then had become a well-publicized fight . Burnside seemed to have sensed the duel would not end in his favor , dispatching a letter to his wife on the eve of the fateful encounter:Fort Mitchell , Jan . 24 , 1828Dear Wife and Mother : Tomorrow I fight . I do it on principle . Whatever may be my fate , I believe I am right . On this ground I have acted and will act . I believe I shall succeed , but if I do not I am prepared for consequences . Kiss the children and tell them that if I fall my last thought was of them . Yours most affectionatelyThomas E . Burnside Crawford shot Burnside dead in the infamous duel , prompting the state to pass new legislation ; forbidding persons involved in duels from holding office . The restriction only applied to duels fought after the law was enacted and did not affect Crawfords career . He continued serving as attorney general until 1831 , when he was succeeded by Charles J . Jenkins . Thomas E . Burnside was interred in the private burial ground of Colonel John Crowell , renowned for his participation in the War of 1812 . The Colonel lived near the site where the duel had taken place and personally ensured every protocol of respect was accorded at Burnsides burial . Two weeks passed before Mrs . Burnside received word of her husbands demise . It was said that she nearly died herself from distraught upon receiving the news . She moved with her children to Dahlonega , Georgia , residing there until her death . Crawford carried regret for his role in what was called a deplorable and unfortunate affair . He was known to have made anonymous financial contributions to Burnsides widow and children though he was remembered as saying it made no amends – and for having expressed lament shortly before his own death in 1872 . Congressman . In 1837 , Crawford was elected to the Georgia General Assembly as a member of the House of Representatives for Richmond County . There , Crawford distinguished himself as a fiscal conservative . He was elevated to the United States House of Representatives as a Whig to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Richard W . Habersham . His term there was short , only serving from January 7 to March 3 , 1843 . Governor of Georgia . George W . Crawford was the Whig Partys nominee for governor in 1843 . Crawford defeated the Democratic nominee , Mark Anthony Cooper , by a vote of 38,813 to 35,325 succeeding Charles J . McDonald to become the first Whig candidate to serve as Georgias governor ( as of 2019 , he remains the only Whig governor ) . The Whigs won a majority in both houses of the state legislature in 1843 , as well . Crawford was reelected in 1845 , defeating Democratic challenger Matthew H . McAllister by a margin of 1,751 votes . With the legislatures support , Crawford was able to effect the Whigs agenda which focused on debt reduction and fiscal restraint . Crawfords administration was able to reduce expenditures more than $66,000 in its first year and nearly eliminate the states debt of $500,000 before being succeeded by George W . Towns . Besides implementing sound budget policy , Crawford was able to expand educational opportunities in the state and hasten construction of the state-owned Western and Atlantic Railroad . Crawfords administration established the Supreme Court of Georgia as well , which had failed to be institutionalized for decades of previous effort . He redrew the states congressional maps , and reformed the state penitentiary – making it a more economically sound institution . Crawford also succeeded at dismantling the Georgia Central Bank , an important Whig campaign endeavor for years . Secretary of War . When General Zachary Taylor became President of the United States in 1849 , he appointed Crawford United States Secretary of War . As War Secretary , he was involved in settling a claim from the United States government for the Galphin family , descendants of George Galphin , an American businessman who specialized in Indian Trade . Crawford received a large payment for his services and several of his political foes seized upon the opportunity to suggest impropriety . Crawford was subsequently investigated by a commission and completely exonerated of any wrongdoing yet his critics continued casting aspersions . Crawford resigned along with the rest of the Taylor administration in 1850 , when Millard Fillmore became president after Taylors sudden death while in office . Georgia Secession Convention . In 1861 , Crawford was elected as a delegate from Richmond County , Georgia to the states Secession Convention . The delegation elected Crawford president of the convention by a unanimous vote and he oversaw the states vote of secession . As the conventions president , Crawford is considered the author of Georgias Ordinance of Secession , the official document announcing the states formal intent to secede the federal Union – originally as an independent republic , ultimately to join the Confederate States of America . The delegation approved the ordinance January 19 , 1861 , with 208 voting in favor of secession and 89 opposed . The delegates signed the document in celebratory fashion two days later in the public square in front of the statehouse in Milledgeville where the convention was assembled . Crawford survived to witness the consequences of enacting the ordinance , lamenting its cost in the shed blood of Georgia citizens rallied by the conventions call . Crawford was to be tried for inciting a rebellion due to his role in presiding over the states secession and was excluded from eligibility for both Lincolns and Johnsons amnesty proclamations because of his leadership status . Crawford escaped the harsh consequences of an adjudication of guilt in 1865 , when Johnson approved his direct application for amnesty thereby restoring Crawford as a citizen of the United States in good stead – with full protection of his person and property against all forms of reprisal . Death and legacy . Crawford died on July 27 , 1872 , at his Belair estate , located near Augusta , Georgia . His funeral was held in St . Pauls Episcopal Church and he was buried in Summerville Cemetery located in Augusta . On November 16 , 1943 , the keel was laid for the SS George Walker Crawford , a liberty ship built by the J.A . Jones Construction Company in Brunswick , Georgia honoring Crawford for his service to the state of Georgia . The ship was launched January 1 , 1944 , and delivered into federal service January 13 , 1944 . Crawfords biographer Len Cleveland said that in researching his material he observed that Crawfords entire political career was motivated by a traditional sense of duty rather than by deep political convictions . Robert Toombs spoke well of Crawford , Saying , There are but few abler and no purer men in America , and he has administrative qualities of an unusually high order . |
[
"Congressman",
"Governor of Georgia"
] | easy | Which position did George W. Crawford hold from 1843 to Mar 1843? | /wiki/George_W._Crawford#P39#1 | George W . Crawford George Walker Crawford ( December 22 , 1798 – July 27 , 1872 ) was a licensed attorney turned politician from Columbia County , Georgia . Crawford was appointed attorney general for the state in 1827 , by Governor John Forsyth , serving in that capacity until 1831 . Crawford also served five years in the General Assemblys lower house as a representative of Richmond County on a platform of states rights . George Crawford served in the U.S . House of Representatives , filling the seat vacated by Richard W . Habersham who died while in office . Crawford was elected Georgias 38th governor – serving two terms from 1843 to 1847 . He became the only Whig Party candidate in state history to occupy the Governors Mansion . Crawford then served as United States Secretary of War from 1849 to 1850 . Crawfords time in President Zachary Taylors cabinet was marred by speculation regarding a probate claim he settled for George Galphins heirs . Crawford received a gratuity of substantial remuneration for his services - Crawfords political adversaries framed it as the Galphin Affair – marking the end of Crawfords political aspirations . When President Taylor unexpectedly died while in office , Crawford resigned his position as Secretary of War and entered political retirement . In 1861 , however , Crawford was elected a delegate from Richmond County to the states Secession Convention which brought him out of retirement to answer the call of his constituents . By the conventions first order of business , Crawford was elected Permanent President of the Convention by which he presided over Georgias decision to secede from the Union and join the Confederate States of America . Early life . George Walker Crawford was born on December 22 , 1798 , in Columbia County , Georgia . He was the fourth son of Peter and Mary Ann Crawford . His father was a veteran of the American Revolutionary War from Virginia who had settled in Georgia to claim a land share , known as a bounty grant , which the state of Georgia had set aside for those who had fought for independence . Peter Crawford acquired a sizable tract of land that he called Belair Plantation . The homestead was situated close to his uncle , Joel Crawford . Peters uncle Joel fathered William H . Crawford , soon becoming a politician renowned locally for his political service to the state and for two presidential bids – running in 1816 , and then again in 1824 . George Crawford grew up on the familys estate , heavily influenced by his father , and his cousin William as well . Georges father was a practicing attorney and George availed himself to the well-stocked personal library of his father while homeschooling his education . Peter Crawford also entered Georgia politics himself – beginning as Columbia Countys first clerk of courts and becoming a 10-term representative in the state legislature . George Crawfords cousin , William H . Crawford , was also becoming well known for his political service , and was the subject of local legend for two famous duels he had been a principal of . George Crawford built on his homeschooling at the College of New Jerseys school of law ( later becoming Princeton University ) . Crawford graduated with a bachelors degree in 1820 , and subsequently completed an internship under the tutelage of Richard Henry Wilde . Crawford was licensed to practice law in 1822 , and started a legal practice in Augusta partnering with Henry H . Cumming . He went on to obtain a masters degree from the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences , the founding college of the University of Georgia . After graduating Franklin , Crawford served from 1824 to 1825 , as a second lieutenant in the 10th Regiment of the Georgia Militia . In 1826 , George Crawford married Mary Ann MacIntosh , having four children of the marriage : William Peter , Sarah MacIntosh , Anna Elizabeth , and Charles . George W . Crawford embarked on his political career the following year , accepting a gubernatorial appointment to become Georgias attorney general . Attorney General of Georgia . Governor John Forsyth appointed Crawford to succeed Thomas F . Wells as Georgias attorney general in 1827 . The following year , Crawford challenged Georgia state legislator Thomas E . Burnside , Ambrose Burnsides uncle , to a duel over published defamation Burnside had written about Crawfords father . The code duello . When George Crawford read the anonymous letter to the editor published in The Augusta Chronicle he was incensed by the prose – sharply criticizing the political views of his father , then declining in health . Crawford regarded it as an attack on his fathers good name . Crawford demanded the newspaper editor give him the authors name but the editor refused , protecting Burnsides identity by telling Crawford the letter was from a woman , and that for this reason , he would not release the persons name . Inexplicably , Burnside contacted Crawford telling him that he was the author . Crawford immediately challenged Burnside to a duel which Burnside accepted , although with reluctance . The code duello was waning in vogue but it was still held as a measure which an honorable man was obliged to endure . Burnside was aspiring his own political career which showed promise of upward mobility . Burnside felt he would be shamed with dishonor if he refused , and in his era , without honor there was no career in politics . Dueling had already been outlawed in Georgia so the two belligerents , with their seconds , traveled together by train to Fort Mitchell , Alabama where the practice was still legal – to finish what by then had become a well-publicized fight . Burnside seemed to have sensed the duel would not end in his favor , dispatching a letter to his wife on the eve of the fateful encounter:Fort Mitchell , Jan . 24 , 1828Dear Wife and Mother : Tomorrow I fight . I do it on principle . Whatever may be my fate , I believe I am right . On this ground I have acted and will act . I believe I shall succeed , but if I do not I am prepared for consequences . Kiss the children and tell them that if I fall my last thought was of them . Yours most affectionatelyThomas E . Burnside Crawford shot Burnside dead in the infamous duel , prompting the state to pass new legislation ; forbidding persons involved in duels from holding office . The restriction only applied to duels fought after the law was enacted and did not affect Crawfords career . He continued serving as attorney general until 1831 , when he was succeeded by Charles J . Jenkins . Thomas E . Burnside was interred in the private burial ground of Colonel John Crowell , renowned for his participation in the War of 1812 . The Colonel lived near the site where the duel had taken place and personally ensured every protocol of respect was accorded at Burnsides burial . Two weeks passed before Mrs . Burnside received word of her husbands demise . It was said that she nearly died herself from distraught upon receiving the news . She moved with her children to Dahlonega , Georgia , residing there until her death . Crawford carried regret for his role in what was called a deplorable and unfortunate affair . He was known to have made anonymous financial contributions to Burnsides widow and children though he was remembered as saying it made no amends – and for having expressed lament shortly before his own death in 1872 . Congressman . In 1837 , Crawford was elected to the Georgia General Assembly as a member of the House of Representatives for Richmond County . There , Crawford distinguished himself as a fiscal conservative . He was elevated to the United States House of Representatives as a Whig to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Richard W . Habersham . His term there was short , only serving from January 7 to March 3 , 1843 . Governor of Georgia . George W . Crawford was the Whig Partys nominee for governor in 1843 . Crawford defeated the Democratic nominee , Mark Anthony Cooper , by a vote of 38,813 to 35,325 succeeding Charles J . McDonald to become the first Whig candidate to serve as Georgias governor ( as of 2019 , he remains the only Whig governor ) . The Whigs won a majority in both houses of the state legislature in 1843 , as well . Crawford was reelected in 1845 , defeating Democratic challenger Matthew H . McAllister by a margin of 1,751 votes . With the legislatures support , Crawford was able to effect the Whigs agenda which focused on debt reduction and fiscal restraint . Crawfords administration was able to reduce expenditures more than $66,000 in its first year and nearly eliminate the states debt of $500,000 before being succeeded by George W . Towns . Besides implementing sound budget policy , Crawford was able to expand educational opportunities in the state and hasten construction of the state-owned Western and Atlantic Railroad . Crawfords administration established the Supreme Court of Georgia as well , which had failed to be institutionalized for decades of previous effort . He redrew the states congressional maps , and reformed the state penitentiary – making it a more economically sound institution . Crawford also succeeded at dismantling the Georgia Central Bank , an important Whig campaign endeavor for years . Secretary of War . When General Zachary Taylor became President of the United States in 1849 , he appointed Crawford United States Secretary of War . As War Secretary , he was involved in settling a claim from the United States government for the Galphin family , descendants of George Galphin , an American businessman who specialized in Indian Trade . Crawford received a large payment for his services and several of his political foes seized upon the opportunity to suggest impropriety . Crawford was subsequently investigated by a commission and completely exonerated of any wrongdoing yet his critics continued casting aspersions . Crawford resigned along with the rest of the Taylor administration in 1850 , when Millard Fillmore became president after Taylors sudden death while in office . Georgia Secession Convention . In 1861 , Crawford was elected as a delegate from Richmond County , Georgia to the states Secession Convention . The delegation elected Crawford president of the convention by a unanimous vote and he oversaw the states vote of secession . As the conventions president , Crawford is considered the author of Georgias Ordinance of Secession , the official document announcing the states formal intent to secede the federal Union – originally as an independent republic , ultimately to join the Confederate States of America . The delegation approved the ordinance January 19 , 1861 , with 208 voting in favor of secession and 89 opposed . The delegates signed the document in celebratory fashion two days later in the public square in front of the statehouse in Milledgeville where the convention was assembled . Crawford survived to witness the consequences of enacting the ordinance , lamenting its cost in the shed blood of Georgia citizens rallied by the conventions call . Crawford was to be tried for inciting a rebellion due to his role in presiding over the states secession and was excluded from eligibility for both Lincolns and Johnsons amnesty proclamations because of his leadership status . Crawford escaped the harsh consequences of an adjudication of guilt in 1865 , when Johnson approved his direct application for amnesty thereby restoring Crawford as a citizen of the United States in good stead – with full protection of his person and property against all forms of reprisal . Death and legacy . Crawford died on July 27 , 1872 , at his Belair estate , located near Augusta , Georgia . His funeral was held in St . Pauls Episcopal Church and he was buried in Summerville Cemetery located in Augusta . On November 16 , 1943 , the keel was laid for the SS George Walker Crawford , a liberty ship built by the J.A . Jones Construction Company in Brunswick , Georgia honoring Crawford for his service to the state of Georgia . The ship was launched January 1 , 1944 , and delivered into federal service January 13 , 1944 . Crawfords biographer Len Cleveland said that in researching his material he observed that Crawfords entire political career was motivated by a traditional sense of duty rather than by deep political convictions . Robert Toombs spoke well of Crawford , Saying , There are but few abler and no purer men in America , and he has administrative qualities of an unusually high order . |
[
"Georgias 38th governor"
] | easy | What position did George W. Crawford take from Nov 1843 to Nov 1847? | /wiki/George_W._Crawford#P39#2 | George W . Crawford George Walker Crawford ( December 22 , 1798 – July 27 , 1872 ) was a licensed attorney turned politician from Columbia County , Georgia . Crawford was appointed attorney general for the state in 1827 , by Governor John Forsyth , serving in that capacity until 1831 . Crawford also served five years in the General Assemblys lower house as a representative of Richmond County on a platform of states rights . George Crawford served in the U.S . House of Representatives , filling the seat vacated by Richard W . Habersham who died while in office . Crawford was elected Georgias 38th governor – serving two terms from 1843 to 1847 . He became the only Whig Party candidate in state history to occupy the Governors Mansion . Crawford then served as United States Secretary of War from 1849 to 1850 . Crawfords time in President Zachary Taylors cabinet was marred by speculation regarding a probate claim he settled for George Galphins heirs . Crawford received a gratuity of substantial remuneration for his services - Crawfords political adversaries framed it as the Galphin Affair – marking the end of Crawfords political aspirations . When President Taylor unexpectedly died while in office , Crawford resigned his position as Secretary of War and entered political retirement . In 1861 , however , Crawford was elected a delegate from Richmond County to the states Secession Convention which brought him out of retirement to answer the call of his constituents . By the conventions first order of business , Crawford was elected Permanent President of the Convention by which he presided over Georgias decision to secede from the Union and join the Confederate States of America . Early life . George Walker Crawford was born on December 22 , 1798 , in Columbia County , Georgia . He was the fourth son of Peter and Mary Ann Crawford . His father was a veteran of the American Revolutionary War from Virginia who had settled in Georgia to claim a land share , known as a bounty grant , which the state of Georgia had set aside for those who had fought for independence . Peter Crawford acquired a sizable tract of land that he called Belair Plantation . The homestead was situated close to his uncle , Joel Crawford . Peters uncle Joel fathered William H . Crawford , soon becoming a politician renowned locally for his political service to the state and for two presidential bids – running in 1816 , and then again in 1824 . George Crawford grew up on the familys estate , heavily influenced by his father , and his cousin William as well . Georges father was a practicing attorney and George availed himself to the well-stocked personal library of his father while homeschooling his education . Peter Crawford also entered Georgia politics himself – beginning as Columbia Countys first clerk of courts and becoming a 10-term representative in the state legislature . George Crawfords cousin , William H . Crawford , was also becoming well known for his political service , and was the subject of local legend for two famous duels he had been a principal of . George Crawford built on his homeschooling at the College of New Jerseys school of law ( later becoming Princeton University ) . Crawford graduated with a bachelors degree in 1820 , and subsequently completed an internship under the tutelage of Richard Henry Wilde . Crawford was licensed to practice law in 1822 , and started a legal practice in Augusta partnering with Henry H . Cumming . He went on to obtain a masters degree from the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences , the founding college of the University of Georgia . After graduating Franklin , Crawford served from 1824 to 1825 , as a second lieutenant in the 10th Regiment of the Georgia Militia . In 1826 , George Crawford married Mary Ann MacIntosh , having four children of the marriage : William Peter , Sarah MacIntosh , Anna Elizabeth , and Charles . George W . Crawford embarked on his political career the following year , accepting a gubernatorial appointment to become Georgias attorney general . Attorney General of Georgia . Governor John Forsyth appointed Crawford to succeed Thomas F . Wells as Georgias attorney general in 1827 . The following year , Crawford challenged Georgia state legislator Thomas E . Burnside , Ambrose Burnsides uncle , to a duel over published defamation Burnside had written about Crawfords father . The code duello . When George Crawford read the anonymous letter to the editor published in The Augusta Chronicle he was incensed by the prose – sharply criticizing the political views of his father , then declining in health . Crawford regarded it as an attack on his fathers good name . Crawford demanded the newspaper editor give him the authors name but the editor refused , protecting Burnsides identity by telling Crawford the letter was from a woman , and that for this reason , he would not release the persons name . Inexplicably , Burnside contacted Crawford telling him that he was the author . Crawford immediately challenged Burnside to a duel which Burnside accepted , although with reluctance . The code duello was waning in vogue but it was still held as a measure which an honorable man was obliged to endure . Burnside was aspiring his own political career which showed promise of upward mobility . Burnside felt he would be shamed with dishonor if he refused , and in his era , without honor there was no career in politics . Dueling had already been outlawed in Georgia so the two belligerents , with their seconds , traveled together by train to Fort Mitchell , Alabama where the practice was still legal – to finish what by then had become a well-publicized fight . Burnside seemed to have sensed the duel would not end in his favor , dispatching a letter to his wife on the eve of the fateful encounter:Fort Mitchell , Jan . 24 , 1828Dear Wife and Mother : Tomorrow I fight . I do it on principle . Whatever may be my fate , I believe I am right . On this ground I have acted and will act . I believe I shall succeed , but if I do not I am prepared for consequences . Kiss the children and tell them that if I fall my last thought was of them . Yours most affectionatelyThomas E . Burnside Crawford shot Burnside dead in the infamous duel , prompting the state to pass new legislation ; forbidding persons involved in duels from holding office . The restriction only applied to duels fought after the law was enacted and did not affect Crawfords career . He continued serving as attorney general until 1831 , when he was succeeded by Charles J . Jenkins . Thomas E . Burnside was interred in the private burial ground of Colonel John Crowell , renowned for his participation in the War of 1812 . The Colonel lived near the site where the duel had taken place and personally ensured every protocol of respect was accorded at Burnsides burial . Two weeks passed before Mrs . Burnside received word of her husbands demise . It was said that she nearly died herself from distraught upon receiving the news . She moved with her children to Dahlonega , Georgia , residing there until her death . Crawford carried regret for his role in what was called a deplorable and unfortunate affair . He was known to have made anonymous financial contributions to Burnsides widow and children though he was remembered as saying it made no amends – and for having expressed lament shortly before his own death in 1872 . Congressman . In 1837 , Crawford was elected to the Georgia General Assembly as a member of the House of Representatives for Richmond County . There , Crawford distinguished himself as a fiscal conservative . He was elevated to the United States House of Representatives as a Whig to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Richard W . Habersham . His term there was short , only serving from January 7 to March 3 , 1843 . Governor of Georgia . George W . Crawford was the Whig Partys nominee for governor in 1843 . Crawford defeated the Democratic nominee , Mark Anthony Cooper , by a vote of 38,813 to 35,325 succeeding Charles J . McDonald to become the first Whig candidate to serve as Georgias governor ( as of 2019 , he remains the only Whig governor ) . The Whigs won a majority in both houses of the state legislature in 1843 , as well . Crawford was reelected in 1845 , defeating Democratic challenger Matthew H . McAllister by a margin of 1,751 votes . With the legislatures support , Crawford was able to effect the Whigs agenda which focused on debt reduction and fiscal restraint . Crawfords administration was able to reduce expenditures more than $66,000 in its first year and nearly eliminate the states debt of $500,000 before being succeeded by George W . Towns . Besides implementing sound budget policy , Crawford was able to expand educational opportunities in the state and hasten construction of the state-owned Western and Atlantic Railroad . Crawfords administration established the Supreme Court of Georgia as well , which had failed to be institutionalized for decades of previous effort . He redrew the states congressional maps , and reformed the state penitentiary – making it a more economically sound institution . Crawford also succeeded at dismantling the Georgia Central Bank , an important Whig campaign endeavor for years . Secretary of War . When General Zachary Taylor became President of the United States in 1849 , he appointed Crawford United States Secretary of War . As War Secretary , he was involved in settling a claim from the United States government for the Galphin family , descendants of George Galphin , an American businessman who specialized in Indian Trade . Crawford received a large payment for his services and several of his political foes seized upon the opportunity to suggest impropriety . Crawford was subsequently investigated by a commission and completely exonerated of any wrongdoing yet his critics continued casting aspersions . Crawford resigned along with the rest of the Taylor administration in 1850 , when Millard Fillmore became president after Taylors sudden death while in office . Georgia Secession Convention . In 1861 , Crawford was elected as a delegate from Richmond County , Georgia to the states Secession Convention . The delegation elected Crawford president of the convention by a unanimous vote and he oversaw the states vote of secession . As the conventions president , Crawford is considered the author of Georgias Ordinance of Secession , the official document announcing the states formal intent to secede the federal Union – originally as an independent republic , ultimately to join the Confederate States of America . The delegation approved the ordinance January 19 , 1861 , with 208 voting in favor of secession and 89 opposed . The delegates signed the document in celebratory fashion two days later in the public square in front of the statehouse in Milledgeville where the convention was assembled . Crawford survived to witness the consequences of enacting the ordinance , lamenting its cost in the shed blood of Georgia citizens rallied by the conventions call . Crawford was to be tried for inciting a rebellion due to his role in presiding over the states secession and was excluded from eligibility for both Lincolns and Johnsons amnesty proclamations because of his leadership status . Crawford escaped the harsh consequences of an adjudication of guilt in 1865 , when Johnson approved his direct application for amnesty thereby restoring Crawford as a citizen of the United States in good stead – with full protection of his person and property against all forms of reprisal . Death and legacy . Crawford died on July 27 , 1872 , at his Belair estate , located near Augusta , Georgia . His funeral was held in St . Pauls Episcopal Church and he was buried in Summerville Cemetery located in Augusta . On November 16 , 1943 , the keel was laid for the SS George Walker Crawford , a liberty ship built by the J.A . Jones Construction Company in Brunswick , Georgia honoring Crawford for his service to the state of Georgia . The ship was launched January 1 , 1944 , and delivered into federal service January 13 , 1944 . Crawfords biographer Len Cleveland said that in researching his material he observed that Crawfords entire political career was motivated by a traditional sense of duty rather than by deep political convictions . Robert Toombs spoke well of Crawford , Saying , There are but few abler and no purer men in America , and he has administrative qualities of an unusually high order . |
[
""
] | easy | Which position did George W. Crawford hold from Mar 1849 to Jul 1850? | /wiki/George_W._Crawford#P39#3 | George W . Crawford George Walker Crawford ( December 22 , 1798 – July 27 , 1872 ) was a licensed attorney turned politician from Columbia County , Georgia . Crawford was appointed attorney general for the state in 1827 , by Governor John Forsyth , serving in that capacity until 1831 . Crawford also served five years in the General Assemblys lower house as a representative of Richmond County on a platform of states rights . George Crawford served in the U.S . House of Representatives , filling the seat vacated by Richard W . Habersham who died while in office . Crawford was elected Georgias 38th governor – serving two terms from 1843 to 1847 . He became the only Whig Party candidate in state history to occupy the Governors Mansion . Crawford then served as United States Secretary of War from 1849 to 1850 . Crawfords time in President Zachary Taylors cabinet was marred by speculation regarding a probate claim he settled for George Galphins heirs . Crawford received a gratuity of substantial remuneration for his services - Crawfords political adversaries framed it as the Galphin Affair – marking the end of Crawfords political aspirations . When President Taylor unexpectedly died while in office , Crawford resigned his position as Secretary of War and entered political retirement . In 1861 , however , Crawford was elected a delegate from Richmond County to the states Secession Convention which brought him out of retirement to answer the call of his constituents . By the conventions first order of business , Crawford was elected Permanent President of the Convention by which he presided over Georgias decision to secede from the Union and join the Confederate States of America . Early life . George Walker Crawford was born on December 22 , 1798 , in Columbia County , Georgia . He was the fourth son of Peter and Mary Ann Crawford . His father was a veteran of the American Revolutionary War from Virginia who had settled in Georgia to claim a land share , known as a bounty grant , which the state of Georgia had set aside for those who had fought for independence . Peter Crawford acquired a sizable tract of land that he called Belair Plantation . The homestead was situated close to his uncle , Joel Crawford . Peters uncle Joel fathered William H . Crawford , soon becoming a politician renowned locally for his political service to the state and for two presidential bids – running in 1816 , and then again in 1824 . George Crawford grew up on the familys estate , heavily influenced by his father , and his cousin William as well . Georges father was a practicing attorney and George availed himself to the well-stocked personal library of his father while homeschooling his education . Peter Crawford also entered Georgia politics himself – beginning as Columbia Countys first clerk of courts and becoming a 10-term representative in the state legislature . George Crawfords cousin , William H . Crawford , was also becoming well known for his political service , and was the subject of local legend for two famous duels he had been a principal of . George Crawford built on his homeschooling at the College of New Jerseys school of law ( later becoming Princeton University ) . Crawford graduated with a bachelors degree in 1820 , and subsequently completed an internship under the tutelage of Richard Henry Wilde . Crawford was licensed to practice law in 1822 , and started a legal practice in Augusta partnering with Henry H . Cumming . He went on to obtain a masters degree from the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences , the founding college of the University of Georgia . After graduating Franklin , Crawford served from 1824 to 1825 , as a second lieutenant in the 10th Regiment of the Georgia Militia . In 1826 , George Crawford married Mary Ann MacIntosh , having four children of the marriage : William Peter , Sarah MacIntosh , Anna Elizabeth , and Charles . George W . Crawford embarked on his political career the following year , accepting a gubernatorial appointment to become Georgias attorney general . Attorney General of Georgia . Governor John Forsyth appointed Crawford to succeed Thomas F . Wells as Georgias attorney general in 1827 . The following year , Crawford challenged Georgia state legislator Thomas E . Burnside , Ambrose Burnsides uncle , to a duel over published defamation Burnside had written about Crawfords father . The code duello . When George Crawford read the anonymous letter to the editor published in The Augusta Chronicle he was incensed by the prose – sharply criticizing the political views of his father , then declining in health . Crawford regarded it as an attack on his fathers good name . Crawford demanded the newspaper editor give him the authors name but the editor refused , protecting Burnsides identity by telling Crawford the letter was from a woman , and that for this reason , he would not release the persons name . Inexplicably , Burnside contacted Crawford telling him that he was the author . Crawford immediately challenged Burnside to a duel which Burnside accepted , although with reluctance . The code duello was waning in vogue but it was still held as a measure which an honorable man was obliged to endure . Burnside was aspiring his own political career which showed promise of upward mobility . Burnside felt he would be shamed with dishonor if he refused , and in his era , without honor there was no career in politics . Dueling had already been outlawed in Georgia so the two belligerents , with their seconds , traveled together by train to Fort Mitchell , Alabama where the practice was still legal – to finish what by then had become a well-publicized fight . Burnside seemed to have sensed the duel would not end in his favor , dispatching a letter to his wife on the eve of the fateful encounter:Fort Mitchell , Jan . 24 , 1828Dear Wife and Mother : Tomorrow I fight . I do it on principle . Whatever may be my fate , I believe I am right . On this ground I have acted and will act . I believe I shall succeed , but if I do not I am prepared for consequences . Kiss the children and tell them that if I fall my last thought was of them . Yours most affectionatelyThomas E . Burnside Crawford shot Burnside dead in the infamous duel , prompting the state to pass new legislation ; forbidding persons involved in duels from holding office . The restriction only applied to duels fought after the law was enacted and did not affect Crawfords career . He continued serving as attorney general until 1831 , when he was succeeded by Charles J . Jenkins . Thomas E . Burnside was interred in the private burial ground of Colonel John Crowell , renowned for his participation in the War of 1812 . The Colonel lived near the site where the duel had taken place and personally ensured every protocol of respect was accorded at Burnsides burial . Two weeks passed before Mrs . Burnside received word of her husbands demise . It was said that she nearly died herself from distraught upon receiving the news . She moved with her children to Dahlonega , Georgia , residing there until her death . Crawford carried regret for his role in what was called a deplorable and unfortunate affair . He was known to have made anonymous financial contributions to Burnsides widow and children though he was remembered as saying it made no amends – and for having expressed lament shortly before his own death in 1872 . Congressman . In 1837 , Crawford was elected to the Georgia General Assembly as a member of the House of Representatives for Richmond County . There , Crawford distinguished himself as a fiscal conservative . He was elevated to the United States House of Representatives as a Whig to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Richard W . Habersham . His term there was short , only serving from January 7 to March 3 , 1843 . Governor of Georgia . George W . Crawford was the Whig Partys nominee for governor in 1843 . Crawford defeated the Democratic nominee , Mark Anthony Cooper , by a vote of 38,813 to 35,325 succeeding Charles J . McDonald to become the first Whig candidate to serve as Georgias governor ( as of 2019 , he remains the only Whig governor ) . The Whigs won a majority in both houses of the state legislature in 1843 , as well . Crawford was reelected in 1845 , defeating Democratic challenger Matthew H . McAllister by a margin of 1,751 votes . With the legislatures support , Crawford was able to effect the Whigs agenda which focused on debt reduction and fiscal restraint . Crawfords administration was able to reduce expenditures more than $66,000 in its first year and nearly eliminate the states debt of $500,000 before being succeeded by George W . Towns . Besides implementing sound budget policy , Crawford was able to expand educational opportunities in the state and hasten construction of the state-owned Western and Atlantic Railroad . Crawfords administration established the Supreme Court of Georgia as well , which had failed to be institutionalized for decades of previous effort . He redrew the states congressional maps , and reformed the state penitentiary – making it a more economically sound institution . Crawford also succeeded at dismantling the Georgia Central Bank , an important Whig campaign endeavor for years . Secretary of War . When General Zachary Taylor became President of the United States in 1849 , he appointed Crawford United States Secretary of War . As War Secretary , he was involved in settling a claim from the United States government for the Galphin family , descendants of George Galphin , an American businessman who specialized in Indian Trade . Crawford received a large payment for his services and several of his political foes seized upon the opportunity to suggest impropriety . Crawford was subsequently investigated by a commission and completely exonerated of any wrongdoing yet his critics continued casting aspersions . Crawford resigned along with the rest of the Taylor administration in 1850 , when Millard Fillmore became president after Taylors sudden death while in office . Georgia Secession Convention . In 1861 , Crawford was elected as a delegate from Richmond County , Georgia to the states Secession Convention . The delegation elected Crawford president of the convention by a unanimous vote and he oversaw the states vote of secession . As the conventions president , Crawford is considered the author of Georgias Ordinance of Secession , the official document announcing the states formal intent to secede the federal Union – originally as an independent republic , ultimately to join the Confederate States of America . The delegation approved the ordinance January 19 , 1861 , with 208 voting in favor of secession and 89 opposed . The delegates signed the document in celebratory fashion two days later in the public square in front of the statehouse in Milledgeville where the convention was assembled . Crawford survived to witness the consequences of enacting the ordinance , lamenting its cost in the shed blood of Georgia citizens rallied by the conventions call . Crawford was to be tried for inciting a rebellion due to his role in presiding over the states secession and was excluded from eligibility for both Lincolns and Johnsons amnesty proclamations because of his leadership status . Crawford escaped the harsh consequences of an adjudication of guilt in 1865 , when Johnson approved his direct application for amnesty thereby restoring Crawford as a citizen of the United States in good stead – with full protection of his person and property against all forms of reprisal . Death and legacy . Crawford died on July 27 , 1872 , at his Belair estate , located near Augusta , Georgia . His funeral was held in St . Pauls Episcopal Church and he was buried in Summerville Cemetery located in Augusta . On November 16 , 1943 , the keel was laid for the SS George Walker Crawford , a liberty ship built by the J.A . Jones Construction Company in Brunswick , Georgia honoring Crawford for his service to the state of Georgia . The ship was launched January 1 , 1944 , and delivered into federal service January 13 , 1944 . Crawfords biographer Len Cleveland said that in researching his material he observed that Crawfords entire political career was motivated by a traditional sense of duty rather than by deep political convictions . Robert Toombs spoke well of Crawford , Saying , There are but few abler and no purer men in America , and he has administrative qualities of an unusually high order . |
[
"Oxford University"
] | easy | Mark Thompson (chemist) was an employee for whom from 1985 to 1987? | /wiki/Mark_Thompson_(chemist)#P108#0 | Mark Thompson ( chemist ) Mark E . Thompson is a Californian chemistry academic who has worked with OLEDs . Career . Mark E . Thompson graduated with honors from the University of California , Berkeley earning his B.S . in chemistry in 1980 . He earned a Ph.D . in inorganic chemistry working under the guidance of Prof . John E . Bercaw . He conducted research at a Smithsonian Environmental Research Center ( S.E.R.C. ) as a Research Fellow in an Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory at Oxford University . There , Thompson worked with Prof . Malcolm L . H . Green investigating specific properties of organometallic materials . Following his S.E.R.C . Fellowship , Thompson became an assistant professor at Princeton University in 1987 . He moved to the University of Southern California in 1995 where he currently holds a Ray R . Irani Chair of Chemistry . From 2005-2008 , Thompson served as the Chemistry Department Chairman at USC . Research . Thompsons multidisciplinary research focuses on solving problems related to energy inefficiency of existing light-generating sources . His research is primarily focused on organic light-emitting diodes , organic photovoltaics and device interfaces . Thompsons research on OLEDs addresses problems such as the mechanism of electroluminescence , the identification of new materials and device architectures for OLEDs . His work in OLEDs is part of a long-term collaboration with Prof . Stephen Forrest ( University of Michigan ) , dating back to 1994 . The Thompson Group were the first to report efficient electro-phosphorescence in OLEDs , which shifts the effieincy limit of OLEDs from 25% to 100% . One area focus has been on organometallic complexes as phosphorescent emitters in OLEDs . His laboratory discovered and developed a class of Ir ( III ) -based complexes featuring polyaromatic ligands , which can be efficiently tuned for color emission and excited-state lifetimes . These materials can be doped in the emissive layer of multilayer , vapor-deposited OLEDs and generally show high stabilities and efficiencies . Emitters form this family of materials were developed by the Universal Display Corporation and can be found in a wide range of commercial electronic displays , including the Galaxy mobile phone form Samsung and OLED-based televisions form LG . He has also done work on deep blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with very high brightness and efficiency , which are essential for display and lighting applications . His results represent an advance in blue-emitting phosphorescent OLED architectures and materials combinations . Additionally , Thompson has shown a very high-efficiency OLED approaching 100% internal quantum efficiency . The high internal phosphorescence efficiency and charge balance in the structure are responsible for the high efficiency . He also developed a new white OLED architecture that uses a fluorescent emitting dopant to harness all high energy singlet excitons for blue emission , and phosphorescent dopants to harvest lower-energy triplet excitons for green and red emission . As of now , Thompson currently holds over 200 patents in OLED materials and devices . Another focus of his is on organic photovoltaics ( OPVs ) . Thompsons research highlights recent progress in explaining molecular characteristics which result in photovoltage losses in heterojunction organic photovoltaics . In addition to this research , Thompson grows thin films to control their structure . Then with these films , he can study the nature of energy and charge propagation . He has done work on thin films made of zinc tetraphenylporphyrin ( ZnTPP ) which are used to prepare Organic solar cells . He has worked with singlet fission materials that promise to give markedly improved efficiencies for OPVs by current multiplication . Singlet fission involves the splitting of a singlet exciton into two triplet excitons , so a single photon can lead to two hole/electron pairs in a photovoltaic cell . His work has led to tetracene based materials that give high triplet yield from amorphous thin films . Thompson has also explored the use of symmetry breaking charge transfer in OPV materials as a means to enhance the open circuit voltages of organic photovoltaics . Another topic of research for Thompson has been on biotic/abiotic interfaces . The research focuses on smart materials that can respond to different environmental factors to produce technologies that produce desirable results . Such materials can be sensitive to magnetic fields , pH , light , stress , voltage , temperature , etc . For instance , an implantable , resonant mass sensor was created ( built on a probe with a piezoelectric thin film ) for liquid mass sensing . Thompson has demonstrated a selective functionalization of a range of InO nanowire devices by electrochemically activating their surfaces and then immobilizing bio-recognition agents such as single-strand DNA or antibodies . This has the potential to be used in large-scale biosensor arrays or chips for inexpensive multiplexed detection . Thompson has also worked with thermally responsive bioadhesives , designed to bind strongly to ocular tissues , such as retina or sclera , at physiological temperature and release completely at 10 °C . These adhesives can be used to anchor devices to retina or seal wounds in the sclera . Thompsons projects ultimately seek to design biomaterials to improve and revolutionize medical procedures . Awards and honors . - 2017 Recipient of the Nishizawa Medal from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) - 2016 Recipient of the Photonics Award from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) - 2015 Recipient of the American Chemical Society Award in Chemistry of Materials - 2014 Initiated as a National Academy of Inventors Fellow - 2013 Recipient of the Tolman Award - 2011 Ranked 12th of the top 100 chemists worldwide for their citation impact scores for chemistry papers published since January 2000 , by Thomson Reuters Web of Science - 2007 USC Associates Award for Excellence in Research - 2006 MRS Medal , given by the Materials Research Society for the development of new materials for organic LEDs - 2006 Jan Rajchman Prize for Outstanding Research in Flat Panel Displays , given by the Society for Information Display - 2004 Raubenheimer Outstanding Faculty Award , College of Letters , Arts and Science , University of Southern California - 1998 Thomas Alva Edison Patent Award , presented by the Research and Development Council of New Jersey , for multicolor organic light emitting devices - 1998 Distinguished Inventor of the Year , awarded by The Intellectual Property Owners Association for the development of stacked multicolor organic LEDs |
[
"Princeton University"
] | easy | Mark Thompson (chemist) was an employee for whom from Jun 1987 to Jun 1995? | /wiki/Mark_Thompson_(chemist)#P108#1 | Mark Thompson ( chemist ) Mark E . Thompson is a Californian chemistry academic who has worked with OLEDs . Career . Mark E . Thompson graduated with honors from the University of California , Berkeley earning his B.S . in chemistry in 1980 . He earned a Ph.D . in inorganic chemistry working under the guidance of Prof . John E . Bercaw . He conducted research at a Smithsonian Environmental Research Center ( S.E.R.C. ) as a Research Fellow in an Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory at Oxford University . There , Thompson worked with Prof . Malcolm L . H . Green investigating specific properties of organometallic materials . Following his S.E.R.C . Fellowship , Thompson became an assistant professor at Princeton University in 1987 . He moved to the University of Southern California in 1995 where he currently holds a Ray R . Irani Chair of Chemistry . From 2005-2008 , Thompson served as the Chemistry Department Chairman at USC . Research . Thompsons multidisciplinary research focuses on solving problems related to energy inefficiency of existing light-generating sources . His research is primarily focused on organic light-emitting diodes , organic photovoltaics and device interfaces . Thompsons research on OLEDs addresses problems such as the mechanism of electroluminescence , the identification of new materials and device architectures for OLEDs . His work in OLEDs is part of a long-term collaboration with Prof . Stephen Forrest ( University of Michigan ) , dating back to 1994 . The Thompson Group were the first to report efficient electro-phosphorescence in OLEDs , which shifts the effieincy limit of OLEDs from 25% to 100% . One area focus has been on organometallic complexes as phosphorescent emitters in OLEDs . His laboratory discovered and developed a class of Ir ( III ) -based complexes featuring polyaromatic ligands , which can be efficiently tuned for color emission and excited-state lifetimes . These materials can be doped in the emissive layer of multilayer , vapor-deposited OLEDs and generally show high stabilities and efficiencies . Emitters form this family of materials were developed by the Universal Display Corporation and can be found in a wide range of commercial electronic displays , including the Galaxy mobile phone form Samsung and OLED-based televisions form LG . He has also done work on deep blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with very high brightness and efficiency , which are essential for display and lighting applications . His results represent an advance in blue-emitting phosphorescent OLED architectures and materials combinations . Additionally , Thompson has shown a very high-efficiency OLED approaching 100% internal quantum efficiency . The high internal phosphorescence efficiency and charge balance in the structure are responsible for the high efficiency . He also developed a new white OLED architecture that uses a fluorescent emitting dopant to harness all high energy singlet excitons for blue emission , and phosphorescent dopants to harvest lower-energy triplet excitons for green and red emission . As of now , Thompson currently holds over 200 patents in OLED materials and devices . Another focus of his is on organic photovoltaics ( OPVs ) . Thompsons research highlights recent progress in explaining molecular characteristics which result in photovoltage losses in heterojunction organic photovoltaics . In addition to this research , Thompson grows thin films to control their structure . Then with these films , he can study the nature of energy and charge propagation . He has done work on thin films made of zinc tetraphenylporphyrin ( ZnTPP ) which are used to prepare Organic solar cells . He has worked with singlet fission materials that promise to give markedly improved efficiencies for OPVs by current multiplication . Singlet fission involves the splitting of a singlet exciton into two triplet excitons , so a single photon can lead to two hole/electron pairs in a photovoltaic cell . His work has led to tetracene based materials that give high triplet yield from amorphous thin films . Thompson has also explored the use of symmetry breaking charge transfer in OPV materials as a means to enhance the open circuit voltages of organic photovoltaics . Another topic of research for Thompson has been on biotic/abiotic interfaces . The research focuses on smart materials that can respond to different environmental factors to produce technologies that produce desirable results . Such materials can be sensitive to magnetic fields , pH , light , stress , voltage , temperature , etc . For instance , an implantable , resonant mass sensor was created ( built on a probe with a piezoelectric thin film ) for liquid mass sensing . Thompson has demonstrated a selective functionalization of a range of InO nanowire devices by electrochemically activating their surfaces and then immobilizing bio-recognition agents such as single-strand DNA or antibodies . This has the potential to be used in large-scale biosensor arrays or chips for inexpensive multiplexed detection . Thompson has also worked with thermally responsive bioadhesives , designed to bind strongly to ocular tissues , such as retina or sclera , at physiological temperature and release completely at 10 °C . These adhesives can be used to anchor devices to retina or seal wounds in the sclera . Thompsons projects ultimately seek to design biomaterials to improve and revolutionize medical procedures . Awards and honors . - 2017 Recipient of the Nishizawa Medal from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) - 2016 Recipient of the Photonics Award from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) - 2015 Recipient of the American Chemical Society Award in Chemistry of Materials - 2014 Initiated as a National Academy of Inventors Fellow - 2013 Recipient of the Tolman Award - 2011 Ranked 12th of the top 100 chemists worldwide for their citation impact scores for chemistry papers published since January 2000 , by Thomson Reuters Web of Science - 2007 USC Associates Award for Excellence in Research - 2006 MRS Medal , given by the Materials Research Society for the development of new materials for organic LEDs - 2006 Jan Rajchman Prize for Outstanding Research in Flat Panel Displays , given by the Society for Information Display - 2004 Raubenheimer Outstanding Faculty Award , College of Letters , Arts and Science , University of Southern California - 1998 Thomas Alva Edison Patent Award , presented by the Research and Development Council of New Jersey , for multicolor organic light emitting devices - 1998 Distinguished Inventor of the Year , awarded by The Intellectual Property Owners Association for the development of stacked multicolor organic LEDs |
[
"University of Southern California"
] | easy | Which employer did Mark Thompson (chemist) work for from Jul 1995 to Jul 1996? | /wiki/Mark_Thompson_(chemist)#P108#2 | Mark Thompson ( chemist ) Mark E . Thompson is a Californian chemistry academic who has worked with OLEDs . Career . Mark E . Thompson graduated with honors from the University of California , Berkeley earning his B.S . in chemistry in 1980 . He earned a Ph.D . in inorganic chemistry working under the guidance of Prof . John E . Bercaw . He conducted research at a Smithsonian Environmental Research Center ( S.E.R.C. ) as a Research Fellow in an Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory at Oxford University . There , Thompson worked with Prof . Malcolm L . H . Green investigating specific properties of organometallic materials . Following his S.E.R.C . Fellowship , Thompson became an assistant professor at Princeton University in 1987 . He moved to the University of Southern California in 1995 where he currently holds a Ray R . Irani Chair of Chemistry . From 2005-2008 , Thompson served as the Chemistry Department Chairman at USC . Research . Thompsons multidisciplinary research focuses on solving problems related to energy inefficiency of existing light-generating sources . His research is primarily focused on organic light-emitting diodes , organic photovoltaics and device interfaces . Thompsons research on OLEDs addresses problems such as the mechanism of electroluminescence , the identification of new materials and device architectures for OLEDs . His work in OLEDs is part of a long-term collaboration with Prof . Stephen Forrest ( University of Michigan ) , dating back to 1994 . The Thompson Group were the first to report efficient electro-phosphorescence in OLEDs , which shifts the effieincy limit of OLEDs from 25% to 100% . One area focus has been on organometallic complexes as phosphorescent emitters in OLEDs . His laboratory discovered and developed a class of Ir ( III ) -based complexes featuring polyaromatic ligands , which can be efficiently tuned for color emission and excited-state lifetimes . These materials can be doped in the emissive layer of multilayer , vapor-deposited OLEDs and generally show high stabilities and efficiencies . Emitters form this family of materials were developed by the Universal Display Corporation and can be found in a wide range of commercial electronic displays , including the Galaxy mobile phone form Samsung and OLED-based televisions form LG . He has also done work on deep blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with very high brightness and efficiency , which are essential for display and lighting applications . His results represent an advance in blue-emitting phosphorescent OLED architectures and materials combinations . Additionally , Thompson has shown a very high-efficiency OLED approaching 100% internal quantum efficiency . The high internal phosphorescence efficiency and charge balance in the structure are responsible for the high efficiency . He also developed a new white OLED architecture that uses a fluorescent emitting dopant to harness all high energy singlet excitons for blue emission , and phosphorescent dopants to harvest lower-energy triplet excitons for green and red emission . As of now , Thompson currently holds over 200 patents in OLED materials and devices . Another focus of his is on organic photovoltaics ( OPVs ) . Thompsons research highlights recent progress in explaining molecular characteristics which result in photovoltage losses in heterojunction organic photovoltaics . In addition to this research , Thompson grows thin films to control their structure . Then with these films , he can study the nature of energy and charge propagation . He has done work on thin films made of zinc tetraphenylporphyrin ( ZnTPP ) which are used to prepare Organic solar cells . He has worked with singlet fission materials that promise to give markedly improved efficiencies for OPVs by current multiplication . Singlet fission involves the splitting of a singlet exciton into two triplet excitons , so a single photon can lead to two hole/electron pairs in a photovoltaic cell . His work has led to tetracene based materials that give high triplet yield from amorphous thin films . Thompson has also explored the use of symmetry breaking charge transfer in OPV materials as a means to enhance the open circuit voltages of organic photovoltaics . Another topic of research for Thompson has been on biotic/abiotic interfaces . The research focuses on smart materials that can respond to different environmental factors to produce technologies that produce desirable results . Such materials can be sensitive to magnetic fields , pH , light , stress , voltage , temperature , etc . For instance , an implantable , resonant mass sensor was created ( built on a probe with a piezoelectric thin film ) for liquid mass sensing . Thompson has demonstrated a selective functionalization of a range of InO nanowire devices by electrochemically activating their surfaces and then immobilizing bio-recognition agents such as single-strand DNA or antibodies . This has the potential to be used in large-scale biosensor arrays or chips for inexpensive multiplexed detection . Thompson has also worked with thermally responsive bioadhesives , designed to bind strongly to ocular tissues , such as retina or sclera , at physiological temperature and release completely at 10 °C . These adhesives can be used to anchor devices to retina or seal wounds in the sclera . Thompsons projects ultimately seek to design biomaterials to improve and revolutionize medical procedures . Awards and honors . - 2017 Recipient of the Nishizawa Medal from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) - 2016 Recipient of the Photonics Award from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) - 2015 Recipient of the American Chemical Society Award in Chemistry of Materials - 2014 Initiated as a National Academy of Inventors Fellow - 2013 Recipient of the Tolman Award - 2011 Ranked 12th of the top 100 chemists worldwide for their citation impact scores for chemistry papers published since January 2000 , by Thomson Reuters Web of Science - 2007 USC Associates Award for Excellence in Research - 2006 MRS Medal , given by the Materials Research Society for the development of new materials for organic LEDs - 2006 Jan Rajchman Prize for Outstanding Research in Flat Panel Displays , given by the Society for Information Display - 2004 Raubenheimer Outstanding Faculty Award , College of Letters , Arts and Science , University of Southern California - 1998 Thomas Alva Edison Patent Award , presented by the Research and Development Council of New Jersey , for multicolor organic light emitting devices - 1998 Distinguished Inventor of the Year , awarded by The Intellectual Property Owners Association for the development of stacked multicolor organic LEDs |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did Andreas Lipa play for from 1990 to 2002? | /wiki/Andreas_Lipa#P54#0 | Andreas Lipa Andreas Lipa ( born 26 April 1971 ) is an Austrian football manager and former footballer who played as a defender and midfielder . During a 19-year career , Lipa was active as a professional in Austria , Greece and England , playing for First Vienna , LASK , Austria Salzburg , Austria Lustenau , Grazer AK , Skoda Xanthi , Port Vale , Wiener Sport-Club and SV Wienerberg . He later managed First Vienna FC . He also played at international level , earning one cap for the Austrian national team in 2000 . Club career . Born in Vienna , Lipa spent his early career in his native Austria with First Vienna , LASK , Austria Salzburg , Austria Lustenau and Grazer AK . Lipa left Austrian football , and after a trial with English club Portsmouth in January 2002 , he joined up with Greek side Skoda Xanthi . Coach Nikos Karageorgiou led the Alpha Ethniki club to a 9th-place finish in 2002–03 . In June 2003 he returned to England to sign with Port Vale of the Second Division . During a 5–1 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Vale Park on 18 October 2003 , Lipa made a racist comment to Plymouth player Jason Bent . Lipa wrote a letter of apology to Bent and said he wished he could turn the clock back , but was docked a weeks wages . Bent accepted the apology as Lipa claimed to have spoke in the heat of the moment and the club also issued a statement of apology , stating Lipa is in no way racist . Despite this he was still charged by the Football Association . He scored twice in 33 games in 2003–04 , finding himself sidelined from the first team after manager Brian Horton was replaced by Martin Foyle . He featured in two League One games for the Valiants in 2004–05 , and after a spell plagued with injuries he was released in November 2004 , returning to his native lands to re-sign with Austria Lustenau . He signed for Wiener Sport-Club in 2006 and the 37-year-old moved to SV Wienerberg in summer 2008 . Despite being contracted to the club until 2010 , he retired in June 2009 . International career . Lipa made one substitute appearance for the Austrian national side in April 2000 in a 2–1 defeat to Croatia , replacing Günther Neukirchner on 67 minutes . He was handed his debut by Otto Barić , his former manager at Austria Salzburg . Management career . Lipa coached the youth team at Austrian Regionalliga Regionalliga Ost side First Vienna FC , before being elevated to first team manager in April 2015 . He led the club to a second-place finish behind SV Horn in the 2015–16 season , before he was replaced by SV Horn coach Hans Kleer . Personal life . Lipas English wife , Sarah Adams-Lipa , publicly spoke out against the WAGs culture in British football . She also appeared on the British TV programme Come Dine with Me , appearing on fourth week of programmes of the first series in 2005 and winning the £1,000 first prize . In 2009 , it was revealed that the couple had been defrauded by Texan swindler Allen Stanford . |
[
"Portsmouth"
] | easy | Which team did Andreas Lipa play for from 2002 to 2003? | /wiki/Andreas_Lipa#P54#1 | Andreas Lipa Andreas Lipa ( born 26 April 1971 ) is an Austrian football manager and former footballer who played as a defender and midfielder . During a 19-year career , Lipa was active as a professional in Austria , Greece and England , playing for First Vienna , LASK , Austria Salzburg , Austria Lustenau , Grazer AK , Skoda Xanthi , Port Vale , Wiener Sport-Club and SV Wienerberg . He later managed First Vienna FC . He also played at international level , earning one cap for the Austrian national team in 2000 . Club career . Born in Vienna , Lipa spent his early career in his native Austria with First Vienna , LASK , Austria Salzburg , Austria Lustenau and Grazer AK . Lipa left Austrian football , and after a trial with English club Portsmouth in January 2002 , he joined up with Greek side Skoda Xanthi . Coach Nikos Karageorgiou led the Alpha Ethniki club to a 9th-place finish in 2002–03 . In June 2003 he returned to England to sign with Port Vale of the Second Division . During a 5–1 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Vale Park on 18 October 2003 , Lipa made a racist comment to Plymouth player Jason Bent . Lipa wrote a letter of apology to Bent and said he wished he could turn the clock back , but was docked a weeks wages . Bent accepted the apology as Lipa claimed to have spoke in the heat of the moment and the club also issued a statement of apology , stating Lipa is in no way racist . Despite this he was still charged by the Football Association . He scored twice in 33 games in 2003–04 , finding himself sidelined from the first team after manager Brian Horton was replaced by Martin Foyle . He featured in two League One games for the Valiants in 2004–05 , and after a spell plagued with injuries he was released in November 2004 , returning to his native lands to re-sign with Austria Lustenau . He signed for Wiener Sport-Club in 2006 and the 37-year-old moved to SV Wienerberg in summer 2008 . Despite being contracted to the club until 2010 , he retired in June 2009 . International career . Lipa made one substitute appearance for the Austrian national side in April 2000 in a 2–1 defeat to Croatia , replacing Günther Neukirchner on 67 minutes . He was handed his debut by Otto Barić , his former manager at Austria Salzburg . Management career . Lipa coached the youth team at Austrian Regionalliga Regionalliga Ost side First Vienna FC , before being elevated to first team manager in April 2015 . He led the club to a second-place finish behind SV Horn in the 2015–16 season , before he was replaced by SV Horn coach Hans Kleer . Personal life . Lipas English wife , Sarah Adams-Lipa , publicly spoke out against the WAGs culture in British football . She also appeared on the British TV programme Come Dine with Me , appearing on fourth week of programmes of the first series in 2005 and winning the £1,000 first prize . In 2009 , it was revealed that the couple had been defrauded by Texan swindler Allen Stanford . |
[
"Port Vale"
] | easy | Andreas Lipa played for which team from 2003 to 2004? | /wiki/Andreas_Lipa#P54#2 | Andreas Lipa Andreas Lipa ( born 26 April 1971 ) is an Austrian football manager and former footballer who played as a defender and midfielder . During a 19-year career , Lipa was active as a professional in Austria , Greece and England , playing for First Vienna , LASK , Austria Salzburg , Austria Lustenau , Grazer AK , Skoda Xanthi , Port Vale , Wiener Sport-Club and SV Wienerberg . He later managed First Vienna FC . He also played at international level , earning one cap for the Austrian national team in 2000 . Club career . Born in Vienna , Lipa spent his early career in his native Austria with First Vienna , LASK , Austria Salzburg , Austria Lustenau and Grazer AK . Lipa left Austrian football , and after a trial with English club Portsmouth in January 2002 , he joined up with Greek side Skoda Xanthi . Coach Nikos Karageorgiou led the Alpha Ethniki club to a 9th-place finish in 2002–03 . In June 2003 he returned to England to sign with Port Vale of the Second Division . During a 5–1 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Vale Park on 18 October 2003 , Lipa made a racist comment to Plymouth player Jason Bent . Lipa wrote a letter of apology to Bent and said he wished he could turn the clock back , but was docked a weeks wages . Bent accepted the apology as Lipa claimed to have spoke in the heat of the moment and the club also issued a statement of apology , stating Lipa is in no way racist . Despite this he was still charged by the Football Association . He scored twice in 33 games in 2003–04 , finding himself sidelined from the first team after manager Brian Horton was replaced by Martin Foyle . He featured in two League One games for the Valiants in 2004–05 , and after a spell plagued with injuries he was released in November 2004 , returning to his native lands to re-sign with Austria Lustenau . He signed for Wiener Sport-Club in 2006 and the 37-year-old moved to SV Wienerberg in summer 2008 . Despite being contracted to the club until 2010 , he retired in June 2009 . International career . Lipa made one substitute appearance for the Austrian national side in April 2000 in a 2–1 defeat to Croatia , replacing Günther Neukirchner on 67 minutes . He was handed his debut by Otto Barić , his former manager at Austria Salzburg . Management career . Lipa coached the youth team at Austrian Regionalliga Regionalliga Ost side First Vienna FC , before being elevated to first team manager in April 2015 . He led the club to a second-place finish behind SV Horn in the 2015–16 season , before he was replaced by SV Horn coach Hans Kleer . Personal life . Lipas English wife , Sarah Adams-Lipa , publicly spoke out against the WAGs culture in British football . She also appeared on the British TV programme Come Dine with Me , appearing on fourth week of programmes of the first series in 2005 and winning the £1,000 first prize . In 2009 , it was revealed that the couple had been defrauded by Texan swindler Allen Stanford . |
[
"Valiants"
] | easy | Which team did Andreas Lipa play for from 2004 to 2006? | /wiki/Andreas_Lipa#P54#3 | Andreas Lipa Andreas Lipa ( born 26 April 1971 ) is an Austrian football manager and former footballer who played as a defender and midfielder . During a 19-year career , Lipa was active as a professional in Austria , Greece and England , playing for First Vienna , LASK , Austria Salzburg , Austria Lustenau , Grazer AK , Skoda Xanthi , Port Vale , Wiener Sport-Club and SV Wienerberg . He later managed First Vienna FC . He also played at international level , earning one cap for the Austrian national team in 2000 . Club career . Born in Vienna , Lipa spent his early career in his native Austria with First Vienna , LASK , Austria Salzburg , Austria Lustenau and Grazer AK . Lipa left Austrian football , and after a trial with English club Portsmouth in January 2002 , he joined up with Greek side Skoda Xanthi . Coach Nikos Karageorgiou led the Alpha Ethniki club to a 9th-place finish in 2002–03 . In June 2003 he returned to England to sign with Port Vale of the Second Division . During a 5–1 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Vale Park on 18 October 2003 , Lipa made a racist comment to Plymouth player Jason Bent . Lipa wrote a letter of apology to Bent and said he wished he could turn the clock back , but was docked a weeks wages . Bent accepted the apology as Lipa claimed to have spoke in the heat of the moment and the club also issued a statement of apology , stating Lipa is in no way racist . Despite this he was still charged by the Football Association . He scored twice in 33 games in 2003–04 , finding himself sidelined from the first team after manager Brian Horton was replaced by Martin Foyle . He featured in two League One games for the Valiants in 2004–05 , and after a spell plagued with injuries he was released in November 2004 , returning to his native lands to re-sign with Austria Lustenau . He signed for Wiener Sport-Club in 2006 and the 37-year-old moved to SV Wienerberg in summer 2008 . Despite being contracted to the club until 2010 , he retired in June 2009 . International career . Lipa made one substitute appearance for the Austrian national side in April 2000 in a 2–1 defeat to Croatia , replacing Günther Neukirchner on 67 minutes . He was handed his debut by Otto Barić , his former manager at Austria Salzburg . Management career . Lipa coached the youth team at Austrian Regionalliga Regionalliga Ost side First Vienna FC , before being elevated to first team manager in April 2015 . He led the club to a second-place finish behind SV Horn in the 2015–16 season , before he was replaced by SV Horn coach Hans Kleer . Personal life . Lipas English wife , Sarah Adams-Lipa , publicly spoke out against the WAGs culture in British football . She also appeared on the British TV programme Come Dine with Me , appearing on fourth week of programmes of the first series in 2005 and winning the £1,000 first prize . In 2009 , it was revealed that the couple had been defrauded by Texan swindler Allen Stanford . |
[
"member of Parliament for the Vaasa constituency"
] | easy | Which position did Jutta Urpilainen hold from Mar 2003 to 2008? | /wiki/Jutta_Urpilainen#P39#0 | Jutta Urpilainen Jutta Pauliina Urpilainen ( born 4 August 1975 in Lapua ) is a Finnish politician . She was the first female chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Finland , which she led from 2008 to 2014 . She was the Minister of Finance of Finland from 2011 to 2014 . As of 1 December 2019 , she is a commissioner in charge of international partnerships in the European Commission led by Ursula von der Leyen . Early life and education . Born in Lapua , Southern Ostrobothnia , Urpilainen is the daughter of former politician Kari Urpilainen . She studied at the University of Jyväskylä , where she graduated as a Master of Education in 2002 . During her undergraduate studies , she spent an Erasmus year in Vienna . She worked as a school teacher until her election to Parliament . Political career . Early beginnings . Urpilainen served as president of the Young European Federalists of Finland in 2001 . She has been a member of Kokkola city council since 2001 . Member of Parliament and party leadership . Urpilainen was a member of Parliament for the Vaasa constituency from the 2003 national elections . In parliament , she was a member of the Committee on Education and Culture and a deputy member of the Finance Committee . In addition to her parliamentary work , she was also a member of the Advisory Council of the Finnish Institute of International Affairs . Urpilainen was elected as the chair of the Social Democratic Party in June 2008 , succeeding former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance Eero Heinäluoma . She won on the second ballot , defeating former Minister for Foreign Affairs Erkki Tuomioja by 218 votes to 132 . During her tenure from 2008 until 2014 , support for the Social Democrats fell from 21 to 15.5 percent . However , in the 2011 elections , she returned the party to government after four years . Minister of Finance . After the 2011 parliamentary election , in which the SDP became the second-largest party , Urpilainen was appointed Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister in the cabinet led by Jyrki Katainen . In this capacity , she also chaired the meetings of the Nordic Council Ministers of Finance in 2012 . The surge of the eurosceptic True Finns party in the 2011 elections sparked a move from the Social Democrats under Urpilainen to toughen their stance on the euro significantly , leading Finland to become the only country to demand collateral from Greece and Spain as part of their international rescues . On 6 July 2012 , Urpilainen said the following on her website : Finland would prefer to consider leaving the Eurozone rather than to pay other countries debts in the currency area . International news media , such as The Daily Telegraph , misinterpreted the statement as a threat that Finland would leave the eurozone . Urpilainens assistant Matti Hirvola later clarified her statements and that she had meant that Finland did not wish to be responsible for paying other countries debt deposits . Only one month later , Urpilainen had to revise the governments growth target for that fiscal year down to zero as exports slowed ; the only Eurozone countries that fared worse were Greece and Portugal . Urpilainen sought another term as party chair in the Social Democratic Partys 2014 party conference in May . She was narrowly defeated by her challenger , Antti Rinne , in a 257 to 243 vote . Urpilainen subsequently stepped down as the Minister of Finance in June . Ahead of the 2018 presidential elections , Urpilainen was widely mentioned as a potential candidate . By February 2017 , she announced she would not seek the presidency . From 2017 until 2019 , Urpilainen served as Minister of Foreign Affairs Timo Soini’s Special Representative on Mediation . European Commissioner . On 1 December 2019 Ms Urpilainen assumed the office of European Commissioner in the Von der Leyen Commission , with the portfolio of international partnerships . Other activities . European Union organizations . - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) - European Stability Mechanism ( ESM ) , Member of the Board of Governors ( 2012-2014 ) International organizations . - Joint World Bank-IMF Development Committee , Member ( 2013-2014 ) - European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( EBRD ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) - Nordic Investment Bank ( NIB ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) - Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) , World Bank Group , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) - World Bank , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) Corporate boards . - Veikkaus , Member of the Board of Directors ( 2017-2018 ) Non-profit organizations . - Crisis Management Initiative ( CMI ) , Member of the Board ( since 2019 ) - Finnish National Opera Foundation , Member of the Board ( 2017-2018 ) - Finnish Innovation Fund ( SITRA ) , Member of the Supervisory Board ( 2017-2018 ) - Finnish National Commission for UNESCO , Chair ( 2015-2018 ) Personal life . Urpilainen is married to Juha Mustonen , an official in the foreign ministry . In 2017 and 2019 , they adopted two children from Colombia . In 2002 , Urpilainen recorded a Christmas album called “Christmassy thoughts” featuring versions of “Winter Wonderland” and “Jingle Bells.” External links . - Official website - Official website |
[
"chair of the Social Democratic Party"
] | easy | What position did Jutta Urpilainen take from 2008 to Jun 2011? | /wiki/Jutta_Urpilainen#P39#1 | Jutta Urpilainen Jutta Pauliina Urpilainen ( born 4 August 1975 in Lapua ) is a Finnish politician . She was the first female chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Finland , which she led from 2008 to 2014 . She was the Minister of Finance of Finland from 2011 to 2014 . As of 1 December 2019 , she is a commissioner in charge of international partnerships in the European Commission led by Ursula von der Leyen . Early life and education . Born in Lapua , Southern Ostrobothnia , Urpilainen is the daughter of former politician Kari Urpilainen . She studied at the University of Jyväskylä , where she graduated as a Master of Education in 2002 . During her undergraduate studies , she spent an Erasmus year in Vienna . She worked as a school teacher until her election to Parliament . Political career . Early beginnings . Urpilainen served as president of the Young European Federalists of Finland in 2001 . She has been a member of Kokkola city council since 2001 . Member of Parliament and party leadership . Urpilainen was a member of Parliament for the Vaasa constituency from the 2003 national elections . In parliament , she was a member of the Committee on Education and Culture and a deputy member of the Finance Committee . In addition to her parliamentary work , she was also a member of the Advisory Council of the Finnish Institute of International Affairs . Urpilainen was elected as the chair of the Social Democratic Party in June 2008 , succeeding former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance Eero Heinäluoma . She won on the second ballot , defeating former Minister for Foreign Affairs Erkki Tuomioja by 218 votes to 132 . During her tenure from 2008 until 2014 , support for the Social Democrats fell from 21 to 15.5 percent . However , in the 2011 elections , she returned the party to government after four years . Minister of Finance . After the 2011 parliamentary election , in which the SDP became the second-largest party , Urpilainen was appointed Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister in the cabinet led by Jyrki Katainen . In this capacity , she also chaired the meetings of the Nordic Council Ministers of Finance in 2012 . The surge of the eurosceptic True Finns party in the 2011 elections sparked a move from the Social Democrats under Urpilainen to toughen their stance on the euro significantly , leading Finland to become the only country to demand collateral from Greece and Spain as part of their international rescues . On 6 July 2012 , Urpilainen said the following on her website : Finland would prefer to consider leaving the Eurozone rather than to pay other countries debts in the currency area . International news media , such as The Daily Telegraph , misinterpreted the statement as a threat that Finland would leave the eurozone . Urpilainens assistant Matti Hirvola later clarified her statements and that she had meant that Finland did not wish to be responsible for paying other countries debt deposits . Only one month later , Urpilainen had to revise the governments growth target for that fiscal year down to zero as exports slowed ; the only Eurozone countries that fared worse were Greece and Portugal . Urpilainen sought another term as party chair in the Social Democratic Partys 2014 party conference in May . She was narrowly defeated by her challenger , Antti Rinne , in a 257 to 243 vote . Urpilainen subsequently stepped down as the Minister of Finance in June . Ahead of the 2018 presidential elections , Urpilainen was widely mentioned as a potential candidate . By February 2017 , she announced she would not seek the presidency . From 2017 until 2019 , Urpilainen served as Minister of Foreign Affairs Timo Soini’s Special Representative on Mediation . European Commissioner . On 1 December 2019 Ms Urpilainen assumed the office of European Commissioner in the Von der Leyen Commission , with the portfolio of international partnerships . Other activities . European Union organizations . - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) - European Stability Mechanism ( ESM ) , Member of the Board of Governors ( 2012-2014 ) International organizations . - Joint World Bank-IMF Development Committee , Member ( 2013-2014 ) - European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( EBRD ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) - Nordic Investment Bank ( NIB ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) - Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) , World Bank Group , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) - World Bank , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) Corporate boards . - Veikkaus , Member of the Board of Directors ( 2017-2018 ) Non-profit organizations . - Crisis Management Initiative ( CMI ) , Member of the Board ( since 2019 ) - Finnish National Opera Foundation , Member of the Board ( 2017-2018 ) - Finnish Innovation Fund ( SITRA ) , Member of the Supervisory Board ( 2017-2018 ) - Finnish National Commission for UNESCO , Chair ( 2015-2018 ) Personal life . Urpilainen is married to Juha Mustonen , an official in the foreign ministry . In 2017 and 2019 , they adopted two children from Colombia . In 2002 , Urpilainen recorded a Christmas album called “Christmassy thoughts” featuring versions of “Winter Wonderland” and “Jingle Bells.” External links . - Official website - Official website |
[
"Minister of Finance"
] | easy | What was the position of Jutta Urpilainen from Jun 2011 to 2014? | /wiki/Jutta_Urpilainen#P39#2 | Jutta Urpilainen Jutta Pauliina Urpilainen ( born 4 August 1975 in Lapua ) is a Finnish politician . She was the first female chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Finland , which she led from 2008 to 2014 . She was the Minister of Finance of Finland from 2011 to 2014 . As of 1 December 2019 , she is a commissioner in charge of international partnerships in the European Commission led by Ursula von der Leyen . Early life and education . Born in Lapua , Southern Ostrobothnia , Urpilainen is the daughter of former politician Kari Urpilainen . She studied at the University of Jyväskylä , where she graduated as a Master of Education in 2002 . During her undergraduate studies , she spent an Erasmus year in Vienna . She worked as a school teacher until her election to Parliament . Political career . Early beginnings . Urpilainen served as president of the Young European Federalists of Finland in 2001 . She has been a member of Kokkola city council since 2001 . Member of Parliament and party leadership . Urpilainen was a member of Parliament for the Vaasa constituency from the 2003 national elections . In parliament , she was a member of the Committee on Education and Culture and a deputy member of the Finance Committee . In addition to her parliamentary work , she was also a member of the Advisory Council of the Finnish Institute of International Affairs . Urpilainen was elected as the chair of the Social Democratic Party in June 2008 , succeeding former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance Eero Heinäluoma . She won on the second ballot , defeating former Minister for Foreign Affairs Erkki Tuomioja by 218 votes to 132 . During her tenure from 2008 until 2014 , support for the Social Democrats fell from 21 to 15.5 percent . However , in the 2011 elections , she returned the party to government after four years . Minister of Finance . After the 2011 parliamentary election , in which the SDP became the second-largest party , Urpilainen was appointed Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister in the cabinet led by Jyrki Katainen . In this capacity , she also chaired the meetings of the Nordic Council Ministers of Finance in 2012 . The surge of the eurosceptic True Finns party in the 2011 elections sparked a move from the Social Democrats under Urpilainen to toughen their stance on the euro significantly , leading Finland to become the only country to demand collateral from Greece and Spain as part of their international rescues . On 6 July 2012 , Urpilainen said the following on her website : Finland would prefer to consider leaving the Eurozone rather than to pay other countries debts in the currency area . International news media , such as The Daily Telegraph , misinterpreted the statement as a threat that Finland would leave the eurozone . Urpilainens assistant Matti Hirvola later clarified her statements and that she had meant that Finland did not wish to be responsible for paying other countries debt deposits . Only one month later , Urpilainen had to revise the governments growth target for that fiscal year down to zero as exports slowed ; the only Eurozone countries that fared worse were Greece and Portugal . Urpilainen sought another term as party chair in the Social Democratic Partys 2014 party conference in May . She was narrowly defeated by her challenger , Antti Rinne , in a 257 to 243 vote . Urpilainen subsequently stepped down as the Minister of Finance in June . Ahead of the 2018 presidential elections , Urpilainen was widely mentioned as a potential candidate . By February 2017 , she announced she would not seek the presidency . From 2017 until 2019 , Urpilainen served as Minister of Foreign Affairs Timo Soini’s Special Representative on Mediation . European Commissioner . On 1 December 2019 Ms Urpilainen assumed the office of European Commissioner in the Von der Leyen Commission , with the portfolio of international partnerships . Other activities . European Union organizations . - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) - European Stability Mechanism ( ESM ) , Member of the Board of Governors ( 2012-2014 ) International organizations . - Joint World Bank-IMF Development Committee , Member ( 2013-2014 ) - European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( EBRD ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) - Nordic Investment Bank ( NIB ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) - Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) , World Bank Group , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) - World Bank , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) Corporate boards . - Veikkaus , Member of the Board of Directors ( 2017-2018 ) Non-profit organizations . - Crisis Management Initiative ( CMI ) , Member of the Board ( since 2019 ) - Finnish National Opera Foundation , Member of the Board ( 2017-2018 ) - Finnish Innovation Fund ( SITRA ) , Member of the Supervisory Board ( 2017-2018 ) - Finnish National Commission for UNESCO , Chair ( 2015-2018 ) Personal life . Urpilainen is married to Juha Mustonen , an official in the foreign ministry . In 2017 and 2019 , they adopted two children from Colombia . In 2002 , Urpilainen recorded a Christmas album called “Christmassy thoughts” featuring versions of “Winter Wonderland” and “Jingle Bells.” External links . - Official website - Official website |
[
""
] | easy | What position did Jutta Urpilainen take in 2014? | /wiki/Jutta_Urpilainen#P39#3 | Jutta Urpilainen Jutta Pauliina Urpilainen ( born 4 August 1975 in Lapua ) is a Finnish politician . She was the first female chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Finland , which she led from 2008 to 2014 . She was the Minister of Finance of Finland from 2011 to 2014 . As of 1 December 2019 , she is a commissioner in charge of international partnerships in the European Commission led by Ursula von der Leyen . Early life and education . Born in Lapua , Southern Ostrobothnia , Urpilainen is the daughter of former politician Kari Urpilainen . She studied at the University of Jyväskylä , where she graduated as a Master of Education in 2002 . During her undergraduate studies , she spent an Erasmus year in Vienna . She worked as a school teacher until her election to Parliament . Political career . Early beginnings . Urpilainen served as president of the Young European Federalists of Finland in 2001 . She has been a member of Kokkola city council since 2001 . Member of Parliament and party leadership . Urpilainen was a member of Parliament for the Vaasa constituency from the 2003 national elections . In parliament , she was a member of the Committee on Education and Culture and a deputy member of the Finance Committee . In addition to her parliamentary work , she was also a member of the Advisory Council of the Finnish Institute of International Affairs . Urpilainen was elected as the chair of the Social Democratic Party in June 2008 , succeeding former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance Eero Heinäluoma . She won on the second ballot , defeating former Minister for Foreign Affairs Erkki Tuomioja by 218 votes to 132 . During her tenure from 2008 until 2014 , support for the Social Democrats fell from 21 to 15.5 percent . However , in the 2011 elections , she returned the party to government after four years . Minister of Finance . After the 2011 parliamentary election , in which the SDP became the second-largest party , Urpilainen was appointed Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister in the cabinet led by Jyrki Katainen . In this capacity , she also chaired the meetings of the Nordic Council Ministers of Finance in 2012 . The surge of the eurosceptic True Finns party in the 2011 elections sparked a move from the Social Democrats under Urpilainen to toughen their stance on the euro significantly , leading Finland to become the only country to demand collateral from Greece and Spain as part of their international rescues . On 6 July 2012 , Urpilainen said the following on her website : Finland would prefer to consider leaving the Eurozone rather than to pay other countries debts in the currency area . International news media , such as The Daily Telegraph , misinterpreted the statement as a threat that Finland would leave the eurozone . Urpilainens assistant Matti Hirvola later clarified her statements and that she had meant that Finland did not wish to be responsible for paying other countries debt deposits . Only one month later , Urpilainen had to revise the governments growth target for that fiscal year down to zero as exports slowed ; the only Eurozone countries that fared worse were Greece and Portugal . Urpilainen sought another term as party chair in the Social Democratic Partys 2014 party conference in May . She was narrowly defeated by her challenger , Antti Rinne , in a 257 to 243 vote . Urpilainen subsequently stepped down as the Minister of Finance in June . Ahead of the 2018 presidential elections , Urpilainen was widely mentioned as a potential candidate . By February 2017 , she announced she would not seek the presidency . From 2017 until 2019 , Urpilainen served as Minister of Foreign Affairs Timo Soini’s Special Representative on Mediation . European Commissioner . On 1 December 2019 Ms Urpilainen assumed the office of European Commissioner in the Von der Leyen Commission , with the portfolio of international partnerships . Other activities . European Union organizations . - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) - European Stability Mechanism ( ESM ) , Member of the Board of Governors ( 2012-2014 ) International organizations . - Joint World Bank-IMF Development Committee , Member ( 2013-2014 ) - European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( EBRD ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) - Nordic Investment Bank ( NIB ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) - Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) , World Bank Group , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) - World Bank , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) Corporate boards . - Veikkaus , Member of the Board of Directors ( 2017-2018 ) Non-profit organizations . - Crisis Management Initiative ( CMI ) , Member of the Board ( since 2019 ) - Finnish National Opera Foundation , Member of the Board ( 2017-2018 ) - Finnish Innovation Fund ( SITRA ) , Member of the Supervisory Board ( 2017-2018 ) - Finnish National Commission for UNESCO , Chair ( 2015-2018 ) Personal life . Urpilainen is married to Juha Mustonen , an official in the foreign ministry . In 2017 and 2019 , they adopted two children from Colombia . In 2002 , Urpilainen recorded a Christmas album called “Christmassy thoughts” featuring versions of “Winter Wonderland” and “Jingle Bells.” External links . - Official website - Official website |
[
""
] | easy | Jutta Urpilainen took which position from Jun 2018 to Jun 2019? | /wiki/Jutta_Urpilainen#P39#4 | Jutta Urpilainen Jutta Pauliina Urpilainen ( born 4 August 1975 in Lapua ) is a Finnish politician . She was the first female chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Finland , which she led from 2008 to 2014 . She was the Minister of Finance of Finland from 2011 to 2014 . As of 1 December 2019 , she is a commissioner in charge of international partnerships in the European Commission led by Ursula von der Leyen . Early life and education . Born in Lapua , Southern Ostrobothnia , Urpilainen is the daughter of former politician Kari Urpilainen . She studied at the University of Jyväskylä , where she graduated as a Master of Education in 2002 . During her undergraduate studies , she spent an Erasmus year in Vienna . She worked as a school teacher until her election to Parliament . Political career . Early beginnings . Urpilainen served as president of the Young European Federalists of Finland in 2001 . She has been a member of Kokkola city council since 2001 . Member of Parliament and party leadership . Urpilainen was a member of Parliament for the Vaasa constituency from the 2003 national elections . In parliament , she was a member of the Committee on Education and Culture and a deputy member of the Finance Committee . In addition to her parliamentary work , she was also a member of the Advisory Council of the Finnish Institute of International Affairs . Urpilainen was elected as the chair of the Social Democratic Party in June 2008 , succeeding former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance Eero Heinäluoma . She won on the second ballot , defeating former Minister for Foreign Affairs Erkki Tuomioja by 218 votes to 132 . During her tenure from 2008 until 2014 , support for the Social Democrats fell from 21 to 15.5 percent . However , in the 2011 elections , she returned the party to government after four years . Minister of Finance . After the 2011 parliamentary election , in which the SDP became the second-largest party , Urpilainen was appointed Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister in the cabinet led by Jyrki Katainen . In this capacity , she also chaired the meetings of the Nordic Council Ministers of Finance in 2012 . The surge of the eurosceptic True Finns party in the 2011 elections sparked a move from the Social Democrats under Urpilainen to toughen their stance on the euro significantly , leading Finland to become the only country to demand collateral from Greece and Spain as part of their international rescues . On 6 July 2012 , Urpilainen said the following on her website : Finland would prefer to consider leaving the Eurozone rather than to pay other countries debts in the currency area . International news media , such as The Daily Telegraph , misinterpreted the statement as a threat that Finland would leave the eurozone . Urpilainens assistant Matti Hirvola later clarified her statements and that she had meant that Finland did not wish to be responsible for paying other countries debt deposits . Only one month later , Urpilainen had to revise the governments growth target for that fiscal year down to zero as exports slowed ; the only Eurozone countries that fared worse were Greece and Portugal . Urpilainen sought another term as party chair in the Social Democratic Partys 2014 party conference in May . She was narrowly defeated by her challenger , Antti Rinne , in a 257 to 243 vote . Urpilainen subsequently stepped down as the Minister of Finance in June . Ahead of the 2018 presidential elections , Urpilainen was widely mentioned as a potential candidate . By February 2017 , she announced she would not seek the presidency . From 2017 until 2019 , Urpilainen served as Minister of Foreign Affairs Timo Soini’s Special Representative on Mediation . European Commissioner . On 1 December 2019 Ms Urpilainen assumed the office of European Commissioner in the Von der Leyen Commission , with the portfolio of international partnerships . Other activities . European Union organizations . - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) - European Stability Mechanism ( ESM ) , Member of the Board of Governors ( 2012-2014 ) International organizations . - Joint World Bank-IMF Development Committee , Member ( 2013-2014 ) - European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( EBRD ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) - Nordic Investment Bank ( NIB ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) - Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) , World Bank Group , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) - World Bank , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors ( 2011-2014 ) Corporate boards . - Veikkaus , Member of the Board of Directors ( 2017-2018 ) Non-profit organizations . - Crisis Management Initiative ( CMI ) , Member of the Board ( since 2019 ) - Finnish National Opera Foundation , Member of the Board ( 2017-2018 ) - Finnish Innovation Fund ( SITRA ) , Member of the Supervisory Board ( 2017-2018 ) - Finnish National Commission for UNESCO , Chair ( 2015-2018 ) Personal life . Urpilainen is married to Juha Mustonen , an official in the foreign ministry . In 2017 and 2019 , they adopted two children from Colombia . In 2002 , Urpilainen recorded a Christmas album called “Christmassy thoughts” featuring versions of “Winter Wonderland” and “Jingle Bells.” External links . - Official website - Official website |
[
"Henri Decoin"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Danielle Darrieux from 1935 to 1941? | /wiki/Danielle_Darrieux#P26#0 | Danielle Darrieux Danielle Yvonne Marie Antoinette Darrieux ( ; 1 May 1917 – 17 October 2017 ) was a French actress of stage , television and film , as well as a singer and dancer . Beginning in 1931 , she appeared in more than 110 films . She was one of Frances great movie stars and her eight-decade career was among the longest in film history . Life and career . Darrieux was born in Bordeaux , France , during World War I , the daughter of Marie-Louise ( Witkowski ) and Jean Darrieux , a medical doctor who was serving in the French Army . Her mother was born in Algeria . Her father died when she was seven years old . Raised in Paris , she studied the cello at the Conservatoire de Musique . At 14 , she won a part in the musical film Le Bal ( 1931 ) . Her beauty combined with her singing and dancing ability led to numerous other offers ; the film Mayerling ( 1936 ) brought her to prominence . In 1935 , Darrieux married director/screenwriter Henri Decoin , who encouraged her to try Hollywood . She signed a seven-year contract with Universal Studios to star in The Rage of Paris ( 1938 ) opposite Douglas Fairbanks , Jr . Afterwards , she elected to return to Paris . Under the German occupation of France during World War II , Darrieux continued to perform , a decision that was severely criticized by her compatriots . However , it is reported that her brother had been threatened with deportation by , the German manager of Continental , the only film production company permitted in occupied France . She received a divorce and then fell in love with Porfirio Rubirosa , a Dominican Republic diplomat and notorious womanizer . They married in 1942 . His anti-Nazi opinions resulted in his forced residence in Germany . In exchange for Rubirosas freedom , Darrieux agreed to make a promotional trip in Berlin . The couple lived in Switzerland until the end of the war , and divorced in 1947 . She married scriptwriter Georges Mitsikidès in 1948 , and they lived together until his death in 1991 . Darrieux appeared in the MGM musical Rich , Young and Pretty ( 1951 ) . Joseph L . Mankiewicz lured her back to Hollywood to star in 5 Fingers ( 1952 ) with James Mason . Upon returning to France , she appeared in Max Ophüls The Earrings of Madame de.. . ( 1953 ) with Charles Boyer , and The Red and the Black ( 1954 ) with Gérard Philippe . She starred in Lady Chatterleys Lover ( 1955 ) , whose theme of uninhibited sexuality led to its being proscribed by Catholic censors in the United States . She played a supporting role in her last American film , United Artists epic Alexander the Great ( 1956 ) starring Richard Burton and Claire Bloom . At the request of director Lewis Gilbert , Darrieux worked in England to shoot The Greengage Summer ( 1961 ) with Kenneth More . In 1963 , she starred in the romantic comedy La Robe Mauve de Valentine at the Chatelet Theatre in Paris . The play was adapted from the novel by Françoise Sagan . In Jacques Demys film musical The Young Girls of Rochefort ( 1966 ) her role was the only one in which a principal actor in any of Demys film-musicals sang his or her own musical parts . ( All other actors had a separate person dub their singing parts. ) During the 1960s , she also was a concert singer . In 1970 , Darrieux replaced Katharine Hepburn in the Broadway musical Coco , based on the life of Coco Chanel , but the play , essentially a showcase for Hepburn , soon folded without her . In 1971 and 1972 she also appeared in the short-lived productions of Ambassador . She worked again with Demy for his film Une chambre en ville ( 1982 ) , an opera-like musical melodrama reminiscent of the directors earlier work The Umbrellas of Cherbourg ( Les Parapluies de Cherbourg , 1964 ) . Once again , Darrieux provided her own vocals for her songs . Honors . For her long service to the motion picture industry , in 1985 she was given an Honorary César Award . She continued to work , her career spanning eight decades , most recently providing the voice of the protagonists grandmother in the animated feature , Persepolis ( 2007 ) , which deals with the impact of the Islamic revolution on a girls life as she grows to adulthood in Iran . Death . Danielle Darrieux died on 17 October 2017 , due to complications from a fall , five months after turning 100 that May . External links . - Danielle Darrieux at filmsdefrance.com - Photographs of Danielle Darrieux - LEncinémathèque at Encinémathèque - Danielle Darrieux ( Aveleyman ) |
[
"Porfirio Rubirosa"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Danielle Darrieux from 1942 to 1947? | /wiki/Danielle_Darrieux#P26#1 | Danielle Darrieux Danielle Yvonne Marie Antoinette Darrieux ( ; 1 May 1917 – 17 October 2017 ) was a French actress of stage , television and film , as well as a singer and dancer . Beginning in 1931 , she appeared in more than 110 films . She was one of Frances great movie stars and her eight-decade career was among the longest in film history . Life and career . Darrieux was born in Bordeaux , France , during World War I , the daughter of Marie-Louise ( Witkowski ) and Jean Darrieux , a medical doctor who was serving in the French Army . Her mother was born in Algeria . Her father died when she was seven years old . Raised in Paris , she studied the cello at the Conservatoire de Musique . At 14 , she won a part in the musical film Le Bal ( 1931 ) . Her beauty combined with her singing and dancing ability led to numerous other offers ; the film Mayerling ( 1936 ) brought her to prominence . In 1935 , Darrieux married director/screenwriter Henri Decoin , who encouraged her to try Hollywood . She signed a seven-year contract with Universal Studios to star in The Rage of Paris ( 1938 ) opposite Douglas Fairbanks , Jr . Afterwards , she elected to return to Paris . Under the German occupation of France during World War II , Darrieux continued to perform , a decision that was severely criticized by her compatriots . However , it is reported that her brother had been threatened with deportation by , the German manager of Continental , the only film production company permitted in occupied France . She received a divorce and then fell in love with Porfirio Rubirosa , a Dominican Republic diplomat and notorious womanizer . They married in 1942 . His anti-Nazi opinions resulted in his forced residence in Germany . In exchange for Rubirosas freedom , Darrieux agreed to make a promotional trip in Berlin . The couple lived in Switzerland until the end of the war , and divorced in 1947 . She married scriptwriter Georges Mitsikidès in 1948 , and they lived together until his death in 1991 . Darrieux appeared in the MGM musical Rich , Young and Pretty ( 1951 ) . Joseph L . Mankiewicz lured her back to Hollywood to star in 5 Fingers ( 1952 ) with James Mason . Upon returning to France , she appeared in Max Ophüls The Earrings of Madame de.. . ( 1953 ) with Charles Boyer , and The Red and the Black ( 1954 ) with Gérard Philippe . She starred in Lady Chatterleys Lover ( 1955 ) , whose theme of uninhibited sexuality led to its being proscribed by Catholic censors in the United States . She played a supporting role in her last American film , United Artists epic Alexander the Great ( 1956 ) starring Richard Burton and Claire Bloom . At the request of director Lewis Gilbert , Darrieux worked in England to shoot The Greengage Summer ( 1961 ) with Kenneth More . In 1963 , she starred in the romantic comedy La Robe Mauve de Valentine at the Chatelet Theatre in Paris . The play was adapted from the novel by Françoise Sagan . In Jacques Demys film musical The Young Girls of Rochefort ( 1966 ) her role was the only one in which a principal actor in any of Demys film-musicals sang his or her own musical parts . ( All other actors had a separate person dub their singing parts. ) During the 1960s , she also was a concert singer . In 1970 , Darrieux replaced Katharine Hepburn in the Broadway musical Coco , based on the life of Coco Chanel , but the play , essentially a showcase for Hepburn , soon folded without her . In 1971 and 1972 she also appeared in the short-lived productions of Ambassador . She worked again with Demy for his film Une chambre en ville ( 1982 ) , an opera-like musical melodrama reminiscent of the directors earlier work The Umbrellas of Cherbourg ( Les Parapluies de Cherbourg , 1964 ) . Once again , Darrieux provided her own vocals for her songs . Honors . For her long service to the motion picture industry , in 1985 she was given an Honorary César Award . She continued to work , her career spanning eight decades , most recently providing the voice of the protagonists grandmother in the animated feature , Persepolis ( 2007 ) , which deals with the impact of the Islamic revolution on a girls life as she grows to adulthood in Iran . Death . Danielle Darrieux died on 17 October 2017 , due to complications from a fall , five months after turning 100 that May . External links . - Danielle Darrieux at filmsdefrance.com - Photographs of Danielle Darrieux - LEncinémathèque at Encinémathèque - Danielle Darrieux ( Aveleyman ) |
[
"Georges Mitsikidès"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Danielle Darrieux from 1948 to 1991? | /wiki/Danielle_Darrieux#P26#2 | Danielle Darrieux Danielle Yvonne Marie Antoinette Darrieux ( ; 1 May 1917 – 17 October 2017 ) was a French actress of stage , television and film , as well as a singer and dancer . Beginning in 1931 , she appeared in more than 110 films . She was one of Frances great movie stars and her eight-decade career was among the longest in film history . Life and career . Darrieux was born in Bordeaux , France , during World War I , the daughter of Marie-Louise ( Witkowski ) and Jean Darrieux , a medical doctor who was serving in the French Army . Her mother was born in Algeria . Her father died when she was seven years old . Raised in Paris , she studied the cello at the Conservatoire de Musique . At 14 , she won a part in the musical film Le Bal ( 1931 ) . Her beauty combined with her singing and dancing ability led to numerous other offers ; the film Mayerling ( 1936 ) brought her to prominence . In 1935 , Darrieux married director/screenwriter Henri Decoin , who encouraged her to try Hollywood . She signed a seven-year contract with Universal Studios to star in The Rage of Paris ( 1938 ) opposite Douglas Fairbanks , Jr . Afterwards , she elected to return to Paris . Under the German occupation of France during World War II , Darrieux continued to perform , a decision that was severely criticized by her compatriots . However , it is reported that her brother had been threatened with deportation by , the German manager of Continental , the only film production company permitted in occupied France . She received a divorce and then fell in love with Porfirio Rubirosa , a Dominican Republic diplomat and notorious womanizer . They married in 1942 . His anti-Nazi opinions resulted in his forced residence in Germany . In exchange for Rubirosas freedom , Darrieux agreed to make a promotional trip in Berlin . The couple lived in Switzerland until the end of the war , and divorced in 1947 . She married scriptwriter Georges Mitsikidès in 1948 , and they lived together until his death in 1991 . Darrieux appeared in the MGM musical Rich , Young and Pretty ( 1951 ) . Joseph L . Mankiewicz lured her back to Hollywood to star in 5 Fingers ( 1952 ) with James Mason . Upon returning to France , she appeared in Max Ophüls The Earrings of Madame de.. . ( 1953 ) with Charles Boyer , and The Red and the Black ( 1954 ) with Gérard Philippe . She starred in Lady Chatterleys Lover ( 1955 ) , whose theme of uninhibited sexuality led to its being proscribed by Catholic censors in the United States . She played a supporting role in her last American film , United Artists epic Alexander the Great ( 1956 ) starring Richard Burton and Claire Bloom . At the request of director Lewis Gilbert , Darrieux worked in England to shoot The Greengage Summer ( 1961 ) with Kenneth More . In 1963 , she starred in the romantic comedy La Robe Mauve de Valentine at the Chatelet Theatre in Paris . The play was adapted from the novel by Françoise Sagan . In Jacques Demys film musical The Young Girls of Rochefort ( 1966 ) her role was the only one in which a principal actor in any of Demys film-musicals sang his or her own musical parts . ( All other actors had a separate person dub their singing parts. ) During the 1960s , she also was a concert singer . In 1970 , Darrieux replaced Katharine Hepburn in the Broadway musical Coco , based on the life of Coco Chanel , but the play , essentially a showcase for Hepburn , soon folded without her . In 1971 and 1972 she also appeared in the short-lived productions of Ambassador . She worked again with Demy for his film Une chambre en ville ( 1982 ) , an opera-like musical melodrama reminiscent of the directors earlier work The Umbrellas of Cherbourg ( Les Parapluies de Cherbourg , 1964 ) . Once again , Darrieux provided her own vocals for her songs . Honors . For her long service to the motion picture industry , in 1985 she was given an Honorary César Award . She continued to work , her career spanning eight decades , most recently providing the voice of the protagonists grandmother in the animated feature , Persepolis ( 2007 ) , which deals with the impact of the Islamic revolution on a girls life as she grows to adulthood in Iran . Death . Danielle Darrieux died on 17 October 2017 , due to complications from a fall , five months after turning 100 that May . External links . - Danielle Darrieux at filmsdefrance.com - Photographs of Danielle Darrieux - LEncinémathèque at Encinémathèque - Danielle Darrieux ( Aveleyman ) |
