targets
sequence | level
stringclasses 2
values | question
stringlengths 32
133
| idx
stringlengths 16
91
| context
stringlengths 899
129k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Governor of New York"
] | easy | Hugh Carey took which position from 1975 to Dec 1982? | /wiki/Hugh_Carey#P39#2 | Hugh Carey Hugh Leo Carey ( April 11 , 1919 – August 7 , 2011 ) was an American politician and attorney . He served as a seven-term United States Representative from 1961 to 1974 as well as the 51st Governor of New York from 1975 to 1982 . Early life . Carey was born in New York , New York , the son of Margaret ( née Collins ) and Dennis Joseph Carey . Among his siblings were brothers Edward M . Carey ( former president of Carey Energy Corporation ) and Martin T . Carey ( an entrepreneur who owned Winfield Hall and Bogheid in Glen Cove and Seaview Terrace in Newport ) . Education and military service . In 1939 , Carey enlisted in the New York National Guard as a private in C Squadron , 101st Cavalry . Later , he served as a major in the 104th Infantry Division , known as the Timberwolves . He served in the 415th Infantry Regiment of the 104th Division as the Regimental S-3 , operations officer . Carey was with the 104th Division throughout its 10-month campaign in the European Theater of Operations , which included the fighting in Northern France , Holland and Germany . His awards include the Combat Infantryman Badge , the Bronze Star with Oak Leaf Clusters , and the Croix de Guerre with Silver Star . He was discharged in 1946 at the rank of colonel . He received his B.A . from St . Johns University in 1942 . Following his military service , he enrolled at the institutions law school , where he earned his J.D . in 1951 . He was admitted to the New York state bar that same year . Career . Carey was a partner in the law firm of Finley , Kumble , Wagner , Underberg , Manley , Myerson & Casey . U.S . House of Representatives . In 1960 , Running as a Democrat , Carey was elected to the United States House of Representatives unseating Republican incumbent Francis E . Dorn . Careys seven terms in office coincided with major demographic changes in his district , as exemplified by deindustralization , concomitant gentrification and the opening of the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge ( which spurred migration to the more suburban borough of Staten Island ) in 1964 . Although he has been erroneously characterized as the first congressman to oppose the Vietnam War , he may have been the first member of the Brooklyn congressional delegation to take this stance . In 1966 , he was appointed Chairman of the Adhoc Subcommittee on the Handicapped by Adam Clayton Powell , then Chairman of the House Education and Labor Committee . The sub-committee held hearings in Washington and New York City and Carey introduced HR 14 . The Carey Bill provided , for the first time , a program of grants to the states for initiating , expanding or improving education for children with disabilities . It also included other titles mirroring the structure of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act , PL 89-10 , which Carey had assisted Powell in passing as part of the Lyndon Baines Johnson initiative . Three parts of the Bill were picked up by the Senate : the grants to states , a new Bureau of Education for the Handicapped in the U.S . Office of Education and a National Advisory Committee . Careys friend and mentor , John Fogerty of Rhode Island , the powerful Chairman of the Appropriations Subcommittee which provided funding for all Health , Education and Welfare programs , backed his legislation . The bill became Title VI of the ESEA , as Public Law 89-750 , in 1966 . Carey also sponsored and saw passed that year The Model Secondary School for the Deaf Bill , to be established on the campus of the worlds only liberal arts college for the deaf . In 1965 , he and Fogerty had sponsored The National Technical Institute for the Deaf , which was awarded to the Rochester Institute of Technology . The Carey Bill and its grant program to the states began with a $2.5 million appropriation , to provide each state with $50,000 to plan for its implementation . The second year , the appropriation was $12.25 million , distributed to the states in proportion to their population . In 1975 Congress passed the Education for All Handicapped Children Bill , PL 94-142 which today distributes approximately $11 billion to the states for this purpose . He served on the House Ways and Means Committee and led the effort to pass the first Federal Aid to Education program . He was elected Governor of New York in 1974 and resigned his Congressional seat on December 31 , 1974 . City politics . In 1969 Carey ran briefly for the Democratic nomination for Mayor . He then agreed to run for City Council President on the ticket led by former Mayor Robert F . Wagner Jr . Carey narrowly lost the primary to incumbent City Council President Francis X . Smith . Then he briefly mounted an independent bid for Mayor , from which he withdrew after the death of his two eldest sons in a car accident . Governor of New York . In the state election of 1974 , Carey became New Yorks first Democratic governor in 16 years , defeating Howard Samuels for the Democratic nomination and then unseating incumbent Republican Malcolm Wilson , who had assumed the office after Nelson Rockefeller resigned in December 1973 to serve on the Commission on Critical Choices for Americans . Nationally , the 1974 election was dominated by the Watergate scandal , which had destroyed President Richard Nixons presidency and hurt Republicans nationwide . In 1974 , Democrats also recaptured the New York State Assembly . Carey is best remembered for his successful handling of New York Citys economic crisis in the mid-1970s . Carey came into office with New York City close to bankruptcy and is credited with bringing business and labor together to help save New York City from the fiscal crisis . Carey managed to keep the growth of state spending below the rate of inflation through his frequent use of line-item vetoes and fights with the New York State Legislature , which was at the time divided between a Republican-controlled Senate and a Democratic-controlled Assembly . Upon taking office , Carey cut taxes significantly , reducing corporate taxes from 14% to 10% , and capping personal income tax at 9% , and reducing capital gains taxes as well . His administration also offered tax credits to encourage new investment . As governor , he was responsible for building the Jacob K . Javits Convention Center ; Battery Park City ; the South Street Seaport and the economic development of New York Citys outer boroughs . He also helped provide state funding for the construction of the Carrier Dome at Syracuse University . He is also remembered for preventing conservative legislators from reinstating the death penalty and preventing such legislators from taking away state abortion laws . Carey signed the Willowbrook Consent Decree , which ended the warehousing of the mentally ill and developmentally disabled . His vision and leadership led to the community placement of the mentally ill and developmentally disabled . He also made major strides in community programs for the mentally ill . Carey also pardoned Cleveland Jomo Davis , one of the leaders of the Attica prison riots . Careys tenure in office was marked by a growing awareness of the environmental consequences of New Yorks strong industrial base , including the designation by the federal government of the Love Canal disaster area . Carey made environmental issues a priority of his administration . Along with Senators Edward Kennedy and Daniel Patrick Moynihan and U.S . House Speaker Tip ONeill , Carey led efforts to end the violence in Northern Ireland and support peace in the region . The four Irish-American politicians called themselves The Four Horsemen . Carey considered running for president in 1976 and 1980 . Careys first wife had died in 1974 , and Carey later attributed his decision not to seek the Democratic nomination for president in 1976 to her death . In 1978 , he was challenged for re-election by State Assembly Minority Leader and former Assembly Speaker Perry Duryea . After a competitive , sometimes negative campaign , Carey was the first Democrat re-elected in 40 years . Carey decided against seeking a third term as governor in 1982 and returned to private law practice . On January 1 , 1983 , he was succeeded by his lieutenant governor , Mario Cuomo . Later career . In 1989 , Carey announced that he was no longer pro-choice and regretted his support for legalized abortion and public financing of abortion as governor . In 1992 , he joined other anti-abortion leaders in signing the anti-choice document A New American Compact : Caring About Women , Caring for the Unborn . Later in his life , he was of counsel at the law firm of Shea & Gould . He continued to practice law as a member of the Harris Beach law firm and sat on the board of Triarc Cos. , the Nelson Peltz controlled holding company . Personal life . In 1947 , Carey married Helen Owen ( 1924–1974 ) . The two had a very happy marriage , and they became the parents of Alexandria , Christopher , Susan , Peter , Hugh , Jr. , Michael , Donald , Marianne , Nancy , Helen , Bryan , Paul , Kevin , and Thomas . Beginning in 1961 , the family resided at 61 Prospect Park West , a 1910 Park Slope mansion built for the daughter of Bon Ami Company chairman and Progressive Era philanthropist William H . Childs ; a decade later , Carey sold the home to journalist Pete Hamill . His wife , Helen , died of breast cancer in 1974 . Peter and Hugh , Jr . died in an automobile accident in 1969 . Carey was devastated by the death of his wife and laid to rest any plans for the White House . Paul , who served as White House Special Assistant to President Bill Clinton as well as 77th Commissioner of the Securities and Exchange Commission , died of cancer in 2001 . In 1981 , Carey married Evangeline Gouletas , a Chicago-based real estate mogul , just three months after meeting her . This marriage proved controversial and a political liability . The marriage generated controversy due to false statements Gouletas made about her marital history . Initially , Gouletas claimed that she was a widow of a single marriage but later affirmed on the marriage license that she had two ex-husbands . Gouletas also said that her first husband , with whom she had a daughter , was dead , but he was still alive at the time . In reality , she actually had three previous marriages , and all three of her former husbands were still living at the time . The marriage also caused trouble for Carey with the Catholic Church , since he married a thrice-divorced woman in a Greek Orthodox Church ; the church , which does not recognize civil no-fault divorce , refused to perform communion . To an extent , the marriage also hurt his public reputation . Carey and Gouletas divorced in 1989 . Carey later described this marriage as his greatest failure.Carey died surrounded by his family on August 7 , 2011 . He was at his summer home on Shelter Island , New York . Legacy . On October 22 , 2009 , he was named as the recipient of University at Albany Foundations Citizen Laureate Award . On October 22 , 2012 , the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel was officially renamed the Hugh L . Carey Tunnel . Building 14 at the Rochester Institute of Technology was named for Carey in 1984 . Bibliography . - Paterson , David .Skyhorse Publishing . New York , New York , 2020 Primary sources . - Almeida , Linda Dowling , Peter Quinn , and Hugh Carey . Oral History : Governor Hugh Carey Interviewed by Peter Quinn . American Journal of Irish Studies ( 2012 ) : 179–190 . in JSTOR External links . - New Yorks Forgotten Governor through the University at Albany , SUNY . |
[
"Aston Villa"
] | easy | Dean Glover played for which team from 1981 to 1987? | /wiki/Dean_Glover#P54#0 | Dean Glover Dean Victor Glover ( born 29 December 1963 ) is an English former footballer and football manager . A cultured and stylish defender , he had the ball control skills of a midfielder . He played 457 league games in a seventeen-year career in the English Football League . He started his career at Aston Villa in 1980 , before he moved on to Middlesbrough seven years later . He spent two seasons at Boro , helping the club to promotion out of the Second Division via the play-offs in 1988 , before he was sold on to Port Vale in February 1989 for £200,000 . He spent nine years at Vale , becoming a club legend for his service . During that time he helped the club to win promotion out of the Third Division via the play-offs in 1989 , and then out of the Second Division in 1993–94 . He also played in the clubs victory in the 1993 Football League Trophy final , as well as the defeat in the final of the Anglo-Italian Cup in 1996 . He was also named on the PFA Team of the Year in 1993–94 . He moved on to non-league Kidderminster Harriers in 1998 , before retiring the following year . He joined the back-room staff at Port Vale , and was promoted to first team manager in October 2008 , vacating the post in May 2009 . He returned to a youth team coaching role in July 2012 . His son Danny was a striker at the club until he was released at the end of his contract in 2010 . Playing career . Aston Villa . Despite being as Birmingham City fan , Glover began his footballing career with hometown club Aston Villa , progressing through the youth ranks from the age of fourteen to eventually sign professional terms in December 1981 . He made his debut under Tony Barton on 11 January 1984 , in a 3–0 defeat to Norwich City at Carrow Road in an FA Cup Third Round Replay . He never really became a first team fixture in Graham Turners First Division side , and also played little part of Billy McNeills reign of 1986–87 that saw Villa relegated into the Second Division . He spent a brief period of 1987 on loan at Billy McEwans Sheffield United , but made only five league appearances for the Second Division side . In his six years at Villa Park he made just 39 top-flight appearances , scoring one goal . Middlesbrough . Glovers signed with Middlesbrough for a £60,000 fee in June 1987 . Manager Bruce Rioch played him as a ball-winning midfielder . Boro won promotion into the First Division in 1987–88 ; they had finished behind second place Aston Villa on goals scored , but managed to beat Chelsea 2–1 on aggregate in the play-off final . Glover played in both the 2–0 victory at Ayresome Park and the 1–0 defeat at Stamford Bridge . However the club struggled in 1988–89 , and Glover was sold on before Middlesbrough were relegated back into the Second Division . He had been at Middlesbrough for just under eighteen months , and made a total of 61 appearances , scoring seven goals ; during this time he played as a midfielder as Gary Pallister and Tony Mowbray were well established at centre-back . Port Vale . Glover was signed by John Rudge in February 1989 for a then-club record £200,000 fee ; Rudge intended him to be a replacement for injured defenders Phil Sproson and Bob Hazell . He became an instant hit with the Port Vale fans as he marked England international Steve Bull out of the game on his debut , a goalless draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers . He went on to play both legs of the play-off final victory over Bristol Rovers , as a Robbie Earle inspired Vale played their last game of Third Division football thanks to a 2–1 victory . Glover became a mainstay of Vales defence throughout one of Vales most successful periods , forming an excellent partnership with fellow centre half Neil Aspin . He was part of the Vale side that won the Football League Trophy in 1993 ; Vale beat Stockport County 2–1 , and Glover played a major part in the buildup to Bernie Slavens goal , the second of the match . He also helped the club to reach the play-off final that year by scoring against Stockport at the semi-final stage ; Vale went on to lose 3–0 to West Bromwich Albion in the Wembley final . He was a big part of the promotion campaign of the 1993–94 season which saw Vale return to the First Division – he was an ever-present and was selected in the PFAs Second Division team of the year . He then had a spell battling injury as he ruptured his ankle ligaments in late 1994 and also suffered with back trouble which kept him out of action until April 1995 ; he faced further injury woes in January 1996 , when his old ankle injury returned . He managed to recover from these problems to help Vale to the final of the Anglo-Italian Cup in 1996 . He then played a major role in the Vale side that achieved the clubs highest finish since 1931 , when they finished eighth in the second tier in 1996–97 . Glover left Port Vale at the end of the 1997–98 season as Vale avoided relegation with a final day 4–0 win at Huddersfield . He had spent nine years at the club , becoming a crowd favourite in the process for his committed displays at centre half and right back . His many years with the Valiants entitled him to a testimonial game , in which singer Robbie Williams also played . He has the fifth most league appearances of any Vale player . Kidderminster Harriers . The final year of his career was seen out at Conference National side Kidderminster Harriers . Glover was a regular fixture in defence for a Kiddy side that finished fifteenth in 1998–99 . He took the decision to retire at the end of the campaign . Style of play . Glover played as an aggressive tough-tackling midfielder for Middlesbrough , before being converted to a ball-playing centre-back at Port Vale . He was an intelligent player who had a good ability to read the game ; he was also a good passer , though lacked pace and athleticism . Management career . Coach at Port Vale . Glover returned to Port Vale as a coach in Brian Hortons management team ; however he left the club in April 2002 . A short spell as Director of football at non-league side Stone Dominoes followed , before he came back to Vale Park in February 2004 , when he was appointed assistant to new manager Martin Foyle . Glover took over as caretaker manager when Foyle left the club in September 2007 . Glover was in contention for the permanent managers position , but his record of guiding Vale to only two wins from eight games contributed to his failure to get the job . After defeat to Morecambe at Christie Park in the Football League Trophy , Glover likened his side to a pub team and admitted that this team is going nowhere . When Farsley Celtic manager Lee Sinnott was appointed as Port Vale manager , Glover returned to the assistant role . Vale went on to lose their League One status in 2007–08 ; they were thirteen points short of safety , only finishing ahead of Luton Town due to the latter being deducted ten points for entering administration . Manager at Port Vale . In September 2008 , Sinnott left Port Vale , leaving Glover again with the role as caretaker-manager in a shared role alongside Andy Porter . This led to speculation as to which of the two would be made manager . Glover was the expected choice and was duly appointed as manager on 6 October . A win at Shrewsbury Town instigated a run of four away wins out of five . However Vale soon returned to their poor form , and slid back down the table . At the end of October , former Vale star Dave Brammer joined on loan from Millwall , and would join permanently in the January transfer window . The next month Scott Brown also arrived on loan from Cheltenham Town , and would also join on a permanent transfer two months later . This is also what happened with defender Gareth Owen , who arrived after leaving Stockport County following a bust-up with Jim Gannon . Notts County player Neil MacKenzie also joined on loan , but would not enjoy his short stay in Stoke-on-Trent . Attempts to bring back Chris Birchall on loan failed . Leaving Burslem was Chris Slater , who returned to former club Chasetown . In December , Andy Porter left the clubs backroom staff after seventeen years at the club , highlighting the unrest in the camp . Both Porter and Mark Grew had