[
"Member of Parliament for County Limerick"
] | easy | William Monsell, 1st Baron Emly took which position from Jul 1847 to Jul 1852? | /wiki/William_Monsell,_1st_Baron_Emly#P39#0 | William Monsell , 1st Baron Emly William Monsell , 1st Baron Emly , PC ( 21 September 1812 – 20 April 1894 ) was an Anglo-Irish landowner and Liberal politician . He held a number of ministerial positions between 1852 and 1873 , notably as President of the Board of Health in 1857 and as Postmaster General between 1871 and 1873 . Background and education . Monsell was born to William Monsell ( 1778–1822 ) , of Tervoe , Clarina , County Limerick , and Olivia , daughter of Sir John Johnson-Walsh , 1st Baronet , of Ballykilcavan . He was educated at Winchester ( 1826–1830 ) and Oriel College , Oxford , but he left the university without proceeding to a degree in 1831 . As his father had died in 1824 , he succeeded to the family estates on coming of age and was a popular landlord , the more so as he was resident . In 1843 he helped found St Columbas College in Whitechurch , now part of Dublin . Political career . Monsell served as the Sheriff of County Limerick in 1835 . In 1847 , he was elected Member of Parliament for County Limerick as a Liberal , and represented the constituency until 1874 . In 1850 , he became a Roman Catholic and thereafter took a prominent part in Catholic affairs , especially in Parliament . As a friend of Wiseman , Newman , Montalambert , W . G . Ward , and other eminent Catholics , he was intimately acquainted with the various interests of the Church , and his parliamentary position was often of great advantage to the Church . In 1852 Monsell was appointed Clerk of the Ordnance by Lord Aberdeen , a post he retained until 1857 , the last two years under the premiership of Lord Palmerston . In 1855 he was sworn of the Privy Council . He was briefly President of the Board of Health under Palmerston in 1857 and later served under Lord Russell as Paymaster-General and Vice-President of the Board of Trade in 1866 and under William Ewart Gladstone as Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies between 1868 and 1871 and as Postmaster-General between January 1871 and November 1873 . He was also Lord Lieutenant of County Limerick between 1871 and 1894 and Vice-Chancellor of the Royal University of Ireland between 1885 and 1894 . On 12 January 1874 Monsell was raised to the peerage as Baron Emly , of Tervoe in the County of Limerick . He lost much of his popularity in Ireland during his later years , because of his opposition to the Irish National Land League and to the home rule movement in Ireland . His work being chiefly parliamentary , he wrote little , but published some articles in the Home and Foreign Review and a Lecture on the Roman Question ( 1860 ) . Family . Lord Emly was twice married . He married firstly Lady Anna Maria Charlotte Wyndham-Quin ( 1814–1855 ) , only daughter of Windham Quin , 2nd Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl , in August 1836 , with whom he had two sons , both of whom died in infancy . After her death on 7 January 1855 , he married Bertha ( 1835–1890 ) , youngest daughter the Comte de Montigny of the house of Montigny de Perreux , in 1857 , by whom he had one son Gaston ( 1858–1932 ) , later the second Lord Emly , and one daughter Mary Olivia ( 1860–1942 ) . Lord Emly died in April 1894 , aged 81 . Sources . - Matthew Potter , William Monsell of Tervoe 1812–1894 Catholic Unionist , Anglo-Irishman , Foreword by Gearóid O Tuathaigh ( Dublin : Irish Academic Press,2009 ) . - Matthew Potter , A Catholic Unionist . The Life and Times of William Monsell , First Baron Emly of Tervoe 1812–1894 , ( unpublished Ph.D thesis NUI Galway , 2001 ) . |
[
"Clerk of the Ordnance by Lord Aberdeen"
] | easy | What was the position of William Monsell, 1st Baron Emly from Jul 1852 to Mar 1857? | /wiki/William_Monsell,_1st_Baron_Emly#P39#1 | William Monsell , 1st Baron Emly William Monsell , 1st Baron Emly , PC ( 21 September 1812 – 20 April 1894 ) was an Anglo-Irish landowner and Liberal politician . He held a number of ministerial positions between 1852 and 1873 , notably as President of the Board of Health in 1857 and as Postmaster General between 1871 and 1873 . Background and education . Monsell was born to William Monsell ( 1778–1822 ) , of Tervoe , Clarina , County Limerick , and Olivia , daughter of Sir John Johnson-Walsh , 1st Baronet , of Ballykilcavan . He was educated at Winchester ( 1826–1830 ) and Oriel College , Oxford , but he left the university without proceeding to a degree in 1831 . As his father had died in 1824 , he succeeded to the family estates on coming of age and was a popular landlord , the more so as he was resident . In 1843 he helped found St Columbas College in Whitechurch , now part of Dublin . Political career . Monsell served as the Sheriff of County Limerick in 1835 . In 1847 , he was elected Member of Parliament for County Limerick as a Liberal , and represented the constituency until 1874 . In 1850 , he became a Roman Catholic and thereafter took a prominent part in Catholic affairs , especially in Parliament . As a friend of Wiseman , Newman , Montalambert , W . G . Ward , and other eminent Catholics , he was intimately acquainted with the various interests of the Church , and his parliamentary position was often of great advantage to the Church . In 1852 Monsell was appointed Clerk of the Ordnance by Lord Aberdeen , a post he retained until 1857 , the last two years under the premiership of Lord Palmerston . In 1855 he was sworn of the Privy Council . He was briefly President of the Board of Health under Palmerston in 1857 and later served under Lord Russell as Paymaster-General and Vice-President of the Board of Trade in 1866 and under William Ewart Gladstone as Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies between 1868 and 1871 and as Postmaster-General between January 1871 and November 1873 . He was also Lord Lieutenant of County Limerick between 1871 and 1894 and Vice-Chancellor of the Royal University of Ireland between 1885 and 1894 . On 12 January 1874 Monsell was raised to the peerage as Baron Emly , of Tervoe in the County of Limerick . He lost much of his popularity in Ireland during his later years , because of his opposition to the Irish National Land League and to the home rule movement in Ireland . His work being chiefly parliamentary , he wrote little , but published some articles in the Home and Foreign Review and a Lecture on the Roman Question ( 1860 ) . Family . Lord Emly was twice married . He married firstly Lady Anna Maria Charlotte Wyndham-Quin ( 1814–1855 ) , only daughter of Windham Quin , 2nd Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl , in August 1836 , with whom he had two sons , both of whom died in infancy . After her death on 7 January 1855 , he married Bertha ( 1835–1890 ) , youngest daughter the Comte de Montigny of the house of Montigny de Perreux , in 1857 , by whom he had one son Gaston ( 1858–1932 ) , later the second Lord Emly , and one daughter Mary Olivia ( 1860–1942 ) . Lord Emly died in April 1894 , aged 81 . Sources . - Matthew Potter , William Monsell of Tervoe 1812–1894 Catholic Unionist , Anglo-Irishman , Foreword by Gearóid O Tuathaigh ( Dublin : Irish Academic Press,2009 ) . - Matthew Potter , A Catholic Unionist . The Life and Times of William Monsell , First Baron Emly of Tervoe 1812–1894 , ( unpublished Ph.D thesis NUI Galway , 2001 ) . |
[
"President of the Board of Health"
] | easy | What was the position of William Monsell, 1st Baron Emly from Mar 1857 to Jul 1865? | /wiki/William_Monsell,_1st_Baron_Emly#P39#2 | William Monsell , 1st Baron Emly William Monsell , 1st Baron Emly , PC ( 21 September 1812 – 20 April 1894 ) was an Anglo-Irish landowner and Liberal politician . He held a number of ministerial positions between 1852 and 1873 , notably as President of the Board of Health in 1857 and as Postmaster General between 1871 and 1873 . Background and education . Monsell was born to William Monsell ( 1778–1822 ) , of Tervoe , Clarina , County Limerick , and Olivia , daughter of Sir John Johnson-Walsh , 1st Baronet , of Ballykilcavan . He was educated at Winchester ( 1826–1830 ) and Oriel College , Oxford , but he left the university without proceeding to a degree in 1831 . As his father had died in 1824 , he succeeded to the family estates on coming of age and was a popular landlord , the more so as he was resident . In 1843 he helped found St Columbas College in Whitechurch , now part of Dublin . Political career . Monsell served as the Sheriff of County Limerick in 1835 . In 1847 , he was elected Member of Parliament for County Limerick as a Liberal , and represented the constituency until 1874 . In 1850 , he became a Roman Catholic and thereafter took a prominent part in Catholic affairs , especially in Parliament . As a friend of Wiseman , Newman , Montalambert , W . G . Ward , and other eminent Catholics , he was intimately acquainted with the various interests of the Church , and his parliamentary position was often of great advantage to the Church . In 1852 Monsell was appointed Clerk of the Ordnance by Lord Aberdeen , a post he retained until 1857 , the last two years under the premiership of Lord Palmerston . In 1855 he was sworn of the Privy Council . He was briefly President of the Board of Health under Palmerston in 1857 and later served under Lord Russell as Paymaster-General and Vice-President of the Board of Trade in 1866 and under William Ewart Gladstone as Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies between 1868 and 1871 and as Postmaster-General between January 1871 and November 1873 . He was also Lord Lieutenant of County Limerick between 1871 and 1894 and Vice-Chancellor of the Royal University of Ireland between 1885 and 1894 . On 12 January 1874 Monsell was raised to the peerage as Baron Emly , of Tervoe in the County of Limerick . He lost much of his popularity in Ireland during his later years , because of his opposition to the Irish National Land League and to the home rule movement in Ireland . His work being chiefly parliamentary , he wrote little , but published some articles in the Home and Foreign Review and a Lecture on the Roman Question ( 1860 ) . Family . Lord Emly was twice married . He married firstly Lady Anna Maria Charlotte Wyndham-Quin ( 1814–1855 ) , only daughter of Windham Quin , 2nd Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl , in August 1836 , with whom he had two sons , both of whom died in infancy . After her death on 7 January 1855 , he married Bertha ( 1835–1890 ) , youngest daughter the Comte de Montigny of the house of Montigny de Perreux , in 1857 , by whom he had one son Gaston ( 1858–1932 ) , later the second Lord Emly , and one daughter Mary Olivia ( 1860–1942 ) . Lord Emly died in April 1894 , aged 81 . Sources . - Matthew Potter , William Monsell of Tervoe 1812–1894 Catholic Unionist , Anglo-Irishman , Foreword by Gearóid O Tuathaigh ( Dublin : Irish Academic Press,2009 ) . - Matthew Potter , A Catholic Unionist . The Life and Times of William Monsell , First Baron Emly of Tervoe 1812–1894 , ( unpublished Ph.D thesis NUI Galway , 2001 ) . |
[
"Paymaster-General and Vice-President of the Board of Trade"
] | easy | Which position did William Monsell, 1st Baron Emly hold from Jul 1865 to Nov 1868? | /wiki/William_Monsell,_1st_Baron_Emly#P39#3 | William Monsell , 1st Baron Emly William Monsell , 1st Baron Emly , PC ( 21 September 1812 – 20 April 1894 ) was an Anglo-Irish landowner and Liberal politician . He held a number of ministerial positions between 1852 and 1873 , notably as President of the Board of Health in 1857 and as Postmaster General between 1871 and 1873 . Background and education . Monsell was born to William Monsell ( 1778–1822 ) , of Tervoe , Clarina , County Limerick , and Olivia , daughter of Sir John Johnson-Walsh , 1st Baronet , of Ballykilcavan . He was educated at Winchester ( 1826–1830 ) and Oriel College , Oxford , but he left the university without proceeding to a degree in 1831 . As his father had died in 1824 , he succeeded to the family estates on coming of age and was a popular landlord , the more so as he was resident . In 1843 he helped found St Columbas College in Whitechurch , now part of Dublin . Political career . Monsell served as the Sheriff of County Limerick in 1835 . In 1847 , he was elected Member of Parliament for County Limerick as a Liberal , and represented the constituency until 1874 . In 1850 , he became a Roman Catholic and thereafter took a prominent part in Catholic affairs , especially in Parliament . As a friend of Wiseman , Newman , Montalambert , W . G . Ward , and other eminent Catholics , he was intimately acquainted with the various interests of the Church , and his parliamentary position was often of great advantage to the Church . In 1852 Monsell was appointed Clerk of the Ordnance by Lord Aberdeen , a post he retained until 1857 , the last two years under the premiership of Lord Palmerston . In 1855 he was sworn of the Privy Council . He was briefly President of the Board of Health under Palmerston in 1857 and later served under Lord Russell as Paymaster-General and Vice-President of the Board of Trade in 1866 and under William Ewart Gladstone as Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies between 1868 and 1871 and as Postmaster-General between January 1871 and November 1873 . He was also Lord Lieutenant of County Limerick between 1871 and 1894 and Vice-Chancellor of the Royal University of Ireland between 1885 and 1894 . On 12 January 1874 Monsell was raised to the peerage as Baron Emly , of Tervoe in the County of Limerick . He lost much of his popularity in Ireland during his later years , because of his opposition to the Irish National Land League and to the home rule movement in Ireland . His work being chiefly parliamentary , he wrote little , but published some articles in the Home and Foreign Review and a Lecture on the Roman Question ( 1860 ) . Family . Lord Emly was twice married . He married firstly Lady Anna Maria Charlotte Wyndham-Quin ( 1814–1855 ) , only daughter of Windham Quin , 2nd Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl , in August 1836 , with whom he had two sons , both of whom died in infancy . After her death on 7 January 1855 , he married Bertha ( 1835–1890 ) , youngest daughter the Comte de Montigny of the house of Montigny de Perreux , in 1857 , by whom he had one son Gaston ( 1858–1932 ) , later the second Lord Emly , and one daughter Mary Olivia ( 1860–1942 ) . Lord Emly died in April 1894 , aged 81 . Sources . - Matthew Potter , William Monsell of Tervoe 1812–1894 Catholic Unionist , Anglo-Irishman , Foreword by Gearóid O Tuathaigh ( Dublin : Irish Academic Press,2009 ) . - Matthew Potter , A Catholic Unionist . The Life and Times of William Monsell , First Baron Emly of Tervoe 1812–1894 , ( unpublished Ph.D thesis NUI Galway , 2001 ) . |
[
"Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies",
"Postmaster-General",
"Lord Lieutenant of County Limerick"
] | easy | What position did William Monsell, 1st Baron Emly take from Nov 1868 to 1874? | /wiki/William_Monsell,_1st_Baron_Emly#P39#4 | William Monsell , 1st Baron Emly William Monsell , 1st Baron Emly , PC ( 21 September 1812 – 20 April 1894 ) was an Anglo-Irish landowner and Liberal politician . He held a number of ministerial positions between 1852 and 1873 , notably as President of the Board of Health in 1857 and as Postmaster General between 1871 and 1873 . Background and education . Monsell was born to William Monsell ( 1778–1822 ) , of Tervoe , Clarina , County Limerick , and Olivia , daughter of Sir John Johnson-Walsh , 1st Baronet , of Ballykilcavan . He was educated at Winchester ( 1826–1830 ) and Oriel College , Oxford , but he left the university without proceeding to a degree in 1831 . As his father had died in 1824 , he succeeded to the family estates on coming of age and was a popular landlord , the more so as he was resident . In 1843 he helped found St Columbas College in Whitechurch , now part of Dublin . Political career . Monsell served as the Sheriff of County Limerick in 1835 . In 1847 , he was elected Member of Parliament for County Limerick as a Liberal , and represented the constituency until 1874 . In 1850 , he became a Roman Catholic and thereafter took a prominent part in Catholic affairs , especially in Parliament . As a friend of Wiseman , Newman , Montalambert , W . G . Ward , and other eminent Catholics , he was intimately acquainted with the various interests of the Church , and his parliamentary position was often of great advantage to the Church . In 1852 Monsell was appointed Clerk of the Ordnance by Lord Aberdeen , a post he retained until 1857 , the last two years under the premiership of Lord Palmerston . In 1855 he was sworn of the Privy Council . He was briefly President of the Board of Health under Palmerston in 1857 and later served under Lord Russell as Paymaster-General and Vice-President of the Board of Trade in 1866 and under William Ewart Gladstone as Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies between 1868 and 1871 and as Postmaster-General between January 1871 and November 1873 . He was also Lord Lieutenant of County Limerick between 1871 and 1894 and Vice-Chancellor of the Royal University of Ireland between 1885 and 1894 . On 12 January 1874 Monsell was raised to the peerage as Baron Emly , of Tervoe in the County of Limerick . He lost much of his popularity in Ireland during his later years , because of his opposition to the Irish National Land League and to the home rule movement in Ireland . His work being chiefly parliamentary , he wrote little , but published some articles in the Home and Foreign Review and a Lecture on the Roman Question ( 1860 ) . Family . Lord Emly was twice married . He married firstly Lady Anna Maria Charlotte Wyndham-Quin ( 1814–1855 ) , only daughter of Windham Quin , 2nd Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl , in August 1836 , with whom he had two sons , both of whom died in infancy . After her death on 7 January 1855 , he married Bertha ( 1835–1890 ) , youngest daughter the Comte de Montigny of the house of Montigny de Perreux , in 1857 , by whom he had one son Gaston ( 1858–1932 ) , later the second Lord Emly , and one daughter Mary Olivia ( 1860–1942 ) . Lord Emly died in April 1894 , aged 81 . Sources . - Matthew Potter , William Monsell of Tervoe 1812–1894 Catholic Unionist , Anglo-Irishman , Foreword by Gearóid O Tuathaigh ( Dublin : Irish Academic Press,2009 ) . - Matthew Potter , A Catholic Unionist . The Life and Times of William Monsell , First Baron Emly of Tervoe 1812–1894 , ( unpublished Ph.D thesis NUI Galway , 2001 ) . |
[
"Vienna Psychoanalytic Society"
] | easy | What organization did Otto Fenichel join in 1920? | /wiki/Otto_Fenichel#P463#0 | Otto Fenichel Otto Fenichel ( 2 December 1897 in Vienna – 22 January 1946 in Los Angeles ) was a psychoanalyst of the so-called second generation . Education and psychoanalytic affiliations . Otto Fenichel started studying medicine in 1915 in Vienna . Already as a very young man , when still in school , he was attracted by the circle of psychoanalysts around Freud . During the years 1915 and 1919 , he attended lectures by Freud , and as early as 1920 , aged 23 , he became a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society . In 1922 Fenichel moved to Berlin . During his Berlin time , until 1934 , he was a member of a group of Socialist and/or Marxist psychoanalysts ( with Siegfried Bernfeld , Erich Fromm , Wilhelm Reich , Ernst Simmel , Frances Deri and others ) . After his emigration – 1934 to Oslo , 1935 to Prague , 1938 to Los Angeles – he organized the contact between the worldwide scattered Marxist psychoanalysts by means of top secret Rundbriefe , i.e . circular letters . Those Rundbriefe , which became publicly known only in 1998 , can be counted among the most important documents pertaining to the problematic history of psychoanalysis between 1934 and 1945 , especially in regard to the problem of the expulsion of Wilhelm Reich from the International Psychoanalytic Association in 1934 . In Los Angeles , Fenichel joined existing psychoanalytic circles and later helped found the Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society and Institute . His training analysands in Los Angeles included Ralph Greenson . Writings . Fenichel was a prolific writer on psychoanalysis , and published some forty articles between Introjektion und Kastrationkomplex ( 1925 ) and Neurotic Acting Out ( 1945 ) . Among some of the areas he contributed to were female sexuality , the feeling of triumph , and the antecedents of the Oedipus complex . He also published an influential technical manual , Problems of Psychoanalytic Technique ( 1939 ) . Three interwar papers on female sexuality , attracted Freuds own attention : he wrote of the first that Fenichel ( 1930 ) rightly emphasizes the difficulty of recognizing in the material produced in analysis what parts of it represent the unchanged content of the pre-Oedipus phase and what parts have been distorted by regression . His 1936 article on the symbolic equation of Girl and Phallus subsequently became a launch pad for Jacques Lacan . In his 1939 article Trophy and Triumph , Fenichel pointed out that the feeling of triumph results from the removal of anxiety and inhibition by the winning of a trophy , but added that as the trophy is a super-ego derivative since it is a symbol of parental authority [ ... ] it threatens the ego in the same way that the super-ego threatens the ego Building on his own work , and the contributions of his peers and predecessors , Fenichel produced his encyclopedic textbook of 1945 : For countless students and professionals Fenichel is synonymous with his Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis ; and this text is regarded as synonymous with reliable and comprehensive psychoanalytic knowledge . Nevertheless , the work was not uncontroversial , challenging among others the findings of Melanie Klein , the neo-Freudians and much of the work of Franz Alexander , as well as displaying Fenichels continuing Marxist affiliation . Criticism . Harold Bloom called Fenichel the grim encyclopaedist of the Freudian psychodynamics ; but it was precisely the encyclopedic aspect of his work which aroused the criticism of Lacan . Comparing Fenichels work to an enumeration of the main sewer type , he argued for a distinction between a catalogue of past interpretations , and the actual job of finding the mutative interpretation within the actual session . He also criticised Fenichels use of organic stages of development in his writing ; while others saw Fenichel as oversimplifying his accounts of neurosis by categorical taxonomies . Although Fenichel himself had warned from the start of his book that he was only offering illustrative examples , not case histories , he may have unwittingly contributed to the vice of attempting to mastermind , not follow and learn from , the analytic process . Bibliography . - Otto Fenichel : Psychoanalysis as the Nucleus of a Future Dialectical-Materialistic Psychology ( 1934 ) . In : American Imago , Vol . 24 . ( 1967 ) , pp . 290–311 - Otto Fenichel : The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis . 3 vols , 1945 - Otto Fenichel : 119 Rundbriefe . Hg . Johannes Reichmayr und Elke Mühlleitner , 2 Bände , Frankfurt : Stroemfeld 1998 - Otto Fenichel et al . eds. , Collected Papers of Otto Fenichel ( 1987 ) . External links . - Otto Fenichel : 119 Rundbriefe ( German ) - Otto Fenichel : Über die Psychoanalyse als Keim einer zukünftigen dialektisch-materialistischen Psychologie ( German ) |
[
"Vienna Psychoanalytic Society"
] | easy | What organization did Otto Fenichel join in 1926? | /wiki/Otto_Fenichel#P463#1 | Otto Fenichel Otto Fenichel ( 2 December 1897 in Vienna – 22 January 1946 in Los Angeles ) was a psychoanalyst of the so-called second generation . Education and psychoanalytic affiliations . Otto Fenichel started studying medicine in 1915 in Vienna . Already as a very young man , when still in school , he was attracted by the circle of psychoanalysts around Freud . During the years 1915 and 1919 , he attended lectures by Freud , and as early as 1920 , aged 23 , he became a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society . In 1922 Fenichel moved to Berlin . During his Berlin time , until 1934 , he was a member of a group of Socialist and/or Marxist psychoanalysts ( with Siegfried Bernfeld , Erich Fromm , Wilhelm Reich , Ernst Simmel , Frances Deri and others ) . After his emigration – 1934 to Oslo , 1935 to Prague , 1938 to Los Angeles – he organized the contact between the worldwide scattered Marxist psychoanalysts by means of top secret Rundbriefe , i.e . circular letters . Those Rundbriefe , which became publicly known only in 1998 , can be counted among the most important documents pertaining to the problematic history of psychoanalysis between 1934 and 1945 , especially in regard to the problem of the expulsion of Wilhelm Reich from the International Psychoanalytic Association in 1934 . In Los Angeles , Fenichel joined existing psychoanalytic circles and later helped found the Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society and Institute . His training analysands in Los Angeles included Ralph Greenson . Writings . Fenichel was a prolific writer on psychoanalysis , and published some forty articles between Introjektion und Kastrationkomplex ( 1925 ) and Neurotic Acting Out ( 1945 ) . Among some of the areas he contributed to were female sexuality , the feeling of triumph , and the antecedents of the Oedipus complex . He also published an influential technical manual , Problems of Psychoanalytic Technique ( 1939 ) . Three interwar papers on female sexuality , attracted Freuds own attention : he wrote of the first that Fenichel ( 1930 ) rightly emphasizes the difficulty of recognizing in the material produced in analysis what parts of it represent the unchanged content of the pre-Oedipus phase and what parts have been distorted by regression . His 1936 article on the symbolic equation of Girl and Phallus subsequently became a launch pad for Jacques Lacan . In his 1939 article Trophy and Triumph , Fenichel pointed out that the feeling of triumph results from the removal of anxiety and inhibition by the winning of a trophy , but added that as the trophy is a super-ego derivative since it is a symbol of parental authority [ ... ] it threatens the ego in the same way that the super-ego threatens the ego Building on his own work , and the contributions of his peers and predecessors , Fenichel produced his encyclopedic textbook of 1945 : For countless students and professionals Fenichel is synonymous with his Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis ; and this text is regarded as synonymous with reliable and comprehensive psychoanalytic knowledge . Nevertheless , the work was not uncontroversial , challenging among others the findings of Melanie Klein , the neo-Freudians and much of the work of Franz Alexander , as well as displaying Fenichels continuing Marxist affiliation . Criticism . Harold Bloom called Fenichel the grim encyclopaedist of the Freudian psychodynamics ; but it was precisely the encyclopedic aspect of his work which aroused the criticism of Lacan . Comparing Fenichels work to an enumeration of the main sewer type , he argued for a distinction between a catalogue of past interpretations , and the actual job of finding the mutative interpretation within the actual session . He also criticised Fenichels use of organic stages of development in his writing ; while others saw Fenichel as oversimplifying his accounts of neurosis by categorical taxonomies . Although Fenichel himself had warned from the start of his book that he was only offering illustrative examples , not case histories , he may have unwittingly contributed to the vice of attempting to mastermind , not follow and learn from , the analytic process . Bibliography . - Otto Fenichel : Psychoanalysis as the Nucleus of a Future Dialectical-Materialistic Psychology ( 1934 ) . In : American Imago , Vol . 24 . ( 1967 ) , pp . 290–311 - Otto Fenichel : The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis . 3 vols , 1945 - Otto Fenichel : 119 Rundbriefe . Hg . Johannes Reichmayr und Elke Mühlleitner , 2 Bände , Frankfurt : Stroemfeld 1998 - Otto Fenichel et al . eds. , Collected Papers of Otto Fenichel ( 1987 ) . External links . - Otto Fenichel : 119 Rundbriefe ( German ) - Otto Fenichel : Über die Psychoanalyse als Keim einer zukünftigen dialektisch-materialistischen Psychologie ( German ) |
[
"Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society and Institute"
] | easy | Otto Fenichel became a member of what organization or association in 1938? | /wiki/Otto_Fenichel#P463#2 | Otto Fenichel Otto Fenichel ( 2 December 1897 in Vienna – 22 January 1946 in Los Angeles ) was a psychoanalyst of the so-called second generation . Education and psychoanalytic affiliations . Otto Fenichel started studying medicine in 1915 in Vienna . Already as a very young man , when still in school , he was attracted by the circle of psychoanalysts around Freud . During the years 1915 and 1919 , he attended lectures by Freud , and as early as 1920 , aged 23 , he became a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society . In 1922 Fenichel moved to Berlin . During his Berlin time , until 1934 , he was a member of a group of Socialist and/or Marxist psychoanalysts ( with Siegfried Bernfeld , Erich Fromm , Wilhelm Reich , Ernst Simmel , Frances Deri and others ) . After his emigration – 1934 to Oslo , 1935 to Prague , 1938 to Los Angeles – he organized the contact between the worldwide scattered Marxist psychoanalysts by means of top secret Rundbriefe , i.e . circular letters . Those Rundbriefe , which became publicly known only in 1998 , can be counted among the most important documents pertaining to the problematic history of psychoanalysis between 1934 and 1945 , especially in regard to the problem of the expulsion of Wilhelm Reich from the International Psychoanalytic Association in 1934 . In Los Angeles , Fenichel joined existing psychoanalytic circles and later helped found the Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society and Institute . His training analysands in Los Angeles included Ralph Greenson . Writings . Fenichel was a prolific writer on psychoanalysis , and published some forty articles between Introjektion und Kastrationkomplex ( 1925 ) and Neurotic Acting Out ( 1945 ) . Among some of the areas he contributed to were female sexuality , the feeling of triumph , and the antecedents of the Oedipus complex . He also published an influential technical manual , Problems of Psychoanalytic Technique ( 1939 ) . Three interwar papers on female sexuality , attracted Freuds own attention : he wrote of the first that Fenichel ( 1930 ) rightly emphasizes the difficulty of recognizing in the material produced in analysis what parts of it represent the unchanged content of the pre-Oedipus phase and what parts have been distorted by regression . His 1936 article on the symbolic equation of Girl and Phallus subsequently became a launch pad for Jacques Lacan . In his 1939 article Trophy and Triumph , Fenichel pointed out that the feeling of triumph results from the removal of anxiety and inhibition by the winning of a trophy , but added that as the trophy is a super-ego derivative since it is a symbol of parental authority [ ... ] it threatens the ego in the same way that the super-ego threatens the ego Building on his own work , and the contributions of his peers and predecessors , Fenichel produced his encyclopedic textbook of 1945 : For countless students and professionals Fenichel is synonymous with his Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis ; and this text is regarded as synonymous with reliable and comprehensive psychoanalytic knowledge . Nevertheless , the work was not uncontroversial , challenging among others the findings of Melanie Klein , the neo-Freudians and much of the work of Franz Alexander , as well as displaying Fenichels continuing Marxist affiliation . Criticism . Harold Bloom called Fenichel the grim encyclopaedist of the Freudian psychodynamics ; but it was precisely the encyclopedic aspect of his work which aroused the criticism of Lacan . Comparing Fenichels work to an enumeration of the main sewer type , he argued for a distinction between a catalogue of past interpretations , and the actual job of finding the mutative interpretation within the actual session . He also criticised Fenichels use of organic stages of development in his writing ; while others saw Fenichel as oversimplifying his accounts of neurosis by categorical taxonomies . Although Fenichel himself had warned from the start of his book that he was only offering illustrative examples , not case histories , he may have unwittingly contributed to the vice of attempting to mastermind , not follow and learn from , the analytic process . Bibliography . - Otto Fenichel : Psychoanalysis as the Nucleus of a Future Dialectical-Materialistic Psychology ( 1934 ) . In : American Imago , Vol . 24 . ( 1967 ) , pp . 290–311 - Otto Fenichel : The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis . 3 vols , 1945 - Otto Fenichel : 119 Rundbriefe . Hg . Johannes Reichmayr und Elke Mühlleitner , 2 Bände , Frankfurt : Stroemfeld 1998 - Otto Fenichel et al . eds. , Collected Papers of Otto Fenichel ( 1987 ) . External links . - Otto Fenichel : 119 Rundbriefe ( German ) - Otto Fenichel : Über die Psychoanalyse als Keim einer zukünftigen dialektisch-materialistischen Psychologie ( German ) |
[
"University of Essex"
] | easy | Who did Simon Critchley work for from 1998 to 2004? | /wiki/Simon_Critchley#P108#0 | Simon Critchley Simon Critchley ( born 27 February 1960 ) is an English philosopher and the Hans Jonas Professor of Philosophy at the New School for Social Research in New York , USA . Challenging the ancient tradition that philosophy begins in wonder , Critchley argues that philosophy begins in disappointment . Two particular forms of disappointment inform Critchleys work : religious and political disappointment . While religious disappointment arises from a lack of faith and generates the problem of what is the meaning of life in the face of nihilism , political disappointment comes from the violent world we live in and raises the question of justice in a violently unjust world . In addition , to these two regions of research , Critchleys recent works have engaged in more experimental forms of writing on Shakespeare , Bowie , suicide , Greek tragedy and association football . Life and education . Simon Critchley was born on 27 February 1960 , in Hertfordshire , England , to a working-class family originally from Liverpool . He is a fan of Liverpool Football Club and has said that , it ‘maybe the governing passion of my life . My only religious commitment is to Liverpool Football Club.’ In grammar school , he studied history , sciences , languages ( French and Russian ) and English literature . During this time , he developed a lifelong interest in ancient history . After intentionally failing his school exams , Critchley worked a number of odd jobs , including in a pharmaceutical factory in which he sustained a severe injury to his left hand . During this time , he was a participant in the emerging Punk scene in England , playing in numerous bands that all failed . After studying for remedial O and A level exams at a community college while doing other odd jobs , Critchley went to university aged 22 . He went to the University of Essex to study literature , but switched to philosophy . Amongst his teachers were Jay Bernstein , Robert Bernasconi , Ludmilla Jordanova , Onora O’Neill , Frank Cioffi , Mike Weston , Roger Moss , and Gabriel Pearson . He also briefly participated in the Communist Students’ Society ( where he first read Althusser , Foucault , and Derrida ) as well as the Poetry Society . After graduating with First Class Honours and winning the Kanani Prize in Philosophy in 1985 , Critchley went to the University of Nice where he wrote his M.Phil . on overcoming metaphysics in Heidegger and Carnap with Dominique Janicaud . His other teachers were Clement Rosset and André Tosel . In 1987 , Critchley returned to the University of Essex to write his PhD , completed in 1988 , which was to become the basis for The Ethics of Deconstruction . Critchley became a University Fellow at University College Cardiff in 1988 . In 1989 , he returned to the University of Essex as Lecturer and where he would become Reader in 1995 and Full Professor in 1999 . During this time he serviced first as Deputy Director ( 1990–96 ) and then as Director ( 1997-2003 ) of the Centre for Theoretical Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences . From 1998-2004 , he was Directeur de Programme , College International de Philosophie . He has held visiting appointments at Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität ( 1997–98 , 2001 ) , University of Nijmegen ( 1997 ) , University of Sydney ( 2000 ) , University of Notre Dame ( 2002 ) , Cardozo Law School ( 2005 ) , University of Oslo ( 2006 ) and University of Texas ( 2010 ) . From 2009 to 2015 , he ran a summer school at University of Tilburg . He is also a Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School . Since 2004 , Critchley has been Professor of Philosophy at the New School for Social Research in New York , at which he became the Hans Jonas Professor of Philosophy in 2011 . Since 2015 , he has served on the board of the Onassis Foundation . In 2021 , Critchley was named by Academic Influence as one of the top 25 most influential philosophers of today . He discusses his biography in a recent episode of Time Sensitive . Overview of philosophical work . The Ethics of Deconstruction : Derrida and Levinas ( 1st ed. , Blackwell , 1992 ; 2nd ed. , Edinburgh University Press 1999 ; 3rd ed. , EUP 2014 ) Since its original publication in 1992 , The Ethics of Deconstruction has been an acclaimed work . Against the received understanding of Derrida as either a metaphysician with his own ‘infrastructure’ or as a value-free nihilist , Critchley argues that central to Derridas thinking is a conception of ethical experience . Specifically , this conception of ethical experience must be understood in Levinasian terms in which the other calls into question ones ego , self-consciousness , and ordinary comprehension . Critchley argues that this Levinasian conception of ethical experience informs Derridas deconstruction and develops the idea of clôtural reading . Very Little .. . Almost Nothing : Death , Philosophy , Literature ( Routledge , 1997/2nd expanded ed. , Routledge 2004 ) Critchleys second monograph begins from the problem of religious disappointment , which generates the question of the meaning of life . Through a long preamble on nihilism , Critchley rejects the view that an affirmation of finitude can redeem the meaning of life . Instead , he argues that the ultimate mark of human finitude is that we cannot find meaning for the finite . Rather , for Critchley , an adequate response to nihilism consists in seeing meaninglessness as a task or achievement . Critchley then develops this thesis through discussions of Blanchot , Levinas , Cavell , German Romanticism , Adorno , Derrida , Beckett , and Wallace Stevens . Ethics-Politics-Subjectivity : Essays on Derrida , Levinas , & Contemporary French Thought ( Verso , 1999 ) This collection brings together a number of previously published essays . Amongst these essays , Critchley discusses a variety of historical and contemporary figures ( e.g. , Hegel , Heidegger , Jean Genet , Derrida , Levinas , Richard Rorty , Laclau , Lacan , Jean-Luc Nancy , and Blanchot ) as well as topics ( e.g. , politics , subjectivity , race ( human categorization ) in the Western philosophical canon , psychoanalysis , comedy , friendship , and others ) . Continental Philosophy : A Very Short Introduction ( Oxford University Press , 2001 ) Critchleys Continental Philosophy : A Very Short Introduction sets out to establish three claims : ( 1 ) to demonstrate why Continental philosophy is a contested concept by looking at the history and meaning of the term as well as its relationship to analytic or Anglo-American philosophy ; ( 2 ) to show how it can be understood as a distinct set of philosophical traditions that cover a range of problems ; and ( 3 ) to argue that a more promising future for philosophy is to talk about philosophy as such without such professional squabbles between Continental and Anglo-American philosophy . Critchley defends these claims through discussions of such figures as Kant , Fichte , Hegel , Nietzsche , Husserl , Heidegger , Carnap , and others as well as such topics as the relationship between knowledge and wisdom , literature , science , politics , and nihilism . On Humour ( Routledge , 2002 ) In On Humour , Critchley explores the central yet peculiar role that humour , jokes , laughter , and smiling play in human life . Specifically , he defends the two-fold claim that humour both ( 1 ) engages our shared practices and mutual attunement with one another , while also ( 2 ) challenging those very social practices and sensibilities , showing how they might be transformed and become otherwise than they presently are . Things Merely Are : Philosophy in the poetry of Wallace Stevens ( Routledge , 2005 ) In Things Merely Are , Critchley argues for two claims : ( 1 ) that Wallace Stevenss poetry affords significant and illuminating philosophical insights and ( 2 ) that the best way to express such insights is poetically . Specifically , Critchley argues that Stevenss poetry offers readers a novel take on the relationship between mind , language and material things , which overcomes modern epistemology . The book also offers an extended engagement with the cinema of Terrence Malick . Infinitely Demanding : Ethics of Commitment , Politics of Resistance ( Verso , 2007 ) Addressing the topic of political disappointment , Critchley argues for a conception of ethical experience and subjectivity . Challenging the modern Kantian association of ethics and autonomy , Critchley argues for a ‘hetero-affective’ conception of ethical experience in which the subject is split between herself and a moral demand , which she experiences and yet cannot entirely fulfill . From this picture , Critchley develops an account of the experience of conscience before reflecting on the relationship between ones conscience and political action . The book argues for an ethical informed neo-anarchism . The Book of Dead Philosophers ( Granta Books , 2008 and Vintage , 2009 ) The Book of Dead Philosophers begins from the assumption that contemporary human life is not defined by a fear of death , but a terror of annihilation and what awaits us after death . Rejecting any escape from our death in either mindless accumulation of wealth or a metaphysical sanctuary , Critchley follows Cicero in exploring the view that ‘to philosophize is to learn how to die’ . To that end , Critchley discusses the deaths ( and lives ) of philosophers ranging from Thales and Plato to Confucius and Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ) , from Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia and Hegel to Heidegger and Frantz Fanon . On Heideggers Being and Time ( Routledge , 2008 ) On Heidegger’s Being and Time presents two ways of approaching Heideggers text . Reiner Schürmann’s contribution reads Heidegger ‘backward’ from the later work to the earlier Being and Time . Alternatively , Critchley reads Heidegger ‘forward’ through Heideggers inheritance of phenomenology . In his contribution , Critchley goes on to question the Heideggers conception of inauthentic/authentic . How to Stop Living and Start Worrying : Conversations with Carl Cederström ( Polity , 2010 ) How to Stop Living and Start Worrying consists of a series of interviews between Critchley and Carl Cederström based on a Swedish TV series . Here Critchley discusses his life and work through the themes of life , philosophy , death , love , humour , and authenticity . Impossible Objects ( Polity , 2012 ) Impossible Objects is a series of interviews between Critchley conducted between 2000 and 2011 . Critchley discusses his own work and development through a variety of topics ( e.g. , deconstruction , nihilism , politics , the literary , punk , tragedy , and more ) . The Faith of the Faithless : Experiments in Political Theology ( Verso , 2012 ) In The Faith of the Faithless , Critchley rethinks faith as a political concept without succumbing to the temptations of the atheistic dismissal of faith or the theistic embrace of faith . To that end , Critchley discusses Rousseau , Badiou , St . Paul , Heidegger , and others . He also defends his view of nonviolence from Zizek’s criticism . Stay , Illusion ! The Hamlet Doctrine ( Pantheon , 2013 ) Co-authored with Jamieson Webster , Stay , Illusion ! draws on various readings of Hamlet ( e.g. , Carl Schmitt , Walter Benjamin , Hegel , Freud , Lacan , and Nietzsche ) with the aim of using this collection of interpretations to offer a close and compelling reading of Hamlet . The Problem with Levinas ( Oxford University Press , 2015 ) Through four lectures , Critchley reflects on five questions concerning Levinas : ( 1 ) what method might we follow in reading Levinas? ; ( 2 ) what is Levinas’ fundamental problem? ; ( 3 ) what is the shape of that problem in his early writings? ; ( 4 ) what is Levinas’ answer to that problem? ; and ( 5 ) is Levinas’ answer the best available answer ? The book attempts to give a heterodox reading of Levinass work and a new understanding of its importance . ABC Of Impossibility ( Univocal , 2015 ) ABC of Impossibility consists of fragments from an allegedly abandoned work , which largely date from 2004-06 . The initial project was to develop a theory of impossible objects that would take the form of alphabetized entries . These entries would deal with various phenomena , concepts , qualities , places , sensations , persons and moods . Bowie ( OR Books , 2014 ; Expanded Edition – Serpent’s Tail , 2016 ) In Bowie , Critchley discusses the influence David Bowie’s music has had on him throughout his life as well as reflects on the philosophical depth of Bowies work . It is very much a fans book that attempts to confer the appropriate aesthetic dignity on Bowies work through a careful analysis of his lyrics and the exploration of themes of inauthenticity , isolation , truth and the longing for love . Memory Theatre ( Fitzcarraldo , 2014 ) Memory Theatre is a semi-fictional autobiographical story about the art of memory inspired by the work of Frances Yates and Adolfo Bioy Casares , but at its core is a concern with memory in relation to Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit . It is concerned with the building of a memory theatre , the delusive attempt to control ones relation to mortality and the progressive dismantling of the standard image of the philosopher . Notes on Suicide ( Fitzcarraldo , 2015 ) Against the prevailing tendency to either moralize against suicide or glorified self-murder , Critchley defends suicide as a phenomenon that should be thought about seriously and soberly . To that end , Critchley examines numerous suicides and reflects on the increase of suicide in our society . What We Think When We Think About Football ( Profile Books/Penguin , 2017 ) Critchley argues that football occupies a particular place in society in that it at once originates from sociality and solidarity ( e.g. , that many teams formed from local churches or various community groups ; the relation between a team and fans ) , while also being completely consumed by money , capital , and the dissolution and alienation of social life . It is an attempt to write a poetics of football . Tragedy , the Greeks , and Us ( Pantheon/Profile Books , 2019 ) In Tragedy , the Greeks , and Us , Critchley argues that tragedy articulates a philosophical orientation that challenges the traditional authority of philosophy by giving voice to what is contradictory , constricting , and limiting about human beings . In developing tragedys philosophy , he turns to the ancient sophist Gorgias and the sophistical practice of antilogia , which examines both sides of an issue so as to make the weaker argument appear stronger . In addition to Gorgias , Critchley discusses Aeschylus , Sophocles , Euripides , Plato , Aristotle , and others . Apply-degger ( Onasis Foundation , 2020 ) Apply-degger is a long-form , deep dive into the most important philosophical book of the last 100 years . Each episode of this podcast series will present one of the key concepts in Heidegger’s philosophy . Taken together , the episodes will lay out the entirety of Heidegger project for people who are curious , serious and interested , but who simply don’t have the time to sit down and read the 437 densely-written pages of the book . It is our hope that this series will show how Heidegger’s thinking might be applied to one’s life in ways which are illuminating , elevating and beneficial . Apply-degger is available for free as an audiobook on the Onasis Youtube channel as well as iTunes , Stitcher , and Spotify . Bald : 35 Philosophical Short Cuts ( Yale University Press , 2021 ) This volume brings together thirty-five essays , originally published in The New York Times , on a wide range of topics , from the dimensions of Plato’s academy and the mysteries of Eleusis to Philip K . Dick , Mormonism , money , and the joy and pain of Liverpool Football Club fans . Other work . The Stone : Since 2010 , Critchley has moderated The Stone in The New York Times , writing many essays himself . Contributions have included such thinkers as Linda Martín Alcoff , Seyla Benhabib , Gary Gutting , Philip Kitcher , Chris Lebron , Todd May , Jason Stanley , Peter Singer , and many others . The forum has been extremely popular and generated two collections of essays , co-edited by Critchley and Peter Catapano : The Stone Reader : Modern Philosophy in 133 Arguments ( W.W . Norton & Co. , 2015 ) and The Stone Reader : Modern Ethics in 77 Arguments ( W.W . Norton & Co. , 2017 ) . International Necronautical Society ( INS ) : Together with writer Tom McCarthy , Critchley is a founding member of the INS and serves as Head Philosopher . In its founding manifesto ( 1999 ) , the First Committee of the INS declared ( 1 ) that death is a space , which INS intends to explore and inhabit ; ( 2 ) that there is no beauty without death ; ( 3 ) that the task of INS is to bring death out into the world ; and ( 4 ) that the chief aim is to construct a means of conveying us into death . The founding manifesto as well as a number of other documents can be found in The Mattering of Matter : Documents from the Archive of the International Necronautical Society ( 2013 ) . Critchley and Simmons : Critchley is a part of the band Critchley and Simmons with John Simmons . They have released four albums : Humiliation ( 2004 ) ; The Majesty of the Absurd ( 2014 ) ; Ponders End ( 2017 ) ; and Moderate or Good , Occasionally Poor ( 2017 ) . Their music is available on Spotify , iTunes , and Soundcloud . Guardian Commentary on Heideggers Being and Time : In 2009 , Critchley wrote a series of articles for The Guardian . Debate with Slavoj Zizek : Critchley engaged in a public debate with Zizek . In response to Infinitely Demanding ( 2007 ) , Zizeks review ( London Review of Books , 2007 ) challenged Critchleys argument that a politics of resistance should not reproduce the violent sovereignty such a politics opposes . Critchley responded to Zizeks objection in Naked Punch and his own The Faith of the Faithless ( 2012 ) . Bibliography . - ( 1992 , 1999 , 2014 ) The Ethics of Deconstruction : Derrida and Levinas , Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . - ( 1997 ) Very Little.. . Almost Nothing : Death , Philosophy , Literature , Routledge , London & New York ( 2nd Edition , 2004 ) . - ( 1999 ) Ethics-Politics-Subjectivity : Essays on Derrida , Levinas , and Contemporary French Thought , Verso , London ( Reissued , 2007 ) . - ( 2001 ) Continental Philosophy : A Very Short Introduction , Oxford University Press . - ( 2002 ) On Humour , Routledge , London . - ( 2005 ) On the Human Condition , with Dominique Janicaud & Eileen Brennan , Routledge , London . - ( 2005 ) Things Merely Are : Philosophy in the Poetry of Wallace Stevens , Routledge , London . - ( 2007 ) Infinitely Demanding . Ethics of Commitment , Politics of Resistance , Verso , London & New York . - ( 2008 ) The Book of Dead Philosophers , Granta Books , London ; Vintage , New York ; Melbourne University Press , Melbourne . - ( 2008 ) On Heidegger’s ‘Being and Time’ , with Reiner Schürmann , edited by Steven Levine , Routledge , London and New York . - ( 2008 ) Der Katechismus des Bürgers , Diaphanes Verlag , Berlin . - ( 2008 ) Democracy and Disappointment : On the Politics of Resistance ( DVD ) – Alain Badiou and Simon Critchley in Conversation , Slought Books , Philadelphia ASIN : B001AXTZIO - ( 2010 ) How to Stop Living and Start Worrying , Polity Press . - ( 2011 ) Impossible Objects , Polity Press . - ( 2011 ) International Necronautical Society : Offizielle Mitteilungen - ( 2012 ) The Mattering of Matter . Documents from the Archive of the International Necronautical Society , with Tom McCarthy , Sternberg Press , Berlin . - ( 2012 ) The Faith of the Faithless , Verso . - ( 2013 ) Stay , Illusion ! The Hamlet Doctrine , Pantheon ( North America ) ; Verso ( Europe ) . - ( 2014 ) Memory Theatre , Fitzcarraldo Editions ( UK ) . - ( 2014 ) Bowie , OR Books . - ( 2015 ) Suicide , Thought Catalog/Kindle Single . ASIN : B00YB0UZDC - ( 2015 ) Notes on Suicide , Fitzcarraldo Editions ( UK ) . - ( 2015 ) The Problem With Levinas , Oxford University Press . - ( 2015 ) ABC of Impossibility , Univocal . - ( 2017 ) What We Think About When We Think About Football , Profile Books . - ( 2019 ) Tragedy , the Greeks , and Us , Pantheon Press ( US ) , Profile Books ( UK ) . - ( 2020 ) Apply-degger ( Audio Book ; available free Onasis Youtube channel , iTunes , Stitcher , and Spotify ) - ( 2021 ) Bald : 35 Philosophical Short Cuts , Yale University Press ISBN 978-0300255966 - As ( co ) editor - ( 1991 ) Re-Reading Levinas , ed . with Robert Bernasconi , Indiana University Press , Bloomington . - ( 1996 ) Deconstructive Subjectivities , ed . with Peter Dews , State University of New York Press , Ithaca , NY . - ( 1996 ) Emmanuel Levinas : Basic Philosophical Writings , ed . with Adriaan T . Peperzak and Robert Bernasconi , Indiana University Press , Bloomington . - ( 1998 ) A Companion to Continental Philosophy , ed . with William R . Schroeder , Blackwell Publishing , Oxford . - ( 2002 ) The Cambridge Companion to Levinas , ed . with Robert Bernasconi , Cambridge University Press . - ( 2004 ) Laclau : A Critical Reader , ed . with Oliver Marchart , Routledge , London . - ( 2014 ) The Anarchist Turn , eds . Jacob Blumenfeld and Chiara Bottici , Pluto Books . - ( 2017 ) The Stone Reader : Modern Philosophy in 133 Arguments , ed . with Peter Catapano , W.W . Norton & Co . - ( 2017 ) Modern Ethics in 77 Arguments , ed . with Peter Catapano , W.W . Norton & Co . External links . - SimonCritchley.org – Website with interviews , reviews , bibliography of work etc . |
[
"Cardozo Law School",
"New School for Social Research"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Simon Critchley work for from 2004 to 2005? | /wiki/Simon_Critchley#P108#1 | Simon Critchley Simon Critchley ( born 27 February 1960 ) is an English philosopher and the Hans Jonas Professor of Philosophy at the New School for Social Research in New York , USA . Challenging the ancient tradition that philosophy begins in wonder , Critchley argues that philosophy begins in disappointment . Two particular forms of disappointment inform Critchleys work : religious and political disappointment . While religious disappointment arises from a lack of faith and generates the problem of what is the meaning of life in the face of nihilism , political disappointment comes from the violent world we live in and raises the question of justice in a violently unjust world . In addition , to these two regions of research , Critchleys recent works have engaged in more experimental forms of writing on Shakespeare , Bowie , suicide , Greek tragedy and association football . Life and education . Simon Critchley was born on 27 February 1960 , in Hertfordshire , England , to a working-class family originally from Liverpool . He is a fan of Liverpool Football Club and has said that , it ‘maybe the governing passion of my life . My only religious commitment is to Liverpool Football Club.’ In grammar school , he studied history , sciences , languages ( French and Russian ) and English literature . During this time , he developed a lifelong interest in ancient history . After intentionally failing his school exams , Critchley worked a number of odd jobs , including in a pharmaceutical factory in which he sustained a severe injury to his left hand . During this time , he was a participant in the emerging Punk scene in England , playing in numerous bands that all failed . After studying for remedial O and A level exams at a community college while doing other odd jobs , Critchley went to university aged 22 . He went to the University of Essex to study literature , but switched to philosophy . Amongst his teachers were Jay Bernstein , Robert Bernasconi , Ludmilla Jordanova , Onora O’Neill , Frank Cioffi , Mike Weston , Roger Moss , and Gabriel Pearson . He also briefly participated in the Communist Students’ Society ( where he first read Althusser , Foucault , and Derrida ) as well as the Poetry Society . After graduating with First Class Honours and winning the Kanani Prize in Philosophy in 1985 , Critchley went to the University of Nice where he wrote his M.Phil . on overcoming metaphysics in Heidegger and Carnap with Dominique Janicaud . His other teachers were Clement Rosset and André Tosel . In 1987 , Critchley returned to the University of Essex to write his PhD , completed in 1988 , which was to become the basis for The Ethics of Deconstruction . Critchley became a University Fellow at University College Cardiff in 1988 . In 1989 , he returned to the University of Essex as Lecturer and where he would become Reader in 1995 and Full Professor in 1999 . During this time he serviced first as Deputy Director ( 1990–96 ) and then as Director ( 1997-2003 ) of the Centre for Theoretical Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences . From 1998-2004 , he was Directeur de Programme , College International de Philosophie . He has held visiting appointments at Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität ( 1997–98 , 2001 ) , University of Nijmegen ( 1997 ) , University of Sydney ( 2000 ) , University of Notre Dame ( 2002 ) , Cardozo Law School ( 2005 ) , University of Oslo ( 2006 ) and University of Texas ( 2010 ) . From 2009 to 2015 , he ran a summer school at University of Tilburg . He is also a Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School . Since 2004 , Critchley has been Professor of Philosophy at the New School for Social Research in New York , at which he became the Hans Jonas Professor of Philosophy in 2011 . Since 2015 , he has served on the board of the Onassis Foundation . In 2021 , Critchley was named by Academic Influence as one of the top 25 most influential philosophers of today . He discusses his biography in a recent episode of Time Sensitive . Overview of philosophical work . The Ethics of Deconstruction : Derrida and Levinas ( 1st ed. , Blackwell , 1992 ; 2nd ed. , Edinburgh University Press 1999 ; 3rd ed. , EUP 2014 ) Since its original publication in 1992 , The Ethics of Deconstruction has been an acclaimed work . Against the received understanding of Derrida as either a metaphysician with his own ‘infrastructure’ or as a value-free nihilist , Critchley argues that central to Derridas thinking is a conception of ethical experience . Specifically , this conception of ethical experience must be understood in Levinasian terms in which the other calls into question ones ego , self-consciousness , and ordinary comprehension . Critchley argues that this Levinasian conception of ethical experience informs Derridas deconstruction and develops the idea of clôtural reading . Very Little .. . Almost Nothing : Death , Philosophy , Literature ( Routledge , 1997/2nd expanded ed. , Routledge 2004 ) Critchleys second monograph begins from the problem of religious disappointment , which generates the question of the meaning of life . Through a long preamble on nihilism , Critchley rejects the view that an affirmation of finitude can redeem the meaning of life . Instead , he argues that the ultimate mark of human finitude is that we cannot find meaning for the finite . Rather , for Critchley , an adequate response to nihilism consists in seeing meaninglessness as a task or achievement . Critchley then develops this thesis through discussions of Blanchot , Levinas , Cavell , German Romanticism , Adorno , Derrida , Beckett , and Wallace Stevens . Ethics-Politics-Subjectivity : Essays on Derrida , Levinas , & Contemporary French Thought ( Verso , 1999 ) This collection brings together a number of previously published essays . Amongst these essays , Critchley discusses a variety of historical and contemporary figures ( e.g. , Hegel , Heidegger , Jean Genet , Derrida , Levinas , Richard Rorty , Laclau , Lacan , Jean-Luc Nancy , and Blanchot ) as well as topics ( e.g. , politics , subjectivity , race ( human categorization ) in the Western philosophical canon , psychoanalysis , comedy , friendship , and others ) . Continental Philosophy : A Very Short Introduction ( Oxford University Press , 2001 ) Critchleys Continental Philosophy : A Very Short Introduction sets out to establish three claims : ( 1 ) to demonstrate why Continental philosophy is a contested concept by looking at the history and meaning of the term as well as its relationship to analytic or Anglo-American philosophy ; ( 2 ) to show how it can be understood as a distinct set of philosophical traditions that cover a range of problems ; and ( 3 ) to argue that a more promising future for philosophy is to talk about philosophy as such without such professional squabbles between Continental and Anglo-American philosophy . Critchley defends these claims through discussions of such figures as Kant , Fichte , Hegel , Nietzsche , Husserl , Heidegger , Carnap , and others as well as such topics as the relationship between knowledge and wisdom , literature , science , politics , and nihilism . On Humour ( Routledge , 2002 ) In On Humour , Critchley explores the central yet peculiar role that humour , jokes , laughter , and smiling play in human life . Specifically , he defends the two-fold claim that humour both ( 1 ) engages our shared practices and mutual attunement with one another , while also ( 2 ) challenging those very social practices and sensibilities , showing how they might be transformed and become otherwise than they presently are . Things Merely Are : Philosophy in the poetry of Wallace Stevens ( Routledge , 2005 ) In Things Merely Are , Critchley argues for two claims : ( 1 ) that Wallace Stevenss poetry affords significant and illuminating philosophical insights and ( 2 ) that the best way to express such insights is poetically . Specifically , Critchley argues that Stevenss poetry offers readers a novel take on the relationship between mind , language and material things , which overcomes modern epistemology . The book also offers an extended engagement with the cinema of Terrence Malick . Infinitely Demanding : Ethics of Commitment , Politics of Resistance ( Verso , 2007 ) Addressing the topic of political disappointment , Critchley argues for a conception of ethical experience and subjectivity . Challenging the modern Kantian association of ethics and autonomy , Critchley argues for a ‘hetero-affective’ conception of ethical experience in which the subject is split between herself and a moral demand , which she experiences and yet cannot entirely fulfill . From this picture , Critchley develops an account of the experience of conscience before reflecting on the relationship between ones conscience and political action . The book argues for an ethical informed neo-anarchism . The Book of Dead Philosophers ( Granta Books , 2008 and Vintage , 2009 ) The Book of Dead Philosophers begins from the assumption that contemporary human life is not defined by a fear of death , but a terror of annihilation and what awaits us after death . Rejecting any escape from our death in either mindless accumulation of wealth or a metaphysical sanctuary , Critchley follows Cicero in exploring the view that ‘to philosophize is to learn how to die’ . To that end , Critchley discusses the deaths ( and lives ) of philosophers ranging from Thales and Plato to Confucius and Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ) , from Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia and Hegel to Heidegger and Frantz Fanon . On Heideggers Being and Time ( Routledge , 2008 ) On Heidegger’s Being and Time presents two ways of approaching Heideggers text . Reiner Schürmann’s contribution reads Heidegger ‘backward’ from the later work to the earlier Being and Time . Alternatively , Critchley reads Heidegger ‘forward’ through Heideggers inheritance of phenomenology . In his contribution , Critchley goes on to question the Heideggers conception of inauthentic/authentic . How to Stop Living and Start Worrying : Conversations with Carl Cederström ( Polity , 2010 ) How to Stop Living and Start Worrying consists of a series of interviews between Critchley and Carl Cederström based on a Swedish TV series . Here Critchley discusses his life and work through the themes of life , philosophy , death , love , humour , and authenticity . Impossible Objects ( Polity , 2012 ) Impossible Objects is a series of interviews between Critchley conducted between 2000 and 2011 . Critchley discusses his own work and development through a variety of topics ( e.g. , deconstruction , nihilism , politics , the literary , punk , tragedy , and more ) . The Faith of the Faithless : Experiments in Political Theology ( Verso , 2012 ) In The Faith of the Faithless , Critchley rethinks faith as a political concept without succumbing to the temptations of the atheistic dismissal of faith or the theistic embrace of faith . To that end , Critchley discusses Rousseau , Badiou , St . Paul , Heidegger , and others . He also defends his view of nonviolence from Zizek’s criticism . Stay , Illusion ! The Hamlet Doctrine ( Pantheon , 2013 ) Co-authored with Jamieson Webster , Stay , Illusion ! draws on various readings of Hamlet ( e.g. , Carl Schmitt , Walter Benjamin , Hegel , Freud , Lacan , and Nietzsche ) with the aim of using this collection of interpretations to offer a close and compelling reading of Hamlet . The Problem with Levinas ( Oxford University Press , 2015 ) Through four lectures , Critchley reflects on five questions concerning Levinas : ( 1 ) what method might we follow in reading Levinas? ; ( 2 ) what is Levinas’ fundamental problem? ; ( 3 ) what is the shape of that problem in his early writings? ; ( 4 ) what is Levinas’ answer to that problem? ; and ( 5 ) is Levinas’ answer the best available answer ? The book attempts to give a heterodox reading of Levinass work and a new understanding of its importance . ABC Of Impossibility ( Univocal , 2015 ) ABC of Impossibility consists of fragments from an allegedly abandoned work , which largely date from 2004-06 . The initial project was to develop a theory of impossible objects that would take the form of alphabetized entries . These entries would deal with various phenomena , concepts , qualities , places , sensations , persons and moods . Bowie ( OR Books , 2014 ; Expanded Edition – Serpent’s Tail , 2016 ) In Bowie , Critchley discusses the influence David Bowie’s music has had on him throughout his life as well as reflects on the philosophical depth of Bowies work . It is very much a fans book that attempts to confer the appropriate aesthetic dignity on Bowies work through a careful analysis of his lyrics and the exploration of themes of inauthenticity , isolation , truth and the longing for love . Memory Theatre ( Fitzcarraldo , 2014 ) Memory Theatre is a semi-fictional autobiographical story about the art of memory inspired by the work of Frances Yates and Adolfo Bioy Casares , but at its core is a concern with memory in relation to Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit . It is concerned with the building of a memory theatre , the delusive attempt to control ones relation to mortality and the progressive dismantling of the standard image of the philosopher . Notes on Suicide ( Fitzcarraldo , 2015 ) Against the prevailing tendency to either moralize against suicide or glorified self-murder , Critchley defends suicide as a phenomenon that should be thought about seriously and soberly . To that end , Critchley examines numerous suicides and reflects on the increase of suicide in our society . What We Think When We Think About Football ( Profile Books/Penguin , 2017 ) Critchley argues that football occupies a particular place in society in that it at once originates from sociality and solidarity ( e.g. , that many teams formed from local churches or various community groups ; the relation between a team and fans ) , while also being completely consumed by money , capital , and the dissolution and alienation of social life . It is an attempt to write a poetics of football . Tragedy , the Greeks , and Us ( Pantheon/Profile Books , 2019 ) In Tragedy , the Greeks , and Us , Critchley argues that tragedy articulates a philosophical orientation that challenges the traditional authority of philosophy by giving voice to what is contradictory , constricting , and limiting about human beings . In developing tragedys philosophy , he turns to the ancient sophist Gorgias and the sophistical practice of antilogia , which examines both sides of an issue so as to make the weaker argument appear stronger . In addition to Gorgias , Critchley discusses Aeschylus , Sophocles , Euripides , Plato , Aristotle , and others . Apply-degger ( Onasis Foundation , 2020 ) Apply-degger is a long-form , deep dive into the most important philosophical book of the last 100 years . Each episode of this podcast series will present one of the key concepts in Heidegger’s philosophy . Taken together , the episodes will lay out the entirety of Heidegger project for people who are curious , serious and interested , but who simply don’t have the time to sit down and read the 437 densely-written pages of the book . It is our hope that this series will show how Heidegger’s thinking might be applied to one’s life in ways which are illuminating , elevating and beneficial . Apply-degger is available for free as an audiobook on the Onasis Youtube channel as well as iTunes , Stitcher , and Spotify . Bald : 35 Philosophical Short Cuts ( Yale University Press , 2021 ) This volume brings together thirty-five essays , originally published in The New York Times , on a wide range of topics , from the dimensions of Plato’s academy and the mysteries of Eleusis to Philip K . Dick , Mormonism , money , and the joy and pain of Liverpool Football Club fans . Other work . The Stone : Since 2010 , Critchley has moderated The Stone in The New York Times , writing many essays himself . Contributions have included such thinkers as Linda Martín Alcoff , Seyla Benhabib , Gary Gutting , Philip Kitcher , Chris Lebron , Todd May , Jason Stanley , Peter Singer , and many others . The forum has been extremely popular and generated two collections of essays , co-edited by Critchley and Peter Catapano : The Stone Reader : Modern Philosophy in 133 Arguments ( W.W . Norton & Co. , 2015 ) and The Stone Reader : Modern Ethics in 77 Arguments ( W.W . Norton & Co. , 2017 ) . International Necronautical Society ( INS ) : Together with writer Tom McCarthy , Critchley is a founding member of the INS and serves as Head Philosopher . In its founding manifesto ( 1999 ) , the First Committee of the INS declared ( 1 ) that death is a space , which INS intends to explore and inhabit ; ( 2 ) that there is no beauty without death ; ( 3 ) that the task of INS is to bring death out into the world ; and ( 4 ) that the chief aim is to construct a means of conveying us into death . The founding manifesto as well as a number of other documents can be found in The Mattering of Matter : Documents from the Archive of the International Necronautical Society ( 2013 ) . Critchley and Simmons : Critchley is a part of the band Critchley and Simmons with John Simmons . They have released four albums : Humiliation ( 2004 ) ; The Majesty of the Absurd ( 2014 ) ; Ponders End ( 2017 ) ; and Moderate or Good , Occasionally Poor ( 2017 ) . Their music is available on Spotify , iTunes , and Soundcloud . Guardian Commentary on Heideggers Being and Time : In 2009 , Critchley wrote a series of articles for The Guardian . Debate with Slavoj Zizek : Critchley engaged in a public debate with Zizek . In response to Infinitely Demanding ( 2007 ) , Zizeks review ( London Review of Books , 2007 ) challenged Critchleys argument that a politics of resistance should not reproduce the violent sovereignty such a politics opposes . Critchley responded to Zizeks objection in Naked Punch and his own The Faith of the Faithless ( 2012 ) . Bibliography . - ( 1992 , 1999 , 2014 ) The Ethics of Deconstruction : Derrida and Levinas , Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . - ( 1997 ) Very Little.. . Almost Nothing : Death , Philosophy , Literature , Routledge , London & New York ( 2nd Edition , 2004 ) . - ( 1999 ) Ethics-Politics-Subjectivity : Essays on Derrida , Levinas , and Contemporary French Thought , Verso , London ( Reissued , 2007 ) . - ( 2001 ) Continental Philosophy : A Very Short Introduction , Oxford University Press . - ( 2002 ) On Humour , Routledge , London . - ( 2005 ) On the Human Condition , with Dominique Janicaud & Eileen Brennan , Routledge , London . - ( 2005 ) Things Merely Are : Philosophy in the Poetry of Wallace Stevens , Routledge , London . - ( 2007 ) Infinitely Demanding . Ethics of Commitment , Politics of Resistance , Verso , London & New York . - ( 2008 ) The Book of Dead Philosophers , Granta Books , London ; Vintage , New York ; Melbourne University Press , Melbourne . - ( 2008 ) On Heidegger’s ‘Being and Time’ , with Reiner Schürmann , edited by Steven Levine , Routledge , London and New York . - ( 2008 ) Der Katechismus des Bürgers , Diaphanes Verlag , Berlin . - ( 2008 ) Democracy and Disappointment : On the Politics of Resistance ( DVD ) – Alain Badiou and Simon Critchley in Conversation , Slought Books , Philadelphia ASIN : B001AXTZIO - ( 2010 ) How to Stop Living and Start Worrying , Polity Press . - ( 2011 ) Impossible Objects , Polity Press . - ( 2011 ) International Necronautical Society : Offizielle Mitteilungen - ( 2012 ) The Mattering of Matter . Documents from the Archive of the International Necronautical Society , with Tom McCarthy , Sternberg Press , Berlin . - ( 2012 ) The Faith of the Faithless , Verso . - ( 2013 ) Stay , Illusion ! The Hamlet Doctrine , Pantheon ( North America ) ; Verso ( Europe ) . - ( 2014 ) Memory Theatre , Fitzcarraldo Editions ( UK ) . - ( 2014 ) Bowie , OR Books . - ( 2015 ) Suicide , Thought Catalog/Kindle Single . ASIN : B00YB0UZDC - ( 2015 ) Notes on Suicide , Fitzcarraldo Editions ( UK ) . - ( 2015 ) The Problem With Levinas , Oxford University Press . - ( 2015 ) ABC of Impossibility , Univocal . - ( 2017 ) What We Think About When We Think About Football , Profile Books . - ( 2019 ) Tragedy , the Greeks , and Us , Pantheon Press ( US ) , Profile Books ( UK ) . - ( 2020 ) Apply-degger ( Audio Book ; available free Onasis Youtube channel , iTunes , Stitcher , and Spotify ) - ( 2021 ) Bald : 35 Philosophical Short Cuts , Yale University Press ISBN 978-0300255966 - As ( co ) editor - ( 1991 ) Re-Reading Levinas , ed . with Robert Bernasconi , Indiana University Press , Bloomington . - ( 1996 ) Deconstructive Subjectivities , ed . with Peter Dews , State University of New York Press , Ithaca , NY . - ( 1996 ) Emmanuel Levinas : Basic Philosophical Writings , ed . with Adriaan T . Peperzak and Robert Bernasconi , Indiana University Press , Bloomington . - ( 1998 ) A Companion to Continental Philosophy , ed . with William R . Schroeder , Blackwell Publishing , Oxford . - ( 2002 ) The Cambridge Companion to Levinas , ed . with Robert Bernasconi , Cambridge University Press . - ( 2004 ) Laclau : A Critical Reader , ed . with Oliver Marchart , Routledge , London . - ( 2014 ) The Anarchist Turn , eds . Jacob Blumenfeld and Chiara Bottici , Pluto Books . - ( 2017 ) The Stone Reader : Modern Philosophy in 133 Arguments , ed . with Peter Catapano , W.W . Norton & Co . - ( 2017 ) Modern Ethics in 77 Arguments , ed . with Peter Catapano , W.W . Norton & Co . External links . - SimonCritchley.org – Website with interviews , reviews , bibliography of work etc . |
[
"Newport RFC"
] | easy | Richard Parks played for which team from 1996 to 1999? | /wiki/Richard_Parks#P54#0 | Richard Parks Richard David Parks ( born 14 August 1977 ) is a former Wales international rugby union player turned extreme endurance athlete and television presenter . In rugby he represented Newport RFC , Pontypridd RFC , Celtic Warriors , Leeds Tykes , Perpignan and Newport Gwent Dragons over a professional career which spanned 13 years . In May 2009 he was forced to retire from rugby due to a shoulder injury . Early years . Parks was born on 14 August 1977 in Pontypridd to a Jamaican mother , Lee , and a Welsh father , Derek Parks . Richard grew up in Newport , Wales and attended Rougemont School , Newport and Monmouth School . Richard first started playing Rugby at the age of 11 at Rougemont School and progressed quickly through the school ranks playing at flanker throughout . He was selected for Welsh Schools at under 18 level and then had a brief spell with Newport youth before spending a year in South Africa in 1996 at Michaelhouse , a boarding school for senior boys in Durban . Richard competed for the first team at Michaelhouse whilst he studied A-level chemistry in order to gain entry to Cardiff University to study Dentistry . Whilst in South Africa , Richard was invited to join the Natal Under 19s academy but this would have involved committing to attend university in South Africa . Richard always had the desire to play for Wales , therefore he chose to return home to take a contract up with Newport Rugby Football Club , and sign his first professional contract as a rugby player . Newport RFC . In his first year at Newport RFC ( 1996–97 ) he was selected to play for the Welsh sevens team in Tokyo , Japan and in his second year at the age of 20 years , Richard was called up to train with the Welsh senior team . At the end of this season ( 1997–98 ) Richard was voted most promising player of the year by his club winning the Arthur Boucher Award . Parks 3rd season with Newport RFC saw him struck down with injury . He missed most of the season after suffering a stress fracture of his spine . Breaking his back resulted in Richard missing the opportunity to gain Welsh honours at an under 21 level . After taking longer to recover than anticipated Richard was released from his contract at Newport RFC after 62 appearances and finished the season playing University Rugby for Cardiff Meds . Pontypridd and playing for Wales . Parks was subsequently signed by Pontypridd RFC for the following season , and in 2001 Parks represented the Welsh Sevens in the 2001 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Argentina . Pontypridd won the Principality Cup in 2002 and reached the Parker Pen Shield final losing 22 – 25 to Sale Sharks . Many of the Pontypridd squad , including Parks , were called up to represent Wales on a tour to South Africa . It was here on tour versus South Africa in Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein that 24-year-old Parks earned his first full international cap on 8 June 2002 , in a 34–19 defeat , from the bench . He became the 1001st player to represent Wales . During the next season Richard was selected for the autumn international series where he gained his second cap against Fiji . A final season at Pontypridd continued and Parks remained in the Welsh squad . He was named in the 6 Nations squad but did not feature on a match day . During the summer of 2003 , he was selected in the preliminary World Cup squad and played warm-up games against Scotland and Ireland . However , Parks missed out on final section to the World Cup in Australia . Celtic Warriors . Following the Introduction of regional rugby union teams in Wales in 2003 , Parks was signed to the newly formed Celtic Warriors . He played the whole of that new look 2003–04 season out of position at number 8 due to injuries in the squad , finishing with 19 appearances . Following the demise of the region after only one season , Parks joined the then Welsh head coach Phil Davies at Leeds Tykes . Leeds and Perpignan . After a difficult start to the 2004–05 season through injury , Parks become an influential member of the Leeds squad and was at times named as vice captain . At the beginning of 2005 following injuries to key players , Leeds were bottom of the Zurich Premiership and some way adrift of their rivals . Despite the threat of relegation they made it to their first ever Powergen Cup final in 2005 , defeating Bath 20–12 at Twickenham to claim their first ever trophy . Following the cup win they went on to win five straight games and avoided relegation finishing the season in eighth position . The following season saw the Tykes lose their first eight games in three different competitions , and were relegated at the end of the season . Parks subsequently signed for USA Perpignan for the 2006–07 season . However , due to a failure to gain sufficient game time , Parks returned to Wales for the 2007–08 season with the Newport Gwent Dragons . Newport Gwent Dragons . Parks tore his knee ligaments in the Boxing Day derby against Cardiff Blues , marking the start of a long line of injuries , which ultimately led to his retirement from rugby . Early in his second season with the Dragons , Parks injured his shoulder in a tackle . Unaware of the severity of the injury , Richard continued to play and then had an operation over Christmas to repair his shoulder . He returned to action at the beginning of the year but his shoulder problem reoccurred . It was at this point , in May 2009 and after of trying many different courses of treatment to repair his shoulder , Richard was advised the damage to his shoulder was irreversible and following the second operation on his shoulder that year , he was advised he should not play rugby anymore . He had made 30 appearances for the Dragons . Richard retired from rugby on 26 May 2009 aged 31 . 737 Challenge and Other Expeditions . Following his retirement from rugby , Parks embarked on a challenge to climb the highest mountain on each of the worlds 7 continents and complete the Three Poles Challenge within 7 months . On 12 December 2010 , Parks left Cardiff on the centenary of the departure of the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition , led by Robert Falcon Scott , from that city . Parks was joined on parts of his 737 Challenge by Olympic rower Steve Williams and Marie Curie nurse Janet Suart . He completed each leg of the 737 Challenge on the following dates : - Leg 1 : The South Pole – 27 December 2010 , 6.10 am GMT - Leg 2 : Mount Vinson – 8 January 2011 - Leg 3 : Aconcagua – 5 February 2011 , 5.54 pm GMT - Leg 4 : Kilimanjaro – 27 February 2011 , 4.57 am GMT - Leg 5 : Carstensz Pyramid – 15 March 2011 , 11.28 pm GMT - Leg 6 : The North Pole – 11 April 2011 , 2.20 pm BST - Leg 7 : Everest – 25 May 2011 , 2.57 am BST - Leg 8 : Denali – 30 June 2011 , 8.08 am BST - Leg 9 : Elbrus – 12 July 2011 , 8.53 am BST On 12 July 2011 he completed his challenge , finishing more than two weeks ahead of his self-imposed 7-month deadline . He completed his 737 Challenge in a record setting 06 Months , 11 Days , 07 Hours and 53 Minutes and set a new benchmark in the climbing of the 7 summits . His 737 Challenge raised hundreds of thousands of pounds in aid of Marie Curie Cancer Care whilst creating an advertising value worth £3 million to the cancer charity . In December 2012 , he attempted to ski solo and unsupported to the South Pole from Hercules Inlet on the Antarctic coast . During his trek he received an extra food resupply , and in January he had to abandon the attempt as he could not reach the South Pole in time for the last plane back to South America . He subsequently returned to Antarctica at the end of 2013 , and on 4 January 2014 he completed an unsupported and unassisted journey to the South Pole , covering 1,150 km ( 715 miles ) in 29 days , 19 hours and 24 minutes , the fastest solo for a Briton . TV Documentaries . Parks 737 Challenge was filmed for a BBC Cymru Wales documentary ; Richard Parks – Conquering the World and was transmitted in 3 parts from Tuesday 26 July 2011 . It has since been distributed across the globe . Filmed by Sports Media Services , the documentary shows the emotional and inspirational journey which saw Richard Parks conquer 7 Summits , 3 Poles in 7 Months . A version has subsequently been released on iTunes . In 2014 , Richards first network television series was broadcast on Channel 5 . Filmed by Zig Zag Productions , it follows a year of preparation and the subsequent completion of endurance races , as well as his solo , unsupported ski to the South Pole . 2016 marked the production and release of a documentary series and a standalone documentary with Parks , both produced by One Tribe TV . A 3-part BBC One Wales and BBC Two series , Extreme Wales with Richard Parks , was released in September . Richard Parks on Everest , a 60-minute documentary for BBC One Wales following his progress earlier in the year on Project Everest Cynllun , was broadcast in October . Honours & Awards . - Powergen Cup/Anglo-Welsh Cup titles : 1 ( 2005 ) - 2012 – Won Just Giving Celebrity Fundraiser of the year . - 2012 – Awarded the Rugby Writers Club Special Award which was previously awarded to the likes of Phil Vickery , Sir Clive Woodward and Sir Ian McGeechan . - 2012 – Awarded The Chancellors Medal by the University of Glamorgan . - 2012 – Awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the University of Wales . - 2012 – Selected to carry the Olympic Torch . - 2012 – Named in the Business Insiders top 100 most influential people in Wales - 2012 – Invited to meet the Queen at Buckingham Palace . - 2012 – Alongside 737 Challenge design partner Limegreentangerine , won a national CIM Marketing Excellence Award , winning SME of the year at the 2012 CIM Marketing Excellence Awards . - 2013 – Awarded an Honorary fellowship by Cardiff University . External links . - Richard Parks - 737 Challenge - Newport Gwent Dragons profile - Pontypridd RFC profile - Wales profile |
[
"Pontypridd RFC"
] | easy | Richard Parks played for which team from 1999 to 2003? | /wiki/Richard_Parks#P54#1 | Richard Parks Richard David Parks ( born 14 August 1977 ) is a former Wales international rugby union player turned extreme endurance athlete and television presenter . In rugby he represented Newport RFC , Pontypridd RFC , Celtic Warriors , Leeds Tykes , Perpignan and Newport Gwent Dragons over a professional career which spanned 13 years . In May 2009 he was forced to retire from rugby due to a shoulder injury . Early years . Parks was born on 14 August 1977 in Pontypridd to a Jamaican mother , Lee , and a Welsh father , Derek Parks . Richard grew up in Newport , Wales and attended Rougemont School , Newport and Monmouth School . Richard first started playing Rugby at the age of 11 at Rougemont School and progressed quickly through the school ranks playing at flanker throughout . He was selected for Welsh Schools at under 18 level and then had a brief spell with Newport youth before spending a year in South Africa in 1996 at Michaelhouse , a boarding school for senior boys in Durban . Richard competed for the first team at Michaelhouse whilst he studied A-level chemistry in order to gain entry to Cardiff University to study Dentistry . Whilst in South Africa , Richard was invited to join the Natal Under 19s academy but this would have involved committing to attend university in South Africa . Richard always had the desire to play for Wales , therefore he chose to return home to take a contract up with Newport Rugby Football Club , and sign his first professional contract as a rugby player . Newport RFC . In his first year at Newport RFC ( 1996–97 ) he was selected to play for the Welsh sevens team in Tokyo , Japan and in his second year at the age of 20 years , Richard was called up to train with the Welsh senior team . At the end of this season ( 1997–98 ) Richard was voted most promising player of the year by his club winning the Arthur Boucher Award . Parks 3rd season with Newport RFC saw him struck down with injury . He missed most of the season after suffering a stress fracture of his spine . Breaking his back resulted in Richard missing the opportunity to gain Welsh honours at an under 21 level . After taking longer to recover than anticipated Richard was released from his contract at Newport RFC after 62 appearances and finished the season playing University Rugby for Cardiff Meds . Pontypridd and playing for Wales . Parks was subsequently signed by Pontypridd RFC for the following season , and in 2001 Parks represented the Welsh Sevens in the 2001 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Argentina . Pontypridd won the Principality Cup in 2002 and reached the Parker Pen Shield final losing 22 – 25 to Sale Sharks . Many of the Pontypridd squad , including Parks , were called up to represent Wales on a tour to South Africa . It was here on tour versus South Africa in Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein that 24-year-old Parks earned his first full international cap on 8 June 2002 , in a 34–19 defeat , from the bench . He became the 1001st player to represent Wales . During the next season Richard was selected for the autumn international series where he gained his second cap against Fiji . A final season at Pontypridd continued and Parks remained in the Welsh squad . He was named in the 6 Nations squad but did not feature on a match day . During the summer of 2003 , he was selected in the preliminary World Cup squad and played warm-up games against Scotland and Ireland . However , Parks missed out on final section to the World Cup in Australia . Celtic Warriors . Following the Introduction of regional rugby union teams in Wales in 2003 , Parks was signed to the newly formed Celtic Warriors . He played the whole of that new look 2003–04 season out of position at number 8 due to injuries in the squad , finishing with 19 appearances . Following the demise of the region after only one season , Parks joined the then Welsh head coach Phil Davies at Leeds Tykes . Leeds and Perpignan . After a difficult start to the 2004–05 season through injury , Parks become an influential member of the Leeds squad and was at times named as vice captain . At the beginning of 2005 following injuries to key players , Leeds were bottom of the Zurich Premiership and some way adrift of their rivals . Despite the threat of relegation they made it to their first ever Powergen Cup final in 2005 , defeating Bath 20–12 at Twickenham to claim their first ever trophy . Following the cup win they went on to win five straight games and avoided relegation finishing the season in eighth position . The following season saw the Tykes lose their first eight games in three different competitions , and were relegated at the end of the season . Parks subsequently signed for USA Perpignan for the 2006–07 season . However , due to a failure to gain sufficient game time , Parks returned to Wales for the 2007–08 season with the Newport Gwent Dragons . Newport Gwent Dragons . Parks tore his knee ligaments in the Boxing Day derby against Cardiff Blues , marking the start of a long line of injuries , which ultimately led to his retirement from rugby . Early in his second season with the Dragons , Parks injured his shoulder in a tackle . Unaware of the severity of the injury , Richard continued to play and then had an operation over Christmas to repair his shoulder . He returned to action at the beginning of the year but his shoulder problem reoccurred . It was at this point , in May 2009 and after of trying many different courses of treatment to repair his shoulder , Richard was advised the damage to his shoulder was irreversible and following the second operation on his shoulder that year , he was advised he should not play rugby anymore . He had made 30 appearances for the Dragons . Richard retired from rugby on 26 May 2009 aged 31 . 737 Challenge and Other Expeditions . Following his retirement from rugby , Parks embarked on a challenge to climb the highest mountain on each of the worlds 7 continents and complete the Three Poles Challenge within 7 months . On 12 December 2010 , Parks left Cardiff on the centenary of the departure of the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition , led by Robert Falcon Scott , from that city . Parks was joined on parts of his 737 Challenge by Olympic rower Steve Williams and Marie Curie nurse Janet Suart . He completed each leg of the 737 Challenge on the following dates : - Leg 1 : The South Pole – 27 December 2010 , 6.10 am GMT - Leg 2 : Mount Vinson – 8 January 2011 - Leg 3 : Aconcagua – 5 February 2011 , 5.54 pm GMT - Leg 4 : Kilimanjaro – 27 February 2011 , 4.57 am GMT - Leg 5 : Carstensz Pyramid – 15 March 2011 , 11.28 pm GMT - Leg 6 : The North Pole – 11 April 2011 , 2.20 pm BST - Leg 7 : Everest – 25 May 2011 , 2.57 am BST - Leg 8 : Denali – 30 June 2011 , 8.08 am BST - Leg 9 : Elbrus – 12 July 2011 , 8.53 am BST On 12 July 2011 he completed his challenge , finishing more than two weeks ahead of his self-imposed 7-month deadline . He completed his 737 Challenge in a record setting 06 Months , 11 Days , 07 Hours and 53 Minutes and set a new benchmark in the climbing of the 7 summits . His 737 Challenge raised hundreds of thousands of pounds in aid of Marie Curie Cancer Care whilst creating an advertising value worth £3 million to the cancer charity . In December 2012 , he attempted to ski solo and unsupported to the South Pole from Hercules Inlet on the Antarctic coast . During his trek he received an extra food resupply , and in January he had to abandon the attempt as he could not reach the South Pole in time for the last plane back to South America . He subsequently returned to Antarctica at the end of 2013 , and on 4 January 2014 he completed an unsupported and unassisted journey to the South Pole , covering 1,150 km ( 715 miles ) in 29 days , 19 hours and 24 minutes , the fastest solo for a Briton . TV Documentaries . Parks 737 Challenge was filmed for a BBC Cymru Wales documentary ; Richard Parks – Conquering the World and was transmitted in 3 parts from Tuesday 26 July 2011 . It has since been distributed across the globe . Filmed by Sports Media Services , the documentary shows the emotional and inspirational journey which saw Richard Parks conquer 7 Summits , 3 Poles in 7 Months . A version has subsequently been released on iTunes . In 2014 , Richards first network television series was broadcast on Channel 5 . Filmed by Zig Zag Productions , it follows a year of preparation and the subsequent completion of endurance races , as well as his solo , unsupported ski to the South Pole . 2016 marked the production and release of a documentary series and a standalone documentary with Parks , both produced by One Tribe TV . A 3-part BBC One Wales and BBC Two series , Extreme Wales with Richard Parks , was released in September . Richard Parks on Everest , a 60-minute documentary for BBC One Wales following his progress earlier in the year on Project Everest Cynllun , was broadcast in October . Honours & Awards . - Powergen Cup/Anglo-Welsh Cup titles : 1 ( 2005 ) - 2012 – Won Just Giving Celebrity Fundraiser of the year . - 2012 – Awarded the Rugby Writers Club Special Award which was previously awarded to the likes of Phil Vickery , Sir Clive Woodward and Sir Ian McGeechan . - 2012 – Awarded The Chancellors Medal by the University of Glamorgan . - 2012 – Awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the University of Wales . - 2012 – Selected to carry the Olympic Torch . - 2012 – Named in the Business Insiders top 100 most influential people in Wales - 2012 – Invited to meet the Queen at Buckingham Palace . - 2012 – Alongside 737 Challenge design partner Limegreentangerine , won a national CIM Marketing Excellence Award , winning SME of the year at the 2012 CIM Marketing Excellence Awards . - 2013 – Awarded an Honorary fellowship by Cardiff University . External links . - Richard Parks - 737 Challenge - Newport Gwent Dragons profile - Pontypridd RFC profile - Wales profile |
[
"Celtic Warriors"
] | easy | Richard Parks played for which team from 2003 to 2004? | /wiki/Richard_Parks#P54#2 | Richard Parks Richard David Parks ( born 14 August 1977 ) is a former Wales international rugby union player turned extreme endurance athlete and television presenter . In rugby he represented Newport RFC , Pontypridd RFC , Celtic Warriors , Leeds Tykes , Perpignan and Newport Gwent Dragons over a professional career which spanned 13 years . In May 2009 he was forced to retire from rugby due to a shoulder injury . Early years . Parks was born on 14 August 1977 in Pontypridd to a Jamaican mother , Lee , and a Welsh father , Derek Parks . Richard grew up in Newport , Wales and attended Rougemont School , Newport and Monmouth School . Richard first started playing Rugby at the age of 11 at Rougemont School and progressed quickly through the school ranks playing at flanker throughout . He was selected for Welsh Schools at under 18 level and then had a brief spell with Newport youth before spending a year in South Africa in 1996 at Michaelhouse , a boarding school for senior boys in Durban . Richard competed for the first team at Michaelhouse whilst he studied A-level chemistry in order to gain entry to Cardiff University to study Dentistry . Whilst in South Africa , Richard was invited to join the Natal Under 19s academy but this would have involved committing to attend university in South Africa . Richard always had the desire to play for Wales , therefore he chose to return home to take a contract up with Newport Rugby Football Club , and sign his first professional contract as a rugby player . Newport RFC . In his first year at Newport RFC ( 1996–97 ) he was selected to play for the Welsh sevens team in Tokyo , Japan and in his second year at the age of 20 years , Richard was called up to train with the Welsh senior team . At the end of this season ( 1997–98 ) Richard was voted most promising player of the year by his club winning the Arthur Boucher Award . Parks 3rd season with Newport RFC saw him struck down with injury . He missed most of the season after suffering a stress fracture of his spine . Breaking his back resulted in Richard missing the opportunity to gain Welsh honours at an under 21 level . After taking longer to recover than anticipated Richard was released from his contract at Newport RFC after 62 appearances and finished the season playing University Rugby for Cardiff Meds . Pontypridd and playing for Wales . Parks was subsequently signed by Pontypridd RFC for the following season , and in 2001 Parks represented the Welsh Sevens in the 2001 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Argentina . Pontypridd won the Principality Cup in 2002 and reached the Parker Pen Shield final losing 22 – 25 to Sale Sharks . Many of the Pontypridd squad , including Parks , were called up to represent Wales on a tour to South Africa . It was here on tour versus South Africa in Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein that 24-year-old Parks earned his first full international cap on 8 June 2002 , in a 34–19 defeat , from the bench . He became the 1001st player to represent Wales . During the next season Richard was selected for the autumn international series where he gained his second cap against Fiji . A final season at Pontypridd continued and Parks remained in the Welsh squad . He was named in the 6 Nations squad but did not feature on a match day . During the summer of 2003 , he was selected in the preliminary World Cup squad and played warm-up games against Scotland and Ireland . However , Parks missed out on final section to the World Cup in Australia . Celtic Warriors . Following the Introduction of regional rugby union teams in Wales in 2003 , Parks was signed to the newly formed Celtic Warriors . He played the whole of that new look 2003–04 season out of position at number 8 due to injuries in the squad , finishing with 19 appearances . Following the demise of the region after only one season , Parks joined the then Welsh head coach Phil Davies at Leeds Tykes . Leeds and Perpignan . After a difficult start to the 2004–05 season through injury , Parks become an influential member of the Leeds squad and was at times named as vice captain . At the beginning of 2005 following injuries to key players , Leeds were bottom of the Zurich Premiership and some way adrift of their rivals . Despite the threat of relegation they made it to their first ever Powergen Cup final in 2005 , defeating Bath 20–12 at Twickenham to claim their first ever trophy . Following the cup win they went on to win five straight games and avoided relegation finishing the season in eighth position . The following season saw the Tykes lose their first eight games in three different competitions , and were relegated at the end of the season . Parks subsequently signed for USA Perpignan for the 2006–07 season . However , due to a failure to gain sufficient game time , Parks returned to Wales for the 2007–08 season with the Newport Gwent Dragons . Newport Gwent Dragons . Parks tore his knee ligaments in the Boxing Day derby against Cardiff Blues , marking the start of a long line of injuries , which ultimately led to his retirement from rugby . Early in his second season with the Dragons , Parks injured his shoulder in a tackle . Unaware of the severity of the injury , Richard continued to play and then had an operation over Christmas to repair his shoulder . He returned to action at the beginning of the year but his shoulder problem reoccurred . It was at this point , in May 2009 and after of trying many different courses of treatment to repair his shoulder , Richard was advised the damage to his shoulder was irreversible and following the second operation on his shoulder that year , he was advised he should not play rugby anymore . He had made 30 appearances for the Dragons . Richard retired from rugby on 26 May 2009 aged 31 . 737 Challenge and Other Expeditions . Following his retirement from rugby , Parks embarked on a challenge to climb the highest mountain on each of the worlds 7 continents and complete the Three Poles Challenge within 7 months . On 12 December 2010 , Parks left Cardiff on the centenary of the departure of the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition , led by Robert Falcon Scott , from that city . Parks was joined on parts of his 737 Challenge by Olympic rower Steve Williams and Marie Curie nurse Janet Suart . He completed each leg of the 737 Challenge on the following dates : - Leg 1 : The South Pole – 27 December 2010 , 6.10 am GMT - Leg 2 : Mount Vinson – 8 January 2011 - Leg 3 : Aconcagua – 5 February 2011 , 5.54 pm GMT - Leg 4 : Kilimanjaro – 27 February 2011 , 4.57 am GMT - Leg 5 : Carstensz Pyramid – 15 March 2011 , 11.28 pm GMT - Leg 6 : The North Pole – 11 April 2011 , 2.20 pm BST - Leg 7 : Everest – 25 May 2011 , 2.57 am BST - Leg 8 : Denali – 30 June 2011 , 8.08 am BST - Leg 9 : Elbrus – 12 July 2011 , 8.53 am BST On 12 July 2011 he completed his challenge , finishing more than two weeks ahead of his self-imposed 7-month deadline . He completed his 737 Challenge in a record setting 06 Months , 11 Days , 07 Hours and 53 Minutes and set a new benchmark in the climbing of the 7 summits . His 737 Challenge raised hundreds of thousands of pounds in aid of Marie Curie Cancer Care whilst creating an advertising value worth £3 million to the cancer charity . In December 2012 , he attempted to ski solo and unsupported to the South Pole from Hercules Inlet on the Antarctic coast . During his trek he received an extra food resupply , and in January he had to abandon the attempt as he could not reach the South Pole in time for the last plane back to South America . He subsequently returned to Antarctica at the end of 2013 , and on 4 January 2014 he completed an unsupported and unassisted journey to the South Pole , covering 1,150 km ( 715 miles ) in 29 days , 19 hours and 24 minutes , the fastest solo for a Briton . TV Documentaries . Parks 737 Challenge was filmed for a BBC Cymru Wales documentary ; Richard Parks – Conquering the World and was transmitted in 3 parts from Tuesday 26 July 2011 . It has since been distributed across the globe . Filmed by Sports Media Services , the documentary shows the emotional and inspirational journey which saw Richard Parks conquer 7 Summits , 3 Poles in 7 Months . A version has subsequently been released on iTunes . In 2014 , Richards first network television series was broadcast on Channel 5 . Filmed by Zig Zag Productions , it follows a year of preparation and the subsequent completion of endurance races , as well as his solo , unsupported ski to the South Pole . 2016 marked the production and release of a documentary series and a standalone documentary with Parks , both produced by One Tribe TV . A 3-part BBC One Wales and BBC Two series , Extreme Wales with Richard Parks , was released in September . Richard Parks on Everest , a 60-minute documentary for BBC One Wales following his progress earlier in the year on Project Everest Cynllun , was broadcast in October . Honours & Awards . - Powergen Cup/Anglo-Welsh Cup titles : 1 ( 2005 ) - 2012 – Won Just Giving Celebrity Fundraiser of the year . - 2012 – Awarded the Rugby Writers Club Special Award which was previously awarded to the likes of Phil Vickery , Sir Clive Woodward and Sir Ian McGeechan . - 2012 – Awarded The Chancellors Medal by the University of Glamorgan . - 2012 – Awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the University of Wales . - 2012 – Selected to carry the Olympic Torch . - 2012 – Named in the Business Insiders top 100 most influential people in Wales - 2012 – Invited to meet the Queen at Buckingham Palace . - 2012 – Alongside 737 Challenge design partner Limegreentangerine , won a national CIM Marketing Excellence Award , winning SME of the year at the 2012 CIM Marketing Excellence Awards . - 2013 – Awarded an Honorary fellowship by Cardiff University . External links . - Richard Parks - 737 Challenge - Newport Gwent Dragons profile - Pontypridd RFC profile - Wales profile |
[
"Leeds Tykes"
] | easy | Which team did the player Richard Parks belong to from 2004 to 2006? | /wiki/Richard_Parks#P54#3 | Richard Parks Richard David Parks ( born 14 August 1977 ) is a former Wales international rugby union player turned extreme endurance athlete and television presenter . In rugby he represented Newport RFC , Pontypridd RFC , Celtic Warriors , Leeds Tykes , Perpignan and Newport Gwent Dragons over a professional career which spanned 13 years . In May 2009 he was forced to retire from rugby due to a shoulder injury . Early years . Parks was born on 14 August 1977 in Pontypridd to a Jamaican mother , Lee , and a Welsh father , Derek Parks . Richard grew up in Newport , Wales and attended Rougemont School , Newport and Monmouth School . Richard first started playing Rugby at the age of 11 at Rougemont School and progressed quickly through the school ranks playing at flanker throughout . He was selected for Welsh Schools at under 18 level and then had a brief spell with Newport youth before spending a year in South Africa in 1996 at Michaelhouse , a boarding school for senior boys in Durban . Richard competed for the first team at Michaelhouse whilst he studied A-level chemistry in order to gain entry to Cardiff University to study Dentistry . Whilst in South Africa , Richard was invited to join the Natal Under 19s academy but this would have involved committing to attend university in South Africa . Richard always had the desire to play for Wales , therefore he chose to return home to take a contract up with Newport Rugby Football Club , and sign his first professional contract as a rugby player . Newport RFC . In his first year at Newport RFC ( 1996–97 ) he was selected to play for the Welsh sevens team in Tokyo , Japan and in his second year at the age of 20 years , Richard was called up to train with the Welsh senior team . At the end of this season ( 1997–98 ) Richard was voted most promising player of the year by his club winning the Arthur Boucher Award . Parks 3rd season with Newport RFC saw him struck down with injury . He missed most of the season after suffering a stress fracture of his spine . Breaking his back resulted in Richard missing the opportunity to gain Welsh honours at an under 21 level . After taking longer to recover than anticipated Richard was released from his contract at Newport RFC after 62 appearances and finished the season playing University Rugby for Cardiff Meds . Pontypridd and playing for Wales . Parks was subsequently signed by Pontypridd RFC for the following season , and in 2001 Parks represented the Welsh Sevens in the 2001 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Argentina . Pontypridd won the Principality Cup in 2002 and reached the Parker Pen Shield final losing 22 – 25 to Sale Sharks . Many of the Pontypridd squad , including Parks , were called up to represent Wales on a tour to South Africa . It was here on tour versus South Africa in Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein that 24-year-old Parks earned his first full international cap on 8 June 2002 , in a 34–19 defeat , from the bench . He became the 1001st player to represent Wales . During the next season Richard was selected for the autumn international series where he gained his second cap against Fiji . A final season at Pontypridd continued and Parks remained in the Welsh squad . He was named in the 6 Nations squad but did not feature on a match day . During the summer of 2003 , he was selected in the preliminary World Cup squad and played warm-up games against Scotland and Ireland . However , Parks missed out on final section to the World Cup in Australia . Celtic Warriors . Following the Introduction of regional rugby union teams in Wales in 2003 , Parks was signed to the newly formed Celtic Warriors . He played the whole of that new look 2003–04 season out of position at number 8 due to injuries in the squad , finishing with 19 appearances . Following the demise of the region after only one season , Parks joined the then Welsh head coach Phil Davies at Leeds Tykes . Leeds and Perpignan . After a difficult start to the 2004–05 season through injury , Parks become an influential member of the Leeds squad and was at times named as vice captain . At the beginning of 2005 following injuries to key players , Leeds were bottom of the Zurich Premiership and some way adrift of their rivals . Despite the threat of relegation they made it to their first ever Powergen Cup final in 2005 , defeating Bath 20–12 at Twickenham to claim their first ever trophy . Following the cup win they went on to win five straight games and avoided relegation finishing the season in eighth position . The following season saw the Tykes lose their first eight games in three different competitions , and were relegated at the end of the season . Parks subsequently signed for USA Perpignan for the 2006–07 season . However , due to a failure to gain sufficient game time , Parks returned to Wales for the 2007–08 season with the Newport Gwent Dragons . Newport Gwent Dragons . Parks tore his knee ligaments in the Boxing Day derby against Cardiff Blues , marking the start of a long line of injuries , which ultimately led to his retirement from rugby . Early in his second season with the Dragons , Parks injured his shoulder in a tackle . Unaware of the severity of the injury , Richard continued to play and then had an operation over Christmas to repair his shoulder . He returned to action at the beginning of the year but his shoulder problem reoccurred . It was at this point , in May 2009 and after of trying many different courses of treatment to repair his shoulder , Richard was advised the damage to his shoulder was irreversible and following the second operation on his shoulder that year , he was advised he should not play rugby anymore . He had made 30 appearances for the Dragons . Richard retired from rugby on 26 May 2009 aged 31 . 737 Challenge and Other Expeditions . Following his retirement from rugby , Parks embarked on a challenge to climb the highest mountain on each of the worlds 7 continents and complete the Three Poles Challenge within 7 months . On 12 December 2010 , Parks left Cardiff on the centenary of the departure of the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition , led by Robert Falcon Scott , from that city . Parks was joined on parts of his 737 Challenge by Olympic rower Steve Williams and Marie Curie nurse Janet Suart . He completed each leg of the 737 Challenge on the following dates : - Leg 1 : The South Pole – 27 December 2010 , 6.10 am GMT - Leg 2 : Mount Vinson – 8 January 2011 - Leg 3 : Aconcagua – 5 February 2011 , 5.54 pm GMT - Leg 4 : Kilimanjaro – 27 February 2011 , 4.57 am GMT - Leg 5 : Carstensz Pyramid – 15 March 2011 , 11.28 pm GMT - Leg 6 : The North Pole – 11 April 2011 , 2.20 pm BST - Leg 7 : Everest – 25 May 2011 , 2.57 am BST - Leg 8 : Denali – 30 June 2011 , 8.08 am BST - Leg 9 : Elbrus – 12 July 2011 , 8.53 am BST On 12 July 2011 he completed his challenge , finishing more than two weeks ahead of his self-imposed 7-month deadline . He completed his 737 Challenge in a record setting 06 Months , 11 Days , 07 Hours and 53 Minutes and set a new benchmark in the climbing of the 7 summits . His 737 Challenge raised hundreds of thousands of pounds in aid of Marie Curie Cancer Care whilst creating an advertising value worth £3 million to the cancer charity . In December 2012 , he attempted to ski solo and unsupported to the South Pole from Hercules Inlet on the Antarctic coast . During his trek he received an extra food resupply , and in January he had to abandon the attempt as he could not reach the South Pole in time for the last plane back to South America . He subsequently returned to Antarctica at the end of 2013 , and on 4 January 2014 he completed an unsupported and unassisted journey to the South Pole , covering 1,150 km ( 715 miles ) in 29 days , 19 hours and 24 minutes , the fastest solo for a Briton . TV Documentaries . Parks 737 Challenge was filmed for a BBC Cymru Wales documentary ; Richard Parks – Conquering the World and was transmitted in 3 parts from Tuesday 26 July 2011 . It has since been distributed across the globe . Filmed by Sports Media Services , the documentary shows the emotional and inspirational journey which saw Richard Parks conquer 7 Summits , 3 Poles in 7 Months . A version has subsequently been released on iTunes . In 2014 , Richards first network television series was broadcast on Channel 5 . Filmed by Zig Zag Productions , it follows a year of preparation and the subsequent completion of endurance races , as well as his solo , unsupported ski to the South Pole . 2016 marked the production and release of a documentary series and a standalone documentary with Parks , both produced by One Tribe TV . A 3-part BBC One Wales and BBC Two series , Extreme Wales with Richard Parks , was released in September . Richard Parks on Everest , a 60-minute documentary for BBC One Wales following his progress earlier in the year on Project Everest Cynllun , was broadcast in October . Honours & Awards . - Powergen Cup/Anglo-Welsh Cup titles : 1 ( 2005 ) - 2012 – Won Just Giving Celebrity Fundraiser of the year . - 2012 – Awarded the Rugby Writers Club Special Award which was previously awarded to the likes of Phil Vickery , Sir Clive Woodward and Sir Ian McGeechan . - 2012 – Awarded The Chancellors Medal by the University of Glamorgan . - 2012 – Awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the University of Wales . - 2012 – Selected to carry the Olympic Torch . - 2012 – Named in the Business Insiders top 100 most influential people in Wales - 2012 – Invited to meet the Queen at Buckingham Palace . - 2012 – Alongside 737 Challenge design partner Limegreentangerine , won a national CIM Marketing Excellence Award , winning SME of the year at the 2012 CIM Marketing Excellence Awards . - 2013 – Awarded an Honorary fellowship by Cardiff University . External links . - Richard Parks - 737 Challenge - Newport Gwent Dragons profile - Pontypridd RFC profile - Wales profile |
[
"Perpignan"
] | easy | Which team did the player Richard Parks belong to from 2006 to 2007? | /wiki/Richard_Parks#P54#4 | Richard Parks Richard David Parks ( born 14 August 1977 ) is a former Wales international rugby union player turned extreme endurance athlete and television presenter . In rugby he represented Newport RFC , Pontypridd RFC , Celtic Warriors , Leeds Tykes , Perpignan and Newport Gwent Dragons over a professional career which spanned 13 years . In May 2009 he was forced to retire from rugby due to a shoulder injury . Early years . Parks was born on 14 August 1977 in Pontypridd to a Jamaican mother , Lee , and a Welsh father , Derek Parks . Richard grew up in Newport , Wales and attended Rougemont School , Newport and Monmouth School . Richard first started playing Rugby at the age of 11 at Rougemont School and progressed quickly through the school ranks playing at flanker throughout . He was selected for Welsh Schools at under 18 level and then had a brief spell with Newport youth before spending a year in South Africa in 1996 at Michaelhouse , a boarding school for senior boys in Durban . Richard competed for the first team at Michaelhouse whilst he studied A-level chemistry in order to gain entry to Cardiff University to study Dentistry . Whilst in South Africa , Richard was invited to join the Natal Under 19s academy but this would have involved committing to attend university in South Africa . Richard always had the desire to play for Wales , therefore he chose to return home to take a contract up with Newport Rugby Football Club , and sign his first professional contract as a rugby player . Newport RFC . In his first year at Newport RFC ( 1996–97 ) he was selected to play for the Welsh sevens team in Tokyo , Japan and in his second year at the age of 20 years , Richard was called up to train with the Welsh senior team . At the end of this season ( 1997–98 ) Richard was voted most promising player of the year by his club winning the Arthur Boucher Award . Parks 3rd season with Newport RFC saw him struck down with injury . He missed most of the season after suffering a stress fracture of his spine . Breaking his back resulted in Richard missing the opportunity to gain Welsh honours at an under 21 level . After taking longer to recover than anticipated Richard was released from his contract at Newport RFC after 62 appearances and finished the season playing University Rugby for Cardiff Meds . Pontypridd and playing for Wales . Parks was subsequently signed by Pontypridd RFC for the following season , and in 2001 Parks represented the Welsh Sevens in the 2001 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Argentina . Pontypridd won the Principality Cup in 2002 and reached the Parker Pen Shield final losing 22 – 25 to Sale Sharks . Many of the Pontypridd squad , including Parks , were called up to represent Wales on a tour to South Africa . It was here on tour versus South Africa in Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein that 24-year-old Parks earned his first full international cap on 8 June 2002 , in a 34–19 defeat , from the bench . He became the 1001st player to represent Wales . During the next season Richard was selected for the autumn international series where he gained his second cap against Fiji . A final season at Pontypridd continued and Parks remained in the Welsh squad . He was named in the 6 Nations squad but did not feature on a match day . During the summer of 2003 , he was selected in the preliminary World Cup squad and played warm-up games against Scotland and Ireland . However , Parks missed out on final section to the World Cup in Australia . Celtic Warriors . Following the Introduction of regional rugby union teams in Wales in 2003 , Parks was signed to the newly formed Celtic Warriors . He played the whole of that new look 2003–04 season out of position at number 8 due to injuries in the squad , finishing with 19 appearances . Following the demise of the region after only one season , Parks joined the then Welsh head coach Phil Davies at Leeds Tykes . Leeds and Perpignan . After a difficult start to the 2004–05 season through injury , Parks become an influential member of the Leeds squad and was at times named as vice captain . At the beginning of 2005 following injuries to key players , Leeds were bottom of the Zurich Premiership and some way adrift of their rivals . Despite the threat of relegation they made it to their first ever Powergen Cup final in 2005 , defeating Bath 20–12 at Twickenham to claim their first ever trophy . Following the cup win they went on to win five straight games and avoided relegation finishing the season in eighth position . The following season saw the Tykes lose their first eight games in three different competitions , and were relegated at the end of the season . Parks subsequently signed for USA Perpignan for the 2006–07 season . However , due to a failure to gain sufficient game time , Parks returned to Wales for the 2007–08 season with the Newport Gwent Dragons . Newport Gwent Dragons . Parks tore his knee ligaments in the Boxing Day derby against Cardiff Blues , marking the start of a long line of injuries , which ultimately led to his retirement from rugby . Early in his second season with the Dragons , Parks injured his shoulder in a tackle . Unaware of the severity of the injury , Richard continued to play and then had an operation over Christmas to repair his shoulder . He returned to action at the beginning of the year but his shoulder problem reoccurred . It was at this point , in May 2009 and after of trying many different courses of treatment to repair his shoulder , Richard was advised the damage to his shoulder was irreversible and following the second operation on his shoulder that year , he was advised he should not play rugby anymore . He had made 30 appearances for the Dragons . Richard retired from rugby on 26 May 2009 aged 31 . 737 Challenge and Other Expeditions . Following his retirement from rugby , Parks embarked on a challenge to climb the highest mountain on each of the worlds 7 continents and complete the Three Poles Challenge within 7 months . On 12 December 2010 , Parks left Cardiff on the centenary of the departure of the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition , led by Robert Falcon Scott , from that city . Parks was joined on parts of his 737 Challenge by Olympic rower Steve Williams and Marie Curie nurse Janet Suart . He completed each leg of the 737 Challenge on the following dates : - Leg 1 : The South Pole – 27 December 2010 , 6.10 am GMT - Leg 2 : Mount Vinson – 8 January 2011 - Leg 3 : Aconcagua – 5 February 2011 , 5.54 pm GMT - Leg 4 : Kilimanjaro – 27 February 2011 , 4.57 am GMT - Leg 5 : Carstensz Pyramid – 15 March 2011 , 11.28 pm GMT - Leg 6 : The North Pole – 11 April 2011 , 2.20 pm BST - Leg 7 : Everest – 25 May 2011 , 2.57 am BST - Leg 8 : Denali – 30 June 2011 , 8.08 am BST - Leg 9 : Elbrus – 12 July 2011 , 8.53 am BST On 12 July 2011 he completed his challenge , finishing more than two weeks ahead of his self-imposed 7-month deadline . He completed his 737 Challenge in a record setting 06 Months , 11 Days , 07 Hours and 53 Minutes and set a new benchmark in the climbing of the 7 summits . His 737 Challenge raised hundreds of thousands of pounds in aid of Marie Curie Cancer Care whilst creating an advertising value worth £3 million to the cancer charity . In December 2012 , he attempted to ski solo and unsupported to the South Pole from Hercules Inlet on the Antarctic coast . During his trek he received an extra food resupply , and in January he had to abandon the attempt as he could not reach the South Pole in time for the last plane back to South America . He subsequently returned to Antarctica at the end of 2013 , and on 4 January 2014 he completed an unsupported and unassisted journey to the South Pole , covering 1,150 km ( 715 miles ) in 29 days , 19 hours and 24 minutes , the fastest solo for a Briton . TV Documentaries . Parks 737 Challenge was filmed for a BBC Cymru Wales documentary ; Richard Parks – Conquering the World and was transmitted in 3 parts from Tuesday 26 July 2011 . It has since been distributed across the globe . Filmed by Sports Media Services , the documentary shows the emotional and inspirational journey which saw Richard Parks conquer 7 Summits , 3 Poles in 7 Months . A version has subsequently been released on iTunes . In 2014 , Richards first network television series was broadcast on Channel 5 . Filmed by Zig Zag Productions , it follows a year of preparation and the subsequent completion of endurance races , as well as his solo , unsupported ski to the South Pole . 2016 marked the production and release of a documentary series and a standalone documentary with Parks , both produced by One Tribe TV . A 3-part BBC One Wales and BBC Two series , Extreme Wales with Richard Parks , was released in September . Richard Parks on Everest , a 60-minute documentary for BBC One Wales following his progress earlier in the year on Project Everest Cynllun , was broadcast in October . Honours & Awards . - Powergen Cup/Anglo-Welsh Cup titles : 1 ( 2005 ) - 2012 – Won Just Giving Celebrity Fundraiser of the year . - 2012 – Awarded the Rugby Writers Club Special Award which was previously awarded to the likes of Phil Vickery , Sir Clive Woodward and Sir Ian McGeechan . - 2012 – Awarded The Chancellors Medal by the University of Glamorgan . - 2012 – Awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the University of Wales . - 2012 – Selected to carry the Olympic Torch . - 2012 – Named in the Business Insiders top 100 most influential people in Wales - 2012 – Invited to meet the Queen at Buckingham Palace . - 2012 – Alongside 737 Challenge design partner Limegreentangerine , won a national CIM Marketing Excellence Award , winning SME of the year at the 2012 CIM Marketing Excellence Awards . - 2013 – Awarded an Honorary fellowship by Cardiff University . External links . - Richard Parks - 737 Challenge - Newport Gwent Dragons profile - Pontypridd RFC profile - Wales profile |
[
"Newport Gwent Dragons"
] | easy | Which team did Richard Parks play for from 2007 to 2009? | /wiki/Richard_Parks#P54#5 | Richard Parks Richard David Parks ( born 14 August 1977 ) is a former Wales international rugby union player turned extreme endurance athlete and television presenter . In rugby he represented Newport RFC , Pontypridd RFC , Celtic Warriors , Leeds Tykes , Perpignan and Newport Gwent Dragons over a professional career which spanned 13 years . In May 2009 he was forced to retire from rugby due to a shoulder injury . Early years . Parks was born on 14 August 1977 in Pontypridd to a Jamaican mother , Lee , and a Welsh father , Derek Parks . Richard grew up in Newport , Wales and attended Rougemont School , Newport and Monmouth School . Richard first started playing Rugby at the age of 11 at Rougemont School and progressed quickly through the school ranks playing at flanker throughout . He was selected for Welsh Schools at under 18 level and then had a brief spell with Newport youth before spending a year in South Africa in 1996 at Michaelhouse , a boarding school for senior boys in Durban . Richard competed for the first team at Michaelhouse whilst he studied A-level chemistry in order to gain entry to Cardiff University to study Dentistry . Whilst in South Africa , Richard was invited to join the Natal Under 19s academy but this would have involved committing to attend university in South Africa . Richard always had the desire to play for Wales , therefore he chose to return home to take a contract up with Newport Rugby Football Club , and sign his first professional contract as a rugby player . Newport RFC . In his first year at Newport RFC ( 1996–97 ) he was selected to play for the Welsh sevens team in Tokyo , Japan and in his second year at the age of 20 years , Richard was called up to train with the Welsh senior team . At the end of this season ( 1997–98 ) Richard was voted most promising player of the year by his club winning the Arthur Boucher Award . Parks 3rd season with Newport RFC saw him struck down with injury . He missed most of the season after suffering a stress fracture of his spine . Breaking his back resulted in Richard missing the opportunity to gain Welsh honours at an under 21 level . After taking longer to recover than anticipated Richard was released from his contract at Newport RFC after 62 appearances and finished the season playing University Rugby for Cardiff Meds . Pontypridd and playing for Wales . Parks was subsequently signed by Pontypridd RFC for the following season , and in 2001 Parks represented the Welsh Sevens in the 2001 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Argentina . Pontypridd won the Principality Cup in 2002 and reached the Parker Pen Shield final losing 22 – 25 to Sale Sharks . Many of the Pontypridd squad , including Parks , were called up to represent Wales on a tour to South Africa . It was here on tour versus South Africa in Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein that 24-year-old Parks earned his first full international cap on 8 June 2002 , in a 34–19 defeat , from the bench . He became the 1001st player to represent Wales . During the next season Richard was selected for the autumn international series where he gained his second cap against Fiji . A final season at Pontypridd continued and Parks remained in the Welsh squad . He was named in the 6 Nations squad but did not feature on a match day . During the summer of 2003 , he was selected in the preliminary World Cup squad and played warm-up games against Scotland and Ireland . However , Parks missed out on final section to the World Cup in Australia . Celtic Warriors . Following the Introduction of regional rugby union teams in Wales in 2003 , Parks was signed to the newly formed Celtic Warriors . He played the whole of that new look 2003–04 season out of position at number 8 due to injuries in the squad , finishing with 19 appearances . Following the demise of the region after only one season , Parks joined the then Welsh head coach Phil Davies at Leeds Tykes . Leeds and Perpignan . After a difficult start to the 2004–05 season through injury , Parks become an influential member of the Leeds squad and was at times named as vice captain . At the beginning of 2005 following injuries to key players , Leeds were bottom of the Zurich Premiership and some way adrift of their rivals . Despite the threat of relegation they made it to their first ever Powergen Cup final in 2005 , defeating Bath 20–12 at Twickenham to claim their first ever trophy . Following the cup win they went on to win five straight games and avoided relegation finishing the season in eighth position . The following season saw the Tykes lose their first eight games in three different competitions , and were relegated at the end of the season . Parks subsequently signed for USA Perpignan for the 2006–07 season . However , due to a failure to gain sufficient game time , Parks returned to Wales for the 2007–08 season with the Newport Gwent Dragons . Newport Gwent Dragons . Parks tore his knee ligaments in the Boxing Day derby against Cardiff Blues , marking the start of a long line of injuries , which ultimately led to his retirement from rugby . Early in his second season with the Dragons , Parks injured his shoulder in a tackle . Unaware of the severity of the injury , Richard continued to play and then had an operation over Christmas to repair his shoulder . He returned to action at the beginning of the year but his shoulder problem reoccurred . It was at this point , in May 2009 and after of trying many different courses of treatment to repair his shoulder , Richard was advised the damage to his shoulder was irreversible and following the second operation on his shoulder that year , he was advised he should not play rugby anymore . He had made 30 appearances for the Dragons . Richard retired from rugby on 26 May 2009 aged 31 . 737 Challenge and Other Expeditions . Following his retirement from rugby , Parks embarked on a challenge to climb the highest mountain on each of the worlds 7 continents and complete the Three Poles Challenge within 7 months . On 12 December 2010 , Parks left Cardiff on the centenary of the departure of the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition , led by Robert Falcon Scott , from that city . Parks was joined on parts of his 737 Challenge by Olympic rower Steve Williams and Marie Curie nurse Janet Suart . He completed each leg of the 737 Challenge on the following dates : - Leg 1 : The South Pole – 27 December 2010 , 6.10 am GMT - Leg 2 : Mount Vinson – 8 January 2011 - Leg 3 : Aconcagua – 5 February 2011 , 5.54 pm GMT - Leg 4 : Kilimanjaro – 27 February 2011 , 4.57 am GMT - Leg 5 : Carstensz Pyramid – 15 March 2011 , 11.28 pm GMT - Leg 6 : The North Pole – 11 April 2011 , 2.20 pm BST - Leg 7 : Everest – 25 May 2011 , 2.57 am BST - Leg 8 : Denali – 30 June 2011 , 8.08 am BST - Leg 9 : Elbrus – 12 July 2011 , 8.53 am BST On 12 July 2011 he completed his challenge , finishing more than two weeks ahead of his self-imposed 7-month deadline . He completed his 737 Challenge in a record setting 06 Months , 11 Days , 07 Hours and 53 Minutes and set a new benchmark in the climbing of the 7 summits . His 737 Challenge raised hundreds of thousands of pounds in aid of Marie Curie Cancer Care whilst creating an advertising value worth £3 million to the cancer charity . In December 2012 , he attempted to ski solo and unsupported to the South Pole from Hercules Inlet on the Antarctic coast . During his trek he received an extra food resupply , and in January he had to abandon the attempt as he could not reach the South Pole in time for the last plane back to South America . He subsequently returned to Antarctica at the end of 2013 , and on 4 January 2014 he completed an unsupported and unassisted journey to the South Pole , covering 1,150 km ( 715 miles ) in 29 days , 19 hours and 24 minutes , the fastest solo for a Briton . TV Documentaries . Parks 737 Challenge was filmed for a BBC Cymru Wales documentary ; Richard Parks – Conquering the World and was transmitted in 3 parts from Tuesday 26 July 2011 . It has since been distributed across the globe . Filmed by Sports Media Services , the documentary shows the emotional and inspirational journey which saw Richard Parks conquer 7 Summits , 3 Poles in 7 Months . A version has subsequently been released on iTunes . In 2014 , Richards first network television series was broadcast on Channel 5 . Filmed by Zig Zag Productions , it follows a year of preparation and the subsequent completion of endurance races , as well as his solo , unsupported ski to the South Pole . 2016 marked the production and release of a documentary series and a standalone documentary with Parks , both produced by One Tribe TV . A 3-part BBC One Wales and BBC Two series , Extreme Wales with Richard Parks , was released in September . Richard Parks on Everest , a 60-minute documentary for BBC One Wales following his progress earlier in the year on Project Everest Cynllun , was broadcast in October . Honours & Awards . - Powergen Cup/Anglo-Welsh Cup titles : 1 ( 2005 ) - 2012 – Won Just Giving Celebrity Fundraiser of the year . - 2012 – Awarded the Rugby Writers Club Special Award which was previously awarded to the likes of Phil Vickery , Sir Clive Woodward and Sir Ian McGeechan . - 2012 – Awarded The Chancellors Medal by the University of Glamorgan . - 2012 – Awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the University of Wales . - 2012 – Selected to carry the Olympic Torch . - 2012 – Named in the Business Insiders top 100 most influential people in Wales - 2012 – Invited to meet the Queen at Buckingham Palace . - 2012 – Alongside 737 Challenge design partner Limegreentangerine , won a national CIM Marketing Excellence Award , winning SME of the year at the 2012 CIM Marketing Excellence Awards . - 2013 – Awarded an Honorary fellowship by Cardiff University . External links . - Richard Parks - 737 Challenge - Newport Gwent Dragons profile - Pontypridd RFC profile - Wales profile |
[
"Newport News High School"
] | easy | Herbert H. Bateman went to which school from 1944 to 1945? | /wiki/Herbert_H._Bateman#P69#0 | Herbert H . Bateman Herbert Harvell Herb Bateman ( August 7 , 1928 – September 11 , 2000 ) was an American politician in Virginia . He was a nine-term member of the United States House of Representatives , serving as a Republican from 1983 until his death from natural causes in Leesburg , Virginia in 2000 . Early life . Bateman was born in Elizabeth City , North Carolina on August 7 , 1928 . However , he lived most of his life in Newport News , Virginia . A graduate of Newport News High School in 1945 , Bateman went on to William and Mary to earn a Bachelors degree . After graduation , he briefly taught at Hampton High School from 1949 to 1951 , when he commissioned in the United States Air Force as a first lieutenant during the Korean War . He was a special agent at the U.S . Air Force Office of Special Investigations ( AFOSI or OSI ) and served until 1953 . Upon his return home , Bateman enrolled in the Law Center at Georgetown University , where in 1956 he earned his law degree . He served a short time as a clerk for the United States Court of Appeals in Washington , D.C . before practicing law privately in Newport News from 1968 to 1983 . During this period he worked to build a political base through community activism and membership in the Virginia Jaycees . Bateman served as president of the Virginia Jaycees and National legal counsel for the United States Junior Chamber of Commerce . Political career . Bateman was elected to the Senate of Virginia for 14 years , representing a portion of Newport News . He was originally a Democrat , but became a Republican in 1976 . In 1982 , he was elected to succeed Paul S . Trible , Jr . as the representative for the 1st District in the United States House of Representatives . While serving in the House , Bateman was a member of the Armed Forces and Transportation Infrastructure Committees , while chairing the Subcommittee on Military Readiness and the House Merchant Marine Panel . While in the House of Representatives , Batemans voting record was moderate by Southern Republican standards ; he had a lifetime rating of 79 from the American Conservative Union . He was a strong supporter of controlling government spending . However , he was particularly active on defense issues . Since Newport News was a center for military work , he strongly supported military spending . He also served his constituents as a member of organizations such as the Virginia Jaycees , Peninsula United Way and Red Cross Blood Donor Program . Elections . - 1982 – Bateman defeated Democrat John McGlennon to win his first term in Congress ; he won 55% of the vote - 1984 – Re-elected with 59% of the vote over Democrat McGlennon and Independent E . J . Green - 1986 – Re-elected with 56% of the vote over Democrat Robert Cortez Scott - 1988 – Re-elected with 73% of the vote over Democrat James S . Ellenson - 1990 – Re-elected with 51% of the vote over Democrat Andrew H . Fox - 1992 – Re-elected with 58% of the vote over Democrat Fox and Independent Donald L . Macleay - 1994 – Re-elected with 74% of the vote over Democrat Mary F . Sinclair and Independent Matt B . Voorhees - 1996 – Was unopposed for re-election - 1998 – Re-elected with 76% of the vote over Independents Josh Billings and Bradford L . Phillips Health issues . Health was a major concern for Bateman during the 1990s . In 1990 , he was diagnosed with lung and prostate cancer . In 1995 , he suffered a heart attack , but was able to recover . He had surgery to remove cancer from his right lung in 1998 , and had a partial blockage of a major artery removed in 1999 . He was diagnosed with a cancerous lymph node in January 2000 , which prompted him to not seek re-election . Bateman died on September 11 , 2000 from natural causes . He was in Leesburg , Virginia at the time for a golf tournament . He was serving out the remainder of his ninth term at the time of his death . He is buried in Peninsula Memorial Park in Newport News , Virginia . He and his wife , Laura , had two children , a son and daughter . His son , Herbert H . Bateman Jr. , presently serves on the Newport News City Council as Vice Mayor and on the Peninsula Airport Commission . Daughter , Laura Margaret Bateman , is the principal of Bateman Consulting , a government and public affairs consulting firm . His papers from his time as a state senator as well as from his time in Congress can be found at the Special Collections Research Center at the College of William & Mary . |
[
"Law Center at Georgetown University"
] | easy | Where was Herbert H. Bateman educated from 1949 to 1956? | /wiki/Herbert_H._Bateman#P69#1 | Herbert H . Bateman Herbert Harvell Herb Bateman ( August 7 , 1928 – September 11 , 2000 ) was an American politician in Virginia . He was a nine-term member of the United States House of Representatives , serving as a Republican from 1983 until his death from natural causes in Leesburg , Virginia in 2000 . Early life . Bateman was born in Elizabeth City , North Carolina on August 7 , 1928 . However , he lived most of his life in Newport News , Virginia . A graduate of Newport News High School in 1945 , Bateman went on to William and Mary to earn a Bachelors degree . After graduation , he briefly taught at Hampton High School from 1949 to 1951 , when he commissioned in the United States Air Force as a first lieutenant during the Korean War . He was a special agent at the U.S . Air Force Office of Special Investigations ( AFOSI or OSI ) and served until 1953 . Upon his return home , Bateman enrolled in the Law Center at Georgetown University , where in 1956 he earned his law degree . He served a short time as a clerk for the United States Court of Appeals in Washington , D.C . before practicing law privately in Newport News from 1968 to 1983 . During this period he worked to build a political base through community activism and membership in the Virginia Jaycees . Bateman served as president of the Virginia Jaycees and National legal counsel for the United States Junior Chamber of Commerce . Political career . Bateman was elected to the Senate of Virginia for 14 years , representing a portion of Newport News . He was originally a Democrat , but became a Republican in 1976 . In 1982 , he was elected to succeed Paul S . Trible , Jr . as the representative for the 1st District in the United States House of Representatives . While serving in the House , Bateman was a member of the Armed Forces and Transportation Infrastructure Committees , while chairing the Subcommittee on Military Readiness and the House Merchant Marine Panel . While in the House of Representatives , Batemans voting record was moderate by Southern Republican standards ; he had a lifetime rating of 79 from the American Conservative Union . He was a strong supporter of controlling government spending . However , he was particularly active on defense issues . Since Newport News was a center for military work , he strongly supported military spending . He also served his constituents as a member of organizations such as the Virginia Jaycees , Peninsula United Way and Red Cross Blood Donor Program . Elections . - 1982 – Bateman defeated Democrat John McGlennon to win his first term in Congress ; he won 55% of the vote - 1984 – Re-elected with 59% of the vote over Democrat McGlennon and Independent E . J . Green - 1986 – Re-elected with 56% of the vote over Democrat Robert Cortez Scott - 1988 – Re-elected with 73% of the vote over Democrat James S . Ellenson - 1990 – Re-elected with 51% of the vote over Democrat Andrew H . Fox - 1992 – Re-elected with 58% of the vote over Democrat Fox and Independent Donald L . Macleay - 1994 – Re-elected with 74% of the vote over Democrat Mary F . Sinclair and Independent Matt B . Voorhees - 1996 – Was unopposed for re-election - 1998 – Re-elected with 76% of the vote over Independents Josh Billings and Bradford L . Phillips Health issues . Health was a major concern for Bateman during the 1990s . In 1990 , he was diagnosed with lung and prostate cancer . In 1995 , he suffered a heart attack , but was able to recover . He had surgery to remove cancer from his right lung in 1998 , and had a partial blockage of a major artery removed in 1999 . He was diagnosed with a cancerous lymph node in January 2000 , which prompted him to not seek re-election . Bateman died on September 11 , 2000 from natural causes . He was in Leesburg , Virginia at the time for a golf tournament . He was serving out the remainder of his ninth term at the time of his death . He is buried in Peninsula Memorial Park in Newport News , Virginia . He and his wife , Laura , had two children , a son and daughter . His son , Herbert H . Bateman Jr. , presently serves on the Newport News City Council as Vice Mayor and on the Peninsula Airport Commission . Daughter , Laura Margaret Bateman , is the principal of Bateman Consulting , a government and public affairs consulting firm . His papers from his time as a state senator as well as from his time in Congress can be found at the Special Collections Research Center at the College of William & Mary . |
[
""
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Masha Klinova in 2002? | /wiki/Masha_Klinova#P2962#0 | Masha Klinova Masha Klinova ( born 18 November 1968 ) , née Jarmolinskaya , is an Israeli Woman Grandmaster ( WGM , 1996 ) . She is two-times winner of Israeli Womens Chess Championship ( 1992 , 2010 ) . Biography . Masha Klinova was born in Soviet Union , but since 1992 moved to Israel . She twice won Israeli Womens Chess Championships : in 1992 and in 2010 . Also she twice won Womens World Chess Championship Zonal tournaments : in 1993 , in Zagreb and in 1998 , in Dresden ( together with Ela Pitam ) . In 2000 , Masha Klinova participated in Womens World Chess Championship by knock-out system and in the first round lost to Qin Kanying . Masha Klinova is winner of many international chess tournaments , including the shared first place with Ilze Rubene in 1999 , in Stockholm Scandics Hotels tournament , shared the first place in 2001 , in Odessa , won in Simferopol , in 2003 , won in Sevastopol , in 2005 , but in 2008 won the second place in the tournament in Kherson . Masha Klinova played for Israel in the Womens Chess Olympiads : - In 1994 , at first board in the 31st Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Moscow ( +5 , =2 , -5 ) , - In 1996 , at first board in the 32nd Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Yerevan ( +2 , =7 , -2 ) , - In 1998 , at first board in the 33rd Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Elista ( +4 , =7 , -1 ) , - In 2000 , at first board in the 34th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Istanbul ( +3 , =7 , -2 ) , - In 2002 , at first board in the 35th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Bled ( +5 , =6 , -2 ) , - In 2006 , at first board in the 37th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Turin ( +3 , =7 , -2 ) , - In 2008 , at first board in the 38th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Dresden ( +2 , =5 , -2 ) , - In 2010 , at first board in the 39th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Khanty-Mansiysk ( +2 , =4 , -3 ) , - In 2012 , at third board in the 40th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Istanbul ( +4 , =4 , -1 ) , - In 2014 , at first board in the 41st Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Tromsø ( +3 , =5 , -2 ) , - In 2016 , at third board in the 42nd Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Baku ( +2 , =4 , -2 ) , - In 2018 , at third board in the 43rd Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Batumi ( +2 , =3 , -3 ) . Masha Klinova played for Israel in the European Team Chess Championships : - In 1992 , at first board in the 1st European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Debrecen ( +2 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 1997 , at first board in the 2nd European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Pula ( +3 , =3 , -2 ) , - In 2003 , at first board in the 5th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Plovdiv ( +2 , =4 , -2 ) , - In 2005 , at first board in the 6th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Gothenburg ( +0 , =5 , -4 ) , - In 2007 , at first board in the 7th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Heraklion ( +1 , =6 , -2 ) , - In 2011 , at first board in the 9th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Porto Carras ( +1 , =4 , -1 ) , - In 2013 , at second board in the 10th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Warsaw ( +3 , =3 , -1 ) , - In 2017 , at third board in the 12th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Crete ( +2 , =4 , -1 ) . In 1996 , she was awarded the FIDE International Women Grandmaster ( WGM ) title . In 2002 , she was awarded the FIDE International Master ( IM ) title . In 2014 , she became to FIDE arbitr ( FA ) . External links . - Masha Klinova chess games at 365Chess.com |
[
"FIDE International Women Grandmaster"
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Masha Klinova in 1996? | /wiki/Masha_Klinova#P2962#1 | Masha Klinova Masha Klinova ( born 18 November 1968 ) , née Jarmolinskaya , is an Israeli Woman Grandmaster ( WGM , 1996 ) . She is two-times winner of Israeli Womens Chess Championship ( 1992 , 2010 ) . Biography . Masha Klinova was born in Soviet Union , but since 1992 moved to Israel . She twice won Israeli Womens Chess Championships : in 1992 and in 2010 . Also she twice won Womens World Chess Championship Zonal tournaments : in 1993 , in Zagreb and in 1998 , in Dresden ( together with Ela Pitam ) . In 2000 , Masha Klinova participated in Womens World Chess Championship by knock-out system and in the first round lost to Qin Kanying . Masha Klinova is winner of many international chess tournaments , including the shared first place with Ilze Rubene in 1999 , in Stockholm Scandics Hotels tournament , shared the first place in 2001 , in Odessa , won in Simferopol , in 2003 , won in Sevastopol , in 2005 , but in 2008 won the second place in the tournament in Kherson . Masha Klinova played for Israel in the Womens Chess Olympiads : - In 1994 , at first board in the 31st Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Moscow ( +5 , =2 , -5 ) , - In 1996 , at first board in the 32nd Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Yerevan ( +2 , =7 , -2 ) , - In 1998 , at first board in the 33rd Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Elista ( +4 , =7 , -1 ) , - In 2000 , at first board in the 34th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Istanbul ( +3 , =7 , -2 ) , - In 2002 , at first board in the 35th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Bled ( +5 , =6 , -2 ) , - In 2006 , at first board in the 37th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Turin ( +3 , =7 , -2 ) , - In 2008 , at first board in the 38th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Dresden ( +2 , =5 , -2 ) , - In 2010 , at first board in the 39th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Khanty-Mansiysk ( +2 , =4 , -3 ) , - In 2012 , at third board in the 40th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Istanbul ( +4 , =4 , -1 ) , - In 2014 , at first board in the 41st Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Tromsø ( +3 , =5 , -2 ) , - In 2016 , at third board in the 42nd Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Baku ( +2 , =4 , -2 ) , - In 2018 , at third board in the 43rd Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Batumi ( +2 , =3 , -3 ) . Masha Klinova played for Israel in the European Team Chess Championships : - In 1992 , at first board in the 1st European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Debrecen ( +2 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 1997 , at first board in the 2nd European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Pula ( +3 , =3 , -2 ) , - In 2003 , at first board in the 5th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Plovdiv ( +2 , =4 , -2 ) , - In 2005 , at first board in the 6th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Gothenburg ( +0 , =5 , -4 ) , - In 2007 , at first board in the 7th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Heraklion ( +1 , =6 , -2 ) , - In 2011 , at first board in the 9th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Porto Carras ( +1 , =4 , -1 ) , - In 2013 , at second board in the 10th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Warsaw ( +3 , =3 , -1 ) , - In 2017 , at third board in the 12th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Crete ( +2 , =4 , -1 ) . In 1996 , she was awarded the FIDE International Women Grandmaster ( WGM ) title . In 2002 , she was awarded the FIDE International Master ( IM ) title . In 2014 , she became to FIDE arbitr ( FA ) . External links . - Masha Klinova chess games at 365Chess.com |
[
""
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Masha Klinova in 2014? | /wiki/Masha_Klinova#P2962#2 | Masha Klinova Masha Klinova ( born 18 November 1968 ) , née Jarmolinskaya , is an Israeli Woman Grandmaster ( WGM , 1996 ) . She is two-times winner of Israeli Womens Chess Championship ( 1992 , 2010 ) . Biography . Masha Klinova was born in Soviet Union , but since 1992 moved to Israel . She twice won Israeli Womens Chess Championships : in 1992 and in 2010 . Also she twice won Womens World Chess Championship Zonal tournaments : in 1993 , in Zagreb and in 1998 , in Dresden ( together with Ela Pitam ) . In 2000 , Masha Klinova participated in Womens World Chess Championship by knock-out system and in the first round lost to Qin Kanying . Masha Klinova is winner of many international chess tournaments , including the shared first place with Ilze Rubene in 1999 , in Stockholm Scandics Hotels tournament , shared the first place in 2001 , in Odessa , won in Simferopol , in 2003 , won in Sevastopol , in 2005 , but in 2008 won the second place in the tournament in Kherson . Masha Klinova played for Israel in the Womens Chess Olympiads : - In 1994 , at first board in the 31st Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Moscow ( +5 , =2 , -5 ) , - In 1996 , at first board in the 32nd Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Yerevan ( +2 , =7 , -2 ) , - In 1998 , at first board in the 33rd Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Elista ( +4 , =7 , -1 ) , - In 2000 , at first board in the 34th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Istanbul ( +3 , =7 , -2 ) , - In 2002 , at first board in the 35th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Bled ( +5 , =6 , -2 ) , - In 2006 , at first board in the 37th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Turin ( +3 , =7 , -2 ) , - In 2008 , at first board in the 38th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Dresden ( +2 , =5 , -2 ) , - In 2010 , at first board in the 39th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Khanty-Mansiysk ( +2 , =4 , -3 ) , - In 2012 , at third board in the 40th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Istanbul ( +4 , =4 , -1 ) , - In 2014 , at first board in the 41st Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Tromsø ( +3 , =5 , -2 ) , - In 2016 , at third board in the 42nd Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Baku ( +2 , =4 , -2 ) , - In 2018 , at third board in the 43rd Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Batumi ( +2 , =3 , -3 ) . Masha Klinova played for Israel in the European Team Chess Championships : - In 1992 , at first board in the 1st European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Debrecen ( +2 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 1997 , at first board in the 2nd European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Pula ( +3 , =3 , -2 ) , - In 2003 , at first board in the 5th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Plovdiv ( +2 , =4 , -2 ) , - In 2005 , at first board in the 6th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Gothenburg ( +0 , =5 , -4 ) , - In 2007 , at first board in the 7th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Heraklion ( +1 , =6 , -2 ) , - In 2011 , at first board in the 9th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Porto Carras ( +1 , =4 , -1 ) , - In 2013 , at second board in the 10th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Warsaw ( +3 , =3 , -1 ) , - In 2017 , at third board in the 12th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Crete ( +2 , =4 , -1 ) . In 1996 , she was awarded the FIDE International Women Grandmaster ( WGM ) title . In 2002 , she was awarded the FIDE International Master ( IM ) title . In 2014 , she became to FIDE arbitr ( FA ) . External links . - Masha Klinova chess games at 365Chess.com |
[
"AFC Bournemouth"
] | easy | Daryl Fordyce played for which team from 2005 to 2007? | /wiki/Daryl_Fordyce#P54#0 | Daryl Fordyce Daryl Thomas Fordyce ( born 2 January 1987 ) is a Northern Irish professional footballer who plays as a forward for the Canadian club Valour FC . Club career . Early career . Fordyce played for St Andrews and Lisburn Youth in Northern Ireland , winning major trophies with both teams when he was younger . He later joined Portsmouth . Working his way up through the clubs youth ranks , Fordyce spent the second half of the 2005–06 season on loan at AFC Bournemouth before going back to Portsmouth . Glentoran . In July 2007 , he signed for Glentoran in Northern Ireland . At the beginning of the Irish League 2010/11 season he scored five goals against Lisburn Distillery in the first game of the season in a 6-1 win . Fordyce agreed a deal with Linfield just after the end of 2010/11 season , although he was in contract re-negotiations with Glentoran . Linfield . In 2012 , Fordyce won the league title with Linfield after defeating Portadown 2–1 on 7 April . The team also won the Irish Cup for a record 42nd time , defeating Crusaders 4–1 in the final . Though Fordyce did not score in the final , he did score in Linfields 5-1 defeat over Carrick Rangers . FC Edmonton . On 18 January 2013 , it was announced that Fordyce , along with his teammate Albert Watson , would not return to Linfield in the following season , instead seeking new playing opportunities in Canada . On 25 February 2013 , it was reported that both would join FC Edmonton . After four seasons in Edmonton , Fordyce left the club as its all-time leading scorer , a title which he still holds to this day . FC Cincinnati . The United Soccer League club FC Cincinnati announced that it had signed Fordyce on 16 January 2017 . After little playing time with FC Cincinnati , Fordyce was released by the club in June 2017 . Return to Edmonton . Shortly after , Fordyce re-signed with FC Edmonton . After the 2017 season , with the future of FC Edmonton and the NASL in doubt , Fordyce was released from FC Edmonton . Sligo Rovers . On 8 February 2019 , Fordyce signed a one-year contract with the League of Ireland Premier Division side Sligo Rovers . That season , he made 29 league appearances , scoring two goals , while making two appearances in the FAI Cup and one in the League of Ireland Cup . Valour FC . On 10 January 2020 , Fordyce signed with the Canadian Premier League side Valour FC . He made his debut for Valour in their season opener on August 16 against Cavalry FC . He scored his first goal for Valour against his former club FC Edmonton on August 29 , helping his team to a 2-1 victory . International career . Fordyce has represented Northern Ireland at Under-19 level , scoring both goals in the 2–1 European U19 Championship victory over Moldova in October 2005 . He also scored four goals for Northern Ireland U-19 against Serbia & Montenegro . He has made five appearances for the Northern Ireland national under-21 football team , scoring against Germany in November 2006 . External links . - BBC profile - NIFG profile |
[
"Glentoran in Northern Ireland"
] | easy | Which team did Daryl Fordyce play for from 2007 to 2008? | /wiki/Daryl_Fordyce#P54#1 | Daryl Fordyce Daryl Thomas Fordyce ( born 2 January 1987 ) is a Northern Irish professional footballer who plays as a forward for the Canadian club Valour FC . Club career . Early career . Fordyce played for St Andrews and Lisburn Youth in Northern Ireland , winning major trophies with both teams when he was younger . He later joined Portsmouth . Working his way up through the clubs youth ranks , Fordyce spent the second half of the 2005–06 season on loan at AFC Bournemouth before going back to Portsmouth . Glentoran . In July 2007 , he signed for Glentoran in Northern Ireland . At the beginning of the Irish League 2010/11 season he scored five goals against Lisburn Distillery in the first game of the season in a 6-1 win . Fordyce agreed a deal with Linfield just after the end of 2010/11 season , although he was in contract re-negotiations with Glentoran . Linfield . In 2012 , Fordyce won the league title with Linfield after defeating Portadown 2–1 on 7 April . The team also won the Irish Cup for a record 42nd time , defeating Crusaders 4–1 in the final . Though Fordyce did not score in the final , he did score in Linfields 5-1 defeat over Carrick Rangers . FC Edmonton . On 18 January 2013 , it was announced that Fordyce , along with his teammate Albert Watson , would not return to Linfield in the following season , instead seeking new playing opportunities in Canada . On 25 February 2013 , it was reported that both would join FC Edmonton . After four seasons in Edmonton , Fordyce left the club as its all-time leading scorer , a title which he still holds to this day . FC Cincinnati . The United Soccer League club FC Cincinnati announced that it had signed Fordyce on 16 January 2017 . After little playing time with FC Cincinnati , Fordyce was released by the club in June 2017 . Return to Edmonton . Shortly after , Fordyce re-signed with FC Edmonton . After the 2017 season , with the future of FC Edmonton and the NASL in doubt , Fordyce was released from FC Edmonton . Sligo Rovers . On 8 February 2019 , Fordyce signed a one-year contract with the League of Ireland Premier Division side Sligo Rovers . That season , he made 29 league appearances , scoring two goals , while making two appearances in the FAI Cup and one in the League of Ireland Cup . Valour FC . On 10 January 2020 , Fordyce signed with the Canadian Premier League side Valour FC . He made his debut for Valour in their season opener on August 16 against Cavalry FC . He scored his first goal for Valour against his former club FC Edmonton on August 29 , helping his team to a 2-1 victory . International career . Fordyce has represented Northern Ireland at Under-19 level , scoring both goals in the 2–1 European U19 Championship victory over Moldova in October 2005 . He also scored four goals for Northern Ireland U-19 against Serbia & Montenegro . He has made five appearances for the Northern Ireland national under-21 football team , scoring against Germany in November 2006 . External links . - BBC profile - NIFG profile |
[
"Linfield"
] | easy | Which team did the player Daryl Fordyce belong to from 2011 to 2013? | /wiki/Daryl_Fordyce#P54#2 | Daryl Fordyce Daryl Thomas Fordyce ( born 2 January 1987 ) is a Northern Irish professional footballer who plays as a forward for the Canadian club Valour FC . Club career . Early career . Fordyce played for St Andrews and Lisburn Youth in Northern Ireland , winning major trophies with both teams when he was younger . He later joined Portsmouth . Working his way up through the clubs youth ranks , Fordyce spent the second half of the 2005–06 season on loan at AFC Bournemouth before going back to Portsmouth . Glentoran . In July 2007 , he signed for Glentoran in Northern Ireland . At the beginning of the Irish League 2010/11 season he scored five goals against Lisburn Distillery in the first game of the season in a 6-1 win . Fordyce agreed a deal with Linfield just after the end of 2010/11 season , although he was in contract re-negotiations with Glentoran . Linfield . In 2012 , Fordyce won the league title with Linfield after defeating Portadown 2–1 on 7 April . The team also won the Irish Cup for a record 42nd time , defeating Crusaders 4–1 in the final . Though Fordyce did not score in the final , he did score in Linfields 5-1 defeat over Carrick Rangers . FC Edmonton . On 18 January 2013 , it was announced that Fordyce , along with his teammate Albert Watson , would not return to Linfield in the following season , instead seeking new playing opportunities in Canada . On 25 February 2013 , it was reported that both would join FC Edmonton . After four seasons in Edmonton , Fordyce left the club as its all-time leading scorer , a title which he still holds to this day . FC Cincinnati . The United Soccer League club FC Cincinnati announced that it had signed Fordyce on 16 January 2017 . After little playing time with FC Cincinnati , Fordyce was released by the club in June 2017 . Return to Edmonton . Shortly after , Fordyce re-signed with FC Edmonton . After the 2017 season , with the future of FC Edmonton and the NASL in doubt , Fordyce was released from FC Edmonton . Sligo Rovers . On 8 February 2019 , Fordyce signed a one-year contract with the League of Ireland Premier Division side Sligo Rovers . That season , he made 29 league appearances , scoring two goals , while making two appearances in the FAI Cup and one in the League of Ireland Cup . Valour FC . On 10 January 2020 , Fordyce signed with the Canadian Premier League side Valour FC . He made his debut for Valour in their season opener on August 16 against Cavalry FC . He scored his first goal for Valour against his former club FC Edmonton on August 29 , helping his team to a 2-1 victory . International career . Fordyce has represented Northern Ireland at Under-19 level , scoring both goals in the 2–1 European U19 Championship victory over Moldova in October 2005 . He also scored four goals for Northern Ireland U-19 against Serbia & Montenegro . He has made five appearances for the Northern Ireland national under-21 football team , scoring against Germany in November 2006 . External links . - BBC profile - NIFG profile |
[
"FC Edmonton"
] | easy | Which team did the player Daryl Fordyce belong to from 2013 to 2016? | /wiki/Daryl_Fordyce#P54#3 | Daryl Fordyce Daryl Thomas Fordyce ( born 2 January 1987 ) is a Northern Irish professional footballer who plays as a forward for the Canadian club Valour FC . Club career . Early career . Fordyce played for St Andrews and Lisburn Youth in Northern Ireland , winning major trophies with both teams when he was younger . He later joined Portsmouth . Working his way up through the clubs youth ranks , Fordyce spent the second half of the 2005–06 season on loan at AFC Bournemouth before going back to Portsmouth . Glentoran . In July 2007 , he signed for Glentoran in Northern Ireland . At the beginning of the Irish League 2010/11 season he scored five goals against Lisburn Distillery in the first game of the season in a 6-1 win . Fordyce agreed a deal with Linfield just after the end of 2010/11 season , although he was in contract re-negotiations with Glentoran . Linfield . In 2012 , Fordyce won the league title with Linfield after defeating Portadown 2–1 on 7 April . The team also won the Irish Cup for a record 42nd time , defeating Crusaders 4–1 in the final . Though Fordyce did not score in the final , he did score in Linfields 5-1 defeat over Carrick Rangers . FC Edmonton . On 18 January 2013 , it was announced that Fordyce , along with his teammate Albert Watson , would not return to Linfield in the following season , instead seeking new playing opportunities in Canada . On 25 February 2013 , it was reported that both would join FC Edmonton . After four seasons in Edmonton , Fordyce left the club as its all-time leading scorer , a title which he still holds to this day . FC Cincinnati . The United Soccer League club FC Cincinnati announced that it had signed Fordyce on 16 January 2017 . After little playing time with FC Cincinnati , Fordyce was released by the club in June 2017 . Return to Edmonton . Shortly after , Fordyce re-signed with FC Edmonton . After the 2017 season , with the future of FC Edmonton and the NASL in doubt , Fordyce was released from FC Edmonton . Sligo Rovers . On 8 February 2019 , Fordyce signed a one-year contract with the League of Ireland Premier Division side Sligo Rovers . That season , he made 29 league appearances , scoring two goals , while making two appearances in the FAI Cup and one in the League of Ireland Cup . Valour FC . On 10 January 2020 , Fordyce signed with the Canadian Premier League side Valour FC . He made his debut for Valour in their season opener on August 16 against Cavalry FC . He scored his first goal for Valour against his former club FC Edmonton on August 29 , helping his team to a 2-1 victory . International career . Fordyce has represented Northern Ireland at Under-19 level , scoring both goals in the 2–1 European U19 Championship victory over Moldova in October 2005 . He also scored four goals for Northern Ireland U-19 against Serbia & Montenegro . He has made five appearances for the Northern Ireland national under-21 football team , scoring against Germany in November 2006 . External links . - BBC profile - NIFG profile |
[
"Computer Unit"
] | easy | What was the name of Department of Computing, Imperial College London from 1964 to 1966? | /wiki/Department_of_Computing,_Imperial_College_London#P2561#0 | Department of Computing , Imperial College London The Department of Computing ( DoC ) is the computer science department at Imperial College London . The department has around 50 academic staff and 1000 students , with around 600 studying undergraduate courses , 200 PhD students , and 200 MSc students . The department is predominantly based in the Huxley Building , 180 Queens Gate , which it shares with the Maths department , however also has space in the William Penney Laboratory and in the Aeronautics and Chemical Engineering Extension . The department ranks 7th in the Times Higher Education 2020 subject world rankings . History . The origins of the department start with the formation of the Computer Unit in 1964 , led by Stanley Gill , out of the Department of Electrical Engineering . However , earlier work had also been done by the Department of Mathematics , which had built the Imperial College Computing Engine , an early digital relay computer . In 1966 , the postgraduate Centre for Computing and Automation came into being and consumed the pre-existing Computer Unit , with John Westcott migrating his Control Group from the Electrical Engineering department and joining Stanley Gill as joint head . In 1970 , Gill left for industry , the department was renamed to The Department of Computing and Control , and Westcott became the head . In 1972 , Manny Lehman joined the department and with Westcott , developed the first undergraduate course ( BSc ) . Before Lehman joined , there was some progress towards the design of an undergraduate course ; however , Lehman found this to be too mathematical and also Westcott didnt wish to compete with the hardware focus of Manchester University . Therefore , it was decided to focus the course on the creation of software and related methodologies . The first intake for the course was in 1973 , and the first graduates in 1976 . On the research front , the department held a logic programming workshop , which evolved into the ICLP ( International Conference on Logic Programming ) . The department moved to the Huxley Building in 1977 . In 1979 Westcotts term as head of department came to an end and the position was up for renewal , it was given to Lehman . During Westcotts term , the control engineers had been doing most of the research in the department , and the computer scientists doing most of the teaching ; in order to establish Computing as its own subject , then Rector Lord Flowers advised Lehman to send Westcott and his control group back to Electrical Engineering , and the department assumed its current name , the Department of Computing . Lehman started designing a Software Engineering course , his belief was that software engineering is practical by nature and as part of the course wanted students to have industrial experience . However , professional software engineering was not as it is today and Lehman founded IST to provide a place for Imperial students to get some practical experience . Throughout the 80s , the department was recognised as a leading centre for logic programming , and by 1985 the size of the logic programming group had grown to 50 . In 1980 , Keith Clark co-founded Logic Programming Associates , which aimed to apply the results of the logic programming groups research to industrial problems . When Lehmans term came up for renewal in 1984 , he was not reappointed and instead went to work full time for IST . Bruce Sayers , the then head of Electrical Engineering was appointed as head of the department . Over the course of his term , Sayers doubled the size of the department , but this increase caused office spaces to become over-occupied , and required more teaching space . To remedy this the Holland Club moved out of the Huxley Building and lecture theatres 308 and 311 were constructed in their place , furthermore , the William Penney Laboratory was constructed in 1988 . Sayers later became the head of the Centre for Cognitive Systems , which resided in the newly built William Penney Laboratory . In 1993 , IC-PARC was founded , also residing in the William Penney Laboratory . It span out in 1999 to create Parc Technologies and the centre was later shut down in 2005 . Academics . Study . Undergraduate . The department offers both courses in Computing and joint courses in Maths and Computing . Students can apply for either the three year BEng or four year MEng course , however , the first two years are common and so students are able to switch between these courses up until the start of the third year ( provided they meet academic requirements ) . Masters students can choose to specialize in a particular field , or also study management and finance as part of their degree . The department also has ties to universities in Europe and further abroad , including UC Berkeley and MIT , allowing students on the masters course to study abroad for one year of their program . All students who obtain an undergraduate degree from the department are also awarded the Associateship of the City & Guilds Institute , ACGI . Postgraduate . The department offers MSc taught masters programs in either Computer Science , designed for graduates of other subjects , and Advanced Computing , designed for graduates of bachelors courses . The department also offers specialist masters degrees which focus on particular fields of study within computer science . The department also offers an MRes course as part of the EPSRC , and takes on PhD students . All students graduating with any of the postgraduate degrees ( MSc , MRes or PhD ) are also awarded the Diploma of Imperial College , DIC . Reputation . The department ranks seventh in the world in the Times Higher Education 2020 subject rankings , ranking third in the UK , as well as twelfth in the QS World University Rankings . Domestically , the department ranks third on the Complete University Guides 2020 computer science table , and fourth in The Guardians 2020 computer science university subject rankings . The department also produces graduates with the highest average pay of any course six months after graduation , and the highest in the subject five years out , earning an average of £60,000 , ahead of second place Oxford by £4,200 . Student Life . Student activities are organised by DoCSoc , the departmental society for computing students . DoCSoc is organised by a team of student volunteers , and is funded by corporate sponsors , organised as part of the City and Guilds College Union , a constituent union of Imperial College Union . It runs events social and educational events throughout the year , including ICHack , an annual hackathon open to university students from both the college and elsewhere , with over 300 participants in 2018 . DoCSoc was refounded in 1986 , and ran a magazine Whats up DoC ? by 1995 . By 1997 , student magazine was called Data , however , today the society no longer runs a magazine . People . Heads of Department . - 1964-66 , Stanley Gill ( also British Computer Society President 1967-68 ; Founding member of Real Time Club ) - 1966-1970 , Stanley Gill ( computing ) and John Westcott ( automation ) - 1966-79 , John Westcott - 1979-84 , Manny Lehman ( also known for Lehmans laws of software evolution ) - 1984-89 , Bruce Sayers - 1989-97 , Tom Maibaum - 1997-99 , Robert Kowalski - 1999-2004 , Jeff Kramer ( also Director of Studies 1990-95 ) - 2004-2010 , Jeff Magee - 2010-2016 , Susan Eisenbach - 2016–2020 , Daniel Rueckert ( also co-founder of IXICO ) - 2020–present , Michael Huth Faculty . - Abbas Edalat ( Professor 1997- ) - Alexander L . Wolf ( Professor 2006- ) - Anthony Finkelstein ( Visiting Professor ) - Igor Aleksander ( Deputy Head of Department ) - Keith Clark ( Professor , founder of Logic Programming Associates ) - Maja Pantić ( Professor ) - Marek Sergot ( co-creator of Event calculus ) - Murray Shanahan ( Professor of AI ) - Nick Jennings ( Professor of AI ) - Nobuko Yoshida ( Professor ) - Peter Cornwell ( Visiting Professor and former director of Visual Computing Group ) - Peter G . Harrison ( Professor 1972- ) - Philippa Gardner ( Professor of Theoretical Computer Science 2009- ) - Ruth Misener - Sophia Drossopoulou ( Professor , known for her paper on the soundness of Java ) - Stephen Muggleton ( Professor ) Former . - Samson Abramsky ( Lecturer 1983–1988 , Reader 1988–1990 , Professor 1990–1993 ) - László Bélády ( Spent 1974 in the department ) - Dov Gabbay ( Professor 1983-98 ) - George Coulouris ( Lecturer 1965-75 ) Alumni . - Bashar Ahmad Nuseibeh ( MSc 1989 , PhD 1994 ) - Chris Harrison ( Winner of University Challenge in 1996 ) - Danny Lui ( Founder of Lenovo ) - Diomidis Spinellis ( 4x winner of the International Obfuscated C Code Contest ) - Edwige Pitel ( Professional cyclist ) - Gavin Estcourt ( Winner of University Challenge in 2001 ) - Guido Jouret ( PhD 1991 , ABB Chief Digital Officer ) - Ian Bayley ( Winner of multiple international quiz competitions ) - Ian Foster ( Winner of Lovelace Medal and Gordon Bell Prize ) - Jeff Magee ( PhD 1984 , Former Head of Department ) - John Shawe-Taylor ( MSc 1987? ) - Leslie Valiant ( Winner of Turing award , 2010 ) - Mark Harman ( MEng 1988 ) - Mark Morris ( co-Founder of Introversion Software ) - Peter Lipka ( COO of Improbable ) - Richard Veryard ( MSc 1977 ) - Robert Cromwell ( co-Founder of Inkling ) - Siegfried Hodgson ( Winner of University Challenge in 2001 ) - Teo Chee Hean ( MSc 1977 , Deputy PM of Singapore ) - Zehan Wang ( CTO of Magic Pony Technologies , acquired by Twitter for $150m ) Spinoff Companies . - Logic Programming Associates ( Cofounded by Keith Clark in 1980 ) - Imperial Software Technologies ( Created by Manny Lehman in 1983 ) - Parc Technologies ( acquired by Cisco for $9m in 2004 ) - GraphicsFuzz ( Acquired by Google in 2018 ) - FaceSoft ( raised £500k in funding in 2018 ) |
[
"Centre for Computing and Automation"
] | easy | What was the name of Department of Computing, Imperial College London from 1966 to 1970? | /wiki/Department_of_Computing,_Imperial_College_London#P2561#1 | Department of Computing , Imperial College London The Department of Computing ( DoC ) is the computer science department at Imperial College London . The department has around 50 academic staff and 1000 students , with around 600 studying undergraduate courses , 200 PhD students , and 200 MSc students . The department is predominantly based in the Huxley Building , 180 Queens Gate , which it shares with the Maths department , however also has space in the William Penney Laboratory and in the Aeronautics and Chemical Engineering Extension . The department ranks 7th in the Times Higher Education 2020 subject world rankings . History . The origins of the department start with the formation of the Computer Unit in 1964 , led by Stanley Gill , out of the Department of Electrical Engineering . However , earlier work had also been done by the Department of Mathematics , which had built the Imperial College Computing Engine , an early digital relay computer . In 1966 , the postgraduate Centre for Computing and Automation came into being and consumed the pre-existing Computer Unit , with John Westcott migrating his Control Group from the Electrical Engineering department and joining Stanley Gill as joint head . In 1970 , Gill left for industry , the department was renamed to The Department of Computing and Control , and Westcott became the head . In 1972 , Manny Lehman joined the department and with Westcott , developed the first undergraduate course ( BSc ) . Before Lehman joined , there was some progress towards the design of an undergraduate course ; however , Lehman found this to be too mathematical and also Westcott didnt wish to compete with the hardware focus of Manchester University . Therefore , it was decided to focus the course on the creation of software and related methodologies . The first intake for the course was in 1973 , and the first graduates in 1976 . On the research front , the department held a logic programming workshop , which evolved into the ICLP ( International Conference on Logic Programming ) . The department moved to the Huxley Building in 1977 . In 1979 Westcotts term as head of department came to an end and the position was up for renewal , it was given to Lehman . During Westcotts term , the control engineers had been doing most of the research in the department , and the computer scientists doing most of the teaching ; in order to establish Computing as its own subject , then Rector Lord Flowers advised Lehman to send Westcott and his control group back to Electrical Engineering , and the department assumed its current name , the Department of Computing . Lehman started designing a Software Engineering course , his belief was that software engineering is practical by nature and as part of the course wanted students to have industrial experience . However , professional software engineering was not as it is today and Lehman founded IST to provide a place for Imperial students to get some practical experience . Throughout the 80s , the department was recognised as a leading centre for logic programming , and by 1985 the size of the logic programming group had grown to 50 . In 1980 , Keith Clark co-founded Logic Programming Associates , which aimed to apply the results of the logic programming groups research to industrial problems . When Lehmans term came up for renewal in 1984 , he was not reappointed and instead went to work full time for IST . Bruce Sayers , the then head of Electrical Engineering was appointed as head of the department . Over the course of his term , Sayers doubled the size of the department , but this increase caused office spaces to become over-occupied , and required more teaching space . To remedy this the Holland Club moved out of the Huxley Building and lecture theatres 308 and 311 were constructed in their place , furthermore , the William Penney Laboratory was constructed in 1988 . Sayers later became the head of the Centre for Cognitive Systems , which resided in the newly built William Penney Laboratory . In 1993 , IC-PARC was founded , also residing in the William Penney Laboratory . It span out in 1999 to create Parc Technologies and the centre was later shut down in 2005 . Academics . Study . Undergraduate . The department offers both courses in Computing and joint courses in Maths and Computing . Students can apply for either the three year BEng or four year MEng course , however , the first two years are common and so students are able to switch between these courses up until the start of the third year ( provided they meet academic requirements ) . Masters students can choose to specialize in a particular field , or also study management and finance as part of their degree . The department also has ties to universities in Europe and further abroad , including UC Berkeley and MIT , allowing students on the masters course to study abroad for one year of their program . All students who obtain an undergraduate degree from the department are also awarded the Associateship of the City & Guilds Institute , ACGI . Postgraduate . The department offers MSc taught masters programs in either Computer Science , designed for graduates of other subjects , and Advanced Computing , designed for graduates of bachelors courses . The department also offers specialist masters degrees which focus on particular fields of study within computer science . The department also offers an MRes course as part of the EPSRC , and takes on PhD students . All students graduating with any of the postgraduate degrees ( MSc , MRes or PhD ) are also awarded the Diploma of Imperial College , DIC . Reputation . The department ranks seventh in the world in the Times Higher Education 2020 subject rankings , ranking third in the UK , as well as twelfth in the QS World University Rankings . Domestically , the department ranks third on the Complete University Guides 2020 computer science table , and fourth in The Guardians 2020 computer science university subject rankings . The department also produces graduates with the highest average pay of any course six months after graduation , and the highest in the subject five years out , earning an average of £60,000 , ahead of second place Oxford by £4,200 . Student Life . Student activities are organised by DoCSoc , the departmental society for computing students . DoCSoc is organised by a team of student volunteers , and is funded by corporate sponsors , organised as part of the City and Guilds College Union , a constituent union of Imperial College Union . It runs events social and educational events throughout the year , including ICHack , an annual hackathon open to university students from both the college and elsewhere , with over 300 participants in 2018 . DoCSoc was refounded in 1986 , and ran a magazine Whats up DoC ? by 1995 . By 1997 , student magazine was called Data , however , today the society no longer runs a magazine . People . Heads of Department . - 1964-66 , Stanley Gill ( also British Computer Society President 1967-68 ; Founding member of Real Time Club ) - 1966-1970 , Stanley Gill ( computing ) and John Westcott ( automation ) - 1966-79 , John Westcott - 1979-84 , Manny Lehman ( also known for Lehmans laws of software evolution ) - 1984-89 , Bruce Sayers - 1989-97 , Tom Maibaum - 1997-99 , Robert Kowalski - 1999-2004 , Jeff Kramer ( also Director of Studies 1990-95 ) - 2004-2010 , Jeff Magee - 2010-2016 , Susan Eisenbach - 2016–2020 , Daniel Rueckert ( also co-founder of IXICO ) - 2020–present , Michael Huth Faculty . - Abbas Edalat ( Professor 1997- ) - Alexander L . Wolf ( Professor 2006- ) - Anthony Finkelstein ( Visiting Professor ) - Igor Aleksander ( Deputy Head of Department ) - Keith Clark ( Professor , founder of Logic Programming Associates ) - Maja Pantić ( Professor ) - Marek Sergot ( co-creator of Event calculus ) - Murray Shanahan ( Professor of AI ) - Nick Jennings ( Professor of AI ) - Nobuko Yoshida ( Professor ) - Peter Cornwell ( Visiting Professor and former director of Visual Computing Group ) - Peter G . Harrison ( Professor 1972- ) - Philippa Gardner ( Professor of Theoretical Computer Science 2009- ) - Ruth Misener - Sophia Drossopoulou ( Professor , known for her paper on the soundness of Java ) - Stephen Muggleton ( Professor ) Former . - Samson Abramsky ( Lecturer 1983–1988 , Reader 1988–1990 , Professor 1990–1993 ) - László Bélády ( Spent 1974 in the department ) - Dov Gabbay ( Professor 1983-98 ) - George Coulouris ( Lecturer 1965-75 ) Alumni . - Bashar Ahmad Nuseibeh ( MSc 1989 , PhD 1994 ) - Chris Harrison ( Winner of University Challenge in 1996 ) - Danny Lui ( Founder of Lenovo ) - Diomidis Spinellis ( 4x winner of the International Obfuscated C Code Contest ) - Edwige Pitel ( Professional cyclist ) - Gavin Estcourt ( Winner of University Challenge in 2001 ) - Guido Jouret ( PhD 1991 , ABB Chief Digital Officer ) - Ian Bayley ( Winner of multiple international quiz competitions ) - Ian Foster ( Winner of Lovelace Medal and Gordon Bell Prize ) - Jeff Magee ( PhD 1984 , Former Head of Department ) - John Shawe-Taylor ( MSc 1987? ) - Leslie Valiant ( Winner of Turing award , 2010 ) - Mark Harman ( MEng 1988 ) - Mark Morris ( co-Founder of Introversion Software ) - Peter Lipka ( COO of Improbable ) - Richard Veryard ( MSc 1977 ) - Robert Cromwell ( co-Founder of Inkling ) - Siegfried Hodgson ( Winner of University Challenge in 2001 ) - Teo Chee Hean ( MSc 1977 , Deputy PM of Singapore ) - Zehan Wang ( CTO of Magic Pony Technologies , acquired by Twitter for $150m ) Spinoff Companies . - Logic Programming Associates ( Cofounded by Keith Clark in 1980 ) - Imperial Software Technologies ( Created by Manny Lehman in 1983 ) - Parc Technologies ( acquired by Cisco for $9m in 2004 ) - GraphicsFuzz ( Acquired by Google in 2018 ) - FaceSoft ( raised £500k in funding in 2018 ) |
[
"Department of Computing and Control"
] | easy | What was the name of Department of Computing, Imperial College London from 1970 to 1979? | /wiki/Department_of_Computing,_Imperial_College_London#P2561#2 | Department of Computing , Imperial College London The Department of Computing ( DoC ) is the computer science department at Imperial College London . The department has around 50 academic staff and 1000 students , with around 600 studying undergraduate courses , 200 PhD students , and 200 MSc students . The department is predominantly based in the Huxley Building , 180 Queens Gate , which it shares with the Maths department , however also has space in the William Penney Laboratory and in the Aeronautics and Chemical Engineering Extension . The department ranks 7th in the Times Higher Education 2020 subject world rankings . History . The origins of the department start with the formation of the Computer Unit in 1964 , led by Stanley Gill , out of the Department of Electrical Engineering . However , earlier work had also been done by the Department of Mathematics , which had built the Imperial College Computing Engine , an early digital relay computer . In 1966 , the postgraduate Centre for Computing and Automation came into being and consumed the pre-existing Computer Unit , with John Westcott migrating his Control Group from the Electrical Engineering department and joining Stanley Gill as joint head . In 1970 , Gill left for industry , the department was renamed to The Department of Computing and Control , and Westcott became the head . In 1972 , Manny Lehman joined the department and with Westcott , developed the first undergraduate course ( BSc ) . Before Lehman joined , there was some progress towards the design of an undergraduate course ; however , Lehman found this to be too mathematical and also Westcott didnt wish to compete with the hardware focus of Manchester University . Therefore , it was decided to focus the course on the creation of software and related methodologies . The first intake for the course was in 1973 , and the first graduates in 1976 . On the research front , the department held a logic programming workshop , which evolved into the ICLP ( International Conference on Logic Programming ) . The department moved to the Huxley Building in 1977 . In 1979 Westcotts term as head of department came to an end and the position was up for renewal , it was given to Lehman . During Westcotts term , the control engineers had been doing most of the research in the department , and the computer scientists doing most of the teaching ; in order to establish Computing as its own subject , then Rector Lord Flowers advised Lehman to send Westcott and his control group back to Electrical Engineering , and the department assumed its current name , the Department of Computing . Lehman started designing a Software Engineering course , his belief was that software engineering is practical by nature and as part of the course wanted students to have industrial experience . However , professional software engineering was not as it is today and Lehman founded IST to provide a place for Imperial students to get some practical experience . Throughout the 80s , the department was recognised as a leading centre for logic programming , and by 1985 the size of the logic programming group had grown to 50 . In 1980 , Keith Clark co-founded Logic Programming Associates , which aimed to apply the results of the logic programming groups research to industrial problems . When Lehmans term came up for renewal in 1984 , he was not reappointed and instead went to work full time for IST . Bruce Sayers , the then head of Electrical Engineering was appointed as head of the department . Over the course of his term , Sayers doubled the size of the department , but this increase caused office spaces to become over-occupied , and required more teaching space . To remedy this the Holland Club moved out of the Huxley Building and lecture theatres 308 and 311 were constructed in their place , furthermore , the William Penney Laboratory was constructed in 1988 . Sayers later became the head of the Centre for Cognitive Systems , which resided in the newly built William Penney Laboratory . In 1993 , IC-PARC was founded , also residing in the William Penney Laboratory . It span out in 1999 to create Parc Technologies and the centre was later shut down in 2005 . Academics . Study . Undergraduate . The department offers both courses in Computing and joint courses in Maths and Computing . Students can apply for either the three year BEng or four year MEng course , however , the first two years are common and so students are able to switch between these courses up until the start of the third year ( provided they meet academic requirements ) . Masters students can choose to specialize in a particular field , or also study management and finance as part of their degree . The department also has ties to universities in Europe and further abroad , including UC Berkeley and MIT , allowing students on the masters course to study abroad for one year of their program . All students who obtain an undergraduate degree from the department are also awarded the Associateship of the City & Guilds Institute , ACGI . Postgraduate . The department offers MSc taught masters programs in either Computer Science , designed for graduates of other subjects , and Advanced Computing , designed for graduates of bachelors courses . The department also offers specialist masters degrees which focus on particular fields of study within computer science . The department also offers an MRes course as part of the EPSRC , and takes on PhD students . All students graduating with any of the postgraduate degrees ( MSc , MRes or PhD ) are also awarded the Diploma of Imperial College , DIC . Reputation . The department ranks seventh in the world in the Times Higher Education 2020 subject rankings , ranking third in the UK , as well as twelfth in the QS World University Rankings . Domestically , the department ranks third on the Complete University Guides 2020 computer science table , and fourth in The Guardians 2020 computer science university subject rankings . The department also produces graduates with the highest average pay of any course six months after graduation , and the highest in the subject five years out , earning an average of £60,000 , ahead of second place Oxford by £4,200 . Student Life . Student activities are organised by DoCSoc , the departmental society for computing students . DoCSoc is organised by a team of student volunteers , and is funded by corporate sponsors , organised as part of the City and Guilds College Union , a constituent union of Imperial College Union . It runs events social and educational events throughout the year , including ICHack , an annual hackathon open to university students from both the college and elsewhere , with over 300 participants in 2018 . DoCSoc was refounded in 1986 , and ran a magazine Whats up DoC ? by 1995 . By 1997 , student magazine was called Data , however , today the society no longer runs a magazine . People . Heads of Department . - 1964-66 , Stanley Gill ( also British Computer Society President 1967-68 ; Founding member of Real Time Club ) - 1966-1970 , Stanley Gill ( computing ) and John Westcott ( automation ) - 1966-79 , John Westcott - 1979-84 , Manny Lehman ( also known for Lehmans laws of software evolution ) - 1984-89 , Bruce Sayers - 1989-97 , Tom Maibaum - 1997-99 , Robert Kowalski - 1999-2004 , Jeff Kramer ( also Director of Studies 1990-95 ) - 2004-2010 , Jeff Magee - 2010-2016 , Susan Eisenbach - 2016–2020 , Daniel Rueckert ( also co-founder of IXICO ) - 2020–present , Michael Huth Faculty . - Abbas Edalat ( Professor 1997- ) - Alexander L . Wolf ( Professor 2006- ) - Anthony Finkelstein ( Visiting Professor ) - Igor Aleksander ( Deputy Head of Department ) - Keith Clark ( Professor , founder of Logic Programming Associates ) - Maja Pantić ( Professor ) - Marek Sergot ( co-creator of Event calculus ) - Murray Shanahan ( Professor of AI ) - Nick Jennings ( Professor of AI ) - Nobuko Yoshida ( Professor ) - Peter Cornwell ( Visiting Professor and former director of Visual Computing Group ) - Peter G . Harrison ( Professor 1972- ) - Philippa Gardner ( Professor of Theoretical Computer Science 2009- ) - Ruth Misener - Sophia Drossopoulou ( Professor , known for her paper on the soundness of Java ) - Stephen Muggleton ( Professor ) Former . - Samson Abramsky ( Lecturer 1983–1988 , Reader 1988–1990 , Professor 1990–1993 ) - László Bélády ( Spent 1974 in the department ) - Dov Gabbay ( Professor 1983-98 ) - George Coulouris ( Lecturer 1965-75 ) Alumni . - Bashar Ahmad Nuseibeh ( MSc 1989 , PhD 1994 ) - Chris Harrison ( Winner of University Challenge in 1996 ) - Danny Lui ( Founder of Lenovo ) - Diomidis Spinellis ( 4x winner of the International Obfuscated C Code Contest ) - Edwige Pitel ( Professional cyclist ) - Gavin Estcourt ( Winner of University Challenge in 2001 ) - Guido Jouret ( PhD 1991 , ABB Chief Digital Officer ) - Ian Bayley ( Winner of multiple international quiz competitions ) - Ian Foster ( Winner of Lovelace Medal and Gordon Bell Prize ) - Jeff Magee ( PhD 1984 , Former Head of Department ) - John Shawe-Taylor ( MSc 1987? ) - Leslie Valiant ( Winner of Turing award , 2010 ) - Mark Harman ( MEng 1988 ) - Mark Morris ( co-Founder of Introversion Software ) - Peter Lipka ( COO of Improbable ) - Richard Veryard ( MSc 1977 ) - Robert Cromwell ( co-Founder of Inkling ) - Siegfried Hodgson ( Winner of University Challenge in 2001 ) - Teo Chee Hean ( MSc 1977 , Deputy PM of Singapore ) - Zehan Wang ( CTO of Magic Pony Technologies , acquired by Twitter for $150m ) Spinoff Companies . - Logic Programming Associates ( Cofounded by Keith Clark in 1980 ) - Imperial Software Technologies ( Created by Manny Lehman in 1983 ) - Parc Technologies ( acquired by Cisco for $9m in 2004 ) - GraphicsFuzz ( Acquired by Google in 2018 ) - FaceSoft ( raised £500k in funding in 2018 ) |
[
"Department of Computing"
] | easy | What was the name of Department of Computing, Imperial College London from 1979 to 1980? | /wiki/Department_of_Computing,_Imperial_College_London#P2561#3 | Department of Computing , Imperial College London The Department of Computing ( DoC ) is the computer science department at Imperial College London . The department has around 50 academic staff and 1000 students , with around 600 studying undergraduate courses , 200 PhD students , and 200 MSc students . The department is predominantly based in the Huxley Building , 180 Queens Gate , which it shares with the Maths department , however also has space in the William Penney Laboratory and in the Aeronautics and Chemical Engineering Extension . The department ranks 7th in the Times Higher Education 2020 subject world rankings . History . The origins of the department start with the formation of the Computer Unit in 1964 , led by Stanley Gill , out of the Department of Electrical Engineering . However , earlier work had also been done by the Department of Mathematics , which had built the Imperial College Computing Engine , an early digital relay computer . In 1966 , the postgraduate Centre for Computing and Automation came into being and consumed the pre-existing Computer Unit , with John Westcott migrating his Control Group from the Electrical Engineering department and joining Stanley Gill as joint head . In 1970 , Gill left for industry , the department was renamed to The Department of Computing and Control , and Westcott became the head . In 1972 , Manny Lehman joined the department and with Westcott , developed the first undergraduate course ( BSc ) . Before Lehman joined , there was some progress towards the design of an undergraduate course ; however , Lehman found this to be too mathematical and also Westcott didnt wish to compete with the hardware focus of Manchester University . Therefore , it was decided to focus the course on the creation of software and related methodologies . The first intake for the course was in 1973 , and the first graduates in 1976 . On the research front , the department held a logic programming workshop , which evolved into the ICLP ( International Conference on Logic Programming ) . The department moved to the Huxley Building in 1977 . In 1979 Westcotts term as head of department came to an end and the position was up for renewal , it was given to Lehman . During Westcotts term , the control engineers had been doing most of the research in the department , and the computer scientists doing most of the teaching ; in order to establish Computing as its own subject , then Rector Lord Flowers advised Lehman to send Westcott and his control group back to Electrical Engineering , and the department assumed its current name , the Department of Computing . Lehman started designing a Software Engineering course , his belief was that software engineering is practical by nature and as part of the course wanted students to have industrial experience . However , professional software engineering was not as it is today and Lehman founded IST to provide a place for Imperial students to get some practical experience . Throughout the 80s , the department was recognised as a leading centre for logic programming , and by 1985 the size of the logic programming group had grown to 50 . In 1980 , Keith Clark co-founded Logic Programming Associates , which aimed to apply the results of the logic programming groups research to industrial problems . When Lehmans term came up for renewal in 1984 , he was not reappointed and instead went to work full time for IST . Bruce Sayers , the then head of Electrical Engineering was appointed as head of the department . Over the course of his term , Sayers doubled the size of the department , but this increase caused office spaces to become over-occupied , and required more teaching space . To remedy this the Holland Club moved out of the Huxley Building and lecture theatres 308 and 311 were constructed in their place , furthermore , the William Penney Laboratory was constructed in 1988 . Sayers later became the head of the Centre for Cognitive Systems , which resided in the newly built William Penney Laboratory . In 1993 , IC-PARC was founded , also residing in the William Penney Laboratory . It span out in 1999 to create Parc Technologies and the centre was later shut down in 2005 . Academics . Study . Undergraduate . The department offers both courses in Computing and joint courses in Maths and Computing . Students can apply for either the three year BEng or four year MEng course , however , the first two years are common and so students are able to switch between these courses up until the start of the third year ( provided they meet academic requirements ) . Masters students can choose to specialize in a particular field , or also study management and finance as part of their degree . The department also has ties to universities in Europe and further abroad , including UC Berkeley and MIT , allowing students on the masters course to study abroad for one year of their program . All students who obtain an undergraduate degree from the department are also awarded the Associateship of the City & Guilds Institute , ACGI . Postgraduate . The department offers MSc taught masters programs in either Computer Science , designed for graduates of other subjects , and Advanced Computing , designed for graduates of bachelors courses . The department also offers specialist masters degrees which focus on particular fields of study within computer science . The department also offers an MRes course as part of the EPSRC , and takes on PhD students . All students graduating with any of the postgraduate degrees ( MSc , MRes or PhD ) are also awarded the Diploma of Imperial College , DIC . Reputation . The department ranks seventh in the world in the Times Higher Education 2020 subject rankings , ranking third in the UK , as well as twelfth in the QS World University Rankings . Domestically , the department ranks third on the Complete University Guides 2020 computer science table , and fourth in The Guardians 2020 computer science university subject rankings . The department also produces graduates with the highest average pay of any course six months after graduation , and the highest in the subject five years out , earning an average of £60,000 , ahead of second place Oxford by £4,200 . Student Life . Student activities are organised by DoCSoc , the departmental society for computing students . DoCSoc is organised by a team of student volunteers , and is funded by corporate sponsors , organised as part of the City and Guilds College Union , a constituent union of Imperial College Union . It runs events social and educational events throughout the year , including ICHack , an annual hackathon open to university students from both the college and elsewhere , with over 300 participants in 2018 . DoCSoc was refounded in 1986 , and ran a magazine Whats up DoC ? by 1995 . By 1997 , student magazine was called Data , however , today the society no longer runs a magazine . People . Heads of Department . - 1964-66 , Stanley Gill ( also British Computer Society President 1967-68 ; Founding member of Real Time Club ) - 1966-1970 , Stanley Gill ( computing ) and John Westcott ( automation ) - 1966-79 , John Westcott - 1979-84 , Manny Lehman ( also known for Lehmans laws of software evolution ) - 1984-89 , Bruce Sayers - 1989-97 , Tom Maibaum - 1997-99 , Robert Kowalski - 1999-2004 , Jeff Kramer ( also Director of Studies 1990-95 ) - 2004-2010 , Jeff Magee - 2010-2016 , Susan Eisenbach - 2016–2020 , Daniel Rueckert ( also co-founder of IXICO ) - 2020–present , Michael Huth Faculty . - Abbas Edalat ( Professor 1997- ) - Alexander L . Wolf ( Professor 2006- ) - Anthony Finkelstein ( Visiting Professor ) - Igor Aleksander ( Deputy Head of Department ) - Keith Clark ( Professor , founder of Logic Programming Associates ) - Maja Pantić ( Professor ) - Marek Sergot ( co-creator of Event calculus ) - Murray Shanahan ( Professor of AI ) - Nick Jennings ( Professor of AI ) - Nobuko Yoshida ( Professor ) - Peter Cornwell ( Visiting Professor and former director of Visual Computing Group ) - Peter G . Harrison ( Professor 1972- ) - Philippa Gardner ( Professor of Theoretical Computer Science 2009- ) - Ruth Misener - Sophia Drossopoulou ( Professor , known for her paper on the soundness of Java ) - Stephen Muggleton ( Professor ) Former . - Samson Abramsky ( Lecturer 1983–1988 , Reader 1988–1990 , Professor 1990–1993 ) - László Bélády ( Spent 1974 in the department ) - Dov Gabbay ( Professor 1983-98 ) - George Coulouris ( Lecturer 1965-75 ) Alumni . - Bashar Ahmad Nuseibeh ( MSc 1989 , PhD 1994 ) - Chris Harrison ( Winner of University Challenge in 1996 ) - Danny Lui ( Founder of Lenovo ) - Diomidis Spinellis ( 4x winner of the International Obfuscated C Code Contest ) - Edwige Pitel ( Professional cyclist ) - Gavin Estcourt ( Winner of University Challenge in 2001 ) - Guido Jouret ( PhD 1991 , ABB Chief Digital Officer ) - Ian Bayley ( Winner of multiple international quiz competitions ) - Ian Foster ( Winner of Lovelace Medal and Gordon Bell Prize ) - Jeff Magee ( PhD 1984 , Former Head of Department ) - John Shawe-Taylor ( MSc 1987? ) - Leslie Valiant ( Winner of Turing award , 2010 ) - Mark Harman ( MEng 1988 ) - Mark Morris ( co-Founder of Introversion Software ) - Peter Lipka ( COO of Improbable ) - Richard Veryard ( MSc 1977 ) - Robert Cromwell ( co-Founder of Inkling ) - Siegfried Hodgson ( Winner of University Challenge in 2001 ) - Teo Chee Hean ( MSc 1977 , Deputy PM of Singapore ) - Zehan Wang ( CTO of Magic Pony Technologies , acquired by Twitter for $150m ) Spinoff Companies . - Logic Programming Associates ( Cofounded by Keith Clark in 1980 ) - Imperial Software Technologies ( Created by Manny Lehman in 1983 ) - Parc Technologies ( acquired by Cisco for $9m in 2004 ) - GraphicsFuzz ( Acquired by Google in 2018 ) - FaceSoft ( raised £500k in funding in 2018 ) |
[
"Carly Simon"
] | easy | Who was James Taylor 's spouse from 1976 to 1983? | /wiki/James_Taylor#P26#0 | James Taylor James Vernon Taylor ( born March 12 , 1948 ) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist . A six-time Grammy Award winner , he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000 . He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time , having sold more than 100 million records worldwide . Taylor achieved his breakthrough in 1970 with the single Fire and Rain and had his first hit in 1971 with his recording of Youve Got a Friend , written by Carole King in the same year . His 1976 Greatest Hits album was certified Diamond and has sold 12 million US copies . Following his 1977 album JT , he has retained a large audience over the decades . Every album that he released from 1977 to 2007 sold over 1 million copies . He enjoyed a resurgence in chart performance during the late 1990s and 2000s , when he recorded some of his most-awarded work ( including Hourglass , October Road , and Covers ) . He achieved his first number-one album in the US in 2015 with his recording Before This World . Taylor is known for his covers , such as How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) and Handy Man , as well as originals such as Sweet Baby James . He is also known for his leading role in Monte Hellmans 1971 film Two-Lane Blacktop . Early years . James Vernon Taylor was born at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston , where his father , Isaac M . Taylor , worked as a resident physician . His father came from a wealthy family from the South . Aside from having ancestry in Scotland , part of Taylors roots are deep in Massachusetts Bay Colony and include Edmund Rice , one of the founders of Sudbury , Massachusetts . His mother , the former Gertrude Woodard ( 1921–2015 ) , studied singing with Marie Sundelius at the New England Conservatory of Music and was an aspiring opera singer before the couples marriage in 1946 . James was the second of five children , the others being Alex ( 1947–1993 ) , Kate ( born 1949 ) , Livingston ( born 1950 ) , and Hugh ( born 1952 ) . In 1951 , his family moved to Chapel Hill , North Carolina when Isaac took a job as an assistant professor of medicine at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine . They built a house in the Morgan Creek area off the present Morgan Creek Road , which was sparsely populated . James would later say , Chapel Hill , the Piedmont , the outlying hills , were tranquil , rural , beautiful , but quiet . Thinking of the red soil , the seasons , the way things smelled down there , I feel as though my experience of coming of age there was more a matter of landscape and climate than people . James attended a public primary school in Chapel Hill . Isaacs career prospered , but he was frequently away from home on military service at Bethesda Naval Hospital in Maryland , or as part of Operation Deep Freeze in Antarctica in 1955 and 1956 . Isaac Taylor later rose to become dean of the UNC School of Medicine from 1964 to 1971 . Beginning in 1953 , the Taylors spent summers on Marthas Vineyard . James took cello lessons as a child in North Carolina , before learning the guitar in 1960 . His guitar style evolved , influenced by hymns , carols , and the music of Woody Guthrie , and his technique derived from his bass clef-oriented cello training and from experimenting on his sister Kates keyboards : My style was a finger-picking style that was meant to be like a piano , as if my thumb were my left hand , and my first , second , and third fingers were my right hand . Spending summer holidays with his family on Marthas Vineyard , he met Danny Kortchmar , an aspiring teenage guitarist from Larchmont , New York . The two began listening to and playing blues and folk music together , and Kortchmar felt that Taylors singing had a natural sense of phrasing , every syllable beautifully in time . I knew James had that thing . Taylor wrote his first song on guitar at 14 , and he continued to learn the instrument effortlessly . By the summer of 1963 , he and Kortchmar were playing coffeehouses around the Vineyard , billed as Jamie & Kootch . James went to Milton Academy , a preparatory boarding school in Massachusetts in 1961 . He faltered during his junior year , feeling uneasy in the high-pressure college prep environment despite having a good scholastic performance . The Milton headmaster would later say , James was more sensitive and less goal-oriented than most students of his day . He returned home to North Carolina to finish out the semester at Chapel Hill High School . There he joined a band formed by his brother Alex called The Corsayers ( later The Fabulous Corsairs ) , playing electric guitar ; in 1964 , they cut a single in Raleigh that featured Jamess song Cha Cha Blues on the B-side . Having lost touch with his former school friends in North Carolina , Taylor returned to Milton for his senior year , where he started applying to colleges to complete his education . But he felt part of a life that [ he was ] unable to lead , and he became depressed ; he slept 20 hours each day , and his grades collapsed . In late 1965 he committed himself to McLean , a psychiatric hospital in Belmont , Massachusetts , where he was treated with chlorpromazine , and where the organized days began to give him a sense of time and structure . As the Vietnam War escalated , Taylor received a psychological rejection from Selective Service System when he appeared before them with two white-suited McLean assistants and was uncommunicative . Taylor earned a high school diploma in 1966 from the hospitals associated Arlington School . He would later view his nine-month stay at McLean as a lifesaver.. . like a pardon or like a reprieve , and both his brother Livingston and sister Kate would later be patients and students there as well . As for his mental health struggles , Taylor would think of them as innate and say : Its an inseparable part of my personality that I have these feelings . Career . 1966–1969 : Early career . At Kortchmars urging , Taylor checked himself out of McLean and moved to New York City to form a band . They recruited Joel OBrien , formerly of Kortchmars old band King Bees to play drums , and Taylors childhood friend Zachary Wiesner ( son of noted academic Jerome Wiesner ) to play bass . After Taylor rejected the notion of naming the group after him , they called themselves the Flying Machine . They played songs that Taylor had written at and about McLean , such as Knocking Round the Zoo , Dont Talk Now , and The Blues Is Just a Bad Dream . In some other songs , Taylor romanticized his life , but he was plagued by self-doubt . By summer 1966 , they were performing regularly at the high-visibility Night Owl Cafe in Greenwich Village , alongside acts such as the Turtles and Lothar and the Hand People . Taylor associated with a motley group of people and began using heroin , to Kortchmars dismay . In a late 1966 hasty recording session , the group cut a single , Taylors Night Owl , backed with his Brighten Your Night with My Day . Released on Jay Gee Records , a subsidiary of Jubilee Records , it received some radio airplay in the Northeast , but only charted at nationally . Other songs had been recorded during the same session , but Jubilee declined to go forward with an album . After a series of poorly-chosen appearances outside New York , culminating with a three-week stay at a failing nightspot in Freeport , Bahamas for which they were never paid , the Flying Machine broke up . ( A UK band with the same name emerged in 1969 with the hit song Smile a Little Smile for Me . The New York bands recordings were later released in 1971 as James Taylor and the Original Flying Machine. ) Taylor would later say of this New York period , I learned a lot about music and too much about drugs . Indeed , his drug use had developed into full-blown heroin addiction during the final Flying Machine period : I just fell into it , since it was as easy to get high in the Village as get a drink . He hung out in Washington Square Park , playing guitar to ward off depression and then passing out , letting runaways and criminals stay at his apartment . Finally out of money and abandoned by his manager , he made a desperate call one night to his father . Isaac Taylor flew to New York and staged a rescue , renting a car and driving all night back to North Carolina with James and his possessions . Taylor spent six months getting treatment and making a tentative recovery ; he also required a throat operation to fix vocal cords damaged from singing too harshly . Taylor decided to try being a solo act with a change of scenery . In late 1967 , funded by a small family inheritance , he moved to London , living in various areas : Notting Hill , Belgravia , and Chelsea . After recording some demos in Soho , his friend Kortchmar gave him his next big break . Kortchmar used his association with the King Bees ( who once opened for Peter and Gordon ) , to connect Taylor to Peter Asher . Asher was A&R head for the Beatles newly formed label Apple Records . Taylor gave a demo tape of songs , including Something in the Way She Moves , to Asher , who then played the demo for Beatles Paul McCartney and George Harrison . McCartney remembers his first impression : I just heard his voice and his guitar and I thought he was great .. . and he came and played live , so it was just like , Wow , hes great . Taylor became the first non-British act signed to Apple , and he credits Asher for opening the door to his singing career . Taylor said of Asher , who later became his manager , I knew from the first time that we met that he was the right person to steer my career . He had this determination in his eye that I had never seen in anybody before . Living chaotically in various places with various women , Taylor wrote additional material , including Carolina in My Mind , and rehearsed with a new backing band . Taylor recorded what would become his first album from July to October 1968 , at Trident Studios , at the same time the Beatles were recording The White Album . McCartney and an uncredited George Harrison guested on Carolina in My Mind , whose lyric holy host of others standing around me referred to the Beatles , and the title phrase of Taylors Something in the Way She Moves provided the lyrical starting point for Harrisons classic Something . McCartney and Asher brought in arranger Richard Anthony Hewson to add both orchestrations to several of the songs and unusual link passages between them ; they would receive a mixed reception , at best . During the recording sessions , Taylor fell back into his drug habit by using heroin and methedrine . He underwent physeptone treatment in a British program , returned to New York and was hospitalized there , and then finally committed himself to the Austen Riggs Center in Stockbridge , Massachusetts , which emphasized cultural and historical factors in trying to treat difficult psychiatric disorders . Meanwhile , Apple released his debut album , James Taylor , in December 1968 in the UK and February 1969 in the US . Critical reception was generally positive , including a complimentary review in Rolling Stone by Jon Landau , who said that this album is the coolest breath of fresh air Ive inhaled in a good long while . It knocks me out . The records commercial potential suffered from Taylors inability to promote it because of his hospitalization , and it sold poorly ; Carolina in My Mind was released as a single but failed to chart in the UK and only reached on the U.S . charts . In July 1969 , Taylor headlined a six-night stand at the Troubadour in Los Angeles . On July 20 , he performed at the Newport Folk Festival as the last act and was cheered by thousands of fans who stayed in the rain to hear him . Shortly thereafter , he broke both hands and both feet in a motorcycle accident on Marthas Vineyard and was forced to stop playing for several months . However , while recovering , he continued to write songs and in October 1969 signed a new deal with Warner Bros . Records . 1970–1972 : Fame and commercial success . Once he had recovered , Taylor moved to California , keeping Asher as his manager and record producer . In December 1969 , he held the recording sessions for his second album there . Titled Sweet Baby James , and featuring the participation of Carole King , the album was released in February 1970 and was Taylors critical and popular breakthrough , buoyed by the single Fire and Rain , a song about both Taylors experiences attempting to break his drug habit by undergoing treatment in psychiatric institutions and the suicide of his friend , Suzanne Schnerr . Both the album and the single reached on the Billboard charts , with Sweet Baby James selling more than 1.5 million copies in its first year and eventually more than 3 million in the United States alone . Sweet Baby James was received at its time as a folk-rock masterpiece , an album that effectively showcased Taylors talents to the mainstream public , marking a direction he would take in following years . It earned several Grammy Award nominations including one for Album of the Year . It went on to be listed at on Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Albums of All Time in 2003 , with Fire and Rain listed as on Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2004 . During the time that Sweet Baby James was released , Taylor appeared with Dennis Wilson of the Beach Boys in a Monte Hellman film , Two-Lane Blacktop . In October 1970 , he performed with Joni Mitchell , Phil Ochs , and the Canadian band Chilliwack at a Vancouver benefit concert that funded Greenpeaces protests of 1971 nuclear weapons tests by the US Atomic Energy Commission at Amchitka , Alaska ; this performance was released in album format in 2009 as Amchitka , The 1970 Concert That Launched Greenpeace . In January 1971 , sessions for Taylors next album began . He appeared on The Johnny Cash Show , singing Sweet Baby James , Fire and Rain , and Country Road , on February 17 , 1971 . His career success at this point and appeal to female fans of various ages piqued tremendous interest in him , prompting a March 1 , 1971 , Time magazine cover story of him as the face of new rock . It compared his strong-but-brooding persona to that of Wuthering Heights Heathcliff and to The Sorrows of Young Werther , and said , Taylors use of elemental imagery—darkness and sunlight , references to roads traveled and untraveled , to fears spoken and left unsaid—reaches a level both of intimacy and controlled emotion rarely achieved in purely pop music . One of the writers described his look as a cowboy Jesus , to which Taylor later replied , I thought I was trying to look like George Harrison . Released in April , Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon also gained critical acclaim and contained Taylors biggest hit single in the US , a version of Carole Kings new Youve Got a Friend ( featuring backing vocals by Joni Mitchell ) , which reached on the Billboard Hot 100 in late July . The follow-up single , Long Ago and Far Away , also made the Top 40 and reached on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart . The album itself reached on the album charts , which would be Taylors highest position ever until the release of his 2015 album , Before This World , which went to superseding Taylor Swift . In early 1972 , Taylor won his first Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male , for Youve Got a Friend ; King also won Song of the Year for the same song in that ceremony . The album went on to sell 2.5 million copies in the United States . November 1972 heralded the release of Taylors fourth album , One Man Dog . A concept album primarily recorded in his home recording studio , it featured a cameo by Linda Ronstadt along with Carole King , Carly Simon , and John McLaughlin . The album consisted of eighteen short pieces of music put together . Reception was generally lukewarm and , despite making the Top 10 of the Billboard Album Charts , its overall sales were disappointing . The lead single , Dont Let Me Be Lonely Tonight , peaked at on the Hot 100 , and the follow-up , One Man Parade , barely reached the Top 75 . Almost simultaneously , Taylor married fellow singer-songwriter Carly Simon on November 3 , in a small ceremony at her Murray Hill , Manhattan apartment . A post-concert party following a Taylor performance at Radio City Music Hall turned into a large-scale wedding party , and the Simon-Taylor marriage would find much public attention over the following years . They had two children , Sarah Maria Sally Taylor , born January 7 , 1974 , and Benjamin Simon Ben Taylor , born January 22 , 1977 . During their marriage , the couple would guest on each others albums and have two hit singles as duet partners : a cover of Inez & Charlie Foxxs and a cover of The Everly Brothers Devoted to You . 1973–1976 : Career ups and downs . Taylor spent most of 1973 enjoying his new life as a married man and did not return to the recording studio until January 1974 , when sessions for his fifth album began . Walking Man was released in June and featured appearances of Paul and Linda McCartney and guitarist David Spinozza . The album was a critical and commercial disaster and was his first album to miss the Top 5 since his contract with Warner . It received poor reviews and sold only 300,000 copies in the United States . The title track failed to appear on the Top 100 . However , James Taylors artistic fortunes spiked again in 1975 when the Gold album Gorilla reached and provided one of his biggest hit singles , a cover version of Marvin Gayes How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) , featuring wife Carly on backing vocals and reached in America and in Canada . On the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart , the track also reached the top , and the follow-up single , the feelgood Mexico , featuring a guest appearance by Crosby & Nash , also reached the Top 5 of that list . A well-received album , Gorilla showcased Taylors electric , lighter side that was evident on Walking Man . However , it was arguably a more consistent and fresher-sounding Taylor , with songs such as Mexico , Wandering and Angry Blues . It also featured a song about his daughter Sally , Sarah Maria . Gorilla was followed in 1976 by In the Pocket , Taylors last studio album to be released under Warner Bros . Records . The album found him with many colleagues and friends , including Art Garfunkel , David Crosby , Bonnie Raitt , and Stevie Wonder ( who co-wrote a song with Taylor and contributed a harmonica solo ) . A melodic album , it was highlighted with the single Shower the People , an enduring song that hit on the Adult Contemporary chart and hit 22 on the Pop Charts . However , the album was not well received , reaching and being criticized , particularly by Rolling Stone . Still , In The Pocket went on to be certified gold . With the close of Taylors contract with Warner , in November , the label released Greatest Hits , the album that comprised most of his best work between 1970 and 1976 . With time , it became his best-selling album ever . It was certified 11× Platinum in the US , earned a Diamond certification by the RIAA , and eventually sold close to 20 million copies worldwide . 1977–1981 : Move to Columbia and continued success . In 1977 Taylor signed with Columbia Records . Between March and April , he quickly recorded his first album for the label . JT , released that June , gave Taylor his best reviews since Sweet Baby James , earning a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year in 1978 . Peter Herbst of Rolling Stone was particularly favorable to the album , of which he wrote in its August 11 , 1977 issue , JT is the least stiff and by far the most various album Taylor has done . Thats not meant to criticize Taylors earlier efforts . .. . But its nice to hear him sounding so healthy . JT reached on the Billboard charts and sold more than 3 million copies in the United States alone . The albums Triple Platinum status ties it with Sweet Baby James as Taylors all-time biggest-selling studio album . It was propelled by the successful cover of Jimmy Joness and Otis Blackwells Handy Man , which hit on Billboards Adult Contemporary chart and reached on the Hot 100 , earning Taylor another Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for his cover version . The song also topped the Canadian charts . The success of the album propelled the release of two further singles ; the up-tempo pop Your Smiling Face , an enduring live favorite , reached the American Top 20 ; however , Honey Dont Leave L.A. , which Danny Kortchmar wrote and composed for Taylor , did not enjoy much success , reaching only . Back in the forefront of popular music , Taylor guested with Paul Simon on Art Garfunkels recording of a cover of Sam Cookes Wonderful World , which reached the Top 20 in the U.S . and topped the AC charts in early 1978 . After briefly working on Broadway , he took a one-year break , reappearing in the summer of 1979 , with the cover-studded Platinum album titled Flag , featuring a Top 30 version of Gerry Goffins and Carole Kings Up on the Roof . ( Two selections from Flag , Millworker and Brother Trucker were featured on the PBS production of the Broadway musical based on Studs Terkels non-fiction book , which Terkel himself hosted . Taylor himself appeared in that production as a trucker ; he performed Brother Trucker in character. ) Taylor also appeared on the No Nukes concert in Madison Square Garden , where he made a memorable live performance of Mockingbird with his wife Carly . The concert appeared on both the No Nukes album and film . On December 7 , 1980 , Taylor had an encounter with Mark David Chapman who would assassinate John Lennon just one day later . Taylor told the BBC in 2010 : The guy had sort of pinned me to the wall and was glistening with maniacal sweat and talking some freak speak about what he was going to do and his stuff with how John was interested , and he was going to get in touch with John Lennon . And it was surreal to actually have contact with the guy 24 hours before he shot John . The next night , Taylor , who lived in a building next-door to Lennon , heard the assassination occur . Taylor commented : I heard him shoot—five , just as quick as you could pull the trigger , about five explosions . In March 1981 , Taylor released the album Dad Loves His Work whose themes concerned his relationship with his father , the course his ancestors had taken , and the effect that he and Simon had on each other . The album was another Platinum success , reaching and providing Taylors final real hit single in a duet with J . D . Souther , Her Town Too , which reached on the Adult Contemporary chart and on the Billboard Hot 100 . 1981–1996 : Troubled times and new beginnings . Simon announced her separation from Taylor in September 1981 saying , Our needs are different ; it seem [ s ] impossible to stay together and their divorce finalized in 1983 . Their breakup was highly publicized . At the time , Taylor was living on West End Avenue in Manhattan and on a methadone maintenance program to cure him of his drug addiction . Over the course of four months starting in September 1983 , spurred on in part by the deaths of his friends John Belushi and Dennis Wilson and in part by the desire to be a better father to his children Sally and Ben , he discontinued methadone and overcame his heroin habit . Taylor had thoughts of retiring by the time he played the Rock in Rio festival in Rio de Janeiro in January 1985 . He was encouraged by the nascent democracy in Brazil at the time , buoyed by the positive reception he got from the large crowd and other musicians , and musically energized by the sounds and nature of Brazilian music . I had .. . sort of bottomed-out in a drug habit , my marriage with Carly had dissolved , and I had basically been depressed and lost for a while , he recalled in 1995 : The song Only a Dream in Rio was written in tribute to that night , with lines like I was there that very day and my heart came back alive . The October 1985 album , Thats Why Im Here , from which that song came , started a series of studio recordings that , while spaced further apart than his previous records , showed a more consistent level of quality and fewer covers , most notably the Buddy Holly song Everyday , released as a single reached . On the album track Only One , the backing vocals were performed by an all-star duo of Joni Mitchell and Don Henley . Taylors next albums were partially successful ; in 1988 , he released Never Die Young , highlighted with the charting title track , and in 1991 , the platinum New Moon Shine provided Taylor some popular songs with the melancholic Copperline and the upbeat ( Ive Got to ) Stop Thinkin About That , both hit singles on Adult Contemporary radio . In the late 1980s , he began touring regularly , especially on the summer amphitheater circuit . His later concerts feature songs spanning his career and are marked by the musicianship of his band and backup singers . The 1993 two-disc Live album captures this , with a highlight being Arnold McCullers descants in the codas of Shower the People and I Will Follow . He provided a guest voice to The Simpsons episode Deep Space Homer , and also appeared later on in the series when the family put together a jigsaw puzzle with his face as the missing final piece . In 1995 , Taylor performed the role of the Lord in Randy Newmans Faust . 1997–present : Comeback . In 1997 , after six years since his last studio album , Taylor released Hourglass , an introspective album that gave him the best critical reviews in almost twenty years . The album had much of its focus on Taylors troubled past and family . Jump Up Behind Me paid tribute to his fathers rescue of him after The Flying Machine days , and the long drive from New York City back to his home in Chapel Hill . Enough To Be on Your Way was inspired by the alcoholism-related death of his brother Alex earlier in the decade . The themes were also inspired by Taylor and Walkers divorce , which took place in 1996 . Rolling Stone Magazine found that one of the themes of this record is disbelief , while Taylor told the magazine that it was spirituals for agnostics . Critics embraced the dark themes on the album , and Hourglass was a commercial success , reaching on the Billboard 200 ( Taylors first Top 10 album in sixteen years ) and also provided a big adult contemporary hit on Little More Time With You . The album also gave Taylor his first Grammy since JT , when he was honored with Best Pop Album in 1998 . Flanked by two greatest hit releases , Taylors Platinum-certified October Road appeared in 2002 to a receptive audience . It featured a number of quiet instrumental accompaniments and passages . Overall , it found Taylor in a more peaceful frame of mind ; rather than facing a crisis now , Taylor said in an interview that I thought Id passed the midpoint of my life when I was 17 . The album appeared in two versions , a single-disc version and a limited edition two-disc version which contained three extra songs including a duet with Mark Knopfler , Sailing to Philadelphia , which also appeared on Knopflers album by the same name . Also in 2002 , Taylor teamed with bluegrass musician Alison Krauss in singing The Boxer at the Kennedy Center Honors Tribute to Paul Simon . They later recorded the Louvin Brothers duet , Hows the World Treating You ? In 2004 , after he chose not to renew his record contract with Columbia/Sony , he released with distribution through Hallmark Cards . Always visibly active in environmental and liberal causes , in October 2004 , Taylor joined the Vote for Change tour playing a series of concerts in American swing states . These concerts were organized by MoveOn.org with the goal of mobilizing people to vote for John Kerry and against George W . Bush in that years presidential campaign . Taylors appearances were joint performances with the Dixie Chicks . Taylor performed The Star-Spangled Banner at Game 2 of the World Series in Boston on October 24 , 2004 , on October 25 , 2007 , both the anthem and America for the game on October 24 , 2013 , and Game 1 on October 23 , 2018 . He also performed at Game 1 of the 2008 NBA Finals in Boston on June 5 , 2008 , and at the NHLs Winter Classic game between the Philadelphia Flyers and Boston Bruins . In December 2004 , he appeared as himself in an episode of The West Wing entitled A Change Is Gonna Come . He sang Sam Cookes classic A Change Is Gonna Come at an event honoring an artist played by Taylors wife Caroline . Later on , he appeared on CMTs Crossroads alongside the Dixie Chicks . In early 2006 , MusiCares honored Taylor with performances of his songs by an array of notable musicians . Before a performance by the Dixie Chicks , lead singer Natalie Maines acknowledged that he had always been one of their musical heroes and had , for them , lived up to their once-imagined reputation of him . They performed his song , Shower the People , with a surprise appearance by Arnold McCuller , who has sung backing vocals on Taylors live tours and albums for many years . In the fall of 2006 , Taylor released a repackaged and slightly different version of his Hallmark Christmas album , now entitled James Taylor at Christmas , and distributed by Columbia/Sony . In 2006 , Taylor performed Randy Newmans song Our Town for the Disney animated film Cars . The song was nominated for the 2007 Academy Award for the Best Original Song . On January 1 , 2007 , Taylor headlined the inaugural concert at the Times Union Center in Albany , New York honoring newly sworn in Governor of New York Eliot Spitzer . Taylors next album , One Man Band was released on CD and DVD in November 2007 on Starbucks Hear Music Label , where he joined with Paul McCartney and Joni Mitchell . The introspective album grew out of a three-year tour of the United States and Europe called the One Man Band Tour , featuring some of Taylors most beloved songs and anecdotes about their creative origins—accompanied solely by the one man band of his longtime pianist/keyboardist , Larry Goldings . The mix of One Man Band won a TEC Award for best surround sound recording in 2008 . On November 28–30 , 2007 , Taylor accompanied by his original band and Carole King , headlined a series of six shows at the Troubadour . The appearances marked the 50th anniversary of the venue , where Taylor , King and many others , such as Tom Waits , Neil Diamond , and Elton John , performed early in their music careers . Proceeds from the concert went to benefit the Natural Resources Defense Council , MusiCares , Alliance for the Wild Rockies , and the Los Angeles Regional Foodbank , a member of Americas Second Harvest , the nations Food Bank Network . Parts of the performance shown on CBS Sunday Morning in the December 23 , 2007 , broadcast showed Taylor alluding to his early drug problems by saying , I played here a number of times in the 70s , allegedly . Taylor has used versions of this joke on other occasions , and it appears as part of his One Man Band DVD and tour performances . In December 2007 , James Taylor at Christmas was nominated for a Grammy Award . In January 2008 , Taylor recorded approximately 20 songs by others for a new album with a band including Luis Conte , Michael Landau , Lou Marini , Arnold McCuller , Jimmy Johnson , David Lasley , Walt Fowler , Andrea Zonn , Kate Markowitz , Steve Gadd and Larry Goldings . The resulting live-in-studio album , named Covers , was released in September 2008 . The album forays into country and soul while being the latest proof that Taylor is a more versatile singer than his best-known hits might suggest . The Covers sessions stretched to include Oh What a Beautiful Morning , from the musical Oklahoma! , a song that his grandmother had caught him singing over and over at the top of his lungs when he was seven years old . Meanwhile , in summer 2008 , Taylor and this band toured 34 North American cities with a tour entitled James Taylor and His Band of Legends . An additional album , called Other Covers , came out in April 2009 , containing songs that were recorded during the same sessions as the original Covers but had not been put out to the full public yet . During October 19–21 , 2008 , Taylor performed a series of free concerts in five North Carolina cities in support of Barack Obamas presidential bid . On Sunday , January 18 , 2009 , he performed at the , singing Shower the People with John Legend and Jennifer Nettles of Sugarland . On May 29 , 2009 , Taylor performed on the final episode of the original 17-year run of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . On September 8 , 2009 , Taylor made an appearance at the 24th-season premiere block party of The Oprah Winfrey Show on Chicagos Michigan Avenue . Taylor appeared briefly in the 2009 movie Funny People , where he played Carolina in My Mind for a MySpace corporate event as the opening act for the main character . On January 1 , 2010 , Taylor sang the American national anthem at the NHL Winter Classic at Fenway Park , while Daniel Powter sang the Canadian national anthem . On March 7 , 2010 , Taylor sang the Beatles In My Life in tribute to deceased artists at the 82nd Academy Awards . In March 2010 , he commenced the Troubadour Reunion Tour with Carole King and members of his original band , including Russ Kunkel , Leland Sklar , and Danny Kortchmar . They played shows in Australia , New Zealand , Japan and North America with the final night being at the Honda Center , in Anaheim , California . The tour was a major commercial success and in some locations found Taylor playing arenas instead of his usual theaters or amphitheaters . Ticket sales amounted to over 700,000 and the tour grossed over $59 million . It was one of the most successful tours of the year . He appeared in 2011 in the ABC comedy Mr . Sunshine as the ex-husband of the character played by Allison Janney , and he performs a duet of sorts on Leon Russells 1970 classic A Song for You . On September 11 , 2011 , Taylor performed You Can Close Your Eyes in New York City at the National September 11 Memorial & Museum for the 10th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks . On November 22 , 2011 , Taylor performed Fire and Rain with Taylor Swift who was named after him , at the last concert of her Speak Now World Tour in Madison Square Garden . They also sang Swifts song , Fifteen . Then , on July 2 , 2012 Swift appeared as Taylors special guest in a concert at Tanglewood . He was active in support of Barack Obamas 2012 reelection campaign and opened the 2012 Democratic National Convention singing three songs . He performed America the Beautiful at the Presidents second inauguration . He appeared on the final of Star Académie , the Quebec version of American Idol , on April 13 , 2009 . On April 24 , 2013 , Taylor performed at the memorial service for slain MIT police officer Sean Collier who was killed by Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev , the men responsible for the Boston Marathon bombing . Taylor was accompanied by the MIT Symphony Orchestra and three MIT a cappella groups while performing his songs The Water is Wide and Shower the People . On September 6 and 7 , 2013 , he performed with the Utah Symphony and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir in the Thirtieth Anniversary O.C . Tanner Gift of Music Gala Concert at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City . He called the choir a national treasure In addition to the symphony and choir he was backed by some of his touring band pianist Charles Floyd , bassist Jimmy Johnson and percussionist Nick Halley . After a 45-year wait , James earned his first album on the Billboard 200 chart with Before This World . The album which was released on June 16 through Concord Records , arrived on top the chart of July 4 , 2015 , more than 45 years after Taylor arrived on the list with Sweet Baby James ( on the March 14 , 1970 , list ) . The album launched atop the Billboard 200 with 97,000 equivalent album units earned in the week ending June 21 , 2015 , according to Nielsen Music . Of its start , pure album sales were 96,000 copies sold , Taylors best debut week for an album since 2002s October Road . Taylor cancelled his 2016 concert in Manila as a protest to the extrajudicial killings of suspects in the Philippine Drug War . Taylors album American Standard was released on February 28 , 2020 . American Standard debuted at #4 on the Billboard 200 albums chart , making Taylor the first act to earn a top 10 album in each of the last six decades . In May 2020 , James Taylor and Jackson Browne rescheduled their 2020 tour dates to 2021 due to the COVID-19 crisis . On November 24 , 2020 , the album was nominated for a Grammy in the category of Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album . Family and personal life . Taylors four siblings ( Alex , Livingston , Hugh , and Kate ) have also been musicians with recorded albums . Livingston is still an active musician ; Kate was active in the 1970s but did not record another album until 2003 ; Hugh operates a bed-and-breakfast with his wife , The Outermost Inn in Aquinnah on Marthas Vineyard ; and Alex died in 1993 on Jamess birthday . Taylor and Carly Simon were married in November 1972 . Their children , Sally and Ben , are also musicians . After Taylor and Simon divorced in 1983 , he married actress Kathryn Walker on December 14 , 1985 , at the Cathedral of St . John the Divine in New York . She had helped him get off heroin , but the marriage ended in divorce in 1996 . On February 18 , 2001 , at the Emmanuel Episcopal Church , Boston , Taylor wed for the third time marrying Caroline ( Kim ) Smedvig , the director of public relations and marketing for the Boston Symphony Orchestra . They had begun dating in 1995 when they met as he appeared with John Williams and the Boston Pops Orchestra . Part of their relationship was worked into the album October Road , on the songs On The 4th Of July and Caroline I See You . Following the birth of their twin boys , Rufus and Henry in April 2001 , Taylor moved with his family to Lenox , Massachusetts . Awards and recognition . Grammy Awards . - 1972 : Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male , Youve Got a Friend - 1977 : Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male , Handy Man - 1998 : Best Pop Album , Hourglass - 2001 : Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male , Dont Let Me Be Lonely Tonight - 2003 : Best Country Collaboration With Vocals , Hows the World Treating You with Alison Krauss - 2006 : Grammy Award-sponsored MusiCares Person of the Year . At a black tie ceremony held in Los Angeles , musicians from several eras paid tribute to Taylor by performing his songs , often prefacing them with remarks on his influence on their decisions to become musicians . Artists include Carole King , Bruce Springsteen , Sting , Taj Mahal , Dr . John , Bonnie Raitt , Jackson Browne , David Crosby , Sheryl Crow , India.Arie , the Dixie Chicks , Jerry Douglas , Alison Krauss , and Keith Urban . Paul Simon performed as well , although he was not included in the televised program ; Taylors brother Livingston appeared on stage as a backup singer for the finale , along with Taylors twin boys , Rufus and Henry . - 2021 : Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album , American Standard Other recognition . - 1995 : Honorary doctorate of music from the Berklee College of Music , Boston , 1995 . - 2000 : Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , 2000 . - 2000 : Inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame , 2000 . - 2003 : The Chapel Hill Museum in Chapel Hill , North Carolina opened a permanent exhibit dedicated to Taylor . At the same occasion the US-15-501 highway bridge over Morgan Creek , near the site of the Taylor family home and mentioned in Taylors song Copperline , was named in honor of Taylor . - 2004 : George and Ira Gershwin Award for Lifetime Musical Achievement , UCLA Spring Sing . - 2004 : Ranked 84th in Rolling Stones list of 100 Greatest Artists of All Time . - 2009 : Honorary Doctorate of Music from Williams College , Williamstown , Massachusetts . - 2009 : Inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in 2009 . - 2010 : Inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame - 2012 : Received the Montréal Jazz Spirit Award - 2012 : Named Chevalier de lOrdre des Arts et des Lettres by the Ministry of Culture & Communication of France . - 2014 : Emmy Award for The Mormon Tabernacle Choir Presents an Evening with James Taylor - 2015 : Presidential Medal of Freedom - 2016 : Kennedy Center Honors Discography . Studio albums . - James Taylor ( 1968 ) - Sweet Baby James ( 1970 ) - Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon ( 1971 ) - One Man Dog ( 1972 ) - Walking Man ( 1974 ) - Gorilla ( 1975 ) - In the Pocket ( 1976 ) - JT ( 1977 ) - Flag ( 1979 ) - Dad Loves His Work ( 1981 ) - Thats Why Im Here ( 1985 ) - Never Die Young ( 1988 ) - New Moon Shine ( 1991 ) - Hourglass ( 1997 ) - October Road ( 2002 ) - A Christmas Album ( 2004 ) - James Taylor at Christmas ( 2006 ) - Covers ( 2008 ) - Before This World ( 2015 ) - American Standard ( 2020 ) |