turned down offers to become Glovers assistant . In January , striker Luke Rodgers was released from his contract after a bust-up with Glover , and immediately signed with Yeovil Town . Shane Tudor retired due to injury on 21 January . Glover signed loanee Lee Collins to a permanent contract , after Wolverhampton Wanderers agreed to release the young defender . Brammer also signed a short-term contract with the club after securing his release from Milwall . Glover also brought in Pakistan international Adnan Ahmed on loan from Tranmere Rovers . Glover stated the clubs revised aim was a top-half finish . By February 2009 , with the club in the bottom depths of the bottom tier of the Football League , fans organized protests at Glovers leadership . Many chanted Glover Out during home defeats , and even a large banner was unveiled on 28 February 3–1 defeat to Luton Town , with organized protests involving hundreds of supporters being held before and after the game . Glover accepted he was not the popular choice to take over from Sinnott and described himself as a dead man walking . Many fans , we well as local journalists and pundits questioned Glovers tactical decisions , team selection and managerial abilities in general . Some fans even started booing his son in an attempt to get to Glover himself . Glover attempted to arrest his teams slide down the table by signing Carlisle United striker Kevin Gall on loan . He failed to score in seven games with the club , and returned to Carlisle after picking up a calf injury . In March , Kyle Perry was allowed to join local non-league side Northwich Victoria , after being told he had no future at Vale . In his place came loanee winger Paul Marshall from Manchester City . On 23 March , Anyon broke his leg at Saltergate in a defeat to Chesterfield . Slow season ticket sales pressured both Glovers supporters and detractors in the Port Vale boardroom to consider appointing a new manager in the summer of 2009 . Fans again protested after the final home game , a 1–1 draw with Wycombe Wanderers , with Glover having to be escorted from the ground . Despite the backing of several players in the local press , it was ultimately the poor response to the clubs season ticket offer and poor results that were to prove Glovers downfall as the club sold less than 100 season tickets in the two weeks following the release of the scheme , with many supporters claiming they would not consider renewing until the club had a new managerial team in place . On 1 May 2009 , the club confirmed that Glover would not be the manager for the 2009–10 season . Instead he was offered the position of youth team manager , which was vacated by Andy Porter in December 2008 . The next day , Vale defeated Barnet 2–1 on the last day of Glovers reign , his son Danny scoring the clubs last goal of the season . During Glovers seven-month reign , the club won 12 out of 39 games and finished 18th in League Two . Player Gareth Owen later said that he was someone I have the utmost respect for as a person.. . Deano was a nice guy , but things just didnt work out for him as manager . He had some good ideas as a coach , but I dont think the players respected him enough as a manager . Chairman Bill Bratt also made the following statement regarding Glovers sacking : On 21 May , it was confirmed that Glover had left the club after turning down the youth team job and was opting for pastures new after an eighteen-year association with Port Vale as a player , coach and manager . Return to coaching . As Glover looked to get back into football management he applied for the managers job at Hednesford Town of the Southern Football League , however he was beaten to the position by Simon Line . In March 2010 he expressed an interest in the vacant management position at Nantwich Town of the Northern Premier League , though the club chose to appoint Darren Tinson and Kevin Street as joint player-managers . He was also linked with the management position at Stafford Rangers . He made a surprise return to Port Vale as a youth team coach in July 2012 . Following Micky Adamss resignation and Rob Pages promotion to manager Glover was elevated to first team coach in November 2014 . He lasted in the role until May 2015 . At that point he became Vales chief scout . He was credited with bringing Anthony Grant to the club . He stepped down from the role in December 2016 due to a family commitment . Career statistics . Playing statistics . Source : Honours . Middlesbrough - Football League Second Division play-off winner : 1988 Port Vale - Football League Third Division play-off winner : 1989 - Football League Trophy winner : 1993 - Football League Second Division runner-up : 1993–94 - Anglo-Italian Cup runner-up : 1996 Individual - PFA Second Division Team of the Year : 1993–94 |
[
"Middlesbrough"
] | easy | Which team did Dean Glover play for from 1987 to 1989? | /wiki/Dean_Glover#P54#1 | Dean Glover Dean Victor Glover ( born 29 December 1963 ) is an English former footballer and football manager . A cultured and stylish defender , he had the ball control skills of a midfielder . He played 457 league games in a seventeen-year career in the English Football League . He started his career at Aston Villa in 1980 , before he moved on to Middlesbrough seven years later . He spent two seasons at Boro , helping the club to promotion out of the Second Division via the play-offs in 1988 , before he was sold on to Port Vale in February 1989 for £200,000 . He spent nine years at Vale , becoming a club legend for his service . During that time he helped the club to win promotion out of the Third Division via the play-offs in 1989 , and then out of the Second Division in 1993–94 . He also played in the clubs victory in the 1993 Football League Trophy final , as well as the defeat in the final of the Anglo-Italian Cup in 1996 . He was also named on the PFA Team of the Year in 1993–94 . He moved on to non-league Kidderminster Harriers in 1998 , before retiring the following year . He joined the back-room staff at Port Vale , and was promoted to first team manager in October 2008 , vacating the post in May 2009 . He returned to a youth team coaching role in July 2012 . His son Danny was a striker at the club until he was released at the end of his contract in 2010 . Playing career . Aston Villa . Despite being as Birmingham City fan , Glover began his footballing career with hometown club Aston Villa , progressing through the youth ranks from the age of fourteen to eventually sign professional terms in December 1981 . He made his debut under Tony Barton on 11 January 1984 , in a 3–0 defeat to Norwich City at Carrow Road in an FA Cup Third Round Replay . He never really became a first team fixture in Graham Turners First Division side , and also played little part of Billy McNeills reign of 1986–87 that saw Villa relegated into the Second Division . He spent a brief period of 1987 on loan at Billy McEwans Sheffield United , but made only five league appearances for the Second Division side . In his six years at Villa Park he made just 39 top-flight appearances , scoring one goal . Middlesbrough . Glovers signed with Middlesbrough for a £60,000 fee in June 1987 . Manager Bruce Rioch played him as a ball-winning midfielder . Boro won promotion into the First Division in 1987–88 ; they had finished behind second place Aston Villa on goals scored , but managed to beat Chelsea 2–1 on aggregate in the play-off final . Glover played in both the 2–0 victory at Ayresome Park and the 1–0 defeat at Stamford Bridge . However the club struggled in 1988–89 , and Glover was sold on before Middlesbrough were relegated back into the Second Division . He had been at Middlesbrough for just under eighteen months , and made a total of 61 appearances , scoring seven goals ; during this time he played as a midfielder as Gary Pallister and Tony Mowbray were well established at centre-back . Port Vale . Glover was signed by John Rudge in February 1989 for a then-club record £200,000 fee ; Rudge intended him to be a replacement for injured defenders Phil Sproson and Bob Hazell . He became an instant hit with the Port Vale fans as he marked England international Steve Bull out of the game on his debut , a goalless draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers . He went on to play both legs of the play-off final victory over Bristol Rovers , as a Robbie Earle inspired Vale played their last game of Third Division football thanks to a 2–1 victory . Glover became a mainstay of Vales defence throughout one of Vales most successful periods , forming an excellent partnership with fellow centre half Neil Aspin . He was part of the Vale side that won the Football League Trophy in 1993 ; Vale beat Stockport County 2–1 , and Glover played a major part in the buildup to Bernie Slavens goal , the second of the match . He also helped the club to reach the play-off final that year by scoring against Stockport at the semi-final stage ; Vale went on to lose 3–0 to West Bromwich Albion in the Wembley final . He was a big part of the promotion campaign of the 1993–94 season which saw Vale return to the First Division – he was an ever-present and was selected in the PFAs Second Division team of the year . He then had a spell battling injury as he ruptured his ankle ligaments in late 1994 and also suffered with back trouble which kept him out of action until April 1995 ; he faced further injury woes in January 1996 , when his old ankle injury returned . He managed to recover from these problems to help Vale to the final of the Anglo-Italian Cup in 1996 . He then played a major role in the Vale side that achieved the clubs highest finish since 1931 , when they finished eighth in the second tier in 1996–97 . Glover left Port Vale at the end of the 1997–98 season as Vale avoided relegation with a final day 4–0 win at Huddersfield . He had spent nine years at the club , becoming a crowd favourite in the process for his committed displays at centre half and right back . His many years with the Valiants entitled him to a testimonial game , in which singer Robbie Williams also played . He has the fifth most league appearances of any Vale player . Kidderminster Harriers . The final year of his career was seen out at Conference National side Kidderminster Harriers . Glover was a regular fixture in defence for a Kiddy side that finished fifteenth in 1998–99 . He took the decision to retire at the end of the campaign . Style of play . Glover played as an aggressive tough-tackling midfielder for Middlesbrough , before being converted to a ball-playing centre-back at Port Vale . He was an intelligent player who had a good ability to read the game ; he was also a good passer , though lacked pace and athleticism . Management career . Coach at Port Vale . Glover returned to Port Vale as a coach in Brian Hortons management team ; however he left the club in April 2002 . A short spell as Director of football at non-league side Stone Dominoes followed , before he came back to Vale Park in February 2004 , when he was appointed assistant to new manager Martin Foyle . Glover took over as caretaker manager when Foyle left the club in September 2007 . Glover was in contention for the permanent managers position , but his record of guiding Vale to only two wins from eight games contributed to his failure to get the job . After defeat to Morecambe at Christie Park in the Football League Trophy , Glover likened his side to a pub team and admitted that this team is going nowhere . When Farsley Celtic manager Lee Sinnott was appointed as Port Vale manager , Glover returned to the assistant role . Vale went on to lose their League One status in 2007–08 ; they were thirteen points short of safety , only finishing ahead of Luton Town due to the latter being deducted ten points for entering administration . Manager at Port Vale . In September 2008 , Sinnott left Port Vale , leaving Glover again with the role as caretaker-manager in a shared role alongside Andy Porter . This led to speculation as to which of the two would be made manager . Glover was the expected choice and was duly appointed as manager on 6 October . A win at Shrewsbury Town instigated a run of four away wins out of five . However Vale soon returned to their poor form , and slid back down the table . At the end of October , former Vale star Dave Brammer joined on loan from Millwall , and would join permanently in the January transfer window . The next month Scott Brown also arrived on loan from Cheltenham Town , and would also join on a permanent transfer two months later . This is also what happened with defender Gareth Owen , who arrived after leaving Stockport County following a bust-up with Jim Gannon . Notts County player Neil MacKenzie also joined on loan , but would not enjoy his short stay in Stoke-on-Trent . Attempts to bring back Chris Birchall on loan failed . Leaving Burslem was Chris Slater , who returned to former club Chasetown . In December , Andy Porter left the clubs backroom staff after seventeen years at the club , highlighting the unrest in the camp . Both Porter and Mark Grew had turned down offers to become Glovers assistant . In January , striker Luke Rodgers was released from his contract after a bust-up with Glover , and immediately signed with Yeovil Town . Shane Tudor retired due to injury on 21 January . Glover signed loanee Lee Collins to a permanent contract , after Wolverhampton Wanderers agreed to release the young defender . Brammer also signed a short-term contract with the club after securing his release from Milwall . Glover also brought in Pakistan international Adnan Ahmed on loan from Tranmere Rovers . Glover stated the clubs revised aim was a top-half finish . By February 2009 , with the club in the bottom depths of the bottom tier of the Football League , fans organized protests at Glovers leadership . Many chanted Glover Out during home defeats , and even a large banner was unveiled on 28 February 3–1 defeat to Luton Town , with organized protests involving hundreds of supporters being held before and after the game . Glover accepted he was not the popular choice to take over from Sinnott and described himself as a dead man walking . Many fans , we well as local journalists and pundits questioned Glovers tactical decisions , team selection and managerial abilities in general . Some fans even started booing his son in an attempt to get to Glover himself . Glover attempted to arrest his teams slide down the table by signing Carlisle United striker Kevin Gall on loan . He failed to score in seven games with the club , and returned to Carlisle after picking up a calf injury . In March , Kyle Perry was allowed to join local non-league side Northwich Victoria , after being told he had no future at Vale . In his place came loanee winger Paul Marshall from Manchester City . On 23 March , Anyon broke his leg at Saltergate in a defeat to Chesterfield . Slow season ticket sales pressured both Glovers supporters and detractors in the Port Vale boardroom to consider appointing a new manager in the summer of 2009 . Fans again protested after the final home game , a 1–1 draw with Wycombe Wanderers , with Glover having to be escorted from the ground . Despite the backing of several players in the local press , it was ultimately the poor response to the clubs season ticket offer and poor results that were to prove Glovers downfall as the club sold less than 100 season tickets in the two weeks following the release of the scheme , with many supporters claiming they would not consider renewing until the club had a new managerial team in place . On 1 May 2009 , the club confirmed that Glover would not be the manager for the 2009–10 season . Instead he was offered the position of youth team manager , which was vacated by Andy Porter in December 2008 . The next day , Vale defeated Barnet 2–1 on the last day of Glovers reign , his son Danny scoring the clubs last goal of the season . During Glovers seven-month reign , the club won 12 out of 39 games and finished 18th in League Two . Player Gareth Owen later said that he was someone I have the utmost respect for as a person.. . Deano was a nice guy , but things just didnt work out for him as manager . He had some good ideas as a coach , but I dont think the players respected him enough as a manager . Chairman Bill Bratt also made the following statement regarding Glovers sacking : On 21 May , it was confirmed that Glover had left the club after turning down the youth team job and was opting for pastures new after an eighteen-year association with Port Vale as a player , coach and manager . Return to coaching . As Glover looked to get back into football management he applied for the managers job at Hednesford Town of the Southern Football League , however he was beaten to the position by Simon Line . In March 2010 he expressed an interest in the vacant management position at Nantwich Town of the Northern Premier League , though the club chose to appoint Darren Tinson and Kevin Street as joint player-managers . He was also linked with the management position at Stafford Rangers . He made a surprise return to Port Vale as a youth team coach in July 2012 . Following Micky Adamss resignation and Rob Pages promotion to manager Glover was elevated to first team coach in November 2014 . He lasted in the role until May 2015 . At that point he became Vales chief scout . He was credited with bringing Anthony Grant to the club . He stepped down from the role in December 2016 due to a family commitment . Career statistics . Playing statistics . Source : Honours . Middlesbrough - Football League Second Division play-off winner : 1988 Port Vale - Football League Third Division play-off winner : 1989 - Football League Trophy winner : 1993 - Football League Second Division runner-up : 1993–94 - Anglo-Italian Cup runner-up : 1996 Individual - PFA Second Division Team of the Year : 1993–94 |
[
"Port Vale"