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"Kathryn Walker"
] | easy | Who was James Taylor 's spouse from Dec 1985 to 1996? | /wiki/James_Taylor#P26#1 | James Taylor James Vernon Taylor ( born March 12 , 1948 ) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist . A six-time Grammy Award winner , he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000 . He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time , having sold more than 100 million records worldwide . Taylor achieved his breakthrough in 1970 with the single Fire and Rain and had his first hit in 1971 with his recording of Youve Got a Friend , written by Carole King in the same year . His 1976 Greatest Hits album was certified Diamond and has sold 12 million US copies . Following his 1977 album JT , he has retained a large audience over the decades . Every album that he released from 1977 to 2007 sold over 1 million copies . He enjoyed a resurgence in chart performance during the late 1990s and 2000s , when he recorded some of his most-awarded work ( including Hourglass , October Road , and Covers ) . He achieved his first number-one album in the US in 2015 with his recording Before This World . Taylor is known for his covers , such as How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) and Handy Man , as well as originals such as Sweet Baby James . He is also known for his leading role in Monte Hellmans 1971 film Two-Lane Blacktop . Early years . James Vernon Taylor was born at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston , where his father , Isaac M . Taylor , worked as a resident physician . His father came from a wealthy family from the South . Aside from having ancestry in Scotland , part of Taylors roots are deep in Massachusetts Bay Colony and include Edmund Rice , one of the founders of Sudbury , Massachusetts . His mother , the former Gertrude Woodard ( 1921–2015 ) , studied singing with Marie Sundelius at the New England Conservatory of Music and was an aspiring opera singer before the couples marriage in 1946 . James was the second of five children , the others being Alex ( 1947–1993 ) , Kate ( born 1949 ) , Livingston ( born 1950 ) , and Hugh ( born 1952 ) . In 1951 , his family moved to Chapel Hill , North Carolina when Isaac took a job as an assistant professor of medicine at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine . They built a house in the Morgan Creek area off the present Morgan Creek Road , which was sparsely populated . James would later say , Chapel Hill , the Piedmont , the outlying hills , were tranquil , rural , beautiful , but quiet . Thinking of the red soil , the seasons , the way things smelled down there , I feel as though my experience of coming of age there was more a matter of landscape and climate than people . James attended a public primary school in Chapel Hill . Isaacs career prospered , but he was frequently away from home on military service at Bethesda Naval Hospital in Maryland , or as part of Operation Deep Freeze in Antarctica in 1955 and 1956 . Isaac Taylor later rose to become dean of the UNC School of Medicine from 1964 to 1971 . Beginning in 1953 , the Taylors spent summers on Marthas Vineyard . James took cello lessons as a child in North Carolina , before learning the guitar in 1960 . His guitar style evolved , influenced by hymns , carols , and the music of Woody Guthrie , and his technique derived from his bass clef-oriented cello training and from experimenting on his sister Kates keyboards : My style was a finger-picking style that was meant to be like a piano , as if my thumb were my left hand , and my first , second , and third fingers were my right hand . Spending summer holidays with his family on Marthas Vineyard , he met Danny Kortchmar , an aspiring teenage guitarist from Larchmont , New York . The two began listening to and playing blues and folk music together , and Kortchmar felt that Taylors singing had a natural sense of phrasing , every syllable beautifully in time . I knew James had that thing . Taylor wrote his first song on guitar at 14 , and he continued to learn the instrument effortlessly . By the summer of 1963 , he and Kortchmar were playing coffeehouses around the Vineyard , billed as Jamie & Kootch . James went to Milton Academy , a preparatory boarding school in Massachusetts in 1961 . He faltered during his junior year , feeling uneasy in the high-pressure college prep environment despite having a good scholastic performance . The Milton headmaster would later say , James was more sensitive and less goal-oriented than most students of his day . He returned home to North Carolina to finish out the semester at Chapel Hill High School . There he joined a band formed by his brother Alex called The Corsayers ( later The Fabulous Corsairs ) , playing electric guitar ; in 1964 , they cut a single in Raleigh that featured Jamess song Cha Cha Blues on the B-side . Having lost touch with his former school friends in North Carolina , Taylor returned to Milton for his senior year , where he started applying to colleges to complete his education . But he felt part of a life that [ he was ] unable to lead , and he became depressed ; he slept 20 hours each day , and his grades collapsed . In late 1965 he committed himself to McLean , a psychiatric hospital in Belmont , Massachusetts , where he was treated with chlorpromazine , and where the organized days began to give him a sense of time and structure . As the Vietnam War escalated , Taylor received a psychological rejection from Selective Service System when he appeared before them with two white-suited McLean assistants and was uncommunicative . Taylor earned a high school diploma in 1966 from the hospitals associated Arlington School . He would later view his nine-month stay at McLean as a lifesaver.. . like a pardon or like a reprieve , and both his brother Livingston and sister Kate would later be patients and students there as well . As for his mental health struggles , Taylor would think of them as innate and say : Its an inseparable part of my personality that I have these feelings . Career . 1966–1969 : Early career . At Kortchmars urging , Taylor checked himself out of McLean and moved to New York City to form a band . They recruited Joel OBrien , formerly of Kortchmars old band King Bees to play drums , and Taylors childhood friend Zachary Wiesner ( son of noted academic Jerome Wiesner ) to play bass . After Taylor rejected the notion of naming the group after him , they called themselves the Flying Machine . They played songs that Taylor had written at and about McLean , such as Knocking Round the Zoo , Dont Talk Now , and The Blues Is Just a Bad Dream . In some other songs , Taylor romanticized his life , but he was plagued by self-doubt . By summer 1966 , they were performing regularly at the high-visibility Night Owl Cafe in Greenwich Village , alongside acts such as the Turtles and Lothar and the Hand People . Taylor associated with a motley group of people and began using heroin , to Kortchmars dismay . In a late 1966 hasty recording session , the group cut a single , Taylors Night Owl , backed with his Brighten Your Night with My Day . Released on Jay Gee Records , a subsidiary of Jubilee Records , it received some radio airplay in the Northeast , but only charted at nationally . Other songs had been recorded during the same session , but Jubilee declined to go forward with an album . After a series of poorly-chosen appearances outside New York , culminating with a three-week stay at a failing nightspot in Freeport , Bahamas for which they were never paid , the Flying Machine broke up . ( A UK band with the same name emerged in 1969 with the hit song Smile a Little Smile for Me . The New York bands recordings were later released in 1971 as James Taylor and the Original Flying Machine. ) Taylor would later say of this New York period , I learned a lot about music and too much about drugs . Indeed , his drug use had developed into full-blown heroin addiction during the final Flying Machine period : I just fell into it , since it was as easy to get high in the Village as get a drink . He hung out in Washington Square Park , playing guitar to ward off depression and then passing out , letting runaways and criminals stay at his apartment . Finally out of money and abandoned by his manager , he made a desperate call one night to his father . Isaac Taylor flew to New York and staged a rescue , renting a car and driving all night back to North Carolina with James and his possessions . Taylor spent six months getting treatment and making a tentative recovery ; he also required a throat operation to fix vocal cords damaged from singing too harshly . Taylor decided to try being a solo act with a change of scenery . In late 1967 , funded by a small family inheritance , he moved to London , living in various areas : Notting Hill , Belgravia , and Chelsea . After recording some demos in Soho , his friend Kortchmar gave him his next big break . Kortchmar used his association with the King Bees ( who once opened for Peter and Gordon ) , to connect Taylor to Peter Asher . Asher was A&R head for the Beatles newly formed label Apple Records . Taylor gave a demo tape of songs , including Something in the Way She Moves , to Asher , who then played the demo for Beatles Paul McCartney and George Harrison . McCartney remembers his first impression : I just heard his voice and his guitar and I thought he was great .. . and he came and played live , so it was just like , Wow , hes great . Taylor became the first non-British act signed to Apple , and he credits Asher for opening the door to his singing career . Taylor said of Asher , who later became his manager , I knew from the first time that we met that he was the right person to steer my career . He had this determination in his eye that I had never seen in anybody before . Living chaotically in various places with various women , Taylor wrote additional material , including Carolina in My Mind , and rehearsed with a new backing band . Taylor recorded what would become his first album from July to October 1968 , at Trident Studios , at the same time the Beatles were recording The White Album . McCartney and an uncredited George Harrison guested on Carolina in My Mind , whose lyric holy host of others standing around me referred to the Beatles , and the title phrase of Taylors Something in the Way She Moves provided the lyrical starting point for Harrisons classic Something . McCartney and Asher brought in arranger Richard Anthony Hewson to add both orchestrations to several of the songs and unusual link passages between them ; they would receive a mixed reception , at best . During the recording sessions , Taylor fell back into his drug habit by using heroin and methedrine . He underwent physeptone treatment in a British program , returned to New York and was hospitalized there , and then finally committed himself to the Austen Riggs Center in Stockbridge , Massachusetts , which emphasized cultural and historical factors in trying to treat difficult psychiatric disorders . Meanwhile , Apple released his debut album , James Taylor , in December 1968 in the UK and February 1969 in the US . Critical reception was generally positive , including a complimentary review in Rolling Stone by Jon Landau , who said that this album is the coolest breath of fresh air Ive inhaled in a good long while . It knocks me out . The records commercial potential suffered from Taylors inability to promote it because of his hospitalization , and it sold poorly ; Carolina in My Mind was released as a single but failed to chart in the UK and only reached on the U.S . charts . In July 1969 , Taylor headlined a six-night stand at the Troubadour in Los Angeles . On July 20 , he performed at the Newport Folk Festival as the last act and was cheered by thousands of fans who stayed in the rain to hear him . Shortly thereafter , he broke both hands and both feet in a motorcycle accident on Marthas Vineyard and was forced to stop playing for several months . However , while recovering , he continued to write songs and in October 1969 signed a new deal with Warner Bros . Records . 1970–1972 : Fame and commercial success . Once he had recovered , Taylor moved to California , keeping Asher as his manager and record producer . In December 1969 , he held the recording sessions for his second album there . Titled Sweet Baby James , and featuring the participation of Carole King , the album was released in February 1970 and was Taylors critical and popular breakthrough , buoyed by the single Fire and Rain , a song about both Taylors experiences attempting to break his drug habit by undergoing treatment in psychiatric institutions and the suicide of his friend , Suzanne Schnerr . Both the album and the single reached on the Billboard charts , with Sweet Baby James selling more than 1.5 million copies in its first year and eventually more than 3 million in the United States alone . Sweet Baby James was received at its time as a folk-rock masterpiece , an album that effectively showcased Taylors talents to the mainstream public , marking a direction he would take in following years . It earned several Grammy Award nominations including one for Album of the Year . It went on to be listed at on Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Albums of All Time in 2003 , with Fire and Rain listed as on Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2004 . During the time that Sweet Baby James was released , Taylor appeared with Dennis Wilson of the Beach Boys in a Monte Hellman film , Two-Lane Blacktop . In October 1970 , he performed with Joni Mitchell , Phil Ochs , and the Canadian band Chilliwack at a Vancouver benefit concert that funded Greenpeaces protests of 1971 nuclear weapons tests by the US Atomic Energy Commission at Amchitka , Alaska ; this performance was released in album format in 2009 as Amchitka , The 1970 Concert That Launched Greenpeace . In January 1971 , sessions for Taylors next album began . He appeared on The Johnny Cash Show , singing Sweet Baby James , Fire and Rain , and Country Road , on February 17 , 1971 . His career success at this point and appeal to female fans of various ages piqued tremendous interest in him , prompting a March 1 , 1971 , Time magazine cover story of him as the face of new rock . It compared his strong-but-brooding persona to that of Wuthering Heights Heathcliff and to The Sorrows of Young Werther , and said , Taylors use of elemental imagery—darkness and sunlight , references to roads traveled and untraveled , to fears spoken and left unsaid—reaches a level both of intimacy and controlled emotion rarely achieved in purely pop music . One of the writers described his look as a cowboy Jesus , to which Taylor later replied , I thought I was trying to look like George Harrison . Released in April , Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon also gained critical acclaim and contained Taylors biggest hit single in the US , a version of Carole Kings new Youve Got a Friend ( featuring backing vocals by Joni Mitchell ) , which reached on the Billboard Hot 100 in late July . The follow-up single , Long Ago and Far Away , also made the Top 40 and reached on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart . The album itself reached on the album charts , which would be Taylors highest position ever until the release of his 2015 album , Before This World , which went to superseding Taylor Swift . In early 1972 , Taylor won his first Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male , for Youve Got a Friend ; King also won Song of the Year for the same song in that ceremony . The album went on to sell 2.5 million copies in the United States . November 1972 heralded the release of Taylors fourth album , One Man Dog . A concept album primarily recorded in his home recording studio , it featured a cameo by Linda Ronstadt along with Carole King , Carly Simon , and John McLaughlin . The album consisted of eighteen short pieces of music put together . Reception was generally lukewarm and , despite making the Top 10 of the Billboard Album Charts , its overall sales were disappointing . The lead single , Dont Let Me Be Lonely Tonight , peaked at on the Hot 100 , and the follow-up , One Man Parade , barely reached the Top 75 . Almost simultaneously , Taylor married fellow singer-songwriter Carly Simon on November 3 , in a small ceremony at her Murray Hill , Manhattan apartment . A post-concert party following a Taylor performance at Radio City Music Hall turned into a large-scale wedding party , and the Simon-Taylor marriage would find much public attention over the following years . They had two children , Sarah Maria Sally Taylor , born January 7 , 1974 , and Benjamin Simon Ben Taylor , born January 22 , 1977 . During their marriage , the couple would guest on each others albums and have two hit singles as duet partners : a cover of Inez & Charlie Foxxs and a cover of The Everly Brothers Devoted to You . 1973–1976 : Career ups and downs . Taylor spent most of 1973 enjoying his new life as a married man and did not return to the recording studio until January 1974 , when sessions for his fifth album began . Walking Man was released in June and featured appearances of Paul and Linda McCartney and guitarist David Spinozza . The album was a critical and commercial disaster and was his first album to miss the Top 5 since his contract with Warner . It received poor reviews and sold only 300,000 copies in the United States . The title track failed to appear on the Top 100 . However , James Taylors artistic fortunes spiked again in 1975 when the Gold album Gorilla reached and provided one of his biggest hit singles , a cover version of Marvin Gayes How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) , featuring wife Carly on backing vocals and reached in America and in Canada . On the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart , the track also reached the top , and the follow-up single , the feelgood Mexico , featuring a guest appearance by Crosby & Nash , also reached the Top 5 of that list . A well-received album , Gorilla showcased Taylors electric , lighter side that was evident on Walking Man . However , it was arguably a more consistent and fresher-sounding Taylor , with songs such as Mexico , Wandering and Angry Blues . It also featured a song about his daughter Sally , Sarah Maria . Gorilla was followed in 1976 by In the Pocket , Taylors last studio album to be released under Warner Bros . Records . The album found him with many colleagues and friends , including Art Garfunkel , David Crosby , Bonnie Raitt , and Stevie Wonder ( who co-wrote a song with Taylor and contributed a harmonica solo ) . A melodic album , it was highlighted with the single Shower the People , an enduring song that hit on the Adult Contemporary chart and hit 22 on the Pop Charts . However , the album was not well received , reaching and being criticized , particularly by Rolling Stone . Still , In The Pocket went on to be certified gold . With the close of Taylors contract with Warner , in November , the label released Greatest Hits , the album that comprised most of his best work between 1970 and 1976 . With time , it became his best-selling album ever . It was certified 11× Platinum in the US , earned a Diamond certification by the RIAA , and eventually sold close to 20 million copies worldwide . 1977–1981 : Move to Columbia and continued success . In 1977 Taylor signed with Columbia Records . Between March and April , he quickly recorded his first album for the label . JT , released that June , gave Taylor his best reviews since Sweet Baby James , earning a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year in 1978 . Peter Herbst of Rolling Stone was particularly favorable to the album , of which he wrote in its August 11 , 1977 issue , JT is the least stiff and by far the most various album Taylor has done . Thats not meant to criticize Taylors earlier efforts . .. . But its nice to hear him sounding so healthy . JT reached on the Billboard charts and sold more than 3 million copies in the United States alone . The albums Triple Platinum status ties it with Sweet Baby James as Taylors all-time biggest-selling studio album . It was propelled by the successful cover of Jimmy Joness and Otis Blackwells Handy Man , which hit on Billboards Adult Contemporary chart and reached on the Hot 100 , earning Taylor another Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for his cover version . The song also topped the Canadian charts . The success of the album propelled the release of two further singles ; the up-tempo pop Your Smiling Face , an enduring live favorite , reached the American Top 20 ; however , Honey Dont Leave L.A. , which Danny Kortchmar wrote and composed for Taylor , did not enjoy much success , reaching only . Back in the forefront of popular music , Taylor guested with Paul Simon on Art Garfunkels recording of a cover of Sam Cookes Wonderful World , which reached the Top 20 in the U.S . and topped the AC charts in early 1978 . After briefly working on Broadway , he took a one-year break , reappearing in the summer of 1979 , with the cover-studded Platinum album titled Flag , featuring a Top 30 version of Gerry Goffins and Carole Kings Up on the Roof . ( Two selections from Flag , Millworker and Brother Trucker were featured on the PBS production of the Broadway musical based on Studs Terkels non-fiction book , which Terkel himself hosted . Taylor himself appeared in that production as a trucker ; he performed Brother Trucker in character. ) Taylor also appeared on the No Nukes concert in Madison Square Garden , where he made a memorable live performance of Mockingbird with his wife Carly . The concert appeared on both the No Nukes album and film . On December 7 , 1980 , Taylor had an encounter with Mark David Chapman who would assassinate John Lennon just one day later . Taylor told the BBC in 2010 : The guy had sort of pinned me to the wall and was glistening with maniacal sweat and talking some freak speak about what he was going to do and his stuff with how John was interested , and he was going to get in touch with John Lennon . And it was surreal to actually have contact with the guy 24 hours before he shot John . The next night , Taylor , who lived in a building next-door to Lennon , heard the assassination occur . Taylor commented : I heard him shoot—five , just as quick as you could pull the trigger , about five explosions . In March 1981 , Taylor released the album Dad Loves His Work whose themes concerned his relationship with his father , the course his ancestors had taken , and the effect that he and Simon had on each other . The album was another Platinum success , reaching and providing Taylors final real hit single in a duet with J . D . Souther , Her Town Too , which reached on the Adult Contemporary chart and on the Billboard Hot 100 . 1981–1996 : Troubled times and new beginnings . Simon announced her separation from Taylor in September 1981 saying , Our needs are different ; it seem [ s ] impossible to stay together and their divorce finalized in 1983 . Their breakup was highly publicized . At the time , Taylor was living on West End Avenue in Manhattan and on a methadone maintenance program to cure him of his drug addiction . Over the course of four months starting in September 1983 , spurred on in part by the deaths of his friends John Belushi and Dennis Wilson and in part by the desire to be a better father to his children Sally and Ben , he discontinued methadone and overcame his heroin habit . Taylor had thoughts of retiring by the time he played the Rock in Rio festival in Rio de Janeiro in January 1985 . He was encouraged by the nascent democracy in Brazil at the time , buoyed by the positive reception he got from the large crowd and other musicians , and musically energized by the sounds and nature of Brazilian music . I had .. . sort of bottomed-out in a drug habit , my marriage with Carly had dissolved , and I had basically been depressed and lost for a while , he recalled in 1995 : The song Only a Dream in Rio was written in tribute to that night , with lines like I was there that very day and my heart came back alive . The October 1985 album , Thats Why Im Here , from which that song came , started a series of studio recordings that , while spaced further apart than his previous records , showed a more consistent level of quality and fewer covers , most notably the Buddy Holly song Everyday , released as a single reached . On the album track Only One , the backing vocals were performed by an all-star duo of Joni Mitchell and Don Henley . Taylors next albums were partially successful ; in 1988 , he released Never Die Young , highlighted with the charting title track , and in 1991 , the platinum New Moon Shine provided Taylor some popular songs with the melancholic Copperline and the upbeat ( Ive Got to ) Stop Thinkin About That , both hit singles on Adult Contemporary radio . In the late 1980s , he began touring regularly , especially on the summer amphitheater circuit . His later concerts feature songs spanning his career and are marked by the musicianship of his band and backup singers . The 1993 two-disc Live album captures this , with a highlight being Arnold McCullers descants in the codas of Shower the People and I Will Follow . He provided a guest voice to The Simpsons episode Deep Space Homer , and also appeared later on in the series when the family put together a jigsaw puzzle with his face as the missing final piece . In 1995 , Taylor performed the role of the Lord in Randy Newmans Faust . 1997–present : Comeback . In 1997 , after six years since his last studio album , Taylor released Hourglass , an introspective album that gave him the best critical reviews in almost twenty years . The album had much of its focus on Taylors troubled past and family . Jump Up Behind Me paid tribute to his fathers rescue of him after The Flying Machine days , and the long drive from New York City back to his home in Chapel Hill . Enough To Be on Your Way was inspired by the alcoholism-related death of his brother Alex earlier in the decade . The themes were also inspired by Taylor and Walkers divorce , which took place in 1996 . Rolling Stone Magazine found that one of the themes of this record is disbelief , while Taylor told the magazine that it was spirituals for agnostics . Critics embraced the dark themes on the album , and Hourglass was a commercial success , reaching on the Billboard 200 ( Taylors first Top 10 album in sixteen years ) and also provided a big adult contemporary hit on Little More Time With You . The album also gave Taylor his first Grammy since JT , when he was honored with Best Pop Album in 1998 . Flanked by two greatest hit releases , Taylors Platinum-certified October Road appeared in 2002 to a receptive audience . It featured a number of quiet instrumental accompaniments and passages . Overall , it found Taylor in a more peaceful frame of mind ; rather than facing a crisis now , Taylor said in an interview that I thought Id passed the midpoint of my life when I was 17 . The album appeared in two versions , a single-disc version and a limited edition two-disc version which contained three extra songs including a duet with Mark Knopfler , Sailing to Philadelphia , which also appeared on Knopflers album by the same name . Also in 2002 , Taylor teamed with bluegrass musician Alison Krauss in singing The Boxer at the Kennedy Center Honors Tribute to Paul Simon . They later recorded the Louvin Brothers duet , Hows the World Treating You ? In 2004 , after he chose not to renew his record contract with Columbia/Sony , he released with distribution through Hallmark Cards . Always visibly active in environmental and liberal causes , in October 2004 , Taylor joined the Vote for Change tour playing a series of concerts in American swing states . These concerts were organized by MoveOn.org with the goal of mobilizing people to vote for John Kerry and against George W . Bush in that years presidential campaign . Taylors appearances were joint performances with the Dixie Chicks . Taylor performed The Star-Spangled Banner at Game 2 of the World Series in Boston on October 24 , 2004 , on October 25 , 2007 , both the anthem and America for the game on October 24 , 2013 , and Game 1 on October 23 , 2018 . He also performed at Game 1 of the 2008 NBA Finals in Boston on June 5 , 2008 , and at the NHLs Winter Classic game between the Philadelphia Flyers and Boston Bruins . In December 2004 , he appeared as himself in an episode of The West Wing entitled A Change Is Gonna Come . He sang Sam Cookes classic A Change Is Gonna Come at an event honoring an artist played by Taylors wife Caroline . Later on , he appeared on CMTs Crossroads alongside the Dixie Chicks . In early 2006 , MusiCares honored Taylor with performances of his songs by an array of notable musicians . Before a performance by the Dixie Chicks , lead singer Natalie Maines acknowledged that he had always been one of their musical heroes and had , for them , lived up to their once-imagined reputation of him . They performed his song , Shower the People , with a surprise appearance by Arnold McCuller , who has sung backing vocals on Taylors live tours and albums for many years . In the fall of 2006 , Taylor released a repackaged and slightly different version of his Hallmark Christmas album , now entitled James Taylor at Christmas , and distributed by Columbia/Sony . In 2006 , Taylor performed Randy Newmans song Our Town for the Disney animated film Cars . The song was nominated for the 2007 Academy Award for the Best Original Song . On January 1 , 2007 , Taylor headlined the inaugural concert at the Times Union Center in Albany , New York honoring newly sworn in Governor of New York Eliot Spitzer . Taylors next album , One Man Band was released on CD and DVD in November 2007 on Starbucks Hear Music Label , where he joined with Paul McCartney and Joni Mitchell . The introspective album grew out of a three-year tour of the United States and Europe called the One Man Band Tour , featuring some of Taylors most beloved songs and anecdotes about their creative origins—accompanied solely by the one man band of his longtime pianist/keyboardist , Larry Goldings . The mix of One Man Band won a TEC Award for best surround sound recording in 2008 . On November 28–30 , 2007 , Taylor accompanied by his original band and Carole King , headlined a series of six shows at the Troubadour . The appearances marked the 50th anniversary of the venue , where Taylor , King and many others , such as Tom Waits , Neil Diamond , and Elton John , performed early in their music careers . Proceeds from the concert went to benefit the Natural Resources Defense Council , MusiCares , Alliance for the Wild Rockies , and the Los Angeles Regional Foodbank , a member of Americas Second Harvest , the nations Food Bank Network . Parts of the performance shown on CBS Sunday Morning in the December 23 , 2007 , broadcast showed Taylor alluding to his early drug problems by saying , I played here a number of times in the 70s , allegedly . Taylor has used versions of this joke on other occasions , and it appears as part of his One Man Band DVD and tour performances . In December 2007 , James Taylor at Christmas was nominated for a Grammy Award . In January 2008 , Taylor recorded approximately 20 songs by others for a new album with a band including Luis Conte , Michael Landau , Lou Marini , Arnold McCuller , Jimmy Johnson , David Lasley , Walt Fowler , Andrea Zonn , Kate Markowitz , Steve Gadd and Larry Goldings . The resulting live-in-studio album , named Covers , was released in September 2008 . The album forays into country and soul while being the latest proof that Taylor is a more versatile singer than his best-known hits might suggest . The Covers sessions stretched to include Oh What a Beautiful Morning , from the musical Oklahoma! , a song that his grandmother had caught him singing over and over at the top of his lungs when he was seven years old . Meanwhile , in summer 2008 , Taylor and this band toured 34 North American cities with a tour entitled James Taylor and His Band of Legends . An additional album , called Other Covers , came out in April 2009 , containing songs that were recorded during the same sessions as the original Covers but had not been put out to the full public yet . During October 19–21 , 2008 , Taylor performed a series of free concerts in five North Carolina cities in support of Barack Obamas presidential bid . On Sunday , January 18 , 2009 , he performed at the , singing Shower the People with John Legend and Jennifer Nettles of Sugarland . On May 29 , 2009 , Taylor performed on the final episode of the original 17-year run of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . On September 8 , 2009 , Taylor made an appearance at the 24th-season premiere block party of The Oprah Winfrey Show on Chicagos Michigan Avenue . Taylor appeared briefly in the 2009 movie Funny People , where he played Carolina in My Mind for a MySpace corporate event as the opening act for the main character . On January 1 , 2010 , Taylor sang the American national anthem at the NHL Winter Classic at Fenway Park , while Daniel Powter sang the Canadian national anthem . On March 7 , 2010 , Taylor sang the Beatles In My Life in tribute to deceased artists at the 82nd Academy Awards . In March 2010 , he commenced the Troubadour Reunion Tour with Carole King and members of his original band , including Russ Kunkel , Leland Sklar , and Danny Kortchmar . They played shows in Australia , New Zealand , Japan and North America with the final night being at the Honda Center , in Anaheim , California . The tour was a major commercial success and in some locations found Taylor playing arenas instead of his usual theaters or amphitheaters . Ticket sales amounted to over 700,000 and the tour grossed over $59 million . It was one of the most successful tours of the year . He appeared in 2011 in the ABC comedy Mr . Sunshine as the ex-husband of the character played by Allison Janney , and he performs a duet of sorts on Leon Russells 1970 classic A Song for You . On September 11 , 2011 , Taylor performed You Can Close Your Eyes in New York City at the National September 11 Memorial & Museum for the 10th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks . On November 22 , 2011 , Taylor performed Fire and Rain with Taylor Swift who was named after him , at the last concert of her Speak Now World Tour in Madison Square Garden . They also sang Swifts song , Fifteen . Then , on July 2 , 2012 Swift appeared as Taylors special guest in a concert at Tanglewood . He was active in support of Barack Obamas 2012 reelection campaign and opened the 2012 Democratic National Convention singing three songs . He performed America the Beautiful at the Presidents second inauguration . He appeared on the final of Star Académie , the Quebec version of American Idol , on April 13 , 2009 . On April 24 , 2013 , Taylor performed at the memorial service for slain MIT police officer Sean Collier who was killed by Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev , the men responsible for the Boston Marathon bombing . Taylor was accompanied by the MIT Symphony Orchestra and three MIT a cappella groups while performing his songs The Water is Wide and Shower the People . On September 6 and 7 , 2013 , he performed with the Utah Symphony and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir in the Thirtieth Anniversary O.C . Tanner Gift of Music Gala Concert at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City . He called the choir a national treasure In addition to the symphony and choir he was backed by some of his touring band pianist Charles Floyd , bassist Jimmy Johnson and percussionist Nick Halley . After a 45-year wait , James earned his first album on the Billboard 200 chart with Before This World . The album which was released on June 16 through Concord Records , arrived on top the chart of July 4 , 2015 , more than 45 years after Taylor arrived on the list with Sweet Baby James ( on the March 14 , 1970 , list ) . The album launched atop the Billboard 200 with 97,000 equivalent album units earned in the week ending June 21 , 2015 , according to Nielsen Music . Of its start , pure album sales were 96,000 copies sold , Taylors best debut week for an album since 2002s October Road . Taylor cancelled his 2016 concert in Manila as a protest to the extrajudicial killings of suspects in the Philippine Drug War . Taylors album American Standard was released on February 28 , 2020 . American Standard debuted at #4 on the Billboard 200 albums chart , making Taylor the first act to earn a top 10 album in each of the last six decades . In May 2020 , James Taylor and Jackson Browne rescheduled their 2020 tour dates to 2021 due to the COVID-19 crisis . On November 24 , 2020 , the album was nominated for a Grammy in the category of Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album . Family and personal life . Taylors four siblings ( Alex , Livingston , Hugh , and Kate ) have also been musicians with recorded albums . Livingston is still an active musician ; Kate was active in the 1970s but did not record another album until 2003 ; Hugh operates a bed-and-breakfast with his wife , The Outermost Inn in Aquinnah on Marthas Vineyard ; and Alex died in 1993 on Jamess birthday . Taylor and Carly Simon were married in November 1972 . Their children , Sally and Ben , are also musicians . After Taylor and Simon divorced in 1983 , he married actress Kathryn Walker on December 14 , 1985 , at the Cathedral of St . John the Divine in New York . She had helped him get off heroin , but the marriage ended in divorce in 1996 . On February 18 , 2001 , at the Emmanuel Episcopal Church , Boston , Taylor wed for the third time marrying Caroline ( Kim ) Smedvig , the director of public relations and marketing for the Boston Symphony Orchestra . They had begun dating in 1995 when they met as he appeared with John Williams and the Boston Pops Orchestra . Part of their relationship was worked into the album October Road , on the songs On The 4th Of July and Caroline I See You . Following the birth of their twin boys , Rufus and Henry in April 2001 , Taylor moved with his family to Lenox , Massachusetts . Awards and recognition . Grammy Awards . - 1972 : Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male , Youve Got a Friend - 1977 : Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male , Handy Man - 1998 : Best Pop Album , Hourglass - 2001 : Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male , Dont Let Me Be Lonely Tonight - 2003 : Best Country Collaboration With Vocals , Hows the World Treating You with Alison Krauss - 2006 : Grammy Award-sponsored MusiCares Person of the Year . At a black tie ceremony held in Los Angeles , musicians from several eras paid tribute to Taylor by performing his songs , often prefacing them with remarks on his influence on their decisions to become musicians . Artists include Carole King , Bruce Springsteen , Sting , Taj Mahal , Dr . John , Bonnie Raitt , Jackson Browne , David Crosby , Sheryl Crow , India.Arie , the Dixie Chicks , Jerry Douglas , Alison Krauss , and Keith Urban . Paul Simon performed as well , although he was not included in the televised program ; Taylors brother Livingston appeared on stage as a backup singer for the finale , along with Taylors twin boys , Rufus and Henry . - 2021 : Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album , American Standard Other recognition . - 1995 : Honorary doctorate of music from the Berklee College of Music , Boston , 1995 . - 2000 : Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , 2000 . - 2000 : Inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame , 2000 . - 2003 : The Chapel Hill Museum in Chapel Hill , North Carolina opened a permanent exhibit dedicated to Taylor . At the same occasion the US-15-501 highway bridge over Morgan Creek , near the site of the Taylor family home and mentioned in Taylors song Copperline , was named in honor of Taylor . - 2004 : George and Ira Gershwin Award for Lifetime Musical Achievement , UCLA Spring Sing . - 2004 : Ranked 84th in Rolling Stones list of 100 Greatest Artists of All Time . - 2009 : Honorary Doctorate of Music from Williams College , Williamstown , Massachusetts . - 2009 : Inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in 2009 . - 2010 : Inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame - 2012 : Received the Montréal Jazz Spirit Award - 2012 : Named Chevalier de lOrdre des Arts et des Lettres by the Ministry of Culture & Communication of France . - 2014 : Emmy Award for The Mormon Tabernacle Choir Presents an Evening with James Taylor - 2015 : Presidential Medal of Freedom - 2016 : Kennedy Center Honors Discography . Studio albums . - James Taylor ( 1968 ) - Sweet Baby James ( 1970 ) - Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon ( 1971 ) - One Man Dog ( 1972 ) - Walking Man ( 1974 ) - Gorilla ( 1975 ) - In the Pocket ( 1976 ) - JT ( 1977 ) - Flag ( 1979 ) - Dad Loves His Work ( 1981 ) - Thats Why Im Here ( 1985 ) - Never Die Young ( 1988 ) - New Moon Shine ( 1991 ) - Hourglass ( 1997 ) - October Road ( 2002 ) - A Christmas Album ( 2004 ) - James Taylor at Christmas ( 2006 ) - Covers ( 2008 ) - Before This World ( 2015 ) - American Standard ( 2020 ) |
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] | easy | Who was James Taylor 's spouse from Feb 2001 to Feb 2002? | /wiki/James_Taylor#P26#2 | James Taylor James Vernon Taylor ( born March 12 , 1948 ) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist . A six-time Grammy Award winner , he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000 . He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time , having sold more than 100 million records worldwide . Taylor achieved his breakthrough in 1970 with the single Fire and Rain and had his first hit in 1971 with his recording of Youve Got a Friend , written by Carole King in the same year . His 1976 Greatest Hits album was certified Diamond and has sold 12 million US copies . Following his 1977 album JT , he has retained a large audience over the decades . Every album that he released from 1977 to 2007 sold over 1 million copies . He enjoyed a resurgence in chart performance during the late 1990s and 2000s , when he recorded some of his most-awarded work ( including Hourglass , October Road , and Covers ) . He achieved his first number-one album in the US in 2015 with his recording Before This World . Taylor is known for his covers , such as How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) and Handy Man , as well as originals such as Sweet Baby James . He is also known for his leading role in Monte Hellmans 1971 film Two-Lane Blacktop . Early years . James Vernon Taylor was born at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston , where his father , Isaac M . Taylor , worked as a resident physician . His father came from a wealthy family from the South . Aside from having ancestry in Scotland , part of Taylors roots are deep in Massachusetts Bay Colony and include Edmund Rice , one of the founders of Sudbury , Massachusetts . His mother , the former Gertrude Woodard ( 1921–2015 ) , studied singing with Marie Sundelius at the New England Conservatory of Music and was an aspiring opera singer before the couples marriage in 1946 . James was the second of five children , the others being Alex ( 1947–1993 ) , Kate ( born 1949 ) , Livingston ( born 1950 ) , and Hugh ( born 1952 ) . In 1951 , his family moved to Chapel Hill , North Carolina when Isaac took a job as an assistant professor of medicine at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine . They built a house in the Morgan Creek area off the present Morgan Creek Road , which was sparsely populated . James would later say , Chapel Hill , the Piedmont , the outlying hills , were tranquil , rural , beautiful , but quiet . Thinking of the red soil , the seasons , the way things smelled down there , I feel as though my experience of coming of age there was more a matter of landscape and climate than people . James attended a public primary school in Chapel Hill . Isaacs career prospered , but he was frequently away from home on military service at Bethesda Naval Hospital in Maryland , or as part of Operation Deep Freeze in Antarctica in 1955 and 1956 . Isaac Taylor later rose to become dean of the UNC School of Medicine from 1964 to 1971 . Beginning in 1953 , the Taylors spent summers on Marthas Vineyard . James took cello lessons as a child in North Carolina , before learning the guitar in 1960 . His guitar style evolved , influenced by hymns , carols , and the music of Woody Guthrie , and his technique derived from his bass clef-oriented cello training and from experimenting on his sister Kates keyboards : My style was a finger-picking style that was meant to be like a piano , as if my thumb were my left hand , and my first , second , and third fingers were my right hand . Spending summer holidays with his family on Marthas Vineyard , he met Danny Kortchmar , an aspiring teenage guitarist from Larchmont , New York . The two began listening to and playing blues and folk music together , and Kortchmar felt that Taylors singing had a natural sense of phrasing , every syllable beautifully in time . I knew James had that thing . Taylor wrote his first song on guitar at 14 , and he continued to learn the instrument effortlessly . By the summer of 1963 , he and Kortchmar were playing coffeehouses around the Vineyard , billed as Jamie & Kootch . James went to Milton Academy , a preparatory boarding school in Massachusetts in 1961 . He faltered during his junior year , feeling uneasy in the high-pressure college prep environment despite having a good scholastic performance . The Milton headmaster would later say , James was more sensitive and less goal-oriented than most students of his day . He returned home to North Carolina to finish out the semester at Chapel Hill High School . There he joined a band formed by his brother Alex called The Corsayers ( later The Fabulous Corsairs ) , playing electric guitar ; in 1964 , they cut a single in Raleigh that featured Jamess song Cha Cha Blues on the B-side . Having lost touch with his former school friends in North Carolina , Taylor returned to Milton for his senior year , where he started applying to colleges to complete his education . But he felt part of a life that [ he was ] unable to lead , and he became depressed ; he slept 20 hours each day , and his grades collapsed . In late 1965 he committed himself to McLean , a psychiatric hospital in Belmont , Massachusetts , where he was treated with chlorpromazine , and where the organized days began to give him a sense of time and structure . As the Vietnam War escalated , Taylor received a psychological rejection from Selective Service System when he appeared before them with two white-suited McLean assistants and was uncommunicative . Taylor earned a high school diploma in 1966 from the hospitals associated Arlington School . He would later view his nine-month stay at McLean as a lifesaver.. . like a pardon or like a reprieve , and both his brother Livingston and sister Kate would later be patients and students there as well . As for his mental health struggles , Taylor would think of them as innate and say : Its an inseparable part of my personality that I have these feelings . Career . 1966–1969 : Early career . At Kortchmars urging , Taylor checked himself out of McLean and moved to New York City to form a band . They recruited Joel OBrien , formerly of Kortchmars old band King Bees to play drums , and Taylors childhood friend Zachary Wiesner ( son of noted academic Jerome Wiesner ) to play bass . After Taylor rejected the notion of naming the group after him , they called themselves the Flying Machine . They played songs that Taylor had written at and about McLean , such as Knocking Round the Zoo , Dont Talk Now , and The Blues Is Just a Bad Dream . In some other songs , Taylor romanticized his life , but he was plagued by self-doubt . By summer 1966 , they were performing regularly at the high-visibility Night Owl Cafe in Greenwich Village , alongside acts such as the Turtles and Lothar and the Hand People . Taylor associated with a motley group of people and began using heroin , to Kortchmars dismay . In a late 1966 hasty recording session , the group cut a single , Taylors Night Owl , backed with his Brighten Your Night with My Day . Released on Jay Gee Records , a subsidiary of Jubilee Records , it received some radio airplay in the Northeast , but only charted at nationally . Other songs had been recorded during the same session , but Jubilee declined to go forward with an album . After a series of poorly-chosen appearances outside New York , culminating with a three-week stay at a failing nightspot in Freeport , Bahamas for which they were never paid , the Flying Machine broke up . ( A UK band with the same name emerged in 1969 with the hit song Smile a Little Smile for Me . The New York bands recordings were later released in 1971 as James Taylor and the Original Flying Machine. ) Taylor would later say of this New York period , I learned a lot about music and too much about drugs . Indeed , his drug use had developed into full-blown heroin addiction during the final Flying Machine period : I just fell into it , since it was as easy to get high in the Village as get a drink . He hung out in Washington Square Park , playing guitar to ward off depression and then passing out , letting runaways and criminals stay at his apartment . Finally out of money and abandoned by his manager , he made a desperate call one night to his father . Isaac Taylor flew to New York and staged a rescue , renting a car and driving all night back to North Carolina with James and his possessions . Taylor spent six months getting treatment and making a tentative recovery ; he also required a throat operation to fix vocal cords damaged from singing too harshly . Taylor decided to try being a solo act with a change of scenery . In late 1967 , funded by a small family inheritance , he moved to London , living in various areas : Notting Hill , Belgravia , and Chelsea . After recording some demos in Soho , his friend Kortchmar gave him his next big break . Kortchmar used his association with the King Bees ( who once opened for Peter and Gordon ) , to connect Taylor to Peter Asher . Asher was A&R head for the Beatles newly formed label Apple Records . Taylor gave a demo tape of songs , including Something in the Way She Moves , to Asher , who then played the demo for Beatles Paul McCartney and George Harrison . McCartney remembers his first impression : I just heard his voice and his guitar and I thought he was great .. . and he came and played live , so it was just like , Wow , hes great . Taylor became the first non-British act signed to Apple , and he credits Asher for opening the door to his singing career . Taylor said of Asher , who later became his manager , I knew from the first time that we met that he was the right person to steer my career . He had this determination in his eye that I had never seen in anybody before . Living chaotically in various places with various women , Taylor wrote additional material , including Carolina in My Mind , and rehearsed with a new backing band . Taylor recorded what would become his first album from July to October 1968 , at Trident Studios , at the same time the Beatles were recording The White Album . McCartney and an uncredited George Harrison guested on Carolina in My Mind , whose lyric holy host of others standing around me referred to the Beatles , and the title phrase of Taylors Something in the Way She Moves provided the lyrical starting point for Harrisons classic Something . McCartney and Asher brought in arranger Richard Anthony Hewson to add both orchestrations to several of the songs and unusual link passages between them ; they would receive a mixed reception , at best . During the recording sessions , Taylor fell back into his drug habit by using heroin and methedrine . He underwent physeptone treatment in a British program , returned to New York and was hospitalized there , and then finally committed himself to the Austen Riggs Center in Stockbridge , Massachusetts , which emphasized cultural and historical factors in trying to treat difficult psychiatric disorders . Meanwhile , Apple released his debut album , James Taylor , in December 1968 in the UK and February 1969 in the US . Critical reception was generally positive , including a complimentary review in Rolling Stone by Jon Landau , who said that this album is the coolest breath of fresh air Ive inhaled in a good long while . It knocks me out . The records commercial potential suffered from Taylors inability to promote it because of his hospitalization , and it sold poorly ; Carolina in My Mind was released as a single but failed to chart in the UK and only reached on the U.S . charts . In July 1969 , Taylor headlined a six-night stand at the Troubadour in Los Angeles . On July 20 , he performed at the Newport Folk Festival as the last act and was cheered by thousands of fans who stayed in the rain to hear him . Shortly thereafter , he broke both hands and both feet in a motorcycle accident on Marthas Vineyard and was forced to stop playing for several months . However , while recovering , he continued to write songs and in October 1969 signed a new deal with Warner Bros . Records . 1970–1972 : Fame and commercial success . Once he had recovered , Taylor moved to California , keeping Asher as his manager and record producer . In December 1969 , he held the recording sessions for his second album there . Titled Sweet Baby James , and featuring the participation of Carole King , the album was released in February 1970 and was Taylors critical and popular breakthrough , buoyed by the single Fire and Rain , a song about both Taylors experiences attempting to break his drug habit by undergoing treatment in psychiatric institutions and the suicide of his friend , Suzanne Schnerr . Both the album and the single reached on the Billboard charts , with Sweet Baby James selling more than 1.5 million copies in its first year and eventually more than 3 million in the United States alone . Sweet Baby James was received at its time as a folk-rock masterpiece , an album that effectively showcased Taylors talents to the mainstream public , marking a direction he would take in following years . It earned several Grammy Award nominations including one for Album of the Year . It went on to be listed at on Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Albums of All Time in 2003 , with Fire and Rain listed as on Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2004 . During the time that Sweet Baby James was released , Taylor appeared with Dennis Wilson of the Beach Boys in a Monte Hellman film , Two-Lane Blacktop . In October 1970 , he performed with Joni Mitchell , Phil Ochs , and the Canadian band Chilliwack at a Vancouver benefit concert that funded Greenpeaces protests of 1971 nuclear weapons tests by the US Atomic Energy Commission at Amchitka , Alaska ; this performance was released in album format in 2009 as Amchitka , The 1970 Concert That Launched Greenpeace . In January 1971 , sessions for Taylors next album began . He appeared on The Johnny Cash Show , singing Sweet Baby James , Fire and Rain , and Country Road , on February 17 , 1971 . His career success at this point and appeal to female fans of various ages piqued tremendous interest in him , prompting a March 1 , 1971 , Time magazine cover story of him as the face of new rock . It compared his strong-but-brooding persona to that of Wuthering Heights Heathcliff and to The Sorrows of Young Werther , and said , Taylors use of elemental imagery—darkness and sunlight , references to roads traveled and untraveled , to fears spoken and left unsaid—reaches a level both of intimacy and controlled emotion rarely achieved in purely pop music . One of the writers described his look as a cowboy Jesus , to which Taylor later replied , I thought I was trying to look like George Harrison . Released in April , Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon also gained critical acclaim and contained Taylors biggest hit single in the US , a version of Carole Kings new Youve Got a Friend ( featuring backing vocals by Joni Mitchell ) , which reached on the Billboard Hot 100 in late July . The follow-up single , Long Ago and Far Away , also made the Top 40 and reached on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart . The album itself reached on the album charts , which would be Taylors highest position ever until the release of his 2015 album , Before This World , which went to superseding Taylor Swift . In early 1972 , Taylor won his first Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male , for Youve Got a Friend ; King also won Song of the Year for the same song in that ceremony . The album went on to sell 2.5 million copies in the United States . November 1972 heralded the release of Taylors fourth album , One Man Dog . A concept album primarily recorded in his home recording studio , it featured a cameo by Linda Ronstadt along with Carole King , Carly Simon , and John McLaughlin . The album consisted of eighteen short pieces of music put together . Reception was generally lukewarm and , despite making the Top 10 of the Billboard Album Charts , its overall sales were disappointing . The lead single , Dont Let Me Be Lonely Tonight , peaked at on the Hot 100 , and the follow-up , One Man Parade , barely reached the Top 75 . Almost simultaneously , Taylor married fellow singer-songwriter Carly Simon on November 3 , in a small ceremony at her Murray Hill , Manhattan apartment . A post-concert party following a Taylor performance at Radio City Music Hall turned into a large-scale wedding party , and the Simon-Taylor marriage would find much public attention over the following years . They had two children , Sarah Maria Sally Taylor , born January 7 , 1974 , and Benjamin Simon Ben Taylor , born January 22 , 1977 . During their marriage , the couple would guest on each others albums and have two hit singles as duet partners : a cover of Inez & Charlie Foxxs and a cover of The Everly Brothers Devoted to You . 1973–1976 : Career ups and downs . Taylor spent most of 1973 enjoying his new life as a married man and did not return to the recording studio until January 1974 , when sessions for his fifth album began . Walking Man was released in June and featured appearances of Paul and Linda McCartney and guitarist David Spinozza . The album was a critical and commercial disaster and was his first album to miss the Top 5 since his contract with Warner . It received poor reviews and sold only 300,000 copies in the United States . The title track failed to appear on the Top 100 . However , James Taylors artistic fortunes spiked again in 1975 when the Gold album Gorilla reached and provided one of his biggest hit singles , a cover version of Marvin Gayes How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) , featuring wife Carly on backing vocals and reached in America and in Canada . On the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart , the track also reached the top , and the follow-up single , the feelgood Mexico , featuring a guest appearance by Crosby & Nash , also reached the Top 5 of that list . A well-received album , Gorilla showcased Taylors electric , lighter side that was evident on Walking Man . However , it was arguably a more consistent and fresher-sounding Taylor , with songs such as Mexico , Wandering and Angry Blues . It also featured a song about his daughter Sally , Sarah Maria . Gorilla was followed in 1976 by In the Pocket , Taylors last studio album to be released under Warner Bros . Records . The album found him with many colleagues and friends , including Art Garfunkel , David Crosby , Bonnie Raitt , and Stevie Wonder ( who co-wrote a song with Taylor and contributed a harmonica solo ) . A melodic album , it was highlighted with the single Shower the People , an enduring song that hit on the Adult Contemporary chart and hit 22 on the Pop Charts . However , the album was not well received , reaching and being criticized , particularly by Rolling Stone . Still , In The Pocket went on to be certified gold . With the close of Taylors contract with Warner , in November , the label released Greatest Hits , the album that comprised most of his best work between 1970 and 1976 . With time , it became his best-selling album ever . It was certified 11× Platinum in the US , earned a Diamond certification by the RIAA , and eventually sold close to 20 million copies worldwide . 1977–1981 : Move to Columbia and continued success . In 1977 Taylor signed with Columbia Records . Between March and April , he quickly recorded his first album for the label . JT , released that June , gave Taylor his best reviews since Sweet Baby James , earning a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year in 1978 . Peter Herbst of Rolling Stone was particularly favorable to the album , of which he wrote in its August 11 , 1977 issue , JT is the least stiff and by far the most various album Taylor has done . Thats not meant to criticize Taylors earlier efforts . .. . But its nice to hear him sounding so healthy . JT reached on the Billboard charts and sold more than 3 million copies in the United States alone . The albums Triple Platinum status ties it with Sweet Baby James as Taylors all-time biggest-selling studio album . It was propelled by the successful cover of Jimmy Joness and Otis Blackwells Handy Man , which hit on Billboards Adult Contemporary chart and reached on the Hot 100 , earning Taylor another Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for his cover version . The song also topped the Canadian charts . The success of the album propelled the release of two further singles ; the up-tempo pop Your Smiling Face , an enduring live favorite , reached the American Top 20 ; however , Honey Dont Leave L.A. , which Danny Kortchmar wrote and composed for Taylor , did not enjoy much success , reaching only . Back in the forefront of popular music , Taylor guested with Paul Simon on Art Garfunkels recording of a cover of Sam Cookes Wonderful World , which reached the Top 20 in the U.S . and topped the AC charts in early 1978 . After briefly working on Broadway , he took a one-year break , reappearing in the summer of 1979 , with the cover-studded Platinum album titled Flag , featuring a Top 30 version of Gerry Goffins and Carole Kings Up on the Roof . ( Two selections from Flag , Millworker and Brother Trucker were featured on the PBS production of the Broadway musical based on Studs Terkels non-fiction book , which Terkel himself hosted . Taylor himself appeared in that production as a trucker ; he performed Brother Trucker in character. ) Taylor also appeared on the No Nukes concert in Madison Square Garden , where he made a memorable live performance of Mockingbird with his wife Carly . The concert appeared on both the No Nukes album and film . On December 7 , 1980 , Taylor had an encounter with Mark David Chapman who would assassinate John Lennon just one day later . Taylor told the BBC in 2010 : The guy had sort of pinned me to the wall and was glistening with maniacal sweat and talking some freak speak about what he was going to do and his stuff with how John was interested , and he was going to get in touch with John Lennon . And it was surreal to actually have contact with the guy 24 hours before he shot John . The next night , Taylor , who lived in a building next-door to Lennon , heard the assassination occur . Taylor commented : I heard him shoot—five , just as quick as you could pull the trigger , about five explosions . In March 1981 , Taylor released the album Dad Loves His Work whose themes concerned his relationship with his father , the course his ancestors had taken , and the effect that he and Simon had on each other . The album was another Platinum success , reaching and providing Taylors final real hit single in a duet with J . D . Souther , Her Town Too , which reached on the Adult Contemporary chart and on the Billboard Hot 100 . 1981–1996 : Troubled times and new beginnings . Simon announced her separation from Taylor in September 1981 saying , Our needs are different ; it seem [ s ] impossible to stay together and their divorce finalized in 1983 . Their breakup was highly publicized . At the time , Taylor was living on West End Avenue in Manhattan and on a methadone maintenance program to cure him of his drug addiction . Over the course of four months starting in September 1983 , spurred on in part by the deaths of his friends John Belushi and Dennis Wilson and in part by the desire to be a better father to his children Sally and Ben , he discontinued methadone and overcame his heroin habit . Taylor had thoughts of retiring by the time he played the Rock in Rio festival in Rio de Janeiro in January 1985 . He was encouraged by the nascent democracy in Brazil at the time , buoyed by the positive reception he got from the large crowd and other musicians , and musically energized by the sounds and nature of Brazilian music . I had .. . sort of bottomed-out in a drug habit , my marriage with Carly had dissolved , and I had basically been depressed and lost for a while , he recalled in 1995 : The song Only a Dream in Rio was written in tribute to that night , with lines like I was there that very day and my heart came back alive . The October 1985 album , Thats Why Im Here , from which that song came , started a series of studio recordings that , while spaced further apart than his previous records , showed a more consistent level of quality and fewer covers , most notably the Buddy Holly song Everyday , released as a single reached . On the album track Only One , the backing vocals were performed by an all-star duo of Joni Mitchell and Don Henley . Taylors next albums were partially successful ; in 1988 , he released Never Die Young , highlighted with the charting title track , and in 1991 , the platinum New Moon Shine provided Taylor some popular songs with the melancholic Copperline and the upbeat ( Ive Got to ) Stop Thinkin About That , both hit singles on Adult Contemporary radio . In the late 1980s , he began touring regularly , especially on the summer amphitheater circuit . His later concerts feature songs spanning his career and are marked by the musicianship of his band and backup singers . The 1993 two-disc Live album captures this , with a highlight being Arnold McCullers descants in the codas of Shower the People and I Will Follow . He provided a guest voice to The Simpsons episode Deep Space Homer , and also appeared later on in the series when the family put together a jigsaw puzzle with his face as the missing final piece . In 1995 , Taylor performed the role of the Lord in Randy Newmans Faust . 1997–present : Comeback . In 1997 , after six years since his last studio album , Taylor released Hourglass , an introspective album that gave him the best critical reviews in almost twenty years . The album had much of its focus on Taylors troubled past and family . Jump Up Behind Me paid tribute to his fathers rescue of him after The Flying Machine days , and the long drive from New York City back to his home in Chapel Hill . Enough To Be on Your Way was inspired by the alcoholism-related death of his brother Alex earlier in the decade . The themes were also inspired by Taylor and Walkers divorce , which took place in 1996 . Rolling Stone Magazine found that one of the themes of this record is disbelief , while Taylor told the magazine that it was spirituals for agnostics . Critics embraced the dark themes on the album , and Hourglass was a commercial success , reaching on the Billboard 200 ( Taylors first Top 10 album in sixteen years ) and also provided a big adult contemporary hit on Little More Time With You . The album also gave Taylor his first Grammy since JT , when he was honored with Best Pop Album in 1998 . Flanked by two greatest hit releases , Taylors Platinum-certified October Road appeared in 2002 to a receptive audience . It featured a number of quiet instrumental accompaniments and passages . Overall , it found Taylor in a more peaceful frame of mind ; rather than facing a crisis now , Taylor said in an interview that I thought Id passed the midpoint of my life when I was 17 . The album appeared in two versions , a single-disc version and a limited edition two-disc version which contained three extra songs including a duet with Mark Knopfler , Sailing to Philadelphia , which also appeared on Knopflers album by the same name . Also in 2002 , Taylor teamed with bluegrass musician Alison Krauss in singing The Boxer at the Kennedy Center Honors Tribute to Paul Simon . They later recorded the Louvin Brothers duet , Hows the World Treating You ? In 2004 , after he chose not to renew his record contract with Columbia/Sony , he released with distribution through Hallmark Cards . Always visibly active in environmental and liberal causes , in October 2004 , Taylor joined the Vote for Change tour playing a series of concerts in American swing states . These concerts were organized by MoveOn.org with the goal of mobilizing people to vote for John Kerry and against George W . Bush in that years presidential campaign . Taylors appearances were joint performances with the Dixie Chicks . Taylor performed The Star-Spangled Banner at Game 2 of the World Series in Boston on October 24 , 2004 , on October 25 , 2007 , both the anthem and America for the game on October 24 , 2013 , and Game 1 on October 23 , 2018 . He also performed at Game 1 of the 2008 NBA Finals in Boston on June 5 , 2008 , and at the NHLs Winter Classic game between the Philadelphia Flyers and Boston Bruins . In December 2004 , he appeared as himself in an episode of The West Wing entitled A Change Is Gonna Come . He sang Sam Cookes classic A Change Is Gonna Come at an event honoring an artist played by Taylors wife Caroline . Later on , he appeared on CMTs Crossroads alongside the Dixie Chicks . In early 2006 , MusiCares honored Taylor with performances of his songs by an array of notable musicians . Before a performance by the Dixie Chicks , lead singer Natalie Maines acknowledged that he had always been one of their musical heroes and had , for them , lived up to their once-imagined reputation of him . They performed his song , Shower the People , with a surprise appearance by Arnold McCuller , who has sung backing vocals on Taylors live tours and albums for many years . In the fall of 2006 , Taylor released a repackaged and slightly different version of his Hallmark Christmas album , now entitled James Taylor at Christmas , and distributed by Columbia/Sony . In 2006 , Taylor performed Randy Newmans song Our Town for the Disney animated film Cars . The song was nominated for the 2007 Academy Award for the Best Original Song . On January 1 , 2007 , Taylor headlined the inaugural concert at the Times Union Center in Albany , New York honoring newly sworn in Governor of New York Eliot Spitzer . Taylors next album , One Man Band was released on CD and DVD in November 2007 on Starbucks Hear Music Label , where he joined with Paul McCartney and Joni Mitchell . The introspective album grew out of a three-year tour of the United States and Europe called the One Man Band Tour , featuring some of Taylors most beloved songs and anecdotes about their creative origins—accompanied solely by the one man band of his longtime pianist/keyboardist , Larry Goldings . The mix of One Man Band won a TEC Award for best surround sound recording in 2008 . On November 28–30 , 2007 , Taylor accompanied by his original band and Carole King , headlined a series of six shows at the Troubadour . The appearances marked the 50th anniversary of the venue , where Taylor , King and many others , such as Tom Waits , Neil Diamond , and Elton John , performed early in their music careers . Proceeds from the concert went to benefit the Natural Resources Defense Council , MusiCares , Alliance for the Wild Rockies , and the Los Angeles Regional Foodbank , a member of Americas Second Harvest , the nations Food Bank Network . Parts of the performance shown on CBS Sunday Morning in the December 23 , 2007 , broadcast showed Taylor alluding to his early drug problems by saying , I played here a number of times in the 70s , allegedly . Taylor has used versions of this joke on other occasions , and it appears as part of his One Man Band DVD and tour performances . In December 2007 , James Taylor at Christmas was nominated for a Grammy Award . In January 2008 , Taylor recorded approximately 20 songs by others for a new album with a band including Luis Conte , Michael Landau , Lou Marini , Arnold McCuller , Jimmy Johnson , David Lasley , Walt Fowler , Andrea Zonn , Kate Markowitz , Steve Gadd and Larry Goldings . The resulting live-in-studio album , named Covers , was released in September 2008 . The album forays into country and soul while being the latest proof that Taylor is a more versatile singer than his best-known hits might suggest . The Covers sessions stretched to include Oh What a Beautiful Morning , from the musical Oklahoma! , a song that his grandmother had caught him singing over and over at the top of his lungs when he was seven years old . Meanwhile , in summer 2008 , Taylor and this band toured 34 North American cities with a tour entitled James Taylor and His Band of Legends . An additional album , called Other Covers , came out in April 2009 , containing songs that were recorded during the same sessions as the original Covers but had not been put out to the full public yet . During October 19–21 , 2008 , Taylor performed a series of free concerts in five North Carolina cities in support of Barack Obamas presidential bid . On Sunday , January 18 , 2009 , he performed at the , singing Shower the People with John Legend and Jennifer Nettles of Sugarland . On May 29 , 2009 , Taylor performed on the final episode of the original 17-year run of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . On September 8 , 2009 , Taylor made an appearance at the 24th-season premiere block party of The Oprah Winfrey Show on Chicagos Michigan Avenue . Taylor appeared briefly in the 2009 movie Funny People , where he played Carolina in My Mind for a MySpace corporate event as the opening act for the main character . On January 1 , 2010 , Taylor sang the American national anthem at the NHL Winter Classic at Fenway Park , while Daniel Powter sang the Canadian national anthem . On March 7 , 2010 , Taylor sang the Beatles In My Life in tribute to deceased artists at the 82nd Academy Awards . In March 2010 , he commenced the Troubadour Reunion Tour with Carole King and members of his original band , including Russ Kunkel , Leland Sklar , and Danny Kortchmar . They played shows in Australia , New Zealand , Japan and North America with the final night being at the Honda Center , in Anaheim , California . The tour was a major commercial success and in some locations found Taylor playing arenas instead of his usual theaters or amphitheaters . Ticket sales amounted to over 700,000 and the tour grossed over $59 million . It was one of the most successful tours of the year . He appeared in 2011 in the ABC comedy Mr . Sunshine as the ex-husband of the character played by Allison Janney , and he performs a duet of sorts on Leon Russells 1970 classic A Song for You . On September 11 , 2011 , Taylor performed You Can Close Your Eyes in New York City at the National September 11 Memorial & Museum for the 10th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks . On November 22 , 2011 , Taylor performed Fire and Rain with Taylor Swift who was named after him , at the last concert of her Speak Now World Tour in Madison Square Garden . They also sang Swifts song , Fifteen . Then , on July 2 , 2012 Swift appeared as Taylors special guest in a concert at Tanglewood . He was active in support of Barack Obamas 2012 reelection campaign and opened the 2012 Democratic National Convention singing three songs . He performed America the Beautiful at the Presidents second inauguration . He appeared on the final of Star Académie , the Quebec version of American Idol , on April 13 , 2009 . On April 24 , 2013 , Taylor performed at the memorial service for slain MIT police officer Sean Collier who was killed by Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev , the men responsible for the Boston Marathon bombing . Taylor was accompanied by the MIT Symphony Orchestra and three MIT a cappella groups while performing his songs The Water is Wide and Shower the People . On September 6 and 7 , 2013 , he performed with the Utah Symphony and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir in the Thirtieth Anniversary O.C . Tanner Gift of Music Gala Concert at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City . He called the choir a national treasure In addition to the symphony and choir he was backed by some of his touring band pianist Charles Floyd , bassist Jimmy Johnson and percussionist Nick Halley . After a 45-year wait , James earned his first album on the Billboard 200 chart with Before This World . The album which was released on June 16 through Concord Records , arrived on top the chart of July 4 , 2015 , more than 45 years after Taylor arrived on the list with Sweet Baby James ( on the March 14 , 1970 , list ) . The album launched atop the Billboard 200 with 97,000 equivalent album units earned in the week ending June 21 , 2015 , according to Nielsen Music . Of its start , pure album sales were 96,000 copies sold , Taylors best debut week for an album since 2002s October Road . Taylor cancelled his 2016 concert in Manila as a protest to the extrajudicial killings of suspects in the Philippine Drug War . Taylors album American Standard was released on February 28 , 2020 . American Standard debuted at #4 on the Billboard 200 albums chart , making Taylor the first act to earn a top 10 album in each of the last six decades . In May 2020 , James Taylor and Jackson Browne rescheduled their 2020 tour dates to 2021 due to the COVID-19 crisis . On November 24 , 2020 , the album was nominated for a Grammy in the category of Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album . Family and personal life . Taylors four siblings ( Alex , Livingston , Hugh , and Kate ) have also been musicians with recorded albums . Livingston is still an active musician ; Kate was active in the 1970s but did not record another album until 2003 ; Hugh operates a bed-and-breakfast with his wife , The Outermost Inn in Aquinnah on Marthas Vineyard ; and Alex died in 1993 on Jamess birthday . Taylor and Carly Simon were married in November 1972 . Their children , Sally and Ben , are also musicians . After Taylor and Simon divorced in 1983 , he married actress Kathryn Walker on December 14 , 1985 , at the Cathedral of St . John the Divine in New York . She had helped him get off heroin , but the marriage ended in divorce in 1996 . On February 18 , 2001 , at the Emmanuel Episcopal Church , Boston , Taylor wed for the third time marrying Caroline ( Kim ) Smedvig , the director of public relations and marketing for the Boston Symphony Orchestra . They had begun dating in 1995 when they met as he appeared with John Williams and the Boston Pops Orchestra . Part of their relationship was worked into the album October Road , on the songs On The 4th Of July and Caroline I See You . Following the birth of their twin boys , Rufus and Henry in April 2001 , Taylor moved with his family to Lenox , Massachusetts . Awards and recognition . Grammy Awards . - 1972 : Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male , Youve Got a Friend - 1977 : Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male , Handy Man - 1998 : Best Pop Album , Hourglass - 2001 : Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male , Dont Let Me Be Lonely Tonight - 2003 : Best Country Collaboration With Vocals , Hows the World Treating You with Alison Krauss - 2006 : Grammy Award-sponsored MusiCares Person of the Year . At a black tie ceremony held in Los Angeles , musicians from several eras paid tribute to Taylor by performing his songs , often prefacing them with remarks on his influence on their decisions to become musicians . Artists include Carole King , Bruce Springsteen , Sting , Taj Mahal , Dr . John , Bonnie Raitt , Jackson Browne , David Crosby , Sheryl Crow , India.Arie , the Dixie Chicks , Jerry Douglas , Alison Krauss , and Keith Urban . Paul Simon performed as well , although he was not included in the televised program ; Taylors brother Livingston appeared on stage as a backup singer for the finale , along with Taylors twin boys , Rufus and Henry . - 2021 : Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album , American Standard Other recognition . - 1995 : Honorary doctorate of music from the Berklee College of Music , Boston , 1995 . - 2000 : Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , 2000 . - 2000 : Inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame , 2000 . - 2003 : The Chapel Hill Museum in Chapel Hill , North Carolina opened a permanent exhibit dedicated to Taylor . At the same occasion the US-15-501 highway bridge over Morgan Creek , near the site of the Taylor family home and mentioned in Taylors song Copperline , was named in honor of Taylor . - 2004 : George and Ira Gershwin Award for Lifetime Musical Achievement , UCLA Spring Sing . - 2004 : Ranked 84th in Rolling Stones list of 100 Greatest Artists of All Time . - 2009 : Honorary Doctorate of Music from Williams College , Williamstown , Massachusetts . - 2009 : Inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in 2009 . - 2010 : Inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame - 2012 : Received the Montréal Jazz Spirit Award - 2012 : Named Chevalier de lOrdre des Arts et des Lettres by the Ministry of Culture & Communication of France . - 2014 : Emmy Award for The Mormon Tabernacle Choir Presents an Evening with James Taylor - 2015 : Presidential Medal of Freedom - 2016 : Kennedy Center Honors Discography . Studio albums . - James Taylor ( 1968 ) - Sweet Baby James ( 1970 ) - Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon ( 1971 ) - One Man Dog ( 1972 ) - Walking Man ( 1974 ) - Gorilla ( 1975 ) - In the Pocket ( 1976 ) - JT ( 1977 ) - Flag ( 1979 ) - Dad Loves His Work ( 1981 ) - Thats Why Im Here ( 1985 ) - Never Die Young ( 1988 ) - New Moon Shine ( 1991 ) - Hourglass ( 1997 ) - October Road ( 2002 ) - A Christmas Album ( 2004 ) - James Taylor at Christmas ( 2006 ) - Covers ( 2008 ) - Before This World ( 2015 ) - American Standard ( 2020 ) |
[
"Egaleo"
] | easy | Tasos Avlonitis played for which team from 2007 to 2008? | /wiki/Tasos_Avlonitis#P54#0 | Tasos Avlonitis Tasos Avlonitis ( ; born 1 January 1990 ) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Italian Serie B club Ascoli . Club career . Early career . Avlonitis started as an amateur in his hometown team Chalkineo Evias in which he played in the local league . In 2007 , he was signed to Egaleo , which for three seasons played in Football League . In the 2008–09 season he was loaned to Ilisiakos . In 2010 , he signed to Kavala , where he played the 2010–11 season . After the involvement of the club President Psomiadis in a match-fixing scandal , Avlonitis was released and signed a contract with Panionios . Olympiacos . In July 2014 , Olympiacos announced the transfer of Avlonitis from former club Panionios for a fee of around €670,000 . On his first derby game against Panathinaikos , on 26 October 2014 , Avlonitis scored the winning goal for Olympiacos , as they beat Panathinaikos 1–0 at home . His next goal came against Panthrakikos in a 5–1 home win . On 30 January 2015 , the Austrian club Sturm Graz have expressed an interest to sign Olympiacos defender on loan . The Greek defender is not in Marco Silvas plans and Sturm Graz are moving towards to clinch a loan deal until the end of the season . Eventually , the central defender will continue his career in Austria for Sturm Graz , on loan until the end of 2015–16 season . On 6 February 2016 , he made his debut with the club in a 2–2 away draw against Altach . On 1 September 2016 , he mutually solved his contract with Olympiacos . Heart of Midlothian . On 30 January 2017 , Avlonitis signed for Scottish Premiership club , Heart of Midlothian on a six-month deal running until the end of the 2016–17 season . On 22 May 2017 , Avlonitis was released by the club , following the end of the Premiership season . Panathinaikos . On 11 September 2017 , Avlonitis signed a two years contract with Superleague club Panathinaikos for an undisclosed fee . In the first half of the 2016–17 season , the central defender was bright in for defensive cover and has found first team minutes hard to come by since arriving but when called upon he has demonstrated he can be trusted . Given his lack of playing time it is hard to judge but he is expected to feature more often in the second half of the season after the probable departure of Rodrigo Moledo . Sturm Graz . In April 2018 , Avlonitis signed a two-year contract with his former club Sturm Graz , in which he played on loan from Olympiacos on the second half of the 2015–16 season . He had previously terminated his contract with Panathinaikos at his own request . On 9 August 2018 , he played his first international game as a starter in a 2–0 home loss for UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round , 1st leg game against AEK Larnaca . On 21 September 2019 , he scored his first goal with the club with a kick after a Kiril Despodovs corner in an away 3–3 draw against SV Mattersburg . The Greek defender , who has been irreplaceable this season in Sturm Grazs backline , produced a cheeky back-heel assist to register his second assist of the season . As a result of his excellent form , was included in the Best XI for matchday 18 in the Austrian Football Bundesliga . On 28 December 2019 , Sturm Graz revealed their Team of the Decade , with Avlonitis and Charalampos Lykogiannis both included in the starting 11 . Ascoli . On 21 September 2020 , he joined Italian club Ascoli on a 2-year contract . International career . He was also a former Greece under-19 and Greece under-21 international . Honours . Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2014–15 - Greek Cup : 2014–15 |
[
"Ilisiakos"
] | easy | Tasos Avlonitis played for which team from 2008 to 2009? | /wiki/Tasos_Avlonitis#P54#1 | Tasos Avlonitis Tasos Avlonitis ( ; born 1 January 1990 ) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Italian Serie B club Ascoli . Club career . Early career . Avlonitis started as an amateur in his hometown team Chalkineo Evias in which he played in the local league . In 2007 , he was signed to Egaleo , which for three seasons played in Football League . In the 2008–09 season he was loaned to Ilisiakos . In 2010 , he signed to Kavala , where he played the 2010–11 season . After the involvement of the club President Psomiadis in a match-fixing scandal , Avlonitis was released and signed a contract with Panionios . Olympiacos . In July 2014 , Olympiacos announced the transfer of Avlonitis from former club Panionios for a fee of around €670,000 . On his first derby game against Panathinaikos , on 26 October 2014 , Avlonitis scored the winning goal for Olympiacos , as they beat Panathinaikos 1–0 at home . His next goal came against Panthrakikos in a 5–1 home win . On 30 January 2015 , the Austrian club Sturm Graz have expressed an interest to sign Olympiacos defender on loan . The Greek defender is not in Marco Silvas plans and Sturm Graz are moving towards to clinch a loan deal until the end of the season . Eventually , the central defender will continue his career in Austria for Sturm Graz , on loan until the end of 2015–16 season . On 6 February 2016 , he made his debut with the club in a 2–2 away draw against Altach . On 1 September 2016 , he mutually solved his contract with Olympiacos . Heart of Midlothian . On 30 January 2017 , Avlonitis signed for Scottish Premiership club , Heart of Midlothian on a six-month deal running until the end of the 2016–17 season . On 22 May 2017 , Avlonitis was released by the club , following the end of the Premiership season . Panathinaikos . On 11 September 2017 , Avlonitis signed a two years contract with Superleague club Panathinaikos for an undisclosed fee . In the first half of the 2016–17 season , the central defender was bright in for defensive cover and has found first team minutes hard to come by since arriving but when called upon he has demonstrated he can be trusted . Given his lack of playing time it is hard to judge but he is expected to feature more often in the second half of the season after the probable departure of Rodrigo Moledo . Sturm Graz . In April 2018 , Avlonitis signed a two-year contract with his former club Sturm Graz , in which he played on loan from Olympiacos on the second half of the 2015–16 season . He had previously terminated his contract with Panathinaikos at his own request . On 9 August 2018 , he played his first international game as a starter in a 2–0 home loss for UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round , 1st leg game against AEK Larnaca . On 21 September 2019 , he scored his first goal with the club with a kick after a Kiril Despodovs corner in an away 3–3 draw against SV Mattersburg . The Greek defender , who has been irreplaceable this season in Sturm Grazs backline , produced a cheeky back-heel assist to register his second assist of the season . As a result of his excellent form , was included in the Best XI for matchday 18 in the Austrian Football Bundesliga . On 28 December 2019 , Sturm Graz revealed their Team of the Decade , with Avlonitis and Charalampos Lykogiannis both included in the starting 11 . Ascoli . On 21 September 2020 , he joined Italian club Ascoli on a 2-year contract . International career . He was also a former Greece under-19 and Greece under-21 international . Honours . Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2014–15 - Greek Cup : 2014–15 |
[
"Egaleo"
] | easy | Which team did the player Tasos Avlonitis belong to from 2009 to 2010? | /wiki/Tasos_Avlonitis#P54#2 | Tasos Avlonitis Tasos Avlonitis ( ; born 1 January 1990 ) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Italian Serie B club Ascoli . Club career . Early career . Avlonitis started as an amateur in his hometown team Chalkineo Evias in which he played in the local league . In 2007 , he was signed to Egaleo , which for three seasons played in Football League . In the 2008–09 season he was loaned to Ilisiakos . In 2010 , he signed to Kavala , where he played the 2010–11 season . After the involvement of the club President Psomiadis in a match-fixing scandal , Avlonitis was released and signed a contract with Panionios . Olympiacos . In July 2014 , Olympiacos announced the transfer of Avlonitis from former club Panionios for a fee of around €670,000 . On his first derby game against Panathinaikos , on 26 October 2014 , Avlonitis scored the winning goal for Olympiacos , as they beat Panathinaikos 1–0 at home . His next goal came against Panthrakikos in a 5–1 home win . On 30 January 2015 , the Austrian club Sturm Graz have expressed an interest to sign Olympiacos defender on loan . The Greek defender is not in Marco Silvas plans and Sturm Graz are moving towards to clinch a loan deal until the end of the season . Eventually , the central defender will continue his career in Austria for Sturm Graz , on loan until the end of 2015–16 season . On 6 February 2016 , he made his debut with the club in a 2–2 away draw against Altach . On 1 September 2016 , he mutually solved his contract with Olympiacos . Heart of Midlothian . On 30 January 2017 , Avlonitis signed for Scottish Premiership club , Heart of Midlothian on a six-month deal running until the end of the 2016–17 season . On 22 May 2017 , Avlonitis was released by the club , following the end of the Premiership season . Panathinaikos . On 11 September 2017 , Avlonitis signed a two years contract with Superleague club Panathinaikos for an undisclosed fee . In the first half of the 2016–17 season , the central defender was bright in for defensive cover and has found first team minutes hard to come by since arriving but when called upon he has demonstrated he can be trusted . Given his lack of playing time it is hard to judge but he is expected to feature more often in the second half of the season after the probable departure of Rodrigo Moledo . Sturm Graz . In April 2018 , Avlonitis signed a two-year contract with his former club Sturm Graz , in which he played on loan from Olympiacos on the second half of the 2015–16 season . He had previously terminated his contract with Panathinaikos at his own request . On 9 August 2018 , he played his first international game as a starter in a 2–0 home loss for UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round , 1st leg game against AEK Larnaca . On 21 September 2019 , he scored his first goal with the club with a kick after a Kiril Despodovs corner in an away 3–3 draw against SV Mattersburg . The Greek defender , who has been irreplaceable this season in Sturm Grazs backline , produced a cheeky back-heel assist to register his second assist of the season . As a result of his excellent form , was included in the Best XI for matchday 18 in the Austrian Football Bundesliga . On 28 December 2019 , Sturm Graz revealed their Team of the Decade , with Avlonitis and Charalampos Lykogiannis both included in the starting 11 . Ascoli . On 21 September 2020 , he joined Italian club Ascoli on a 2-year contract . International career . He was also a former Greece under-19 and Greece under-21 international . Honours . Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2014–15 - Greek Cup : 2014–15 |
[
"Kavala"
] | easy | Tasos Avlonitis played for which team from 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/Tasos_Avlonitis#P54#3 | Tasos Avlonitis Tasos Avlonitis ( ; born 1 January 1990 ) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Italian Serie B club Ascoli . Club career . Early career . Avlonitis started as an amateur in his hometown team Chalkineo Evias in which he played in the local league . In 2007 , he was signed to Egaleo , which for three seasons played in Football League . In the 2008–09 season he was loaned to Ilisiakos . In 2010 , he signed to Kavala , where he played the 2010–11 season . After the involvement of the club President Psomiadis in a match-fixing scandal , Avlonitis was released and signed a contract with Panionios . Olympiacos . In July 2014 , Olympiacos announced the transfer of Avlonitis from former club Panionios for a fee of around €670,000 . On his first derby game against Panathinaikos , on 26 October 2014 , Avlonitis scored the winning goal for Olympiacos , as they beat Panathinaikos 1–0 at home . His next goal came against Panthrakikos in a 5–1 home win . On 30 January 2015 , the Austrian club Sturm Graz have expressed an interest to sign Olympiacos defender on loan . The Greek defender is not in Marco Silvas plans and Sturm Graz are moving towards to clinch a loan deal until the end of the season . Eventually , the central defender will continue his career in Austria for Sturm Graz , on loan until the end of 2015–16 season . On 6 February 2016 , he made his debut with the club in a 2–2 away draw against Altach . On 1 September 2016 , he mutually solved his contract with Olympiacos . Heart of Midlothian . On 30 January 2017 , Avlonitis signed for Scottish Premiership club , Heart of Midlothian on a six-month deal running until the end of the 2016–17 season . On 22 May 2017 , Avlonitis was released by the club , following the end of the Premiership season . Panathinaikos . On 11 September 2017 , Avlonitis signed a two years contract with Superleague club Panathinaikos for an undisclosed fee . In the first half of the 2016–17 season , the central defender was bright in for defensive cover and has found first team minutes hard to come by since arriving but when called upon he has demonstrated he can be trusted . Given his lack of playing time it is hard to judge but he is expected to feature more often in the second half of the season after the probable departure of Rodrigo Moledo . Sturm Graz . In April 2018 , Avlonitis signed a two-year contract with his former club Sturm Graz , in which he played on loan from Olympiacos on the second half of the 2015–16 season . He had previously terminated his contract with Panathinaikos at his own request . On 9 August 2018 , he played his first international game as a starter in a 2–0 home loss for UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round , 1st leg game against AEK Larnaca . On 21 September 2019 , he scored his first goal with the club with a kick after a Kiril Despodovs corner in an away 3–3 draw against SV Mattersburg . The Greek defender , who has been irreplaceable this season in Sturm Grazs backline , produced a cheeky back-heel assist to register his second assist of the season . As a result of his excellent form , was included in the Best XI for matchday 18 in the Austrian Football Bundesliga . On 28 December 2019 , Sturm Graz revealed their Team of the Decade , with Avlonitis and Charalampos Lykogiannis both included in the starting 11 . Ascoli . On 21 September 2020 , he joined Italian club Ascoli on a 2-year contract . International career . He was also a former Greece under-19 and Greece under-21 international . Honours . Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2014–15 - Greek Cup : 2014–15 |
[
"Panionios"
] | easy | Tasos Avlonitis played for which team from 2011 to 2014? | /wiki/Tasos_Avlonitis#P54#4 | Tasos Avlonitis Tasos Avlonitis ( ; born 1 January 1990 ) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Italian Serie B club Ascoli . Club career . Early career . Avlonitis started as an amateur in his hometown team Chalkineo Evias in which he played in the local league . In 2007 , he was signed to Egaleo , which for three seasons played in Football League . In the 2008–09 season he was loaned to Ilisiakos . In 2010 , he signed to Kavala , where he played the 2010–11 season . After the involvement of the club President Psomiadis in a match-fixing scandal , Avlonitis was released and signed a contract with Panionios . Olympiacos . In July 2014 , Olympiacos announced the transfer of Avlonitis from former club Panionios for a fee of around €670,000 . On his first derby game against Panathinaikos , on 26 October 2014 , Avlonitis scored the winning goal for Olympiacos , as they beat Panathinaikos 1–0 at home . His next goal came against Panthrakikos in a 5–1 home win . On 30 January 2015 , the Austrian club Sturm Graz have expressed an interest to sign Olympiacos defender on loan . The Greek defender is not in Marco Silvas plans and Sturm Graz are moving towards to clinch a loan deal until the end of the season . Eventually , the central defender will continue his career in Austria for Sturm Graz , on loan until the end of 2015–16 season . On 6 February 2016 , he made his debut with the club in a 2–2 away draw against Altach . On 1 September 2016 , he mutually solved his contract with Olympiacos . Heart of Midlothian . On 30 January 2017 , Avlonitis signed for Scottish Premiership club , Heart of Midlothian on a six-month deal running until the end of the 2016–17 season . On 22 May 2017 , Avlonitis was released by the club , following the end of the Premiership season . Panathinaikos . On 11 September 2017 , Avlonitis signed a two years contract with Superleague club Panathinaikos for an undisclosed fee . In the first half of the 2016–17 season , the central defender was bright in for defensive cover and has found first team minutes hard to come by since arriving but when called upon he has demonstrated he can be trusted . Given his lack of playing time it is hard to judge but he is expected to feature more often in the second half of the season after the probable departure of Rodrigo Moledo . Sturm Graz . In April 2018 , Avlonitis signed a two-year contract with his former club Sturm Graz , in which he played on loan from Olympiacos on the second half of the 2015–16 season . He had previously terminated his contract with Panathinaikos at his own request . On 9 August 2018 , he played his first international game as a starter in a 2–0 home loss for UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round , 1st leg game against AEK Larnaca . On 21 September 2019 , he scored his first goal with the club with a kick after a Kiril Despodovs corner in an away 3–3 draw against SV Mattersburg . The Greek defender , who has been irreplaceable this season in Sturm Grazs backline , produced a cheeky back-heel assist to register his second assist of the season . As a result of his excellent form , was included in the Best XI for matchday 18 in the Austrian Football Bundesliga . On 28 December 2019 , Sturm Graz revealed their Team of the Decade , with Avlonitis and Charalampos Lykogiannis both included in the starting 11 . Ascoli . On 21 September 2020 , he joined Italian club Ascoli on a 2-year contract . International career . He was also a former Greece under-19 and Greece under-21 international . Honours . Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2014–15 - Greek Cup : 2014–15 |
[
"Sturm Graz"