] | easy | Which team did Dean Glover play for from 1989 to 1998? | /wiki/Dean_Glover#P54#2 | Dean Glover Dean Victor Glover ( born 29 December 1963 ) is an English former footballer and football manager . A cultured and stylish defender , he had the ball control skills of a midfielder . He played 457 league games in a seventeen-year career in the English Football League . He started his career at Aston Villa in 1980 , before he moved on to Middlesbrough seven years later . He spent two seasons at Boro , helping the club to promotion out of the Second Division via the play-offs in 1988 , before he was sold on to Port Vale in February 1989 for £200,000 . He spent nine years at Vale , becoming a club legend for his service . During that time he helped the club to win promotion out of the Third Division via the play-offs in 1989 , and then out of the Second Division in 1993–94 . He also played in the clubs victory in the 1993 Football League Trophy final , as well as the defeat in the final of the Anglo-Italian Cup in 1996 . He was also named on the PFA Team of the Year in 1993–94 . He moved on to non-league Kidderminster Harriers in 1998 , before retiring the following year . He joined the back-room staff at Port Vale , and was promoted to first team manager in October 2008 , vacating the post in May 2009 . He returned to a youth team coaching role in July 2012 . His son Danny was a striker at the club until he was released at the end of his contract in 2010 . Playing career . Aston Villa . Despite being as Birmingham City fan , Glover began his footballing career with hometown club Aston Villa , progressing through the youth ranks from the age of fourteen to eventually sign professional terms in December 1981 . He made his debut under Tony Barton on 11 January 1984 , in a 3–0 defeat to Norwich City at Carrow Road in an FA Cup Third Round Replay . He never really became a first team fixture in Graham Turners First Division side , and also played little part of Billy McNeills reign of 1986–87 that saw Villa relegated into the Second Division . He spent a brief period of 1987 on loan at Billy McEwans Sheffield United , but made only five league appearances for the Second Division side . In his six years at Villa Park he made just 39 top-flight appearances , scoring one goal . Middlesbrough . Glovers signed with Middlesbrough for a £60,000 fee in June 1987 . Manager Bruce Rioch played him as a ball-winning midfielder . Boro won promotion into the First Division in 1987–88 ; they had finished behind second place Aston Villa on goals scored , but managed to beat Chelsea 2–1 on aggregate in the play-off final . Glover played in both the 2–0 victory at Ayresome Park and the 1–0 defeat at Stamford Bridge . However the club struggled in 1988–89 , and Glover was sold on before Middlesbrough were relegated back into the Second Division . He had been at Middlesbrough for just under eighteen months , and made a total of 61 appearances , scoring seven goals ; during this time he played as a midfielder as Gary Pallister and Tony Mowbray were well established at centre-back . Port Vale . Glover was signed by John Rudge in February 1989 for a then-club record £200,000 fee ; Rudge intended him to be a replacement for injured defenders Phil Sproson and Bob Hazell . He became an instant hit with the Port Vale fans as he marked England international Steve Bull out of the game on his debut , a goalless draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers . He went on to play both legs of the play-off final victory over Bristol Rovers , as a Robbie Earle inspired Vale played their last game of Third Division football thanks to a 2–1 victory . Glover became a mainstay of Vales defence throughout one of Vales most successful periods , forming an excellent partnership with fellow centre half Neil Aspin . He was part of the Vale side that won the Football League Trophy in 1993 ; Vale beat Stockport County 2–1 , and Glover played a major part in the buildup to Bernie Slavens goal , the second of the match . He also helped the club to reach the play-off final that year by scoring against Stockport at the semi-final stage ; Vale went on to lose 3–0 to West Bromwich Albion in the Wembley final . He was a big part of the promotion campaign of the 1993–94 season which saw Vale return to the First Division – he was an ever-present and was selected in the PFAs Second Division team of the year . He then had a spell battling injury as he ruptured his ankle ligaments in late 1994 and also suffered with back trouble which kept him out of action until April 1995 ; he faced further injury woes in January 1996 , when his old ankle injury returned . He managed to recover from these problems to help Vale to the final of the Anglo-Italian Cup in 1996 . He then played a major role in the Vale side that achieved the clubs highest finish since 1931 , when they finished eighth in the second tier in 1996–97 . Glover left Port Vale at the end of the 1997–98 season as Vale avoided relegation with a final day 4–0 win at Huddersfield . He had spent nine years at the club , becoming a crowd favourite in the process for his committed displays at centre half and right back . His many years with the Valiants entitled him to a testimonial game , in which singer Robbie Williams also played . He has the fifth most league appearances of any Vale player . Kidderminster Harriers . The final year of his career was seen out at Conference National side Kidderminster Harriers . Glover was a regular fixture in defence for a Kiddy side that finished fifteenth in 1998–99 . He took the decision to retire at the end of the campaign . Style of play . Glover played as an aggressive tough-tackling midfielder for Middlesbrough , before being converted to a ball-playing centre-back at Port Vale . He was an intelligent player who had a good ability to read the game ; he was also a good passer , though lacked pace and athleticism . Management career . Coach at Port Vale . Glover returned to Port Vale as a coach in Brian Hortons management team ; however he left the club in April 2002 . A short spell as Director of football at non-league side Stone Dominoes followed , before he came back to Vale Park in February 2004 , when he was appointed assistant to new manager Martin Foyle . Glover took over as caretaker manager when Foyle left the club in September 2007 . Glover was in contention for the permanent managers position , but his record of guiding Vale to only two wins from eight games contributed to his failure to get the job . After defeat to Morecambe at Christie Park in the Football League Trophy , Glover likened his side to a pub team and admitted that this team is going nowhere . When Farsley Celtic manager Lee Sinnott was appointed as Port Vale manager , Glover returned to the assistant role . Vale went on to lose their League One status in 2007–08 ; they were thirteen points short of safety , only finishing ahead of Luton Town due to the latter being deducted ten points for entering administration . Manager at Port Vale . In September 2008 , Sinnott left Port Vale , leaving Glover again with the role as caretaker-manager in a shared role alongside Andy Porter . This led to speculation as to which of the two would be made manager . Glover was the expected choice and was duly appointed as manager on 6 October . A win at Shrewsbury Town instigated a run of four away wins out of five . However Vale soon returned to their poor form , and slid back down the table . At the end of October , former Vale star Dave Brammer joined on loan from Millwall , and would join permanently in the January transfer window . The next month Scott Brown also arrived on loan from Cheltenham Town , and would also join on a permanent transfer two months later . This is also what happened with defender Gareth Owen , who arrived after leaving Stockport County following a bust-up with Jim Gannon . Notts County player Neil MacKenzie also joined on loan , but would not enjoy his short stay in Stoke-on-Trent . Attempts to bring back Chris Birchall on loan failed . Leaving Burslem was Chris Slater , who returned to former club Chasetown . In December , Andy Porter left the clubs backroom staff after seventeen years at the club , highlighting the unrest in the camp . Both Porter and Mark Grew had turned down offers to become Glovers assistant . In January , striker Luke Rodgers was released from his contract after a bust-up with Glover , and immediately signed with Yeovil Town . Shane Tudor retired due to injury on 21 January . Glover signed loanee Lee Collins to a permanent contract , after Wolverhampton Wanderers agreed to release the young defender . Brammer also signed a short-term contract with the club after securing his release from Milwall . Glover also brought in Pakistan international Adnan Ahmed on loan from Tranmere Rovers . Glover stated the clubs revised aim was a top-half finish . By February 2009 , with the club in the bottom depths of the bottom tier of the Football League , fans organized protests at Glovers leadership . Many chanted Glover Out during home defeats , and even a large banner was unveiled on 28 February 3–1 defeat to Luton Town , with organized protests involving hundreds of supporters being held before and after the game . Glover accepted he was not the popular choice to take over from Sinnott and described himself as a dead man walking . Many fans , we well as local journalists and pundits questioned Glovers tactical decisions , team selection and managerial abilities in general . Some fans even started booing his son in an attempt to get to Glover himself . Glover attempted to arrest his teams slide down the table by signing Carlisle United striker Kevin Gall on loan . He failed to score in seven games with the club , and returned to Carlisle after picking up a calf injury . In March , Kyle Perry was allowed to join local non-league side Northwich Victoria , after being told he had no future at Vale . In his place came loanee winger Paul Marshall from Manchester City . On 23 March , Anyon broke his leg at Saltergate in a defeat to Chesterfield . Slow season ticket sales pressured both Glovers supporters and detractors in the Port Vale boardroom to consider appointing a new manager in the summer of 2009 . Fans again protested after the final home game , a 1–1 draw with Wycombe Wanderers , with Glover having to be escorted from the ground . Despite the backing of several players in the local press , it was ultimately the poor response to the clubs season ticket offer and poor results that were to prove Glovers downfall as the club sold less than 100 season tickets in the two weeks following the release of the scheme , with many supporters claiming they would not consider renewing until the club had a new managerial team in place . On 1 May 2009 , the club confirmed that Glover would not be the manager for the 2009–10 season . Instead he was offered the position of youth team manager , which was vacated by Andy Porter in December 2008 . The next day , Vale defeated Barnet 2–1 on the last day of Glovers reign , his son Danny scoring the clubs last goal of the season . During Glovers seven-month reign , the club won 12 out of 39 games and finished 18th in League Two . Player Gareth Owen later said that he was someone I have the utmost respect for as a person.. . Deano was a nice guy , but things just didnt work out for him as manager . He had some good ideas as a coach , but I dont think the players respected him enough as a manager . Chairman Bill Bratt also made the following statement regarding Glovers sacking : On 21 May , it was confirmed that Glover had left the club after turning down the youth team job and was opting for pastures new after an eighteen-year association with Port Vale as a player , coach and manager . Return to coaching . As Glover looked to get back into football management he applied for the managers job at Hednesford Town of the Southern Football League , however he was beaten to the position by Simon Line . In March 2010 he expressed an interest in the vacant management position at Nantwich Town of the Northern Premier League , though the club chose to appoint Darren Tinson and Kevin Street as joint player-managers . He was also linked with the management position at Stafford Rangers . He made a surprise return to Port Vale as a youth team coach in July 2012 . Following Micky Adamss resignation and Rob Pages promotion to manager Glover was elevated to first team coach in November 2014 . He lasted in the role until May 2015 . At that point he became Vales chief scout . He was credited with bringing Anthony Grant to the club . He stepped down from the role in December 2016 due to a family commitment . Career statistics . Playing statistics . Source : Honours . Middlesbrough - Football League Second Division play-off winner : 1988 Port Vale - Football League Third Division play-off winner : 1989 - Football League Trophy winner : 1993 - Football League Second Division runner-up : 1993–94 - Anglo-Italian Cup runner-up : 1996 Individual - PFA Second Division Team of the Year : 1993–94 |
[
"Kidderminster Harriers"
] | easy | Dean Glover played for which team from 1998 to 1999? | /wiki/Dean_Glover#P54#3 | Dean Glover Dean Victor Glover ( born 29 December 1963 ) is an English former footballer and football manager . A cultured and stylish defender , he had the ball control skills of a midfielder . He played 457 league games in a seventeen-year career in the English Football League . He started his career at Aston Villa in 1980 , before he moved on to Middlesbrough seven years later . He spent two seasons at Boro , helping the club to promotion out of the Second Division via the play-offs in 1988 , before he was sold on to Port Vale in February 1989 for £200,000 . He spent nine years at Vale , becoming a club legend for his service . During that time he helped the club to win promotion out of the Third Division via the play-offs in 1989 , and then out of the Second Division in 1993–94 . He also played in the clubs victory in the 1993 Football League Trophy final , as well as the defeat in the final of the Anglo-Italian Cup in 1996 . He was also named on the PFA Team of the Year in 1993–94 . He moved on to non-league Kidderminster Harriers in 1998 , before retiring the following year . He joined the back-room staff at Port Vale , and was promoted to first team manager in October 2008 , vacating the post in May 2009 . He returned to a youth team coaching role in July 2012 . His son Danny was a striker at the club until he was released at the end of his contract in 2010 . Playing career . Aston Villa . Despite being as Birmingham City fan , Glover began his footballing career with hometown club Aston Villa , progressing through the youth ranks from the age of fourteen to eventually sign professional terms in December 1981 . He made his debut under Tony Barton on 11 January 1984 , in a 3–0 defeat to Norwich City at Carrow Road in an FA Cup Third Round Replay . He never really became a first team fixture in Graham Turners First Division side , and also played little part of Billy McNeills reign of 1986–87 that saw Villa relegated into the Second Division . He spent a brief period of 1987 on loan at Billy McEwans Sheffield United , but made only five league appearances for the Second Division side . In his six years at Villa Park he made just 39 top-flight appearances , scoring one goal . Middlesbrough . Glovers signed with Middlesbrough for a £60,000 fee in June 1987 . Manager Bruce Rioch played him as a ball-winning midfielder . Boro won promotion into the First Division in 1987–88 ; they had finished behind second place Aston Villa on goals scored , but managed to beat Chelsea 2–1 on aggregate in the play-off final . Glover played in both the 2–0 victory at Ayresome Park and the 1–0 defeat at Stamford Bridge . However the club struggled in 1988–89 , and Glover was sold on before Middlesbrough were relegated back into the Second Division . He had been at Middlesbrough for just under eighteen months , and made a total of 61 appearances , scoring seven goals ; during this time he played as a midfielder as Gary Pallister and Tony Mowbray were well established at centre-back . Port Vale . Glover was signed by John Rudge in February 1989 for a then-club record £200,000 fee ; Rudge intended him to be a replacement for injured defenders Phil Sproson and Bob Hazell . He became an instant hit with the Port Vale fans as he marked England international Steve Bull out of the game on his debut , a goalless draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers . He went on to play both legs of the play-off final victory over Bristol Rovers , as a Robbie Earle inspired Vale played their last game of Third Division football thanks to a 2–1 victory . Glover became a mainstay of Vales defence throughout one of Vales most successful periods , forming an excellent partnership with fellow centre half Neil Aspin . He was part of the Vale side that won the Football League Trophy in 1993 ; Vale beat Stockport County 2–1 , and Glover played a major part in the buildup to Bernie Slavens goal , the second of the match . He also helped the club to reach the play-off final that year by scoring against Stockport at the semi-final stage ; Vale went on to lose 3–0 to West Bromwich Albion in the Wembley final . He was a big part of the promotion campaign of the 1993–94 season which saw Vale return to the First Division – he was an ever-present and was selected in the PFAs Second Division team of the year . He then had a spell battling injury as he ruptured his ankle ligaments in late 1994 and also suffered with back trouble which kept him out of action until April 1995 ; he faced further injury woes in January 1996 , when his old ankle injury returned . He managed to recover from these problems to help Vale to the final of the Anglo-Italian Cup in 1996 . He then played a major role in the Vale side that achieved the clubs highest finish since 1931 , when they finished eighth in the second tier in 1996–97 . Glover left Port Vale at the end of the 1997–98 season as Vale avoided relegation with a final day 4–0 win at Huddersfield . He had spent nine years at the club , becoming a crowd favourite in the process for his committed displays at centre half and right back . His many years with the Valiants entitled him to a testimonial game , in which singer Robbie Williams also played . He has the fifth most league appearances of any Vale player . Kidderminster Harriers . The final year of his career was seen out at Conference National side Kidderminster Harriers . Glover was a regular fixture in defence for a Kiddy side that finished fifteenth in 1998–99 . He took the decision to retire at the end of the campaign . Style of play . Glover played as an aggressive tough-tackling midfielder for Middlesbrough , before being converted to a ball-playing centre-back at Port Vale . He was an intelligent player who had a good ability to read the game ; he was also a good passer , though lacked pace and athleticism . Management career . Coach at Port Vale . Glover returned to Port Vale as a coach in Brian Hortons management team ; however he left the club in April 2002 . A short spell as Director of football at non-league side Stone Dominoes followed , before he came back to Vale Park in February 2004 , when he was appointed assistant to new manager Martin Foyle . Glover took over as caretaker manager when Foyle left the club in September 2007 . Glover was in contention for the permanent managers position , but his record of guiding Vale to only two wins from eight games contributed to his failure to get the job . After defeat to Morecambe at Christie Park in the Football League Trophy , Glover likened his side to a pub team and admitted that this team is going nowhere . When Farsley Celtic manager Lee Sinnott was appointed as Port Vale manager , Glover returned to the assistant role . Vale went on to lose their League One status in 2007–08 ; they were thirteen points short of safety , only finishing ahead of Luton Town due to the latter being deducted ten points for entering administration . Manager at Port Vale . In September 2008 , Sinnott left Port Vale , leaving Glover again with the role as caretaker-manager in a shared role alongside Andy Porter . This led to speculation as to which of the two would be made manager . Glover was the expected choice and was duly appointed as manager on 6 October . A win at Shrewsbury Town instigated a run of four away wins out of five . However Vale soon returned to their poor form , and slid back down the table . At the end of October , former Vale star Dave Brammer joined on loan from Millwall , and would join permanently in the January transfer window . The next month Scott Brown also arrived on loan from Cheltenham Town , and would also join on a permanent transfer two months later . This is also what happened with defender Gareth Owen , who arrived after leaving Stockport County following a bust-up with Jim Gannon . Notts County player Neil MacKenzie also joined on loan , but would not enjoy his short stay in Stoke-on-Trent . Attempts to bring back Chris Birchall on loan failed . Leaving Burslem was Chris Slater , who returned to former club Chasetown . In December , Andy Porter left the clubs backroom staff after seventeen years at the club , highlighting the unrest in the camp . Both Porter and Mark Grew had turned down offers to become Glovers assistant . In January , striker Luke Rodgers was released from his contract after a bust-up with Glover , and immediately signed with Yeovil Town . Shane Tudor retired due to injury on 21 January . Glover signed loanee Lee Collins to a permanent contract , after Wolverhampton Wanderers agreed to release the young defender . Brammer also signed a short-term contract with the club after securing his release from Milwall . Glover also brought in Pakistan international Adnan Ahmed on loan from Tranmere Rovers . Glover stated the clubs revised aim was a top-half finish . By February 2009 , with the club in the bottom depths of the bottom tier of the Football League , fans organized protests at Glovers leadership . Many chanted Glover Out during home defeats , and even a large banner was unveiled on 28 February 3–1 defeat to Luton Town , with organized protests involving hundreds of supporters being held before and after the game . Glover accepted he was not the popular choice to take over from Sinnott and described himself as a dead man walking . Many fans , we well as local journalists and pundits questioned Glovers tactical decisions , team selection and managerial abilities in general . Some fans even started booing his son in an attempt to get to Glover himself . Glover attempted to arrest his teams slide down the table by signing Carlisle United striker Kevin Gall on loan . He failed to score in seven games with the club , and returned to Carlisle after picking up a calf injury . In March , Kyle Perry was allowed to join local non-league side Northwich Victoria , after being told he had no future at Vale . In his place came loanee winger Paul Marshall from Manchester City . On 23 March , Anyon broke his leg at Saltergate in a defeat to Chesterfield . Slow season ticket sales pressured both Glovers supporters and detractors in the Port Vale boardroom to consider appointing a new manager in the summer of 2009 . Fans again protested after the final home game , a 1–1 draw with Wycombe Wanderers , with Glover having to be escorted from the ground . Despite the backing of several players in the local press , it was ultimately the poor response to the clubs season ticket offer and poor results that were to prove Glovers downfall as the club sold less than 100 season tickets in the two weeks following the release of the scheme , with many supporters claiming they would not consider renewing until the club had a new managerial team in place . On 1 May 2009 , the club confirmed that Glover would not be the manager for the 2009–10 season . Instead he was offered the position of youth team manager , which was vacated by Andy Porter in December 2008 . The next day , Vale defeated Barnet 2–1 on the last day of Glovers reign , his son Danny scoring the clubs last goal of the season . During Glovers seven-month reign , the club won 12 out of 39 games and finished 18th in League Two . Player Gareth Owen later said that he was someone I have the utmost respect for as a person.. . Deano was a nice guy , but things just didnt work out for him as manager . He had some good ideas as a coach , but I dont think the players respected him enough as a manager . Chairman Bill Bratt also made the following statement regarding Glovers sacking : On 21 May , it was confirmed that Glover had left the club after turning down the youth team job and was opting for pastures new after an eighteen-year association with Port Vale as a player , coach and manager . Return to coaching . As Glover looked to get back into football management he applied for the managers job at Hednesford Town of the Southern Football League , however he was beaten to the position by Simon Line . In March 2010 he expressed an interest in the vacant management position at Nantwich Town of the Northern Premier League , though the club chose to appoint Darren Tinson and Kevin Street as joint player-managers . He was also linked with the management position at Stafford Rangers . He made a surprise return to Port Vale as a youth team coach in July 2012 . Following Micky Adamss resignation and Rob Pages promotion to manager Glover was elevated to first team coach in November 2014 . He lasted in the role until May 2015 . At that point he became Vales chief scout . He was credited with bringing Anthony Grant to the club . He stepped down from the role in December 2016 due to a family commitment . Career statistics . Playing statistics . Source : Honours . Middlesbrough - Football League Second Division play-off winner : 1988 Port Vale - Football League Third Division play-off winner : 1989 - Football League Trophy winner : 1993 - Football League Second Division runner-up : 1993–94 - Anglo-Italian Cup runner-up : 1996 Individual - PFA Second Division Team of the Year : 1993–94 |
[
"Social Democratic Party"
] | easy | Which political party did Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir belong to from 1993 to 1994? | /wiki/Jóhanna_Sigurðardóttir#P102#0 | Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir ( ; born 4 October 1942 ) is an Icelandic politician and the former Prime Minister of Iceland . She became active in the trade union movement , serving as an officer . Elected as an MP from 1978 to 2013 , she was appointed as Icelands Minister of Social Affairs and Social Security , serving from 1987 to 1994 , and from 2007 until 2009 . In 1994 , when she lost a bid to head the Social Democratic Party , she raised her fist and declared Minn tími mun koma ! ( My time will come! ) , a phrase that became a popular Icelandic expression . She became Prime Minister on 1 February 2009 , Icelands first female Prime Minister and the worlds first openly LGBT head of government . Forbes listed her among the 100 most powerful women in the world . She has been a member of the Althing ( Icelands parliament ) for Reykjavík constituencies since 1978 , winning re-election on eight successive occasions . In September 2012 , Jóhanna announced she would not seek re-election and retired from politics as Icelands longest serving member of Parliament . Education and early career . Jóhanna was born in Reykjavík . Her father is Sigurður Egill Ingimundarson . She studied at the Commercial College of Iceland , a vocational high school operated by the Chamber of Commerce . After graduating with her commercial diploma in 1960 , she worked as a flight attendant with Icelandic Airlines ( a predecessor of Icelandair ) from 1962 to 1971 , and as an office manager from 1971 to 1978 . She was active in the trade union movement from early in her professional life , presiding over the Board of the Icelandic Cabin Crew Association in 1966 and 1969 and over the Board of Svölurnar , Association of Former Stewardesses in 1975 . She was also a member of the Board of the Commercial Workers Union from 1976 to 1983 . Political career . Jóhanna was elected to the Althing in 1978 on the list of the Social Democratic Party for the Reykjavík constituency . She enjoyed early success in her parliamentary career , serving as deputy speaker of the Althing ( Icelands parliament ) in 1979 and in 1983–84 . She was elected vice-chairman of the Social Democratic Party in 1984 , a post she held until 1993 . She was also Minister of Social Affairs in four separate Cabinets from 1987 to 1994 , when she left the Social Democratic Party after losing the leadership contest to form a new party , National Awakening ; the two parties remerged in 2000 to form the present Social Democratic Alliance . Her 1994 declaration Minn tími mun koma ! ( My time will come! ) , after she lost the contest for the leadership of the Social Democratic party , has become an iconic phrase in the Icelandic language . From 1994 to 2003 , she was an active member of the opposition in the Althing , serving on numerous parliamentary committees . After the 2003 elections , in which she stood in the Reykjavík South constituency ( after the split of the old Reykjavík constituency ) , she was re-elected deputy speaker of the Althing . The 2007 elections , in which she stood in the Reykjavík North constituency , saw the return of the Social Democratic Alliance to government in coalition with the Independence Party , and Jóhanna was named Minister of Social Affairs and Social Security . Prime Minister . Icelandic financial crisis , protests and elections . On 26 January 2009 , Prime Minister Geir Haarde tendered the coalition governments resignation to the President of Iceland , Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson . The move followed fourteen weeks of protests over the governments handling of the financial crisis , protests that had intensified from 20 January . After talks with the leaders of the five parties represented in the Althing , the President asked the Social Democratic Alliance and the Left-Green Movement to form a new government and to prepare for elections in the spring . Jóhanna was proposed as Prime Minister for the new government ; two reasons for this were her popularity among the general public and her good relations with the Left-Green Movement . An opinion poll by Capacent Gallup in December 2008 found 73% approval of her actions as a minister , more than any other member of the Cabinet : she was also the only minister to have improved her approval ratings over 2008 . The new government needed the support of the Progressive Party in the Althing . Negotiations continued up to the evening of 31 January , and the new Cabinet was appointed on 1 February . Independent polling showed that Jóhanna and Steingrímur J . Sigfússon , leader of the Left-Green Movement , the other party in the coalition government , enjoyed considerable support outside their own parties . On 25 April 2009 , a parliamentary election was held in Iceland , following the protests now known as the Kitchenware Revolution that resulted from the Icelandic financial crisis . The Social Democratic Alliance and the Left-Green Movement , which formed the outgoing coalition government under Jóhanna , both made gains and together had an overall majority of seats in the Althing . The Progressive Party also made gains , and the new Citizens Movement , formed after the January 2009 protests , gained four seats . The Independence Party , which had been in power for eighteen years until January 2009 , lost a third of its support and nine seats in the Althing . On 10 May 2009 , the new government was announced , with Jóhanna staying on as Prime Minister . Overcoming the financial crisis . There were several referenda to decide about the Icesave Icelandic bank debts , center of the countrys financial crisis . The first Icesave referendum ( ) , was held on 6 March 2010 . The proposal was resoundingly defeated , with 93% voting against and less than 2% in favor . After the referendum , new negotiations commenced . On 16 February 2011 , the Althing agreed to a repayment deal to pay back the full amount starting in 2016 , finalising before 2046 , with a fixed interest rate of 3% . The Icelandic president once again refused to sign the new deal on 20 February , calling for a new referendum . Thus , a second referendum would be held on 9 April 2011 also resulting in no victory with a lesser percentage . After the referendum failed to pass , the British and Dutch governments said that they would take the case to the European courts . At a session on 28 September 2010 , the Althing voted 33–30 to indict the former Prime Minister Geir Haarde , but not the other ministers , on charges of negligence in office . He stood trial before the Landsdómur , a special court to hear cases alleging misconduct in government office , used for the first time since it was established in the 1905 Constitution . He was convicted of one charge . New Icelandic constitution process . Once in power , the left coalition led by Jóhanna—comprising the Social Democratic Alliance , the Left-Green Movement , the Progressive Party and the Liberal Party—inspired largely by the citizen protests , agreed to convene a constitutional assembly to discuss changes to the Constitution , in use since 1905 . Taking its cue from nationwide protests and lobbying efforts by civil organisations , the new governing parties decided that Icelands citizens should be involved in creating a new constitution and started to debate a bill on 4 November 2009 about that purpose . Parallel to the protests and parliament deliverance , citizens started to unite in grassroots-based think-tanks . A National Forum was organised on 14 November 2009 , Þjóðfundur 2009 , in the form of an assembly of Icelandic citizens at the Laugardalshöll in Reykjavík , by a group of grassroots citizen movements collectively called the Anthill . 1,500 people were invited to participate in the assembly ; of these , 1,200 were chosen at random from the national registry . On 16 June 2010 the Constitutional Act was finally accepted by parliament and a new Forum was summoned . The Constitutional Act prescribed that the participants of the Forum had to be randomly sampled from the National Population Register . The Forum 2010 came into being due to the efforts of both governing parties and the Anthill group . A seven-member Constitutional Committee , appointed by the parliament , was charged with the supervision of the forum and the presentation of its results , while the organization and facilitation of the National Forum 2010 was done by the Anthill group that had organized the first Forum 2009 . The process continued in the election of 25 people of no political affiliation on 26 October 2010 . The Supreme Court of Iceland later invalidated the results of the election on 25 January 2011 following complaints about several faults in how the election was conducted , but the Parliament decided that it was the manner of the election , and not the results , that had been questioned , and also that those 25 elected candidates would be a part of a Constitutional Council and thus the Constitutional change went on . On 29 July 2011 the draft was presented to the Parliament , which finally agreed in a vote on 24 May 2012 , with 35 in favor and 15 against , to organize an advisory referendum on the Constitutional Councils proposal for a new constitution no later than 20 October 2012 . The only opposing parliament members were the former governing right party , the Independence Party . Also a proposed referendum on the discontinuing of accession talks with the European Union by some parliamentarians of the governing left coalition was rejected , with 34 votes against and 25 in favor . Womens rights and ban on striptease . In 2010 , her government banned strip clubs , paying for nudity in restaurants , and other means of employers profiting from employees nudity – the first such ban in a Western democratic country . Jóhanna commented : The Nordic countries are leading the way on womens equality , recognizing women as equal citizens rather than commodities for sale . Responding to the policy change radical feminist Julie Bindel , writing for The Guardian , stated that Iceland had become the most feminist country in the world . Asked what the most important gender issue today is , she answered To fight the pay gap between men and women . Personal life . Jóhanna married Þorvaldur Steinar Jóhannesson in 1970 and the couple had two sons named Sigurður Egill Þorvaldsson and Davíð Steinar Þorvaldsson ( born 1972 and 1977 ) . After their divorce in 1987 , she joined in a civil union with Jónína Leósdóttir ( born 1954 ) , an author and playwright , in 2002 . In 2010 , when same-sex marriage was legalised in Iceland , Jóhanna and Jónína changed their civil union into a marriage , thus becoming one of the first same-sex married couples in Iceland . In 2017 , she released a biography entitled Minn tími ( My Time ) . The biography covers one of the most contentious periods in Icelandic history - from the financial crash of autumn 2008 , through protests and emergency elections the following year , and the difficult recovery period that followed leading Icelands first left wing government . |
[
"National Awakening"
] | easy | Which party was Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir a member of from 1994 to 2000? | /wiki/Jóhanna_Sigurðardóttir#P102#1 | Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir ( ; born 4 October 1942 ) is an Icelandic politician and the former Prime Minister of Iceland . She became active in the trade union movement , serving as an officer . Elected as an MP from 1978 to 2013 , she was appointed as Icelands Minister of Social Affairs and Social Security , serving from 1987 to 1994 , and from 2007 until 2009 . In 1994 , when she lost a bid to head the Social Democratic Party , she raised her fist and declared Minn tími mun koma ! ( My time will come! ) , a phrase that became a popular Icelandic expression . She became Prime Minister on 1 February 2009 , Icelands first female Prime Minister and the worlds first openly LGBT head of government . Forbes listed her among the 100 most powerful women in the world . She has been a member of the Althing ( Icelands parliament ) for Reykjavík constituencies since 1978 , winning re-election on eight successive occasions . In September 2012 , Jóhanna announced she would not seek re-election and retired from politics as Icelands longest serving member of Parliament . Education and early career . Jóhanna was born in Reykjavík . Her father is Sigurður Egill Ingimundarson . She studied at the Commercial College of Iceland , a vocational high school operated by the Chamber of Commerce . After graduating with her commercial diploma in 1960 , she worked as a flight attendant with Icelandic Airlines ( a predecessor of Icelandair ) from 1962 to 1971 , and as an office manager from 1971 to 1978 . She was active in the trade union movement from early in her professional life , presiding over the Board of the Icelandic Cabin Crew Association in 1966 and 1969 and over the Board of Svölurnar , Association of Former Stewardesses in 1975 . She was also a member of the Board of the Commercial Workers Union from 1976 to 1983 . Political career . Jóhanna was elected to the Althing in 1978 on the list of the Social Democratic Party for the Reykjavík constituency . She enjoyed early success in her parliamentary career , serving as deputy speaker of the Althing ( Icelands parliament ) in 1979 and in 1983–84 . She was elected vice-chairman of the Social Democratic Party in 1984 , a post she held until 1993 . She was also Minister of Social Affairs in four separate Cabinets from 1987 to 1994 , when she left the Social Democratic Party after losing the leadership contest to form a new party , National Awakening ; the two parties remerged in 2000 to form the present Social Democratic Alliance . Her 1994 declaration Minn tími mun koma ! ( My time will come! ) , after she lost the contest for the leadership of the Social Democratic party , has become an iconic phrase in the Icelandic language . From 1994 to 2003 , she was an active member of the opposition in the Althing , serving on numerous parliamentary committees . After the 2003 elections , in which she stood in the Reykjavík South constituency ( after the split of the old Reykjavík constituency ) , she was re-elected deputy speaker of the Althing . The 2007 elections , in which she stood in the Reykjavík North constituency , saw the return of the Social Democratic Alliance to government in coalition with the Independence Party , and Jóhanna was named Minister of Social Affairs and Social Security . Prime Minister . Icelandic financial crisis , protests and elections . On 26 January 2009 , Prime Minister Geir Haarde tendered the coalition governments resignation to the President of Iceland , Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson . The move followed fourteen weeks of protests over the governments handling of the financial crisis , protests that had intensified from 20 January . After talks with the leaders of the five parties represented in the Althing , the President asked the Social Democratic Alliance and the Left-Green Movement to form a new government and to prepare for elections in the spring . Jóhanna was proposed as Prime Minister for the new government ; two reasons for this were her popularity among the general public and her good relations with the Left-Green Movement . An opinion poll by Capacent Gallup in December 2008 found 73% approval of her actions as a minister , more than any other member of the Cabinet : she was also the only minister to have improved her approval ratings over 2008 . The new government needed the support of the Progressive Party in the Althing . Negotiations continued up to the evening of 31 January , and the new Cabinet was appointed on 1 February . Independent polling showed that Jóhanna and Steingrímur J . Sigfússon , leader of the Left-Green Movement , the other party in the coalition government , enjoyed considerable support outside their own parties . On 25 April 2009 , a parliamentary election was held in Iceland , following the protests now known as the Kitchenware Revolution that resulted from the Icelandic financial crisis . The Social Democratic Alliance and the Left-Green Movement , which formed the outgoing coalition government under Jóhanna , both made gains and together had an overall majority of seats in the Althing . The Progressive Party also made gains , and the new Citizens Movement , formed after the January 2009 protests , gained four seats . The Independence Party , which had been in power for eighteen years until January 2009 , lost a third of its support and nine seats in the Althing . On 10 May 2009 , the new government was announced , with Jóhanna staying on as Prime Minister . Overcoming the financial crisis . There were several referenda to decide about the Icesave Icelandic bank debts , center of the countrys financial crisis . The first Icesave referendum ( ) , was held on 6 March 2010 . The proposal was resoundingly defeated , with 93% voting against and less than 2% in favor . After the referendum , new negotiations commenced . On 16 February 2011 , the Althing agreed to a repayment deal to pay back the full amount starting in 2016 , finalising before 2046 , with a fixed interest rate of 3% . The Icelandic president once again refused to sign the new deal on 20 February , calling for a new referendum . Thus , a second referendum would be held on 9 April 2011 also resulting in no victory with a lesser percentage . After the referendum failed to pass , the British and Dutch governments said that they would take the case to the European courts . At a session on 28 September 2010 , the Althing voted 33–30 to indict the former Prime Minister Geir Haarde , but not the other ministers , on charges of negligence in office . He stood trial before the Landsdómur , a special court to hear cases alleging misconduct in government office , used for the first time since it was established in the 1905 Constitution . He was convicted of one charge . New Icelandic constitution process . Once in power , the left coalition led by Jóhanna—comprising the Social Democratic Alliance , the Left-Green Movement , the Progressive Party and the Liberal Party—inspired largely by the citizen protests , agreed to convene a constitutional assembly to discuss changes to the Constitution , in use since 1905 . Taking its cue from nationwide protests and lobbying efforts by civil organisations , the new governing parties decided that Icelands citizens should be involved in creating a new constitution and started to debate a bill on 4 November 2009 about that purpose . Parallel to the protests and parliament deliverance , citizens started to unite in grassroots-based think-tanks . A National Forum was organised on 14 November 2009 , Þjóðfundur 2009 , in the form of an assembly of Icelandic citizens at the Laugardalshöll in Reykjavík , by a group of grassroots citizen movements collectively called the Anthill . 