] | easy | Which team did Tasos Avlonitis play for from 2014 to 2016? | /wiki/Tasos_Avlonitis#P54#5 | Tasos Avlonitis Tasos Avlonitis ( ; born 1 January 1990 ) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Italian Serie B club Ascoli . Club career . Early career . Avlonitis started as an amateur in his hometown team Chalkineo Evias in which he played in the local league . In 2007 , he was signed to Egaleo , which for three seasons played in Football League . In the 2008–09 season he was loaned to Ilisiakos . In 2010 , he signed to Kavala , where he played the 2010–11 season . After the involvement of the club President Psomiadis in a match-fixing scandal , Avlonitis was released and signed a contract with Panionios . Olympiacos . In July 2014 , Olympiacos announced the transfer of Avlonitis from former club Panionios for a fee of around €670,000 . On his first derby game against Panathinaikos , on 26 October 2014 , Avlonitis scored the winning goal for Olympiacos , as they beat Panathinaikos 1–0 at home . His next goal came against Panthrakikos in a 5–1 home win . On 30 January 2015 , the Austrian club Sturm Graz have expressed an interest to sign Olympiacos defender on loan . The Greek defender is not in Marco Silvas plans and Sturm Graz are moving towards to clinch a loan deal until the end of the season . Eventually , the central defender will continue his career in Austria for Sturm Graz , on loan until the end of 2015–16 season . On 6 February 2016 , he made his debut with the club in a 2–2 away draw against Altach . On 1 September 2016 , he mutually solved his contract with Olympiacos . Heart of Midlothian . On 30 January 2017 , Avlonitis signed for Scottish Premiership club , Heart of Midlothian on a six-month deal running until the end of the 2016–17 season . On 22 May 2017 , Avlonitis was released by the club , following the end of the Premiership season . Panathinaikos . On 11 September 2017 , Avlonitis signed a two years contract with Superleague club Panathinaikos for an undisclosed fee . In the first half of the 2016–17 season , the central defender was bright in for defensive cover and has found first team minutes hard to come by since arriving but when called upon he has demonstrated he can be trusted . Given his lack of playing time it is hard to judge but he is expected to feature more often in the second half of the season after the probable departure of Rodrigo Moledo . Sturm Graz . In April 2018 , Avlonitis signed a two-year contract with his former club Sturm Graz , in which he played on loan from Olympiacos on the second half of the 2015–16 season . He had previously terminated his contract with Panathinaikos at his own request . On 9 August 2018 , he played his first international game as a starter in a 2–0 home loss for UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round , 1st leg game against AEK Larnaca . On 21 September 2019 , he scored his first goal with the club with a kick after a Kiril Despodovs corner in an away 3–3 draw against SV Mattersburg . The Greek defender , who has been irreplaceable this season in Sturm Grazs backline , produced a cheeky back-heel assist to register his second assist of the season . As a result of his excellent form , was included in the Best XI for matchday 18 in the Austrian Football Bundesliga . On 28 December 2019 , Sturm Graz revealed their Team of the Decade , with Avlonitis and Charalampos Lykogiannis both included in the starting 11 . Ascoli . On 21 September 2020 , he joined Italian club Ascoli on a 2-year contract . International career . He was also a former Greece under-19 and Greece under-21 international . Honours . Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2014–15 - Greek Cup : 2014–15 |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did Tasos Avlonitis play for from 2016 to 2017? | /wiki/Tasos_Avlonitis#P54#6 | Tasos Avlonitis Tasos Avlonitis ( ; born 1 January 1990 ) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Italian Serie B club Ascoli . Club career . Early career . Avlonitis started as an amateur in his hometown team Chalkineo Evias in which he played in the local league . In 2007 , he was signed to Egaleo , which for three seasons played in Football League . In the 2008–09 season he was loaned to Ilisiakos . In 2010 , he signed to Kavala , where he played the 2010–11 season . After the involvement of the club President Psomiadis in a match-fixing scandal , Avlonitis was released and signed a contract with Panionios . Olympiacos . In July 2014 , Olympiacos announced the transfer of Avlonitis from former club Panionios for a fee of around €670,000 . On his first derby game against Panathinaikos , on 26 October 2014 , Avlonitis scored the winning goal for Olympiacos , as they beat Panathinaikos 1–0 at home . His next goal came against Panthrakikos in a 5–1 home win . On 30 January 2015 , the Austrian club Sturm Graz have expressed an interest to sign Olympiacos defender on loan . The Greek defender is not in Marco Silvas plans and Sturm Graz are moving towards to clinch a loan deal until the end of the season . Eventually , the central defender will continue his career in Austria for Sturm Graz , on loan until the end of 2015–16 season . On 6 February 2016 , he made his debut with the club in a 2–2 away draw against Altach . On 1 September 2016 , he mutually solved his contract with Olympiacos . Heart of Midlothian . On 30 January 2017 , Avlonitis signed for Scottish Premiership club , Heart of Midlothian on a six-month deal running until the end of the 2016–17 season . On 22 May 2017 , Avlonitis was released by the club , following the end of the Premiership season . Panathinaikos . On 11 September 2017 , Avlonitis signed a two years contract with Superleague club Panathinaikos for an undisclosed fee . In the first half of the 2016–17 season , the central defender was bright in for defensive cover and has found first team minutes hard to come by since arriving but when called upon he has demonstrated he can be trusted . Given his lack of playing time it is hard to judge but he is expected to feature more often in the second half of the season after the probable departure of Rodrigo Moledo . Sturm Graz . In April 2018 , Avlonitis signed a two-year contract with his former club Sturm Graz , in which he played on loan from Olympiacos on the second half of the 2015–16 season . He had previously terminated his contract with Panathinaikos at his own request . On 9 August 2018 , he played his first international game as a starter in a 2–0 home loss for UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round , 1st leg game against AEK Larnaca . On 21 September 2019 , he scored his first goal with the club with a kick after a Kiril Despodovs corner in an away 3–3 draw against SV Mattersburg . The Greek defender , who has been irreplaceable this season in Sturm Grazs backline , produced a cheeky back-heel assist to register his second assist of the season . As a result of his excellent form , was included in the Best XI for matchday 18 in the Austrian Football Bundesliga . On 28 December 2019 , Sturm Graz revealed their Team of the Decade , with Avlonitis and Charalampos Lykogiannis both included in the starting 11 . Ascoli . On 21 September 2020 , he joined Italian club Ascoli on a 2-year contract . International career . He was also a former Greece under-19 and Greece under-21 international . Honours . Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2014–15 - Greek Cup : 2014–15 |
[
"clerked for Judge Dee Benson of the U.S . District Court for the District of Utah"
] | easy | What was Mike Lee (American politician) 's occupation from 1998 to 2002? | /wiki/Mike_Lee_(American_politician)#P106#0 | Mike Lee ( American politician ) Michael Shumway Lee ( born June 4 , 1971 ) is an American politician , businessman and attorney serving as the senior United States Senator from Utah . A conservative Republican , Lee has served in the Senate since January 3 , 2011 . Lee began his career as a clerk for the U.S . District Court for the District of Utah before clerking for future Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito , who was then a judge on the Third Circuit Court of Appeals . From 2002 to 2005 , Lee was an Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Utah . Subsequently , he joined the administration of Utah Governor Jon Huntsman , serving as the general counsel in the governors office from 2005 to 2006 . In 2010 , during the Tea Party movement , Lee entered the party caucus process to challenge incumbent three-term Republican senator Bob Bennett . He defeated Bennett and business owner Tim Bridgewater during the nominating process at the Utah Republican Party Convention . Lee won the Republican primary , and defeated Democratic nominee Sam Granato in the general election . He was reelected in 2016 and became the dean of Utahs congressional delegation when Representative Rob Bishop retired in January 2021 . Lee chaired the Joint Economic Committee from 2019 to 2021 . Early life and education . Lee was born in Mesa , Arizona on June 4 , 1971 , the son of Janet ( née Griffin ) and Rex E . Lee . His family moved to Provo , Utah , one year later , when his father became the founding dean of Brigham Young Universitys J . Reuben Clark Law School . While Lee spent about half of his childhood years in Utah , he spent the other half in McLean , Virginia , a suburb of Washington , D.C . His father served first as an Assistant U.S . Attorney General ( overseeing the Civil Division of the U.S . Department of Justice during the Ford Administration ) from 1975 until 1976 , and then as the Solicitor General of the United States ( charged with representing the U.S . government before the Supreme Court during the first term of the Reagan Administration ) . Lee is of English , Swiss , and Danish descent . Growing up , Lee went to school with Senator Strom Thurmonds daughter , Nancy Moore Thurmond , and lived three doors down from Senator Robert Byrd . He was also friends with Harry Reids son Josh . After graduating from Timpview High School in 1989 , Lee attended Brigham Young University . He served as the president of BYUSA , and as student body president during the 1993–94 school year , serving together with his father , who was then president of BYU . He graduated in 1994 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science . Lee then attended BYUs J . Reuben Clark Law School , where he was a member of the BYU Law Review and graduated with a Juris Doctor in 1997 . Legal career . After law school , Lee clerked for Judge Dee Benson of the U.S . District Court for the District of Utah from 1997 to 1998 , then for Judge ( later Supreme Court Justice ) Samuel Alito of the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit from 1998 to 1999 . After his clerkships , Lee joined the American law firm Sidley Austin , where he worked in the Washington , D.C. , office and specialized in appellate and Supreme Court litigation . Several years later , Lee returned to Utah to serve as an Assistant United States Attorney in Salt Lake City , preparing briefs and arguing cases before the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit . He served as general counsel to Utah Governor Jon M . Huntsman , Jr . from January 2005 until June 2006 , when he returned to Washington to serve a one-year clerkship with Alito at the Supreme Court . Lee returned to private practice in Utah the next year , joining the Salt Lake office of the law firm of Howrey LLP . As an attorney , Lee also represented Class A low-level radioactive waste facility provider EnergySolutions Inc . in a highly publicized dispute between the company and the Utah public and public officials that caused controversy during his first Senate election . Utahs government had allowed the company to store radioactive waste in Utah as long as it was low-grade Class A material . When the company arranged to store waste from Italy , many objected that the waste was foreign and could be more radioactive than permitted . Lee argued that the Commerce Clause of the U.S . Constitution allowed the company to accept foreign waste and that the waste could be reduced in grade by mixing it with lower-grade materials , while the state government sought to ban the importation of foreign waste using an interstate radioactive waste compact . EnergySolutions eventually abandoned its plans to store Italian radioactive waste in Utah , ending the dispute , with the 10th U.S . Circuit court later ruling that the compact had the power to block foreign radioactive waste from being stored in Utah . U.S . Senate . Elections . 2010 . Lee ran for the U.S . Senate in 2010 . When campaigning , he focused on the size of the federal government . He said the U.S . Constitution needed to be amended to create a flat-tax system and impose term limits on members of Congress . Senators would be allowed up to two terms and representatives up to six terms under the proposal . At the Republican State Convention , he received 982 votes ( 28.75% ) on the first ballot , to Tim Bridgewaters 26.84% and incumbent U.S . Senator Bob Bennetts 25.91% . Bridgewater won the second and third ballots to win the party endorsement . Both Bridgewater and Lee received enough support to have their names placed on the primary ballot . In the June 22 primary election , Lee won the Republican nomination with 51% of the vote to Bridgewaters 49% . Lee won the November 2 general election with 62% of the vote to Democratic nominee Sam Granatos 33% and Constitution Party nominee Scott Bradleys 6% . 2016 . Lee was reelected in 2016 . He was endorsed by the Club for Growth , the Senate Conservatives Fund , and the National Republican Senatorial Committee . 2022 . Potential GOP primary challengers to Lee include Becky Edwards , former member of the Utah House of Representatives ; Henry Eyring , teacher at the London School of Economics and Political Science , and grandson of Henry B . Eyring ; Jeff Flake , former US Senator from Arizona ; and former Utah State Senator Dan Hemmert . Tenure . Scorecards and rankings . In 2011 , Club for Growth gave Lee a 100% score . He also received a 100% Conservative voting record for 2011 from the American Conservative Union . The Heritage Foundation gave him a 99% score , tied for first with Jim DeMint . He received a Liberal Action score of 38% . 2016 presidential election . In March 2016 , Lee endorsed Ted Cruz over Donald Trump in the 2016 Republican primary . He was the first senator to do so . At the time , he said , I expect I’ll be the first of many Republican senators who will endorse Ted Cruz . Im confident more are on the way , and I welcome others to join . By June , after Trump had become the presumptive nominee , Lee had still not endorsed him , saying he needed assurances that Trump would not act as an authoritarian or autocrat and expressing frustration that Trump had accused my best friend’s father of conspiring to kill JFK . 2017 Alabama special election . On October 16 , 2017 , Lee endorsed Roy Moore in the 2017 Alabama special election runoff to fill the seat of U.S . Attorney General and former senator Jeff Sessions . Moore had been removed as the Alabama Supreme Courts chief justice in 2003 for defying a federal order to remove an illegal Ten Commandments monument from the Alabama Judicial Building . He was reelected chief justice in 2012 . In May 2016 , Moore was once again removed from the bench by the Alabama Judicial Inquiry Commission ( JIC ) , permanently via suspension for the rest of his term , making him ineligible for reelection , for ordering state probate judges to ignore a U.S . Supreme Court decision . In a 50-page opinion , the Court of the Judiciary denied Moores appeal of the JICs decision , and said his removal was necessary to preserve the integrity , independence , impartiality of Alabamas judiciary . Nevertheless , Lee praised Moore for his reputation of integrity and said he was essential to getting conservative legislation through the Senate . That is why I am proudly endorsing Judge Roy Moore . Alabamians have the chance to send a proven , conservative fighter to the United States Senate , On November 9 , 2017 , Moore was accused of molesting a 14-year-old and other girls under age 18 when he was 32 . On November 10 , Lee asked the Moore campaign to stop using Lees endorsement of Moore in its ads . Lees spokesperson said of the sexual misconduct allegations , If these allegations are true , Judge Moore should resign . Later that day , Lee rescinded his endorsement of Moore . 2020 presidential election . On October 28 , 2020 , Lee compared President Trump to Captain Moroni , a heroic figure in the Book of Mormon . Lee told rallygoers in Arizona : To my Mormon <nowiki> [ sic ] </nowiki> friends , my Latter-day Saint friends , think of him as Captain Moroni . Lee went on to say that Trump seeks not the praise of the world and wants only the well-being and peace of the American people . His comparison met with backlash . The overwhelming majority of comments on Lees Facebook accounts found it shameful or blasphemous . In a followup Facebook post , Lee pointed out that he had praised Trump for his willingness to threaten the established political order , but admitted that the comparison was perhaps awkward and recognized that his impromptu comments may not have been the best forum for drawing a novel analogy from scripture . After Joe Biden won the 2020 presidential election , Trump refused to concede , and a pro-Trump mob stormed the U.S . Capitol , Lee said that Trump should be given a mulligan ( or a do-over ) for his inflammatory political speech immediately before the storming of the Capitol . Lee later defended his remarks , saying , my reference to taking a mulligan was not referring to Trump , but to Democratic politicians whose inflammatory comments had just been played for me on the air <nowiki> [ on Fox News ] </nowiki> . I used the term.. . to avoid needlessly inflaming partisan passions . On May 28 , 2021 , Lee voted against creating an independent commission to investigate the riot . Committee assignments Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on Administrative Oversight and the Courts - Subcommittee on Antitrust , Competition Policy and Consumer Rights ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on the Constitution , Civil Rights and Human Rights Committee on Energy and Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Energy - Subcommittee on Public Lands and Forests - Subcommittee on Water and Power Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation - Subcommittee on Oceans , Atmosphere , Fisheries , and Coast Guard - Subcommittee on Aviation Operations , Safety , and Security - Subcommittee on Communications Technology , Innovation , and the Internet - Subcommittee on Consumer Protection , Product Safety , Insurance and Data Security - Subcommittee on Space , Science , and Competitiveness Special Committee on Aging ( 2021–present ) Joint Economic Committee Previous committee assignments - Committee on Foreign Relations ( 2011–2013 ) - Committee on Armed Services ( 2013–2017 ) Political positions . Lee is a conservative Republican . The New York Times used the NOMINATE system to rank Senate members by ideology ; Lee ranked as the Senates most conservative member . GovTracks 2017 analysis placed Lee on the right end of the spectrum , to the right of most Republicans , but to the left of a handful of Republican senators . FiveThirtyEight , which tracks Congressional votes , found that Lee voted with Trumps positions on legislation 81.3% of the time as of July 2018 . Democracy and election reform . In October 2020 , Lee sent a series of tweets declaring that the United States is not a democracy and that democracy isnt the objective ; liberty , peace , and are . Some commentators argued Lee fundamentally misunderstood the terms democracy and republic . In March 2021 , Lee said on Fox News that the For the People Act was rotten to the core and was as if written in Hell by the devil himself . The act attempts to expand voting rights , change campaign finance laws to reduce the influence of money in politics , limit partisan gerrymandering , and create new ethics rules for federal officeholders . It has been criticized by conservatives , including Lee , who believe its provisions improperly take power over elections away from state governments and give it to the federal government . Privacy . In 2017 , Lee voted for S.J.Res.34 , a joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5 , United States Code , of the rule submitted by the Federal Communications Commission relating to Protecting the Privacy of Customers of Broadband and Other Telecommunications Services from taking effect . Spending . In September 2018 , Lee was among six Republican senators , including Jeff Flake , Pat Toomey , Rand Paul , David Perdue , Ben Sasse , and Bernie Sanders , to vote against a $854 billion spending bill that would avert another government shutdown . The bill included funding for the departments of Defense , Health and Human Services , Labor and Education . Healthcare . Lee was part of the group of 13 senators drafting the Senate version of the AHCA behind closed doors . He eventually came out against the bill , along with Senator Jerry Moran , bringing the no vote total among Republicans to four . This effectively stopped any chance of the bills passage . Patriot Act . In February 2011 , Lee was one of two Republicans to vote against extending the three provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act that deal with roving wiretaps , lone wolf terrorism suspects , and the governments ability to seize any tangible items in the course of surveillance . He voted in the same manner in May 2011 . Social Security . In April 2011 , Lee , Lindsey Graham , and Rand Paul proposed a plan to reform the U.S . Social Security retirement payment system . Workers born in 1970 and every year thereafter would have to wait until their 70th birthday to retire , and wealthy people would receive smaller monthly checks under the plan . The proposal called for increasing the retirement age to 70 by 2032 , and slightly reducing the benefits to upper-income recipients . Criminal justice reform . In 2013 , Lee , Dick Durbin , and Patrick Leahy proposed a bill aiming to focus limited federal resources on the most serious offenders . The bill would reduce some minimum sentences for drug-related offenses by half . In November 2018 , Lee criticized Senator Tom Cotton for his stance on the proposed First Step Act , a criminal justice reform bill Lee supported . Cotton had said that the legislation gives early release to low level , nonviolent criminals like those convicted of assaulting police , even with deadly weapons . Lee responded that the First Step Act does not give early release to anyone . Anyone claiming it does does not understand how the bill works . The bipartisan bill , drafted by Chuck Grassley , Lee , and Durbin , passed the House of Representatives overwhelmingly , 360-59 . The bill intends to improve rehabilitation programs for former prisoners , and to give judges more wiggle room when sentencing nonviolent crime offenders . The bill eventually passed the Senate and became law . Big Tech . Lee has worked together with his Democratic counterpart , Amy Klobuchar , to hold Big Tech firms like Facebook , Apple , and Amazon accountable for their growing power . They are working to revamp century-old antitrust lawsuits . Environment . In 2017 , Lee was one of 22 senators to sign a letter to President Trump urging him to withdraw the U.S . from the Paris Agreement . According to the Center for Responsive Politics , Lee has received campaign contributions from oil and gas interests amounting to $231,520 and from coal interests in the amount of $21,895 , for a total of $253,415 since 2012 . At a May 2016 event , Lee took issue with the scientific consensus on climate change , calling it little more than a cheap public-relations ploy by the Democratic party . Lee opposes a carbon tax to deal with climate change . In 2018 , Lee defended Jim Bridenstines nomination to head NASA . Bridenstines nomination was contentious , given that he rejected the scientific consensus on climate change and had no background in science . In defending Bridenstine , Lee falsely claimed that NASA disputed that there was a scientific consensus on climate change . Since his confirmation , Bridenstine has said that he agrees with the scientific consensus on human contributions to climate change . On March 26 , 2019 , the Senate opened debate on the Green New Deal . When Lee took the floor , he called the plan absurd , comparing it to an image of Ronald Reagan riding a velociraptor , and argued that having more babies was the real solution . He also claimed that the authors of the Green New Deal proposal are trying to suggest people should not have babies and I think thats atrocious . Deseret News noted , the text of the [ Green New Deal ] resolution does not address population growth or suggest limiting the number of children people can have . Foreign policy . As part of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations in 2018 , Lee , Bernie Sanders , and Chris Murphy co-sponsored a resolution that would end U.S . military support for the Saudi-led campaign in Yemens civil war . Interviewed by The Hill , he said : regardless of what may have happened with Mr . Khashoggi , we are fighting a war in Yemen that we havent declared , that has never been declared or authorized by Congress . Thats not constitutional . The Senate voted 60–39 to formally begin debate on the resolution , which would require the President to withdraw troops in or affecting Yemen within 30 days unless they are fighting al Qaeda . In April 2018 , Lee was one of eight Republican senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of the Treasury Steve Mnuchin and acting Secretary of State John Sullivan expressing deep concern over a United Nations report exposing North Korean sanctions evasion involving Russia and China and asserting that the findings demonstrate an elaborate and alarming military-venture between rogue , tyrannical states to avoid United States and international sanctions and inflict terror and death upon thousands of innocent people while calling it imperative that the United States provides a swift and appropriate response to the continued use of chemical weapons used by President Assad and his forces , and works to address the shortcomings in sanctions enforcement . He criticized Trump for ordering the 2018 missile strikes against Syria in response to the Douma chemical attack , stating that he lacked the constitutional authority to do so without Congresss permission because the U.S . was not in imminent danger . Lee supported Trumps decision to withdraw American troops from Syria in December 2018 , saying that American forces should not have been in the country anyway without Congressional authorization . He said that the Obama administration had not made clear American objectives in Syria surrounding Assads future , and that he believed Trumps claim that the Islamic State had been defeated . Lee has long been in favor of ending American involvement in Afghanistan . He signed a letter in 2011 urging Obama to withdraw troops from the country . In May 2017 , he called into question a proposal from military leaders to send additional troops there , calling to mind previous times when more soldiers were sent to the country but which , according to Lee , failed to make a significant difference . Lee maintained that American involvement in the war has wasted thousands of lives and trillions of dollars . In April 2021 , President Joe Biden announced plans to withdraw all remaining US troops from Afganistan by September 11 of that year . At a virtual meeting later that month , Lee stated his support of Bidens plan . In April 2019 , after the House passed the resolution withdrawing American support for the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen , Lee was one of nine lawmakers to sign a letter to Trump requesting a meeting with him and urging him to sign Senate Joint Resolution 7 , which invokes the War Powers Act of 1973 to end unauthorized US military participation in the Saudi-led coalitions armed conflict against Yemens Houthi forces , initiated in 2015 by the Obama administration . The group of Senators included Bernie Sanders , Rand Paul , and others . Trump was expected to veto the measure . In June 2019 , Lee was one of seven Republicans who voted to block Trumps Saudi arms deal providing weapons to Saudi Arabia , United Arab Emirates and Jordan . 9/11 Responders Compensation Fund . On July 17 , 2019 , Jon Stewart and disabled construction worker John Feal criticized Lee and Rand Paul on Fox News for blocking a bill that provided Victims Compensation Fund support for disabled 9/11 responders . The fund was near exhaustion . On the Senate floor , Paul objected to Senator Kirsten Gillibrands request for the bill to be approved by unanimous consent ; per Senate rules , such a request is rejected if any senator objects . Lee had placed such a hold on the measure , despite its 73 Senate co-sponsors . Stewart and Feal , as well as leaders of the Fraternal Order of Police and the International Association of Firefighters , tried to get both senators to withdraw their objections . The people from the state of Kentucky and the people from the state of Utah deserve better , Feal said . Stewart said , We have to stand up for the people who have always stood up for us , and maybe cannot stand up for themselves due to their illnesses and their injuries . .. . There [ are ] some things that they have no trouble putting on the credit card , but somehow when it comes to the 9/11 first responder community , the cops , the firefighters , the construction workers , the volunteers , the survivors , all of a sudden .. . we gotta go through this . On July 23 , 2019 , Lee was one of two senators to vote against the 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund . Immigration . In February 2019 , Lee was one of 16 senators to vote against legislation preventing a partial government shutdown and containing $1.375 billion in funding for barriers along the U.S.-Mexico border that included 55 miles of fencing . In that same month , he and Senator Kamala Harris removed the per-country cap on employment-based green cards and raised the cap on family-based green cards from 7% to 15% . In March 2019 , Lee was one of 12 Republican senators to vote to block Trumps national emergency declaration that would have granted him access to $3.6 billion in military construction funding to build border barriers . Supreme Court . In March 2019 , Lee was one of 12 senators to cosponsor a resolution that would impose a constitutional amendment limiting the Supreme Court to nine justices . The resolution was introduced after multiple Democratic presidential candidates expressed openness to the idea of increasing the seats on the Supreme Court . In September 2020 , less than two months before the next presidential election , Lee supported an immediate Senate vote on Trumps nominee to fill the Supreme Court vacancy caused by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburgs death . In March 2016 , Lee had taken the opposite position by declining to consider Obamas Supreme Court nominee during a presidential election year , citing the contentious presidential election already well underway . Trade . In January 2018 , Lee was one of 36 Republican senators to sign a letter to Trump requesting that he preserve the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) by modernizing it for the economy of the 21st century . In November 2018 , Lee was one of 12 Republican senators to sign a letter to Trump requesting the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement ( the replacement to NAFTA ) be submitted to Congress by the end of that month to allow a vote on it before the end of the year as they were concerned passage of the USMCA as negotiated will become significantly more difficult if it had to be approved by the incoming 116th United States Congress . Minorities . In 2018 , Lee condemned the Inter-American Court of Human Rights , which is part of the Organization of American States ( OAS ) , for recommending that Costa Rica legalize same-sex marriage . The courts decision was spurred by a petition by Costa Rican President Luis Guillermo Solis , who was working on ways to improve LGBT rights in Costa Rica . Lee suggested that the U.S. , a primary funder of the OAS , should use its money more wisely and do more to safeguard religious liberties worldwide . In May 2019 , Lee called the Equality Act counterproductive and argued it unnecessarily pits communities against each other . Personal life . Lee is the son of Rex E . Lee , who was Solicitor General under President Ronald Reagan , founding dean of the J . Reuben Clark Law School and president of Brigham Young University . Lee married Sharon Burr in 1993 . They live in Alpine , Utah , and have three children . Lee is a second cousin to former Democratic U.S . Senators Mark Udall of Colorado and Tom Udall of New Mexico , as well as former Republican senator Gordon H . Smith of Oregon . As a young adult , Lee served a two-year mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Texas Rio Grande Valley . On October 2 , 2020 , Lee announced he had tested positive for COVID-19 . A few days earlier , he had attended an event for Amy Coney Barrett at the White House where he interacted closely with a number of other people who tested positive for COVID-19 . Lee did not wear a mask and video footage showed him hugging others at the event . Lee has served on the BYU alumni board , the BYU Law School alumni board , and as a longtime member of the J . Reuben Clark Law Society and the Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies . He earned the Eagle Scout award from Boy Scouts of America in 1989 and was selected to receive the National Eagle Scout Association Outstanding Eagle Scout Award ( NOESA ) in 2011 . Electoral history . - 2010 - 2016 Books . Since his election to the Senate in 2010 , Lee has published four books : - The Freedom Agenda : Why a Balanced Budget Amendment is Necessary to Restore Constitutional Government ( July 2011 , Regnery Publishing ) - Why John Roberts Was Wrong About Healthcare : A Conservative Critique of The Supreme Courts Obamacare Ruling ( June 2013 , Threshold Editions e-book ) - Our Lost Constitution : The Willful Subversion of Americas Founding Document ( April 2015 , Sentinel ) - Written Out of History : The Forgotten Founders Who Fought Big Government ( May 2017 , Sentinel ) |
[
"clerking for future Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito"
] | easy | What was the occupation of Mike Lee (American politician) from 2002 to 2005? | /wiki/Mike_Lee_(American_politician)#P106#1 | Mike Lee ( American politician ) Michael Shumway Lee ( born June 4 , 1971 ) is an American politician , businessman and attorney serving as the senior United States Senator from Utah . A conservative Republican , Lee has served in the Senate since January 3 , 2011 . Lee began his career as a clerk for the U.S . District Court for the District of Utah before clerking for future Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito , who was then a judge on the Third Circuit Court of Appeals . From 2002 to 2005 , Lee was an Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Utah . Subsequently , he joined the administration of Utah Governor Jon Huntsman , serving as the general counsel in the governors office from 2005 to 2006 . In 2010 , during the Tea Party movement , Lee entered the party caucus process to challenge incumbent three-term Republican senator Bob Bennett . He defeated Bennett and business owner Tim Bridgewater during the nominating process at the Utah Republican Party Convention . Lee won the Republican primary , and defeated Democratic nominee Sam Granato in the general election . He was reelected in 2016 and became the dean of Utahs congressional delegation when Representative Rob Bishop retired in January 2021 . Lee chaired the Joint Economic Committee from 2019 to 2021 . Early life and education . Lee was born in Mesa , Arizona on June 4 , 1971 , the son of Janet ( née Griffin ) and Rex E . Lee . His family moved to Provo , Utah , one year later , when his father became the founding dean of Brigham Young Universitys J . Reuben Clark Law School . While Lee spent about half of his childhood years in Utah , he spent the other half in McLean , Virginia , a suburb of Washington , D.C . His father served first as an Assistant U.S . Attorney General ( overseeing the Civil Division of the U.S . Department of Justice during the Ford Administration ) from 1975 until 1976 , and then as the Solicitor General of the United States ( charged with representing the U.S . government before the Supreme Court during the first term of the Reagan Administration ) . Lee is of English , Swiss , and Danish descent . Growing up , Lee went to school with Senator Strom Thurmonds daughter , Nancy Moore Thurmond , and lived three doors down from Senator Robert Byrd . He was also friends with Harry Reids son Josh . After graduating from Timpview High School in 1989 , Lee attended Brigham Young University . He served as the president of BYUSA , and as student body president during the 1993–94 school year , serving together with his father , who was then president of BYU . He graduated in 1994 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science . Lee then attended BYUs J . Reuben Clark Law School , where he was a member of the BYU Law Review and graduated with a Juris Doctor in 1997 . Legal career . After law school , Lee clerked for Judge Dee Benson of the U.S . District Court for the District of Utah from 1997 to 1998 , then for Judge ( later Supreme Court Justice ) Samuel Alito of the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit from 1998 to 1999 . After his clerkships , Lee joined the American law firm Sidley Austin , where he worked in the Washington , D.C. , office and specialized in appellate and Supreme Court litigation . Several years later , Lee returned to Utah to serve as an Assistant United States Attorney in Salt Lake City , preparing briefs and arguing cases before the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit . He served as general counsel to Utah Governor Jon M . Huntsman , Jr . from January 2005 until June 2006 , when he returned to Washington to serve a one-year clerkship with Alito at the Supreme Court . Lee returned to private practice in Utah the next year , joining the Salt Lake office of the law firm of Howrey LLP . As an attorney , Lee also represented Class A low-level radioactive waste facility provider EnergySolutions Inc . in a highly publicized dispute between the company and the Utah public and public officials that caused controversy during his first Senate election . Utahs government had allowed the company to store radioactive waste in Utah as long as it was low-grade Class A material . When the company arranged to store waste from Italy , many objected that the waste was foreign and could be more radioactive than permitted . Lee argued that the Commerce Clause of the U.S . Constitution allowed the company to accept foreign waste and that the waste could be reduced in grade by mixing it with lower-grade materials , while the state government sought to ban the importation of foreign waste using an interstate radioactive waste compact . EnergySolutions eventually abandoned its plans to store Italian radioactive waste in Utah , ending the dispute , with the 10th U.S . Circuit court later ruling that the compact had the power to block foreign radioactive waste from being stored in Utah . U.S . Senate . Elections . 2010 . Lee ran for the U.S . Senate in 2010 . When campaigning , he focused on the size of the federal government . He said the U.S . Constitution needed to be amended to create a flat-tax system and impose term limits on members of Congress . Senators would be allowed up to two terms and representatives up to six terms under the proposal . At the Republican State Convention , he received 982 votes ( 28.75% ) on the first ballot , to Tim Bridgewaters 26.84% and incumbent U.S . Senator Bob Bennetts 25.91% . Bridgewater won the second and third ballots to win the party endorsement . Both Bridgewater and Lee received enough support to have their names placed on the primary ballot . In the June 22 primary election , Lee won the Republican nomination with 51% of the vote to Bridgewaters 49% . Lee won the November 2 general election with 62% of the vote to Democratic nominee Sam Granatos 33% and Constitution Party nominee Scott Bradleys 6% . 2016 . Lee was reelected in 2016 . He was endorsed by the Club for Growth , the Senate Conservatives Fund , and the National Republican Senatorial Committee . 2022 . Potential GOP primary challengers to Lee include Becky Edwards , former member of the Utah House of Representatives ; Henry Eyring , teacher at the London School of Economics and Political Science , and grandson of Henry B . Eyring ; Jeff Flake , former US Senator from Arizona ; and former Utah State Senator Dan Hemmert . Tenure . Scorecards and rankings . In 2011 , Club for Growth gave Lee a 100% score . He also received a 100% Conservative voting record for 2011 from the American Conservative Union . The Heritage Foundation gave him a 99% score , tied for first with Jim DeMint . He received a Liberal Action score of 38% . 2016 presidential election . In March 2016 , Lee endorsed Ted Cruz over Donald Trump in the 2016 Republican primary . He was the first senator to do so . At the time , he said , I expect I’ll be the first of many Republican senators who will endorse Ted Cruz . Im confident more are on the way , and I welcome others to join . By June , after Trump had become the presumptive nominee , Lee had still not endorsed him , saying he needed assurances that Trump would not act as an authoritarian or autocrat and expressing frustration that Trump had accused my best friend’s father of conspiring to kill JFK . 2017 Alabama special election . On October 16 , 2017 , Lee endorsed Roy Moore in the 2017 Alabama special election runoff to fill the seat of U.S . Attorney General and former senator Jeff Sessions . Moore had been removed as the Alabama Supreme Courts chief justice in 2003 for defying a federal order to remove an illegal Ten Commandments monument from the Alabama Judicial Building . He was reelected chief justice in 2012 . In May 2016 , Moore was once again removed from the bench by the Alabama Judicial Inquiry Commission ( JIC ) , permanently via suspension for the rest of his term , making him ineligible for reelection , for ordering state probate judges to ignore a U.S . Supreme Court decision . In a 50-page opinion , the Court of the Judiciary denied Moores appeal of the JICs decision , and said his removal was necessary to preserve the integrity , independence , impartiality of Alabamas judiciary . Nevertheless , Lee praised Moore for his reputation of integrity and said he was essential to getting conservative legislation through the Senate . That is why I am proudly endorsing Judge Roy Moore . Alabamians have the chance to send a proven , conservative fighter to the United States Senate , On November 9 , 2017 , Moore was accused of molesting a 14-year-old and other girls under age 18 when he was 32 . On November 10 , Lee asked the Moore campaign to stop using Lees endorsement of Moore in its ads . Lees spokesperson said of the sexual misconduct allegations , If these allegations are true , Judge Moore should resign . Later that day , Lee rescinded his endorsement of Moore . 2020 presidential election . On October 28 , 2020 , Lee compared President Trump to Captain Moroni , a heroic figure in the Book of Mormon . Lee told rallygoers in Arizona : To my Mormon <nowiki> [ sic ] </nowiki> friends , my Latter-day Saint friends , think of him as Captain Moroni . Lee went on to say that Trump seeks not the praise of the world and wants only the well-being and peace of the American people . His comparison met with backlash . The overwhelming majority of comments on Lees Facebook accounts found it shameful or blasphemous . In a followup Facebook post , Lee pointed out that he had praised Trump for his willingness to threaten the established political order , but admitted that the comparison was perhaps awkward and recognized that his impromptu comments may not have been the best forum for drawing a novel analogy from scripture . After Joe Biden won the 2020 presidential election , Trump refused to concede , and a pro-Trump mob stormed the U.S . Capitol , Lee said that Trump should be given a mulligan ( or a do-over ) for his inflammatory political speech immediately before the storming of the Capitol . Lee later defended his remarks , saying , my reference to taking a mulligan was not referring to Trump , but to Democratic politicians whose inflammatory comments had just been played for me on the air <nowiki> [ on Fox News ] </nowiki> . I used the term.. . to avoid needlessly inflaming partisan passions . On May 28 , 2021 , Lee voted against creating an independent commission to investigate the riot . Committee assignments Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on Administrative Oversight and the Courts - Subcommittee on Antitrust , Competition Policy and Consumer Rights ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on the Constitution , Civil Rights and Human Rights Committee on Energy and Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Energy - Subcommittee on Public Lands and Forests - Subcommittee on Water and Power Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation - Subcommittee on Oceans , Atmosphere , Fisheries , and Coast Guard - Subcommittee on Aviation Operations , Safety , and Security - Subcommittee on Communications Technology , Innovation , and the Internet - Subcommittee on Consumer Protection , Product Safety , Insurance and Data Security - Subcommittee on Space , Science , and Competitiveness Special Committee on Aging ( 2021–present ) Joint Economic Committee Previous committee assignments - Committee on Foreign Relations ( 2011–2013 ) - Committee on Armed Services ( 2013–2017 ) Political positions . Lee is a conservative Republican . The New York Times used the NOMINATE system to rank Senate members by ideology ; Lee ranked as the Senates most conservative member . GovTracks 2017 analysis placed Lee on the right end of the spectrum , to the right of most Republicans , but to the left of a handful of Republican senators . FiveThirtyEight , which tracks Congressional votes , found that Lee voted with Trumps positions on legislation 81.3% of the time as of July 2018 . Democracy and election reform . In October 2020 , Lee sent a series of tweets declaring that the United States is not a democracy and that democracy isnt the objective ; liberty , peace , and are . Some commentators argued Lee fundamentally misunderstood the terms democracy and republic . In March 2021 , Lee said on Fox News that the For the People Act was rotten to the core and was as if written in Hell by the devil himself . The act attempts to expand voting rights , change campaign finance laws to reduce the influence of money in politics , limit partisan gerrymandering , and create new ethics rules for federal officeholders . It has been criticized by conservatives , including Lee , who believe its provisions improperly take power over elections away from state governments and give it to the federal government . Privacy . In 2017 , Lee voted for S.J.Res.34 , a joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5 , United States Code , of the rule submitted by the Federal Communications Commission relating to Protecting the Privacy of Customers of Broadband and Other Telecommunications Services from taking effect . Spending . In September 2018 , Lee was among six Republican senators , including Jeff Flake , Pat Toomey , Rand Paul , David Perdue , Ben Sasse , and Bernie Sanders , to vote against a $854 billion spending bill that would avert another government shutdown . The bill included funding for the departments of Defense , Health and Human Services , Labor and Education . Healthcare . Lee was part of the group of 13 senators drafting the Senate version of the AHCA behind closed doors . He eventually came out against the bill , along with Senator Jerry Moran , bringing the no vote total among Republicans to four . This effectively stopped any chance of the bills passage . Patriot Act . In February 2011 , Lee was one of two Republicans to vote against extending the three provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act that deal with roving wiretaps , lone wolf terrorism suspects , and the governments ability to seize any tangible items in the course of surveillance . He voted in the same manner in May 2011 . Social Security . In April 2011 , Lee , Lindsey Graham , and Rand Paul proposed a plan to reform the U.S . Social Security retirement payment system . Workers born in 1970 and every year thereafter would have to wait until their 70th birthday to retire , and wealthy people would receive smaller monthly checks under the plan . The proposal called for increasing the retirement age to 70 by 2032 , and slightly reducing the benefits to upper-income recipients . Criminal justice reform . In 2013 , Lee , Dick Durbin , and Patrick Leahy proposed a bill aiming to focus limited federal resources on the most serious offenders . The bill would reduce some minimum sentences for drug-related offenses by half . In November 2018 , Lee criticized Senator Tom Cotton for his stance on the proposed First Step Act , a criminal justice reform bill Lee supported . Cotton had said that the legislation gives early release to low level , nonviolent criminals like those convicted of assaulting police , even with deadly weapons . Lee responded that the First Step Act does not give early release to anyone . Anyone claiming it does does not understand how the bill works . The bipartisan bill , drafted by Chuck Grassley , Lee , and Durbin , passed the House of Representatives overwhelmingly , 360-59 . The bill intends to improve rehabilitation programs for former prisoners , and to give judges more wiggle room when sentencing nonviolent crime offenders . The bill eventually passed the Senate and became law . Big Tech . Lee has worked together with his Democratic counterpart , Amy Klobuchar , to hold Big Tech firms like Facebook , Apple , and Amazon accountable for their growing power . They are working to revamp century-old antitrust lawsuits . Environment . In 2017 , Lee was one of 22 senators to sign a letter to President Trump urging him to withdraw the U.S . from the Paris Agreement . According to the Center for Responsive Politics , Lee has received campaign contributions from oil and gas interests amounting to $231,520 and from coal interests in the amount of $21,895 , for a total of $253,415 since 2012 . At a May 2016 event , Lee took issue with the scientific consensus on climate change , calling it little more than a cheap public-relations ploy by the Democratic party . Lee opposes a carbon tax to deal with climate change . In 2018 , Lee defended Jim Bridenstines nomination to head NASA . Bridenstines nomination was contentious , given that he rejected the scientific consensus on climate change and had no background in science . In defending Bridenstine , Lee falsely claimed that NASA disputed that there was a scientific consensus on climate change . Since his confirmation , Bridenstine has said that he agrees with the scientific consensus on human contributions to climate change . On March 26 , 2019 , the Senate opened debate on the Green New Deal . When Lee took the floor , he called the plan absurd , comparing it to an image of Ronald Reagan riding a velociraptor , and argued that having more babies was the real solution . He also claimed that the authors of the Green New Deal proposal are trying to suggest people should not have babies and I think thats atrocious . Deseret News noted , the text of the [ Green New Deal ] resolution does not address population growth or suggest limiting the number of children people can have . Foreign policy . As part of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations in 2018 , Lee , Bernie Sanders , and Chris Murphy co-sponsored a resolution that would end U.S . military support for the Saudi-led campaign in Yemens civil war . Interviewed by The Hill , he said : regardless of what may have happened with Mr . Khashoggi , we are fighting a war in Yemen that we havent declared , that has never been declared or authorized by Congress . Thats not constitutional . The Senate voted 60–39 to formally begin debate on the resolution , which would require the President to withdraw troops in or affecting Yemen within 30 days unless they are fighting al Qaeda . In April 2018 , Lee was one of eight Republican senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of the Treasury Steve Mnuchin and acting Secretary of State John Sullivan expressing deep concern over a United Nations report exposing North Korean sanctions evasion involving Russia and China and asserting that the findings demonstrate an elaborate and alarming military-venture between rogue , tyrannical states to avoid United States and international sanctions and inflict terror and death upon thousands of innocent people while calling it imperative that the United States provides a swift and appropriate response to the continued use of chemical weapons used by President Assad and his forces , and works to address the shortcomings in sanctions enforcement . He criticized Trump for ordering the 2018 missile strikes against Syria in response to the Douma chemical attack , stating that he lacked the constitutional authority to do so without Congresss permission because the U.S . was not in imminent danger . Lee supported Trumps decision to withdraw American troops from Syria in December 2018 , saying that American forces should not have been in the country anyway without Congressional authorization . He said that the Obama administration had not made clear American objectives in Syria surrounding Assads future , and that he believed Trumps claim that the Islamic State had been defeated . Lee has long been in favor of ending American involvement in Afghanistan . He signed a letter in 2011 urging Obama to withdraw troops from the country . In May 2017 , he called into question a proposal from military leaders to send additional troops there , calling to mind previous times when more soldiers were sent to the country but which , according to Lee , failed to make a significant difference . Lee maintained that American involvement in the war has wasted thousands of lives and trillions of dollars . In April 2021 , President Joe Biden announced plans to withdraw all remaining US troops from Afganistan by September 11 of that year . At a virtual meeting later that month , Lee stated his support of Bidens plan . In April 2019 , after the House passed the resolution withdrawing American support for the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen , Lee was one of nine lawmakers to sign a letter to Trump requesting a meeting with him and urging him to sign Senate Joint Resolution 7 , which invokes the War Powers Act of 1973 to end unauthorized US military participation in the Saudi-led coalitions armed conflict against Yemens Houthi forces , initiated in 2015 by the Obama administration . The group of Senators included Bernie Sanders , Rand Paul , and others . Trump was expected to veto the measure . In June 2019 , Lee was one of seven Republicans who voted to block Trumps Saudi arms deal providing weapons to Saudi Arabia , United Arab Emirates and Jordan . 9/11 Responders Compensation Fund . On July 17 , 2019 , Jon Stewart and disabled construction worker John Feal criticized Lee and Rand Paul on Fox News for blocking a bill that provided Victims Compensation Fund support for disabled 9/11 responders . The fund was near exhaustion . On the Senate floor , Paul objected to Senator Kirsten Gillibrands request for the bill to be approved by unanimous consent ; per Senate rules , such a request is rejected if any senator objects . Lee had placed such a hold on the measure , despite its 73 Senate co-sponsors . Stewart and Feal , as well as leaders of the Fraternal Order of Police and the International Association of Firefighters , tried to get both senators to withdraw their objections . The people from the state of Kentucky and the people from the state of Utah deserve better , Feal said . Stewart said , We have to stand up for the people who have always stood up for us , and maybe cannot stand up for themselves due to their illnesses and their injuries . .. . There [ are ] some things that they have no trouble putting on the credit card , but somehow when it comes to the 9/11 first responder community , the cops , the firefighters , the construction workers , the volunteers , the survivors , all of a sudden .. . we gotta go through this . On July 23 , 2019 , Lee was one of two senators to vote against the 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund . Immigration . In February 2019 , Lee was one of 16 senators to vote against legislation preventing a partial government shutdown and containing $1.375 billion in funding for barriers along the U.S.-Mexico border that included 55 miles of fencing . In that same month , he and Senator Kamala Harris removed the per-country cap on employment-based green cards and raised the cap on family-based green cards from 7% to 15% . In March 2019 , Lee was one of 12 Republican senators to vote to block Trumps national emergency declaration that would have granted him access to $3.6 billion in military construction funding to build border barriers . Supreme Court . In March 2019 , Lee was one of 12 senators to cosponsor a resolution that would impose a constitutional amendment limiting the Supreme Court to nine justices . The resolution was introduced after multiple Democratic presidential candidates expressed openness to the idea of increasing the seats on the Supreme Court . In September 2020 , less than two months before the next presidential election , Lee supported an immediate Senate vote on Trumps nominee to fill the Supreme Court vacancy caused by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburgs death . In March 2016 , Lee had taken the opposite position by declining to consider Obamas Supreme Court nominee during a presidential election year , citing the contentious presidential election already well underway . Trade . In January 2018 , Lee was one of 36 Republican senators to sign a letter to Trump requesting that he preserve the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) by modernizing it for the economy of the 21st century . In November 2018 , Lee was one of 12 Republican senators to sign a letter to Trump requesting the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement ( the replacement to NAFTA ) be submitted to Congress by the end of that month to allow a vote on it before the end of the year as they were concerned passage of the USMCA as negotiated will become significantly more difficult if it had to be approved by the incoming 116th United States Congress . Minorities . In 2018 , Lee condemned the Inter-American Court of Human Rights , which is part of the Organization of American States ( OAS ) , for recommending that Costa Rica legalize same-sex marriage . The courts decision was spurred by a petition by Costa Rican President Luis Guillermo Solis , who was working on ways to improve LGBT rights in Costa Rica . Lee suggested that the U.S. , a primary funder of the OAS , should use its money more wisely and do more to safeguard religious liberties worldwide . In May 2019 , Lee called the Equality Act counterproductive and argued it unnecessarily pits communities against each other . Personal life . Lee is the son of Rex E . Lee , who was Solicitor General under President Ronald Reagan , founding dean of the J . Reuben Clark Law School and president of Brigham Young University . Lee married Sharon Burr in 1993 . They live in Alpine , Utah , and have three children . Lee is a second cousin to former Democratic U.S . Senators Mark Udall of Colorado and Tom Udall of New Mexico , as well as former Republican senator Gordon H . Smith of Oregon . As a young adult , Lee served a two-year mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Texas Rio Grande Valley . On October 2 , 2020 , Lee announced he had tested positive for COVID-19 . A few days earlier , he had attended an event for Amy Coney Barrett at the White House where he interacted closely with a number of other people who tested positive for COVID-19 . Lee did not wear a mask and video footage showed him hugging others at the event . Lee has served on the BYU alumni board , the BYU Law School alumni board , and as a longtime member of the J . Reuben Clark Law Society and the Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies . He earned the Eagle Scout award from Boy Scouts of America in 1989 and was selected to receive the National Eagle Scout Association Outstanding Eagle Scout Award ( NOESA ) in 2011 . Electoral history . - 2010 - 2016 Books . Since his election to the Senate in 2010 , Lee has published four books : - The Freedom Agenda : Why a Balanced Budget Amendment is Necessary to Restore Constitutional Government ( July 2011 , Regnery Publishing ) - Why John Roberts Was Wrong About Healthcare : A Conservative Critique of The Supreme Courts Obamacare Ruling ( June 2013 , Threshold Editions e-book ) - Our Lost Constitution : The Willful Subversion of Americas Founding Document ( April 2015 , Sentinel ) - Written Out of History : The Forgotten Founders Who Fought Big Government ( May 2017 , Sentinel ) |
[
"general counsel in the governors office"
] | easy | What was Mike Lee (American politician) 's occupation from 2005 to 2006? | /wiki/Mike_Lee_(American_politician)#P106#2 | Mike Lee ( American politician ) Michael Shumway Lee ( born June 4 , 1971 ) is an American politician , businessman and attorney serving as the senior United States Senator from Utah . A conservative Republican , Lee has served in the Senate since January 3 , 2011 . Lee began his career as a clerk for the U.S . District Court for the District of Utah before clerking for future Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito , who was then a judge on the Third Circuit Court of Appeals . From 2002 to 2005 , Lee was an Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Utah . Subsequently , he joined the administration of Utah Governor Jon Huntsman , serving as the general counsel in the governors office from 2005 to 2006 . In 2010 , during the Tea Party movement , Lee entered the party caucus process to challenge incumbent three-term Republican senator Bob Bennett . He defeated Bennett and business owner Tim Bridgewater during the nominating process at the Utah Republican Party Convention . Lee won the Republican primary , and defeated Democratic nominee Sam Granato in the general election . He was reelected in 2016 and became the dean of Utahs congressional delegation when Representative Rob Bishop retired in January 2021 . Lee chaired the Joint Economic Committee from 2019 to 2021 . Early life and education . Lee was born in Mesa , Arizona on June 4 , 1971 , the son of Janet ( née Griffin ) and Rex E . Lee . His family moved to Provo , Utah , one year later , when his father became the founding dean of Brigham Young Universitys J . Reuben Clark Law School . While Lee spent about half of his childhood years in Utah , he spent the other half in McLean , Virginia , a suburb of Washington , D.C . His father served first as an Assistant U.S . Attorney General ( overseeing the Civil Division of the U.S . Department of Justice during the Ford Administration ) from 1975 until 1976 , and then as the Solicitor General of the United States ( charged with representing the U.S . government before the Supreme Court during the first term of the Reagan Administration ) . Lee is of English , Swiss , and Danish descent . Growing up , Lee went to school with Senator Strom Thurmonds daughter , Nancy Moore Thurmond , and lived three doors down from Senator Robert Byrd . He was also friends with Harry Reids son Josh . After graduating from Timpview High School in 1989 , Lee attended Brigham Young University . He served as the president of BYUSA , and as student body president during the 1993–94 school year , serving together with his father , who was then president of BYU . He graduated in 1994 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science . Lee then attended BYUs J . Reuben Clark Law School , where he was a member of the BYU Law Review and graduated with a Juris Doctor in 1997 . Legal career . After law school , Lee clerked for Judge Dee Benson of the U.S . District Court for the District of Utah from 1997 to 1998 , then for Judge ( later Supreme Court Justice ) Samuel Alito of the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit from 1998 to 1999 . After his clerkships , Lee joined the American law firm Sidley Austin , where he worked in the Washington , D.C. , office and specialized in appellate and Supreme Court litigation . Several years later , Lee returned to Utah to serve as an Assistant United States Attorney in Salt Lake City , preparing briefs and arguing cases before the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit . He served as general counsel to Utah Governor Jon M . Huntsman , Jr . from January 2005 until June 2006 , when he returned to Washington to serve a one-year clerkship with Alito at the Supreme Court . Lee returned to private practice in Utah the next year , joining the Salt Lake office of the law firm of Howrey LLP . As an attorney , Lee also represented Class A low-level radioactive waste facility provider EnergySolutions Inc . in a highly publicized dispute between the company and the Utah public and public officials that caused controversy during his first Senate election . Utahs government had allowed the company to store radioactive waste in Utah as long as it was low-grade Class A material . When the company arranged to store waste from Italy , many objected that the waste was foreign and could be more radioactive than permitted . Lee argued that the Commerce Clause of the U.S . Constitution allowed the company to accept foreign waste and that the waste could be reduced in grade by mixing it with lower-grade materials , while the state government sought to ban the importation of foreign waste using an interstate radioactive waste compact . EnergySolutions eventually abandoned its plans to store Italian radioactive waste in Utah , ending the dispute , with the 10th U.S . Circuit court later ruling that the compact had the power to block foreign radioactive waste from being stored in Utah . U.S . Senate . Elections . 2010 . Lee ran for the U.S . Senate in 2010 . When campaigning , he focused on the size of the federal government . He said the U.S . Constitution needed to be amended to create a flat-tax system and impose term limits on members of Congress . Senators would be allowed up to two terms and representatives up to six terms under the proposal . At the Republican State Convention , he received 982 votes ( 28.75% ) on the first ballot , to Tim Bridgewaters 26.84% and incumbent U.S . Senator Bob Bennetts 25.91% . Bridgewater won the second and third ballots to win the party endorsement . Both Bridgewater and Lee received enough support to have their names placed on the primary ballot . In the June 22 primary election , Lee won the Republican nomination with 51% of the vote to Bridgewaters 49% . Lee won the November 2 general election with 62% of the vote to Democratic nominee Sam Granatos 33% and Constitution Party nominee Scott Bradleys 6% . 2016 . Lee was reelected in 2016 . He was endorsed by the Club for Growth , the Senate Conservatives Fund , and the National Republican Senatorial Committee . 2022 . Potential GOP primary challengers to Lee include Becky Edwards , former member of the Utah House of Representatives ; Henry Eyring , teacher at the London School of Economics and Political Science , and grandson of Henry B . Eyring ; Jeff Flake , former US Senator from Arizona ; and former Utah State Senator Dan Hemmert . Tenure . Scorecards and rankings . In 2011 , Club for Growth gave Lee a 100% score . He also received a 100% Conservative voting record for 2011 from the American Conservative Union . The Heritage Foundation gave him a 99% score , tied for first with Jim DeMint . He received a Liberal Action score of 38% . 2016 presidential election . In March 2016 , Lee endorsed Ted Cruz over Donald Trump in the 2016 Republican primary . He was the first senator to do so . At the time , he said , I expect I’ll be the first of many Republican senators who will endorse Ted Cruz . Im confident more are on the way , and I welcome others to join . By June , after Trump had become the presumptive nominee , Lee had still not endorsed him , saying he needed assurances that Trump would not act as an authoritarian or autocrat and expressing frustration that Trump had accused my best friend’s father of conspiring to kill JFK . 2017 Alabama special election . On October 16 , 2017 , Lee endorsed Roy Moore in the 2017 Alabama special election runoff to fill the seat of U.S . Attorney General and former senator Jeff Sessions . Moore had been removed as the Alabama Supreme Courts chief justice in 2003 for defying a federal order to remove an illegal Ten Commandments monument from the Alabama Judicial Building . He was reelected chief justice in 2012 . In May 2016 , Moore was once again removed from the bench by the Alabama Judicial Inquiry Commission ( JIC ) , permanently via suspension for the rest of his term , making him ineligible for reelection , for ordering state probate judges to ignore a U.S . Supreme Court decision . In a 50-page opinion , the Court of the Judiciary denied Moores appeal of the JICs decision , and said his removal was necessary to preserve the integrity , independence , impartiality of Alabamas judiciary . Nevertheless , Lee praised Moore for his reputation of integrity and said he was essential to getting conservative legislation through the Senate . That is why I am proudly endorsing Judge Roy Moore . Alabamians have the chance to send a proven , conservative fighter to the United States Senate , On November 9 , 2017 , Moore was accused of molesting a 14-year-old and other girls under age 18 when he was 32 . On November 10 , Lee asked the Moore campaign to stop using Lees endorsement of Moore in its ads . Lees spokesperson said of the sexual misconduct allegations , If these allegations are true , Judge Moore should resign . Later that day , Lee rescinded his endorsement of Moore . 2020 presidential election . On October 28 , 2020 , Lee compared President Trump to Captain Moroni , a heroic figure in the Book of Mormon . Lee told rallygoers in Arizona : To my Mormon <nowiki> [ sic ] </nowiki> friends , my Latter-day Saint friends , think of him as Captain Moroni . Lee went on to say that Trump seeks not the praise of the world and wants only the well-being and peace of the American people . His comparison met with backlash . The overwhelming majority of comments on Lees Facebook accounts found it shameful or blasphemous . In a followup Facebook post , Lee pointed out that he had praised Trump for his willingness to threaten the established political order , but admitted that the comparison was perhaps awkward and recognized that his impromptu comments may not have been the best forum for drawing a novel analogy from scripture . After Joe Biden won the 2020 presidential election , Trump refused to concede , and a pro-Trump mob stormed the U.S . Capitol , Lee said that Trump should be given a mulligan ( or a do-over ) for his inflammatory political speech immediately before the storming of the Capitol . Lee later defended his remarks , saying , my reference to taking a mulligan was not referring to Trump , but to Democratic politicians whose inflammatory comments had just been played for me on the air <nowiki> [ on Fox News ] </nowiki> . I used the term.. . to avoid needlessly inflaming partisan passions . On May 28 , 2021 , Lee voted against creating an independent commission to investigate the riot . Committee assignments Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on Administrative Oversight and the Courts - Subcommittee on Antitrust , Competition Policy and Consumer Rights ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on the Constitution , Civil Rights and Human Rights Committee on Energy and Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Energy - Subcommittee on Public Lands and Forests - Subcommittee on Water and Power Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation - Subcommittee on Oceans , Atmosphere , Fisheries , and Coast Guard - Subcommittee on Aviation Operations , Safety , and Security - Subcommittee on Communications Technology , Innovation , and the Internet - Subcommittee on Consumer Protection , Product Safety , Insurance and Data Security - Subcommittee on Space , Science , and Competitiveness Special Committee on Aging ( 2021–present ) Joint Economic Committee Previous committee assignments - Committee on Foreign Relations ( 2011–2013 ) - Committee on Armed Services ( 2013–2017 ) Political positions . Lee is a conservative Republican . The New York Times used the NOMINATE system to rank Senate members by ideology ; Lee ranked as the Senates most conservative member . GovTracks 2017 analysis placed Lee on the right end of the spectrum , to the right of most Republicans , but to the left of a handful of Republican senators . FiveThirtyEight , which tracks Congressional votes , found that Lee voted with Trumps positions on legislation 81.3% of the time as of July 2018 . Democracy and election reform . In October 2020 , Lee sent a series of tweets declaring that the United States is not a democracy and that democracy isnt the objective ; liberty , peace , and are . Some commentators argued Lee fundamentally misunderstood the terms democracy and republic . In March 2021 , Lee said on Fox News that the For the People Act was rotten to the core and was as if written in Hell by the devil himself . The act attempts to expand voting rights , change campaign finance laws to reduce the influence of money in politics , limit partisan gerrymandering , and create new ethics rules for federal officeholders . It has been criticized by conservatives , including Lee , who believe its provisions improperly take power over elections away from state governments and give it to the federal government . Privacy . In 2017 , Lee voted for S.J.Res.34 , a joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5 , United States Code , of the rule submitted by the Federal Communications Commission relating to Protecting the Privacy of Customers of Broadband and Other Telecommunications Services from taking effect . Spending . In September 2018 , Lee was among six Republican senators , including Jeff Flake , Pat Toomey , Rand Paul , David Perdue , Ben Sasse , and Bernie Sanders , to vote against a $854 billion spending bill that would avert another government shutdown . The bill included funding for the departments of Defense , Health and Human Services , Labor and Education . Healthcare . Lee was part of the group of 13 senators drafting the Senate version of the AHCA behind closed doors . He eventually came out against the bill , along with Senator Jerry Moran , bringing the no vote total among Republicans to four . This effectively stopped any chance of the bills passage . Patriot Act . In February 2011 , Lee was one of two Republicans to vote against extending the three provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act that deal with roving wiretaps , lone wolf terrorism suspects , and the governments ability to seize any tangible items in the course of surveillance . He voted in the same manner in May 2011 . Social Security . In April 2011 , Lee , Lindsey Graham , and Rand Paul proposed a plan to reform the U.S . Social Security retirement payment system . Workers born in 1970 and every year thereafter would have to wait until their 70th birthday to retire , and wealthy people would receive smaller monthly checks under the plan . The proposal called for increasing the retirement age to 70 by 2032 , and slightly reducing the benefits to upper-income recipients . Criminal justice reform . In 2013 , Lee , Dick Durbin , and Patrick Leahy proposed a bill aiming to focus limited federal resources on the most serious offenders . The bill would reduce some minimum sentences for drug-related offenses by half . In November 2018 , Lee criticized Senator Tom Cotton for his stance on the proposed First Step Act , a criminal justice reform bill Lee supported . Cotton had said that the legislation gives early release to low level , nonviolent criminals like those convicted of assaulting police , even with deadly weapons . Lee responded that the First Step Act does not give early release to anyone . Anyone claiming it does does not understand how the bill works . The bipartisan bill , drafted by Chuck Grassley , Lee , and Durbin , passed the House of Representatives overwhelmingly , 360-59 . The bill intends to improve rehabilitation programs for former prisoners , and to give judges more wiggle room when sentencing nonviolent crime offenders . The bill eventually passed the Senate and became law . Big Tech . Lee has worked together with his Democratic counterpart , Amy Klobuchar , to hold Big Tech firms like Facebook , Apple , and Amazon accountable for their growing power . They are working to revamp century-old antitrust lawsuits . Environment . In 2017 , Lee was one of 22 senators to sign a letter to President Trump urging him to withdraw the U.S . from the Paris Agreement . According to the Center for Responsive Politics , Lee has received campaign contributions from oil and gas interests amounting to $231,520 and from coal interests in the amount of $21,895 , for a total of $253,415 since 2012 . At a May 2016 event , Lee took issue with the scientific consensus on climate change , calling it little more than a cheap public-relations ploy by the Democratic party . Lee opposes a carbon tax to deal with climate change . In 2018 , Lee defended Jim Bridenstines nomination to head NASA . Bridenstines nomination was contentious , given that he rejected the scientific consensus on climate change and had no background in science . In defending Bridenstine , Lee falsely claimed that NASA disputed that there was a scientific consensus on climate change . Since his confirmation , Bridenstine has said that he agrees with the scientific consensus on human contributions to climate change . On March 26 , 2019 , the Senate opened debate on the Green New Deal . When Lee took the floor , he called the plan absurd , comparing it to an image of Ronald Reagan riding a velociraptor , and argued that having more babies was the real solution . He also claimed that the authors of the Green New Deal proposal are trying to suggest people should not have babies and I think thats atrocious . Deseret News noted , the text of the [ Green New Deal ] resolution does not address population growth or suggest limiting the number of children people can have . Foreign policy . As part of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations in 2018 , Lee , Bernie Sanders , and Chris Murphy co-sponsored a resolution that would end U.S . military support for the Saudi-led campaign in Yemens civil war . Interviewed by The Hill , he said : regardless of what may have happened with Mr . Khashoggi , we are fighting a war in Yemen that we havent declared , that has never been declared or authorized by Congress . Thats not constitutional . The Senate voted 60–39 to formally begin debate on the resolution , which would require the President to withdraw troops in or affecting Yemen within 30 days unless they are fighting al Qaeda . In April 2018 , Lee was one of eight Republican senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of the Treasury Steve Mnuchin and acting Secretary of State John Sullivan expressing deep concern over a United Nations report exposing North Korean sanctions evasion involving Russia and China and asserting that the findings demonstrate an elaborate and alarming military-venture between rogue , tyrannical states to avoid United States and international sanctions and inflict terror and death upon thousands of innocent people while calling it imperative that the United States provides a swift and appropriate response to the continued use of chemical weapons used by President Assad and his forces , and works to address the shortcomings in sanctions enforcement . He criticized Trump for ordering the 2018 missile strikes against Syria in response to the Douma chemical attack , stating that he lacked the constitutional authority to do so without Congresss permission because the U.S . was not in imminent danger . Lee supported Trumps decision to withdraw American troops from Syria in December 2018 , saying that American forces should not have been in the country anyway without Congressional authorization . He said that the Obama administration had not made clear American objectives in Syria surrounding Assads future , and that he believed Trumps claim that the Islamic State had been defeated . Lee has long been in favor of ending American involvement in Afghanistan . He signed a letter in 2011 urging Obama to withdraw troops from the country . In May 2017 , he called into question a proposal from military leaders to send additional troops there , calling to mind previous times when more soldiers were sent to the country but which , according to Lee , failed to make a significant difference . Lee maintained that American involvement in the war has wasted thousands of lives and trillions of dollars . In April 2021 , President Joe Biden announced plans to withdraw all remaining US troops from Afganistan by September 11 of that year . At a virtual meeting later that month , Lee stated his support of Bidens plan . In April 2019 , after the House passed the resolution withdrawing American support for the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen , Lee was one of nine lawmakers to sign a letter to Trump requesting a meeting with him and urging him to sign Senate Joint Resolution 7 , which invokes the War Powers Act of 1973 to end unauthorized US military participation in the Saudi-led coalitions armed conflict against Yemens Houthi forces , initiated in 2015 by the Obama administration . The group of Senators included Bernie Sanders , Rand Paul , and others . Trump was expected to veto the measure . In June 2019 , Lee was one of seven Republicans who voted to block Trumps Saudi arms deal providing weapons to Saudi Arabia , United Arab Emirates and Jordan . 9/11 Responders Compensation Fund . On July 17 , 2019 , Jon Stewart and disabled construction worker John Feal criticized Lee and Rand Paul on Fox News for blocking a bill that provided Victims Compensation Fund support for disabled 9/11 responders . The fund was near exhaustion . On the Senate floor , Paul objected to Senator Kirsten Gillibrands request for the bill to be approved by unanimous consent ; per Senate rules , such a request is rejected if any senator objects . Lee had placed such a hold on the measure , despite its 73 Senate co-sponsors . Stewart and Feal , as well as leaders of the Fraternal Order of Police and the International Association of Firefighters , tried to get both senators to withdraw their objections . The people from the state of Kentucky and the people from the state of Utah deserve better , Feal said . Stewart said , We have to stand up for the people who have always stood up for us , and maybe cannot stand up for themselves due to their illnesses and their injuries . .. . There [ are ] some things that they have no trouble putting on the credit card , but somehow when it comes to the 9/11 first responder community , the cops , the firefighters , the construction workers , the volunteers , the survivors , all of a sudden .. . we gotta go through this . On July 23 , 2019 , Lee was one of two senators to vote against the 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund . Immigration . In February 2019 , Lee was one of 16 senators to vote against legislation preventing a partial government shutdown and containing $1.375 billion in funding for barriers along the U.S.-Mexico border that included 55 miles of fencing . In that same month , he and Senator Kamala Harris removed the per-country cap on employment-based green cards and raised the cap on family-based green cards from 7% to 15% . In March 2019 , Lee was one of 12 Republican senators to vote to block Trumps national emergency declaration that would have granted him access to $3.6 billion in military construction funding to build border barriers . Supreme Court . In March 2019 , Lee was one of 12 senators to cosponsor a resolution that would impose a constitutional amendment limiting the Supreme Court to nine justices . The resolution was introduced after multiple Democratic presidential candidates expressed openness to the idea of increasing the seats on the Supreme Court . In September 2020 , less than two months before the next presidential election , Lee supported an immediate Senate vote on Trumps nominee to fill the Supreme Court vacancy caused by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburgs death . In March 2016 , Lee had taken the opposite position by declining to consider Obamas Supreme Court nominee during a presidential election year , citing the contentious presidential election already well underway . Trade . In January 2018 , Lee was one of 36 Republican senators to sign a letter to Trump requesting that he preserve the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) by modernizing it for the economy of the 21st century . In November 2018 , Lee was one of 12 Republican senators to sign a letter to Trump requesting the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement ( the replacement to NAFTA ) be submitted to Congress by the end of that month to allow a vote on it before the end of the year as they were concerned passage of the USMCA as negotiated will become significantly more difficult if it had to be approved by the incoming 116th United States Congress . Minorities . In 2018 , Lee condemned the Inter-American Court of Human Rights , which is part of the Organization of American States ( OAS ) , for recommending that Costa Rica legalize same-sex marriage . The courts decision was spurred by a petition by Costa Rican President Luis Guillermo Solis , who was working on ways to improve LGBT rights in Costa Rica . Lee suggested that the U.S. , a primary funder of the OAS , should use its money more wisely and do more to safeguard religious liberties worldwide . In May 2019 , Lee called the Equality Act counterproductive and argued it unnecessarily pits communities against each other . Personal life . Lee is the son of Rex E . Lee , who was Solicitor General under President Ronald Reagan , founding dean of the J . Reuben Clark Law School and president of Brigham Young University . Lee married Sharon Burr in 1993 . They live in Alpine , Utah , and have three children . Lee is a second cousin to former Democratic U.S . Senators Mark Udall of Colorado and Tom Udall of New Mexico , as well as former Republican senator Gordon H . Smith of Oregon . As a young adult , Lee served a two-year mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Texas Rio Grande Valley . On October 2 , 2020 , Lee announced he had tested positive for COVID-19 . A few days earlier , he had attended an event for Amy Coney Barrett at the White House where he interacted closely with a number of other people who tested positive for COVID-19 . Lee did not wear a mask and video footage showed him hugging others at the event . Lee has served on the BYU alumni board , the BYU Law School alumni board , and as a longtime member of the J . Reuben Clark Law Society and the Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies . He earned the Eagle Scout award from Boy Scouts of America in 1989 and was selected to receive the National Eagle Scout Association Outstanding Eagle Scout Award ( NOESA ) in 2011 . Electoral history . - 2010 - 2016 Books . Since his election to the Senate in 2010 , Lee has published four books : - The Freedom Agenda : Why a Balanced Budget Amendment is Necessary to Restore Constitutional Government ( July 2011 , Regnery Publishing ) - Why John Roberts Was Wrong About Healthcare : A Conservative Critique of The Supreme Courts Obamacare Ruling ( June 2013 , Threshold Editions e-book ) - Our Lost Constitution : The Willful Subversion of Americas Founding Document ( April 2015 , Sentinel ) - Written Out of History : The Forgotten Founders Who Fought Big Government ( May 2017 , Sentinel ) |
[
"S.C . Beira-Mar"
] | easy | Which team did Yohan Tavares play for from 2008 to 2011? | /wiki/Yohan_Tavares#P54#0 | Yohan Tavares Yohan Tavares ( born 2 March 1988 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for C.D . Tondela as a central defender . Over nine seasons , he amassed Primeira Liga totals of 216 matches and five goals for Beira-Mar , Estoril , Vitória de Setúbal and Tondela . He also competed professionally in Belgium , Thailand , Cyprus and France . Club career . Beira-Mar . Tavares was born in Tours , France . After an unassuming spell with Le Mans FC – he only appeared officially with the reserve team – he returned to the land of his parents and joined S.C . Beira-Mar , signing a four-year contract following a successful trial period . He suffered a ligament injury to his right knee in December 2008 , going on to be sidelined for several months . In his second season , Tavares contributed 13 games ( eight starts ) as the Aveiro club returned to the Primeira Liga after three years . He made his debut in the competition on 15 August 2010 in a 0–0 home draw against U.D . Leiria , and finished the campaign with 21 matches , scoring in a 1–1 home draw with Rio Ave F.C . as his team finally ranked 13th , out of the relegation zone . Standard Liège . In the 2012 summer transfer window , Tavares signed with Standard Liège of the Belgian Pro League for a reported fee of €2 million , agreeing to a three-year deal . He made the first of only three competitive appearances for his new team on 30 September , playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–2 away loss to K.V . Kortrijk . Estoril . On 26 July 2013 , after having spent the latter part of the season on loan at the club , and after having cancelled his contract with A.C . ChievoVerona , Tavares joined G.D . Estoril Praia on a three-year deal . He started in all his league matches during his spell at the Estádio António Coimbra da Mota , and added 16 in the UEFA Europa League , his first being on 1 August 2013 in a 0–0 home draw against Hapoel Ramat Gan Givatayim F.C . in the third qualifying round– his only goal took place on 23 October of the following year , in a 1–2 group stage defeat to FC Dynamo Moscow . Later years . On 21 November 2016 , free agent Tavares moved to the Thai League 1 with Bangkok United FC . After a three-month stint back in his country with Vitória de Setúbal , he signed with Cypriot club APOEL FC on 23 May 2018 . International career . On 19 May 2011 , during the final of the International Challenge Trophy against England C played in Northampton , Tavares celebrated his debut for the Portugal under-23 team by scoring the games only goal . Honours . Beira-Mar - Segunda Liga : 2009–10 External links . - National team data |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did Yohan Tavares play for from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Yohan_Tavares#P54#1 | Yohan Tavares Yohan Tavares ( born 2 March 1988 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for C.D . Tondela as a central defender . Over nine seasons , he amassed Primeira Liga totals of 216 matches and five goals for Beira-Mar , Estoril , Vitória de Setúbal and Tondela . He also competed professionally in Belgium , Thailand , Cyprus and France . Club career . Beira-Mar . Tavares was born in Tours , France . After an unassuming spell with Le Mans FC – he only appeared officially with the reserve team – he returned to the land of his parents and joined S.C . Beira-Mar , signing a four-year contract following a successful trial period . He suffered a ligament injury to his right knee in December 2008 , going on to be sidelined for several months . In his second season , Tavares contributed 13 games ( eight starts ) as the Aveiro club returned to the Primeira Liga after three years . He made his debut in the competition on 15 August 2010 in a 0–0 home draw against U.D . Leiria , and finished the campaign with 21 matches , scoring in a 1–1 home draw with Rio Ave F.C . as his team finally ranked 13th , out of the relegation zone . Standard Liège . In the 2012 summer transfer window , Tavares signed with Standard Liège of the Belgian Pro League for a reported fee of €2 million , agreeing to a three-year deal . He made the first of only three competitive appearances for his new team on 30 September , playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–2 away loss to K.V . Kortrijk . Estoril . On 26 July 2013 , after having spent the latter part of the season on loan at the club , and after having cancelled his contract with A.C . ChievoVerona , Tavares joined G.D . Estoril Praia on a three-year deal . He started in all his league matches during his spell at the Estádio António Coimbra da Mota , and added 16 in the UEFA Europa League , his first being on 1 August 2013 in a 0–0 home draw against Hapoel Ramat Gan Givatayim F.C . in the third qualifying round– his only goal took place on 23 October of the following year , in a 1–2 group stage defeat to FC Dynamo Moscow . Later years . On 21 November 2016 , free agent Tavares moved to the Thai League 1 with Bangkok United FC . After a three-month stint back in his country with Vitória de Setúbal , he signed with Cypriot club APOEL FC on 23 May 2018 . International career . On 19 May 2011 , during the final of the International Challenge Trophy against England C played in Northampton , Tavares celebrated his debut for the Portugal under-23 team by scoring the games only goal . Honours . Beira-Mar - Segunda Liga : 2009–10 External links . - National team data |
[
"Standard Liège"
] | easy | Yohan Tavares played for which team from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Yohan_Tavares#P54#2 | Yohan Tavares Yohan Tavares ( born 2 March 1988 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for C.D . Tondela as a central defender . Over nine seasons , he amassed Primeira Liga totals of 216 matches and five goals for Beira-Mar , Estoril , Vitória de Setúbal and Tondela . He also competed professionally in Belgium , Thailand , Cyprus and France . Club career . Beira-Mar . Tavares was born in Tours , France . After an unassuming spell with Le Mans FC – he only appeared officially with the reserve team – he returned to the land of his parents and joined S.C . Beira-Mar , signing a four-year contract following a successful trial period . He suffered a ligament injury to his right knee in December 2008 , going on to be sidelined for several months . In his second season , Tavares contributed 13 games ( eight starts ) as the Aveiro club returned to the Primeira Liga after three years . He made his debut in the competition on 15 August 2010 in a 0–0 home draw against U.D . Leiria , and finished the campaign with 21 matches , scoring in a 1–1 home draw with Rio Ave F.C . as his team finally ranked 13th , out of the relegation zone . Standard Liège . In the 2012 summer transfer window , Tavares signed with Standard Liège of the Belgian Pro League for a reported fee of €2 million , agreeing to a three-year deal . He made the first of only three competitive appearances for his new team on 30 September , playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–2 away loss to K.V . Kortrijk . Estoril . On 26 July 2013 , after having spent the latter part of the season on loan at the club , and after having cancelled his contract with A.C . ChievoVerona , Tavares joined G.D . Estoril Praia on a three-year deal . He started in all his league matches during his spell at the Estádio António Coimbra da Mota , and added 16 in the UEFA Europa League , his first being on 1 August 2013 in a 0–0 home draw against Hapoel Ramat Gan Givatayim F.C . in the third qualifying round– his only goal took place on 23 October of the following year , in a 1–2 group stage defeat to FC Dynamo Moscow . Later years . On 21 November 2016 , free agent Tavares moved to the Thai League 1 with Bangkok United FC . After a three-month stint back in his country with Vitória de Setúbal , he signed with Cypriot club APOEL FC on 23 May 2018 . International career . On 19 May 2011 , during the final of the International Challenge Trophy against England C played in Northampton , Tavares celebrated his debut for the Portugal under-23 team by scoring the games only goal . Honours . Beira-Mar - Segunda Liga : 2009–10 External links . - National team data |
[
"G.D . Estoril Praia"
] | easy | Which team did the player Yohan Tavares belong to from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Yohan_Tavares#P54#3 | Yohan Tavares Yohan Tavares ( born 2 March 1988 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for C.D . Tondela as a central defender . Over nine seasons , he amassed Primeira Liga totals of 216 matches and five goals for Beira-Mar , Estoril , Vitória de Setúbal and Tondela . He also competed professionally in Belgium , Thailand , Cyprus and France . Club career . Beira-Mar . Tavares was born in Tours , France . After an unassuming spell with Le Mans FC – he only appeared officially with the reserve team – he returned to the land of his parents and joined S.C . Beira-Mar , signing a four-year contract following a successful trial period . He suffered a ligament injury to his right knee in December 2008 , going on to be sidelined for several months . In his second season , Tavares contributed 13 games ( eight starts ) as the Aveiro club returned to the Primeira Liga after three years . He made his debut in the competition on 15 August 2010 in a 0–0 home draw against U.D . Leiria , and finished the campaign with 21 matches , scoring in a 1–1 home draw with Rio Ave F.C . as his team finally ranked 13th , out of the relegation zone . Standard Liège . In the 2012 summer transfer window , Tavares signed with Standard Liège of the Belgian Pro League for a reported fee of €2 million , agreeing to a three-year deal . He made the first of only three competitive appearances for his new team on 30 September , playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–2 away loss to K.V . Kortrijk . Estoril . On 26 July 2013 , after having spent the latter part of the season on loan at the club , and after having cancelled his contract with A.C . ChievoVerona , Tavares joined G.D . Estoril Praia on a three-year deal . He started in all his league matches during his spell at the Estádio António Coimbra da Mota , and added 16 in the UEFA Europa League , his first being on 1 August 2013 in a 0–0 home draw against Hapoel Ramat Gan Givatayim F.C . in the third qualifying round– his only goal took place on 23 October of the following year , in a 1–2 group stage defeat to FC Dynamo Moscow . Later years . On 21 November 2016 , free agent Tavares moved to the Thai League 1 with Bangkok United FC . After a three-month stint back in his country with Vitória de Setúbal , he signed with Cypriot club APOEL FC on 23 May 2018 . International career . On 19 May 2011 , during the final of the International Challenge Trophy against England C played in Northampton , Tavares celebrated his debut for the Portugal under-23 team by scoring the games only goal . Honours . Beira-Mar - Segunda Liga : 2009–10 External links . - National team data |
[
"Italian Space Agency"
] | easy | Simonetta Di Pippo was an employee for whom from 1986 to 2008? | /wiki/Simonetta_Di_Pippo#P108#0 | Simonetta Di Pippo Simonetta Di Pippo is an Italian astrophysicist and the current Director of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs ( UNOOSA ) . She holds a Master’s Degree in Astrophysics and Space Physics from University La Sapienza , and an Honoris Causa Degree in Environmental Studies , and an Honoris Causa Degree of Doctor in International Affairs . In 2008 , the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) named asteroid 21887 dipippo in honour of her contribution to space activities and in 2006 , she was knighted by the President of the Italian Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi . She is an Academician of IAA and a member of the World Economic Forum Global Future Council on space technology since 2016 . In her career , Simonetta Di Pippo has been active in bridging the gender gap in STEM and the space sector . In 2009 , she co-founded Women in Aerospace Europe and in 2017 , she became a UN International Gender Champion . Prior to joining UNOOSA , she served as Director of Human Spaceflight at ESA , Director of the Observation of the Universe at the Italian Space Agency and led the European Space Policy Observatory at ASI-Brussels . Early life and career . After graduating with a masters degree in Astrophysics and Space Physics from Sapienza University of Rome in 1984 , Di Pippo joined the Italian Space Agency ( ASI ) in 1986 . Her responsibilities ranged from earth observation to automation & robotics , science and human spaceflight and in 2002 she took up duty as Director of the ASIs Observation of the Universe . From 2008 to 2011 , she served as Director of Human Spaceflight at the European Space Agency ( ESA ) , before returning to ASI to lead the European Space Policy Observatory at ASI-Brussels until March 2014 . Di Pippo co-founded , in June 2009 , Women in Aerospace Europe ( WIA-E ) and has acted as its president since then . The association aims to expand the representation and leadership of women in the aerospace sector . In 2013 she received an Honoris Causa Degree in Environmental Studies from the St . John University in Vinovo ( TO ) . Still in 2013 , she was appointed Academician of the International Academy of Astronautics ( IAA ) . Author of one book and co-author of another three , of more than 60 publications , more than 700 articles and interviews on magazines and newspapers , members and president of scientific committees of international congresses , member and president of scientific awards’ juries , she has been invited to teach at various universities , including the George Washington University in Washington D.C . and the LUISS-Business School in Rome . Di Pippo was knighted by the President of the Italian Republic in 2006 and , in 2008 , the International Astronomical Union assigned the name dipippo to asteroid 21887 , in recognition of her effort in space exploration . UN Office for Outer Space Affairs . Di Pippo was appointed Director of the UN Office for Outer Space Affairs ( UNOOSA ) in March 2014 . As the Director of UNOOSA , she leads Offices strategies , policies and activities , ensuring that they are implemented in accordance with the mandates of the General Assembly , the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space ( COPUOS ) , and the established policies of the United Nations . She supervises the United Nations Programme on Space Applications and UN-SPIDER . Di Pippo advises the Secretary-General of the United Nations and Director-General of UNOV and provides expertise on matters relating to the peaceful uses of outer space , and the use of space science and technology for sustainable development and disaster risk reduction . She also discharges the Secretary-Generals obligations under international space law , including overseeing the United Nations Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space . She serves as Secretary of COPUOS and manages the arrangements and coordination of UN-Space . Alongside her team in the Office of the Director , Di Pippo co-ordinates and oversees reports on budgetary and programme performance matters as well as public information and outreach activities to promote the benefits of outer space for humanity . Other activities . - International Gender Champions ( IGC ) , Member Recognition . In 2016 the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics awarded Di Pippo its International Cooperation Award , which recognizes individuals who have contributed extensively to international cooperation in space activities . Other awards include - Cavaliere Ufficiale al Merito ( Knighted by the President of the Italian Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi ( 2006 ) ; - International Award Sebetia-Ter - Silver Award of the President of the Italian Republic Professore Ingegnere Luigi Napolitano Award for the contributions to the space sector ( 2010 ) ; - The asteroid number 21887 named Dipippo by the International Astronomical Union as an acknowledgement to her commitment to space exploration ( 2006 ) ; - G.B . Lacchini award , UAI ( 2012 ) ; - International Cooperation Award , American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ( AIAA ) ( 2016 ) ; - Women in Aerospace Leadership award ( 2012 ) . - Space Visionary award , assigned by the International Society of Space Visionaries ( 2007 ) ; - Award Donna XIII by the XIII Municipality of the City of Rome ( 2005 ) ; - Special Award Spazio alla salute at the International Awards Le Tecnovisionarie 2010 ; - International Award San Valentino d’Oro as an acknowledgment for her commitment , focus and love for her job ( 2011 ) ; - International Award Profilo Donna , XXII Edition ( November 2011 ) ; - The Hubert Curien Award ( 2018 ) ; - Several ESA and NASA Team Achievement Awards ; Publications . - Astronauti , Mursia , 2002 - Dai ghiacci della Terra ai ghiacci dellUniverso , Di Martino , Di Pippo et al. , Erga Edizioni , 2007 - European Operational Initiative on NEO Hazard Monitoring , S . Di Pippo , E . Perozzi , in Handbook of Cosmic Hazards and Planetary Defense , Springer , 2015 - YES WE_STEM , L . d’Ambrosio Marri , F . Marzano e E . Pietrafesa , Introduction by S . Di Pippo , e-book only . External links . - Website of the Women in Aerospace Europe association |
[
"the European Space Agency"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Simonetta Di Pippo work for from 2008 to 2011? | /wiki/Simonetta_Di_Pippo#P108#1 | Simonetta Di Pippo Simonetta Di Pippo is an Italian astrophysicist and the current Director of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs ( UNOOSA ) . She holds a Master’s Degree in Astrophysics and Space Physics from University La Sapienza , and an Honoris Causa Degree in Environmental Studies , and an Honoris Causa Degree of Doctor in International Affairs . In 2008 , the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) named asteroid 21887 dipippo in honour of her contribution to space activities and in 2006 , she was knighted by the President of the Italian Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi . She is an Academician of IAA and a member of the World Economic Forum Global Future Council on space technology since 2016 . In her career , Simonetta Di Pippo has been active in bridging the gender gap in STEM and the space sector . In 2009 , she co-founded Women in Aerospace Europe and in 2017 , she became a UN International Gender Champion . Prior to joining UNOOSA , she served as Director of Human Spaceflight at ESA , Director of the Observation of the Universe at the Italian Space Agency and led the European Space Policy Observatory at ASI-Brussels . Early life and career . After graduating with a masters degree in Astrophysics and Space Physics from Sapienza University of Rome in 1984 , Di Pippo joined the Italian Space Agency ( ASI ) in 1986 . Her responsibilities ranged from earth observation to automation & robotics , science and human spaceflight and in 2002 she took up duty as Director of the ASIs Observation of the Universe . From 2008 to 2011 , she served as Director of Human Spaceflight at the European Space Agency ( ESA ) , before returning to ASI to lead the European Space Policy Observatory at ASI-Brussels until March 2014 . Di Pippo co-founded , in June 2009 , Women in Aerospace Europe ( WIA-E ) and has acted as its president since then . The association aims to expand the representation and leadership of women in the aerospace sector . In 2013 she received an Honoris Causa Degree in Environmental Studies from the St . John University in Vinovo ( TO ) . Still in 2013 , she was appointed Academician of the International Academy of Astronautics ( IAA ) . Author of one book and co-author of another three , of more than 60 publications , more than 700 articles and interviews on magazines and newspapers , members and president of scientific committees of international congresses , member and president of scientific awards’ juries , she has been invited to teach at various universities , including the George Washington University in Washington D.C . and the LUISS-Business School in Rome . Di Pippo was knighted by the President of the Italian Republic in 2006 and , in 2008 , the International Astronomical Union assigned the name dipippo to asteroid 21887 , in recognition of her effort in space exploration . UN Office for Outer Space Affairs . Di Pippo was appointed Director of the UN Office for Outer Space Affairs ( UNOOSA ) in March 2014 . As the Director of UNOOSA , she leads Offices strategies , policies and activities , ensuring that they are implemented in accordance with the mandates of the General Assembly , the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space ( COPUOS ) , and the established policies of the United Nations . She supervises the United Nations Programme on Space Applications and UN-SPIDER . Di Pippo advises the Secretary-General of the United Nations and Director-General of UNOV and provides expertise on matters relating to the peaceful uses of outer space , and the use of space science and technology for sustainable development and disaster risk reduction . She also discharges the Secretary-Generals obligations under international space law , including overseeing the United Nations Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space . She serves as Secretary of COPUOS and manages the arrangements and coordination of UN-Space . Alongside her team in the Office of the Director , Di Pippo co-ordinates and oversees reports on budgetary and programme performance matters as well as public information and outreach activities to promote the benefits of outer space for humanity . Other activities . - International Gender Champions ( IGC ) , Member Recognition . In 2016 the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics awarded Di Pippo its International Cooperation Award , which recognizes individuals who have contributed extensively to international cooperation in space activities . Other awards include - Cavaliere Ufficiale al Merito ( Knighted by the President of the Italian Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi ( 2006 ) ; - International Award Sebetia-Ter - Silver Award of the President of the Italian Republic Professore Ingegnere Luigi Napolitano Award for the contributions to the space sector ( 2010 ) ; - The asteroid number 21887 named Dipippo by the International Astronomical Union as an acknowledgement to her commitment to space exploration ( 2006 ) ; - G.B . Lacchini award , UAI ( 2012 ) ; - International Cooperation Award , American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ( AIAA ) ( 2016 ) ; - Women in Aerospace Leadership award ( 2012 ) . - Space Visionary award , assigned by the International Society of Space Visionaries ( 2007 ) ; - Award Donna XIII by the XIII Municipality of the City of Rome ( 2005 ) ; - Special Award Spazio alla salute at the International Awards Le Tecnovisionarie 2010 ; - International Award San Valentino d’Oro as an acknowledgment for her commitment , focus and love for her job ( 2011 ) ; - International Award Profilo Donna , XXII Edition ( November 2011 ) ; - The Hubert Curien Award ( 2018 ) ; - Several ESA and NASA Team Achievement Awards ; Publications . - Astronauti , Mursia , 2002 - Dai ghiacci della Terra ai ghiacci dellUniverso , Di Martino , Di Pippo et al. , Erga Edizioni , 2007 - European Operational Initiative on NEO Hazard Monitoring , S . Di Pippo , E . Perozzi , in Handbook of Cosmic Hazards and Planetary Defense , Springer , 2015 - YES WE_STEM , L . d’Ambrosio Marri , F . Marzano e E . Pietrafesa , Introduction by S . Di Pippo , e-book only . External links . - Website of the Women in Aerospace Europe association |
[
"United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Simonetta Di Pippo work for from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/Simonetta_Di_Pippo#P108#2 | Simonetta Di Pippo Simonetta Di Pippo is an Italian astrophysicist and the current Director of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs ( UNOOSA ) . She holds a Master’s Degree in Astrophysics and Space Physics from University La Sapienza , and an Honoris Causa Degree in Environmental Studies , and an Honoris Causa Degree of Doctor in International Affairs . In 2008 , the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) named asteroid 21887 dipippo in honour of her contribution to space activities and in 2006 , she was knighted by the President of the Italian Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi . She is an Academician of IAA and a member of the World Economic Forum Global Future Council on space technology since 2016 . In her career , Simonetta Di Pippo has been active in bridging the gender gap in STEM and the space sector . In 2009 , she co-founded Women in Aerospace Europe and in 2017 , she became a UN International Gender Champion . Prior to joining UNOOSA , she served as Director of Human Spaceflight at ESA , Director of the Observation of the Universe at the Italian Space Agency and led the European Space Policy Observatory at ASI-Brussels . Early life and career . After graduating with a masters degree in Astrophysics and Space Physics from Sapienza University of Rome in 1984 , Di Pippo joined the Italian Space Agency ( ASI ) in 1986 . Her responsibilities ranged from earth observation to automation & robotics , science and human spaceflight and in 2002 she took up duty as Director of the ASIs Observation of the Universe . From 2008 to 2011 , she served as Director of Human Spaceflight at the European Space Agency ( ESA ) , before returning to ASI to lead the European Space Policy Observatory at ASI-Brussels until March 2014 . Di Pippo co-founded , in June 2009 , Women in Aerospace Europe ( WIA-E ) and has acted as its president since then . The association aims to expand the representation and leadership of women in the aerospace sector . In 2013 she received an Honoris Causa Degree in Environmental Studies from the St . John University in Vinovo ( TO ) . Still in 2013 , she was appointed Academician of the International Academy of Astronautics ( IAA ) . Author of one book and co-author of another three , of more than 60 publications , more than 700 articles and interviews on magazines and newspapers , members and president of scientific committees of international congresses , member and president of scientific awards’ juries , she has been invited to teach at various universities , including the George Washington University in Washington D.C . and the LUISS-Business School in Rome . Di Pippo was knighted by the President of the Italian Republic in 2006 and , in 2008 , the International Astronomical Union assigned the name dipippo to asteroid 21887 , in recognition of her effort in space exploration . UN Office for Outer Space Affairs . Di Pippo was appointed Director of the UN Office for Outer Space Affairs ( UNOOSA ) in March 2014 . As the Director of UNOOSA , she leads Offices strategies , policies and activities , ensuring that they are implemented in accordance with the mandates of the General Assembly , the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space ( COPUOS ) , and the established policies of the United Nations . She supervises the United Nations Programme on Space Applications and UN-SPIDER . Di Pippo advises the Secretary-General of the United Nations and Director-General of UNOV and provides expertise on matters relating to the peaceful uses of outer space , and the use of space science and technology for sustainable development and disaster risk reduction . She also discharges the Secretary-Generals obligations under international space law , including overseeing the United Nations Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space . She serves as Secretary of COPUOS and manages the arrangements and coordination of UN-Space . Alongside her team in the Office of the Director , Di Pippo co-ordinates and oversees reports on budgetary and programme performance matters as well as public information and outreach activities to promote the benefits of outer space for humanity . Other activities . - International Gender Champions ( IGC ) , Member Recognition . In 2016 the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics awarded Di Pippo its International Cooperation Award , which recognizes individuals who have contributed extensively to international cooperation in space activities . Other awards include - Cavaliere Ufficiale al Merito ( Knighted by the President of the Italian Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi ( 2006 ) ; - International Award Sebetia-Ter - Silver Award of the President of the Italian Republic Professore Ingegnere Luigi Napolitano Award for the contributions to the space sector ( 2010 ) ; - The asteroid number 21887 named Dipippo by the International Astronomical Union as an acknowledgement to her commitment to space exploration ( 2006 ) ; - G.B . Lacchini award , UAI ( 2012 ) ; - International Cooperation Award , American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ( AIAA ) ( 2016 ) ; - Women in Aerospace Leadership award ( 2012 ) . - Space Visionary award , assigned by the International Society of Space Visionaries ( 2007 ) ; - Award Donna XIII by the XIII Municipality of the City of Rome ( 2005 ) ; - Special Award Spazio alla salute at the International Awards Le Tecnovisionarie 2010 ; - International Award San Valentino d’Oro as an acknowledgment for her commitment , focus and love for her job ( 2011 ) ; - International Award Profilo Donna , XXII Edition ( November 2011 ) ; - The Hubert Curien Award ( 2018 ) ; - Several ESA and NASA Team Achievement Awards ; Publications . - Astronauti , Mursia , 2002 - Dai ghiacci della Terra ai ghiacci dellUniverso , Di Martino , Di Pippo et al. , Erga Edizioni , 2007 - European Operational Initiative on NEO Hazard Monitoring , S . Di Pippo , E . Perozzi , in Handbook of Cosmic Hazards and Planetary Defense , Springer , 2015 - YES WE_STEM , L . d’Ambrosio Marri , F . Marzano e E . Pietrafesa , Introduction by S . Di Pippo , e-book only . External links . - Website of the Women in Aerospace Europe association |