1,500 people were invited to participate in the assembly ; of these , 1,200 were chosen at random from the national registry . On 16 June 2010 the Constitutional Act was finally accepted by parliament and a new Forum was summoned . The Constitutional Act prescribed that the participants of the Forum had to be randomly sampled from the National Population Register . The Forum 2010 came into being due to the efforts of both governing parties and the Anthill group . A seven-member Constitutional Committee , appointed by the parliament , was charged with the supervision of the forum and the presentation of its results , while the organization and facilitation of the National Forum 2010 was done by the Anthill group that had organized the first Forum 2009 . The process continued in the election of 25 people of no political affiliation on 26 October 2010 . The Supreme Court of Iceland later invalidated the results of the election on 25 January 2011 following complaints about several faults in how the election was conducted , but the Parliament decided that it was the manner of the election , and not the results , that had been questioned , and also that those 25 elected candidates would be a part of a Constitutional Council and thus the Constitutional change went on . On 29 July 2011 the draft was presented to the Parliament , which finally agreed in a vote on 24 May 2012 , with 35 in favor and 15 against , to organize an advisory referendum on the Constitutional Councils proposal for a new constitution no later than 20 October 2012 . The only opposing parliament members were the former governing right party , the Independence Party . Also a proposed referendum on the discontinuing of accession talks with the European Union by some parliamentarians of the governing left coalition was rejected , with 34 votes against and 25 in favor . Womens rights and ban on striptease . In 2010 , her government banned strip clubs , paying for nudity in restaurants , and other means of employers profiting from employees nudity – the first such ban in a Western democratic country . Jóhanna commented : The Nordic countries are leading the way on womens equality , recognizing women as equal citizens rather than commodities for sale . Responding to the policy change radical feminist Julie Bindel , writing for The Guardian , stated that Iceland had become the most feminist country in the world . Asked what the most important gender issue today is , she answered To fight the pay gap between men and women . Personal life . Jóhanna married Þorvaldur Steinar Jóhannesson in 1970 and the couple had two sons named Sigurður Egill Þorvaldsson and Davíð Steinar Þorvaldsson ( born 1972 and 1977 ) . After their divorce in 1987 , she joined in a civil union with Jónína Leósdóttir ( born 1954 ) , an author and playwright , in 2002 . In 2010 , when same-sex marriage was legalised in Iceland , Jóhanna and Jónína changed their civil union into a marriage , thus becoming one of the first same-sex married couples in Iceland . In 2017 , she released a biography entitled Minn tími ( My Time ) . The biography covers one of the most contentious periods in Icelandic history - from the financial crash of autumn 2008 , through protests and emergency elections the following year , and the difficult recovery period that followed leading Icelands first left wing government . |
[
"Social Democratic Alliance"
] | easy | Which political party did Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir belong to from 2000 to 2001? | /wiki/Jóhanna_Sigurðardóttir#P102#2 | Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir ( ; born 4 October 1942 ) is an Icelandic politician and the former Prime Minister of Iceland . She became active in the trade union movement , serving as an officer . Elected as an MP from 1978 to 2013 , she was appointed as Icelands Minister of Social Affairs and Social Security , serving from 1987 to 1994 , and from 2007 until 2009 . In 1994 , when she lost a bid to head the Social Democratic Party , she raised her fist and declared Minn tími mun koma ! ( My time will come! ) , a phrase that became a popular Icelandic expression . She became Prime Minister on 1 February 2009 , Icelands first female Prime Minister and the worlds first openly LGBT head of government . Forbes listed her among the 100 most powerful women in the world . She has been a member of the Althing ( Icelands parliament ) for Reykjavík constituencies since 1978 , winning re-election on eight successive occasions . In September 2012 , Jóhanna announced she would not seek re-election and retired from politics as Icelands longest serving member of Parliament . Education and early career . Jóhanna was born in Reykjavík . Her father is Sigurður Egill Ingimundarson . She studied at the Commercial College of Iceland , a vocational high school operated by the Chamber of Commerce . After graduating with her commercial diploma in 1960 , she worked as a flight attendant with Icelandic Airlines ( a predecessor of Icelandair ) from 1962 to 1971 , and as an office manager from 1971 to 1978 . She was active in the trade union movement from early in her professional life , presiding over the Board of the Icelandic Cabin Crew Association in 1966 and 1969 and over the Board of Svölurnar , Association of Former Stewardesses in 1975 . She was also a member of the Board of the Commercial Workers Union from 1976 to 1983 . Political career . Jóhanna was elected to the Althing in 1978 on the list of the Social Democratic Party for the Reykjavík constituency . She enjoyed early success in her parliamentary career , serving as deputy speaker of the Althing ( Icelands parliament ) in 1979 and in 1983–84 . She was elected vice-chairman of the Social Democratic Party in 1984 , a post she held until 1993 . She was also Minister of Social Affairs in four separate Cabinets from 1987 to 1994 , when she left the Social Democratic Party after losing the leadership contest to form a new party , National Awakening ; the two parties remerged in 2000 to form the present Social Democratic Alliance . Her 1994 declaration Minn tími mun koma ! ( My time will come! ) , after she lost the contest for the leadership of the Social Democratic party , has become an iconic phrase in the Icelandic language . From 1994 to 2003 , she was an active member of the opposition in the Althing , serving on numerous parliamentary committees . After the 2003 elections , in which she stood in the Reykjavík South constituency ( after the split of the old Reykjavík constituency ) , she was re-elected deputy speaker of the Althing . The 2007 elections , in which she stood in the Reykjavík North constituency , saw the return of the Social Democratic Alliance to government in coalition with the Independence Party , and Jóhanna was named Minister of Social Affairs and Social Security . Prime Minister . Icelandic financial crisis , protests and elections . On 26 January 2009 , Prime Minister Geir Haarde tendered the coalition governments resignation to the President of Iceland , Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson . The move followed fourteen weeks of protests over the governments handling of the financial crisis , protests that had intensified from 20 January . After talks with the leaders of the five parties represented in the Althing , the President asked the Social Democratic Alliance and the Left-Green Movement to form a new government and to prepare for elections in the spring . Jóhanna was proposed as Prime Minister for the new government ; two reasons for this were her popularity among the general public and her good relations with the Left-Green Movement . An opinion poll by Capacent Gallup in December 2008 found 73% approval of her actions as a minister , more than any other member of the Cabinet : she was also the only minister to have improved her approval ratings over 2008 . The new government needed the support of the Progressive Party in the Althing . Negotiations continued up to the evening of 31 January , and the new Cabinet was appointed on 1 February . Independent polling showed that Jóhanna and Steingrímur J . Sigfússon , leader of the Left-Green Movement , the other party in the coalition government , enjoyed considerable support outside their own parties . On 25 April 2009 , a parliamentary election was held in Iceland , following the protests now known as the Kitchenware Revolution that resulted from the Icelandic financial crisis . The Social Democratic Alliance and the Left-Green Movement , which formed the outgoing coalition government under Jóhanna , both made gains and together had an overall majority of seats in the Althing . The Progressive Party also made gains , and the new Citizens Movement , formed after the January 2009 protests , gained four seats . The Independence Party , which had been in power for eighteen years until January 2009 , lost a third of its support and nine seats in the Althing . On 10 May 2009 , the new government was announced , with Jóhanna staying on as Prime Minister . Overcoming the financial crisis . There were several referenda to decide about the Icesave Icelandic bank debts , center of the countrys financial crisis . The first Icesave referendum ( ) , was held on 6 March 2010 . The proposal was resoundingly defeated , with 93% voting against and less than 2% in favor . After the referendum , new negotiations commenced . On 16 February 2011 , the Althing agreed to a repayment deal to pay back the full amount starting in 2016 , finalising before 2046 , with a fixed interest rate of 3% . The Icelandic president once again refused to sign the new deal on 20 February , calling for a new referendum . Thus , a second referendum would be held on 9 April 2011 also resulting in no victory with a lesser percentage . After the referendum failed to pass , the British and Dutch governments said that they would take the case to the European courts . At a session on 28 September 2010 , the Althing voted 33–30 to indict the former Prime Minister Geir Haarde , but not the other ministers , on charges of negligence in office . He stood trial before the Landsdómur , a special court to hear cases alleging misconduct in government office , used for the first time since it was established in the 1905 Constitution . He was convicted of one charge . New Icelandic constitution process . Once in power , the left coalition led by Jóhanna—comprising the Social Democratic Alliance , the Left-Green Movement , the Progressive Party and the Liberal Party—inspired largely by the citizen protests , agreed to convene a constitutional assembly to discuss changes to the Constitution , in use since 1905 . Taking its cue from nationwide protests and lobbying efforts by civil organisations , the new governing parties decided that Icelands citizens should be involved in creating a new constitution and started to debate a bill on 4 November 2009 about that purpose . Parallel to the protests and parliament deliverance , citizens started to unite in grassroots-based think-tanks . A National Forum was organised on 14 November 2009 , Þjóðfundur 2009 , in the form of an assembly of Icelandic citizens at the Laugardalshöll in Reykjavík , by a group of grassroots citizen movements collectively called the Anthill . 1,500 people were invited to participate in the assembly ; of these , 1,200 were chosen at random from the national registry . On 16 June 2010 the Constitutional Act was finally accepted by parliament and a new Forum was summoned . The Constitutional Act prescribed that the participants of the Forum had to be randomly sampled from the National Population Register . The Forum 2010 came into being due to the efforts of both governing parties and the Anthill group . A seven-member Constitutional Committee , appointed by the parliament , was charged with the supervision of the forum and the presentation of its results , while the organization and facilitation of the National Forum 2010 was done by the Anthill group that had organized the first Forum 2009 . The process continued in the election of 25 people of no political affiliation on 26 October 2010 . The Supreme Court of Iceland later invalidated the results of the election on 25 January 2011 following complaints about several faults in how the election was conducted , but the Parliament decided that it was the manner of the election , and not the results , that had been questioned , and also that those 25 elected candidates would be a part of a Constitutional Council and thus the Constitutional change went on . On 29 July 2011 the draft was presented to the Parliament , which finally agreed in a vote on 24 May 2012 , with 35 in favor and 15 against , to organize an advisory referendum on the Constitutional Councils proposal for a new constitution no later than 20 October 2012 . The only opposing parliament members were the former governing right party , the Independence Party . Also a proposed referendum on the discontinuing of accession talks with the European Union by some parliamentarians of the governing left coalition was rejected , with 34 votes against and 25 in favor . Womens rights and ban on striptease . In 2010 , her government banned strip clubs , paying for nudity in restaurants , and other means of employers profiting from employees nudity – the first such ban in a Western democratic country . Jóhanna commented : The Nordic countries are leading the way on womens equality , recognizing women as equal citizens rather than commodities for sale . Responding to the policy change radical feminist Julie Bindel , writing for The Guardian , stated that Iceland had become the most feminist country in the world . Asked what the most important gender issue today is , she answered To fight the pay gap between men and women . Personal life . Jóhanna married Þorvaldur Steinar Jóhannesson in 1970 and the couple had two sons named Sigurður Egill Þorvaldsson and Davíð Steinar Þorvaldsson ( born 1972 and 1977 ) . After their divorce in 1987 , she joined in a civil union with Jónína Leósdóttir ( born 1954 ) , an author and playwright , in 2002 . In 2010 , when same-sex marriage was legalised in Iceland , Jóhanna and Jónína changed their civil union into a marriage , thus becoming one of the first same-sex married couples in Iceland . In 2017 , she released a biography entitled Minn tími ( My Time ) . The biography covers one of the most contentious periods in Icelandic history - from the financial crash of autumn 2008 , through protests and emergency elections the following year , and the difficult recovery period that followed leading Icelands first left wing government . |
[
"Baldwin Locomotive Works"
] | easy | What was the manufacturer of Indian locomotive class WP from 1947 to 1949? | /wiki/Indian_locomotive_class_WP#P176#0 | Indian locomotive class WP The Indian locomotive class WP was a class of 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotives used in India . It was introduced after World War II for passenger duties , marking the change from X to W as the classification code for broad gauge locomotives . The class was designed specifically for low-calorie , high-ash Indian coal , by Railway Board designers in India . WP class locomotives were capable of doing up to and were easily recognized by their cone-shaped bulging nose , usually with a silver star device painted on it . History . A total of 755 WPs were built between 1947 and 1967 , bearing fleet numbers 7000 to 7754 . The first batch of sixteen , numbers 7200–7215 , came from the Baldwin Locomotive Works , USA in 1947 , and these were classed WP/P . ( P for Prototype ) . A main production batch of 300 locomotives followed in 1949 , with production split between Baldwin ( 100 ) , Montreal Locomotive Works ( 120 ) , and Canadian Locomotive Company ( 80 ) . The locomotives in this group were numbered 7216–7515 , but the running numbers were issued in blocks as the locomotives were issued to the pre-nationalisation companies , and so bore no relation to the manufacturers serial numbers , or even the manufacturer . A further 180 locomotives were built between 1955 and 1959 , with production split between Canadian Locomotive Company ( 120 ) , Fabryka Lokomotyw , of Chrzanów , Poland ( 30 ) , and Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf of Vienna , Austria ( 30 ) . Between 1963 and 1966 , 259 more were built , but these were ordered from Chittaranjan Locomotive Works ( CLW ) , and were manufactured in India , and classified WP/I . The WP/Is were 5 tonnes heavier . The WP was Indian railways crack locomotive in the 1960s and 1970s . Before the widespread introduction of diesel and electric locomotives several prestigious trains , such as the Taj Express , the Grand Trunk Express , Howrah-Madras Mail , Frontier Mail and the AirConditioned Express were once hauled by WP class locomotives . The entire WP class remained intact into the 1980s . Some WPs remained in service until the 1990s , and nine have been preserved . One constructed by Baldwin ( 7200 ) in 1947 and the other by Fablok in 1959 are a part of the collection of the National Rail Museum , New Delhi . WP7200 received a full heavy overhaul at Amritsar works in April 2015 and is now kept at Rewari shed near New Delhi for excursion service . Apart from 7200 , the remaining eight engines include ( 7278 ) constructed by Montreal Locomotive Works and preserved at Charbagh Loco Works , ( 7581 ) built by Canadian Locomotive Company is preserved at Sonepur DRM , ( 7656 ) built by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works is preserved at Jhansi Institute Railway , ( 7000 ) built by Fabryka Lokomotyw or in Charznow Poland is preserved in Bhusaval shed , ( 7411 ) however its builder as of 2019 has yet to be identified and it is unclear as to whether ( 7411 ) was built by Baldwin , Canadian Builders , Montreal , Fabryka , Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf , or Chittaranjan itself , as the builders plate for ( 7411 ) was not identified , the engine is preserved in Burdwan and awaiting transfer to the Chennai Museum however currently there are no wheels on its tender , ( 7015 ) built by Fabryka Lokomotyw or Charznow Poland is another Polish preserved WP engine and has been restored to full mainline running order and runs mainline heritage excursion special trains , being preserved at Rewari shed , ( 7161 ) is another locomotive built by Chittaranjan which has been fully restored to full working order on mainline excursions , ( 7161 ) being preserved at Siliguri . Technical specifications . - Boiler : diameter - Heating Surface : - Maximum Train Load : 680 tonnes |
[
"Baldwin Locomotive Works",
"Montreal Locomotive Works",
"Canadian Locomotive Company"
] | easy | What manufactured Indian locomotive class WP from 1949 to 1956? | /wiki/Indian_locomotive_class_WP#P176#1 | Indian locomotive class WP The Indian locomotive class WP was a class of 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotives used in India . It was introduced after World War II for passenger duties , marking the change from X to W as the classification code for broad gauge locomotives . The class was designed specifically for low-calorie , high-ash Indian coal , by Railway Board designers in India . WP class locomotives were capable of doing up to and were easily recognized by their cone-shaped bulging nose , usually with a silver star device painted on it . History . A total of 755 WPs were built between 1947 and 1967 , bearing fleet numbers 7000 to 7754 . The first batch of sixteen , numbers 7200–7215 , came from the Baldwin Locomotive Works , USA in 1947 , and these were classed WP/P . ( P for Prototype ) . A main production batch of 300 locomotives followed in 1949 , with production split between Baldwin ( 100 ) , Montreal Locomotive Works ( 120 ) , and Canadian Locomotive Company ( 80 ) . The locomotives in this group were numbered 7216–7515 , but the running numbers were issued in blocks as the locomotives were issued to the pre-nationalisation companies , and so bore no relation to the manufacturers serial numbers , or even the manufacturer . A further 180 locomotives were built between 1955 and 1959 , with production split between Canadian Locomotive Company ( 120 ) , Fabryka Lokomotyw , of Chrzanów , Poland ( 30 ) , and Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf of Vienna , Austria ( 30 ) . Between 1963 and 1966 , 259 more were built , but these were ordered from Chittaranjan Locomotive Works ( CLW ) , and were manufactured in India , and classified WP/I . The WP/Is were 5 tonnes heavier . The WP was Indian railways crack locomotive in the 1960s and 1970s . Before the widespread introduction of diesel and electric locomotives several prestigious trains , such as the Taj Express , the Grand Trunk Express , Howrah-Madras Mail , Frontier Mail and the AirConditioned Express were once hauled by WP class locomotives . The entire WP class remained intact into the 1980s . Some WPs remained in service until the 1990s , and nine have been preserved . One constructed by Baldwin ( 7200 ) in 1947 and the other by Fablok in 1959 are a part of the collection of the National Rail Museum , New Delhi . WP7200 received a full heavy overhaul at Amritsar works in April 2015 and is now kept at Rewari shed near New Delhi for excursion service . Apart from 7200 , the remaining eight engines include ( 7278 ) constructed by Montreal Locomotive Works and preserved at Charbagh Loco Works , ( 7581 ) built by Canadian Locomotive Company is preserved at Sonepur DRM , ( 7656 ) built by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works is preserved at Jhansi Institute Railway , ( 7000 ) built by Fabryka Lokomotyw or in Charznow Poland is preserved in Bhusaval shed , ( 7411 ) however its builder as of 2019 has yet to be identified and it is unclear as to whether ( 7411 ) was built by Baldwin , Canadian Builders , Montreal , Fabryka , Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf , or Chittaranjan itself , as the builders plate for ( 7411 ) was not identified , the engine is preserved in Burdwan and awaiting transfer to the Chennai Museum however currently there are no wheels on its tender , ( 7015 ) built by Fabryka Lokomotyw or Charznow Poland is another Polish preserved WP engine and has been restored to full mainline running order and runs mainline heritage excursion special trains , being preserved at Rewari shed , ( 7161 ) is another locomotive built by Chittaranjan which has been fully restored to full working order on mainline excursions , ( 7161 ) being preserved at Siliguri . Technical specifications . - Boiler : diameter - Heating Surface : - Maximum Train Load : 680 tonnes |
[
"Fablok"
] | easy | What was the manufacturer of Indian locomotive class WP from 1958 to 1959? | /wiki/Indian_locomotive_class_WP#P176#2 | Indian locomotive class WP The Indian locomotive class WP was a class of 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotives used in India . It was introduced after World War II for passenger duties , marking the change from X to W as the classification code for broad gauge locomotives . The class was designed specifically for low-calorie , high-ash Indian coal , by Railway Board designers in India . WP class locomotives were capable of doing up to and were easily recognized by their cone-shaped bulging nose , usually with a silver star device painted on it . History . A total of 755 WPs were built between 1947 and 1967 , bearing fleet numbers 7000 to 7754 . The first batch of sixteen , numbers 7200–7215 , came from the Baldwin Locomotive Works , USA in 1947 , and these were classed WP/P . ( P for Prototype ) . A main production batch of 300 locomotives followed in 1949 , with production split between Baldwin ( 100 ) , Montreal Locomotive Works ( 120 ) , and Canadian Locomotive Company ( 80 ) . The locomotives in this group were numbered 7216–7515 , but the running numbers were issued in blocks as the locomotives were issued to the pre-nationalisation companies , and so bore no relation to the manufacturers serial numbers , or even the manufacturer . A further 180 locomotives were built between 1955 and 1959 , with production split between Canadian Locomotive Company ( 120 ) , Fabryka Lokomotyw , of Chrzanów , Poland ( 30 ) , and Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf of Vienna , Austria ( 30 ) . Between 1963 and 1966 , 259 more were built , but these were ordered from Chittaranjan Locomotive Works ( CLW ) , and were manufactured in India , and classified WP/I . The WP/Is were 5 tonnes heavier . The WP was Indian railways crack locomotive in the 1960s and 1970s . Before the widespread introduction of diesel and electric locomotives several prestigious trains , such as the Taj Express , the Grand Trunk Express , Howrah-Madras Mail , Frontier Mail and the AirConditioned Express were once hauled by WP class locomotives . The entire WP class remained intact into the 1980s . Some WPs remained in service until the 1990s , and nine have been preserved . One constructed by Baldwin ( 7200 ) in 1947 and the other by Fablok in 1959 are a part of the collection of the National Rail Museum , New Delhi . WP7200 received a full heavy overhaul at Amritsar works in April 2015 and is now kept at Rewari shed near New Delhi for excursion service . Apart from 7200 , the remaining eight engines include ( 7278 ) constructed by Montreal Locomotive Works and preserved at Charbagh Loco Works , ( 7581 ) built by Canadian Locomotive Company is preserved at Sonepur DRM , ( 7656 ) built by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works is preserved at Jhansi Institute Railway , ( 7000 ) built by Fabryka Lokomotyw or in Charznow Poland is preserved in Bhusaval shed , ( 7411 ) however its builder as of 2019 has yet to be identified and it is unclear as to whether ( 7411 ) was built by Baldwin , Canadian Builders , Montreal , Fabryka , Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf , or Chittaranjan itself , as the builders plate for ( 7411 ) was not identified , the engine is preserved in Burdwan and awaiting transfer to the Chennai Museum however currently there are no wheels on its tender , ( 7015 ) built by Fabryka Lokomotyw or Charznow Poland is another Polish preserved WP engine and has been restored to full mainline running order and runs mainline heritage excursion special trains , being preserved at Rewari shed , ( 7161 ) is another locomotive built by Chittaranjan which has been fully restored to full working order on mainline excursions , ( 7161 ) being preserved at Siliguri . Technical specifications . - Boiler : diameter - Heating Surface : - Maximum Train Load : 680 tonnes |
[
"Chittaranjan Locomotive Works"
] | easy | What was the manufacturer of Indian locomotive class WP from 1963 to 1966? | /wiki/Indian_locomotive_class_WP#P176#3 | Indian locomotive class WP The Indian locomotive class WP was a class of 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotives used in India . It was introduced after World War II for passenger duties , marking the change from X to W as the classification code for broad gauge locomotives . The class was designed specifically for low-calorie , high-ash Indian coal , by Railway Board designers in India . WP class locomotives were capable of doing up to and were easily recognized by their cone-shaped bulging nose , usually with a silver star device painted on it . History . A total of 755 WPs were built between 1947 and 1967 , bearing fleet numbers 7000 to 7754 . The first batch of sixteen , numbers 7200–7215 , came from the Baldwin Locomotive Works , USA in 1947 , and these were classed WP/P . ( P for Prototype ) . A main production batch of 300 locomotives followed in 1949 , with production split between Baldwin ( 100 ) , Montreal Locomotive Works ( 120 ) , and Canadian Locomotive Company ( 80 ) . The locomotives in this group were numbered 7216–7515 , but the running numbers were issued in blocks as the locomotives were issued to the pre-nationalisation companies , and so bore no relation to the manufacturers serial numbers , or even the manufacturer . A further 180 locomotives were built between 1955 and 1959 , with production split between Canadian Locomotive Company ( 120 ) , Fabryka Lokomotyw , of Chrzanów , Poland ( 30 ) , and Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf of Vienna , Austria ( 30 ) . Between 1963 and 1966 , 259 more were built , but these were ordered from Chittaranjan Locomotive Works ( CLW ) , and were manufactured in India , and classified WP/I . The WP/Is were 5 tonnes heavier . The WP was Indian railways crack locomotive in the 1960s and 1970s . Before the widespread introduction of diesel and electric locomotives several prestigious trains , such as the Taj Express , the Grand Trunk Express , Howrah-Madras Mail , Frontier Mail and the AirConditioned Express were once hauled by WP class locomotives . The entire WP class remained intact into the 1980s . Some WPs remained in service until the 1990s , and nine have been preserved . One constructed by Baldwin ( 7200 ) in 1947 and the other by Fablok in 1959 are a part of the collection of the National Rail Museum , New Delhi . WP7200 received a full heavy overhaul at Amritsar works in April 2015 and is now kept at Rewari shed near New Delhi for excursion service . Apart from 7200 , the remaining eight engines include ( 7278 ) constructed by Montreal Locomotive Works and preserved at Charbagh Loco Works , ( 7581 ) built by Canadian Locomotive Company is preserved at Sonepur DRM , ( 7656 ) built by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works is preserved at Jhansi Institute Railway , ( 7000 ) built by Fabryka Lokomotyw or in Charznow Poland is preserved in Bhusaval shed , ( 7411 ) however its builder as of 2019 has yet to be identified and it is unclear as to whether ( 7411 ) was built by Baldwin , Canadian Builders , Montreal , Fabryka , Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf , or Chittaranjan itself , as the builders plate for ( 7411 ) was not identified , the engine is preserved in Burdwan and awaiting transfer to the Chennai Museum however currently there are no wheels on its tender , ( 7015 ) built by Fabryka Lokomotyw or Charznow Poland is another Polish preserved WP engine and has been restored to full mainline running order and runs mainline heritage excursion special trains , being preserved at Rewari shed , ( 7161 ) is another locomotive built by Chittaranjan which has been fully restored to full working order on mainline excursions , ( 7161 ) being preserved at Siliguri . Technical specifications . - Boiler : diameter - Heating Surface : - Maximum Train Load : 680 tonnes |
[
"elected as the member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba"
] | easy | What was the position of Joseph Martin (Canadian politician) from 1883 to Jul 1892? | /wiki/Joseph_Martin_(Canadian_politician)#P39#0 | Joseph Martin ( Canadian politician ) Joseph Martin ( September 24 , 1852 – March 2 , 1923 ) was a lawyer and politician in Manitoba , British Columbia and the United Kingdom often referred to as Fighting Joe . Early life . Born in Milton , Canada West , the son of Edward Martin , a former Reeve , and Mary Ann Fleming , Martin was educated at the Milton public school , the Toronto Normal School and University of Toronto . He was a telegraph operator and afterwards obtained a First-class Teachers certificate , and was appointed Principal of the public school in New Edinburgh , Ontario . He studied law in Ottawa and moved to Portage la Prairie , Manitoba in 1882 . He was called to the Bar of Manitoba in 1882 . Political career . Manitoba . He was first elected as the member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for the Portage la Prairie riding in 1883 and served as Attorney-General in the government of Thomas Greenway . In 1890 , he initiated legislation to end French language instruction and support for Catholic separate schools , prompting the Manitoba Schools Question crisis . Canada . Martin ran unsuccessfully as a Liberal candidate in the 1891 election to become the Member of Parliament for Selkirk . When Sir Hugh Macdonald resigned his Winnipeg seat , Martin ran in the 1893 by-election and won by acclamation . He lost the seat to Macdonald when they both ran for re-election in Selkirk in the 1896 election . He later ran in the 1908 election as an Independent in the Vancouver City riding but was not elected . British Columbia . After his defeat in Manitoba , Martin left for British Columbia to settle in Vancouver . He arrived at a time of booming prosperity . He took up the practice of law and made a fortune developing the Hastings Manor subdivision in Vancouver . Martin was first elected to the British Columbia Legislative Assembly in 1898 election in the multi-member Vancouver City riding . The election did not yield a majority for any one party . With increased representation for mainland ridings and a shift in popular support from the Turner government , a government of special interests , railway industrialists , coal barons , lumber and fishing capitalists , Turners support fell to 17 of 38 seats . Lieutenant-Governor Thomas R . McInnes dismissed Turner on August 8 , 1898 without allowing him the constitutional right to meet the legislature . Instead he turned to former premier Robert Beaven , even though he had not been elected in his constituency , to form a government . He was unable to do so , and McInnes then turned to Charles Semlin to form a government . Semlin took office as premier and chose Martin as his Attorney-General . During the two year Semlin government , Martin produced controversy by introducing measures such as an eight-hour work day ( opposed by mine owners ) and an Alien Exclusion Act to prevent Chinese from owning mining claims . The federal government , at the instance of American interests , took steps to disallow the legislation . During a controversial public meeting about the issue , Martin breached cabinet solidarity and criticized his own government resulting in a request from Premier Semlin for Martins resignation . Semlin reconstituted his ministries and met the legislature facing strong opposition from Martin , often requiring the Speaker of the house to break ties by using his casting vote . On February 27 , 1900 McInnes dismissed Semlin and , the following day , asked Martin to form a government . The result was a vote of non-confidence by the house which carried by a majority of 28 to 1 . Nevertheless , Martin formed a cabinet and governed for three months before going to the polls in the 1900 election . Although hard fought , Martin had only 13 supporters elected . The Semlin faction had even fewer at 6 and Semlin was defeated personally . Following the election , Prime Minister Laurier dismissed McInnes and appointed Sir Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière lieutenant-governor . The legislature was able to agree to support James Dunsmuir to lead a government . Martin served in the opposition ( He became the first leader of the Liberal party of British Columbia ) until he was defeated in the 1903 election , the first in British Columbia organized on party lines . In 1907 , he founded the Vancouver Guardian newspaper . After his return from England , he ran in the 1920 election in Vancouver as an Independent under the banner of the Asiatic Exclusion League . He was defeated and lost his deposit . Martin , who died of complications from diabetes in March 1923 , was the first person in Vancouver to be treated with insulin . United Kingdom . He moved to the United Kingdom where he won a seat in the British House of Commons as a Liberal Member of Parliament for St Pancras East . He served from 1910 until 1918 . In December 1911 , Winston Churchill , then the First Lord of the Admiralty , had announced to the House of Commons that the British fleet was ready for war . Martin fiercely attacked the Admiralty over the grounding of the warship Niobe only to be completely and unceremoniously silenced by a biting answer from the First Lord . The St Pancras East Liberal Association and Martin had a difficult relationship . By 1914 the association did not want Martin to continue as their MP and in May selected Richard Leopold Reiss to be their candidate for the general election expected to be called late 1914/early 1915 . Martin said he would resign his seat and contest the resulting by-election as an Independent Lib-Lab candidate . Confronted with the prospect of losing the by-election to the Unionist , due to a split Liberal vote , the Liberal association told Martin in June that they would not contest the by-election . In July Martin announced that he would instead resign his seat and return to his native Canada , allowing Reiss to run against a Unionist in the by-election . Martin changed his mind again and decided not to resign his seat . In August war was declared , the general election was deferred , Reiss resigned as candidate to enlisted and Martin continued as MP . Relations between Martin and his local Liberal association continued to be uncertain . Finally he crossed the floor to join the Labour Party . In early 1918 he was selected to run as Labour candidate in neighbouring Islington South . However , by close of nominations , there was no Labour candidate nominated . Martin was also a candidate for mayor of Vancouver in 1914 and founded another newspaper there in 1916 . External links . - Canadian Encyclopedia - When Fisticuffs Ensued in BCs Legislature , Tom Barrett , The Tyee , May 9 , 2013 |
[
"premier"