[
"Jerez Industrial",
"Barnsley FC"
] | easy | Which team did the player Fergus Bell belong to from 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/Fergus_Bell#P54#0 | Fergus Bell Fergus Bell ( born 25 January 1991 ) is an ex English footballer who played as a central midfielder during spells at Sunderland , Hibernian , Monza , Mansfield Town , and Yeovil Town . Bell currently operates as a property developer Career . Early career . After his spell at Sunderland , Bell signed for Hibernian , where he was a member of the Hibernian Under 19s side that won the Under-19 league and Scottish Youth Cup double in the 2008–09 season . He scored five goals during the teams run in the 2008–09 Scottish Youth Cup , finishing as one of the competitions top goalscorers . He was also a member of Hibs successful East of Scotland Shield winning side in 2008–09 . Bell was one of six players in the side who were given new contracts by Hibs following their success . Bell left Hibernian after failing to agree terms on a new contract at the end of the 2009–10 season following a year affected by injury . Bell was one of two English players handed a trial with Spanish club Celta Vigo during the summer of 2010 . Jerez Industrial . Bell joined Spanish club Jerez Industrial in Segunda B division during 2010 , after ex England Manager Glenn Hoddles take over of the club and introduction of his Academy , which was based in Montecastillo , Spain . The club received widespread media coverage over Europe and back in the UK after the influx of English players and coaches including Nigel Spackman , Graham Rix and Dave Beasant . There he went on to make 36 league appearances scoring 7 goals in the process and collecting the Lo mejor de febrero - Player of the Month award for February . After leaving Spain following financial issues at Jerez Industrial , Bell spent a short period of time on a non-contract basis at Championship outfit Barnsley FC under boss Mark Robins . During this time , Bell had a trial spell with Blackburn Rovers , but was not offered a contract . Mechelen . Bell moved to Mechelen on an 18-month contract during the 2012–13 season under newly appointed manager Thierry Pister . KSK Heist . In July 2013 , Bell signed for Heist , making his debut vs Royal Antwerp on 11 August 2013 . A.C . Monza Brianza 1912 . After only one month and a half at KSK Heist , Bell was the subject of speculation regarding interest from Italian Lega Pro club Monza . On 28 August , both clubs came to an agreement which allowed Bell and one other player to move to Italy . Bells full debut for the Biancorossi , came in a 3–0 win over Vicenza Calcio in the Coppa Italia . Mansfield Town . After leaving A.C Monza , Bell agreed to join Mansfield Town under manager Paul Cox on 11 July 2014 . The second of Stags summer signings to have previously played for A.C Monza . He first appeared as a second-half substitute in a friendly against Notts County , contributing to a 3–1 home win for the Stags against their League One rivals . Bells first goal for the club came the following week in a pre season fixture vs Lincoln City ; a spectacular long range strike in a 3–1 victory for the Stags . After an impressive start to the season , featuring twice in The Sun Newspaper Team Of The Week , Stags manager Paul Cox praised Bell during his annual Supporters Association speech by stating ; I look at the squad and players like Ryan Tafazolli and Fergus Bell , and Im going to be honest , by Christmas there will be a queue of people wanting to sign them sic Bell went on to make 21 appearances in all competitions for Mansfield before completing a move to Yeovil Town during January 2015 . Yeovil Town . On 29 January 2015 , Bell signed for League One side Yeovil Town under Gary Johnson . Bell proved to be manager Gary Johnsons final signing before his almost immediate departure less than a week later on 4 February , in due course finding himself out of favour with the incoming caretaker manager Terry Skiverton . Following Skivertons departure as first team manager and the appointment of Paul Sturrock , Bell featured in Yeovils end of season Somerset Cup campaign where he scored two goals in the semi-final , and was duly given an opportunity in the upcoming League One fixtures . During an injury hit spell , Bell made a handful of appearances for the club before departing at the end of the season following Yeovils relegation to League Two . Torquay United . On 19 September 2015 , Bell signed for Devon side Torquay United on non-contract terms following recovery from injury . Bell made six appearances for the Gulls before leaving the club for personal reasons . Manager Kevin Nicholson , who described Bell as being on an unsustainable deal , going on to add His attitude was bang on , but the deal that Fergus was on was unsustainable for him and I wasnt in a position where I could give him anything better. . |
[
"Mechelen"
] | easy | Fergus Bell played for which team from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Fergus_Bell#P54#1 | Fergus Bell Fergus Bell ( born 25 January 1991 ) is an ex English footballer who played as a central midfielder during spells at Sunderland , Hibernian , Monza , Mansfield Town , and Yeovil Town . Bell currently operates as a property developer Career . Early career . After his spell at Sunderland , Bell signed for Hibernian , where he was a member of the Hibernian Under 19s side that won the Under-19 league and Scottish Youth Cup double in the 2008–09 season . He scored five goals during the teams run in the 2008–09 Scottish Youth Cup , finishing as one of the competitions top goalscorers . He was also a member of Hibs successful East of Scotland Shield winning side in 2008–09 . Bell was one of six players in the side who were given new contracts by Hibs following their success . Bell left Hibernian after failing to agree terms on a new contract at the end of the 2009–10 season following a year affected by injury . Bell was one of two English players handed a trial with Spanish club Celta Vigo during the summer of 2010 . Jerez Industrial . Bell joined Spanish club Jerez Industrial in Segunda B division during 2010 , after ex England Manager Glenn Hoddles take over of the club and introduction of his Academy , which was based in Montecastillo , Spain . The club received widespread media coverage over Europe and back in the UK after the influx of English players and coaches including Nigel Spackman , Graham Rix and Dave Beasant . There he went on to make 36 league appearances scoring 7 goals in the process and collecting the Lo mejor de febrero - Player of the Month award for February . After leaving Spain following financial issues at Jerez Industrial , Bell spent a short period of time on a non-contract basis at Championship outfit Barnsley FC under boss Mark Robins . During this time , Bell had a trial spell with Blackburn Rovers , but was not offered a contract . Mechelen . Bell moved to Mechelen on an 18-month contract during the 2012–13 season under newly appointed manager Thierry Pister . KSK Heist . In July 2013 , Bell signed for Heist , making his debut vs Royal Antwerp on 11 August 2013 . A.C . Monza Brianza 1912 . After only one month and a half at KSK Heist , Bell was the subject of speculation regarding interest from Italian Lega Pro club Monza . On 28 August , both clubs came to an agreement which allowed Bell and one other player to move to Italy . Bells full debut for the Biancorossi , came in a 3–0 win over Vicenza Calcio in the Coppa Italia . Mansfield Town . After leaving A.C Monza , Bell agreed to join Mansfield Town under manager Paul Cox on 11 July 2014 . The second of Stags summer signings to have previously played for A.C Monza . He first appeared as a second-half substitute in a friendly against Notts County , contributing to a 3–1 home win for the Stags against their League One rivals . Bells first goal for the club came the following week in a pre season fixture vs Lincoln City ; a spectacular long range strike in a 3–1 victory for the Stags . After an impressive start to the season , featuring twice in The Sun Newspaper Team Of The Week , Stags manager Paul Cox praised Bell during his annual Supporters Association speech by stating ; I look at the squad and players like Ryan Tafazolli and Fergus Bell , and Im going to be honest , by Christmas there will be a queue of people wanting to sign them sic Bell went on to make 21 appearances in all competitions for Mansfield before completing a move to Yeovil Town during January 2015 . Yeovil Town . On 29 January 2015 , Bell signed for League One side Yeovil Town under Gary Johnson . Bell proved to be manager Gary Johnsons final signing before his almost immediate departure less than a week later on 4 February , in due course finding himself out of favour with the incoming caretaker manager Terry Skiverton . Following Skivertons departure as first team manager and the appointment of Paul Sturrock , Bell featured in Yeovils end of season Somerset Cup campaign where he scored two goals in the semi-final , and was duly given an opportunity in the upcoming League One fixtures . During an injury hit spell , Bell made a handful of appearances for the club before departing at the end of the season following Yeovils relegation to League Two . Torquay United . On 19 September 2015 , Bell signed for Devon side Torquay United on non-contract terms following recovery from injury . Bell made six appearances for the Gulls before leaving the club for personal reasons . Manager Kevin Nicholson , who described Bell as being on an unsustainable deal , going on to add His attitude was bang on , but the deal that Fergus was on was unsustainable for him and I wasnt in a position where I could give him anything better. . |
[
"Monza"
] | easy | Fergus Bell played for which team from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Fergus_Bell#P54#2 | Fergus Bell Fergus Bell ( born 25 January 1991 ) is an ex English footballer who played as a central midfielder during spells at Sunderland , Hibernian , Monza , Mansfield Town , and Yeovil Town . Bell currently operates as a property developer Career . Early career . After his spell at Sunderland , Bell signed for Hibernian , where he was a member of the Hibernian Under 19s side that won the Under-19 league and Scottish Youth Cup double in the 2008–09 season . He scored five goals during the teams run in the 2008–09 Scottish Youth Cup , finishing as one of the competitions top goalscorers . He was also a member of Hibs successful East of Scotland Shield winning side in 2008–09 . Bell was one of six players in the side who were given new contracts by Hibs following their success . Bell left Hibernian after failing to agree terms on a new contract at the end of the 2009–10 season following a year affected by injury . Bell was one of two English players handed a trial with Spanish club Celta Vigo during the summer of 2010 . Jerez Industrial . Bell joined Spanish club Jerez Industrial in Segunda B division during 2010 , after ex England Manager Glenn Hoddles take over of the club and introduction of his Academy , which was based in Montecastillo , Spain . The club received widespread media coverage over Europe and back in the UK after the influx of English players and coaches including Nigel Spackman , Graham Rix and Dave Beasant . There he went on to make 36 league appearances scoring 7 goals in the process and collecting the Lo mejor de febrero - Player of the Month award for February . After leaving Spain following financial issues at Jerez Industrial , Bell spent a short period of time on a non-contract basis at Championship outfit Barnsley FC under boss Mark Robins . During this time , Bell had a trial spell with Blackburn Rovers , but was not offered a contract . Mechelen . Bell moved to Mechelen on an 18-month contract during the 2012–13 season under newly appointed manager Thierry Pister . KSK Heist . In July 2013 , Bell signed for Heist , making his debut vs Royal Antwerp on 11 August 2013 . A.C . Monza Brianza 1912 . After only one month and a half at KSK Heist , Bell was the subject of speculation regarding interest from Italian Lega Pro club Monza . On 28 August , both clubs came to an agreement which allowed Bell and one other player to move to Italy . Bells full debut for the Biancorossi , came in a 3–0 win over Vicenza Calcio in the Coppa Italia . Mansfield Town . After leaving A.C Monza , Bell agreed to join Mansfield Town under manager Paul Cox on 11 July 2014 . The second of Stags summer signings to have previously played for A.C Monza . He first appeared as a second-half substitute in a friendly against Notts County , contributing to a 3–1 home win for the Stags against their League One rivals . Bells first goal for the club came the following week in a pre season fixture vs Lincoln City ; a spectacular long range strike in a 3–1 victory for the Stags . After an impressive start to the season , featuring twice in The Sun Newspaper Team Of The Week , Stags manager Paul Cox praised Bell during his annual Supporters Association speech by stating ; I look at the squad and players like Ryan Tafazolli and Fergus Bell , and Im going to be honest , by Christmas there will be a queue of people wanting to sign them sic Bell went on to make 21 appearances in all competitions for Mansfield before completing a move to Yeovil Town during January 2015 . Yeovil Town . On 29 January 2015 , Bell signed for League One side Yeovil Town under Gary Johnson . Bell proved to be manager Gary Johnsons final signing before his almost immediate departure less than a week later on 4 February , in due course finding himself out of favour with the incoming caretaker manager Terry Skiverton . Following Skivertons departure as first team manager and the appointment of Paul Sturrock , Bell featured in Yeovils end of season Somerset Cup campaign where he scored two goals in the semi-final , and was duly given an opportunity in the upcoming League One fixtures . During an injury hit spell , Bell made a handful of appearances for the club before departing at the end of the season following Yeovils relegation to League Two . Torquay United . On 19 September 2015 , Bell signed for Devon side Torquay United on non-contract terms following recovery from injury . Bell made six appearances for the Gulls before leaving the club for personal reasons . Manager Kevin Nicholson , who described Bell as being on an unsustainable deal , going on to add His attitude was bang on , but the deal that Fergus was on was unsustainable for him and I wasnt in a position where I could give him anything better. . |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did the player Fergus Bell belong to from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/Fergus_Bell#P54#3 | Fergus Bell Fergus Bell ( born 25 January 1991 ) is an ex English footballer who played as a central midfielder during spells at Sunderland , Hibernian , Monza , Mansfield Town , and Yeovil Town . Bell currently operates as a property developer Career . Early career . After his spell at Sunderland , Bell signed for Hibernian , where he was a member of the Hibernian Under 19s side that won the Under-19 league and Scottish Youth Cup double in the 2008–09 season . He scored five goals during the teams run in the 2008–09 Scottish Youth Cup , finishing as one of the competitions top goalscorers . He was also a member of Hibs successful East of Scotland Shield winning side in 2008–09 . Bell was one of six players in the side who were given new contracts by Hibs following their success . Bell left Hibernian after failing to agree terms on a new contract at the end of the 2009–10 season following a year affected by injury . Bell was one of two English players handed a trial with Spanish club Celta Vigo during the summer of 2010 . Jerez Industrial . Bell joined Spanish club Jerez Industrial in Segunda B division during 2010 , after ex England Manager Glenn Hoddles take over of the club and introduction of his Academy , which was based in Montecastillo , Spain . The club received widespread media coverage over Europe and back in the UK after the influx of English players and coaches including Nigel Spackman , Graham Rix and Dave Beasant . There he went on to make 36 league appearances scoring 7 goals in the process and collecting the Lo mejor de febrero - Player of the Month award for February . After leaving Spain following financial issues at Jerez Industrial , Bell spent a short period of time on a non-contract basis at Championship outfit Barnsley FC under boss Mark Robins . During this time , Bell had a trial spell with Blackburn Rovers , but was not offered a contract . Mechelen . Bell moved to Mechelen on an 18-month contract during the 2012–13 season under newly appointed manager Thierry Pister . KSK Heist . In July 2013 , Bell signed for Heist , making his debut vs Royal Antwerp on 11 August 2013 . A.C . Monza Brianza 1912 . After only one month and a half at KSK Heist , Bell was the subject of speculation regarding interest from Italian Lega Pro club Monza . On 28 August , both clubs came to an agreement which allowed Bell and one other player to move to Italy . Bells full debut for the Biancorossi , came in a 3–0 win over Vicenza Calcio in the Coppa Italia . Mansfield Town . After leaving A.C Monza , Bell agreed to join Mansfield Town under manager Paul Cox on 11 July 2014 . The second of Stags summer signings to have previously played for A.C Monza . He first appeared as a second-half substitute in a friendly against Notts County , contributing to a 3–1 home win for the Stags against their League One rivals . Bells first goal for the club came the following week in a pre season fixture vs Lincoln City ; a spectacular long range strike in a 3–1 victory for the Stags . After an impressive start to the season , featuring twice in The Sun Newspaper Team Of The Week , Stags manager Paul Cox praised Bell during his annual Supporters Association speech by stating ; I look at the squad and players like Ryan Tafazolli and Fergus Bell , and Im going to be honest , by Christmas there will be a queue of people wanting to sign them sic Bell went on to make 21 appearances in all competitions for Mansfield before completing a move to Yeovil Town during January 2015 . Yeovil Town . On 29 January 2015 , Bell signed for League One side Yeovil Town under Gary Johnson . Bell proved to be manager Gary Johnsons final signing before his almost immediate departure less than a week later on 4 February , in due course finding himself out of favour with the incoming caretaker manager Terry Skiverton . Following Skivertons departure as first team manager and the appointment of Paul Sturrock , Bell featured in Yeovils end of season Somerset Cup campaign where he scored two goals in the semi-final , and was duly given an opportunity in the upcoming League One fixtures . During an injury hit spell , Bell made a handful of appearances for the club before departing at the end of the season following Yeovils relegation to League Two . Torquay United . On 19 September 2015 , Bell signed for Devon side Torquay United on non-contract terms following recovery from injury . Bell made six appearances for the Gulls before leaving the club for personal reasons . Manager Kevin Nicholson , who described Bell as being on an unsustainable deal , going on to add His attitude was bang on , but the deal that Fergus was on was unsustainable for him and I wasnt in a position where I could give him anything better. . |
[
"Kasper Winding"
] | easy | Who was Brigitte Nielsen 's spouse from Apr 1983 to 1984? | /wiki/Brigitte_Nielsen#P26#0 | Brigitte Nielsen Brigitte Nielsen ( ; born Gitte Nielsen ; 15 July 1963 ) is a Danish actress , model , singer and reality television personality . She began her career modeling for Greg Gorman and Helmut Newton . She subsequently acted in the 1985 films Red Sonja and Rocky IV , later returning to the Rocky series in Creed II ( 2018 ) . She is also known for her marriage to Sylvester Stallone , with whom she starred in the 1986 film Cobra . She played a villain in Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) and starred as the Black Witch in the 1990s Italian film series Fantaghirò . She later built a career starring in B-movies , hosting TV shows , and appearing on reality shows . Early life . Brigitte Nielsen was born Gitte Nielsen in Rødovre , Denmark . She is the daughter of Hanne , a librarian , and Svend Nielsen , an engineer , and the ex-sister-in-law of Drive director Nicolas Winding Refn . Career . Modeling . Standing , at the beginning of the 1980s , Nielsen did some modeling work , and was photographed by Greg Gorman and Helmut Newton . Nielsen posed for Playboy magazine multiple times , garnering the cover in December 1987 . In the late 1980s , Marvel Comics approached Nielsen to pose for photographs dressed as the comic book character She-Hulk . Nielsens exploits were well-covered in the entertainment media in the 1980s , and the world press started referring to her as an Amazon because of her tall stature . Acting . In 1985 , Nielsen began her acting career in the fantasy film Red Sonja alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger . That same year , she married Sylvester Stallone ; the couple acted in two films together ( Rocky IV and Cobra ) before divorcing in 1987 . In 1987 , Nielsen played Karla Fry in the film Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) , alongside Eddie Murphy . Subsequently , she starred in 976-Evil II , The Double 0 Kid ( 1992 ) , Chained Heat II ( 1993 ) , Galaxis ( 1995 ) , and Snowboard Academy ( 1996 ) . She starred as the villainess of the Italian TV fantasy film Fantaghirò 2 and its sequels ( 1992–1996 ) ; her character was supposed to be killed off in the first of these films , but was then brought back due to popular demand . In 2011 , Nielsen voice acted for the Danish animated comedy film Ronal the Barbarian . In 2012 , she played in the horror movie Eldorado . In 2013 , she has featured in the short art film The Key alongside Ray Stevenson . In 2014 , she starred in the science-fiction film Exodus , in the TV series Raising Hope , and in the action film Mercenaries . In 2017 , she joined the cast of TV series Adi Shankars Gods and Secrets . In 2018 , she reprised her role of Ludmilla Drago from Rocky IV in Creed II . Music and writing . Nielsen started a music career in 1987 . She released her debut album Every Body Tells a Story in that year and recorded a duet with Austrian pop star Falco , Giorgio Moroders penned Body Next to Body which went to No . 22 in Germany and No . 6 in Austria . She released a follow-up album , Im the One.. . Nobody Else , in 1991 . Nielsen released a few songs under the pseudonym Gitta because producers wanted to see if she could succeed as a singer without her name on the cover . The first song No More Turning Back peaked at No . 54 on the British Single Charts , No . 63 on the Dutch Single Charts and even reached the Top 10 in Spain . Other tracks recorded as Gitta were 2001s Tic Toc and 2002s Youre No Lady , a collaboration with Ru Paul . Nielsen appeared in Michael Jacksons Liberian Girl music video in 1989 and in metal band Korns music video for the single Make Me Bad in 2000 . In 2008 , German record label Edel Music re-released her 1991 album Im the One.. . Nobody Else and the 1987 Every Body Tells a Story under the title Brigitte Nielsen . In 2012 , she performed ( as Gitte Nielsen ) on the song Misery with Spleen United , from the album School of Euphoria . In 2009 , she published her first autobiography in Scandinavia titled Gitte Nielsen – Du har kun ét liv – sådan fandt jeg tilbage til mig selv ( You only have one life – this is how I found myself again ) . The book reached the Top 5 of Denmarks bestseller list and was released in the United Kingdom under the title You Only Get One Life in 2011 . Television . Nielsen has worked for Italian television , hosting shows such as : Festival ( 1987 ) , the 1992 edition of the Sanremo Music Festival , Retromarsh ! ( 1996–1997 ) , and ..la sai lultima ? ( 1999 ) . In 1997 , she hosted a talk show series Gittes venner for a Danish TV network and some TV shows for RTSI , the Italian language Swiss television network . She guest starred for an episode of the German TV series Stuttgart Homicide , aired by ZDF on 28 March 2011 , guest-hosted the British chat show Loose Women on 7 December 2010 . In April 2011 , she attended the British variety/talent show Sing If You Can , which aired on ITV . Nielsen appeared on the first season of the Italian production of The Mole ( 2004 ) and on the third season of the VH1 reality show The Surreal Life ( 2004 ) . Nielsen also appeared with Flav on VH1s Big in 04 Awards . In 2006 , she guest-starred on Flavs other reality show , Flavor of Love . In 2003 , Nielsen appeared in the Danish Big Brother VIP . In January 2005 , she was a contestant in Britains Celebrity Big Brother , along with her former mother-in-law , Jackie Stallone , coming third in the final public vote . In 2006 , she appeared in another reality TV series , VH1s . In 2007 , she starred in a new British mockumentary Killing Brigitte Nielsen , which aired on Sky Travel . She also appeared in the first season of Celebrity Rehab with Dr . Drew , which chronicled her struggle to overcome her alcoholism at the Pasadena Recovery Center in Pasadena , California . In May 2008 , Nielsen revealed on German television that she would renew her body by having six plastic surgeries , which would cost €66,000 altogether . She was filmed during those surgeries by RTL and she had her own television show Aus alt mach neu – Brigitte Nielsen in der Promi-Beauty-Klinik . The same show was broadcast twice in Italy : at first under the title Celebrity Makeover : Brigitte Nielsen on SKY Italia in 2008 and secondly in 2009 on Italia 1 . In 2009 , Nielsen appeared as a panel speaker to a new group of addicts at the Pasadena Recovery Center , anticipating the two-year mark of her sobriety that coming July . Her appearance was aired in the third-season episode Triggers , which aired in February 2010 . In 2010 , Nielsen appeared as one of the celebrity contestants of TF1 reality show La Ferme Célébrités , the French version of the TV series The Farm . She was eliminated after one week , mainly due to her lack of fluency in French and subsequent difficulties to interact with the other contestants . Nielsen was one of the celebrity contestants of 2010s Lets Dance , the German version of Dancing with the Stars . That same year , she also took part of Celebrity Come Dine With Me in Denmark ( Til middag hos.. . ) , and in Germany ( Das Perfekte Promi Dinner ) . From 13 January 2012 , Nielsen was one of the celebrity contestants and winner of Ich bin ein Star – Holt mich hier raus! , the German version of Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! , broadcast by RTL Television . On 28 January 2012 , she won the show as the Jungle Queen . Bild revealed on 30 January 2012 that Nielsen had received the most calls from TV viewers throughout the entire show , ranking No . 1 with 30 – 50% of all call-ins . Nielsen was paid 150.000 Euro ( approx . $163,000 ) for participating in the show , more than any other celebrity . In October 2012 , Nielsen was featured in the Danish version of Maestro broadcast on DR1 in which celebrities competed for the chance to conduct a classical orchestra . In September 2013 , she joined the cast of the German TV show Promi-Hochzeitsplanern ( Celebrity Wedding planners ) for Sat.1 . The following year , she joined the panel of the German TV show Promi Shopping Queen for VOX . From June 2015 , she has hosted her own talk show Gitte Talks on the Danish TV Channel Kanal 4 . From August 2016 , she has also presented the dating show Wirt sucht Liebe ( Is Looking for Love ) for the German TV channel RTL II . Personal life . Besides her native Danish , Nielsen is fluent in English , German and Italian , and has some understanding of French . Family and relationships . Nielsen has been married five times and has four sons and one daughter . Her first husband was Kasper Winding , to whom she was married in 1983–84 , and they have one son , Julian Winding ( he was largely raised by his father , with little contact between them ) . Nielsen married actor Sylvester Stallone on December 15 , 1985 at the Beverly Hills , California home of producer Irwin Winkler . Stallone and Nielsen worked together on 1985s Rocky IV ( they were engaged during the production , and married after the release ) . Their marriage lasted 19 months , with their divorce finalized in July 1987 . Their marriage and divorce were both highly publicised by the tabloid press . They had no children . Her second child , Killian Marcus Gastineau ( born in 1989 ) , was fathered by her ex-fiancé Mark Gastineau . Between 1990 and 1992 , she was married to director and photographer Sebastian Copeland . They had no children . Nielsen has two sons with fourth husband Raoul Meyer , Douglas Aaron ( born in April 1993 ) and Raoul , Jr . ( born in May 1995 ) . During a 2012 interview on the German reality TV show Ich bin ein Star – Holt mich hier raus! , she confessed to having had a one-night stand with Sean Penn in Cannes back in the early 1990s . In 2005 , she had a highly publicized relationship with rapper Flavor Flav . Nielsens current husband Mattia Dessì ( born on October 22 , 1978 ) lived with her in Italy as shown on Strange Love , which was filmed prior to their marriage . The couple got married in Malta on July 8 , 2006 . They reside in Palm Springs . On 28 May 2018 , Nielsen announced that she was pregnant with her fifth child . In June , she gave birth to a daughter , Frida , at the age of 54 ( her first girl ) . In her 2011 book , she revealed having had an affair with Arnold Schwarzenegger during filming of Red Sonja , when Schwarzenegger began dating Maria Shriver . Schwarzenegger confirmed this in July 2020 . Alcohol problems . On July 9 , 2007 , Nielsen checked herself into the Cri-Help rehabilitation facility in North Hollywood following what some reports claim was a family intervention . Her manager , Steven Tempone , confirmed on 19 July 2007 that she had checked into a rehabilitation center and said , All I know is its something she did of her own free will and were proud of her and wish her very well.. . When she gets out well have a big birthday party , and Coca-Cola only . As of 22 July 2007 , Nielsen was out of rehabilitation to attend the Comedy Central roast of Flavor Flav . She remarked that she felt like a new-born person .. . I made a choice about a new life . Its not been easy but it was definitely time . While the date that Nielsen checked into rehabilitation was reported , she had been in treatment for a few weeks . On January 10 , 2008 , VH1 began airing the reality TV series Celebrity Rehab . Nielsen appeared on the show for alcoholism . In a January 2010 , TV Guide story on her success with sobriety , Celebrity Rehab producer John Irwin stated , Shes sober , and she quit smoking . Plastic surgery . In mid-2008 , Nielsen starred in the reality show Aus alt mach neu , broadcast by German TV station RTL . The theme of the show was Nielsens attempt to look as young as her husband by undergoing plastic surgery . The show was aired in Italy as well , on SKY Italia during December 2008 and the following summer on Italia 1 . Discography . Albums . - 1988 Every Body Tells a Story - 1992 Im the One.. . Nobody Else - 2008 Brigitte Nielsen ( re-release of Im the One.. . Nobody Else and Every Body Tells a Story ) Singles . - Body Next to Body – Falco meets Brigitte Nielsen ; 1987 ; ( No . 6 Austria , No . 22 Germany , No . 1 Japan ) - Every Body Tells a Story ; 1987 ; ( No . 38 Italy ; No . 15 Germany ) - Maybe ; 1988 - Siento ; 1988 ( South America only ) - Its a Strange Love ; 1988 - Rockin Like a Radio ; 1990 - My Girl ( My Guy ) ; 1991 - How Could You Let Me Go? ; 1992 - Work That Body ; 1993 - No More Turning Back ( as Gitta ) ; 2000 ; released by Jive ; ( No . 1 Spain , No . 1 Eurodance chart ; No . 64 Netherlands , No . 54 UK ) - Everybodys Turning Back ( as Gitta vs . Rozalla ) - Tic Toc ( as Gitta ) ; 2001 ; released by Blanco y Negro - Youre No Lady ( as Gitta with Ru Paul ) ; 2002 ; released by Do It Yourself ; ( No . 1 Spain ) - Misery ( as Gitte Nielsen with Spleen United ) ; 2012 |
[
"Sylvester Stallone"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Brigitte Nielsen from Dec 1985 to Jul 1987? | /wiki/Brigitte_Nielsen#P26#1 | Brigitte Nielsen Brigitte Nielsen ( ; born Gitte Nielsen ; 15 July 1963 ) is a Danish actress , model , singer and reality television personality . She began her career modeling for Greg Gorman and Helmut Newton . She subsequently acted in the 1985 films Red Sonja and Rocky IV , later returning to the Rocky series in Creed II ( 2018 ) . She is also known for her marriage to Sylvester Stallone , with whom she starred in the 1986 film Cobra . She played a villain in Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) and starred as the Black Witch in the 1990s Italian film series Fantaghirò . She later built a career starring in B-movies , hosting TV shows , and appearing on reality shows . Early life . Brigitte Nielsen was born Gitte Nielsen in Rødovre , Denmark . She is the daughter of Hanne , a librarian , and Svend Nielsen , an engineer , and the ex-sister-in-law of Drive director Nicolas Winding Refn . Career . Modeling . Standing , at the beginning of the 1980s , Nielsen did some modeling work , and was photographed by Greg Gorman and Helmut Newton . Nielsen posed for Playboy magazine multiple times , garnering the cover in December 1987 . In the late 1980s , Marvel Comics approached Nielsen to pose for photographs dressed as the comic book character She-Hulk . Nielsens exploits were well-covered in the entertainment media in the 1980s , and the world press started referring to her as an Amazon because of her tall stature . Acting . In 1985 , Nielsen began her acting career in the fantasy film Red Sonja alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger . That same year , she married Sylvester Stallone ; the couple acted in two films together ( Rocky IV and Cobra ) before divorcing in 1987 . In 1987 , Nielsen played Karla Fry in the film Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) , alongside Eddie Murphy . Subsequently , she starred in 976-Evil II , The Double 0 Kid ( 1992 ) , Chained Heat II ( 1993 ) , Galaxis ( 1995 ) , and Snowboard Academy ( 1996 ) . She starred as the villainess of the Italian TV fantasy film Fantaghirò 2 and its sequels ( 1992–1996 ) ; her character was supposed to be killed off in the first of these films , but was then brought back due to popular demand . In 2011 , Nielsen voice acted for the Danish animated comedy film Ronal the Barbarian . In 2012 , she played in the horror movie Eldorado . In 2013 , she has featured in the short art film The Key alongside Ray Stevenson . In 2014 , she starred in the science-fiction film Exodus , in the TV series Raising Hope , and in the action film Mercenaries . In 2017 , she joined the cast of TV series Adi Shankars Gods and Secrets . In 2018 , she reprised her role of Ludmilla Drago from Rocky IV in Creed II . Music and writing . Nielsen started a music career in 1987 . She released her debut album Every Body Tells a Story in that year and recorded a duet with Austrian pop star Falco , Giorgio Moroders penned Body Next to Body which went to No . 22 in Germany and No . 6 in Austria . She released a follow-up album , Im the One.. . Nobody Else , in 1991 . Nielsen released a few songs under the pseudonym Gitta because producers wanted to see if she could succeed as a singer without her name on the cover . The first song No More Turning Back peaked at No . 54 on the British Single Charts , No . 63 on the Dutch Single Charts and even reached the Top 10 in Spain . Other tracks recorded as Gitta were 2001s Tic Toc and 2002s Youre No Lady , a collaboration with Ru Paul . Nielsen appeared in Michael Jacksons Liberian Girl music video in 1989 and in metal band Korns music video for the single Make Me Bad in 2000 . In 2008 , German record label Edel Music re-released her 1991 album Im the One.. . Nobody Else and the 1987 Every Body Tells a Story under the title Brigitte Nielsen . In 2012 , she performed ( as Gitte Nielsen ) on the song Misery with Spleen United , from the album School of Euphoria . In 2009 , she published her first autobiography in Scandinavia titled Gitte Nielsen – Du har kun ét liv – sådan fandt jeg tilbage til mig selv ( You only have one life – this is how I found myself again ) . The book reached the Top 5 of Denmarks bestseller list and was released in the United Kingdom under the title You Only Get One Life in 2011 . Television . Nielsen has worked for Italian television , hosting shows such as : Festival ( 1987 ) , the 1992 edition of the Sanremo Music Festival , Retromarsh ! ( 1996–1997 ) , and ..la sai lultima ? ( 1999 ) . In 1997 , she hosted a talk show series Gittes venner for a Danish TV network and some TV shows for RTSI , the Italian language Swiss television network . She guest starred for an episode of the German TV series Stuttgart Homicide , aired by ZDF on 28 March 2011 , guest-hosted the British chat show Loose Women on 7 December 2010 . In April 2011 , she attended the British variety/talent show Sing If You Can , which aired on ITV . Nielsen appeared on the first season of the Italian production of The Mole ( 2004 ) and on the third season of the VH1 reality show The Surreal Life ( 2004 ) . Nielsen also appeared with Flav on VH1s Big in 04 Awards . In 2006 , she guest-starred on Flavs other reality show , Flavor of Love . In 2003 , Nielsen appeared in the Danish Big Brother VIP . In January 2005 , she was a contestant in Britains Celebrity Big Brother , along with her former mother-in-law , Jackie Stallone , coming third in the final public vote . In 2006 , she appeared in another reality TV series , VH1s . In 2007 , she starred in a new British mockumentary Killing Brigitte Nielsen , which aired on Sky Travel . She also appeared in the first season of Celebrity Rehab with Dr . Drew , which chronicled her struggle to overcome her alcoholism at the Pasadena Recovery Center in Pasadena , California . In May 2008 , Nielsen revealed on German television that she would renew her body by having six plastic surgeries , which would cost €66,000 altogether . She was filmed during those surgeries by RTL and she had her own television show Aus alt mach neu – Brigitte Nielsen in der Promi-Beauty-Klinik . The same show was broadcast twice in Italy : at first under the title Celebrity Makeover : Brigitte Nielsen on SKY Italia in 2008 and secondly in 2009 on Italia 1 . In 2009 , Nielsen appeared as a panel speaker to a new group of addicts at the Pasadena Recovery Center , anticipating the two-year mark of her sobriety that coming July . Her appearance was aired in the third-season episode Triggers , which aired in February 2010 . In 2010 , Nielsen appeared as one of the celebrity contestants of TF1 reality show La Ferme Célébrités , the French version of the TV series The Farm . She was eliminated after one week , mainly due to her lack of fluency in French and subsequent difficulties to interact with the other contestants . Nielsen was one of the celebrity contestants of 2010s Lets Dance , the German version of Dancing with the Stars . That same year , she also took part of Celebrity Come Dine With Me in Denmark ( Til middag hos.. . ) , and in Germany ( Das Perfekte Promi Dinner ) . From 13 January 2012 , Nielsen was one of the celebrity contestants and winner of Ich bin ein Star – Holt mich hier raus! , the German version of Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! , broadcast by RTL Television . On 28 January 2012 , she won the show as the Jungle Queen . Bild revealed on 30 January 2012 that Nielsen had received the most calls from TV viewers throughout the entire show , ranking No . 1 with 30 – 50% of all call-ins . Nielsen was paid 150.000 Euro ( approx . $163,000 ) for participating in the show , more than any other celebrity . In October 2012 , Nielsen was featured in the Danish version of Maestro broadcast on DR1 in which celebrities competed for the chance to conduct a classical orchestra . In September 2013 , she joined the cast of the German TV show Promi-Hochzeitsplanern ( Celebrity Wedding planners ) for Sat.1 . The following year , she joined the panel of the German TV show Promi Shopping Queen for VOX . From June 2015 , she has hosted her own talk show Gitte Talks on the Danish TV Channel Kanal 4 . From August 2016 , she has also presented the dating show Wirt sucht Liebe ( Is Looking for Love ) for the German TV channel RTL II . Personal life . Besides her native Danish , Nielsen is fluent in English , German and Italian , and has some understanding of French . Family and relationships . Nielsen has been married five times and has four sons and one daughter . Her first husband was Kasper Winding , to whom she was married in 1983–84 , and they have one son , Julian Winding ( he was largely raised by his father , with little contact between them ) . Nielsen married actor Sylvester Stallone on December 15 , 1985 at the Beverly Hills , California home of producer Irwin Winkler . Stallone and Nielsen worked together on 1985s Rocky IV ( they were engaged during the production , and married after the release ) . Their marriage lasted 19 months , with their divorce finalized in July 1987 . Their marriage and divorce were both highly publicised by the tabloid press . They had no children . Her second child , Killian Marcus Gastineau ( born in 1989 ) , was fathered by her ex-fiancé Mark Gastineau . Between 1990 and 1992 , she was married to director and photographer Sebastian Copeland . They had no children . Nielsen has two sons with fourth husband Raoul Meyer , Douglas Aaron ( born in April 1993 ) and Raoul , Jr . ( born in May 1995 ) . During a 2012 interview on the German reality TV show Ich bin ein Star – Holt mich hier raus! , she confessed to having had a one-night stand with Sean Penn in Cannes back in the early 1990s . In 2005 , she had a highly publicized relationship with rapper Flavor Flav . Nielsens current husband Mattia Dessì ( born on October 22 , 1978 ) lived with her in Italy as shown on Strange Love , which was filmed prior to their marriage . The couple got married in Malta on July 8 , 2006 . They reside in Palm Springs . On 28 May 2018 , Nielsen announced that she was pregnant with her fifth child . In June , she gave birth to a daughter , Frida , at the age of 54 ( her first girl ) . In her 2011 book , she revealed having had an affair with Arnold Schwarzenegger during filming of Red Sonja , when Schwarzenegger began dating Maria Shriver . Schwarzenegger confirmed this in July 2020 . Alcohol problems . On July 9 , 2007 , Nielsen checked herself into the Cri-Help rehabilitation facility in North Hollywood following what some reports claim was a family intervention . Her manager , Steven Tempone , confirmed on 19 July 2007 that she had checked into a rehabilitation center and said , All I know is its something she did of her own free will and were proud of her and wish her very well.. . When she gets out well have a big birthday party , and Coca-Cola only . As of 22 July 2007 , Nielsen was out of rehabilitation to attend the Comedy Central roast of Flavor Flav . She remarked that she felt like a new-born person .. . I made a choice about a new life . Its not been easy but it was definitely time . While the date that Nielsen checked into rehabilitation was reported , she had been in treatment for a few weeks . On January 10 , 2008 , VH1 began airing the reality TV series Celebrity Rehab . Nielsen appeared on the show for alcoholism . In a January 2010 , TV Guide story on her success with sobriety , Celebrity Rehab producer John Irwin stated , Shes sober , and she quit smoking . Plastic surgery . In mid-2008 , Nielsen starred in the reality show Aus alt mach neu , broadcast by German TV station RTL . The theme of the show was Nielsens attempt to look as young as her husband by undergoing plastic surgery . The show was aired in Italy as well , on SKY Italia during December 2008 and the following summer on Italia 1 . Discography . Albums . - 1988 Every Body Tells a Story - 1992 Im the One.. . Nobody Else - 2008 Brigitte Nielsen ( re-release of Im the One.. . Nobody Else and Every Body Tells a Story ) Singles . - Body Next to Body – Falco meets Brigitte Nielsen ; 1987 ; ( No . 6 Austria , No . 22 Germany , No . 1 Japan ) - Every Body Tells a Story ; 1987 ; ( No . 38 Italy ; No . 15 Germany ) - Maybe ; 1988 - Siento ; 1988 ( South America only ) - Its a Strange Love ; 1988 - Rockin Like a Radio ; 1990 - My Girl ( My Guy ) ; 1991 - How Could You Let Me Go? ; 1992 - Work That Body ; 1993 - No More Turning Back ( as Gitta ) ; 2000 ; released by Jive ; ( No . 1 Spain , No . 1 Eurodance chart ; No . 64 Netherlands , No . 54 UK ) - Everybodys Turning Back ( as Gitta vs . Rozalla ) - Tic Toc ( as Gitta ) ; 2001 ; released by Blanco y Negro - Youre No Lady ( as Gitta with Ru Paul ) ; 2002 ; released by Do It Yourself ; ( No . 1 Spain ) - Misery ( as Gitte Nielsen with Spleen United ) ; 2012 |
[
"Sebastian Copeland"
] | easy | Who was Brigitte Nielsen 's spouse from Sep 1990 to 1992? | /wiki/Brigitte_Nielsen#P26#2 | Brigitte Nielsen Brigitte Nielsen ( ; born Gitte Nielsen ; 15 July 1963 ) is a Danish actress , model , singer and reality television personality . She began her career modeling for Greg Gorman and Helmut Newton . She subsequently acted in the 1985 films Red Sonja and Rocky IV , later returning to the Rocky series in Creed II ( 2018 ) . She is also known for her marriage to Sylvester Stallone , with whom she starred in the 1986 film Cobra . She played a villain in Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) and starred as the Black Witch in the 1990s Italian film series Fantaghirò . She later built a career starring in B-movies , hosting TV shows , and appearing on reality shows . Early life . Brigitte Nielsen was born Gitte Nielsen in Rødovre , Denmark . She is the daughter of Hanne , a librarian , and Svend Nielsen , an engineer , and the ex-sister-in-law of Drive director Nicolas Winding Refn . Career . Modeling . Standing , at the beginning of the 1980s , Nielsen did some modeling work , and was photographed by Greg Gorman and Helmut Newton . Nielsen posed for Playboy magazine multiple times , garnering the cover in December 1987 . In the late 1980s , Marvel Comics approached Nielsen to pose for photographs dressed as the comic book character She-Hulk . Nielsens exploits were well-covered in the entertainment media in the 1980s , and the world press started referring to her as an Amazon because of her tall stature . Acting . In 1985 , Nielsen began her acting career in the fantasy film Red Sonja alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger . That same year , she married Sylvester Stallone ; the couple acted in two films together ( Rocky IV and Cobra ) before divorcing in 1987 . In 1987 , Nielsen played Karla Fry in the film Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) , alongside Eddie Murphy . Subsequently , she starred in 976-Evil II , The Double 0 Kid ( 1992 ) , Chained Heat II ( 1993 ) , Galaxis ( 1995 ) , and Snowboard Academy ( 1996 ) . She starred as the villainess of the Italian TV fantasy film Fantaghirò 2 and its sequels ( 1992–1996 ) ; her character was supposed to be killed off in the first of these films , but was then brought back due to popular demand . In 2011 , Nielsen voice acted for the Danish animated comedy film Ronal the Barbarian . In 2012 , she played in the horror movie Eldorado . In 2013 , she has featured in the short art film The Key alongside Ray Stevenson . In 2014 , she starred in the science-fiction film Exodus , in the TV series Raising Hope , and in the action film Mercenaries . In 2017 , she joined the cast of TV series Adi Shankars Gods and Secrets . In 2018 , she reprised her role of Ludmilla Drago from Rocky IV in Creed II . Music and writing . Nielsen started a music career in 1987 . She released her debut album Every Body Tells a Story in that year and recorded a duet with Austrian pop star Falco , Giorgio Moroders penned Body Next to Body which went to No . 22 in Germany and No . 6 in Austria . She released a follow-up album , Im the One.. . Nobody Else , in 1991 . Nielsen released a few songs under the pseudonym Gitta because producers wanted to see if she could succeed as a singer without her name on the cover . The first song No More Turning Back peaked at No . 54 on the British Single Charts , No . 63 on the Dutch Single Charts and even reached the Top 10 in Spain . Other tracks recorded as Gitta were 2001s Tic Toc and 2002s Youre No Lady , a collaboration with Ru Paul . Nielsen appeared in Michael Jacksons Liberian Girl music video in 1989 and in metal band Korns music video for the single Make Me Bad in 2000 . In 2008 , German record label Edel Music re-released her 1991 album Im the One.. . Nobody Else and the 1987 Every Body Tells a Story under the title Brigitte Nielsen . In 2012 , she performed ( as Gitte Nielsen ) on the song Misery with Spleen United , from the album School of Euphoria . In 2009 , she published her first autobiography in Scandinavia titled Gitte Nielsen – Du har kun ét liv – sådan fandt jeg tilbage til mig selv ( You only have one life – this is how I found myself again ) . The book reached the Top 5 of Denmarks bestseller list and was released in the United Kingdom under the title You Only Get One Life in 2011 . Television . Nielsen has worked for Italian television , hosting shows such as : Festival ( 1987 ) , the 1992 edition of the Sanremo Music Festival , Retromarsh ! ( 1996–1997 ) , and ..la sai lultima ? ( 1999 ) . In 1997 , she hosted a talk show series Gittes venner for a Danish TV network and some TV shows for RTSI , the Italian language Swiss television network . She guest starred for an episode of the German TV series Stuttgart Homicide , aired by ZDF on 28 March 2011 , guest-hosted the British chat show Loose Women on 7 December 2010 . In April 2011 , she attended the British variety/talent show Sing If You Can , which aired on ITV . Nielsen appeared on the first season of the Italian production of The Mole ( 2004 ) and on the third season of the VH1 reality show The Surreal Life ( 2004 ) . Nielsen also appeared with Flav on VH1s Big in 04 Awards . In 2006 , she guest-starred on Flavs other reality show , Flavor of Love . In 2003 , Nielsen appeared in the Danish Big Brother VIP . In January 2005 , she was a contestant in Britains Celebrity Big Brother , along with her former mother-in-law , Jackie Stallone , coming third in the final public vote . In 2006 , she appeared in another reality TV series , VH1s . In 2007 , she starred in a new British mockumentary Killing Brigitte Nielsen , which aired on Sky Travel . She also appeared in the first season of Celebrity Rehab with Dr . Drew , which chronicled her struggle to overcome her alcoholism at the Pasadena Recovery Center in Pasadena , California . In May 2008 , Nielsen revealed on German television that she would renew her body by having six plastic surgeries , which would cost €66,000 altogether . She was filmed during those surgeries by RTL and she had her own television show Aus alt mach neu – Brigitte Nielsen in der Promi-Beauty-Klinik . The same show was broadcast twice in Italy : at first under the title Celebrity Makeover : Brigitte Nielsen on SKY Italia in 2008 and secondly in 2009 on Italia 1 . In 2009 , Nielsen appeared as a panel speaker to a new group of addicts at the Pasadena Recovery Center , anticipating the two-year mark of her sobriety that coming July . Her appearance was aired in the third-season episode Triggers , which aired in February 2010 . In 2010 , Nielsen appeared as one of the celebrity contestants of TF1 reality show La Ferme Célébrités , the French version of the TV series The Farm . She was eliminated after one week , mainly due to her lack of fluency in French and subsequent difficulties to interact with the other contestants . Nielsen was one of the celebrity contestants of 2010s Lets Dance , the German version of Dancing with the Stars . That same year , she also took part of Celebrity Come Dine With Me in Denmark ( Til middag hos.. . ) , and in Germany ( Das Perfekte Promi Dinner ) . From 13 January 2012 , Nielsen was one of the celebrity contestants and winner of Ich bin ein Star – Holt mich hier raus! , the German version of Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! , broadcast by RTL Television . On 28 January 2012 , she won the show as the Jungle Queen . Bild revealed on 30 January 2012 that Nielsen had received the most calls from TV viewers throughout the entire show , ranking No . 1 with 30 – 50% of all call-ins . Nielsen was paid 150.000 Euro ( approx . $163,000 ) for participating in the show , more than any other celebrity . In October 2012 , Nielsen was featured in the Danish version of Maestro broadcast on DR1 in which celebrities competed for the chance to conduct a classical orchestra . In September 2013 , she joined the cast of the German TV show Promi-Hochzeitsplanern ( Celebrity Wedding planners ) for Sat.1 . The following year , she joined the panel of the German TV show Promi Shopping Queen for VOX . From June 2015 , she has hosted her own talk show Gitte Talks on the Danish TV Channel Kanal 4 . From August 2016 , she has also presented the dating show Wirt sucht Liebe ( Is Looking for Love ) for the German TV channel RTL II . Personal life . Besides her native Danish , Nielsen is fluent in English , German and Italian , and has some understanding of French . Family and relationships . Nielsen has been married five times and has four sons and one daughter . Her first husband was Kasper Winding , to whom she was married in 1983–84 , and they have one son , Julian Winding ( he was largely raised by his father , with little contact between them ) . Nielsen married actor Sylvester Stallone on December 15 , 1985 at the Beverly Hills , California home of producer Irwin Winkler . Stallone and Nielsen worked together on 1985s Rocky IV ( they were engaged during the production , and married after the release ) . Their marriage lasted 19 months , with their divorce finalized in July 1987 . Their marriage and divorce were both highly publicised by the tabloid press . They had no children . Her second child , Killian Marcus Gastineau ( born in 1989 ) , was fathered by her ex-fiancé Mark Gastineau . Between 1990 and 1992 , she was married to director and photographer Sebastian Copeland . They had no children . Nielsen has two sons with fourth husband Raoul Meyer , Douglas Aaron ( born in April 1993 ) and Raoul , Jr . ( born in May 1995 ) . During a 2012 interview on the German reality TV show Ich bin ein Star – Holt mich hier raus! , she confessed to having had a one-night stand with Sean Penn in Cannes back in the early 1990s . In 2005 , she had a highly publicized relationship with rapper Flavor Flav . Nielsens current husband Mattia Dessì ( born on October 22 , 1978 ) lived with her in Italy as shown on Strange Love , which was filmed prior to their marriage . The couple got married in Malta on July 8 , 2006 . They reside in Palm Springs . On 28 May 2018 , Nielsen announced that she was pregnant with her fifth child . In June , she gave birth to a daughter , Frida , at the age of 54 ( her first girl ) . In her 2011 book , she revealed having had an affair with Arnold Schwarzenegger during filming of Red Sonja , when Schwarzenegger began dating Maria Shriver . Schwarzenegger confirmed this in July 2020 . Alcohol problems . On July 9 , 2007 , Nielsen checked herself into the Cri-Help rehabilitation facility in North Hollywood following what some reports claim was a family intervention . Her manager , Steven Tempone , confirmed on 19 July 2007 that she had checked into a rehabilitation center and said , All I know is its something she did of her own free will and were proud of her and wish her very well.. . When she gets out well have a big birthday party , and Coca-Cola only . As of 22 July 2007 , Nielsen was out of rehabilitation to attend the Comedy Central roast of Flavor Flav . She remarked that she felt like a new-born person .. . I made a choice about a new life . Its not been easy but it was definitely time . While the date that Nielsen checked into rehabilitation was reported , she had been in treatment for a few weeks . On January 10 , 2008 , VH1 began airing the reality TV series Celebrity Rehab . Nielsen appeared on the show for alcoholism . In a January 2010 , TV Guide story on her success with sobriety , Celebrity Rehab producer John Irwin stated , Shes sober , and she quit smoking . Plastic surgery . In mid-2008 , Nielsen starred in the reality show Aus alt mach neu , broadcast by German TV station RTL . The theme of the show was Nielsens attempt to look as young as her husband by undergoing plastic surgery . The show was aired in Italy as well , on SKY Italia during December 2008 and the following summer on Italia 1 . Discography . Albums . - 1988 Every Body Tells a Story - 1992 Im the One.. . Nobody Else - 2008 Brigitte Nielsen ( re-release of Im the One.. . Nobody Else and Every Body Tells a Story ) Singles . - Body Next to Body – Falco meets Brigitte Nielsen ; 1987 ; ( No . 6 Austria , No . 22 Germany , No . 1 Japan ) - Every Body Tells a Story ; 1987 ; ( No . 38 Italy ; No . 15 Germany ) - Maybe ; 1988 - Siento ; 1988 ( South America only ) - Its a Strange Love ; 1988 - Rockin Like a Radio ; 1990 - My Girl ( My Guy ) ; 1991 - How Could You Let Me Go? ; 1992 - Work That Body ; 1993 - No More Turning Back ( as Gitta ) ; 2000 ; released by Jive ; ( No . 1 Spain , No . 1 Eurodance chart ; No . 64 Netherlands , No . 54 UK ) - Everybodys Turning Back ( as Gitta vs . Rozalla ) - Tic Toc ( as Gitta ) ; 2001 ; released by Blanco y Negro - Youre No Lady ( as Gitta with Ru Paul ) ; 2002 ; released by Do It Yourself ; ( No . 1 Spain ) - Misery ( as Gitte Nielsen with Spleen United ) ; 2012 |
[
""
] | easy | Which school did Albio Sires go to from 1969 to 1970? | /wiki/Albio_Sires#P69#0 | Albio Sires Albio B . Sires ( born January 26 , 1951 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S . Representative for since 2006 . The district , numbered as the 13th district from 2006 to 2013 , includes most of northern and eastern Jersey City , as well as most of Newarks Latino neighborhoods . Sires is a member of the Democratic Party . Sires represented district 33 in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2000 to 2006 , serving as Speaker of the New Jersey House from 2002 to 2006 . Early life . Sires was born on January 26 , 1951 , in Bejucal , Cuba . He immigrated to the United States with his family at age 11 with the help of relatives in the U.S . He eventually settled in West New York , New Jersey ; he still lives there , in a town that was 78.08% Hispanic according to the 2010 census . He attended Public School 4 , where he and his brother were two of only three Latinos in the school . Sires learned English from a teacher who used flashcards and phonetics , and subsequently attended Memorial High School , where he was a star basketball player , whose skills on the court helped him obtain a basketball scholarship to Saint Peters College . He received a B.A . in 1974 in Spanish and marketing . He received an M.A . in Spanish from Middlebury College in 1985 . Early career . Teaching and business . Sires worked at Memorial High School as a teacher and coach . He is the owner of A.M . Title Agency Inc . New Jersey government . Sires first ran for office as the Republican nominee for New Jerseys 14th congressional district . Sires was the first Hispanic mayor of West New York and in 2004 was elected mayor of the year by his fellow mayors . Sires served as the Speaker of the Assembly from 2002 to 2006 and was the first Hispanic person to serve as New Jerseys Assembly Speaker . He was considered a surprise pick for speaker , since he had only served one term in the Assembly before taking the position . It has been reported that he was elected as speaker after Governor-elect Jim McGreevey decided he did not want then Assembly Minority Leader Joseph Doria , a former speaker , to serve as speaker during his governorship . Sires was an active Democrat in the 1970s and 1980s . He switched to the Republican Party in 1985 and ran for Congress in 1986 against Frank Guarini . Sires lost that election , 71% to 26% . Sires left the Republican Party in 1994 and became a registered independent . Sires rejoined the Democratic Party in 1998 . Three years later , he became speaker . During his tenure as speaker , Sires served as acting governor of New Jersey on several occasions , when McGreevey and Richard Codey left the state . He was the first Hispanic person to serve as an acting governor of New Jersey . As acting governor , Sires signed several bills into law and performed routine duties of the office . For the 2006–08 legislative session , Sires was given the largely honorary title of Speaker Emeritus . He is a former chair of the Legislative Services Commission . Sires stepped down from his seat in the Assembly , and was replaced by Silverio Vega , whom the Democratic district committee chose to replace Sires . Vega was sworn into office on December 11 , 2006 . Sires was the mayor of West New York , New Jersey , from 1995 to 2006 . He was succeeded by Vega , who will retain his mayoral seat while he simultaneously serves in the Assembly , joining three fellow Hudson County mayors—Brian Stack of Union City in the Assembly and Nicholas Sacco of North Bergen and Joseph Doria of Bayonne in the New Jersey Senate—who serve as both mayors and in the New Jersey Legislature . For many years , it was common for New Jersey mayors to serve in the legislature ; this practice of double dipping was abolished in 2006 , but who had been in both positions before the February 1 , 2008 , cutoff date were grandfathered in and could retain both jobs . During the time that Sires served in the Assembly , he was paid $49,000 for his state legislative position and $15,000 annually as mayor . U.S . House of Representatives . Tenure . Sires has voted with the Democratic Party 93% of the time since joining Congress . Sires is a member of the Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus . - Mass transit Sires is seen as a champion of mass transit . He supports federal funding for public transportation projects , believing they will help his constituents . He was an advocate for a $9 billion federal , state and locally-funded public transit tunnel from New Jersey to New York that broke ground in June 2009 . The project was expected to employ thousands of people . In March 2012 , Sires pushed for a two-year bill that would help by funding highways and mass transit . He also pushed to extend the surface transportation bill so the House and Senate could reconcile the differences between the House bill and the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act ( MAP-21 ) . - Housing Sires has made affordable housing one of his priorities . Residents of his district pay more for housing—including rent and home prices—than most places in the country . He has supported legislation focused on making housing more affordable . - Iran deal Sires opposed the nuclear deal with Iran , saying , I do not feel the agreement will prevent them from acquiring a nuclear weapon . - Nagorno-Karabakh conflict On October 1 , 2020 , Sires co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo that condemned Azerbaijan’s offensive operations against the Armenian-occupied enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh and denounced Turkey’s role in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict . Committee assignments . - Committee on Foreign Affairs - Subcommittee on Europe and Eurasia - Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere ( Chair ) - Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Subcommittee on Highways and Transit - Subcommittee on Railroads , Pipelines , and Hazardous Materials - Committee on the Budget Caucus memberships . - Congressional Arts Caucus - Congressional Hispanic Caucus Political campaigns . - 2006 In 2006 , 13-year incumbent Democrat Bob Menendez moved to the United States Senate to fill the seat vacated by Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine . Sires then entered the race to succeed him . He ran in two Democratic primary elections on June 6 , 2006—a special primary for the last two months of Menendezs seventh term , and a regular primary for a full two-year term . In the special primary to fill the remaining two months , Sires won about 90% of the vote , defeating James Geron . This all but assured Sires of being the next congressman from this heavily Democratic , Latino-majority district . Sires beat Assemblyman and Perth Amboy Mayor Joseph Vas in a bitter primary with 68% of the vote , winning in Union , Hudson and Essex Counties , while Vas won Middlesex County . No Republican even filed , assuring Sires of a full term . The 13th is so heavily Democratic that any Republican who filed would have faced nearly impossible odds . Sires faced Republican John Guarini—a salesman and second cousin of former Congressman Frank J . Guarini—who was unopposed for the GOP nomination . Vas did not seek the unexpired term seat . After winning the election with 78% of the vote , Sires was sworn into the House on November 13 , 2006 , to fill the remainder of Menendezs term . CQPolitics wrote , Sires’ likely November victories would cap off his ambitions for a House seat , which he first expressed exactly 20 years ago under very different circumstances . He ran that year as the Republican challenger to entrenched incumbent Guarini , but managed only 27 percent of the vote . Sires is part of a handful of Cuban lawmakers serving in the House , though , other than during the lone term served by Floridas Joe Garcia from 2013 to 2015 , he has been the only Democrat . - 2010 The New York Times rated the 13th district solid Democratic in 2010 . Sires was challenged by Republican nominee Henrietta Dwyer ; he defeated her with 74% of the vote . - 2012 After New Jersey lost a district in the 2010 census , Sires ran for reelection in the 8th district , essentially a reconfigured version of the old 13th . In the primary election , he faced 25-year-old candidate Michael J . Shurin , whose campaign largely focused on the legalization of marijuana . Awards and honors . On October 4 , 2013 , Siress hometown of West New York , New Jersey , honored him by renaming its Public School No . 4 the Albio Sires Elementary School . The school , at 6300 Palisade Avenue , is the elementary school that Sires attended as a child . In attendance at the ceremony were West New York Mayor Felix Roque and U.S . Senator Robert Menendez . Personal life . Sires and his wife , Adrienne , live in West New York . |
[
"Middlebury College"
] | easy | Which school did Albio Sires go to from 1974 to 1985? | /wiki/Albio_Sires#P69#1 | Albio Sires Albio B . Sires ( born January 26 , 1951 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S . Representative for since 2006 . The district , numbered as the 13th district from 2006 to 2013 , includes most of northern and eastern Jersey City , as well as most of Newarks Latino neighborhoods . Sires is a member of the Democratic Party . Sires represented district 33 in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2000 to 2006 , serving as Speaker of the New Jersey House from 2002 to 2006 . Early life . Sires was born on January 26 , 1951 , in Bejucal , Cuba . He immigrated to the United States with his family at age 11 with the help of relatives in the U.S . He eventually settled in West New York , New Jersey ; he still lives there , in a town that was 78.08% Hispanic according to the 2010 census . He attended Public School 4 , where he and his brother were two of only three Latinos in the school . Sires learned English from a teacher who used flashcards and phonetics , and subsequently attended Memorial High School , where he was a star basketball player , whose skills on the court helped him obtain a basketball scholarship to Saint Peters College . He received a B.A . in 1974 in Spanish and marketing . He received an M.A . in Spanish from Middlebury College in 1985 . Early career . Teaching and business . Sires worked at Memorial High School as a teacher and coach . He is the owner of A.M . Title Agency Inc . New Jersey government . Sires first ran for office as the Republican nominee for New Jerseys 14th congressional district . Sires was the first Hispanic mayor of West New York and in 2004 was elected mayor of the year by his fellow mayors . Sires served as the Speaker of the Assembly from 2002 to 2006 and was the first Hispanic person to serve as New Jerseys Assembly Speaker . He was considered a surprise pick for speaker , since he had only served one term in the Assembly before taking the position . It has been reported that he was elected as speaker after Governor-elect Jim McGreevey decided he did not want then Assembly Minority Leader Joseph Doria , a former speaker , to serve as speaker during his governorship . Sires was an active Democrat in the 1970s and 1980s . He switched to the Republican Party in 1985 and ran for Congress in 1986 against Frank Guarini . Sires lost that election , 71% to 26% . Sires left the Republican Party in 1994 and became a registered independent . Sires rejoined the Democratic Party in 1998 . Three years later , he became speaker . During his tenure as speaker , Sires served as acting governor of New Jersey on several occasions , when McGreevey and Richard Codey left the state . He was the first Hispanic person to serve as an acting governor of New Jersey . As acting governor , Sires signed several bills into law and performed routine duties of the office . For the 2006–08 legislative session , Sires was given the largely honorary title of Speaker Emeritus . He is a former chair of the Legislative Services Commission . Sires stepped down from his seat in the Assembly , and was replaced by Silverio Vega , whom the Democratic district committee chose to replace Sires . Vega was sworn into office on December 11 , 2006 . Sires was the mayor of West New York , New Jersey , from 1995 to 2006 . He was succeeded by Vega , who will retain his mayoral seat while he simultaneously serves in the Assembly , joining three fellow Hudson County mayors—Brian Stack of Union City in the Assembly and Nicholas Sacco of North Bergen and Joseph Doria of Bayonne in the New Jersey Senate—who serve as both mayors and in the New Jersey Legislature . For many years , it was common for New Jersey mayors to serve in the legislature ; this practice of double dipping was abolished in 2006 , but who had been in both positions before the February 1 , 2008 , cutoff date were grandfathered in and could retain both jobs . During the time that Sires served in the Assembly , he was paid $49,000 for his state legislative position and $15,000 annually as mayor . U.S . House of Representatives . Tenure . Sires has voted with the Democratic Party 93% of the time since joining Congress . Sires is a member of the Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus . - Mass transit Sires is seen as a champion of mass transit . He supports federal funding for public transportation projects , believing they will help his constituents . He was an advocate for a $9 billion federal , state and locally-funded public transit tunnel from New Jersey to New York that broke ground in June 2009 . The project was expected to employ thousands of people . In March 2012 , Sires pushed for a two-year bill that would help by funding highways and mass transit . He also pushed to extend the surface transportation bill so the House and Senate could reconcile the differences between the House bill and the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act ( MAP-21 ) . - Housing Sires has made affordable housing one of his priorities . Residents of his district pay more for housing—including rent and home prices—than most places in the country . He has supported legislation focused on making housing more affordable . - Iran deal Sires opposed the nuclear deal with Iran , saying , I do not feel the agreement will prevent them from acquiring a nuclear weapon . - Nagorno-Karabakh conflict On October 1 , 2020 , Sires co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo that condemned Azerbaijan’s offensive operations against the Armenian-occupied enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh and denounced Turkey’s role in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict . Committee assignments . - Committee on Foreign Affairs - Subcommittee on Europe and Eurasia - Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere ( Chair ) - Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Subcommittee on Highways and Transit - Subcommittee on Railroads , Pipelines , and Hazardous Materials - Committee on the Budget Caucus memberships . - Congressional Arts Caucus - Congressional Hispanic Caucus Political campaigns . - 2006 In 2006 , 13-year incumbent Democrat Bob Menendez moved to the United States Senate to fill the seat vacated by Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine . Sires then entered the race to succeed him . He ran in two Democratic primary elections on June 6 , 2006—a special primary for the last two months of Menendezs seventh term , and a regular primary for a full two-year term . In the special primary to fill the remaining two months , Sires won about 90% of the vote , defeating James Geron . This all but assured Sires of being the next congressman from this heavily Democratic , Latino-majority district . Sires beat Assemblyman and Perth Amboy Mayor Joseph Vas in a bitter primary with 68% of the vote , winning in Union , Hudson and Essex Counties , while Vas won Middlesex County . No Republican even filed , assuring Sires of a full term . The 13th is so heavily Democratic that any Republican who filed would have faced nearly impossible odds . Sires faced Republican John Guarini—a salesman and second cousin of former Congressman Frank J . Guarini—who was unopposed for the GOP nomination . Vas did not seek the unexpired term seat . After winning the election with 78% of the vote , Sires was sworn into the House on November 13 , 2006 , to fill the remainder of Menendezs term . CQPolitics wrote , Sires’ likely November victories would cap off his ambitions for a House seat , which he first expressed exactly 20 years ago under very different circumstances . He ran that year as the Republican challenger to entrenched incumbent Guarini , but managed only 27 percent of the vote . Sires is part of a handful of Cuban lawmakers serving in the House , though , other than during the lone term served by Floridas Joe Garcia from 2013 to 2015 , he has been the only Democrat . - 2010 The New York Times rated the 13th district solid Democratic in 2010 . Sires was challenged by Republican nominee Henrietta Dwyer ; he defeated her with 74% of the vote . - 2012 After New Jersey lost a district in the 2010 census , Sires ran for reelection in the 8th district , essentially a reconfigured version of the old 13th . In the primary election , he faced 25-year-old candidate Michael J . Shurin , whose campaign largely focused on the legalization of marijuana . Awards and honors . On October 4 , 2013 , Siress hometown of West New York , New Jersey , honored him by renaming its Public School No . 4 the Albio Sires Elementary School . The school , at 6300 Palisade Avenue , is the elementary school that Sires attended as a child . In attendance at the ceremony were West New York Mayor Felix Roque and U.S . Senator Robert Menendez . Personal life . Sires and his wife , Adrienne , live in West New York . |
[
"U.S . Navy"
] | easy | What was the operator of USNS Titan (T-AGOS-15) from Mar 1989 to Aug 1993? | /wiki/USNS_Titan_(T-AGOS-15)#P137#0 | USNS Titan ( T-AGOS-15 ) USNS Titan ( T-AGOS-15 ) was a Stalwart-class modified tactical auxiliary general ocean surveillance ship in service in the United States Navy from 1989 to 1993 . From 1996 to 2014 , she was in commission in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) fleet as the oceanographic research ship NOAAS Kaimimoana ( R 333 ) . Construction . The U.S . Navy ordered Titan from VT Halter Marine , Inc. , on June 30 , 1986 . VT Halter Marine laid her down at Moss Point , Mississippi , on October 30 , 1986 , launched her on June 18 , 1988 , and delivered her to the U.S . Navy on March 8 , 1989 . United States Navy service . On the day of her delivery , the U.S . Navy placed the ship in non-commissioned service in the Military Sealift Command as USNS Titan ( T-AGOS-15 ) . Like the other Stalwart-class ships , she was designed to collect underwater acoustical data in support of Cold War anti-submarine warfare operations against Soviet Navy submarines using Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System ( SURTASS ) sonar equipment . She operated with a mixed crew of U.S . Navy personnel and civilian merchant mariners . After the Cold War ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in late December 1991 , the requirement for SURTASS collection declined . The Navy took Titan out of service on August 31 , 1993 and struck her from the Naval Vessel Register and transferred to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) the same day . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration service . The conversion of Titan into an oceanographic research ship began in May 1995 at the shipyard of Maritime Contractors , Inc. , at Bellingham , Washington . Delivered to NOAA in April 1996 after completion of the conversion , the ship was commissioned into NOAA service as NOAAS Kaimimoana ( R 333 ) on April 25 , 1996 . Capabilities . Kaimimoana has berthing for 33 people in 21 single staterooms and six double staterooms providing her with the capacity to carry up to 12 scientists . She can seat 24 people at a time in two crews mess rooms , eight in the forward room and 16 in the aft room . She has a medical treatment room with one bunk , overseen by a United States Public Health Service Health Programs Officer . Kaimimoana has of laboratory space . On deck , she has a brailing winch , a CTD winch , three cranes , an A-frame , and a J-frame . She carries two boats , a rigid-hulled inflatable boat ( RHIB ) as a rescue boat and a inflatable utility boat . She is equipped with echosounders , a hull-mounted acoustic release transducer , a navigation fathometer , X-band and S-band radar , Global Positioning System receivers , a VHF radio direction finder , and a Sperry gyrocompass . Career . Kaimimoana was home-ported at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , and was the only NOAA ship dedicated solely to climate research . She supported NOAAs Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project , which is designed to improve understanding of the role of the tropical ocean in modifying the worlds climate . Kaimimoana deployed , recovered , and serviced the National Data Buoy Centers deep-sea moorings—which measure ocean currents , ocean temperatures , and atmospheric variables—in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and transmitted buoy measurements in real time to NOAAs Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory in Seattle , Washington . She also continuously measured upper ocean currents , surface salinity , carbon dioxide content , and sea-level atmospheric conditions while underway . Kaimimoana was retired by NOAA on June 18 , 2014 . . Kaimimoana was purchased by Pacific Survey Group in 2015 and renamed the Ocean Titan . Upon acquisition of the Ka Imimoana from NOAA , Pacific Survey Group conducted an extensive mid-life upgrade in 2016/2017 . All vessel systems were renewed and upgraded to modern technology . State of the art navigation and position control systems were added to make the vessel DP2 . As part of this upgrade 4 new Caterpillar EPA approved generator packages were installed , three additional tunnel thrusters , all new electric drives and controls , power management , switchboard control automation , and alarm and monitoring systems . All critical systems were made fully redundant making the vessel ABS and USCG approved DP2 . Additionally , the vessel’s interior was completely redone to give a more comfortable feel for clients and crew as well as increased birthing for clients . These modifications make the Ocean Titan one of the only fully redundant DP2 Research Vessel’s in private operation in the US . Additionally , her upgrades make her not only versatile but incredibly efficient and acoustically quiet due to extensive sound dampening and vibration reductions . The improvements also increased the vessels speed , range , and endurance . References . Bibliography . - Wertheim , Eric , ed . The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World , 15th Edition : Their Ships , Aircraft , and Systems . Annapolis , Maryland : United States Naval Institute Press , 2007 . . . External links . - NavSource Online : Service Ship Photo Archive : USNS Titan ( T-AGOS-15 ) NOAA KaImimoana ( R-333 ) - NOAA Ship Kaimimoana - Pacific Survey Group |
[
"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA )"
] | easy | What operated USNS Titan (T-AGOS-15) from Aug 1993 to Jun 2014? | /wiki/USNS_Titan_(T-AGOS-15)#P137#1 | USNS Titan ( T-AGOS-15 ) USNS Titan ( T-AGOS-15 ) was a Stalwart-class modified tactical auxiliary general ocean surveillance ship in service in the United States Navy from 1989 to 1993 . From 1996 to 2014 , she was in commission in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) fleet as the oceanographic research ship NOAAS Kaimimoana ( R 333 ) . Construction . The U.S . Navy ordered Titan from VT Halter Marine , Inc. , on June 30 , 1986 . VT Halter Marine laid her down at Moss Point , Mississippi , on October 30 , 1986 , launched her on June 18 , 1988 , and delivered her to the U.S . Navy on March 8 , 1989 . United States Navy service . On the day of her delivery , the U.S . Navy placed the ship in non-commissioned service in the Military Sealift Command as USNS Titan ( T-AGOS-15 ) . Like the other Stalwart-class ships , she was designed to collect underwater acoustical data in support of Cold War anti-submarine warfare operations against Soviet Navy submarines using Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System ( SURTASS ) sonar equipment . She operated with a mixed crew of U.S . Navy personnel and civilian merchant mariners . After the Cold War ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in late December 1991 , the requirement for SURTASS collection declined . The Navy took Titan out of service on August 31 , 1993 and struck her from the Naval Vessel Register and transferred to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) the same day . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration service . The conversion of Titan into an oceanographic research ship began in May 1995 at the shipyard of Maritime Contractors , Inc. , at Bellingham , Washington . Delivered to NOAA in April 1996 after completion of the conversion , the ship was commissioned into NOAA service as NOAAS Kaimimoana ( R 333 ) on April 25 , 1996 . Capabilities . Kaimimoana has berthing for 33 people in 21 single staterooms and six double staterooms providing her with the capacity to carry up to 12 scientists . She can seat 24 people at a time in two crews mess rooms , eight in the forward room and 16 in the aft room . She has a medical treatment room with one bunk , overseen by a United States Public Health Service Health Programs Officer . Kaimimoana has of laboratory space . On deck , she has a brailing winch , a CTD winch , three cranes , an A-frame , and a J-frame . She carries two boats , a rigid-hulled inflatable boat ( RHIB ) as a rescue boat and a inflatable utility boat . She is equipped with echosounders , a hull-mounted acoustic release transducer , a navigation fathometer , X-band and S-band radar , Global Positioning System receivers , a VHF radio direction finder , and a Sperry gyrocompass . Career . Kaimimoana was home-ported at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , and was the only NOAA ship dedicated solely to climate research . She supported NOAAs Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project , which is designed to improve understanding of the role of the tropical ocean in modifying the worlds climate . Kaimimoana deployed , recovered , and serviced the National Data Buoy Centers deep-sea moorings—which measure ocean currents , ocean temperatures , and atmospheric variables—in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and transmitted buoy measurements in real time to NOAAs Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory in Seattle , Washington . She also continuously measured upper ocean currents , surface salinity , carbon dioxide content , and sea-level atmospheric conditions while underway . Kaimimoana was retired by NOAA on June 18 , 2014 . . Kaimimoana was purchased by Pacific Survey Group in 2015 and renamed the Ocean Titan . Upon acquisition of the Ka Imimoana from NOAA , Pacific Survey Group conducted an extensive mid-life upgrade in 2016/2017 . All vessel systems were renewed and upgraded to modern technology . State of the art navigation and position control systems were added to make the vessel DP2 . As part of this upgrade 4 new Caterpillar EPA approved generator packages were installed , three additional tunnel thrusters , all new electric drives and controls , power management , switchboard control automation , and alarm and monitoring systems . All critical systems were made fully redundant making the vessel ABS and USCG approved DP2 . Additionally , the vessel’s interior was completely redone to give a more comfortable feel for clients and crew as well as increased birthing for clients . These modifications make the Ocean Titan one of the only fully redundant DP2 Research Vessel’s in private operation in the US . Additionally , her upgrades make her not only versatile but incredibly efficient and acoustically quiet due to extensive sound dampening and vibration reductions . The improvements also increased the vessels speed , range , and endurance . References . Bibliography . - Wertheim , Eric , ed . The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World , 15th Edition : Their Ships , Aircraft , and Systems . Annapolis , Maryland : United States Naval Institute Press , 2007 . . . External links . - NavSource Online : Service Ship Photo Archive : USNS Titan ( T-AGOS-15 ) NOAA KaImimoana ( R-333 ) - NOAA Ship Kaimimoana - Pacific Survey Group |
[
"Pacific Survey Group"
] | easy | What operated USNS Titan (T-AGOS-15) from 2015 to 2016? | /wiki/USNS_Titan_(T-AGOS-15)#P137#2 | USNS Titan ( T-AGOS-15 ) USNS Titan ( T-AGOS-15 ) was a Stalwart-class modified tactical auxiliary general ocean surveillance ship in service in the United States Navy from 1989 to 1993 . From 1996 to 2014 , she was in commission in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) fleet as the oceanographic research ship NOAAS Kaimimoana ( R 333 ) . Construction . The U.S . Navy ordered Titan from VT Halter Marine , Inc. , on June 30 , 1986 . VT Halter Marine laid her down at Moss Point , Mississippi , on October 30 , 1986 , launched her on June 18 , 1988 , and delivered her to the U.S . Navy on March 8 , 1989 . United States Navy service . On the day of her delivery , the U.S . Navy placed the ship in non-commissioned service in the Military Sealift Command as USNS Titan ( T-AGOS-15 ) . Like the other Stalwart-class ships , she was designed to collect underwater acoustical data in support of Cold War anti-submarine warfare operations against Soviet Navy submarines using Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System ( SURTASS ) sonar equipment . She operated with a mixed crew of U.S . Navy personnel and civilian merchant mariners . After the Cold War ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in late December 1991 , the requirement for SURTASS collection declined . The Navy took Titan out of service on August 31 , 1993 and struck her from the Naval Vessel Register and transferred to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) the same day . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration service . The conversion of Titan into an oceanographic research ship began in May 1995 at the shipyard of Maritime Contractors , Inc. , at Bellingham , Washington . Delivered to NOAA in April 1996 after completion of the conversion , the ship was commissioned into NOAA service as NOAAS Kaimimoana ( R 333 ) on April 25 , 1996 . Capabilities . Kaimimoana has berthing for 33 people in 21 single staterooms and six double staterooms providing her with the capacity to carry up to 12 scientists . She can seat 24 people at a time in two crews mess rooms , eight in the forward room and 16 in the aft room . She has a medical treatment room with one bunk , overseen by a United States Public Health Service Health Programs Officer . Kaimimoana has of laboratory space . On deck , she has a brailing winch , a CTD winch , three cranes , an A-frame , and a J-frame . She carries two boats , a rigid-hulled inflatable boat ( RHIB ) as a rescue boat and a inflatable utility boat . She is equipped with echosounders , a hull-mounted acoustic release transducer , a navigation fathometer , X-band and S-band radar , Global Positioning System receivers , a VHF radio direction finder , and a Sperry gyrocompass . Career . Kaimimoana was home-ported at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , and was the only NOAA ship dedicated solely to climate research . She supported NOAAs Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project , which is designed to improve understanding of the role of the tropical ocean in modifying the worlds climate . Kaimimoana deployed , recovered , and serviced the National Data Buoy Centers deep-sea moorings—which measure ocean currents , ocean temperatures , and atmospheric variables—in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and transmitted buoy measurements in real time to NOAAs Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory in Seattle , Washington . She also continuously measured upper ocean currents , surface salinity , carbon dioxide content , and sea-level atmospheric conditions while underway . Kaimimoana was retired by NOAA on June 18 , 2014 . . Kaimimoana was purchased by Pacific Survey Group in 2015 and renamed the Ocean Titan . Upon acquisition of the Ka Imimoana from NOAA , Pacific Survey Group conducted an extensive mid-life upgrade in 2016/2017 . All vessel systems were renewed and upgraded to modern technology . State of the art navigation and position control systems were added to make the vessel DP2 . As part of this upgrade 4 new Caterpillar EPA approved generator packages were installed , three additional tunnel thrusters , all new electric drives and controls , power management , switchboard control automation , and alarm and monitoring systems . All critical systems were made fully redundant making the vessel ABS and USCG approved DP2 . Additionally , the vessel’s interior was completely redone to give a more comfortable feel for clients and crew as well as increased birthing for clients . These modifications make the Ocean Titan one of the only fully redundant DP2 Research Vessel’s in private operation in the US . Additionally , her upgrades make her not only versatile but incredibly efficient and acoustically quiet due to extensive sound dampening and vibration reductions . The improvements also increased the vessels speed , range , and endurance . References . Bibliography . - Wertheim , Eric , ed . The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World , 15th Edition : Their Ships , Aircraft , and Systems . Annapolis , Maryland : United States Naval Institute Press , 2007 . . . External links . - NavSource Online : Service Ship Photo Archive : USNS Titan ( T-AGOS-15 ) NOAA KaImimoana ( R-333 ) - NOAA Ship Kaimimoana - Pacific Survey Group |
[
"Richilde de Bethsan"
] | easy | Who was Baldwin of Ibelin 's spouse from 1155 to 1174? | /wiki/Baldwin_of_Ibelin#P26#0 | Baldwin of Ibelin Baldwin of Ibelin , also known as Baldwin II of Ramla ( French : Baudouin dIbelin , early 1130s – c . 1187 or 1186/1188 ) , was an important noble of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century and was lord of Ramla from 1169-1186 . He was the second son of Barisan of Ibelin , and was the younger brother of Hugh of Ibelin and older brother of Balian of Ibelin . He first appears in the historical record as a witness to charters in 1148 . In 1156 , he may have planned to kill Ahmad ib . Muhammad ibn Qudama of Jammain . Ahmads sermons had been gaining support throughout the region but after being warned of the threat against his life , he fled to Damascus , followed by other members of the Hanbali group . After the death of his eldest brother Hugh ( third husband of Agnes of Courtenay ) in 1169 , the castle of Ibelin passed to Baldwin , who remained Lord of Mirabel and Ramla and passed Ibelin to his younger brother Balian . He introduced the Lusignan family to court in 1174 , in the person of Amalric of Lusignan , who had married his daughter Eschiva . Baldwin and Balian supported Raymond III of Tripoli over Miles of Plancy as regent for King Baldwin IV in 1174 , and in 1177 the brothers were present at the Battle of Montgisard . It is suspected that , after the death of his second wife Isabella , in 1177 , he became Raymond of Tripolis favoured candidate to marry the widowed Princess Sibylla of Jerusalem . His brother Balian had recently married her stepmother , Dowager Queen Maria Comnena . The Chronicle of Ernoul , or Old French Continuation of William of Tyre , partly written by a former squire of Balian , but thirteenth-century in its current form , claims that Baldwin and Sibylla had been in love and exchanged letters during Baldwins captivity , but this is highly questionable . Baldwin was captured in battle at Marj Uyun in 1179 , along with Odo de St Amand , Grand Master of the Templars , and Raymond of Tripolis stepson , Hugh of Tiberias . Baldwin was ransomed by Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus , and later in 1180 he visited Constantinople . Supposedly , the emperor sat him in a chair and covered him up to his head in the gold coins that were to be used as his ransom money . During his stay in Constantinople , the emperor died . Baldwin was in Jerusalem at the time of Sibyllas wedding in 1180 . Raymond of Tripoli seems to have been planning a coup to marry Sibylla to Baldwin , but the king needed to marry her to a non-native , in order gain support for another crusade from the west . She was married to Guy of Lusignan , younger brother of Baldwin of Ibelins son-in-law Amalric . That same year , the king betrothed his younger half-sister Isabella of Jerusalem , Balians stepdaughter , to Humphrey IV of Toron , to further reduce the Ibelins influence . In 1183 he supported Raymond against Guy , who was by now regent for the ailing Baldwin IV . Lord Baldwin was among the barons who advised the king to crown Sibyllas son Baldwin V in 1183 , while Baldwin IV was still alive ; this was an attempt to prevent Guy from succeeding as king . Baldwin V became sole king while still a child in 1185 , and when the young king died in 1186 , Sibylla was crowned queen with Guy as her consort . The Ibelins and Raymond favoured the accession of Isabella , but Humphrey refused to be crowned and cause a civil war , and instead swore allegiance to Sibylla and Guy . All the other barons of the kingdom paid homage to Guy as well , except for Raymond and Baldwin . Baldwin placed his young son Thomas under the care of his brother Balian , and exiled himself to the Principality of Antioch , where he was welcomed with great fanfare . Baldwin considered Guy a madman and a fool , and refused to pay homage because his father had not paid homage to Guys father ( i.e. , regarding Guy as an upstart incomer , where Baldwin was a native baron ) . He refused to return to Jerusalem to assist Guy against Saladin , and probably died in his self-imposed exile in 1187 . Family . Baldwin of Ibelin married three times . His wives were : 1 . Richilde de Bethsan , before or in 1157 , divorced and annulled 1174 . They had two children : - Thomas dIbelin ( before 1175 – in or c . 1188 ) , Lord of Ramla , unmarried and without issue - Stephanie dIbelin - Eschive dIbelin ( c . 1160 – Cyprus in Winter , 1196/1197 ) , married Amalric of Lusignan before October 29 , 1175 ; Queen-consort of Cyprus ( 1194-1196 ) , mother of Hugh I of Cyprus . ( After her death , Amalric married Isabella of Jerusalem and became King of Jerusalem. ) 2 . Isabelle or Elizabeth Gothman , married 1175 , d . 1177 or 1178 , no surviving issue . 3 . Marie , daughter of Renier , Constable of Tripoli , m . after April , 1180 , d . after 1228 , no surviving issue . Another Baldwin of Ibelin was the son of this Baldwins nephew John of Ibelin , the Old Lord of Beirut . Sources . - William of Tyre , A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea . E . A . Babcock and A . C . Krey , trans . Columbia University Press , 1943 . - Peter W . Edbury , The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade : Sources in Translation . Ashgate , 1996 . - Peter W . Edbury , John of Ibelin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Boydell Press , 1997 . - Bernard Hamilton , The Leper King and his Heirs . Cambridge University Press , 2000 . - H . E . Mayer , Carving Up Crusaders : The Early Ibelins and Ramlas , in Outremer : Studies in the history of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem presented to Joshua Prawer . Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Institute , 1982 . - Steven Runciman , A History of the Crusades , vol . II : The Kingdom of Jerusalem . Cambridge University Press , 1952 . |
[
"Isabelle or Elizabeth Gothman"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Baldwin of Ibelin from 1175 to 1177? | /wiki/Baldwin_of_Ibelin#P26#1 | Baldwin of Ibelin Baldwin of Ibelin , also known as Baldwin II of Ramla ( French : Baudouin dIbelin , early 1130s – c . 1187 or 1186/1188 ) , was an important noble of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century and was lord of Ramla from 1169-1186 . He was the second son of Barisan of Ibelin , and was the younger brother of Hugh of Ibelin and older brother of Balian of Ibelin . He first appears in the historical record as a witness to charters in 1148 . In 1156 , he may have planned to kill Ahmad ib . Muhammad ibn Qudama of Jammain . Ahmads sermons had been gaining support throughout the region but after being warned of the threat against his life , he fled to Damascus , followed by other members of the Hanbali group . After the death of his eldest brother Hugh ( third husband of Agnes of Courtenay ) in 1169 , the castle of Ibelin passed to Baldwin , who remained Lord of Mirabel and Ramla and passed Ibelin to his younger brother Balian . He introduced the Lusignan family to court in 1174 , in the person of Amalric of Lusignan , who had married his daughter Eschiva . Baldwin and Balian supported Raymond III of Tripoli over Miles of Plancy as regent for King Baldwin IV in 1174 , and in 1177 the brothers were present at the Battle of Montgisard . It is suspected that , after the death of his second wife Isabella , in 1177 , he became Raymond of Tripolis favoured candidate to marry the widowed Princess Sibylla of Jerusalem . His brother Balian had recently married her stepmother , Dowager Queen Maria Comnena . The Chronicle of Ernoul , or Old French Continuation of William of Tyre , partly written by a former squire of Balian , but thirteenth-century in its current form , claims that Baldwin and Sibylla had been in love and exchanged letters during Baldwins captivity , but this is highly questionable . Baldwin was captured in battle at Marj Uyun in 1179 , along with Odo de St Amand , Grand Master of the Templars , and Raymond of Tripolis stepson , Hugh of Tiberias . Baldwin was ransomed by Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus , and later in 1180 he visited Constantinople . Supposedly , the emperor sat him in a chair and covered him up to his head in the gold coins that were to be used as his ransom money . During his stay in Constantinople , the emperor died . Baldwin was in Jerusalem at the time of Sibyllas wedding in 1180 . Raymond of Tripoli seems to have been planning a coup to marry Sibylla to Baldwin , but the king needed to marry her to a non-native , in order gain support for another crusade from the west . She was married to Guy of Lusignan , younger brother of Baldwin of Ibelins son-in-law Amalric . That same year , the king betrothed his younger half-sister Isabella of Jerusalem , Balians stepdaughter , to Humphrey IV of Toron , to further reduce the Ibelins influence . In 1183 he supported Raymond against Guy , who was by now regent for the ailing Baldwin IV . Lord Baldwin was among the barons who advised the king to crown Sibyllas son Baldwin V in 1183 , while Baldwin IV was still alive ; this was an attempt to prevent Guy from succeeding as king . Baldwin V became sole king while still a child in 1185 , and when the young king died in 1186 , Sibylla was crowned queen with Guy as her consort . The Ibelins and Raymond favoured the accession of Isabella , but Humphrey refused to be crowned and cause a civil war , and instead swore allegiance to Sibylla and Guy . All the other barons of the kingdom paid homage to Guy as well , except for Raymond and Baldwin . Baldwin placed his young son Thomas under the care of his brother Balian , and exiled himself to the Principality of Antioch , where he was welcomed with great fanfare . Baldwin considered Guy a madman and a fool , and refused to pay homage because his father had not paid homage to Guys father ( i.e. , regarding Guy as an upstart incomer , where Baldwin was a native baron ) . He refused to return to Jerusalem to assist Guy against Saladin , and probably died in his self-imposed exile in 1187 . Family . Baldwin of Ibelin married three times . His wives were : 1 . Richilde de Bethsan , before or in 1157 , divorced and annulled 1174 . They had two children : - Thomas dIbelin ( before 1175 – in or c . 1188 ) , Lord of Ramla , unmarried and without issue - Stephanie dIbelin - Eschive dIbelin ( c . 1160 – Cyprus in Winter , 1196/1197 ) , married Amalric of Lusignan before October 29 , 1175 ; Queen-consort of Cyprus ( 1194-1196 ) , mother of Hugh I of Cyprus . ( After her death , Amalric married Isabella of Jerusalem and became King of Jerusalem. ) 2 . Isabelle or Elizabeth Gothman , married 1175 , d . 1177 or 1178 , no surviving issue . 3 . Marie , daughter of Renier , Constable of Tripoli , m . after April , 1180 , d . after 1228 , no surviving issue . Another Baldwin of Ibelin was the son of this Baldwins nephew John of Ibelin , the Old Lord of Beirut . Sources . - William of Tyre , A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea . E . A . Babcock and A . C . Krey , trans . Columbia University Press , 1943 . - Peter W . Edbury , The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade : Sources in Translation . Ashgate , 1996 . - Peter W . Edbury , John of Ibelin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Boydell Press , 1997 . - Bernard Hamilton , The Leper King and his Heirs . Cambridge University Press , 2000 . - H . E . Mayer , Carving Up Crusaders : The Early Ibelins and Ramlas , in Outremer : Studies in the history of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem presented to Joshua Prawer . Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Institute , 1982 . - Steven Runciman , A History of the Crusades , vol . II : The Kingdom of Jerusalem . Cambridge University Press , 1952 . |
[
"Marie"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Baldwin of Ibelin from 1180 to 1181? | /wiki/Baldwin_of_Ibelin#P26#2 | Baldwin of Ibelin Baldwin of Ibelin , also known as Baldwin II of Ramla ( French : Baudouin dIbelin , early 1130s – c . 1187 or 1186/1188 ) , was an important noble of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century and was lord of Ramla from 1169-1186 . He was the second son of Barisan of Ibelin , and was the younger brother of Hugh of Ibelin and older brother of Balian of Ibelin . He first appears in the historical record as a witness to charters in 1148 . In 1156 , he may have planned to kill Ahmad ib . Muhammad ibn Qudama of Jammain . Ahmads sermons had been gaining support throughout the region but after being warned of the threat against his life , he fled to Damascus , followed by other members of the Hanbali group . After the death of his eldest brother Hugh ( third husband of Agnes of Courtenay ) in 1169 , the castle of Ibelin passed to Baldwin , who remained Lord of Mirabel and Ramla and passed Ibelin to his younger brother Balian . He introduced the Lusignan family to court in 1174 , in the person of Amalric of Lusignan , who had married his daughter Eschiva . Baldwin and Balian supported Raymond III of Tripoli over Miles of Plancy as regent for King Baldwin IV in 1174 , and in 1177 the brothers were present at the Battle of Montgisard . It is suspected that , after the death of his second wife Isabella , in 1177 , he became Raymond of Tripolis favoured candidate to marry the widowed Princess Sibylla of Jerusalem . His brother Balian had recently married her stepmother , Dowager Queen Maria Comnena . The Chronicle of Ernoul , or Old French Continuation of William of Tyre , partly written by a former squire of Balian , but thirteenth-century in its current form , claims that Baldwin and Sibylla had been in love and exchanged letters during Baldwins captivity , but this is highly questionable . Baldwin was captured in battle at Marj Uyun in 1179 , along with Odo de St Amand , Grand Master of the Templars , and Raymond of Tripolis stepson , Hugh of Tiberias . Baldwin was ransomed by Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus , and later in 1180 he visited Constantinople . Supposedly , the emperor sat him in a chair and covered him up to his head in the gold coins that were to be used as his ransom money . During his stay in Constantinople , the emperor died . Baldwin was in Jerusalem at the time of Sibyllas wedding in 1180 . Raymond of Tripoli seems to have been planning a coup to marry Sibylla to Baldwin , but the king needed to marry her to a non-native , in order gain support for another crusade from the west . She was married to Guy of Lusignan , younger brother of Baldwin of Ibelins son-in-law Amalric . That same year , the king betrothed his younger half-sister Isabella of Jerusalem , Balians stepdaughter , to Humphrey IV of Toron , to further reduce the Ibelins influence . In 1183 he supported Raymond against Guy , who was by now regent for the ailing Baldwin IV . Lord Baldwin was among the barons who advised the king to crown Sibyllas son Baldwin V in 1183 , while Baldwin IV was still alive ; this was an attempt to prevent Guy from succeeding as king . Baldwin V became sole king while still a child in 1185 , and when the young king died in 1186 , Sibylla was crowned queen with Guy as her consort . The Ibelins and Raymond favoured the accession of Isabella , but Humphrey refused to be crowned and cause a civil war , and instead swore allegiance to Sibylla and Guy . All the other barons of the kingdom paid homage to Guy as well , except for Raymond and Baldwin . Baldwin placed his young son Thomas under the care of his brother Balian , and exiled himself to the Principality of Antioch , where he was welcomed with great fanfare . Baldwin considered Guy a madman and a fool , and refused to pay homage because his father had not paid homage to Guys father ( i.e. , regarding Guy as an upstart incomer , where Baldwin was a native baron ) . He refused to return to Jerusalem to assist Guy against Saladin , and probably died in his self-imposed exile in 1187 . Family . Baldwin of Ibelin married three times . His wives were : 1 . Richilde de Bethsan , before or in 1157 , divorced and annulled 1174 . They had two children : - Thomas dIbelin ( before 1175 – in or c . 1188 ) , Lord of Ramla , unmarried and without issue - Stephanie dIbelin - Eschive dIbelin ( c . 1160 – Cyprus in Winter , 1196/1197 ) , married Amalric of Lusignan before October 29 , 1175 ; Queen-consort of Cyprus ( 1194-1196 ) , mother of Hugh I of Cyprus . ( After her death , Amalric married Isabella of Jerusalem and became King of Jerusalem. ) 2 . Isabelle or Elizabeth Gothman , married 1175 , d . 1177 or 1178 , no surviving issue . 3 . Marie , daughter of Renier , Constable of Tripoli , m . after April , 1180 , d . after 1228 , no surviving issue . Another Baldwin of Ibelin was the son of this Baldwins nephew John of Ibelin , the Old Lord of Beirut . Sources . - William of Tyre , A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea . E . A . Babcock and A . C . Krey , trans . Columbia University Press , 1943 . - Peter W . Edbury , The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade : Sources in Translation . Ashgate , 1996 . - Peter W . Edbury , John of Ibelin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Boydell Press , 1997 . - Bernard Hamilton , The Leper King and his Heirs . Cambridge University Press , 2000 . - H . E . Mayer , Carving Up Crusaders : The Early Ibelins and Ramlas , in Outremer : Studies in the history of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem presented to Joshua Prawer . Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Institute , 1982 . - Steven Runciman , A History of the Crusades , vol . II : The Kingdom of Jerusalem . Cambridge University Press , 1952 . |
[
"Empoli"
] | easy | Which team did the player Nicolao Dumitru belong to from 2008 to 2010? | /wiki/Nicolao_Dumitru#P54#0 | Nicolao Dumitru Nicolao Manuel Dumitru Cardoso ( born 12 October 1991 ) is an Italian-Romanian professional footballer who plays for korean club Suwon Bluewings . Mainly a left winger , he can also play as a forward . Club career . Early career . Dumitru started his professional career at Empoli , in a match during the 2008–09 season in Serie B . He also played another game in the following season , still at Serie B level . Napoli . On 31 August 2010 , he was signed by Serie A club S.S.C . Napoli at age 18 and 11 months . He failed to break into the first team during his period at Napoli , making only nine Serie A appearances at the club . Dumitru also played a few games for the reserve . Return to Empoli . On 20 July 2011 , it was announced Dumitru would return to Empoli in Serie B for the 2011–12 season on a one-year loan basis . On 27 August he scored on his debut , in the first match of the league , against Juve Stabia . Further Italian loan spells . On 23 July 2012 , Dumitru joined Serie B club Ternana on a season-long loan deal until the end of the 2012–13 season . On 31 January 2013 the loan was terminated . Dumitru joined Citadella on a temporary deal the same day . He joined Reggina on loan for the 2013–14 season . Veria . On 13 August 2014 , Greek club Veria announced the loan signing of Dumitru from Napoli on a one-year deal . He debuted on 24 August 2014 in the seasons premiere home match against Skoda Xanthi where he scored his first goal . On 13 September 2014 , in a match against Kerkyra , he scored his second goal and was the victim of derogatory and racist remarks Horacio Cardozo . The incident was reported by Verias squad and Cardozo was invited by the Hellenic Football Federation to further give an explanation of the incident that took place . The HFF found Cardozo not guilty due to the lack of strong evidence . Dumitru was twice nominated for the Best Goal award for the goals that he scored on the first matchday as well as on the third , and won the award for his second goal in the championship . He also scored twice on his 2014–15 Greek Cup debut in home 4–1 victory against Ermionida . He got his first assist with Veria against PAS Giannina where Nikos Kaltsas scored . He scored his third championship goal in a home victory against Levadiakos during Superleagues seventh matchday . Nottingham Forest . On 30 August 2016 , Dumitru joined Nottingham Forest on a season-long loan . On 30 December 2016 , he scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 loss against Newcastle United . Alcorcón and Gimnàstic . On 1 August 2017 , Dumitru signed a two-year deal with Spanish Segunda División club AD Alcorcón . The following 11 January , he moved to fellow league team Gimnàstic de Tarragona after cutting ties with the Madrid side . Livorno . On 5 February 2019 , Dumitru signed with Italian club Livorno . Gaz Metan Mediaș . On 25 July 2019 , Dumitru signed a two-year contract with Romanian club Gaz Metan Mediaș . Suwon SamSung Bluewings . On 14 Jan 2021 , Dumitru signed a contract with korean club Suwon Bluewings International career . Dumitru was eligible to play international football for Sweden by birth , Brazil through his mother , Romania through his father and Italy through residency , his family having migrated there from Sweden when he was a child . With the Italy U-19 national team in 2010 , he took part in the U-19 European Championship . He was also a member of the Italy U-20 national team . Personal life . Dumitru was born in Nacka , Sweden to a Romanian father ( who later took Italian citizenship ) and an Afro-Brazilian mother , and successively moved to Empoli , Tuscany in 1998 with his parents . He is fluent in Romanian . |
[
"Napoli"
] | easy | Which team did the player Nicolao Dumitru belong to from 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/Nicolao_Dumitru#P54#1 | Nicolao Dumitru Nicolao Manuel Dumitru Cardoso ( born 12 October 1991 ) is an Italian-Romanian professional footballer who plays for korean club Suwon Bluewings . Mainly a left winger , he can also play as a forward . Club career . Early career . Dumitru started his professional career at Empoli , in a match during the 2008–09 season in Serie B . He also played another game in the following season , still at Serie B level . Napoli . On 31 August 2010 , he was signed by Serie A club S.S.C . Napoli at age 18 and 11 months . He failed to break into the first team during his period at Napoli , making only nine Serie A appearances at the club . Dumitru also played a few games for the reserve . Return to Empoli . On 20 July 2011 , it was announced Dumitru would return to Empoli in Serie B for the 2011–12 season on a one-year loan basis . On 27 August he scored on his debut , in the first match of the league , against Juve Stabia . Further Italian loan spells . On 23 July 2012 , Dumitru joined Serie B club Ternana on a season-long loan deal until the end of the 2012–13 season . On 31 January 2013 the loan was terminated . Dumitru joined Citadella on a temporary deal the same day . He joined Reggina on loan for the 2013–14 season . Veria . On 13 August 2014 , Greek club Veria announced the loan signing of Dumitru from Napoli on a one-year deal . He debuted on 24 August 2014 in the seasons premiere home match against Skoda Xanthi where he scored his first goal . On 13 September 2014 , in a match against Kerkyra , he scored his second goal and was the victim of derogatory and racist remarks Horacio Cardozo . The incident was reported by Verias squad and Cardozo was invited by the Hellenic Football Federation to further give an explanation of the incident that took place . The HFF found Cardozo not guilty due to the lack of strong evidence . Dumitru was twice nominated for the Best Goal award for the goals that he scored on the first matchday as well as on the third , and won the award for his second goal in the championship . He also scored twice on his 2014–15 Greek Cup debut in home 4–1 victory against Ermionida . He got his first assist with Veria against PAS Giannina where Nikos Kaltsas scored . He scored his third championship goal in a home victory against Levadiakos during Superleagues seventh matchday . Nottingham Forest . On 30 August 2016 , Dumitru joined Nottingham Forest on a season-long loan . On 30 December 2016 , he scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 loss against Newcastle United . Alcorcón and Gimnàstic . On 1 August 2017 , Dumitru signed a two-year deal with Spanish Segunda División club AD Alcorcón . The following 11 January , he moved to fellow league team Gimnàstic de Tarragona after cutting ties with the Madrid side . Livorno . On 5 February 2019 , Dumitru signed with Italian club Livorno . Gaz Metan Mediaș . On 25 July 2019 , Dumitru signed a two-year contract with Romanian club Gaz Metan Mediaș . Suwon SamSung Bluewings . On 14 Jan 2021 , Dumitru signed a contract with korean club Suwon Bluewings International career . Dumitru was eligible to play international football for Sweden by birth , Brazil through his mother , Romania through his father and Italy through residency , his family having migrated there from Sweden when he was a child . With the Italy U-19 national team in 2010 , he took part in the U-19 European Championship . He was also a member of the Italy U-20 national team . Personal life . Dumitru was born in Nacka , Sweden to a Romanian father ( who later took Italian citizenship ) and an Afro-Brazilian mother , and successively moved to Empoli , Tuscany in 1998 with his parents . He is fluent in Romanian . |