] | easy | Joseph Martin (Canadian politician) took which position from Feb 1900 to Jun 1900? | /wiki/Joseph_Martin_(Canadian_politician)#P39#1 | Joseph Martin ( Canadian politician ) Joseph Martin ( September 24 , 1852 – March 2 , 1923 ) was a lawyer and politician in Manitoba , British Columbia and the United Kingdom often referred to as Fighting Joe . Early life . Born in Milton , Canada West , the son of Edward Martin , a former Reeve , and Mary Ann Fleming , Martin was educated at the Milton public school , the Toronto Normal School and University of Toronto . He was a telegraph operator and afterwards obtained a First-class Teachers certificate , and was appointed Principal of the public school in New Edinburgh , Ontario . He studied law in Ottawa and moved to Portage la Prairie , Manitoba in 1882 . He was called to the Bar of Manitoba in 1882 . Political career . Manitoba . He was first elected as the member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for the Portage la Prairie riding in 1883 and served as Attorney-General in the government of Thomas Greenway . In 1890 , he initiated legislation to end French language instruction and support for Catholic separate schools , prompting the Manitoba Schools Question crisis . Canada . Martin ran unsuccessfully as a Liberal candidate in the 1891 election to become the Member of Parliament for Selkirk . When Sir Hugh Macdonald resigned his Winnipeg seat , Martin ran in the 1893 by-election and won by acclamation . He lost the seat to Macdonald when they both ran for re-election in Selkirk in the 1896 election . He later ran in the 1908 election as an Independent in the Vancouver City riding but was not elected . British Columbia . After his defeat in Manitoba , Martin left for British Columbia to settle in Vancouver . He arrived at a time of booming prosperity . He took up the practice of law and made a fortune developing the Hastings Manor subdivision in Vancouver . Martin was first elected to the British Columbia Legislative Assembly in 1898 election in the multi-member Vancouver City riding . The election did not yield a majority for any one party . With increased representation for mainland ridings and a shift in popular support from the Turner government , a government of special interests , railway industrialists , coal barons , lumber and fishing capitalists , Turners support fell to 17 of 38 seats . Lieutenant-Governor Thomas R . McInnes dismissed Turner on August 8 , 1898 without allowing him the constitutional right to meet the legislature . Instead he turned to former premier Robert Beaven , even though he had not been elected in his constituency , to form a government . He was unable to do so , and McInnes then turned to Charles Semlin to form a government . Semlin took office as premier and chose Martin as his Attorney-General . During the two year Semlin government , Martin produced controversy by introducing measures such as an eight-hour work day ( opposed by mine owners ) and an Alien Exclusion Act to prevent Chinese from owning mining claims . The federal government , at the instance of American interests , took steps to disallow the legislation . During a controversial public meeting about the issue , Martin breached cabinet solidarity and criticized his own government resulting in a request from Premier Semlin for Martins resignation . Semlin reconstituted his ministries and met the legislature facing strong opposition from Martin , often requiring the Speaker of the house to break ties by using his casting vote . On February 27 , 1900 McInnes dismissed Semlin and , the following day , asked Martin to form a government . The result was a vote of non-confidence by the house which carried by a majority of 28 to 1 . Nevertheless , Martin formed a cabinet and governed for three months before going to the polls in the 1900 election . Although hard fought , Martin had only 13 supporters elected . The Semlin faction had even fewer at 6 and Semlin was defeated personally . Following the election , Prime Minister Laurier dismissed McInnes and appointed Sir Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière lieutenant-governor . The legislature was able to agree to support James Dunsmuir to lead a government . Martin served in the opposition ( He became the first leader of the Liberal party of British Columbia ) until he was defeated in the 1903 election , the first in British Columbia organized on party lines . In 1907 , he founded the Vancouver Guardian newspaper . After his return from England , he ran in the 1920 election in Vancouver as an Independent under the banner of the Asiatic Exclusion League . He was defeated and lost his deposit . Martin , who died of complications from diabetes in March 1923 , was the first person in Vancouver to be treated with insulin . United Kingdom . He moved to the United Kingdom where he won a seat in the British House of Commons as a Liberal Member of Parliament for St Pancras East . He served from 1910 until 1918 . In December 1911 , Winston Churchill , then the First Lord of the Admiralty , had announced to the House of Commons that the British fleet was ready for war . Martin fiercely attacked the Admiralty over the grounding of the warship Niobe only to be completely and unceremoniously silenced by a biting answer from the First Lord . The St Pancras East Liberal Association and Martin had a difficult relationship . By 1914 the association did not want Martin to continue as their MP and in May selected Richard Leopold Reiss to be their candidate for the general election expected to be called late 1914/early 1915 . Martin said he would resign his seat and contest the resulting by-election as an Independent Lib-Lab candidate . Confronted with the prospect of losing the by-election to the Unionist , due to a split Liberal vote , the Liberal association told Martin in June that they would not contest the by-election . In July Martin announced that he would instead resign his seat and return to his native Canada , allowing Reiss to run against a Unionist in the by-election . Martin changed his mind again and decided not to resign his seat . In August war was declared , the general election was deferred , Reiss resigned as candidate to enlisted and Martin continued as MP . Relations between Martin and his local Liberal association continued to be uncertain . Finally he crossed the floor to join the Labour Party . In early 1918 he was selected to run as Labour candidate in neighbouring Islington South . However , by close of nominations , there was no Labour candidate nominated . Martin was also a candidate for mayor of Vancouver in 1914 and founded another newspaper there in 1916 . External links . - Canadian Encyclopedia - When Fisticuffs Ensued in BCs Legislature , Tom Barrett , The Tyee , May 9 , 2013 |
[
"Member of Parliament"
] | easy | What was the position of Joseph Martin (Canadian politician) from 1910 to Nov 1910? | /wiki/Joseph_Martin_(Canadian_politician)#P39#2 | Joseph Martin ( Canadian politician ) Joseph Martin ( September 24 , 1852 – March 2 , 1923 ) was a lawyer and politician in Manitoba , British Columbia and the United Kingdom often referred to as Fighting Joe . Early life . Born in Milton , Canada West , the son of Edward Martin , a former Reeve , and Mary Ann Fleming , Martin was educated at the Milton public school , the Toronto Normal School and University of Toronto . He was a telegraph operator and afterwards obtained a First-class Teachers certificate , and was appointed Principal of the public school in New Edinburgh , Ontario . He studied law in Ottawa and moved to Portage la Prairie , Manitoba in 1882 . He was called to the Bar of Manitoba in 1882 . Political career . Manitoba . He was first elected as the member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for the Portage la Prairie riding in 1883 and served as Attorney-General in the government of Thomas Greenway . In 1890 , he initiated legislation to end French language instruction and support for Catholic separate schools , prompting the Manitoba Schools Question crisis . Canada . Martin ran unsuccessfully as a Liberal candidate in the 1891 election to become the Member of Parliament for Selkirk . When Sir Hugh Macdonald resigned his Winnipeg seat , Martin ran in the 1893 by-election and won by acclamation . He lost the seat to Macdonald when they both ran for re-election in Selkirk in the 1896 election . He later ran in the 1908 election as an Independent in the Vancouver City riding but was not elected . British Columbia . After his defeat in Manitoba , Martin left for British Columbia to settle in Vancouver . He arrived at a time of booming prosperity . He took up the practice of law and made a fortune developing the Hastings Manor subdivision in Vancouver . Martin was first elected to the British Columbia Legislative Assembly in 1898 election in the multi-member Vancouver City riding . The election did not yield a majority for any one party . With increased representation for mainland ridings and a shift in popular support from the Turner government , a government of special interests , railway industrialists , coal barons , lumber and fishing capitalists , Turners support fell to 17 of 38 seats . Lieutenant-Governor Thomas R . McInnes dismissed Turner on August 8 , 1898 without allowing him the constitutional right to meet the legislature . Instead he turned to former premier Robert Beaven , even though he had not been elected in his constituency , to form a government . He was unable to do so , and McInnes then turned to Charles Semlin to form a government . Semlin took office as premier and chose Martin as his Attorney-General . During the two year Semlin government , Martin produced controversy by introducing measures such as an eight-hour work day ( opposed by mine owners ) and an Alien Exclusion Act to prevent Chinese from owning mining claims . The federal government , at the instance of American interests , took steps to disallow the legislation . During a controversial public meeting about the issue , Martin breached cabinet solidarity and criticized his own government resulting in a request from Premier Semlin for Martins resignation . Semlin reconstituted his ministries and met the legislature facing strong opposition from Martin , often requiring the Speaker of the house to break ties by using his casting vote . On February 27 , 1900 McInnes dismissed Semlin and , the following day , asked Martin to form a government . The result was a vote of non-confidence by the house which carried by a majority of 28 to 1 . Nevertheless , Martin formed a cabinet and governed for three months before going to the polls in the 1900 election . Although hard fought , Martin had only 13 supporters elected . The Semlin faction had even fewer at 6 and Semlin was defeated personally . Following the election , Prime Minister Laurier dismissed McInnes and appointed Sir Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière lieutenant-governor . The legislature was able to agree to support James Dunsmuir to lead a government . Martin served in the opposition ( He became the first leader of the Liberal party of British Columbia ) until he was defeated in the 1903 election , the first in British Columbia organized on party lines . In 1907 , he founded the Vancouver Guardian newspaper . After his return from England , he ran in the 1920 election in Vancouver as an Independent under the banner of the Asiatic Exclusion League . He was defeated and lost his deposit . Martin , who died of complications from diabetes in March 1923 , was the first person in Vancouver to be treated with insulin . United Kingdom . He moved to the United Kingdom where he won a seat in the British House of Commons as a Liberal Member of Parliament for St Pancras East . He served from 1910 until 1918 . In December 1911 , Winston Churchill , then the First Lord of the Admiralty , had announced to the House of Commons that the British fleet was ready for war . Martin fiercely attacked the Admiralty over the grounding of the warship Niobe only to be completely and unceremoniously silenced by a biting answer from the First Lord . The St Pancras East Liberal Association and Martin had a difficult relationship . By 1914 the association did not want Martin to continue as their MP and in May selected Richard Leopold Reiss to be their candidate for the general election expected to be called late 1914/early 1915 . Martin said he would resign his seat and contest the resulting by-election as an Independent Lib-Lab candidate . Confronted with the prospect of losing the by-election to the Unionist , due to a split Liberal vote , the Liberal association told Martin in June that they would not contest the by-election . In July Martin announced that he would instead resign his seat and return to his native Canada , allowing Reiss to run against a Unionist in the by-election . Martin changed his mind again and decided not to resign his seat . In August war was declared , the general election was deferred , Reiss resigned as candidate to enlisted and Martin continued as MP . Relations between Martin and his local Liberal association continued to be uncertain . Finally he crossed the floor to join the Labour Party . In early 1918 he was selected to run as Labour candidate in neighbouring Islington South . However , by close of nominations , there was no Labour candidate nominated . Martin was also a candidate for mayor of Vancouver in 1914 and founded another newspaper there in 1916 . External links . - Canadian Encyclopedia - When Fisticuffs Ensued in BCs Legislature , Tom Barrett , The Tyee , May 9 , 2013 |
[
"Member of Parliament"
] | easy | What position did Joseph Martin (Canadian politician) take from Dec 1910 to Nov 1918? | /wiki/Joseph_Martin_(Canadian_politician)#P39#3 | Joseph Martin ( Canadian politician ) Joseph Martin ( September 24 , 1852 – March 2 , 1923 ) was a lawyer and politician in Manitoba , British Columbia and the United Kingdom often referred to as Fighting Joe . Early life . Born in Milton , Canada West , the son of Edward Martin , a former Reeve , and Mary Ann Fleming , Martin was educated at the Milton public school , the Toronto Normal School and University of Toronto . He was a telegraph operator and afterwards obtained a First-class Teachers certificate , and was appointed Principal of the public school in New Edinburgh , Ontario . He studied law in Ottawa and moved to Portage la Prairie , Manitoba in 1882 . He was called to the Bar of Manitoba in 1882 . Political career . Manitoba . He was first elected as the member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for the Portage la Prairie riding in 1883 and served as Attorney-General in the government of Thomas Greenway . In 1890 , he initiated legislation to end French language instruction and support for Catholic separate schools , prompting the Manitoba Schools Question crisis . Canada . Martin ran unsuccessfully as a Liberal candidate in the 1891 election to become the Member of Parliament for Selkirk . When Sir Hugh Macdonald resigned his Winnipeg seat , Martin ran in the 1893 by-election and won by acclamation . He lost the seat to Macdonald when they both ran for re-election in Selkirk in the 1896 election . He later ran in the 1908 election as an Independent in the Vancouver City riding but was not elected . British Columbia . After his defeat in Manitoba , Martin left for British Columbia to settle in Vancouver . He arrived at a time of booming prosperity . He took up the practice of law and made a fortune developing the Hastings Manor subdivision in Vancouver . Martin was first elected to the British Columbia Legislative Assembly in 1898 election in the multi-member Vancouver City riding . The election did not yield a majority for any one party . With increased representation for mainland ridings and a shift in popular support from the Turner government , a government of special interests , railway industrialists , coal barons , lumber and fishing capitalists , Turners support fell to 17 of 38 seats . Lieutenant-Governor Thomas R . McInnes dismissed Turner on August 8 , 1898 without allowing him the constitutional right to meet the legislature . Instead he turned to former premier Robert Beaven , even though he had not been elected in his constituency , to form a government . He was unable to do so , and McInnes then turned to Charles Semlin to form a government . Semlin took office as premier and chose Martin as his Attorney-General . During the two year Semlin government , Martin produced controversy by introducing measures such as an eight-hour work day ( opposed by mine owners ) and an Alien Exclusion Act to prevent Chinese from owning mining claims . The federal government , at the instance of American interests , took steps to disallow the legislation . During a controversial public meeting about the issue , Martin breached cabinet solidarity and criticized his own government resulting in a request from Premier Semlin for Martins resignation . Semlin reconstituted his ministries and met the legislature facing strong opposition from Martin , often requiring the Speaker of the house to break ties by using his casting vote . On February 27 , 1900 McInnes dismissed Semlin and , the following day , asked Martin to form a government . The result was a vote of non-confidence by the house which carried by a majority of 28 to 1 . Nevertheless , Martin formed a cabinet and governed for three months before going to the polls in the 1900 election . Although hard fought , Martin had only 13 supporters elected . The Semlin faction had even fewer at 6 and Semlin was defeated personally . Following the election , Prime Minister Laurier dismissed McInnes and appointed Sir Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière lieutenant-governor . The legislature was able to agree to support James Dunsmuir to lead a government . Martin served in the opposition ( He became the first leader of the Liberal party of British Columbia ) until he was defeated in the 1903 election , the first in British Columbia organized on party lines . In 1907 , he founded the Vancouver Guardian newspaper . After his return from England , he ran in the 1920 election in Vancouver as an Independent under the banner of the Asiatic Exclusion League . He was defeated and lost his deposit . Martin , who died of complications from diabetes in March 1923 , was the first person in Vancouver to be treated with insulin . United Kingdom . He moved to the United Kingdom where he won a seat in the British House of Commons as a Liberal Member of Parliament for St Pancras East . He served from 1910 until 1918 . In December 1911 , Winston Churchill , then the First Lord of the Admiralty , had announced to the House of Commons that the British fleet was ready for war . Martin fiercely attacked the Admiralty over the grounding of the warship Niobe only to be completely and unceremoniously silenced by a biting answer from the First Lord . The St Pancras East Liberal Association and Martin had a difficult relationship . By 1914 the association did not want Martin to continue as their MP and in May selected Richard Leopold Reiss to be their candidate for the general election expected to be called late 1914/early 1915 . Martin said he would resign his seat and contest the resulting by-election as an Independent Lib-Lab candidate . Confronted with the prospect of losing the by-election to the Unionist , due to a split Liberal vote , the Liberal association told Martin in June that they would not contest the by-election . In July Martin announced that he would instead resign his seat and return to his native Canada , allowing Reiss to run against a Unionist in the by-election . Martin changed his mind again and decided not to resign his seat . In August war was declared , the general election was deferred , Reiss resigned as candidate to enlisted and Martin continued as MP . Relations between Martin and his local Liberal association continued to be uncertain . Finally he crossed the floor to join the Labour Party . In early 1918 he was selected to run as Labour candidate in neighbouring Islington South . However , by close of nominations , there was no Labour candidate nominated . Martin was also a candidate for mayor of Vancouver in 1914 and founded another newspaper there in 1916 . External links . - Canadian Encyclopedia - When Fisticuffs Ensued in BCs Legislature , Tom Barrett , The Tyee , May 9 , 2013 |