[
"Empoli"
] | easy | Which team did Nicolao Dumitru play for from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Nicolao_Dumitru#P54#2 | Nicolao Dumitru Nicolao Manuel Dumitru Cardoso ( born 12 October 1991 ) is an Italian-Romanian professional footballer who plays for korean club Suwon Bluewings . Mainly a left winger , he can also play as a forward . Club career . Early career . Dumitru started his professional career at Empoli , in a match during the 2008–09 season in Serie B . He also played another game in the following season , still at Serie B level . Napoli . On 31 August 2010 , he was signed by Serie A club S.S.C . Napoli at age 18 and 11 months . He failed to break into the first team during his period at Napoli , making only nine Serie A appearances at the club . Dumitru also played a few games for the reserve . Return to Empoli . On 20 July 2011 , it was announced Dumitru would return to Empoli in Serie B for the 2011–12 season on a one-year loan basis . On 27 August he scored on his debut , in the first match of the league , against Juve Stabia . Further Italian loan spells . On 23 July 2012 , Dumitru joined Serie B club Ternana on a season-long loan deal until the end of the 2012–13 season . On 31 January 2013 the loan was terminated . Dumitru joined Citadella on a temporary deal the same day . He joined Reggina on loan for the 2013–14 season . Veria . On 13 August 2014 , Greek club Veria announced the loan signing of Dumitru from Napoli on a one-year deal . He debuted on 24 August 2014 in the seasons premiere home match against Skoda Xanthi where he scored his first goal . On 13 September 2014 , in a match against Kerkyra , he scored his second goal and was the victim of derogatory and racist remarks Horacio Cardozo . The incident was reported by Verias squad and Cardozo was invited by the Hellenic Football Federation to further give an explanation of the incident that took place . The HFF found Cardozo not guilty due to the lack of strong evidence . Dumitru was twice nominated for the Best Goal award for the goals that he scored on the first matchday as well as on the third , and won the award for his second goal in the championship . He also scored twice on his 2014–15 Greek Cup debut in home 4–1 victory against Ermionida . He got his first assist with Veria against PAS Giannina where Nikos Kaltsas scored . He scored his third championship goal in a home victory against Levadiakos during Superleagues seventh matchday . Nottingham Forest . On 30 August 2016 , Dumitru joined Nottingham Forest on a season-long loan . On 30 December 2016 , he scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 loss against Newcastle United . Alcorcón and Gimnàstic . On 1 August 2017 , Dumitru signed a two-year deal with Spanish Segunda División club AD Alcorcón . The following 11 January , he moved to fellow league team Gimnàstic de Tarragona after cutting ties with the Madrid side . Livorno . On 5 February 2019 , Dumitru signed with Italian club Livorno . Gaz Metan Mediaș . On 25 July 2019 , Dumitru signed a two-year contract with Romanian club Gaz Metan Mediaș . Suwon SamSung Bluewings . On 14 Jan 2021 , Dumitru signed a contract with korean club Suwon Bluewings International career . Dumitru was eligible to play international football for Sweden by birth , Brazil through his mother , Romania through his father and Italy through residency , his family having migrated there from Sweden when he was a child . With the Italy U-19 national team in 2010 , he took part in the U-19 European Championship . He was also a member of the Italy U-20 national team . Personal life . Dumitru was born in Nacka , Sweden to a Romanian father ( who later took Italian citizenship ) and an Afro-Brazilian mother , and successively moved to Empoli , Tuscany in 1998 with his parents . He is fluent in Romanian . |
[
"Ternana"
] | easy | Which team did the player Nicolao Dumitru belong to from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Nicolao_Dumitru#P54#3 | Nicolao Dumitru Nicolao Manuel Dumitru Cardoso ( born 12 October 1991 ) is an Italian-Romanian professional footballer who plays for korean club Suwon Bluewings . Mainly a left winger , he can also play as a forward . Club career . Early career . Dumitru started his professional career at Empoli , in a match during the 2008–09 season in Serie B . He also played another game in the following season , still at Serie B level . Napoli . On 31 August 2010 , he was signed by Serie A club S.S.C . Napoli at age 18 and 11 months . He failed to break into the first team during his period at Napoli , making only nine Serie A appearances at the club . Dumitru also played a few games for the reserve . Return to Empoli . On 20 July 2011 , it was announced Dumitru would return to Empoli in Serie B for the 2011–12 season on a one-year loan basis . On 27 August he scored on his debut , in the first match of the league , against Juve Stabia . Further Italian loan spells . On 23 July 2012 , Dumitru joined Serie B club Ternana on a season-long loan deal until the end of the 2012–13 season . On 31 January 2013 the loan was terminated . Dumitru joined Citadella on a temporary deal the same day . He joined Reggina on loan for the 2013–14 season . Veria . On 13 August 2014 , Greek club Veria announced the loan signing of Dumitru from Napoli on a one-year deal . He debuted on 24 August 2014 in the seasons premiere home match against Skoda Xanthi where he scored his first goal . On 13 September 2014 , in a match against Kerkyra , he scored his second goal and was the victim of derogatory and racist remarks Horacio Cardozo . The incident was reported by Verias squad and Cardozo was invited by the Hellenic Football Federation to further give an explanation of the incident that took place . The HFF found Cardozo not guilty due to the lack of strong evidence . Dumitru was twice nominated for the Best Goal award for the goals that he scored on the first matchday as well as on the third , and won the award for his second goal in the championship . He also scored twice on his 2014–15 Greek Cup debut in home 4–1 victory against Ermionida . He got his first assist with Veria against PAS Giannina where Nikos Kaltsas scored . He scored his third championship goal in a home victory against Levadiakos during Superleagues seventh matchday . Nottingham Forest . On 30 August 2016 , Dumitru joined Nottingham Forest on a season-long loan . On 30 December 2016 , he scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 loss against Newcastle United . Alcorcón and Gimnàstic . On 1 August 2017 , Dumitru signed a two-year deal with Spanish Segunda División club AD Alcorcón . The following 11 January , he moved to fellow league team Gimnàstic de Tarragona after cutting ties with the Madrid side . Livorno . On 5 February 2019 , Dumitru signed with Italian club Livorno . Gaz Metan Mediaș . On 25 July 2019 , Dumitru signed a two-year contract with Romanian club Gaz Metan Mediaș . Suwon SamSung Bluewings . On 14 Jan 2021 , Dumitru signed a contract with korean club Suwon Bluewings International career . Dumitru was eligible to play international football for Sweden by birth , Brazil through his mother , Romania through his father and Italy through residency , his family having migrated there from Sweden when he was a child . With the Italy U-19 national team in 2010 , he took part in the U-19 European Championship . He was also a member of the Italy U-20 national team . Personal life . Dumitru was born in Nacka , Sweden to a Romanian father ( who later took Italian citizenship ) and an Afro-Brazilian mother , and successively moved to Empoli , Tuscany in 1998 with his parents . He is fluent in Romanian . |
[
"Reggina"
] | easy | Nicolao Dumitru played for which team from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Nicolao_Dumitru#P54#4 | Nicolao Dumitru Nicolao Manuel Dumitru Cardoso ( born 12 October 1991 ) is an Italian-Romanian professional footballer who plays for korean club Suwon Bluewings . Mainly a left winger , he can also play as a forward . Club career . Early career . Dumitru started his professional career at Empoli , in a match during the 2008–09 season in Serie B . He also played another game in the following season , still at Serie B level . Napoli . On 31 August 2010 , he was signed by Serie A club S.S.C . Napoli at age 18 and 11 months . He failed to break into the first team during his period at Napoli , making only nine Serie A appearances at the club . Dumitru also played a few games for the reserve . Return to Empoli . On 20 July 2011 , it was announced Dumitru would return to Empoli in Serie B for the 2011–12 season on a one-year loan basis . On 27 August he scored on his debut , in the first match of the league , against Juve Stabia . Further Italian loan spells . On 23 July 2012 , Dumitru joined Serie B club Ternana on a season-long loan deal until the end of the 2012–13 season . On 31 January 2013 the loan was terminated . Dumitru joined Citadella on a temporary deal the same day . He joined Reggina on loan for the 2013–14 season . Veria . On 13 August 2014 , Greek club Veria announced the loan signing of Dumitru from Napoli on a one-year deal . He debuted on 24 August 2014 in the seasons premiere home match against Skoda Xanthi where he scored his first goal . On 13 September 2014 , in a match against Kerkyra , he scored his second goal and was the victim of derogatory and racist remarks Horacio Cardozo . The incident was reported by Verias squad and Cardozo was invited by the Hellenic Football Federation to further give an explanation of the incident that took place . The HFF found Cardozo not guilty due to the lack of strong evidence . Dumitru was twice nominated for the Best Goal award for the goals that he scored on the first matchday as well as on the third , and won the award for his second goal in the championship . He also scored twice on his 2014–15 Greek Cup debut in home 4–1 victory against Ermionida . He got his first assist with Veria against PAS Giannina where Nikos Kaltsas scored . He scored his third championship goal in a home victory against Levadiakos during Superleagues seventh matchday . Nottingham Forest . On 30 August 2016 , Dumitru joined Nottingham Forest on a season-long loan . On 30 December 2016 , he scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 loss against Newcastle United . Alcorcón and Gimnàstic . On 1 August 2017 , Dumitru signed a two-year deal with Spanish Segunda División club AD Alcorcón . The following 11 January , he moved to fellow league team Gimnàstic de Tarragona after cutting ties with the Madrid side . Livorno . On 5 February 2019 , Dumitru signed with Italian club Livorno . Gaz Metan Mediaș . On 25 July 2019 , Dumitru signed a two-year contract with Romanian club Gaz Metan Mediaș . Suwon SamSung Bluewings . On 14 Jan 2021 , Dumitru signed a contract with korean club Suwon Bluewings International career . Dumitru was eligible to play international football for Sweden by birth , Brazil through his mother , Romania through his father and Italy through residency , his family having migrated there from Sweden when he was a child . With the Italy U-19 national team in 2010 , he took part in the U-19 European Championship . He was also a member of the Italy U-20 national team . Personal life . Dumitru was born in Nacka , Sweden to a Romanian father ( who later took Italian citizenship ) and an Afro-Brazilian mother , and successively moved to Empoli , Tuscany in 1998 with his parents . He is fluent in Romanian . |
[
"Veria"
] | easy | Which team did the player Nicolao Dumitru belong to from 2014 to 2016? | /wiki/Nicolao_Dumitru#P54#5 | Nicolao Dumitru Nicolao Manuel Dumitru Cardoso ( born 12 October 1991 ) is an Italian-Romanian professional footballer who plays for korean club Suwon Bluewings . Mainly a left winger , he can also play as a forward . Club career . Early career . Dumitru started his professional career at Empoli , in a match during the 2008–09 season in Serie B . He also played another game in the following season , still at Serie B level . Napoli . On 31 August 2010 , he was signed by Serie A club S.S.C . Napoli at age 18 and 11 months . He failed to break into the first team during his period at Napoli , making only nine Serie A appearances at the club . Dumitru also played a few games for the reserve . Return to Empoli . On 20 July 2011 , it was announced Dumitru would return to Empoli in Serie B for the 2011–12 season on a one-year loan basis . On 27 August he scored on his debut , in the first match of the league , against Juve Stabia . Further Italian loan spells . On 23 July 2012 , Dumitru joined Serie B club Ternana on a season-long loan deal until the end of the 2012–13 season . On 31 January 2013 the loan was terminated . Dumitru joined Citadella on a temporary deal the same day . He joined Reggina on loan for the 2013–14 season . Veria . On 13 August 2014 , Greek club Veria announced the loan signing of Dumitru from Napoli on a one-year deal . He debuted on 24 August 2014 in the seasons premiere home match against Skoda Xanthi where he scored his first goal . On 13 September 2014 , in a match against Kerkyra , he scored his second goal and was the victim of derogatory and racist remarks Horacio Cardozo . The incident was reported by Verias squad and Cardozo was invited by the Hellenic Football Federation to further give an explanation of the incident that took place . The HFF found Cardozo not guilty due to the lack of strong evidence . Dumitru was twice nominated for the Best Goal award for the goals that he scored on the first matchday as well as on the third , and won the award for his second goal in the championship . He also scored twice on his 2014–15 Greek Cup debut in home 4–1 victory against Ermionida . He got his first assist with Veria against PAS Giannina where Nikos Kaltsas scored . He scored his third championship goal in a home victory against Levadiakos during Superleagues seventh matchday . Nottingham Forest . On 30 August 2016 , Dumitru joined Nottingham Forest on a season-long loan . On 30 December 2016 , he scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 loss against Newcastle United . Alcorcón and Gimnàstic . On 1 August 2017 , Dumitru signed a two-year deal with Spanish Segunda División club AD Alcorcón . The following 11 January , he moved to fellow league team Gimnàstic de Tarragona after cutting ties with the Madrid side . Livorno . On 5 February 2019 , Dumitru signed with Italian club Livorno . Gaz Metan Mediaș . On 25 July 2019 , Dumitru signed a two-year contract with Romanian club Gaz Metan Mediaș . Suwon SamSung Bluewings . On 14 Jan 2021 , Dumitru signed a contract with korean club Suwon Bluewings International career . Dumitru was eligible to play international football for Sweden by birth , Brazil through his mother , Romania through his father and Italy through residency , his family having migrated there from Sweden when he was a child . With the Italy U-19 national team in 2010 , he took part in the U-19 European Championship . He was also a member of the Italy U-20 national team . Personal life . Dumitru was born in Nacka , Sweden to a Romanian father ( who later took Italian citizenship ) and an Afro-Brazilian mother , and successively moved to Empoli , Tuscany in 1998 with his parents . He is fluent in Romanian . |
[
"mayor of Río Gallegos"
] | easy | Which position did Néstor Kirchner hold from Dec 1987 to Dec 1991? | /wiki/Néstor_Kirchner#P39#0 | Néstor Kirchner Néstor Carlos Kirchner Jr . ( ; 25 February 195027 October 2010 ) was an Argentine lawyer and politician who served as the President of Argentina from 2003 to 2007 , Governor of Santa Cruz Province from 1991 to 2003 , Secretary General of UNASUR and the first gentleman during the first tenure of his wife , Cristina Fernández de Kirchner . He was President of the Justicialist Party from 2008 to 2010 . Ideologically , he identified himself as a Peronist and a progressive , with his political approach called Kirchnerism . Born in Río Gallegos , Santa Cruz , Kirchner studied law at the National University of La Plata . He met and married Cristina Fernández at this time , returned with her to Río Gallegos at graduation , and opened a law firm . Commentators have criticized him for a lack of legal activism during the Dirty War , an issue he would involve himself in as president . Kirchner ran for mayor of Río Gallegos in 1987 and for governor of Santa Cruz in 1991 . He was reelected governor in 1995 and 1999 due to an amendment of the provincial constitution . Kirchner sided with Buenos Aires provincial governor Eduardo Duhalde against President Carlos Menem . Although Duhalde lost the 1999 presidential election , he was appointed president by the Congress when previous presidents Fernando de la Rúa and Adolfo Rodríguez Saá resigned during the December 2001 riots . Duhalde suggested that Kirchner run for president in 2003 in a bid to prevent Menems return to the presidency . Menem won a plurality in the first round of the presidential election but , fearing that he would lose in the required runoff election , he resigned ; Kirchner became president as a result . Kirchner took office on 25 May 2003 . Roberto Lavagna , credited with the economic recovery during Duhaldes presidency , was retained as minister of economy and continued his economic policies . Argentina negotiated a swap of defaulted debt and repaid the International Monetary Fund . The National Institute of Statistics and Census intervened to underestimate growing inflation . Several Supreme Court judges resigned while fearing impeachment , and new justices were appointed . The amnesty for crimes committed during the Dirty War in enforcing the full-stop and due-obedience laws and the presidential pardons were repealed and declared unconstitutional . This led to new trials for the military who served during the 1970s . Argentina increased its integration with other Latin American countries , discontinuing its automatic alignment with the United States dating to the 1990s . The 2005 midterm elections were a victory for Kirchner , and signaled the end of Duhaldes supremacy in Buenos Aires Province . Instead of seeking reelection , Kirchner stepped aside in 2007 in support of his wife , who was elected president . He participated in Operation Emmanuel to release FARC hostages , and was narrowly defeated in the 2009 midterm election for deputy of Buenos Aires Province . Kirchner was appointed Secretary General of UNASUR in 2010 . He and his wife were involved ( either directly or through their close aides ) in the 2013 political scandal known as the Route of the K-Money , even though no judicial investigation ever found any proof of wrongdoing by Néstor or Cristina Kirchner . Kirchner died of cardiac arrest on 27 October 2010 , and received a state funeral . Early life . Kirchner was born Néstor Carlos Kirchner Jr . on 25 February 1950 , in Río Gallegos , Santa Cruz , a federal territory at the time . His father , Néstor Carlos Kirchner Sr. , of German-Swiss descent , met the Chilean María Juana Ostoić , of Croatian descent , by telegraphy . They had three children : Néstor , Alicia , and María Cristina . Néstor was part of the third generation of Kirchners living in the city . As a result of pertussis , he developed strabismus at an early age ; however , he refused medical treatment because he considered his eye part of his self-image . When Kirchner was in high school he briefly considered becoming a teacher , but poor diction hampered him ; he was also unsuccessful at basketball . Kirchner moved to La Plata in 1969 to study law at the National University . During this period , the decline of the Argentine Revolution , the return of former president Juan Perón from exile , the election of Héctor Cámpora as president , his resignation and the election of Perón , and the beginning of the Dirty War had led to severe political turmoil . Kirchner joined the University Federation for the National Revolution ( FURN ) , a political student group whose relationship with the Montoneros guerrillas is a matter of debate . Kirchner was not a leader of the group . He was present at the Ezeiza massacre , in which right-wing Peronist snipers opened fire on a celebration of Juan Peróns return at the Ezeiza International Airport . He was also present at the expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo . Although Kirchner met many members of the Montoneros , he was not a member of the group . By the time the Montoneros were outlawed by Perón , he had left FURN . In 1974 , Kirchner met Cristina Fernández , three years his junior , and they quickly fell in love . They were married after a courtship limited to six months by the political turmoil in the country . At the civil ceremony , Kirchners friends sang the Peronist song Los Muchachos Peronistas . He graduated a year later , returned to Patagonia with Cristina , and established a law firm with fellow attorney Domingo Ortiz de Zarate . Cristina joined the firm in 1979 . By the time of Kirchners graduation and move to the Patagonia , Juan Perón had died , his vice president and wife Isabel Martínez de Perón had become president . Isabel Perón had been unseated by a coup détat which installed a military government . The Kirchners worked for banks and financial groups which filed foreclosures , since the Central Banks 1050 ruling had raised mortgage loan interest rates , and also acquired 21 real-estate lots for a low price when they were about to be auctioned . Their law firm defended military personnel accused of committing crimes during said war . Forced disappearances were common during the Dirty War , but unlike other lawyers of the time the Kirchners never signed a habeas corpus . Julio César Strassera , prosecutor in the 1985 Trial of the Juntas case against the military , criticized the Kirchners lack of legal actions against the military , and considered their later interest in the issue a form of hypocrisy . The Dirty War eventually ended , and the National Reorganization Process allowed political activity in preparation for a return to democracy . Kirchner led one of the three internal factions of the local Justicialist Party ( PJ ) , but Peronist Arturo Puricelli prevailed in the primary elections . Kirchner founded the Ateneo Juan Domingo Perón organization , which supported deposed president Isabel Perón and promoted political dialogue with the military . Cristina Fernández became an attorney of the PJ in Santa Cruz , with the help of Rafael Flores , a former friend from the FURN . Raúl Alfonsín , who was running for president for the Radical Civic Union ( UCR ) , denounced an agreement between the military and the Peronist unions which sought an amnesty for the military . Kirchner organized a rally on behalf of Rodolfo Ponce , a union leader mentioned by Alfonsín in his denouncement . Alfonsín won the 1983 presidential election , and Puricelli was elected governor of Santa Cruz . Puricelli sought to unify the local Peronist movement by adding members of the other factions into his government , and appointed Kirchner president of the provincial social-welfare fund . Kirchner quickly expanded the activities and scope of his office , building a parallel state . This soon started a conflict with Puricelli . Instead of being fired , Kirchner resigned and accused the governor of reducing the funds for social-welfare . He ran for mayor of Río Gallegos in 1987 , and won by the slim margin of 110 votes . Kirchners friend , Rudy Ulloa Igor , helped him to victory by registering some groups of Chilean immigrants to vote ( immigrants were allowed to vote in mayoral elections ) , and persuading them to vote for Kirchner . Julio de Vido and Carlos Zannini began working with Kirchner at this time . Kirchner used the state-owned media to promote his activities . The Peronist Ricardo del Val was elected governor that year , and the province was impacted by inflation in 1989 . Kirchner became the main opponent of del Val , who was impeached and removed from office in 1990 due to the inflation crisis . Governor of Santa Cruz . Kirchner ran for governor of Santa Cruz in 1991 . Although he received only 30 percent of the vote , below the 36 percent of the UCR , he was elected due to the Ley de Lemas that added the votes for the Peronist faction of Puricelli to his own . When Kirchner took office , Santa Cruz was experiencing an economic crisis , with high unemployment and a budget deficit equal to 1.2 billion pesos , which amounted to an equal number of U.S . dollars because of the Convertibility plan . He expanded the number of provincial Supreme Court justices from three members to five and appointed three judges loyal to him ; this gave him control of the provincial judiciary . Kirchner was criticized for preventing the investigation of corruption cases . Santa Cruz received 535 million pesos in oil royalties in 1993 , which Kirchner deposited in a foreign bank . He was elected to the Constituent Assembly which drafted the 1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution proposed by the Peronist president Carlos Menem . Kirchner voted against the amendment that would allow the reelection of the president , which was approved . Locally , he proposed an amendment to the provincial constitution authorizing indefinite reelection of the governor . Menem and Kirchner were reelected to their respective offices in 1995 . Kirchner established a faction in the PJ opposing Menems neoliberal economic policies , but Eduardo Duhalde , governor of the populous Buenos Aires province , ignored him and rallied a stronger opposition to Menem within the PJ . The number of state workers grew from 12,000 to 70,000 during Kirchners administration . The creation of private-sector jobs in the province was minimal , and private companies were driven away . A local journalist interviewed by journalist Jorge Lanata said that this placed de facto restrictions on economic freedom and allowed Kirchner to control the population . Most available jobs were in public works . With Menem constitutionally restricted from running for a third presidential term , Duhalde ran for president in 1999 . Kirchner sided with Duhalde in his dispute with Menem , and sought reelection as governor of Santa Cruz . The PJ was defeated on the national level by the radical Fernando de la Rúa , who became president . Kirchner was reelected , despite the growth of the UCR in the province . Following an economic crisis , De la Rúa resigned two years later during the December 2001 riots . The Congress appointed Adolfo Rodríguez Saá , governor of San Luis , as interim president . When Rodríguez Saá also resigned , Duhalde was appointed president . He was the politician with the highest legitimacy to be appointed president , as he had placed second in the 1999 elections and won the 2001 legislative elections in the Buenos Aires province , the district of Argentina with the largest population . He slowly restored the economy , and hastened the presidential election when two piqueteros were killed during a demonstration . However , the provincial elections were held on their original dates . 2003 presidential election . Carlos Menem ran for a new term as president in 2003 , and Eduardo Duhalde tried to prevent it . Instead of holding primary elections within the PJ , the 2003 elections used a variant of the Ley de Lemas . All the Peronist candidates were allowed to run in the general election , using their own tickets . Although Kirchner ran for president with Duhaldes support , he was not the presidents first choice . Trying to prevent a third term for Menem , Duhalde approached Santa Fe governor Carlos Reutemann and Córdoba governor José Manuel de la Sota ; Reutemann declined , and De la Sota did not run because he was insufficiently popular . Duhalde also unsuccessfully approached Mauricio Macri , Adolfo Rodríguez Saá , Felipe Solá , and Roberto Lavagna , all of whom refused to run . Duhalde initially resisted supporting Kirchner , fearing that Kirchner would ignore him if elected . Kirchner run on the Front for Victory ticket , one of the several fronts put up by the PJ . Since Kirchner was identified with the centre-left , Duhalde appointed the centre-right Daniel Scioli as his vice-presidential candidate . Only a handful of Peronist governors supported either candidate ; most remained neutral , awaiting the election to forge a relationship with the victor . The general election was held on 27 April . Menem won the first round with 24.5 percent of the vote , followed by Kirchner with 22.2 percent . The conservative Ricardo López Murphy finished third , substantially behind the two main candidates . Since Menem was well short of the threshold required to win , a runoff election was scheduled for 18 May . By this time , however , Menems public image had deteriorated , and polls showed Kirchner receiving 60 to 70 percent of the vote . To avoid a humiliating defeat , Menem pulled out of the runoff in a move criticized by the other candidates . The judiciary declined requests for a new election and refused to sanction a runoff election between Kirchner and López Murphy , although López Murphy said he would not have participated in any event . The election was validated by the Congress , and Kirchner became president on 25 May 2003 . Kirchners 22.2 percent is the lowest vote percentage ever recorded for an Argentine president in a free election . Local elections were held in October . The mayor of Buenos Aires , Aníbal Ibarra , was reelected in a runoff against Mauricio Macri . Neither were Peronists , but Ibarra supported Kirchner and Macri was supported by Duhalde . Duhalde remained an influential figure in the Buenos Aires province ; his ally Felipe Solá was elected governor by a landslide , and the PJ received its highest number of deputies since 1983 and won mayoral elections in several cities lost to the UCR in 1999 . The three leading candidates in the Buenos Aires province were all Peronists . Victories in the other provinces gave the PJ control of the Congress , and three-quarters of Argentinas governors were Peronists . According to journalist Mariano Grondona , Argentine politics had become a dominant-party system . Presidency . First days . Kirchner took office as president of Argentina on 25 May 2003 . Contrary to tradition , the ceremony was held at the Palace of the Argentine National Congress rather than Casa Rosada . He announced that he would spearhead change on many issues , from politics to culture . The ceremony was attended by the provincial governors , Supreme Court president Julio Nazareno , the heads of the armed forces , and Cuban leader Fidel Castro . Raúl Alfonsín was the only former president in attendance . Kirchner walked to the Casa Rosada along Avenida de Mayo , breaking with protocol to get close to the people , and was accidentally hit in the head with a camera . As he was elected with a small percentage of the vote , Kirchner sought to increase his political clout and public image . He sought political allies in all political parties , not just the PJ . The Radicales K supported him from within the UCR . This practice of reaching out to multiple parties became known as Transversalism . Striking an anti-establishment image , Kirchner set about creating a sense of political renewal in Argentina , despite the fact that many of his government associates came from the traditional political class . He retained four members of Duhaldes cabinet . Economy Minister Roberto Lavagna , credited with the economic recovery , was kept to ensure that Kirchner maintained the economic policies laid down during the previous administration . Ginés González García stayed as Minister of Health . Anibal Fernandez was moved to the Ministry of the Interior and José Pampuro to the Defense Ministry . Kirchner brought in four members of his cabinet from his days as governor of Santa Cruz . Alberto Fernández , who organized his political campaign , was appointed chief of the cabinet of ministers . Sergio Acevedo was placed in charge of intelligence . Julio de Vido was appointed Minister of Federal Planning , an office similar to his provincial one . Since the appointment of relatives was not unusual in Argentina , Kirchners appointment of his sister Alicia as Minister of Social Development was uncontroversial . Chancellor Rafael Bielsa was from another political party , FREPASO . Relations with the judiciary . The Argentine judiciary had been unpopular since the presidency of Carlos Menem , most of whose judicial appointments were based on loyalty ; his judiciary was known as the automatic majority . Kirchner sought to remove the most controversial judges and organized the impeachment of Supreme Court president Julio Nazareno , who chose to resign . Judge Adolfo Vázquez also resigned before impeachment , citing personal reasons . Judges Eduardo Moline OConnor and Guillermo López also resigned under similar circumstances . The vacancies were well received by the public , boosting Kirchners popularity . He arranged a new system to appoint judges . Instead of simply proposing a new judge candidate to the Congress , the presidency first released names of a number of potential candidates , who were then evaluated by several non-governmental organizations , who assessed if the candidate was suitable as a judge . The ministry of justice compiled all the support and criticism , and the president then decided which candidate would be proposed to the Congress , which made the final decision , as under the previous system . Raúl Zaffaroni , a former FREPASO politician , was the first judicial appointment under the new system . He was followed by Elena Highton de Nolasco , the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court . The appointment of Carmen Argibay ( another female judge ) was controversial , since Argibay was an atheist and a supporter of legal abortion . The judges held liberal views on criminal justice , countering social demands for harsher , pro-victim policies after the murder of Axel Blumberg . However , the new Supreme Court had little political power , as the national government ignored all rulings that were not favorable . Economic policy . The pillars of the economic plan were trade and fiscal budget surpluses and a high exchange rate for the United States dollar . The surplus was increased by taxes levied during de la Rúas presidency and the devaluation which occurred during the Duhalde administration . Kirchner sought to rebuild the Argentine industrial base , public works and public services , renegotiating the operation of public services privatized by Carlos Menem and owned by foreign companies . His policies were accompanied by a nationalist rhetoric sympathetic to the poor . However , despite the financial prosperity , there was no significant decrease in the number of people living in poverty , which was 8 to 10 million people , or almost 25% of the country . Kirchner and Lavagna negotiated a swap of defaulted national debt in 2005 , a write-down to one-third of the original debt . Kirchner refused a structural adjustment program , and instead made a single payment to the IMF with Central Bank reserves . Although the economy grew at an eight-percent annual rate during Kirchners term , much of its growth was due to favorable international conditions rather than Argentine policies . Argentina was benefited by the increase of the international price of soybean and other foods . However , some argued that this economic growth can also be attributed to Kirchners policies to increase domestic demand . Foreign investment remained low because of the Argentine hostility towards the IMF , the U.S . and the United Kingdom , the re-nationalization of privatized companies ( such as the water supply , managed by the French company Suez ) , diplomatic isolation and state interventionism . The energy sector suffered , and lack of investment reduced energy reserves during the 2000s . Lavagna proposed to slow economic growth and control inflation . Kirchner rejected this , promoting wage increases to reduce economic inequality and extending unemployment insurance and other types of social welfare . Public services such as public transportation , electricity , gas and water supply were subsidized and kept at low prices . Food industries were subsidized as well . The subsidies eventually expanded to several uncommon areas . This increased the economic activity , but also increased inflation and reduced the private investment in those areas . Unable to control inflation , the government influenced the National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina , which under-reported it , as well as poverty ( which was calculated with the inflation figures ) . The superpowers law , sanctioned during the crisis , was prorogated and eventually made permanent in 2006 ; this law allowed the president to rearrange the budget with supervision from the Congress . Kirchner sought to win over the Argentine Workers Central Union and leaders of more moderate piquetero factions to reduce the chances of strikes and protests . He nevertheless continued to oppose hard-line elements of the piquetero movement , such as that of Raúl Castells . Kirchners policy helped to fragment the piqueteros , with some declaring their allegiance to him and others continuing to oppose him . Their usual system of protest ( blocking streets ) made them highly unpopular . However , Kirchner refused to suppress the piquetero demonstrations to avoid the risk of further violence . Lavagna refused to run for senator in the 2005 midterm elections , and criticized the overpricing of public works managed by Minister of Federal Planning Julio de Vido . As a result , Kirchner asked Lavagna to resign . Finance secretary Guillermo Nielsen , who managed the debt restructuring , also resigned . Felisa Miceli , head of Banco de la Nación Argentina , replaced Lavagna as Minister of Economy . Miceli resigned in 2007 , months before the presidential elections , because of a scandal over a bag with a large amount of money which was found in her office bathroom . She was replaced by Secretary of Industry Miguel Gustavo Peirano . Foreign policy . Kirchner took a pragmatic approach to Argentine foreign policy , and Argentina–United States relations did not continue the special relations of the 1990s . Chancellor Rafael Bielsa called the relationship between the countries cooperation without cohabitation in contrast to that of the Menem era , which was known as carnal relations . Kirchner opposed the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas , as it was based on majority rule among all the countries of the Americas , whereas he preferred a proportional representation system that would have given the Mercosur bloc more influence . The 4th Summit of the Americas , hosted in Mar del Plata , ended with violent protests against U.S . President George W . Bush ; negotiations stalled , and the FTAA was not implemented . Kirchner told the United Nations that , although he opposed terrorism , he did not support the War on Terror . He refused to receive U.S . Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , and sent forces to the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti . Kirchner sought increased integration with other Latin American countries . He revived and tried to strengthen the Mercosur trade bloc and improved relations with Brazil , but without automatically aligning with that country , the regional power of South America . The president tried to keep a middle ground between Brazil and Venezuela , since he considered the Brazilian Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva too conservative , and the Venezuelan Hugo Chávez too anti-American . Kirchner worked with left-wing presidents Lula , Chilean Ricardo Lagos , Chávez , Fidel Castro from Cuba and Evo Morales from Bolivia . He established a political alliance with Chávezs government , and by 2008 , Argentinian exports to Venezuela were quadruple what they were in 2002 . A bilateral military commission was established with Venezuela , through which some technological exchange took place . 2005 midterm elections . Kirchner soon distanced himself from Duhalde , removing those close to the former president from the government to reduce his political influence . He also sought supporters across the social and political spectrum to counter Duhaldes influence in the party . Although Duhalde was not initially against Kirchner , Kirchner tried to prevent the presence of alternative leaderships within the PJ . However , they put their differences behind them during the October 2003 legislative elections . Their dispute was fanned by the political weight of Buenos Aires province ( the most populous in Argentina , with almost 40 percent of the national vote ) , and continued through the 2005 midterm elections . Without consensus in the PJ for a candidate for senator in the Buenos Aires province , both leaders had their wives run for office : Hilda González de Duhalde for the PJ and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner for the Front for Victory , which contested the election as a different party . Cristina Kirchner won the election . As in 2003 , the elections were defined by Peronist factions ; the opposition parties could not put up a united national front . The victory gave Kirchner the confidence to remove Lavagna , Rafael Bielsa , Jose Pampuro , and Alicia Kirchner from his cabinet and replace them with ministers who , though less well-known , had perspectives closer to his own . Human rights policy . Although the Dirty War ended in the eighties , Kirchner considered it an unresolved issue . In his inaugural speech , he supported human rights organizations which sought the incarceration of the military connected with the National Reorganization Process . He also ordered the top military leadership to retire . Kirchner sent a bill to the Congress to annul the full stop law and the Law of Due Obedience , which had halted trials of the military for crimes related to the Dirty War . The laws had been repealed in 1998 , but that repeal had little legal significance , as only an annulment would reopen the cases . Although this initiative was opposed by Duhalde and Scioli , most legislators considered it a symbolic gesture since the laws constitutionality would be decided by the Supreme Court . Both laws were annulled by the Congress in August 2003 , and many cases were reopened as a result . The Supreme Court declared the laws , and Menems presidential pardons , unconstitutional in 2005 . Jorge Julio López , witness in a trial of police officer Miguel Etchecolatz , disappeared in 2006 . This caused a national scandal , as it was suspected that he was disappeared to intimidate other witnesses in the upcoming trials , and the government was unable to locate him . Kirchner also changed the extradition policy , allowing extradition for people prosecuted abroad and not facing charges in Argentina . He also supported the requests by human rights organizations to turn the former detention centers into memorials for the disappeared . Argentina became a signatory of the UN Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity in 2003 . A creative interpretation of the convention by the courts allowed them to circumvent the statutory limitations to crimes committed decades in the past , and also the ex post facto applicability of laws that were not in force at the time of the crimes . The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo held their final demonstration in 2006 , believing that Kirchner , unlike previous presidents , was not their enemy . They became political allies of Kirchner , who placed them in prominent locations during his speeches , and the group became a powerful NGO . He further underscored civilian control over the military by appointing Nilda Garré — who had been a political prisoner during the Dirty War — the countrys first woman Minister of Defense . As a result of his policies and approach , relations between the civilian authorities and the military remained tense throughout Kirchners presidency . Although Kirchner repudiated the military forces who participated in the Dirty War , he overlooked the guerrilla movements of the time . The government ignored the 30th anniversary of the ERP attack on the tank regiment in Azul and the 15th anniversary of the 1989 attack on La Tablada barracks . According to Rosendo Fraga , Kirchner downplayed the presence of terrorist organizations during the Dirty War . Guerrillas who committed suicide or who were executed by their own organizations were re-categorized in 2006 as victims of state terrorism , and their survivors were compensated by the state . However , victims of the guerrillas were not compensated . Journalist Ceferino Reato said that the Kirchners sought to replace the theory of the two demons , which blamed the Dirty War on both the military and the guerrillas , with a theory of angels and demons , which blamed only the military . After the presidency . Kirchner did not run for a reelection in the 2007 presidential elections . His wife , Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , ran instead . Media observers suspected that Kirchner stepped down as president to circumvent the term limit , swapping roles with his wife . Cristina Kirchner was elected , and Néstor Kirchner became First Gentleman . He remained highly influential during his wifes term , supervising the economy and leading the PJ . Their marriage has been compared with those of Juan and Eva Perón and Bill and Hillary Clinton . He participated in Operation Emmanuel in Colombia in December 2007 , which sought to release a group of FARC hostages , including Colombian politician Íngrid Betancourt . Kirchner returned to Argentina after negotiations failed . The hostages were freed a year later during Operation Jaque , a covert operation by the Colombian military . Néstor Kirchner played an active role in the 2008 government conflict with the agricultural sector , when Cristina Kirchner introduced a new sliding-scale taxation system for agricultural exports that raised custom taxes to soybean exports to 44% . At that time , he became president of the Justicialist Party and publicly supported his wife in the conflict ; Kirchner accused the agricultural sector of attempting a coup détat . He spoke in support of a bill to set the taxes by law at a demonstration at the Palace of the Argentine National Congress . Many senators who had supported the government rejected the proposal , and the voting was tied 36–36 . Vice-President Julio Cobos , president of the Chamber of Senators , cast the decisive vote in opposition to the measure . In the June 2009 legislative elections , Kirchner was defeated by Francisco de Narváez of the Union PRO coalition for National Deputy of Buenos Aires Province . The Front for Victory was defeated in the Buenos Aires , Santa Fe and Córdoba , and the Kirchners lost the Congressional majority . Voter disenchantment with the Kirchners was caused by inflation , crime and the previous years agricultural conflict , which cost them rural support . The Kirchners pushed a media law through during the Congress lame-duck session . The Kirchners described it as an antitrust law to limit media ownership , but critics considered instead that it was used to reduce the freedom of the press . Kirchner was nominated by Ecuador for Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations ( UNASUR ) , but was rejected by Uruguay when Uruguay and Argentina were involved in a pulp-mill dispute . The dispute was resolved in 2010 ; new Uruguayan president José Mujica supported Kirchner , who was unanimously elected UNASURs first secretary-general at a member-state summit in Buenos Aires on 4 May . Kirchner successfully mediated the 2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis . Style and ideology . Kirchner was often labelled a left-wing and progressive president , with the cultural critic Alejandro Kaufman stating that Kirchner was an Argentine social democrat : a centre-left Peronist , who had been elected on a moderate-progressive platform . However , that assessment is relative . Although he was left of previous Argentine presidents from Raúl Alfonsín to Eduardo Duhalde and contemporary Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , he was right of other Latin American presidents such as Hugo Chávez and Fidel Castro . Kirchners nationalist approach to the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute was closer to the right , and he did not consider left-wing policies such as the socialization of production or the nationalization of public services which were privatized during the Menem presidency . He did not attempt to modify church–state relations or reduce the armed forces . Kirchners economic views were influenced by his tenure in the government of Santa Cruz : a province rich in oil , gas , fish and tourism , with an economy focused on the primary sector . Usually avoiding long-term policies , he moved left or right according to circumstances . Many leftist activists in Argentina were cynical about the sincerity of his commitment to progressive ideals and to aiding the countrys underclass . A Peronist , Kirchner handled political power as Peronist leaders have traditionally done . He nevertheless sought to portray himself as being different from previous Peronist leaders . He made frequent use of controversies with other political or social forces and the polarization of public opinion , which became characteristic of his political style . This strategy was used against the financial sector , the military and police , foreign countries , international bodies , newspapers , and Duhalde himself with varying degrees of success . Kirchner sought to generate an image contrasting with those of former presidents Carlos Menem and Fernando de la Rúa . Menem was seen as frivolous and De la Rúa as doubtful , so Kirchner tried to be seen as serious and determined . He sought to concentrate political power , and the emergency superpowers law giving discretionary powers to the president to change the national budget was periodically renewed . The Front for Victory ( conceived as a lema of the PJ ) became a political alliance of the PJ , pro-Kirchner factions in other parties , and minor left-wing parties . The progressivist population , lacking leadership since the crisis which discredited the UCR , also supported the new coalition . Most Peronists simply defected to the new party , and the end of the economic crisis and the discretionary control of state finances allowed Kirchner to discipline his allies and co-opt his rivals . As a consequence , the Congress became compliant and the opposition was unable to present a credible alternative to the government . In addition to concentrating power , Kirchner micromanaged most government tasks or assigned them to trusted aides regardless of cabinet hierarchy . He managed relations with the United States and Brazil , leaving relations with Bolivia and Venezuela in the hands of Minister of Federal Planning Julio de Vido . There were no cabinet meetings during Kirchners presidency , rare in a national government ; this may have been influenced by his governance of Santa Cruz , a sparsely-populated province in which the cabinet was of little use and decisions were primarily made by the governor . According to analyst Ignacio Arana Araya Kirchner had a disregard for bilateral relations whenever these interfered with his domestic policies . As such he cut down gas export to Chile in 2004 despite Chilean protests , clashed with Uruguay over the envionmental impact of a planned pulp mill and had trade disputes with Brazil . During his tenure Kirchner left in the lurch numerous World leaders , including Trần Đức Lương , the President of Vietnam . Allegations of embezzlement . The Skanska case occurred during Kirchners presidency , during which several members of de Vidos ministry were accused of bribery in requests for tender for pipeline construction , based on a tape recording of Skanska employees discussing the bribes . The case was closed in 2011 , when it was ruled that the tape was not acceptable evidence and there was no overpricing . It was reopened in 2016 ( with Cristina Kirchner out of the government ) , and the tape was accepted as evidence . The Kirchners net worth , as reported to the AFIP revenue service , increased by 4,500 percent between 1995 and 2010 . A substantial increase occurred in 2008 , from 26.5 million to 63.5 million Argentine pesos , due to the sale of long-owned land , hotel rentals , and time deposits in Argentine pesos and U.S . dollars . They founded a business-consulting company , El Chapel and established the Hotesur SA and Los Sauces firms to manage their luxury hotels in El Calafate . The Kirchners expanded Comasa , a firm of which they had a 90-percent ownership . Their salaries as politicians were 3.62 percent of their total earnings . Kirchner was tried for unjust enrichment in 2004 , with the case focusing on the increase in his wealth from 1995 to 2003 . The case was first heard by judge Juan José Galeano and moved to judge Julián Ercolini , who acquitted him in 2005 . A new case involving both Kirchners was heard by judge Norberto Oyarbide , who acquitted them in 2010 . The TV program Periodismo para todos aired an investigation in 2013 , detailing a case of embezzlement and an associated money trail involving the Kirchners and businessman Lázaro Báez . Báez received 95 percent of the requests for tender in Santa Cruz province since 2003 , more than four billion pesos , and the scandal was known as the Route of the K-Money ( ) . In the 2014 Hotesur scandal , a company owned by Báez rented more than 1,100 rooms per month at Kirchner family hotels even when they were unoccupied . A money-laundering scheme was suspected , funnelling public-works money to the Kirchner family . In April 2016 , Kirchners secretary and confidant Daniel Muñoz ( who died early that year ) was identified in the Panama Papers as owner of real-estate investment firm Gold Black Limited . Company director Sergio Todisco was investigated by prosecutors who suspected that the company was used for money laundering . At the end of the year , judge Julián Ercolini indicted Cristina Kirchner and several members of their cabinet , charging them with a criminal conspiracy that would have started when Nestor Kirchner first became president . Death . Kirchner died on 27 October 2010 , at the age of 60 . The day was a national holiday for the INDEC to run a national census , so he was at home in El Calafate . Kirchner was rushed to a local hospital and was pronounced dead at 9:15 a.m . from cardiac arrest . He had undergone two medical procedures that year : surgery on his right carotid artery in February and an angioplasty in September . His death was a surprise for the Argentinian population , to whom he had always represented his heart problems as not very serious . His body was flown to the Casa Rosada for a state funeral , and three national days of mourning were declared . Kirchners funeral was attended by thousands , despite heavy rain . According to media reports , 1,000 people per hour entered the Casa Rosada in groups of 100 to 150 . Cristina Kirchner , dressed in mourning , stood next to the coffin . People brought candles , flags and flowers , some of which Cristina accepted personally . Kirchners death evoked international reactions moments after it was announced , with Brazil and Venezuela also declaring three national days of mourning . Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos and the Organization of American States declared a moment of silence , and U.S . president Barack Obama sent condolences . Attendees at Kirchners funeral included Chávez and Lula da Silva . Legacy . Although Kirchner was known to have health problems , his death was unexpected , and had a great impact on the politics of Argentina . Kirchner died at an early age , while still being a highly influential figure in politics , despite not being president at the time . Presidents Manuel Quintana , Roque Sáenz Peña and Roberto María Ortiz died in office , but none of them had a political clout comparable to that of Kirchner . President Juan Perón had a similar power and died in office , but his death was not unexpected , as he had already reached the life expectancy of the time . Other figures of the history of Argentina who achieved great political clout , such as José de San Martín , Juan Manuel de Rosas , Julio Argentino Roca , Carlos Pellegrini and Hipólito Yrigoyen , all died when they were already retired from politics , or even abroad . Initially , the death of Kirchner caused a power vacuum , as Cristina Kirchner had ruled so far as a figurehead , while Néstor Kirchner still managed the government . She changed the style of the government making it more authoritarian , and more critical of the United States . She broke with allies of her husband , such as the union leader Hugo Moyano , and increased the political clout of the youth wing La Cámpora instead . She also relied on her public image more than her husband had . The popularity of the Kirchners had been in a decline at the time of Néstors death , but after being widowed , Cristina Kirchners popularity increased greatly . As a result , she won the reelection in the 2011 general elections by a landslide . The Relato K built a cult of personality around the figure of Kirchner . While in office , Cristina Kirchner avoided referring to him by name , and talked instead about He or Him , with emphasis on the pronoun and with a universally capitalized form . As in the English language , in the Spanish language this figure of speech is usually reserved to make reference to God . Kirchner was also compared with San Martín , in an attempt to raise him to a similar status as a national hero . This comparison was included , for instance , in an official video by the ministry of social welfare . A month after his death many districts renamed streets , schools , neighbourhoods , institutions and other places after Néstor Kirchner . Some noteworthy examples are the Néstor Kirchner Cultural Centre ( formerly Bicentennial Cultural Centre ) and the second leg of the 2010–11 Argentine Primera División season . The change proved controversial in some cities , such as Caleta Olivia , where the renamed street was formerly named after the Falklands War veterans . A bill to rename a street after Kirchner was rejected in Apóstoles , Misiones . No renaming bill was even considered in Buenos Aires , as a previous law only allowed streets to be named after people who had died at least a decade before . The presidency of Mauricio Macri proposed a bill in 2016 to forbid any public places or institutions from being named after people unless they had died at least two decades before ; if approved , all the state properties named after Kirchner would have to be renamed . Honours and awards . Foreign honours . - Grand Collar of the Order of the Liberator Honorary degrees . - Fudan University honorary degree , 17 June 2004 . - National University of Entre Ríos posthumous honorary degree , 16 December 2010 . - National University of Lanús posthumous honorary degree , 20 December 2010 . External links . - Néstor Kirchner at the Encyclopædia Britannica - Néstor Kirchner at the Casa Rosada website |
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"Governor of Santa Cruz Province"
] | easy | What was the position of Néstor Kirchner from Dec 1991 to May 2003? | /wiki/Néstor_Kirchner#P39#1 | Néstor Kirchner Néstor Carlos Kirchner Jr . ( ; 25 February 195027 October 2010 ) was an Argentine lawyer and politician who served as the President of Argentina from 2003 to 2007 , Governor of Santa Cruz Province from 1991 to 2003 , Secretary General of UNASUR and the first gentleman during the first tenure of his wife , Cristina Fernández de Kirchner . He was President of the Justicialist Party from 2008 to 2010 . Ideologically , he identified himself as a Peronist and a progressive , with his political approach called Kirchnerism . Born in Río Gallegos , Santa Cruz , Kirchner studied law at the National University of La Plata . He met and married Cristina Fernández at this time , returned with her to Río Gallegos at graduation , and opened a law firm . Commentators have criticized him for a lack of legal activism during the Dirty War , an issue he would involve himself in as president . Kirchner ran for mayor of Río Gallegos in 1987 and for governor of Santa Cruz in 1991 . He was reelected governor in 1995 and 1999 due to an amendment of the provincial constitution . Kirchner sided with Buenos Aires provincial governor Eduardo Duhalde against President Carlos Menem . Although Duhalde lost the 1999 presidential election , he was appointed president by the Congress when previous presidents Fernando de la Rúa and Adolfo Rodríguez Saá resigned during the December 2001 riots . Duhalde suggested that Kirchner run for president in 2003 in a bid to prevent Menems return to the presidency . Menem won a plurality in the first round of the presidential election but , fearing that he would lose in the required runoff election , he resigned ; Kirchner became president as a result . Kirchner took office on 25 May 2003 . Roberto Lavagna , credited with the economic recovery during Duhaldes presidency , was retained as minister of economy and continued his economic policies . Argentina negotiated a swap of defaulted debt and repaid the International Monetary Fund . The National Institute of Statistics and Census intervened to underestimate growing inflation . Several Supreme Court judges resigned while fearing impeachment , and new justices were appointed . The amnesty for crimes committed during the Dirty War in enforcing the full-stop and due-obedience laws and the presidential pardons were repealed and declared unconstitutional . This led to new trials for the military who served during the 1970s . Argentina increased its integration with other Latin American countries , discontinuing its automatic alignment with the United States dating to the 1990s . The 2005 midterm elections were a victory for Kirchner , and signaled the end of Duhaldes supremacy in Buenos Aires Province . Instead of seeking reelection , Kirchner stepped aside in 2007 in support of his wife , who was elected president . He participated in Operation Emmanuel to release FARC hostages , and was narrowly defeated in the 2009 midterm election for deputy of Buenos Aires Province . Kirchner was appointed Secretary General of UNASUR in 2010 . He and his wife were involved ( either directly or through their close aides ) in the 2013 political scandal known as the Route of the K-Money , even though no judicial investigation ever found any proof of wrongdoing by Néstor or Cristina Kirchner . Kirchner died of cardiac arrest on 27 October 2010 , and received a state funeral . Early life . Kirchner was born Néstor Carlos Kirchner Jr . on 25 February 1950 , in Río Gallegos , Santa Cruz , a federal territory at the time . His father , Néstor Carlos Kirchner Sr. , of German-Swiss descent , met the Chilean María Juana Ostoić , of Croatian descent , by telegraphy . They had three children : Néstor , Alicia , and María Cristina . Néstor was part of the third generation of Kirchners living in the city . As a result of pertussis , he developed strabismus at an early age ; however , he refused medical treatment because he considered his eye part of his self-image . When Kirchner was in high school he briefly considered becoming a teacher , but poor diction hampered him ; he was also unsuccessful at basketball . Kirchner moved to La Plata in 1969 to study law at the National University . During this period , the decline of the Argentine Revolution , the return of former president Juan Perón from exile , the election of Héctor Cámpora as president , his resignation and the election of Perón , and the beginning of the Dirty War had led to severe political turmoil . Kirchner joined the University Federation for the National Revolution ( FURN ) , a political student group whose relationship with the Montoneros guerrillas is a matter of debate . Kirchner was not a leader of the group . He was present at the Ezeiza massacre , in which right-wing Peronist snipers opened fire on a celebration of Juan Peróns return at the Ezeiza International Airport . He was also present at the expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo . Although Kirchner met many members of the Montoneros , he was not a member of the group . By the time the Montoneros were outlawed by Perón , he had left FURN . In 1974 , Kirchner met Cristina Fernández , three years his junior , and they quickly fell in love . They were married after a courtship limited to six months by the political turmoil in the country . At the civil ceremony , Kirchners friends sang the Peronist song Los Muchachos Peronistas . He graduated a year later , returned to Patagonia with Cristina , and established a law firm with fellow attorney Domingo Ortiz de Zarate . Cristina joined the firm in 1979 . By the time of Kirchners graduation and move to the Patagonia , Juan Perón had died , his vice president and wife Isabel Martínez de Perón had become president . Isabel Perón had been unseated by a coup détat which installed a military government . The Kirchners worked for banks and financial groups which filed foreclosures , since the Central Banks 1050 ruling had raised mortgage loan interest rates , and also acquired 21 real-estate lots for a low price when they were about to be auctioned . Their law firm defended military personnel accused of committing crimes during said war . Forced disappearances were common during the Dirty War , but unlike other lawyers of the time the Kirchners never signed a habeas corpus . Julio César Strassera , prosecutor in the 1985 Trial of the Juntas case against the military , criticized the Kirchners lack of legal actions against the military , and considered their later interest in the issue a form of hypocrisy . The Dirty War eventually ended , and the National Reorganization Process allowed political activity in preparation for a return to democracy . Kirchner led one of the three internal factions of the local Justicialist Party ( PJ ) , but Peronist Arturo Puricelli prevailed in the primary elections . Kirchner founded the Ateneo Juan Domingo Perón organization , which supported deposed president Isabel Perón and promoted political dialogue with the military . Cristina Fernández became an attorney of the PJ in Santa Cruz , with the help of Rafael Flores , a former friend from the FURN . Raúl Alfonsín , who was running for president for the Radical Civic Union ( UCR ) , denounced an agreement between the military and the Peronist unions which sought an amnesty for the military . Kirchner organized a rally on behalf of Rodolfo Ponce , a union leader mentioned by Alfonsín in his denouncement . Alfonsín won the 1983 presidential election , and Puricelli was elected governor of Santa Cruz . Puricelli sought to unify the local Peronist movement by adding members of the other factions into his government , and appointed Kirchner president of the provincial social-welfare fund . Kirchner quickly expanded the activities and scope of his office , building a parallel state . This soon started a conflict with Puricelli . Instead of being fired , Kirchner resigned and accused the governor of reducing the funds for social-welfare . He ran for mayor of Río Gallegos in 1987 , and won by the slim margin of 110 votes . Kirchners friend , Rudy Ulloa Igor , helped him to victory by registering some groups of Chilean immigrants to vote ( immigrants were allowed to vote in mayoral elections ) , and persuading them to vote for Kirchner . Julio de Vido and Carlos Zannini began working with Kirchner at this time . Kirchner used the state-owned media to promote his activities . The Peronist Ricardo del Val was elected governor that year , and the province was impacted by inflation in 1989 . Kirchner became the main opponent of del Val , who was impeached and removed from office in 1990 due to the inflation crisis . Governor of Santa Cruz . Kirchner ran for governor of Santa Cruz in 1991 . Although he received only 30 percent of the vote , below the 36 percent of the UCR , he was elected due to the Ley de Lemas that added the votes for the Peronist faction of Puricelli to his own . When Kirchner took office , Santa Cruz was experiencing an economic crisis , with high unemployment and a budget deficit equal to 1.2 billion pesos , which amounted to an equal number of U.S . dollars because of the Convertibility plan . He expanded the number of provincial Supreme Court justices from three members to five and appointed three judges loyal to him ; this gave him control of the provincial judiciary . Kirchner was criticized for preventing the investigation of corruption cases . Santa Cruz received 535 million pesos in oil royalties in 1993 , which Kirchner deposited in a foreign bank . He was elected to the Constituent Assembly which drafted the 1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution proposed by the Peronist president Carlos Menem . Kirchner voted against the amendment that would allow the reelection of the president , which was approved . Locally , he proposed an amendment to the provincial constitution authorizing indefinite reelection of the governor . Menem and Kirchner were reelected to their respective offices in 1995 . Kirchner established a faction in the PJ opposing Menems neoliberal economic policies , but Eduardo Duhalde , governor of the populous Buenos Aires province , ignored him and rallied a stronger opposition to Menem within the PJ . The number of state workers grew from 12,000 to 70,000 during Kirchners administration . The creation of private-sector jobs in the province was minimal , and private companies were driven away . A local journalist interviewed by journalist Jorge Lanata said that this placed de facto restrictions on economic freedom and allowed Kirchner to control the population . Most available jobs were in public works . With Menem constitutionally restricted from running for a third presidential term , Duhalde ran for president in 1999 . Kirchner sided with Duhalde in his dispute with Menem , and sought reelection as governor of Santa Cruz . The PJ was defeated on the national level by the radical Fernando de la Rúa , who became president . Kirchner was reelected , despite the growth of the UCR in the province . Following an economic crisis , De la Rúa resigned two years later during the December 2001 riots . The Congress appointed Adolfo Rodríguez Saá , governor of San Luis , as interim president . When Rodríguez Saá also resigned , Duhalde was appointed president . He was the politician with the highest legitimacy to be appointed president , as he had placed second in the 1999 elections and won the 2001 legislative elections in the Buenos Aires province , the district of Argentina with the largest population . He slowly restored the economy , and hastened the presidential election when two piqueteros were killed during a demonstration . However , the provincial elections were held on their original dates . 2003 presidential election . Carlos Menem ran for a new term as president in 2003 , and Eduardo Duhalde tried to prevent it . Instead of holding primary elections within the PJ , the 2003 elections used a variant of the Ley de Lemas . All the Peronist candidates were allowed to run in the general election , using their own tickets . Although Kirchner ran for president with Duhaldes support , he was not the presidents first choice . Trying to prevent a third term for Menem , Duhalde approached Santa Fe governor Carlos Reutemann and Córdoba governor José Manuel de la Sota ; Reutemann declined , and De la Sota did not run because he was insufficiently popular . Duhalde also unsuccessfully approached Mauricio Macri , Adolfo Rodríguez Saá , Felipe Solá , and Roberto Lavagna , all of whom refused to run . Duhalde initially resisted supporting Kirchner , fearing that Kirchner would ignore him if elected . Kirchner run on the Front for Victory ticket , one of the several fronts put up by the PJ . Since Kirchner was identified with the centre-left , Duhalde appointed the centre-right Daniel Scioli as his vice-presidential candidate . Only a handful of Peronist governors supported either candidate ; most remained neutral , awaiting the election to forge a relationship with the victor . The general election was held on 27 April . Menem won the first round with 24.5 percent of the vote , followed by Kirchner with 22.2 percent . The conservative Ricardo López Murphy finished third , substantially behind the two main candidates . Since Menem was well short of the threshold required to win , a runoff election was scheduled for 18 May . By this time , however , Menems public image had deteriorated , and polls showed Kirchner receiving 60 to 70 percent of the vote . To avoid a humiliating defeat , Menem pulled out of the runoff in a move criticized by the other candidates . The judiciary declined requests for a new election and refused to sanction a runoff election between Kirchner and López Murphy , although López Murphy said he would not have participated in any event . The election was validated by the Congress , and Kirchner became president on 25 May 2003 . Kirchners 22.2 percent is the lowest vote percentage ever recorded for an Argentine president in a free election . Local elections were held in October . The mayor of Buenos Aires , Aníbal Ibarra , was reelected in a runoff against Mauricio Macri . Neither were Peronists , but Ibarra supported Kirchner and Macri was supported by Duhalde . Duhalde remained an influential figure in the Buenos Aires province ; his ally Felipe Solá was elected governor by a landslide , and the PJ received its highest number of deputies since 1983 and won mayoral elections in several cities lost to the UCR in 1999 . The three leading candidates in the Buenos Aires province were all Peronists . Victories in the other provinces gave the PJ control of the Congress , and three-quarters of Argentinas governors were Peronists . According to journalist Mariano Grondona , Argentine politics had become a dominant-party system . Presidency . First days . Kirchner took office as president of Argentina on 25 May 2003 . Contrary to tradition , the ceremony was held at the Palace of the Argentine National Congress rather than Casa Rosada . He announced that he would spearhead change on many issues , from politics to culture . The ceremony was attended by the provincial governors , Supreme Court president Julio Nazareno , the heads of the armed forces , and Cuban leader Fidel Castro . Raúl Alfonsín was the only former president in attendance . Kirchner walked to the Casa Rosada along Avenida de Mayo , breaking with protocol to get close to the people , and was accidentally hit in the head with a camera . As he was elected with a small percentage of the vote , Kirchner sought to increase his political clout and public image . He sought political allies in all political parties , not just the PJ . The Radicales K supported him from within the UCR . This practice of reaching out to multiple parties became known as Transversalism . Striking an anti-establishment image , Kirchner set about creating a sense of political renewal in Argentina , despite the fact that many of his government associates came from the traditional political class . He retained four members of Duhaldes cabinet . Economy Minister Roberto Lavagna , credited with the economic recovery , was kept to ensure that Kirchner maintained the economic policies laid down during the previous administration . Ginés González García stayed as Minister of Health . Anibal Fernandez was moved to the Ministry of the Interior and José Pampuro to the Defense Ministry . Kirchner brought in four members of his cabinet from his days as governor of Santa Cruz . Alberto Fernández , who organized his political campaign , was appointed chief of the cabinet of ministers . Sergio Acevedo was placed in charge of intelligence . Julio de Vido was appointed Minister of Federal Planning , an office similar to his provincial one . Since the appointment of relatives was not unusual in Argentina , Kirchners appointment of his sister Alicia as Minister of Social Development was uncontroversial . Chancellor Rafael Bielsa was from another political party , FREPASO . Relations with the judiciary . The Argentine judiciary had been unpopular since the presidency of Carlos Menem , most of whose judicial appointments were based on loyalty ; his judiciary was known as the automatic majority . Kirchner sought to remove the most controversial judges and organized the impeachment of Supreme Court president Julio Nazareno , who chose to resign . Judge Adolfo Vázquez also resigned before impeachment , citing personal reasons . Judges Eduardo Moline OConnor and Guillermo López also resigned under similar circumstances . The vacancies were well received by the public , boosting Kirchners popularity . He arranged a new system to appoint judges . Instead of simply proposing a new judge candidate to the Congress , the presidency first released names of a number of potential candidates , who were then evaluated by several non-governmental organizations , who assessed if the candidate was suitable as a judge . The ministry of justice compiled all the support and criticism , and the president then decided which candidate would be proposed to the Congress , which made the final decision , as under the previous system . Raúl Zaffaroni , a former FREPASO politician , was the first judicial appointment under the new system . He was followed by Elena Highton de Nolasco , the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court . The appointment of Carmen Argibay ( another female judge ) was controversial , since Argibay was an atheist and a supporter of legal abortion . The judges held liberal views on criminal justice , countering social demands for harsher , pro-victim policies after the murder of Axel Blumberg . However , the new Supreme Court had little political power , as the national government ignored all rulings that were not favorable . Economic policy . The pillars of the economic plan were trade and fiscal budget surpluses and a high exchange rate for the United States dollar . The surplus was increased by taxes levied during de la Rúas presidency and the devaluation which occurred during the Duhalde administration . Kirchner sought to rebuild the Argentine industrial base , public works and public services , renegotiating the operation of public services privatized by Carlos Menem and owned by foreign companies . His policies were accompanied by a nationalist rhetoric sympathetic to the poor . However , despite the financial prosperity , there was no significant decrease in the number of people living in poverty , which was 8 to 10 million people , or almost 25% of the country . Kirchner and Lavagna negotiated a swap of defaulted national debt in 2005 , a write-down to one-third of the original debt . Kirchner refused a structural adjustment program , and instead made a single payment to the IMF with Central Bank reserves . Although the economy grew at an eight-percent annual rate during Kirchners term , much of its growth was due to favorable international conditions rather than Argentine policies . Argentina was benefited by the increase of the international price of soybean and other foods . However , some argued that this economic growth can also be attributed to Kirchners policies to increase domestic demand . Foreign investment remained low because of the Argentine hostility towards the IMF , the U.S . and the United Kingdom , the re-nationalization of privatized companies ( such as the water supply , managed by the French company Suez ) , diplomatic isolation and state interventionism . The energy sector suffered , and lack of investment reduced energy reserves during the 2000s . Lavagna proposed to slow economic growth and control inflation . Kirchner rejected this , promoting wage increases to reduce economic inequality and extending unemployment insurance and other types of social welfare . Public services such as public transportation , electricity , gas and water supply were subsidized and kept at low prices . Food industries were subsidized as well . The subsidies eventually expanded to several uncommon areas . This increased the economic activity , but also increased inflation and reduced the private investment in those areas . Unable to control inflation , the government influenced the National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina , which under-reported it , as well as poverty ( which was calculated with the inflation figures ) . The superpowers law , sanctioned during the crisis , was prorogated and eventually made permanent in 2006 ; this law allowed the president to rearrange the budget with supervision from the Congress . Kirchner sought to win over the Argentine Workers Central Union and leaders of more moderate piquetero factions to reduce the chances of strikes and protests . He nevertheless continued to oppose hard-line elements of the piquetero movement , such as that of Raúl Castells . Kirchners policy helped to fragment the piqueteros , with some declaring their allegiance to him and others continuing to oppose him . Their usual system of protest ( blocking streets ) made them highly unpopular . However , Kirchner refused to suppress the piquetero demonstrations to avoid the risk of further violence . Lavagna refused to run for senator in the 2005 midterm elections , and criticized the overpricing of public works managed by Minister of Federal Planning Julio de Vido . As a result , Kirchner asked Lavagna to resign . Finance secretary Guillermo Nielsen , who managed the debt restructuring , also resigned . Felisa Miceli , head of Banco de la Nación Argentina , replaced Lavagna as Minister of Economy . Miceli resigned in 2007 , months before the presidential elections , because of a scandal over a bag with a large amount of money which was found in her office bathroom . She was replaced by Secretary of Industry Miguel Gustavo Peirano . Foreign policy . Kirchner took a pragmatic approach to Argentine foreign policy , and Argentina–United States relations did not continue the special relations of the 1990s . Chancellor Rafael Bielsa called the relationship between the countries cooperation without cohabitation in contrast to that of the Menem era , which was known as carnal relations . Kirchner opposed the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas , as it was based on majority rule among all the countries of the Americas , whereas he preferred a proportional representation system that would have given the Mercosur bloc more influence . The 4th Summit of the Americas , hosted in Mar del Plata , ended with violent protests against U.S . President George W . Bush ; negotiations stalled , and the FTAA was not implemented . Kirchner told the United Nations that , although he opposed terrorism , he did not support the War on Terror . He refused to receive U.S . Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , and sent forces to the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti . Kirchner sought increased integration with other Latin American countries . He revived and tried to strengthen the Mercosur trade bloc and improved relations with Brazil , but without automatically aligning with that country , the regional power of South America . The president tried to keep a middle ground between Brazil and Venezuela , since he considered the Brazilian Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva too conservative , and the Venezuelan Hugo Chávez too anti-American . Kirchner worked with left-wing presidents Lula , Chilean Ricardo Lagos , Chávez , Fidel Castro from Cuba and Evo Morales from Bolivia . He established a political alliance with Chávezs government , and by 2008 , Argentinian exports to Venezuela were quadruple what they were in 2002 . A bilateral military commission was established with Venezuela , through which some technological exchange took place . 2005 midterm elections . Kirchner soon distanced himself from Duhalde , removing those close to the former president from the government to reduce his political influence . He also sought supporters across the social and political spectrum to counter Duhaldes influence in the party . Although Duhalde was not initially against Kirchner , Kirchner tried to prevent the presence of alternative leaderships within the PJ . However , they put their differences behind them during the October 2003 legislative elections . Their dispute was fanned by the political weight of Buenos Aires province ( the most populous in Argentina , with almost 40 percent of the national vote ) , and continued through the 2005 midterm elections . Without consensus in the PJ for a candidate for senator in the Buenos Aires province , both leaders had their wives run for office : Hilda González de Duhalde for the PJ and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner for the Front for Victory , which contested the election as a different party . Cristina Kirchner won the election . As in 2003 , the elections were defined by Peronist factions ; the opposition parties could not put up a united national front . The victory gave Kirchner the confidence to remove Lavagna , Rafael Bielsa , Jose Pampuro , and Alicia Kirchner from his cabinet and replace them with ministers who , though less well-known , had perspectives closer to his own . Human rights policy . Although the Dirty War ended in the eighties , Kirchner considered it an unresolved issue . In his inaugural speech , he supported human rights organizations which sought the incarceration of the military connected with the National Reorganization Process . He also ordered the top military leadership to retire . Kirchner sent a bill to the Congress to annul the full stop law and the Law of Due Obedience , which had halted trials of the military for crimes related to the Dirty War . The laws had been repealed in 1998 , but that repeal had little legal significance , as only an annulment would reopen the cases . Although this initiative was opposed by Duhalde and Scioli , most legislators considered it a symbolic gesture since the laws constitutionality would be decided by the Supreme Court . Both laws were annulled by the Congress in August 2003 , and many cases were reopened as a result . The Supreme Court declared the laws , and Menems presidential pardons , unconstitutional in 2005 . Jorge Julio López , witness in a trial of police officer Miguel Etchecolatz , disappeared in 2006 . This caused a national scandal , as it was suspected that he was disappeared to intimidate other witnesses in the upcoming trials , and the government was unable to locate him . Kirchner also changed the extradition policy , allowing extradition for people prosecuted abroad and not facing charges in Argentina . He also supported the requests by human rights organizations to turn the former detention centers into memorials for the disappeared . Argentina became a signatory of the UN Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity in 2003 . A creative interpretation of the convention by the courts allowed them to circumvent the statutory limitations to crimes committed decades in the past , and also the ex post facto applicability of laws that were not in force at the time of the crimes . The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo held their final demonstration in 2006 , believing that Kirchner , unlike previous presidents , was not their enemy . They became political allies of Kirchner , who placed them in prominent locations during his speeches , and the group became a powerful NGO . He further underscored civilian control over the military by appointing Nilda Garré — who had been a political prisoner during the Dirty War — the countrys first woman Minister of Defense . As a result of his policies and approach , relations between the civilian authorities and the military remained tense throughout Kirchners presidency . Although Kirchner repudiated the military forces who participated in the Dirty War , he overlooked the guerrilla movements of the time . The government ignored the 30th anniversary of the ERP attack on the tank regiment in Azul and the 15th anniversary of the 1989 attack on La Tablada barracks . According to Rosendo Fraga , Kirchner downplayed the presence of terrorist organizations during the Dirty War . Guerrillas who committed suicide or who were executed by their own organizations were re-categorized in 2006 as victims of state terrorism , and their survivors were compensated by the state . However , victims of the guerrillas were not compensated . Journalist Ceferino Reato said that the Kirchners sought to replace the theory of the two demons , which blamed the Dirty War on both the military and the guerrillas , with a theory of angels and demons , which blamed only the military . After the presidency . Kirchner did not run for a reelection in the 2007 presidential elections . His wife , Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , ran instead . Media observers suspected that Kirchner stepped down as president to circumvent the term limit , swapping roles with his wife . Cristina Kirchner was elected , and Néstor Kirchner became First Gentleman . He remained highly influential during his wifes term , supervising the economy and leading the PJ . Their marriage has been compared with those of Juan and Eva Perón and Bill and Hillary Clinton . He participated in Operation Emmanuel in Colombia in December 2007 , which sought to release a group of FARC hostages , including Colombian politician Íngrid Betancourt . Kirchner returned to Argentina after negotiations failed . The hostages were freed a year later during Operation Jaque , a covert operation by the Colombian military . Néstor Kirchner played an active role in the 2008 government conflict with the agricultural sector , when Cristina Kirchner introduced a new sliding-scale taxation system for agricultural exports that raised custom taxes to soybean exports to 44% . At that time , he became president of the Justicialist Party and publicly supported his wife in the conflict ; Kirchner accused the agricultural sector of attempting a coup détat . He spoke in support of a bill to set the taxes by law at a demonstration at the Palace of the Argentine National Congress . Many senators who had supported the government rejected the proposal , and the voting was tied 36–36 . Vice-President Julio Cobos , president of the Chamber of Senators , cast the decisive vote in opposition to the measure . In the June 2009 legislative elections , Kirchner was defeated by Francisco de Narváez of the Union PRO coalition for National Deputy of Buenos Aires Province . The Front for Victory was defeated in the Buenos Aires , Santa Fe and Córdoba , and the Kirchners lost the Congressional majority . Voter disenchantment with the Kirchners was caused by inflation , crime and the previous years agricultural conflict , which cost them rural support . The Kirchners pushed a media law through during the Congress lame-duck session . The Kirchners described it as an antitrust law to limit media ownership , but critics considered instead that it was used to reduce the freedom of the press . Kirchner was nominated by Ecuador for Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations ( UNASUR ) , but was rejected by Uruguay when Uruguay and Argentina were involved in a pulp-mill dispute . The dispute was resolved in 2010 ; new Uruguayan president José Mujica supported Kirchner , who was unanimously elected UNASURs first secretary-general at a member-state summit in Buenos Aires on 4 May . Kirchner successfully mediated the 2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis . Style and ideology . Kirchner was often labelled a left-wing and progressive president , with the cultural critic Alejandro Kaufman stating that Kirchner was an Argentine social democrat : a centre-left Peronist , who had been elected on a moderate-progressive platform . However , that assessment is relative . Although he was left of previous Argentine presidents from Raúl Alfonsín to Eduardo Duhalde and contemporary Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , he was right of other Latin American presidents such as Hugo Chávez and Fidel Castro . Kirchners nationalist approach to the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute was closer to the right , and he did not consider left-wing policies such as the socialization of production or the nationalization of public services which were privatized during the Menem presidency . He did not attempt to modify church–state relations or reduce the armed forces . Kirchners economic views were influenced by his tenure in the government of Santa Cruz : a province rich in oil , gas , fish and tourism , with an economy focused on the primary sector . Usually avoiding long-term policies , he moved left or right according to circumstances . Many leftist activists in Argentina were cynical about the sincerity of his commitment to progressive ideals and to aiding the countrys underclass . A Peronist , Kirchner handled political power as Peronist leaders have traditionally done . He nevertheless sought to portray himself as being different from previous Peronist leaders . He made frequent use of controversies with other political or social forces and the polarization of public opinion , which became characteristic of his political style . This strategy was used against the financial sector , the military and police , foreign countries , international bodies , newspapers , and Duhalde himself with varying degrees of success . Kirchner sought to generate an image contrasting with those of former presidents Carlos Menem and Fernando de la Rúa . Menem was seen as frivolous and De la Rúa as doubtful , so Kirchner tried to be seen as serious and determined . He sought to concentrate political power , and the emergency superpowers law giving discretionary powers to the president to change the national budget was periodically renewed . The Front for Victory ( conceived as a lema of the PJ ) became a political alliance of the PJ , pro-Kirchner factions in other parties , and minor left-wing parties . The progressivist population , lacking leadership since the crisis which discredited the UCR , also supported the new coalition . Most Peronists simply defected to the new party , and the end of the economic crisis and the discretionary control of state finances allowed Kirchner to discipline his allies and co-opt his rivals . As a consequence , the Congress became compliant and the opposition was unable to present a credible alternative to the government . In addition to concentrating power , Kirchner micromanaged most government tasks or assigned them to trusted aides regardless of cabinet hierarchy . He managed relations with the United States and Brazil , leaving relations with Bolivia and Venezuela in the hands of Minister of Federal Planning Julio de Vido . There were no cabinet meetings during Kirchners presidency , rare in a national government ; this may have been influenced by his governance of Santa Cruz , a sparsely-populated province in which the cabinet was of little use and decisions were primarily made by the governor . According to analyst Ignacio Arana Araya Kirchner had a disregard for bilateral relations whenever these interfered with his domestic policies . As such he cut down gas export to Chile in 2004 despite Chilean protests , clashed with Uruguay over the envionmental impact of a planned pulp mill and had trade disputes with Brazil . During his tenure Kirchner left in the lurch numerous World leaders , including Trần Đức Lương , the President of Vietnam . Allegations of embezzlement . The Skanska case occurred during Kirchners presidency , during which several members of de Vidos ministry were accused of bribery in requests for tender for pipeline construction , based on a tape recording of Skanska employees discussing the bribes . The case was closed in 2011 , when it was ruled that the tape was not acceptable evidence and there was no overpricing . It was reopened in 2016 ( with Cristina Kirchner out of the government ) , and the tape was accepted as evidence . The Kirchners net worth , as reported to the AFIP revenue service , increased by 4,500 percent between 1995 and 2010 . A substantial increase occurred in 2008 , from 26.5 million to 63.5 million Argentine pesos , due to the sale of long-owned land , hotel rentals , and time deposits in Argentine pesos and U.S . dollars . They founded a business-consulting company , El Chapel and established the Hotesur SA and Los Sauces firms to manage their luxury hotels in El Calafate . The Kirchners expanded Comasa , a firm of which they had a 90-percent ownership . Their salaries as politicians were 3.62 percent of their total earnings . Kirchner was tried for unjust enrichment in 2004 , with the case focusing on the increase in his wealth from 1995 to 2003 . The case was first heard by judge Juan José Galeano and moved to judge Julián Ercolini , who acquitted him in 2005 . A new case involving both Kirchners was heard by judge Norberto Oyarbide , who acquitted them in 2010 . The TV program Periodismo para todos aired an investigation in 2013 , detailing a case of embezzlement and an associated money trail involving the Kirchners and businessman Lázaro Báez . Báez received 95 percent of the requests for tender in Santa Cruz province since 2003 , more than four billion pesos , and the scandal was known as the Route of the K-Money ( ) . In the 2014 Hotesur scandal , a company owned by Báez rented more than 1,100 rooms per month at Kirchner family hotels even when they were unoccupied . A money-laundering scheme was suspected , funnelling public-works money to the Kirchner family . In April 2016 , Kirchners secretary and confidant Daniel Muñoz ( who died early that year ) was identified in the Panama Papers as owner of real-estate investment firm Gold Black Limited . Company director Sergio Todisco was investigated by prosecutors who suspected that the company was used for money laundering . At the end of the year , judge Julián Ercolini indicted Cristina Kirchner and several members of their cabinet , charging them with a criminal conspiracy that would have started when Nestor Kirchner first became president . Death . Kirchner died on 27 October 2010 , at the age of 60 . The day was a national holiday for the INDEC to run a national census , so he was at home in El Calafate . Kirchner was rushed to a local hospital and was pronounced dead at 9:15 a.m . from cardiac arrest . He had undergone two medical procedures that year : surgery on his right carotid artery in February and an angioplasty in September . His death was a surprise for the Argentinian population , to whom he had always represented his heart problems as not very serious . His body was flown to the Casa Rosada for a state funeral , and three national days of mourning were declared . Kirchners funeral was attended by thousands , despite heavy rain . According to media reports , 1,000 people per hour entered the Casa Rosada in groups of 100 to 150 . Cristina Kirchner , dressed in mourning , stood next to the coffin . People brought candles , flags and flowers , some of which Cristina accepted personally . Kirchners death evoked international reactions moments after it was announced , with Brazil and Venezuela also declaring three national days of mourning . Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos and the Organization of American States declared a moment of silence , and U.S . president Barack Obama sent condolences . Attendees at Kirchners funeral included Chávez and Lula da Silva . Legacy . Although Kirchner was known to have health problems , his death was unexpected , and had a great impact on the politics of Argentina . Kirchner died at an early age , while still being a highly influential figure in politics , despite not being president at the time . Presidents Manuel Quintana , Roque Sáenz Peña and Roberto María Ortiz died in office , but none of them had a political clout comparable to that of Kirchner . President Juan Perón had a similar power and died in office , but his death was not unexpected , as he had already reached the life expectancy of the time . Other figures of the history of Argentina who achieved great political clout , such as José de San Martín , Juan Manuel de Rosas , Julio Argentino Roca , Carlos Pellegrini and Hipólito Yrigoyen , all died when they were already retired from politics , or even abroad . Initially , the death of Kirchner caused a power vacuum , as Cristina Kirchner had ruled so far as a figurehead , while Néstor Kirchner still managed the government . She changed the style of the government making it more authoritarian , and more critical of the United States . She broke with allies of her husband , such as the union leader Hugo Moyano , and increased the political clout of the youth wing La Cámpora instead . She also relied on her public image more than her husband had . The popularity of the Kirchners had been in a decline at the time of Néstors death , but after being widowed , Cristina Kirchners popularity increased greatly . As a result , she won the reelection in the 2011 general elections by a landslide . The Relato K built a cult of personality around the figure of Kirchner . While in office , Cristina Kirchner avoided referring to him by name , and talked instead about He or Him , with emphasis on the pronoun and with a universally capitalized form . As in the English language , in the Spanish language this figure of speech is usually reserved to make reference to God . Kirchner was also compared with San Martín , in an attempt to raise him to a similar status as a national hero . This comparison was included , for instance , in an official video by the ministry of social welfare . A month after his death many districts renamed streets , schools , neighbourhoods , institutions and other places after Néstor Kirchner . Some noteworthy examples are the Néstor Kirchner Cultural Centre ( formerly Bicentennial Cultural Centre ) and the second leg of the 2010–11 Argentine Primera División season . The change proved controversial in some cities , such as Caleta Olivia , where the renamed street was formerly named after the Falklands War veterans . A bill to rename a street after Kirchner was rejected in Apóstoles , Misiones . No renaming bill was even considered in Buenos Aires , as a previous law only allowed streets to be named after people who had died at least a decade before . The presidency of Mauricio Macri proposed a bill in 2016 to forbid any public places or institutions from being named after people unless they had died at least two decades before ; if approved , all the state properties named after Kirchner would have to be renamed . Honours and awards . Foreign honours . - Grand Collar of the Order of the Liberator Honorary degrees . - Fudan University honorary degree , 17 June 2004 . - National University of Entre Ríos posthumous honorary degree , 16 December 2010 . - National University of Lanús posthumous honorary degree , 20 December 2010 . External links . - Néstor Kirchner at the Encyclopædia Britannica - Néstor Kirchner at the Casa Rosada website |
[
"President of Argentina"
] | easy | Néstor Kirchner took which position from May 2003 to Dec 2007? | /wiki/Néstor_Kirchner#P39#2 | Néstor Kirchner Néstor Carlos Kirchner Jr . ( ; 25 February 195027 October 2010 ) was an Argentine lawyer and politician who served as the President of Argentina from 2003 to 2007 , Governor of Santa Cruz Province from 1991 to 2003 , Secretary General of UNASUR and the first gentleman during the first tenure of his wife , Cristina Fernández de Kirchner . He was President of the Justicialist Party from 2008 to 2010 . Ideologically , he identified himself as a Peronist and a progressive , with his political approach called Kirchnerism . Born in Río Gallegos , Santa Cruz , Kirchner studied law at the National University of La Plata . He met and married Cristina Fernández at this time , returned with her to Río Gallegos at graduation , and opened a law firm . Commentators have criticized him for a lack of legal activism during the Dirty War , an issue he would involve himself in as president . Kirchner ran for mayor of Río Gallegos in 1987 and for governor of Santa Cruz in 1991 . He was reelected governor in 1995 and 1999 due to an amendment of the provincial constitution . Kirchner sided with Buenos Aires provincial governor Eduardo Duhalde against President Carlos Menem . Although Duhalde lost the 1999 presidential election , he was appointed president by the Congress when previous presidents Fernando de la Rúa and Adolfo Rodríguez Saá resigned during the December 2001 riots . Duhalde suggested that Kirchner run for president in 2003 in a bid to prevent Menems return to the presidency . Menem won a plurality in the first round of the presidential election but , fearing that he would lose in the required runoff election , he resigned ; Kirchner became president as a result . Kirchner took office on 25 May 2003 . Roberto Lavagna , credited with the economic recovery during Duhaldes presidency , was retained as minister of economy and continued his economic policies . Argentina negotiated a swap of defaulted debt and repaid the International Monetary Fund . The National Institute of Statistics and Census intervened to underestimate growing inflation . Several Supreme Court judges resigned while fearing impeachment , and new justices were appointed . The amnesty for crimes committed during the Dirty War in enforcing the full-stop and due-obedience laws and the presidential pardons were repealed and declared unconstitutional . This led to new trials for the military who served during the 1970s . Argentina increased its integration with other Latin American countries , discontinuing its automatic alignment with the United States dating to the 1990s . The 2005 midterm elections were a victory for Kirchner , and signaled the end of Duhaldes supremacy in Buenos Aires Province . Instead of seeking reelection , Kirchner stepped aside in 2007 in support of his wife , who was elected president . He participated in Operation Emmanuel to release FARC hostages , and was narrowly defeated in the 2009 midterm election for deputy of Buenos Aires Province . Kirchner was appointed Secretary General of UNASUR in 2010 . He and his wife were involved ( either directly or through their close aides ) in the 2013 political scandal known as the Route of the K-Money , even though no judicial investigation ever found any proof of wrongdoing by Néstor or Cristina Kirchner . Kirchner died of cardiac arrest on 27 October 2010 , and received a state funeral . Early life . Kirchner was born Néstor Carlos Kirchner Jr . on 25 February 1950 , in Río Gallegos , Santa Cruz , a federal territory at the time . His father , Néstor Carlos Kirchner Sr. , of German-Swiss descent , met the Chilean María Juana Ostoić , of Croatian descent , by telegraphy . They had three children : Néstor , Alicia , and María Cristina . Néstor was part of the third generation of Kirchners living in the city . As a result of pertussis , he developed strabismus at an early age ; however , he refused medical treatment because he considered his eye part of his self-image . When Kirchner was in high school he briefly considered becoming a teacher , but poor diction hampered him ; he was also unsuccessful at basketball . Kirchner moved to La Plata in 1969 to study law at the National University . During this period , the decline of the Argentine Revolution , the return of former president Juan Perón from exile , the election of Héctor Cámpora as president , his resignation and the election of Perón , and the beginning of the Dirty War had led to severe political turmoil . Kirchner joined the University Federation for the National Revolution ( FURN ) , a political student group whose relationship with the Montoneros guerrillas is a matter of debate . Kirchner was not a leader of the group . He was present at the Ezeiza massacre , in which right-wing Peronist snipers opened fire on a celebration of Juan Peróns return at the Ezeiza International Airport . He was also present at the expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo . Although Kirchner met many members of the Montoneros , he was not a member of the group . By the time the Montoneros were outlawed by Perón , he had left FURN . In 1974 , Kirchner met Cristina Fernández , three years his junior , and they quickly fell in love . They were married after a courtship limited to six months by the political turmoil in the country . At the civil ceremony , Kirchners friends sang the Peronist song Los Muchachos Peronistas . He graduated a year later , returned to Patagonia with Cristina , and established a law firm with fellow attorney Domingo Ortiz de Zarate . Cristina joined the firm in 1979 . By the time of Kirchners graduation and move to the Patagonia , Juan Perón had died , his vice president and wife Isabel Martínez de Perón had become president . Isabel Perón had been unseated by a coup détat which installed a military government . The Kirchners worked for banks and financial groups which filed foreclosures , since the Central Banks 1050 ruling had raised mortgage loan interest rates , and also acquired 21 real-estate lots for a low price when they were about to be auctioned . Their law firm defended military personnel accused of committing crimes during said war . Forced disappearances were common during the Dirty War , but unlike other lawyers of the time the Kirchners never signed a habeas corpus . Julio César Strassera , prosecutor in the 1985 Trial of the Juntas case against the military , criticized the Kirchners lack of legal actions against the military , and considered their later interest in the issue a form of hypocrisy . The Dirty War eventually ended , and the National Reorganization Process allowed political activity in preparation for a return to democracy . Kirchner led one of the three internal factions of the local Justicialist Party ( PJ ) , but Peronist Arturo Puricelli prevailed in the primary elections . Kirchner founded the Ateneo Juan Domingo Perón organization , which supported deposed president Isabel Perón and promoted political dialogue with the military . Cristina Fernández became an attorney of the PJ in Santa Cruz , with the help of Rafael Flores , a former friend from the FURN . Raúl Alfonsín , who was running for president for the Radical Civic Union ( UCR ) , denounced an agreement between the military and the Peronist unions which sought an amnesty for the military . Kirchner organized a rally on behalf of Rodolfo Ponce , a union leader mentioned by Alfonsín in his denouncement . Alfonsín won the 1983 presidential election , and Puricelli was elected governor of Santa Cruz . Puricelli sought to unify the local Peronist movement by adding members of the other factions into his government , and appointed Kirchner president of the provincial social-welfare fund . Kirchner quickly expanded the activities and scope of his office , building a parallel state . This soon started a conflict with Puricelli . Instead of being fired , Kirchner resigned and accused the governor of reducing the funds for social-welfare . He ran for mayor of Río Gallegos in 1987 , and won by the slim margin of 110 votes . Kirchners friend , Rudy Ulloa Igor , helped him to victory by registering some groups of Chilean immigrants to vote ( immigrants were allowed to vote in mayoral elections ) , and persuading them to vote for Kirchner . Julio de Vido and Carlos Zannini began working with Kirchner at this time . Kirchner used the state-owned media to promote his activities . The Peronist Ricardo del Val was elected governor that year , and the province was impacted by inflation in 1989 . Kirchner became the main opponent of del Val , who was impeached and removed from office in 1990 due to the inflation crisis . Governor of Santa Cruz . Kirchner ran for governor of Santa Cruz in 1991 . Although he received only 30 percent of the vote , below the 36 percent of the UCR , he was elected due to the Ley de Lemas that added the votes for the Peronist faction of Puricelli to his own . When Kirchner took office , Santa Cruz was experiencing an economic crisis , with high unemployment and a budget deficit equal to 1.2 billion pesos , which amounted to an equal number of U.S . dollars because of the Convertibility plan . He expanded the number of provincial Supreme Court justices from three members to five and appointed three judges loyal to him ; this gave him control of the provincial judiciary . Kirchner was criticized for preventing the investigation of corruption cases . Santa Cruz received 535 million pesos in oil royalties in 1993 , which Kirchner deposited in a foreign bank . He was elected to the Constituent Assembly which drafted the 1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution proposed by the Peronist president Carlos Menem . Kirchner voted against the amendment that would allow the reelection of the president , which was approved . Locally , he proposed an amendment to the provincial constitution authorizing indefinite reelection of the governor . Menem and Kirchner were reelected to their respective offices in 1995 . Kirchner established a faction in the PJ opposing Menems neoliberal economic policies , but Eduardo Duhalde , governor of the populous Buenos Aires province , ignored him and rallied a stronger opposition to Menem within the PJ . The number of state workers grew from 12,000 to 70,000 during Kirchners administration . The creation of private-sector jobs in the province was minimal , and private companies were driven away . A local journalist interviewed by journalist Jorge Lanata said that this placed de facto restrictions on economic freedom and allowed Kirchner to control the population . Most available jobs were in public works . With Menem constitutionally restricted from running for a third presidential term , Duhalde ran for president in 1999 . Kirchner sided with Duhalde in his dispute with Menem , and sought reelection as governor of Santa Cruz . The PJ was defeated on the national level by the radical Fernando de la Rúa , who became president . Kirchner was reelected , despite the growth of the UCR in the province . Following an economic crisis , De la Rúa resigned two years later during the December 2001 riots . The Congress appointed Adolfo Rodríguez Saá , governor of San Luis , as interim president . When Rodríguez Saá also resigned , Duhalde was appointed president . He was the politician with the highest legitimacy to be appointed president , as he had placed second in the 1999 elections and won the 2001 legislative elections in the Buenos Aires province , the district of Argentina with the largest population . He slowly restored the economy , and hastened the presidential election when two piqueteros were killed during a demonstration . However , the provincial elections were held on their original dates . 2003 presidential election . Carlos Menem ran for a new term as president in 2003 , and Eduardo Duhalde tried to prevent it . Instead of holding primary elections within the PJ , the 2003 elections used a variant of the Ley de Lemas . All the Peronist candidates were allowed to run in the general election , using their own tickets . Although Kirchner ran for president with Duhaldes support , he was not the presidents first choice . Trying to prevent a third term for Menem , Duhalde approached Santa Fe governor Carlos Reutemann and Córdoba governor José Manuel de la Sota ; Reutemann declined , and De la Sota did not run because he was insufficiently popular . Duhalde also unsuccessfully approached Mauricio Macri , Adolfo Rodríguez Saá , Felipe Solá , and Roberto Lavagna , all of whom refused to run . Duhalde initially resisted supporting Kirchner , fearing that Kirchner would ignore him if elected . Kirchner run on the Front for Victory ticket , one of the several fronts put up by the PJ . Since Kirchner was identified with the centre-left , Duhalde appointed the centre-right Daniel Scioli as his vice-presidential candidate . Only a handful of Peronist governors supported either candidate ; most remained neutral , awaiting the election to forge a relationship with the victor . The general election was held on 27 April . Menem won the first round with 24.5 percent of the vote , followed by Kirchner with 22.2 percent . The conservative Ricardo López Murphy finished third , substantially behind the two main candidates . Since Menem was well short of the threshold required to win , a runoff election was scheduled for 18 May . By this time , however , Menems public image had deteriorated , and polls showed Kirchner receiving 60 to 70 percent of the vote . To avoid a humiliating defeat , Menem pulled out of the runoff in a move criticized by the other candidates . The judiciary declined requests for a new election and refused to sanction a runoff election between Kirchner and López Murphy , although López Murphy said he would not have participated in any event . The election was validated by the Congress , and Kirchner became president on 25 May 2003 . Kirchners 22.2 percent is the lowest vote percentage ever recorded for an Argentine president in a free election . Local elections were held in October . The mayor of Buenos Aires , Aníbal Ibarra , was reelected in a runoff against Mauricio Macri . Neither were Peronists , but Ibarra supported Kirchner and Macri was supported by Duhalde . Duhalde remained an influential figure in the Buenos Aires province ; his ally Felipe Solá was elected governor by a landslide , and the PJ received its highest number of deputies since 1983 and won mayoral elections in several cities lost to the UCR in 1999 . The three leading candidates in the Buenos Aires province were all Peronists . Victories in the other provinces gave the PJ control of the Congress , and three-quarters of Argentinas governors were Peronists . According to journalist Mariano Grondona , Argentine politics had become a dominant-party system . Presidency . First days . Kirchner took office as president of Argentina on 25 May 2003 . Contrary to tradition , the ceremony was held at the Palace of the Argentine National Congress rather than Casa Rosada . He announced that he would spearhead change on many issues , from politics to culture . The ceremony was attended by the provincial governors , Supreme Court president Julio Nazareno , the heads of the armed forces , and Cuban leader Fidel Castro . Raúl Alfonsín was the only former president in attendance . Kirchner walked to the Casa Rosada along Avenida de Mayo , breaking with protocol to get close to the people , and was accidentally hit in the head with a camera . As he was elected with a small percentage of the vote , Kirchner sought to increase his political clout and public image . He sought political allies in all political parties , not just the PJ . The Radicales K supported him from within the UCR . This practice of reaching out to multiple parties became known as Transversalism . Striking an anti-establishment image , Kirchner set about creating a sense of political renewal in Argentina , despite the fact that many of his government associates came from the traditional political class . He retained four members of Duhaldes cabinet . Economy Minister Roberto Lavagna , credited with the economic recovery , was kept to ensure that Kirchner maintained the economic policies laid down during the previous administration . Ginés González García stayed as Minister of Health . Anibal Fernandez was moved to the Ministry of the Interior and José Pampuro to the Defense Ministry . Kirchner brought in four members of his cabinet from his days as governor of Santa Cruz . Alberto Fernández , who organized his political campaign , was appointed chief of the cabinet of ministers . Sergio Acevedo was placed in charge of intelligence . Julio de Vido was appointed Minister of Federal Planning , an office similar to his provincial one . Since the appointment of relatives was not unusual in Argentina , Kirchners appointment of his sister Alicia as Minister of Social Development was uncontroversial . Chancellor Rafael Bielsa was from another political party , FREPASO . Relations with the judiciary . The Argentine judiciary had been unpopular since the presidency of Carlos Menem , most of whose judicial appointments were based on loyalty ; his judiciary was known as the automatic majority . Kirchner sought to remove the most controversial judges and organized the impeachment of Supreme Court president Julio Nazareno , who chose to resign . Judge Adolfo Vázquez also resigned before impeachment , citing personal reasons . Judges Eduardo Moline OConnor and Guillermo López also resigned under similar circumstances . The vacancies were well received by the public , boosting Kirchners popularity . He arranged a new system to appoint judges . Instead of simply proposing a new judge candidate to the Congress , the presidency first released names of a number of potential candidates , who were then evaluated by several non-governmental organizations , who assessed if the candidate was suitable as a judge . The ministry of justice compiled all the support and criticism , and the president then decided which candidate would be proposed to the Congress , which made the final decision , as under the previous system . Raúl Zaffaroni , a former FREPASO politician , was the first judicial appointment under the new system . He was followed by Elena Highton de Nolasco , the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court . The appointment of Carmen Argibay ( another female judge ) was controversial , since Argibay was an atheist and a supporter of legal abortion . The judges held liberal views on criminal justice , countering social demands for harsher , pro-victim policies after the murder of Axel Blumberg . However , the new Supreme Court had little political power , as the national government ignored all rulings that were not favorable . Economic policy . The pillars of the economic plan were trade and fiscal budget surpluses and a high exchange rate for the United States dollar . The surplus was increased by taxes levied during de la Rúas presidency and the devaluation which occurred during the Duhalde administration . Kirchner sought to rebuild the Argentine industrial base , public works and public services , renegotiating the operation of public services privatized by Carlos Menem and owned by foreign companies . His policies were accompanied by a nationalist rhetoric sympathetic to the poor . However , despite the financial prosperity , there was no significant decrease in the number of people living in poverty , which was 8 to 10 million people , or almost 25% of the country . Kirchner and Lavagna negotiated a swap of defaulted national debt in 2005 , a write-down to one-third of the original debt . Kirchner refused a structural adjustment program , and instead made a single payment to the IMF with Central Bank reserves . Although the economy grew at an eight-percent annual rate during Kirchners term , much of its growth was due to favorable international conditions rather than Argentine policies . Argentina was benefited by the increase of the international price of soybean and other foods . However , some argued that this economic growth can also be attributed to Kirchners policies to increase domestic demand . Foreign investment remained low because of the Argentine hostility towards the IMF , the U.S . and the United Kingdom , the re-nationalization of privatized companies ( such as the water supply , managed by the French company Suez ) , diplomatic isolation and state interventionism . The energy sector suffered , and lack of investment reduced energy reserves during the 2000s . Lavagna proposed to slow economic growth and control inflation . Kirchner rejected this , promoting wage increases to reduce economic inequality and extending unemployment insurance and other types of social welfare . Public services such as public transportation , electricity , gas and water supply were subsidized and kept at low prices . Food industries were subsidized as well . The subsidies eventually expanded to several uncommon areas . This increased the economic activity , but also increased inflation and reduced the private investment in those areas . Unable to control inflation , the government influenced the National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina , which under-reported it , as well as poverty ( which was calculated with the inflation figures ) . The superpowers law , sanctioned during the crisis , was prorogated and eventually made permanent in 2006 ; this law allowed the president to rearrange the budget with supervision from the Congress . Kirchner sought to win over the Argentine Workers Central Union and leaders of more moderate piquetero factions to reduce the chances of strikes and protests . He nevertheless continued to oppose hard-line elements of the piquetero movement , such as that of Raúl Castells . Kirchners policy helped to fragment the piqueteros , with some declaring their allegiance to him and others continuing to oppose him . Their usual system of protest ( blocking streets ) made them highly unpopular . However , Kirchner refused to suppress the piquetero demonstrations to avoid the risk of further violence . Lavagna refused to run for senator in the 2005 midterm elections , and criticized the overpricing of public works managed by Minister of Federal Planning Julio de Vido . As a result , Kirchner asked Lavagna to resign . Finance secretary Guillermo Nielsen , who managed the debt restructuring , also resigned . Felisa Miceli , head of Banco de la Nación Argentina , replaced Lavagna as Minister of Economy . Miceli resigned in 2007 , months before the presidential elections , because of a scandal over a bag with a large amount of money which was found in her office bathroom . She was replaced by Secretary of Industry Miguel Gustavo Peirano . Foreign policy . Kirchner took a pragmatic approach to Argentine foreign policy , and Argentina–United States relations did not continue the special relations of the 1990s . Chancellor Rafael Bielsa called the relationship between the countries cooperation without cohabitation in contrast to that of the Menem era , which was known as carnal relations . Kirchner opposed the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas , as it was based on majority rule among all the countries of the Americas , whereas he preferred a proportional representation system that would have given the Mercosur bloc more influence . The 4th Summit of the Americas , hosted in Mar del Plata , ended with violent protests against U.S . President George W . Bush ; negotiations stalled , and the FTAA was not implemented . Kirchner told the United Nations that , although he opposed terrorism , he did not support the War on Terror . He refused to receive U.S . Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , and sent forces to the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti . Kirchner sought increased integration with other Latin American countries . He revived and tried to strengthen the Mercosur trade bloc and improved relations with Brazil , but without automatically aligning with that country , the regional power of South America . The president tried to keep a middle ground between Brazil and Venezuela , since he considered the Brazilian Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva too conservative , and the Venezuelan Hugo Chávez too anti-American . Kirchner worked with left-wing presidents Lula , Chilean Ricardo Lagos , Chávez , Fidel Castro from Cuba and Evo Morales from Bolivia . He established a political alliance with Chávezs government , and by 2008 , Argentinian exports to Venezuela were quadruple what they were in 2002 . A bilateral military commission was established with Venezuela , through which some technological exchange took place . 2005 midterm elections . Kirchner soon distanced himself from Duhalde , removing those close to the former president from the government to reduce his political influence . He also sought supporters across the social and political spectrum to counter Duhaldes influence in the party . Although Duhalde was not initially against Kirchner , Kirchner tried to prevent the presence of alternative leaderships within the PJ . However , they put their differences behind them during the October 2003 legislative elections . Their dispute was fanned by the political weight of Buenos Aires province ( the most populous in Argentina , with almost 40 percent of the national vote ) , and continued through the 2005 midterm elections . Without consensus in the PJ for a candidate for senator in the Buenos Aires province , both leaders had their wives run for office : Hilda González de Duhalde for the PJ and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner for the Front for Victory , which contested the election as a different party . Cristina Kirchner won the election . As in 2003 , the elections were defined by Peronist factions ; the opposition parties could not put up a united national front . The victory gave Kirchner the confidence to remove Lavagna , Rafael Bielsa , Jose Pampuro , and Alicia Kirchner from his cabinet and replace them with ministers who , though less well-known , had perspectives closer to his own . Human rights policy . Although the Dirty War ended in the eighties , Kirchner considered it an unresolved issue . In his inaugural speech , he supported human rights organizations which sought the incarceration of the military connected with the National Reorganization Process . He also ordered the top military leadership to retire . Kirchner sent a bill to the Congress to annul the full stop law and the Law of Due Obedience , which had halted trials of the military for crimes related to the Dirty War . The laws had been repealed in 1998 , but that repeal had little legal significance , as only an annulment would reopen the cases . Although this initiative was opposed by Duhalde and Scioli , most legislators considered it a symbolic gesture since the laws constitutionality would be decided by the Supreme Court . Both laws were annulled by the Congress in August 2003 , and many cases were reopened as a result . The Supreme Court declared the laws , and Menems presidential pardons , unconstitutional in 2005 . Jorge Julio López , witness in a trial of police officer Miguel Etchecolatz , disappeared in 2006 . This caused a national scandal , as it was suspected that he was disappeared to intimidate other witnesses in the upcoming trials , and the government was unable to locate him . Kirchner also changed the extradition policy , allowing extradition for people prosecuted abroad and not facing charges in Argentina . He also supported the requests by human rights organizations to turn the former detention centers into memorials for the disappeared . Argentina became a signatory of the UN Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity in 2003 . A creative interpretation of the convention by the courts allowed them to circumvent the statutory limitations to crimes committed decades in the past , and also the ex post facto applicability of laws that were not in force at the time of the crimes . The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo held their final demonstration in 2006 , believing that Kirchner , unlike previous presidents , was not their enemy . They became political allies of Kirchner , who placed them in prominent locations during his speeches , and the group became a powerful NGO . He further underscored civilian control over the military by appointing Nilda Garré — who had been a political prisoner during the Dirty War — the countrys first woman Minister of Defense . As a result of his policies and approach , relations between the civilian authorities and the military remained tense throughout Kirchners presidency . Although Kirchner repudiated the military forces who participated in the Dirty War , he overlooked the guerrilla movements of the time . The government ignored the 30th anniversary of the ERP attack on the tank regiment in Azul and the 15th anniversary of the 1989 attack on La Tablada barracks . According to Rosendo Fraga , Kirchner downplayed the presence of terrorist organizations during the Dirty War . Guerrillas who committed suicide or who were executed by their own organizations were re-categorized in 2006 as victims of state terrorism , and their survivors were compensated by the state . However , victims of the guerrillas were not compensated . Journalist Ceferino Reato said that the Kirchners sought to replace the theory of the two demons , which blamed the Dirty War on both the military and the guerrillas , with a theory of angels and demons , which blamed only the military . After the presidency . Kirchner did not run for a reelection in the 2007 presidential elections . His wife , Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , ran instead . Media observers suspected that Kirchner stepped down as president to circumvent the term limit , swapping roles with his wife . Cristina Kirchner was elected , and Néstor Kirchner became First Gentleman . He remained highly influential during his wifes term , supervising the economy and leading the PJ . Their marriage has been compared with those of Juan and Eva Perón and Bill and Hillary Clinton . He participated in Operation Emmanuel in Colombia in December 2007 , which sought to release a group of FARC hostages , including Colombian politician Íngrid Betancourt . Kirchner returned to Argentina after negotiations failed . The hostages were freed a year later during Operation Jaque , a covert operation by the Colombian military . Néstor Kirchner played an active role in the 2008 government conflict with the agricultural sector , when Cristina Kirchner introduced a new sliding-scale taxation system for agricultural exports that raised custom taxes to soybean exports to 44% . At that time , he became president of the Justicialist Party and publicly supported his wife in the conflict ; Kirchner accused the agricultural sector of attempting a coup détat . He spoke in support of a bill to set the taxes by law at a demonstration at the Palace of the Argentine National Congress . Many senators who had supported the government rejected the proposal , and the voting was tied 36–36 . Vice-President Julio Cobos , president of the Chamber of Senators , cast the decisive vote in opposition to the measure . In the June 2009 legislative elections , Kirchner was defeated by Francisco de Narváez of the Union PRO coalition for National Deputy of Buenos Aires Province . The Front for Victory was defeated in the Buenos Aires , Santa Fe and Córdoba , and the Kirchners lost the Congressional majority . Voter disenchantment with the Kirchners was caused by inflation , crime and the previous years agricultural conflict , which cost them rural support . The Kirchners pushed a media law through during the Congress lame-duck session . The Kirchners described it as an antitrust law to limit media ownership , but critics considered instead that it was used to reduce the freedom of the press . Kirchner was nominated by Ecuador for Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations ( UNASUR ) , but was rejected by Uruguay when Uruguay and Argentina were involved in a pulp-mill dispute . The dispute was resolved in 2010 ; new Uruguayan president José Mujica supported Kirchner , who was unanimously elected UNASURs first secretary-general at a member-state summit in Buenos Aires on 4 May . Kirchner successfully mediated the 2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis . Style and ideology . Kirchner was often labelled a left-wing and progressive president , with the cultural critic Alejandro Kaufman stating that Kirchner was an Argentine social democrat : a centre-left Peronist , who had been elected on a moderate-progressive platform . However , that assessment is relative . Although he was left of previous Argentine presidents from Raúl Alfonsín to Eduardo Duhalde and contemporary Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , he was right of other Latin American presidents such as Hugo Chávez and Fidel Castro . Kirchners nationalist approach to the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute was closer to the right , and he did not consider left-wing policies such as the socialization of production or the nationalization of public services which were privatized during the Menem presidency . He did not attempt to modify church–state relations or reduce the armed forces . Kirchners economic views were influenced by his tenure in the government of Santa Cruz : a province rich in oil , gas , fish and tourism , with an economy focused on the primary sector . Usually avoiding long-term policies , he moved left or right according to circumstances . Many leftist activists in Argentina were cynical about the sincerity of his commitment to progressive ideals and to aiding the countrys underclass . A Peronist , Kirchner handled political power as Peronist leaders have traditionally done . He nevertheless sought to portray himself as being different from previous Peronist leaders . He made frequent use of controversies with other political or social forces and the polarization of public opinion , which became characteristic of his political style . This strategy was used against the financial sector , the military and police , foreign countries , international bodies , newspapers , and Duhalde himself with varying degrees of success . Kirchner sought to generate an image contrasting with those of former presidents Carlos Menem and Fernando de la Rúa . Menem was seen as frivolous and De la Rúa as doubtful , so Kirchner tried to be seen as serious and determined . He sought to concentrate political power , and the emergency superpowers law giving discretionary powers to the president to change the national budget was periodically renewed . The Front for Victory ( conceived as a lema of the PJ ) became a political alliance of the PJ , pro-Kirchner factions in other parties , and minor left-wing parties . The progressivist population , lacking leadership since the crisis which discredited the UCR , also supported the new coalition . Most Peronists simply defected to the new party , and the end of the economic crisis and the discretionary control of state finances allowed Kirchner to discipline his allies and co-opt his rivals . As a consequence , the Congress became compliant and the opposition was unable to present a credible alternative to the government . In addition to concentrating power , Kirchner micromanaged most government tasks or assigned them to trusted aides regardless of cabinet hierarchy . He managed relations with the United States and Brazil , leaving relations with Bolivia and Venezuela in the hands of Minister of Federal Planning Julio de Vido . There were no cabinet meetings during Kirchners presidency , rare in a national government ; this may have been influenced by his governance of Santa Cruz , a sparsely-populated province in which the cabinet was of little use and decisions were primarily made by the governor . According to analyst Ignacio Arana Araya Kirchner had a disregard for bilateral relations whenever these interfered with his domestic policies . As such he cut down gas export to Chile in 2004 despite Chilean protests , clashed with Uruguay over the envionmental impact of a planned pulp mill and had trade disputes with Brazil . During his tenure Kirchner left in the lurch numerous World leaders , including Trần Đức Lương , the President of Vietnam . Allegations of embezzlement . The Skanska case occurred during Kirchners presidency , during which several members of de Vidos ministry were accused of bribery in requests for tender for pipeline construction , based on a tape recording of Skanska employees discussing the bribes . The case was closed in 2011 , when it was ruled that the tape was not acceptable evidence and there was no overpricing . It was reopened in 2016 ( with Cristina Kirchner out of the government ) , and the tape was accepted as evidence . The Kirchners net worth , as reported to the AFIP revenue service , increased by 4,500 percent between 1995 and 2010 . A substantial increase occurred in 2008 , from 26.5 million to 63.5 million Argentine pesos , due to the sale of long-owned land , hotel rentals , and time deposits in Argentine pesos and U.S . dollars . They founded a business-consulting company , El Chapel and established the Hotesur SA and Los Sauces firms to manage their luxury hotels in El Calafate . The Kirchners expanded Comasa , a firm of which they had a 90-percent ownership . Their salaries as politicians were 3.62 percent of their total earnings . Kirchner was tried for unjust enrichment in 2004 , with the case focusing on the increase in his wealth from 1995 to 2003 . The case was first heard by judge Juan José Galeano and moved to judge Julián Ercolini , who acquitted him in 2005 . A new case involving both Kirchners was heard by judge Norberto Oyarbide , who acquitted them in 2010 . The TV program Periodismo para todos aired an investigation in 2013 , detailing a case of embezzlement and an associated money trail involving the Kirchners and businessman Lázaro Báez . Báez received 95 percent of the requests for tender in Santa Cruz province since 2003 , more than four billion pesos , and the scandal was known as the Route of the K-Money ( ) . In the 2014 Hotesur scandal , a company owned by Báez rented more than 1,100 rooms per month at Kirchner family hotels even when they were unoccupied . A money-laundering scheme was suspected , funnelling public-works money to the Kirchner family . In April 2016 , Kirchners secretary and confidant Daniel Muñoz ( who died early that year ) was identified in the Panama Papers as owner of real-estate investment firm Gold Black Limited . Company director Sergio Todisco was investigated by prosecutors who suspected that the company was used for money laundering . At the end of the year , judge Julián Ercolini indicted Cristina Kirchner and several members of their cabinet , charging them with a criminal conspiracy that would have started when Nestor Kirchner first became president . Death . Kirchner died on 27 October 2010 , at the age of 60 . The day was a national holiday for the INDEC to run a national census , so he was at home in El Calafate . Kirchner was rushed to a local hospital and was pronounced dead at 9:15 a.m . from cardiac arrest . He had undergone two medical procedures that year : surgery on his right carotid artery in February and an angioplasty in September . His death was a surprise for the Argentinian population , to whom he had always represented his heart problems as not very serious . His body was flown to the Casa Rosada for a state funeral , and three national days of mourning were declared . Kirchners funeral was attended by thousands , despite heavy rain . According to media reports , 1,000 people per hour entered the Casa Rosada in groups of 100 to 150 . Cristina Kirchner , dressed in mourning , stood next to the coffin . People brought candles , flags and flowers , some of which Cristina accepted personally . Kirchners death evoked international reactions moments after it was announced , with Brazil and Venezuela also declaring three national days of mourning . Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos and the Organization of American States declared a moment of silence , and U.S . president Barack Obama sent condolences . Attendees at Kirchners funeral included Chávez and Lula da Silva . Legacy . Although Kirchner was known to have health problems , his death was unexpected , and had a great impact on the politics of Argentina . Kirchner died at an early age , while still being a highly influential figure in politics , despite not being president at the time . Presidents Manuel Quintana , Roque Sáenz Peña and Roberto María Ortiz died in office , but none of them had a political clout comparable to that of Kirchner . President Juan Perón had a similar power and died in office , but his death was not unexpected , as he had already reached the life expectancy of the time . Other figures of the history of Argentina who achieved great political clout , such as José de San Martín , Juan Manuel de Rosas , Julio Argentino Roca , Carlos Pellegrini and Hipólito Yrigoyen , all died when they were already retired from politics , or even abroad . Initially , the death of Kirchner caused a power vacuum , as Cristina Kirchner had ruled so far as a figurehead , while Néstor Kirchner still managed the government . She changed the style of the government making it more authoritarian , and more critical of the United States . She broke with allies of her husband , such as the union leader Hugo Moyano , and increased the political clout of the youth wing La Cámpora instead . She also relied on her public image more than her husband had . The popularity of the Kirchners had been in a decline at the time of Néstors death , but after being widowed , Cristina Kirchners popularity increased greatly . As a result , she won the reelection in the 2011 general elections by a landslide . The Relato K built a cult of personality around the figure of Kirchner . While in office , Cristina Kirchner avoided referring to him by name , and talked instead about He or Him , with emphasis on the pronoun and with a universally capitalized form . As in the English language , in the Spanish language this figure of speech is usually reserved to make reference to God . Kirchner was also compared with San Martín , in an attempt to raise him to a similar status as a national hero . This comparison was included , for instance , in an official video by the ministry of social welfare . A month after his death many districts renamed streets , schools , neighbourhoods , institutions and other places after Néstor Kirchner . Some noteworthy examples are the Néstor Kirchner Cultural Centre ( formerly Bicentennial Cultural Centre ) and the second leg of the 2010–11 Argentine Primera División season . The change proved controversial in some cities , such as Caleta Olivia , where the renamed street was formerly named after the Falklands War veterans . A bill to rename a street after Kirchner was rejected in Apóstoles , Misiones . No renaming bill was even considered in Buenos Aires , as a previous law only allowed streets to be named after people who had died at least a decade before . The presidency of Mauricio Macri proposed a bill in 2016 to forbid any public places or institutions from being named after people unless they had died at least two decades before ; if approved , all the state properties named after Kirchner would have to be renamed . Honours and awards . Foreign honours . - Grand Collar of the Order of the Liberator Honorary degrees . - Fudan University honorary degree , 17 June 2004 . - National University of Entre Ríos posthumous honorary degree , 16 December 2010 . - National University of Lanús posthumous honorary degree , 20 December 2010 . External links . - Néstor Kirchner at the Encyclopædia Britannica - Néstor Kirchner at the Casa Rosada website |
[
"first gentleman"
] | easy | Néstor Kirchner took which position from Dec 2007 to May 2010? | /wiki/Néstor_Kirchner#P39#3 | Néstor Kirchner Néstor Carlos Kirchner Jr . ( ; 25 February 195027 October 2010 ) was an Argentine lawyer and politician who served as the President of Argentina from 2003 to 2007 , Governor of Santa Cruz Province from 1991 to 2003 , Secretary General of UNASUR and the first gentleman during the first tenure of his wife , Cristina Fernández de Kirchner . He was President of the Justicialist Party from 2008 to 2010 . Ideologically , he identified himself as a Peronist and a progressive , with his political approach called Kirchnerism . Born in Río Gallegos , Santa Cruz , Kirchner studied law at the National University of La Plata . He met and married Cristina Fernández at this time , returned with her to Río Gallegos at graduation , and opened a law firm . Commentators have criticized him for a lack of legal activism during the Dirty War , an issue he would involve himself in as president . Kirchner ran for mayor of Río Gallegos in 1987 and for governor of Santa Cruz in 1991 . He was reelected governor in 1995 and 1999 due to an amendment of the provincial constitution . Kirchner sided with Buenos Aires provincial governor Eduardo Duhalde against President Carlos Menem . Although Duhalde lost the 1999 presidential election , he was appointed president by the Congress when previous presidents Fernando de la Rúa and Adolfo Rodríguez Saá resigned during the December 2001 riots . Duhalde suggested that Kirchner run for president in 2003 in a bid to prevent Menems return to the presidency . Menem won a plurality in the first round of the presidential election but , fearing that he would lose in the required runoff election , he resigned ; Kirchner became president as a result . Kirchner took office on 25 May 2003 . Roberto Lavagna , credited with the economic recovery during Duhaldes presidency , was retained as minister of economy and continued his economic policies . Argentina negotiated a swap of defaulted debt and repaid the International Monetary Fund . The National Institute of Statistics and Census intervened to underestimate growing inflation . Several Supreme Court judges resigned while fearing impeachment , and new justices were appointed . The amnesty for crimes committed during the Dirty War in enforcing the full-stop and due-obedience laws and the presidential pardons were repealed and declared unconstitutional . This led to new trials for the military who served during the 1970s . Argentina increased its integration with other Latin American countries , discontinuing its automatic alignment with the United States dating to the 1990s . The 2005 midterm elections were a victory for Kirchner , and signaled the end of Duhaldes supremacy in Buenos Aires Province . Instead of seeking reelection , Kirchner stepped aside in 2007 in support of his wife , who was elected president . He participated in Operation Emmanuel to release FARC hostages , and was narrowly defeated in the 2009 midterm election for deputy of Buenos Aires Province . Kirchner was appointed Secretary General of UNASUR in 2010 . He and his wife were involved ( either directly or through their close aides ) in the 2013 political scandal known as the Route of the K-Money , even though no judicial investigation ever found any proof of wrongdoing by Néstor or Cristina Kirchner . Kirchner died of cardiac arrest on 27 October 2010 , and received a state funeral . Early life . Kirchner was born Néstor Carlos Kirchner Jr . on 25 February 1950 , in Río Gallegos , Santa Cruz , a federal territory at the time . His father , Néstor Carlos Kirchner Sr. , of German-Swiss descent , met the Chilean María Juana Ostoić , of Croatian descent , by telegraphy . They had three children : Néstor , Alicia , and María Cristina . Néstor was part of the third generation of Kirchners living in the city . As a result of pertussis , he developed strabismus at an early age ; however , he refused medical treatment because he considered his eye part of his self-image . When Kirchner was in high school he briefly considered becoming a teacher , but poor diction hampered him ; he was also unsuccessful at basketball . Kirchner moved to La Plata in 1969 to study law at the National University . During this period , the decline of the Argentine Revolution , the return of former president Juan Perón from exile , the election of Héctor Cámpora as president , his resignation and the election of Perón , and the beginning of the Dirty War had led to severe political turmoil . Kirchner joined the University Federation for the National Revolution ( FURN ) , a political student group whose relationship with the Montoneros guerrillas is a matter of debate . Kirchner was not a leader of the group . He was present at the Ezeiza massacre , in which right-wing Peronist snipers opened fire on a celebration of Juan Peróns return at the Ezeiza International Airport . He was also present at the expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo . Although Kirchner met many members of the Montoneros , he was not a member of the group . By the time the Montoneros were outlawed by Perón , he had left FURN . In 1974 , Kirchner met Cristina Fernández , three years his junior , and they quickly fell in love . They were married after a courtship limited to six months by the political turmoil in the country . At the civil ceremony , Kirchners friends sang the Peronist song Los Muchachos Peronistas . He graduated a year later , returned to Patagonia with Cristina , and established a law firm with fellow attorney Domingo Ortiz de Zarate . Cristina joined the firm in 1979 . By the time of Kirchners graduation and move to the Patagonia , Juan Perón had died , his vice president and wife Isabel Martínez de Perón had become president . Isabel Perón had been unseated by a coup détat which installed a military government . The Kirchners worked for banks and financial groups which filed foreclosures , since the Central Banks 1050 ruling had raised mortgage loan interest rates , and also acquired 21 real-estate lots for a low price when they were about to be auctioned . Their law firm defended military personnel accused of committing crimes during said war . Forced disappearances were common during the Dirty War , but unlike other lawyers of the time the Kirchners never signed a habeas corpus . Julio César Strassera , prosecutor in the 1985 Trial of the Juntas case against the military , criticized the Kirchners lack of legal actions against the military , and considered their later interest in the issue a form of hypocrisy . The Dirty War eventually ended , and the National Reorganization Process allowed political activity in preparation for a return to democracy . Kirchner led one of the three internal factions of the local Justicialist Party ( PJ ) , but Peronist Arturo Puricelli prevailed in the primary elections . Kirchner founded the Ateneo Juan Domingo Perón organization , which supported deposed president Isabel Perón and promoted political dialogue with the military . Cristina Fernández became an attorney of the PJ in Santa Cruz , with the help of Rafael Flores , a former friend from the FURN . Raúl Alfonsín , who was running for president for the Radical Civic Union ( UCR ) , denounced an agreement between the military and the Peronist unions which sought an amnesty for the military . Kirchner organized a rally on behalf of Rodolfo Ponce , a union leader mentioned by Alfonsín in his denouncement . Alfonsín won the 1983 presidential election , and Puricelli was elected governor of Santa Cruz . Puricelli sought to unify the local Peronist movement by adding members of the other factions into his government , and appointed Kirchner president of the provincial social-welfare fund . Kirchner quickly expanded the activities and scope of his office , building a parallel state . This soon started a conflict with Puricelli . Instead of being fired , Kirchner resigned and accused the governor of reducing the funds for social-welfare . He ran for mayor of Río Gallegos in 1987 , and won by the slim margin of 110 votes . Kirchners friend , Rudy Ulloa Igor , helped him to victory by registering some groups of Chilean immigrants to vote ( immigrants were allowed to vote in mayoral elections ) , and persuading them to vote for Kirchner . Julio de Vido and Carlos Zannini began working with Kirchner at this time . Kirchner used the state-owned media to promote his activities . The Peronist Ricardo del Val was elected governor that year , and the province was impacted by inflation in 1989 . Kirchner became the main opponent of del Val , who was impeached and removed from office in 1990 due to the inflation crisis . Governor of Santa Cruz . Kirchner ran for governor of Santa Cruz in 1991 . Although he received only 30 percent of the vote , below the 36 percent of the UCR , he was elected due to the Ley de Lemas that added the votes for the Peronist faction of Puricelli to his own . When Kirchner took office , Santa Cruz was experiencing an economic crisis , with high unemployment and a budget deficit equal to 1.2 billion pesos , which amounted to an equal number of U.S . dollars because of the Convertibility plan . He expanded the number of provincial Supreme Court justices from three members to five and appointed three judges loyal to him ; this gave him control of the provincial judiciary . Kirchner was criticized for preventing the investigation of corruption cases . Santa Cruz received 535 million pesos in oil royalties in 1993 , which Kirchner deposited in a foreign bank . He was elected to the Constituent Assembly which drafted the 1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution proposed by the Peronist president Carlos Menem . Kirchner voted against the amendment that would allow the reelection of the president , which was approved . Locally , he proposed an amendment to the provincial constitution authorizing indefinite reelection of the governor . Menem and Kirchner were reelected to their respective offices in 1995 . Kirchner established a faction in the PJ opposing Menems neoliberal economic policies , but Eduardo Duhalde , governor of the populous Buenos Aires province , ignored him and rallied a stronger opposition to Menem within the PJ . The number of state workers grew from 12,000 to 70,000 during Kirchners administration . The creation of private-sector jobs in the province was minimal , and private companies were driven away . A local journalist interviewed by journalist Jorge Lanata said that this placed de facto restrictions on economic freedom and allowed Kirchner to control the population . Most available jobs were in public works . With Menem constitutionally restricted from running for a third presidential term , Duhalde ran for president in 1999 . Kirchner sided with Duhalde in his dispute with Menem , and sought reelection as governor of Santa Cruz . The PJ was defeated on the national level by the radical Fernando de la Rúa , who became president . Kirchner was reelected , despite the growth of the UCR in the province . Following an economic crisis , De la Rúa resigned two years later during the December 2001 riots . The Congress appointed Adolfo Rodríguez Saá , governor of San Luis , as interim president . When Rodríguez Saá also resigned , Duhalde was appointed president . He was the politician with the highest legitimacy to be appointed president , as he had placed second in the 1999 elections and won the 2001 legislative elections in the Buenos Aires province , the district of Argentina with the largest population . He slowly restored the economy , and hastened the presidential election when two piqueteros were killed during a demonstration . However , the provincial elections were held on their original dates . 2003 presidential election . Carlos Menem ran for a new term as president in 2003 , and Eduardo Duhalde tried to prevent it . Instead of holding primary elections within the PJ , the 2003 elections used a variant of the Ley de Lemas . All the Peronist candidates were allowed to run in the general election , using their own tickets . Although Kirchner ran for president with Duhaldes support , he was not the presidents first choice . Trying to prevent a third term for Menem , Duhalde approached Santa Fe governor Carlos Reutemann and Córdoba governor José Manuel de la Sota ; Reutemann declined , and De la Sota did not run because he was insufficiently popular . Duhalde also unsuccessfully approached Mauricio Macri , Adolfo Rodríguez Saá , Felipe Solá , and Roberto Lavagna , all of whom refused to run . Duhalde initially resisted supporting Kirchner , fearing that Kirchner would ignore him if elected . Kirchner run on the Front for Victory ticket , one of the several fronts put up by the PJ . Since Kirchner was identified with the centre-left , Duhalde appointed the centre-right Daniel Scioli as his vice-presidential candidate . Only a handful of Peronist governors supported either candidate ; most remained neutral , awaiting the election to forge a relationship with the victor . The general election was held on 27 April . Menem won the first round with 24.5 percent of the vote , followed by Kirchner with 22.2 percent . The conservative Ricardo López Murphy finished third , substantially behind the two main candidates . Since Menem was well short of the threshold required to win , a runoff election was scheduled for 18 May . By this time , however , Menems public image had deteriorated , and polls showed Kirchner receiving 60 to 70 percent of the vote . To avoid a humiliating defeat , Menem pulled out of the runoff in a move criticized by the other candidates . The judiciary declined requests for a new election and refused to sanction a runoff election between Kirchner and López Murphy , although López Murphy said he would not have participated in any event . The election was validated by the Congress , and Kirchner became president on 25 May 2003 . Kirchners 22.2 percent is the lowest vote percentage ever recorded for an Argentine president in a free election . Local elections were held in October . The mayor of Buenos Aires , Aníbal Ibarra , was reelected in a runoff against Mauricio Macri . Neither were Peronists , but Ibarra supported Kirchner and Macri was supported by Duhalde . Duhalde remained an influential figure in the Buenos Aires province ; his ally Felipe Solá was elected governor by a landslide , and the PJ received its highest number of deputies since 1983 and won mayoral elections in several cities lost to the UCR in 1999 . The three leading candidates in the Buenos Aires province were all Peronists . Victories in the other provinces gave the PJ control of the Congress , and three-quarters of Argentinas governors were Peronists . According to journalist Mariano Grondona , Argentine politics had become a dominant-party system . Presidency . First days . Kirchner took office as president of Argentina on 25 May 2003 . Contrary to tradition , the ceremony was held at the Palace of the Argentine National Congress rather than Casa Rosada . He announced that he would spearhead change on many issues , from politics to culture . The ceremony was attended by the provincial governors , Supreme Court president Julio Nazareno , the heads of the armed forces , and Cuban leader Fidel Castro . Raúl Alfonsín was the only former president in attendance . Kirchner walked to the Casa Rosada along Avenida de Mayo , breaking with protocol to get close to the people , and was accidentally hit in the head with a camera . As he was elected with a small percentage of the vote , Kirchner sought to increase his political clout and public image . He sought political allies in all political parties , not just the PJ . The Radicales K supported him from within the UCR . This practice of reaching out to multiple parties became known as Transversalism . Striking an anti-establishment image , Kirchner set about creating a sense of political renewal in Argentina , despite the fact that many of his government associates came from the traditional political class . He retained four members of Duhaldes cabinet . Economy Minister Roberto Lavagna , credited with the economic recovery , was kept to ensure that Kirchner maintained the economic policies laid down during the previous administration . Ginés González García stayed as Minister of Health . Anibal Fernandez was moved to the Ministry of the Interior and José Pampuro to the Defense Ministry . Kirchner brought in four members of his cabinet from his days as governor of Santa Cruz . Alberto Fernández , who organized his political campaign , was appointed chief of the cabinet of ministers . Sergio Acevedo was placed in charge of intelligence . Julio de Vido was appointed Minister of Federal Planning , an office similar to his provincial one . Since the appointment of relatives was not unusual in Argentina , Kirchners appointment of his sister Alicia as Minister of Social Development was uncontroversial . Chancellor Rafael Bielsa was from another political party , FREPASO . Relations with the judiciary . The Argentine judiciary had been unpopular since the presidency of Carlos Menem , most of whose judicial appointments were based on loyalty ; his judiciary was known as the automatic majority . Kirchner sought to remove the most controversial judges and organized the impeachment of Supreme Court president Julio Nazareno , who chose to resign . Judge Adolfo Vázquez also resigned before impeachment , citing personal reasons . Judges Eduardo Moline OConnor and Guillermo López also resigned under similar circumstances . The vacancies were well received by the public , boosting Kirchners popularity . He arranged a new system to appoint judges . Instead of simply proposing a new judge candidate to the Congress , the presidency first released names of a number of potential candidates , who were then evaluated by several non-governmental organizations , who assessed if the candidate was suitable as a judge . The ministry of justice compiled all the support and criticism , and the president then decided which candidate would be proposed to the Congress , which made the final decision , as under the previous system . Raúl Zaffaroni , a former FREPASO politician , was the first judicial appointment under the new system . He was followed by Elena Highton de Nolasco , the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court . The appointment of Carmen Argibay ( another female judge ) was controversial , since Argibay was an atheist and a supporter of legal abortion . The judges held liberal views on criminal justice , countering social demands for harsher , pro-victim policies after the murder of Axel Blumberg . However , the new Supreme Court had little political power , as the national government ignored all rulings that were not favorable . Economic policy . The pillars of the economic plan were trade and fiscal budget surpluses and a high exchange rate for the United States dollar . The surplus was increased by taxes levied during de la Rúas presidency and the devaluation which occurred during the Duhalde administration . Kirchner sought to rebuild the Argentine industrial base , public works and public services , renegotiating the operation of public services privatized by Carlos Menem and owned by foreign companies . His policies were accompanied by a nationalist rhetoric sympathetic to the poor . However , despite the financial prosperity , there was no significant decrease in the number of people living in poverty , which was 8 to 10 million people , or almost 25% of the country . Kirchner and Lavagna negotiated a swap of defaulted national debt in 2005 , a write-down to one-third of the original debt . Kirchner refused a structural adjustment program , and instead made a single payment to the IMF with Central Bank reserves . Although the economy grew at an eight-percent annual rate during Kirchners term , much of its growth was due to favorable international conditions rather than Argentine policies . Argentina was benefited by the increase of the international price of soybean and other foods . However , some argued that this economic growth can also be attributed to Kirchners policies to increase domestic demand . Foreign investment remained low because of the Argentine hostility towards the IMF , the U.S . and the United Kingdom , the re-nationalization of privatized companies ( such as the water supply , managed by the French company Suez ) , diplomatic isolation and state interventionism . The energy sector suffered , and lack of investment reduced energy reserves during the 2000s . Lavagna proposed to slow economic growth and control inflation . Kirchner rejected this , promoting wage increases to reduce economic inequality and extending unemployment insurance and other types of social welfare . Public services such as public transportation , electricity , gas and water supply were subsidized and kept at low prices . Food industries were subsidized as well . The subsidies eventually expanded to several uncommon areas . This increased the economic activity , but also increased inflation and reduced the private investment in those areas . Unable to control inflation , the government influenced the National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina , which under-reported it , as well as poverty ( which was calculated with the inflation figures ) . The superpowers law , sanctioned during the crisis , was prorogated and eventually made permanent in 2006 ; this law allowed the president to rearrange the budget with supervision from the Congress . Kirchner sought to win over the Argentine Workers Central Union and leaders of more moderate piquetero factions to reduce the chances of strikes and protests . He nevertheless continued to oppose hard-line elements of the piquetero movement , such as that of Raúl Castells . Kirchners policy helped to fragment the piqueteros , with some declaring their allegiance to him and others continuing to oppose him . Their usual system of protest ( blocking streets ) made them highly unpopular . However , Kirchner refused to suppress the piquetero demonstrations to avoid the risk of further violence . Lavagna refused to run for senator in the 2005 midterm elections , and criticized the overpricing of public works managed by Minister of Federal Planning Julio de Vido . As a result , Kirchner asked Lavagna to resign . Finance secretary Guillermo Nielsen , who managed the debt restructuring , also resigned . Felisa Miceli , head of Banco de la Nación Argentina , replaced Lavagna as Minister of Economy . Miceli resigned in 2007 , months before the presidential elections , because of a scandal over a bag with a large amount of money which was found in her office bathroom . She was replaced by Secretary of Industry Miguel Gustavo Peirano . Foreign policy . Kirchner took a pragmatic approach to Argentine foreign policy , and Argentina–United States relations did not continue the special relations of the 1990s . Chancellor Rafael Bielsa called the relationship between the countries cooperation without cohabitation in contrast to that of the Menem era , which was known as carnal relations . Kirchner opposed the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas , as it was based on majority rule among all the countries of the Americas , whereas he preferred a proportional representation system that would have given the Mercosur bloc more influence . The 4th Summit of the Americas , hosted in Mar del Plata , ended with violent protests against U.S . President George W . Bush ; negotiations stalled , and the FTAA was not implemented . Kirchner told the United Nations that , although he opposed terrorism , he did not support the War on Terror . He refused to receive U.S . Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , and sent forces to the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti . Kirchner sought increased integration with other Latin American countries . He revived and tried to strengthen the Mercosur trade bloc and improved relations with Brazil , but without automatically aligning with that country , the regional power of South America . The president tried to keep a middle ground between Brazil and Venezuela , since he considered the Brazilian Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva too conservative , and the Venezuelan Hugo Chávez too anti-American . Kirchner worked with left-wing presidents Lula , Chilean Ricardo Lagos , Chávez , Fidel Castro from Cuba and Evo Morales from Bolivia . He established a political alliance with Chávezs government , and by 2008 , Argentinian exports to Venezuela were quadruple what they were in 2002 . A bilateral military commission was established with Venezuela , through which some technological exchange took place . 2005 midterm elections . Kirchner soon distanced himself from Duhalde , removing those close to the former president from the government to reduce his political influence . He also sought supporters across the social and political spectrum to counter Duhaldes influence in the party . Although Duhalde was not initially against Kirchner , Kirchner tried to prevent the presence of alternative leaderships within the PJ . However , they put their differences behind them during the October 2003 legislative elections . Their dispute was fanned by the political weight of Buenos Aires province ( the most populous in Argentina , with almost 40 percent of the national vote ) , and continued through the 2005 midterm elections . Without consensus in the PJ for a candidate for senator in the Buenos Aires province , both leaders had their wives run for office : Hilda González de Duhalde for the PJ and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner for the Front for Victory , which contested the election as a different party . Cristina Kirchner won the election . As in 2003 , the elections were defined by Peronist factions ; the opposition parties could not put up a united national front . The victory gave Kirchner the confidence to remove Lavagna , Rafael Bielsa , Jose Pampuro , and Alicia Kirchner from his cabinet and replace them with ministers who , though less well-known , had perspectives closer to his own . Human rights policy . Although the Dirty War ended in the eighties , Kirchner considered it an unresolved issue . In his inaugural speech , he supported human rights organizations which sought the incarceration of the military connected with the National Reorganization Process . He also ordered the top military leadership to retire . Kirchner sent a bill to the Congress to annul the full stop law and the Law of Due Obedience , which had halted trials of the military for crimes related to the Dirty War . The laws had been repealed in 1998 , but that repeal had little legal significance , as only an annulment would reopen the cases . Although this initiative was opposed by Duhalde and Scioli , most legislators considered it a symbolic gesture since the laws constitutionality would be decided by the Supreme Court . Both laws were annulled by the Congress in August 2003 , and many cases were reopened as a result . The Supreme Court declared the laws , and Menems presidential pardons , unconstitutional in 2005 . Jorge Julio López , witness in a trial of police officer Miguel Etchecolatz , disappeared in 2006 . This caused a national scandal , as it was suspected that he was disappeared to intimidate other witnesses in the upcoming trials , and the government was unable to locate him . Kirchner also changed the extradition policy , allowing extradition for people prosecuted abroad and not facing charges in Argentina . He also supported the requests by human rights organizations to turn the former detention centers into memorials for the disappeared . Argentina became a signatory of the UN Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity in 2003 . A creative interpretation of the convention by the courts allowed them to circumvent the statutory limitations to crimes committed decades in the past , and also the ex post facto applicability of laws that were not in force at the time of the crimes . The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo held their final demonstration in 2006 , believing that Kirchner , unlike previous presidents , was not their enemy . They became political allies of Kirchner , who placed them in prominent locations during his speeches , and the group became a powerful NGO . He further underscored civilian control over the military by appointing Nilda Garré — who had been a political prisoner during the Dirty War — the countrys first woman Minister of Defense . As a result of his policies and approach , relations between the civilian authorities and the military remained tense throughout Kirchners presidency . Although Kirchner repudiated the military forces who participated in the Dirty War , he overlooked the guerrilla movements of the time . The government ignored the 30th anniversary of the ERP attack on the tank regiment in Azul and the 15th anniversary of the 1989 attack on La Tablada barracks . According to Rosendo Fraga , Kirchner downplayed the presence of terrorist organizations during the Dirty War . Guerrillas who committed suicide or who were executed by their own organizations were re-categorized in 2006 as victims of state terrorism , and their survivors were compensated by the state . However , victims of the guerrillas were not compensated . Journalist Ceferino Reato said that the Kirchners sought to replace the theory of the two demons , which blamed the Dirty War on both the military and the guerrillas , with a theory of angels and demons , which blamed only the military . After the presidency . Kirchner did not run for a reelection in the 2007 presidential elections . His wife , Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , ran instead . Media observers suspected that Kirchner stepped down as president to circumvent the term limit , swapping roles with his wife . Cristina Kirchner was elected , and Néstor Kirchner became First Gentleman . He remained highly influential during his wifes term , supervising the economy and leading the PJ . Their marriage has been compared with those of Juan and Eva Perón and Bill and Hillary Clinton . He participated in Operation Emmanuel in Colombia in December 2007 , which sought to release a group of FARC hostages , including Colombian politician Íngrid Betancourt . Kirchner returned to Argentina after negotiations failed . The hostages were freed a year later during Operation Jaque , a covert operation by the Colombian military . Néstor Kirchner played an active role in the 2008 government conflict with the agricultural sector , when Cristina Kirchner introduced a new sliding-scale taxation system for agricultural exports that raised custom taxes to soybean exports to 44% . At that time , he became president of the Justicialist Party and publicly supported his wife in the conflict ; Kirchner accused the agricultural sector of attempting a coup détat . He spoke in support of a bill to set the taxes by law at a demonstration at the Palace of the Argentine National Congress . Many senators who had supported the government rejected the proposal , and the voting was tied 36–36 . Vice-President Julio Cobos , president of the Chamber of Senators , cast the decisive vote in opposition to the measure . In the June 2009 legislative elections , Kirchner was defeated by Francisco de Narváez of the Union PRO coalition for National Deputy of Buenos Aires Province . The Front for Victory was defeated in the Buenos Aires , Santa Fe and Córdoba , and the Kirchners lost the Congressional majority . Voter disenchantment with the Kirchners was caused by inflation , crime and the previous years agricultural conflict , which cost them rural support . The Kirchners pushed a media law through during the Congress lame-duck session . The Kirchners described it as an antitrust law to limit media ownership , but critics considered instead that it was used to reduce the freedom of the press . Kirchner was nominated by Ecuador for Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations ( UNASUR ) , but was rejected by Uruguay when Uruguay and Argentina were involved in a pulp-mill dispute . The dispute was resolved in 2010 ; new Uruguayan president José Mujica supported Kirchner , who was unanimously elected UNASURs first secretary-general at a member-state summit in Buenos Aires on 4 May . Kirchner successfully mediated the 2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis . Style and ideology . Kirchner was often labelled a left-wing and progressive president , with the cultural critic Alejandro Kaufman stating that Kirchner was an Argentine social democrat : a centre-left Peronist , who had been elected on a moderate-progressive platform . However , that assessment is relative . Although he was left of previous Argentine presidents from Raúl Alfonsín to Eduardo Duhalde and contemporary Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , he was right of other Latin American presidents such as Hugo Chávez and Fidel Castro . Kirchners nationalist approach to the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute was closer to the right , and he did not consider left-wing policies such as the socialization of production or the nationalization of public services which were privatized during the Menem presidency . He did not attempt to modify church–state relations or reduce the armed forces . Kirchners economic views were influenced by his tenure in the government of Santa Cruz : a province rich in oil , gas , fish and tourism , with an economy focused on the primary sector . Usually avoiding long-term policies , he moved left or right according to circumstances . Many leftist activists in Argentina were cynical about the sincerity of his commitment to progressive ideals and to aiding the countrys underclass . A Peronist , Kirchner handled political power as Peronist leaders have traditionally done . He nevertheless sought to portray himself as being different from previous Peronist leaders . He made frequent use of controversies with other political or social forces and the polarization of public opinion , which became characteristic of his political style . This strategy was used against the financial sector , the military and police , foreign countries , international bodies , newspapers , and Duhalde himself with varying degrees of success . Kirchner sought to generate an image contrasting with those of former presidents Carlos Menem and Fernando de la Rúa . Menem was seen as frivolous and De la Rúa as doubtful , so Kirchner tried to be seen as serious and determined . He sought to concentrate political power , and the emergency superpowers law giving discretionary powers to the president to change the national budget was periodically renewed . The Front for Victory ( conceived as a lema of the PJ ) became a political alliance of the PJ , pro-Kirchner factions in other parties , and minor left-wing parties . The progressivist population , lacking leadership since the crisis which discredited the UCR , also supported the new coalition . Most Peronists simply defected to the new party , and the end of the economic crisis and the discretionary control of state finances allowed Kirchner to discipline his allies and co-opt his rivals . As a consequence , the Congress became compliant and the opposition was unable to present a credible alternative to the government . In addition to concentrating power , Kirchner micromanaged most government tasks or assigned them to trusted aides regardless of cabinet hierarchy . He managed relations with the United States and Brazil , leaving relations with Bolivia and Venezuela in the hands of Minister of Federal Planning Julio de Vido . There were no cabinet meetings during Kirchners presidency , rare in a national government ; this may have been influenced by his governance of Santa Cruz , a sparsely-populated province in which the cabinet was of little use and decisions were primarily made by the governor . According to analyst Ignacio Arana Araya Kirchner had a disregard for bilateral relations whenever these interfered with his domestic policies . As such he cut down gas export to Chile in 2004 despite Chilean protests , clashed with Uruguay over the envionmental impact of a planned pulp mill and had trade disputes with Brazil . During his tenure Kirchner left in the lurch numerous World leaders , including Trần Đức Lương , the President of Vietnam . Allegations of embezzlement . The Skanska case occurred during Kirchners presidency , during which several members of de Vidos ministry were accused of bribery in requests for tender for pipeline construction , based on a tape recording of Skanska employees discussing the bribes . The case was closed in 2011 , when it was ruled that the tape was not acceptable evidence and there was no overpricing . It was reopened in 2016 ( with Cristina Kirchner out of the government ) , and the tape was accepted as evidence . The Kirchners net worth , as reported to the AFIP revenue service , increased by 4,500 percent between 1995 and 2010 . A substantial increase occurred in 2008 , from 26.5 million to 63.5 million Argentine pesos , due to the sale of long-owned land , hotel rentals , and time deposits in Argentine pesos and U.S . dollars . They founded a business-consulting company , El Chapel and established the Hotesur SA and Los Sauces firms to manage their luxury hotels in El Calafate . The Kirchners expanded Comasa , a firm of which they had a 90-percent ownership . Their salaries as politicians were 3.62 percent of their total earnings . Kirchner was tried for unjust enrichment in 2004 , with the case focusing on the increase in his wealth from 1995 to 2003 . The case was first heard by judge Juan José Galeano and moved to judge Julián Ercolini , who acquitted him in 2005 . A new case involving both Kirchners was heard by judge Norberto Oyarbide , who acquitted them in 2010 . The TV program Periodismo para todos aired an investigation in 2013 , detailing a case of embezzlement and an associated money trail involving the Kirchners and businessman Lázaro Báez . Báez received 95 percent of the requests for tender in Santa Cruz province since 2003 , more than four billion pesos , and the scandal was known as the Route of the K-Money ( ) . In the 2014 Hotesur scandal , a company owned by Báez rented more than 1,100 rooms per month at Kirchner family hotels even when they were unoccupied . A money-laundering scheme was suspected , funnelling public-works money to the Kirchner family . In April 2016 , Kirchners secretary and confidant Daniel Muñoz ( who died early that year ) was identified in the Panama Papers as owner of real-estate investment firm Gold Black Limited . Company director Sergio Todisco was investigated by prosecutors who suspected that the company was used for money laundering . At the end of the year , judge Julián Ercolini indicted Cristina Kirchner and several members of their cabinet , charging them with a criminal conspiracy that would have started when Nestor Kirchner first became president . Death . Kirchner died on 27 October 2010 , at the age of 60 . The day was a national holiday for the INDEC to run a national census , so he was at home in El Calafate . Kirchner was rushed to a local hospital and was pronounced dead at 9:15 a.m . from cardiac arrest . He had undergone two medical procedures that year : surgery on his right carotid artery in February and an angioplasty in September . His death was a surprise for the Argentinian population , to whom he had always represented his heart problems as not very serious . His body was flown to the Casa Rosada for a state funeral , and three national days of mourning were declared . Kirchners funeral was attended by thousands , despite heavy rain . According to media reports , 1,000 people per hour entered the Casa Rosada in groups of 100 to 150 . Cristina Kirchner , dressed in mourning , stood next to the coffin . People brought candles , flags and flowers , some of which Cristina accepted personally . Kirchners death evoked international reactions moments after it was announced , with Brazil and Venezuela also declaring three national days of mourning . Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos and the Organization of American States declared a moment of silence , and U.S . president Barack Obama sent condolences . Attendees at Kirchners funeral included Chávez and Lula da Silva . Legacy . Although Kirchner was known to have health problems , his death was unexpected , and had a great impact on the politics of Argentina . Kirchner died at an early age , while still being a highly influential figure in politics , despite not being president at the time . Presidents Manuel Quintana , Roque Sáenz Peña and Roberto María Ortiz died in office , but none of them had a political clout comparable to that of Kirchner . President Juan Perón had a similar power and died in office , but his death was not unexpected , as he had already reached the life expectancy of the time . Other figures of the history of Argentina who achieved great political clout , such as José de San Martín , Juan Manuel de Rosas , Julio Argentino Roca , Carlos Pellegrini and Hipólito Yrigoyen , all died when they were already retired from politics , or even abroad . Initially , the death of Kirchner caused a power vacuum , as Cristina Kirchner had ruled so far as a figurehead , while Néstor Kirchner still managed the government . She changed the style of the government making it more authoritarian , and more critical of the United States . She broke with allies of her husband , such as the union leader Hugo Moyano , and increased the political clout of the youth wing La Cámpora instead . She also relied on her public image more than her husband had . The popularity of the Kirchners had been in a decline at the time of Néstors death , but after being widowed , Cristina Kirchners popularity increased greatly . As a result , she won the reelection in the 2011 general elections by a landslide . The Relato K built a cult of personality around the figure of Kirchner . While in office , Cristina Kirchner avoided referring to him by name , and talked instead about He or Him , with emphasis on the pronoun and with a universally capitalized form . As in the English language , in the Spanish language this figure of speech is usually reserved to make reference to God . Kirchner was also compared with San Martín , in an attempt to raise him to a similar status as a national hero . This comparison was included , for instance , in an official video by the ministry of social welfare . A month after his death many districts renamed streets , schools , neighbourhoods , institutions and other places after Néstor Kirchner . Some noteworthy examples are the Néstor Kirchner Cultural Centre ( formerly Bicentennial Cultural Centre ) and the second leg of the 2010–11 Argentine Primera División season . The change proved controversial in some cities , such as Caleta Olivia , where the renamed street was formerly named after the Falklands War veterans . A bill to rename a street after Kirchner was rejected in Apóstoles , Misiones . No renaming bill was even considered in Buenos Aires , as a previous law only allowed streets to be named after people who had died at least a decade before . The presidency of Mauricio Macri proposed a bill in 2016 to forbid any public places or institutions from being named after people unless they had died at least two decades before ; if approved , all the state properties named after Kirchner would have to be renamed . Honours and awards . Foreign honours . - Grand Collar of the Order of the Liberator Honorary degrees . - Fudan University honorary degree , 17 June 2004 . - National University of Entre Ríos posthumous honorary degree , 16 December 2010 . - National University of Lanús posthumous honorary degree , 20 December 2010 . External links . - Néstor Kirchner at the Encyclopædia Britannica - Néstor Kirchner at the Casa Rosada website |
[
"Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations",
"first gentleman"
] | easy | Which position did Néstor Kirchner hold from May 2010 to Oct 2010? | /wiki/Néstor_Kirchner#P39#4 | Néstor Kirchner Néstor Carlos Kirchner Jr . ( ; 25 February 195027 October 2010 ) was an Argentine lawyer and politician who served as the President of Argentina from 2003 to 2007 , Governor of Santa Cruz Province from 1991 to 2003 , Secretary General of UNASUR and the first gentleman during the first tenure of his wife , Cristina Fernández de Kirchner . He was President of the Justicialist Party from 2008 to 2010 . Ideologically , he identified himself as a Peronist and a progressive , with his political approach called Kirchnerism . Born in Río Gallegos , Santa Cruz , Kirchner studied law at the National University of La Plata . He met and married Cristina Fernández at this time , returned with her to Río Gallegos at graduation , and opened a law firm . Commentators have criticized him for a lack of legal activism during the Dirty War , an issue he would involve himself in as president . Kirchner ran for mayor of Río Gallegos in 1987 and for governor of Santa Cruz in 1991 . He was reelected governor in 1995 and 1999 due to an amendment of the provincial constitution . Kirchner sided with Buenos Aires provincial governor Eduardo Duhalde against President Carlos Menem . Although Duhalde lost the 1999 presidential election , he was appointed president by the Congress when previous presidents Fernando de la Rúa and Adolfo Rodríguez Saá resigned during the December 2001 riots . Duhalde suggested that Kirchner run for president in 2003 in a bid to prevent Menems return to the presidency . Menem won a plurality in the first round of the presidential election but , fearing that he would lose in the required runoff election , he resigned ; Kirchner became president as a result . Kirchner took office on 25 May 2003 . Roberto Lavagna , credited with the economic recovery during Duhaldes presidency , was retained as minister of economy and continued his economic policies . Argentina negotiated a swap of defaulted debt and repaid the International Monetary Fund . The National Institute of Statistics and Census intervened to underestimate growing inflation . Several Supreme Court judges resigned while fearing impeachment , and new justices were appointed . The amnesty for crimes committed during the Dirty War in enforcing the full-stop and due-obedience laws and the presidential pardons were repealed and declared unconstitutional . This led to new trials for the military who served during the 1970s . Argentina increased its integration with other Latin American countries , discontinuing its automatic alignment with the United States dating to the 1990s . The 2005 midterm elections were a victory for Kirchner , and signaled the end of Duhaldes supremacy in Buenos Aires Province . Instead of seeking reelection , Kirchner stepped aside in 2007 in support of his wife , who was elected president . He participated in Operation Emmanuel to release FARC hostages , and was narrowly defeated in the 2009 midterm election for deputy of Buenos Aires Province . Kirchner was appointed Secretary General of UNASUR in 2010 . He and his wife were involved ( either directly or through their close aides ) in the 2013 political scandal known as the Route of the K-Money , even though no judicial investigation ever found any proof of wrongdoing by Néstor or Cristina Kirchner . Kirchner died of cardiac arrest on 27 October 2010 , and received a state funeral . Early life . Kirchner was born Néstor Carlos Kirchner Jr . on 25 February 1950 , in Río Gallegos , Santa Cruz , a federal territory at the time . His father , Néstor Carlos Kirchner Sr. , of German-Swiss descent , met the Chilean María Juana Ostoić , of Croatian descent , by telegraphy . They had three children : Néstor , Alicia , and María Cristina . Néstor was part of the third generation of Kirchners living in the city . As a result of pertussis , he developed strabismus at an early age ; however , he refused medical treatment because he considered his eye part of his self-image . When Kirchner was in high school he briefly considered becoming a teacher , but poor diction hampered him ; he was also unsuccessful at basketball . Kirchner moved to La Plata in 1969 to study law at the National University . During this period , the decline of the Argentine Revolution , the return of former president Juan Perón from exile , the election of Héctor Cámpora as president , his resignation and the election of Perón , and the beginning of the Dirty War had led to severe political turmoil . Kirchner joined the University Federation for the National Revolution ( FURN ) , a political student group whose relationship with the Montoneros guerrillas is a matter of debate . Kirchner was not a leader of the group . He was present at the Ezeiza massacre , in which right-wing Peronist snipers opened fire on a celebration of Juan Peróns return at the Ezeiza International Airport . He was also present at the expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo . Although Kirchner met many members of the Montoneros , he was not a member of the group . By the time the Montoneros were outlawed by Perón , he had left FURN . In 1974 , Kirchner met Cristina Fernández , three years his junior , and they quickly fell in love . They were married after a courtship limited to six months by the political turmoil in the country . At the civil ceremony , Kirchners friends sang the Peronist song Los Muchachos Peronistas . He graduated a year later , returned to Patagonia with Cristina , and established a law firm with fellow attorney Domingo Ortiz de Zarate . Cristina joined the firm in 1979 . By the time of Kirchners graduation and move to the Patagonia , Juan Perón had died , his vice president and wife Isabel Martínez de Perón had become president . Isabel Perón had been unseated by a coup détat which installed a military government . The Kirchners worked for banks and financial groups which filed foreclosures , since the Central Banks 1050 ruling had raised mortgage loan interest rates , and also acquired 21 real-estate lots for a low price when they were about to be auctioned . Their law firm defended military personnel accused of committing crimes during said war . Forced disappearances were common during the Dirty War , but unlike other lawyers of the time the Kirchners never signed a habeas corpus . Julio César Strassera , prosecutor in the 1985 Trial of the Juntas case against the military , criticized the Kirchners lack of legal actions against the military , and considered their later interest in the issue a form of hypocrisy . The Dirty War eventually ended , and the National Reorganization Process allowed political activity in preparation for a return to democracy . Kirchner led one of the three internal factions of the local Justicialist Party ( PJ ) , but Peronist Arturo Puricelli prevailed in the primary elections . Kirchner founded the Ateneo Juan Domingo Perón organization , which supported deposed president Isabel Perón and promoted political dialogue with the military . Cristina Fernández became an attorney of the PJ in Santa Cruz , with the help of Rafael Flores , a former friend from the FURN . Raúl Alfonsín , who was running for president for the Radical Civic Union ( UCR ) , denounced an agreement between the military and the Peronist unions which sought an amnesty for the military . Kirchner organized a rally on behalf of Rodolfo Ponce , a union leader mentioned by Alfonsín in his denouncement . Alfonsín won the 1983 presidential election , and Puricelli was elected governor of Santa Cruz . Puricelli sought to unify the local Peronist movement by adding members of the other factions into his government , and appointed Kirchner president of the provincial social-welfare fund . Kirchner quickly expanded the activities and scope of his office , building a parallel state . This soon started a conflict with Puricelli . Instead of being fired , Kirchner resigned and accused the governor of reducing the funds for social-welfare . He ran for mayor of Río Gallegos in 1987 , and won by the slim margin of 110 votes . Kirchners friend , Rudy Ulloa Igor , helped him to victory by registering some groups of Chilean immigrants to vote ( immigrants were allowed to vote in mayoral elections ) , and persuading them to vote for Kirchner . Julio de Vido and Carlos Zannini began working with Kirchner at this time . Kirchner used the state-owned media to promote his activities . The Peronist Ricardo del Val was elected governor that year , and the province was impacted by inflation in 1989 . Kirchner became the main opponent of del Val , who was impeached and removed from office in 1990 due to the inflation crisis . Governor of Santa Cruz . Kirchner ran for governor of Santa Cruz in 1991 . Although he received only 30 percent of the vote , below the 36 percent of the UCR , he was elected due to the Ley de Lemas that added the votes for the Peronist faction of Puricelli to his own . When Kirchner took office , Santa Cruz was experiencing an economic crisis , with high unemployment and a budget deficit equal to 1.2 billion pesos , which amounted to an equal number of U.S . dollars because of the Convertibility plan . He expanded the number of provincial Supreme Court justices from three members to five and appointed three judges loyal to him ; this gave him control of the provincial judiciary . Kirchner was criticized for preventing the investigation of corruption cases . Santa Cruz received 535 million pesos in oil royalties in 1993 , which Kirchner deposited in a foreign bank . He was elected to the Constituent Assembly which drafted the 1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution proposed by the Peronist president Carlos Menem . Kirchner voted against the amendment that would allow the reelection of the president , which was approved . Locally , he proposed an amendment to the provincial constitution authorizing indefinite reelection of the governor . Menem and Kirchner were reelected to their respective offices in 1995 . Kirchner established a faction in the PJ opposing Menems neoliberal economic policies , but Eduardo Duhalde , governor of the populous Buenos Aires province , ignored him and rallied a stronger opposition to Menem within the PJ . The number of state workers grew from 12,000 to 70,000 during Kirchners administration . The creation of private-sector jobs in the province was minimal , and private companies were driven away . A local journalist interviewed by journalist Jorge Lanata said that this placed de facto restrictions on economic freedom and allowed Kirchner to control the population . Most available jobs were in public works . With Menem constitutionally restricted from running for a third presidential term , Duhalde ran for president in 1999 . Kirchner sided with Duhalde in his dispute with Menem , and sought reelection as governor of Santa Cruz . The PJ was defeated on the national level by the radical Fernando de la Rúa , who became president . Kirchner was reelected , despite the growth of the UCR in the province . Following an economic crisis , De la Rúa resigned two years later during the December 2001 riots . The Congress appointed Adolfo Rodríguez Saá , governor of San Luis , as interim president . When Rodríguez Saá also resigned , Duhalde was appointed president . He was the politician with the highest legitimacy to be appointed president , as he had placed second in the 1999 elections and won the 2001 legislative elections in the Buenos Aires province , the district of Argentina with the largest population . He slowly restored the economy , and hastened the presidential election when two piqueteros were killed during a demonstration . However , the provincial elections were held on their original dates . 2003 presidential election . Carlos Menem ran for a new term as president in 2003 , and Eduardo Duhalde tried to prevent it . Instead of holding primary elections within the PJ , the 2003 elections used a variant of the Ley de Lemas . All the Peronist candidates were allowed to run in the general election , using their own tickets . Although Kirchner ran for president with Duhaldes support , he was not the presidents first choice . Trying to prevent a third term for Menem , Duhalde approached Santa Fe governor Carlos Reutemann and Córdoba governor José Manuel de la Sota ; Reutemann declined , and De la Sota did not run because he was insufficiently popular . Duhalde also unsuccessfully approached Mauricio Macri , Adolfo Rodríguez Saá , Felipe Solá , and Roberto Lavagna , all of whom refused to run . Duhalde initially resisted supporting Kirchner , fearing that Kirchner would ignore him if elected . Kirchner run on the Front for Victory ticket , one of the several fronts put up by the PJ . Since Kirchner was identified with the centre-left , Duhalde appointed the centre-right Daniel Scioli as his vice-presidential candidate . Only a handful of Peronist governors supported either candidate ; most remained neutral , awaiting the election to forge a relationship with the victor . The general election was held on 27 April . Menem won the first round with 24.5 percent of the vote , followed by Kirchner with 22.2 percent . The conservative Ricardo López Murphy finished third , substantially behind the two main candidates . Since Menem was well short of the threshold required to win , a runoff election was scheduled for 18 May . By this time , however , Menems public image had deteriorated , and polls showed Kirchner receiving 60 to 70 percent of the vote . To avoid a humiliating defeat , Menem pulled out of the runoff in a move criticized by the other candidates . The judiciary declined requests for a new election and refused to sanction a runoff election between Kirchner and López Murphy , although López Murphy said he would not have participated in any event . The election was validated by the Congress , and Kirchner became president on 25 May 2003 . Kirchners 22.2 percent is the lowest vote percentage ever recorded for an Argentine president in a free election . Local elections were held in October . The mayor of Buenos Aires , Aníbal Ibarra , was reelected in a runoff against Mauricio Macri . Neither were Peronists , but Ibarra supported Kirchner and Macri was supported by Duhalde . Duhalde remained an influential figure in the Buenos Aires province ; his ally Felipe Solá was elected governor by a landslide , and the PJ received its highest number of deputies since 1983 and won mayoral elections in several cities lost to the UCR in 1999 . The three leading candidates in the Buenos Aires province were all Peronists . Victories in the other provinces gave the PJ control of the Congress , and three-quarters of Argentinas governors were Peronists . According to journalist Mariano Grondona , Argentine politics had become a dominant-party system . Presidency . First days . Kirchner took office as president of Argentina on 25 May 2003 . Contrary to tradition , the ceremony was held at the Palace of the Argentine National Congress rather than Casa Rosada . He announced that he would spearhead change on many issues , from politics to culture . The ceremony was attended by the provincial governors , Supreme Court president Julio Nazareno , the heads of the armed forces , and Cuban leader Fidel Castro . Raúl Alfonsín was the only former president in attendance . Kirchner walked to the Casa Rosada along Avenida de Mayo , breaking with protocol to get close to the people , and was accidentally hit in the head with a camera . As he was elected with a small percentage of the vote , Kirchner sought to increase his political clout and public image . He sought political allies in all political parties , not just the PJ . The Radicales K supported him from within the UCR . This practice of reaching out to multiple parties became known as Transversalism . Striking an anti-establishment image , Kirchner set about creating a sense of political renewal in Argentina , despite the fact that many of his government associates came from the traditional political class . He retained four members of Duhaldes cabinet . Economy Minister Roberto Lavagna , credited with the economic recovery , was kept to ensure that Kirchner maintained the economic policies laid down during the previous administration . Ginés González García stayed as Minister of Health . Anibal Fernandez was moved to the Ministry of the Interior and José Pampuro to the Defense Ministry . Kirchner brought in four members of his cabinet from his days as governor of Santa Cruz . Alberto Fernández , who organized his political campaign , was appointed chief of the cabinet of ministers . Sergio Acevedo was placed in charge of intelligence . Julio de Vido was appointed Minister of Federal Planning , an office similar to his provincial one . Since the appointment of relatives was not unusual in Argentina , Kirchners appointment of his sister Alicia as Minister of Social Development was uncontroversial . Chancellor Rafael Bielsa was from another political party , FREPASO . Relations with the judiciary . The Argentine judiciary had been unpopular since the presidency of Carlos Menem , most of whose judicial appointments were based on loyalty ; his judiciary was known as the automatic majority . Kirchner sought to remove the most controversial judges and organized the impeachment of Supreme Court president Julio Nazareno , who chose to resign . Judge Adolfo Vázquez also resigned before impeachment , citing personal reasons . Judges Eduardo Moline OConnor and Guillermo López also resigned under similar circumstances . The vacancies were well received by the public , boosting Kirchners popularity . He arranged a new system to appoint judges . Instead of simply proposing a new judge candidate to the Congress , the presidency first released names of a number of potential candidates , who were then evaluated by several non-governmental organizations , who assessed if the candidate was suitable as a judge . The ministry of justice compiled all the support and criticism , and the president then decided which candidate would be proposed to the Congress , which made the final decision , as under the previous system . Raúl Zaffaroni , a former FREPASO politician , was the first judicial appointment under the new system . He was followed by Elena Highton de Nolasco , the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court . The appointment of Carmen Argibay ( another female judge ) was controversial , since Argibay was an atheist and a supporter of legal abortion . The judges held liberal views on criminal justice , countering social demands for harsher , pro-victim policies after the murder of Axel Blumberg . However , the new Supreme Court had little political power , as the national government ignored all rulings that were not favorable . Economic policy . The pillars of the economic plan were trade and fiscal budget surpluses and a high exchange rate for the United States dollar . The surplus was increased by taxes levied during de la Rúas presidency and the devaluation which occurred during the Duhalde administration . Kirchner sought to rebuild the Argentine industrial base , public works and public services , renegotiating the operation of public services privatized by Carlos Menem and owned by foreign companies . His policies were accompanied by a nationalist rhetoric sympathetic to the poor . However , despite the financial prosperity , there was no significant decrease in the number of people living in poverty , which was 8 to 10 million people , or almost 25% of the country . Kirchner and Lavagna negotiated a swap of defaulted national debt in 2005 , a write-down to one-third of the original debt . Kirchner refused a structural adjustment program , and instead made a single payment to the IMF with Central Bank reserves . Although the economy grew at an eight-percent annual rate during Kirchners term , much of its growth was due to favorable international conditions rather than Argentine policies . Argentina was benefited by the increase of the international price of soybean and other foods . However , some argued that this economic growth can also be attributed to Kirchners policies to increase domestic demand . Foreign investment remained low because of the Argentine hostility towards the IMF , the U.S . and the United Kingdom , the re-nationalization of privatized companies ( such as the water supply , managed by the French company Suez ) , diplomatic isolation and state interventionism . The energy sector suffered , and lack of investment reduced energy reserves during the 2000s . Lavagna proposed to slow economic growth and control inflation . Kirchner rejected this , promoting wage increases to reduce economic inequality and extending unemployment insurance and other types of social welfare . Public services such as public transportation , electricity , gas and water supply were subsidized and kept at low prices . Food industries were subsidized as well . The subsidies eventually expanded to several uncommon areas . This increased the economic activity , but also increased inflation and reduced the private investment in those areas . Unable to control inflation , the government influenced the National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina , which under-reported it , as well as poverty ( which was calculated with the inflation figures ) . The superpowers law , sanctioned during the crisis , was prorogated and eventually made permanent in 2006 ; this law allowed the president to rearrange the budget with supervision from the Congress . Kirchner sought to win over the Argentine Workers Central Union and leaders of more moderate piquetero factions to reduce the chances of strikes and protests . He nevertheless continued to oppose hard-line elements of the piquetero movement , such as that of Raúl Castells . Kirchners policy helped to fragment the piqueteros , with some declaring their allegiance to him and others continuing to oppose him . Their usual system of protest ( blocking streets ) made them highly unpopular . However , Kirchner refused to suppress the piquetero demonstrations to avoid the risk of further violence . Lavagna refused to run for senator in the 2005 midterm elections , and criticized the overpricing of public works managed by Minister of Federal Planning Julio de Vido . As a result , Kirchner asked Lavagna to resign . Finance secretary Guillermo Nielsen , who managed the debt restructuring , also resigned . Felisa Miceli , head of Banco de la Nación Argentina , replaced Lavagna as Minister of Economy . Miceli resigned in 2007 , months before the presidential elections , because of a scandal over a bag with a large amount of money which was found in her office bathroom . She was replaced by Secretary of Industry Miguel Gustavo Peirano . Foreign policy . Kirchner took a pragmatic approach to Argentine foreign policy , and Argentina–United States relations did not continue the special relations of the 1990s . Chancellor Rafael Bielsa called the relationship between the countries cooperation without cohabitation in contrast to that of the Menem era , which was known as carnal relations . Kirchner opposed the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas , as it was based on majority rule among all the countries of the Americas , whereas he preferred a proportional representation system that would have given the Mercosur bloc more influence . The 4th Summit of the Americas , hosted in Mar del Plata , ended with violent protests against U.S . President George W . Bush ; negotiations stalled , and the FTAA was not implemented . Kirchner told the United Nations that , although he opposed terrorism , he did not support the War on Terror . He refused to receive U.S . Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , and sent forces to the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti . Kirchner sought increased integration with other Latin American countries . He revived and tried to strengthen the Mercosur trade bloc and improved relations with Brazil , but without automatically aligning with that country , the regional power of South America . The president tried to keep a middle ground between Brazil and Venezuela , since he considered the Brazilian Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva too conservative , and the Venezuelan Hugo Chávez too anti-American . Kirchner worked with left-wing presidents Lula , Chilean Ricardo Lagos , Chávez , Fidel Castro from Cuba and Evo Morales from Bolivia . He established a political alliance with Chávezs government , and by 2008 , Argentinian exports to Venezuela were quadruple what they were in 2002 . A bilateral military commission was established with Venezuela , through which some technological exchange took place . 2005 midterm elections . Kirchner soon distanced himself from Duhalde , removing those close to the former president from the government to reduce his political influence . He also sought supporters across the social and political spectrum to counter Duhaldes influence in the party . Although Duhalde was not initially against Kirchner , Kirchner tried to prevent the presence of alternative leaderships within the PJ . However , they put their differences behind them during the October 2003 legislative elections . Their dispute was fanned by the political weight of Buenos Aires province ( the most populous in Argentina , with almost 40 percent of the national vote ) , and continued through the 2005 midterm elections . Without consensus in the PJ for a candidate for senator in the Buenos Aires province , both leaders had their wives run for office : Hilda González de Duhalde for the PJ and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner for the Front for Victory , which contested the election as a different party . Cristina Kirchner won the election . As in 2003 , the elections were defined by Peronist factions ; the opposition parties could not put up a united national front . The victory gave Kirchner the confidence to remove Lavagna , Rafael Bielsa , Jose Pampuro , and Alicia Kirchner from his cabinet and replace them with ministers who , though less well-known , had perspectives closer to his own . Human rights policy . Although the Dirty War ended in the eighties , Kirchner considered it an unresolved issue . In his inaugural speech , he supported human rights organizations which sought the incarceration of the military connected with the National Reorganization Process . He also ordered the top military leadership to retire . Kirchner sent a bill to the Congress to annul the full stop law and the Law of Due Obedience , which had halted trials of the military for crimes related to the Dirty War . The laws had been repealed in 1998 , but that repeal had little legal significance , as only an annulment would reopen the cases . Although this initiative was opposed by Duhalde and Scioli , most legislators considered it a symbolic gesture since the laws constitutionality would be decided by the Supreme Court . Both laws were annulled by the Congress in August 2003 , and many cases were reopened as a result . The Supreme Court declared the laws , and Menems presidential pardons , unconstitutional in 2005 . Jorge Julio López , witness in a trial of police officer Miguel Etchecolatz , disappeared in 2006 . This caused a national scandal , as it was suspected that he was disappeared to intimidate other witnesses in the upcoming trials , and the government was unable to locate him . Kirchner also changed the extradition policy , allowing extradition for people prosecuted abroad and not facing charges in Argentina . He also supported the requests by human rights organizations to turn the former detention centers into memorials for the disappeared . Argentina became a signatory of the UN Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity in 2003 . A creative interpretation of the convention by the courts allowed them to circumvent the statutory limitations to crimes committed decades in the past , and also the ex post facto applicability of laws that were not in force at the time of the crimes . The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo held their final demonstration in 2006 , believing that Kirchner , unlike previous presidents , was not their enemy . They became political allies of Kirchner , who placed them in prominent locations during his speeches , and the group became a powerful NGO . He further underscored civilian control over the military by appointing Nilda Garré — who had been a political prisoner during the Dirty War — the countrys first woman Minister of Defense . As a result of his policies and approach , relations between the civilian authorities and the military remained tense throughout Kirchners presidency . Although Kirchner repudiated the military forces who participated in the Dirty War , he overlooked the guerrilla movements of the time . The government ignored the 30th anniversary of the ERP attack on the tank regiment in Azul and the 15th anniversary of the 1989 attack on La Tablada barracks . According to Rosendo Fraga , Kirchner downplayed the presence of terrorist organizations during the Dirty War . Guerrillas who committed suicide or who were executed by their own organizations were re-categorized in 2006 as victims of state terrorism , and their survivors were compensated by the state . However , victims of the guerrillas were not compensated . Journalist Ceferino Reato said that the Kirchners sought to replace the theory of the two demons , which blamed the Dirty War on both the military and the guerrillas , with a theory of angels and demons , which blamed only the military . After the presidency . Kirchner did not run for a reelection in the 2007 presidential elections . His wife , Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , ran instead . Media observers suspected that Kirchner stepped down as president to circumvent the term limit , swapping roles with his wife . Cristina Kirchner was elected , and Néstor Kirchner became First Gentleman . He remained highly influential during his wifes term , supervising the economy and leading the PJ . Their marriage has been compared with those of Juan and Eva Perón and Bill and Hillary Clinton . He participated in Operation Emmanuel in Colombia in December 2007 , which sought to release a group of FARC hostages , including Colombian politician Íngrid Betancourt . Kirchner returned to Argentina after negotiations failed . The hostages were freed a year later during Operation Jaque , a covert operation by the Colombian military . Néstor Kirchner played an active role in the 2008 government conflict with the agricultural sector , when Cristina Kirchner introduced a new sliding-scale taxation system for agricultural exports that raised custom taxes to soybean exports to 44% . At that time , he became president of the Justicialist Party and publicly supported his wife in the conflict ; Kirchner accused the agricultural sector of attempting a coup détat . He spoke in support of a bill to set the taxes by law at a demonstration at the Palace of the Argentine National Congress . Many senators who had supported the government rejected the proposal , and the voting was tied 36–36 . Vice-President Julio Cobos , president of the Chamber of Senators , cast the decisive vote in opposition to the measure . In the June 2009 legislative elections , Kirchner was defeated by Francisco de Narváez of the Union PRO coalition for National Deputy of Buenos Aires Province . The Front for Victory was defeated in the Buenos Aires , Santa Fe and Córdoba , and the Kirchners lost the Congressional majority . Voter disenchantment with the Kirchners was caused by inflation , crime and the previous years agricultural conflict , which cost them rural support . The Kirchners pushed a media law through during the Congress lame-duck session . The Kirchners described it as an antitrust law to limit media ownership , but critics considered instead that it was used to reduce the freedom of the press . Kirchner was nominated by Ecuador for Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations ( UNASUR ) , but was rejected by Uruguay when Uruguay and Argentina were involved in a pulp-mill dispute . The dispute was resolved in 2010 ; new Uruguayan president José Mujica supported Kirchner , who was unanimously elected UNASURs first secretary-general at a member-state summit in Buenos Aires on 4 May . Kirchner successfully mediated the 2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis . Style and ideology . Kirchner was often labelled a left-wing and progressive president , with the cultural critic Alejandro Kaufman stating that Kirchner was an Argentine social democrat : a centre-left Peronist , who had been elected on a moderate-progressive platform . However , that assessment is relative . Although he was left of previous Argentine presidents from Raúl Alfonsín to Eduardo Duhalde and contemporary Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , he was right of other Latin American presidents such as Hugo Chávez and Fidel Castro . Kirchners nationalist approach to the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute was closer to the right , and he did not consider left-wing policies such as the socialization of production or the nationalization of public services which were privatized during the Menem presidency . He did not attempt to modify church–state relations or reduce the armed forces . Kirchners economic views were influenced by his tenure in the government of Santa Cruz : a province rich in oil , gas , fish and tourism , with an economy focused on the primary sector . Usually avoiding long-term policies , he moved left or right according to circumstances . Many leftist activists in Argentina were cynical about the sincerity of his commitment to progressive ideals and to aiding the countrys underclass . A Peronist , Kirchner handled political power as Peronist leaders have traditionally done . He nevertheless sought to portray himself as being different from previous Peronist leaders . He made frequent use of controversies with other political or social forces and the polarization of public opinion , which became characteristic of his political style . This strategy was used against the financial sector , the military and police , foreign countries , international bodies , newspapers , and Duhalde himself with varying degrees of success . Kirchner sought to generate an image contrasting with those of former presidents Carlos Menem and Fernando de la Rúa . Menem was seen as frivolous and De la Rúa as doubtful , so Kirchner tried to be seen as serious and determined . He sought to concentrate political power , and the emergency superpowers law giving discretionary powers to the president to change the national budget was periodically renewed . The Front for Victory ( conceived as a lema of the PJ ) became a political alliance of the PJ , pro-Kirchner factions in other parties , and minor left-wing parties . The progressivist population , lacking leadership since the crisis which discredited the UCR , also supported the new coalition . Most Peronists simply defected to the new party , and the end of the economic crisis and the discretionary control of state finances allowed Kirchner to discipline his allies and co-opt his rivals . As a consequence , the Congress became compliant and the opposition was unable to present a credible alternative to the government . In addition to concentrating power , Kirchner micromanaged most government tasks or assigned them to trusted aides regardless of cabinet hierarchy . He managed relations with the United States and Brazil , leaving relations with Bolivia and Venezuela in the hands of Minister of Federal Planning Julio de Vido . There were no cabinet meetings during Kirchners presidency , rare in a national government ; this may have been influenced by his governance of Santa Cruz , a sparsely-populated province in which the cabinet was of little use and decisions were primarily made by the governor . According to analyst Ignacio Arana Araya Kirchner had a disregard for bilateral relations whenever these interfered with his domestic policies . As such he cut down gas export to Chile in 2004 despite Chilean protests , clashed with Uruguay over the envionmental impact of a planned pulp mill and had trade disputes with Brazil . During his tenure Kirchner left in the lurch numerous World leaders , including Trần Đức Lương , the President of Vietnam . Allegations of embezzlement . The Skanska case occurred during Kirchners presidency , during which several members of de Vidos ministry were accused of bribery in requests for tender for pipeline construction , based on a tape recording of Skanska employees discussing the bribes . The case was closed in 2011 , when it was ruled that the tape was not acceptable evidence and there was no overpricing . It was reopened in 2016 ( with Cristina Kirchner out of the government ) , and the tape was accepted as evidence . The Kirchners net worth , as reported to the AFIP revenue service , increased by 4,500 percent between 1995 and 2010 . A substantial increase occurred in 2008 , from 26.5 million to 63.5 million Argentine pesos , due to the sale of long-owned land , hotel rentals , and time deposits in Argentine pesos and U.S . dollars . They founded a business-consulting company , El Chapel and established the Hotesur SA and Los Sauces firms to manage their luxury hotels in El Calafate . The Kirchners expanded Comasa , a firm of which they had a 90-percent ownership . Their salaries as politicians were 3.62 percent of their total earnings . Kirchner was tried for unjust enrichment in 2004 , with the case focusing on the increase in his wealth from 1995 to 2003 . The case was first heard by judge Juan José Galeano and moved to judge Julián Ercolini , who acquitted him in 2005 . A new case involving both Kirchners was heard by judge Norberto Oyarbide , who acquitted them in 2010 . The TV program Periodismo para todos aired an investigation in 2013 , detailing a case of embezzlement and an associated money trail involving the Kirchners and businessman Lázaro Báez . Báez received 95 percent of the requests for tender in Santa Cruz province since 2003 , more than four billion pesos , and the scandal was known as the Route of the K-Money ( ) . In the 2014 Hotesur scandal , a company owned by Báez rented more than 1,100 rooms per month at Kirchner family hotels even when they were unoccupied . A money-laundering scheme was suspected , funnelling public-works money to the Kirchner family . In April 2016 , Kirchners secretary and confidant Daniel Muñoz ( who died early that year ) was identified in the Panama Papers as owner of real-estate investment firm Gold Black Limited . Company director Sergio Todisco was investigated by prosecutors who suspected that the company was used for money laundering . At the end of the year , judge Julián Ercolini indicted Cristina Kirchner and several members of their cabinet , charging them with a criminal conspiracy that would have started when Nestor Kirchner first became president . Death . Kirchner died on 27 October 2010 , at the age of 60 . The day was a national holiday for the INDEC to run a national census , so he was at home in El Calafate . Kirchner was rushed to a local hospital and was pronounced dead at 9:15 a.m . from cardiac arrest . He had undergone two medical procedures that year : surgery on his right carotid artery in February and an angioplasty in September . His death was a surprise for the Argentinian population , to whom he had always represented his heart problems as not very serious . His body was flown to the Casa Rosada for a state funeral , and three national days of mourning were declared . Kirchners funeral was attended by thousands , despite heavy rain . According to media reports , 1,000 people per hour entered the Casa Rosada in groups of 100 to 150 . Cristina Kirchner , dressed in mourning , stood next to the coffin . People brought candles , flags and flowers , some of which Cristina accepted personally . Kirchners death evoked international reactions moments after it was announced , with Brazil and Venezuela also declaring three national days of mourning . Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos and the Organization of American States declared a moment of silence , and U.S . president Barack Obama sent condolences . Attendees at Kirchners funeral included Chávez and Lula da Silva . Legacy . Although Kirchner was known to have health problems , his death was unexpected , and had a great impact on the politics of Argentina . Kirchner died at an early age , while still being a highly influential figure in politics , despite not being president at the time . Presidents Manuel Quintana , Roque Sáenz Peña and Roberto María Ortiz died in office , but none of them had a political clout comparable to that of Kirchner . President Juan Perón had a similar power and died in office , but his death was not unexpected , as he had already reached the life expectancy of the time . Other figures of the history of Argentina who achieved great political clout , such as José de San Martín , Juan Manuel de Rosas , Julio Argentino Roca , Carlos Pellegrini and Hipólito Yrigoyen , all died when they were already retired from politics , or even abroad . Initially , the death of Kirchner caused a power vacuum , as Cristina Kirchner had ruled so far as a figurehead , while Néstor Kirchner still managed the government . She changed the style of the government making it more authoritarian , and more critical of the United States . She broke with allies of her husband , such as the union leader Hugo Moyano , and increased the political clout of the youth wing La Cámpora instead . She also relied on her public image more than her husband had . The popularity of the Kirchners had been in a decline at the time of Néstors death , but after being widowed , Cristina Kirchners popularity increased greatly . As a result , she won the reelection in the 2011 general elections by a landslide . The Relato K built a cult of personality around the figure of Kirchner . While in office , Cristina Kirchner avoided referring to him by name , and talked instead about He or Him , with emphasis on the pronoun and with a universally capitalized form . As in the English language , in the Spanish language this figure of speech is usually reserved to make reference to God . Kirchner was also compared with San Martín , in an attempt to raise him to a similar status as a national hero . This comparison was included , for instance , in an official video by the ministry of social welfare . A month after his death many districts renamed streets , schools , neighbourhoods , institutions and other places after Néstor Kirchner . Some noteworthy examples are the Néstor Kirchner Cultural Centre ( formerly Bicentennial Cultural Centre ) and the second leg of the 2010–11 Argentine Primera División season . The change proved controversial in some cities , such as Caleta Olivia , where the renamed street was formerly named after the Falklands War veterans . A bill to rename a street after Kirchner was rejected in Apóstoles , Misiones . No renaming bill was even considered in Buenos Aires , as a previous law only allowed streets to be named after people who had died at least a decade before . The presidency of Mauricio Macri proposed a bill in 2016 to forbid any public places or institutions from being named after people unless they had died at least two decades before ; if approved , all the state properties named after Kirchner would have to be renamed . Honours and awards . Foreign honours . - Grand Collar of the Order of the Liberator Honorary degrees . - Fudan University honorary degree , 17 June 2004 . - National University of Entre Ríos posthumous honorary degree , 16 December 2010 . - National University of Lanús posthumous honorary degree , 20 December 2010 . External links . - Néstor Kirchner at the Encyclopædia Britannica - Néstor Kirchner at the Casa Rosada website |
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