[
"Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine"
] | easy | Which position did Nicolas Sarkozy hold from Apr 1983 to Jun 1988? | /wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy#P39#0 | Nicolas Sarkozy Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa ( ; ; born 28 January 1955 ) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 16 May 2007 until 15 May 2012 . Born in Paris , he is of one half Hungarian , one quarter Greek Jewish , and one quarter French origin . Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1983 to 2002 , he was Minister of the Budget under Prime Minister Édouard Balladur ( 1993–1995 ) during François Mitterrands second term . During Jacques Chiracs second presidential term he served as Minister of the Interior and as Minister of Finances . He was the leader of the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) party from 2004 to 2007 . He won the 2007 French presidential election by a 53.1% to 46.9% margin against Socialist Ségolène Royal . During his term , he faced the financial crisis of 2007–2008 ( causing a recession , the European sovereign debt crisis ) , the Russo-Georgian War ( for which he negotiated a ceasefire ) and the Arab Spring ( especially in Tunisia , Libya , and Syria ) . He initiated the reform of French universities ( 2007 ) and the pension reform ( 2010 ) . He married Italian-French singer-songwriter Carla Bruni in 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris . In the 2012 election , François Hollande , candidate of the Socialist Party , defeated Sarkozy by a 3.2% margin . After leaving the presidential office , Sarkozy vowed to retire from public life before coming back in 2014 , being subsequently reelected as UMP leader ( renamed The Republicans in 2015 ) . Being defeated at the Republican presidential primary in 2016 , he retired from public life . He was charged with corruption by French prosecutors in two cases , notably concerning the alleged Libyan interference in the 2007 French elections . In 2021 , Sarkozy and two co-defendants were convicted of corruption ; he has appealed the ruling . Personal life . Family background . Sarkozy was born in Paris , and is the son of Pál István Ernő Sárközy de Nagy-Bócsa ( ; —in some sources Nagy-Bócsay Sárközy Pál István Ernő ) , ( born 5 May 1928 ) , a Protestant Hungarian aristocrat , and Andrée Jeanne Dadu Mallah ( 12 October 1925 – 12 December 2017 ) , whose Greek Jewish father converted to Catholicism to marry Sarkozys French Catholic maternal grandmother . They were married in the Saint-François-de-Sales church , 17th arrondissement of Paris , on 8 February 1950 , and divorced in 1959 . Early life . During Sarkozys childhood , his father founded his own advertising agency and became wealthy . The family lived in a mansion owned by Sarkozys maternal grandfather , Benedict Mallah , in the 17th arrondissement of Paris . The family later moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine , one of the wealthiest communes of the Île-de-France région immediately west of Paris . According to Sarkozy , his staunchly Gaullist grandfather was more of an influence on him than his father , whom he rarely saw . Sarkozy was raised Catholic . Sarkozy said that being abandoned by his father shaped much of who he is today . He also has said that , in his early years , he felt inferior in relation to his wealthier and taller classmates . What made me who I am now is the sum of all the humiliations suffered during childhood , he said later . Education . Sarkozy was enrolled in the Lycée Chaptal , a well regarded public middle and high school in Paris 8th arrondissement , where he failed his sixième . His family then sent him to the Cours Saint-Louis de Monceau , a private Catholic school in the 17th arrondissement , where he was reportedly a mediocre student , but where he nonetheless obtained his baccalauréat in 1973 . Sarkozy enrolled at the , where he graduated with an M.A . in private law and , later , with a D.E.A . degree in business law . Paris X Nanterre had been the starting place for the May 68 student movement and was still a stronghold of leftist students . Described as a quiet student , Sarkozy soon joined the right-wing student organization , in which he was very active . He completed his military service as a part-time Air Force cleaner . After graduating from university , Sarkozy entered Sciences Po , where he studied between 1979 and 1981 , but failed to graduate due to an insufficient command of the English language . After passing the bar , Sarkozy became a lawyer specializing in business and family law and was one of Silvio Berlusconis French lawyers . Marriages . Marie-Dominique Culioli . Sarkozy married his first wife , Marie-Dominique Culioli , on 23 September 1982 ; her father was a pharmacist from Vico ( a village north of Ajaccio , Corsica ) , her uncle was Achille Peretti , the mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1947 to 1983 and Sarkozys political mentor . They had two sons , Pierre ( born in 1985 ) , now a hip-hop producer , and Jean ( born in 1986 ) now a local politician in the city of Neuilly-sur-Seine where Sarkozy started his own political career . Sarkozys best man was the prominent right-wing politician Charles Pasqua , later to become a political opponent . Sarkozy divorced Culioli in 1996 , after they had been separated for several years . Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz . As mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine , Sarkozy met former fashion model and public relations executive Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz ( great-granddaughter of composer Isaac Albéniz and daughter of a Moldovan father ) , when he officiated at her wedding to television host Jacques Martin . In 1988 , she left her husband for Sarkozy , and divorced one year later . She and Sarkozy married in October 1996 , with witnesses Martin Bouygues and Bernard Arnault . They have one son , Louis , born 23 April 1997 . Between 2002 and 2005 , the couple often appeared together on public occasions , with Cécilia Sarkozy acting as the chief aide for her husband . On 25 May 2005 , however , the Swiss newspaper Le Matin revealed that she had left Sarkozy for French-Moroccan national Richard Attias , head of Publicis in New York . There were other accusations of a private nature in Le Matin , which led to Sarkozy suing the paper . In the meantime , he was said to have had an affair with a journalist of Le Figaro , Anne Fulda . Sarkozy and Cécilia ultimately divorced on 15 October 2007 , soon after his election as president . Carla Bruni . Less than a month after separating from Cécilia , Sarkozy met Italian-born singer , songwriter and former fashion model Carla Bruni at a dinner party , and soon entered into a relationship with her . They married on 2 February 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris . The couple have a daughter , Giulia , born on 19 October 2011 . It was the first time a French president has publicly had a child while in office . Personal wealth . Sarkozy declared to the Constitutional Council a net worth of €2 million , most of the assets being in the form of life insurance policies . As the French President , one of his first actions was to give himself a pay raise : his yearly salary went from €101,000 to €240,000 , matching other European officeholders . He is also entitled to a mayoral , parliamentarian and presidential pension as a former Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine , member of the National Assembly and President of France . Early political career . Sarkozy is recognized by French parties on both the Right and Left as a skilled politician and striking orator . His supporters within France emphasize his charisma , political innovation and willingness to make a dramatic break amid mounting disaffection against politics as usual . Overall , he is considered more pro-American and pro-Israeli than most French politicians . From 2004 to 2007 , Sarkozy was president of the Union pour un Mouvement Populaire ( UMP ) , Frances major right-wing political party , and he was Minister of the Interior in the government of Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin , with the honorific title of Minister of State , making him effectively the number three official in the French State after President Jacques Chirac and Villepin . His ministerial responsibilities included law enforcement and working to co-ordinate relationships between the national and local governments , as well as Minister of Worship : in this role he created the French Council of the Muslim Faith ( CFCM ) . Previously , he was a député in the French National Assembly . He was forced to resign this position in order to accept his ministerial appointment . He previously also held several ministerial posts , including Finance Minister . In Government : 1993–1995 . Sarkozys political career began when he was 23 , when he became a city councillor in Neuilly-sur-Seine . A member of the Neo-Gaullist party RPR , he went on to be elected mayor of that town , after the death of the incumbent mayor Achille Peretti . Sarkozy had been close to Peretti , as his mother was Perettis secretary . A more senior RPR councillor , Charles Pasqua , wanted to become mayor , and asked Sarkozy to organize his campaign . Instead Sarkozy took that opportunity to propel himself into the office of mayor . He was the youngest mayor of any town in France with a population of over 50,000 . He served from 1983 to 2002 . In 1988 , he became a deputy in the National Assembly . In 1993 , Sarkozy was in the national news for personally negotiating with the Human Bomb , a man who had taken small children hostage in a kindergarten in Neuilly . The Human Bomb was killed after two days of talks by policemen of the RAID , who entered the school stealthily while the attacker was resting . At the same time , from 1993 to 1995 , he was Minister for the Budget and spokesman for the executive in the cabinet of Prime Minister Édouard Balladur . Throughout most of his early career , Sarkozy had been seen as a protégé of Jacques Chirac . During his tenure , he increased Frances public debt more than any other French Budget Minister , by the equivalent of €200 billion ( US$260 billion ) ( FY 1994–1996 ) . The first two budgets he submitted to the parliament ( budgets for FY1994 and FY1995 ) assumed a yearly budget deficit equivalent to six percent of GDP . According to the Maastricht Treaty , the French yearly budget deficit may not exceed three percent of Frances GDP . In 1995 , he spurned Chirac and backed Édouard Balladur for President of France . After Chirac won the election , Sarkozy lost his position as Minister for the Budget , and found himself outside the circles of power . However , he returned after the right-wing defeat at the 1997 parliamentary election , as the number two candidate of the RPR . When the party leader Philippe Séguin resigned , in 1999 , he took the leadership of the Neo-Gaullist party . But it obtained its worst result at the 1999 European Parliament election , winning 12.7% of the votes , less than the dissident Rally for France of Charles Pasqua . Sarkozy lost the RPR leadership . In 2002 , however , after his re-election as President of the French Republic ( see 2002 French presidential election ) , Chirac appointed Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior in the cabinet of Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin , despite Sarkozys support of Edouard Balladur for President in 1995 . Following Chiracs 14 July keynote speech on road safety , Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior pushed through new legislation leading to the mass purchase of speed cameras and a campaign to increase the awareness of dangers on the roads . In the cabinet reshuffle of 30 April 2004 , Sarkozy became Finance Minister . Tensions continued to build between Sarkozy and Chirac and within the UMP party , as Sarkozys intentions of becoming head of the party after the resignation of Alain Juppé became clear . In party elections of 10 November 2004 , Sarkozy became leader of the UMP with 85% of the vote . In accordance with an agreement with Chirac , he resigned as Finance Minister . Sarkozys ascent was marked by the division of UMP between sarkozystes , such as Sarkozys first lieutenant , Brice Hortefeux , and Chirac loyalists , such as Jean-Louis Debré . Sarkozy was made Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ( Knight of the Legion of Honour ) by President Chirac in February 2005 . He was re-elected on 13 March 2005 to the National Assembly . ( As required by the constitution , he had to resign as a deputy when he became minister in 2002. ) On 31 May 2005 the main French news radio station France Info reported a rumour that Sarkozy was to be reappointed Minister of the Interior in the government of Dominique de Villepin without resigning from the UMP leadership . This was confirmed on 2 June 2005 , when the members of the government were officially announced . First term as Minister of the Interior : 2002–2004 . Towards the end of his first term as Minister of the Interior , in 2004 , Sarkozy was the most divisive conservative politician in France , according to polls conducted at the beginning of 2004 . Sarkozy has sought to ease the sometimes tense relationships between the general French population and the Muslim community . Unlike the Catholic Church in France with their official leaders or Protestants with their umbrella organisations , the French Muslim community had a lack of structure with no group that could legitimately deal with the French government on their behalf . Sarkozy supported the foundation in May 2003 of the private non-profit Conseil français du culte musulman ( French Council of the Muslim Faith ) , an organisation meant to be representative of French Muslims . In addition , Sarkozy has suggested amending the 1905 law on the separation of Church and State , mostly in order to be able to finance mosques and other Muslim institutions with public funds so that they are less reliant on money from outside France . It was not followed by any concrete measure . Minister of Finance : 2004 . During his short appointment as Minister of Finance , Sarkozy was responsible for introducing a number of policies . The degree to which this reflected libéralisme ( a hands-off approach to running the economy ) or more traditional French state dirigisme ( intervention ) is controversial . He resigned the day following his election as president of the UMP . - In September 2004 , Sarkozy oversaw the reduction of the government ownership stake in France Télécom from 50.4 percent to 41 percent . - Sarkozy backed a partial nationalisation of the large engineering company Alstom decided by his predecessor when the company was exposed to bankruptcy in 2003 . - In June 2004 , Sarkozy reached an agreement with the major retail chains in France to concertedly lower prices on household goods by an average of two percent ; the success of this measure is disputed , with studies suggesting that the decrease was close to one percent in September . - Taxes : Sarkozy avoided taking a position on the ISF ( solidarity tax on wealth ) . This is considered an ideological symbol by many on the left and right . Some in the business world and on the liberal right , such as Alain Madelin , wanted it abolished . For Sarkozy , that would have risked being categorised by the left as a gift to the richest classes of society at a time of economic difficulties . Second term as Minister of the Interior : 2005–2007 . During his second term at the Ministry of the Interior , Sarkozy was initially more discreet about his ministerial activities : instead of focusing on his own topic of law and order , many of his declarations addressed wider issues , since he was expressing his opinions as head of the UMP party . However , the civil unrest in autumn 2005 put law enforcement in the spotlight again . Sarkozy was accused of having provoked the unrest by calling young delinquents from housing projects a rabble ( racaille ) in Argenteuil near Paris , and controversially suggested cleansing the minority suburbs with a Kärcher . After the accidental death of two youths , which sparked the riots , Sarkozy first blamed it on hoodlums and gangsters . These remarks were sharply criticised by many on the left wing and by a member of his own government , Delegate Minister for Equal Opportunities Azouz Begag . After the rioting , he made a number of announcements on future policy : selection of immigrants , greater tracking of immigrants , and a reform on the 1945 ordinance government justice measures for young delinquents . UMP leader : 2004–2007 . Before he was elected President of France , Sarkozy was president of UMP , the French conservative party , elected with 85 percent of the vote . During his presidency , the number of members increased significantly . In 2005 , he supported a yes vote in the French referendum on the European Constitution , but the No vote won . Throughout 2005 , Sarkozy called for radical changes in Frances economic and social policies . These calls culminated in an interview with Le Monde on 8 September 2005 , during which he claimed that the French had been misled for 30 years by false promises . Among other issues : - he called for a simplified and fairer taxation system , with fewer loopholes and a maximum taxation rate ( all direct taxes combined ) at 50 percent of revenue ; - he approved measures reducing or denying social support to unemployed workers who refuse work offered to them ; - he pressed for a reduction in the budget deficit , claiming that the French state had been living off credit for some time . Such policies are what are called in France libéral ( that is , in favour of laissez-faire economic policies ) or , with a pejorative undertone , ultra-libéral . Sarkozy rejects this label of libéral and prefers to call himself a pragmatist . Sarkozy opened another avenue of controversy by declaring that he wanted a reform of the immigration system , with quotas designed to admit the skilled workers needed by the French economy . He also wanted to reform the current French system for foreign students , saying that it enabled foreign students to take open-ended curricula in order to obtain residency in France ; instead , he wanted to select the best students to the best curricula in France . In early 2006 , the French parliament adopted a controversial bill known as DADVSI , which reforms French copyright law . Since his party was divided on the issue , Sarkozy stepped in and organised meetings between various parties involved . Later , groups such as the Odebi League and EUCD.info alleged that Sarkozy personally and unofficially supported certain amendments to the law , which enacted strong penalties against designers of peer-to-peer systems . Presidential election : 2007 . Sarkozy was a likely candidate for the presidency in 2007 ; in an oft-repeated comment made on television channel France 2 , when asked by a journalist whether he thought about the presidential election when he shaved in the morning , Sarkozy commented , Not just when I shave . On 14 January 2007 , Sarkozy was chosen by the UMP to be its candidate in the 2007 presidential election . Sarkozy , who was running unopposed , won 98 percent of the votes . Of the 327,000 UMP members who could vote , 69 percent participated in the online ballot . In February 2007 , Sarkozy appeared on a televised debate on TF1 where he expressed his support for affirmative action and the freedom to work overtime . Despite his opposition to same-sex marriage , he advocated civil unions and the possibility for same-sex partners to inherit under the same regime as married couples . The law was voted in July 2007 . On 7 February , Sarkozy decided in favour of a projected second , non-nuclear , aircraft carrier for the national Navy ( adding to the nuclear Charles de Gaulle ) , during an official visit in Toulon with Defence Minister Michèle Alliot-Marie . This would allow permanently having an operational ship , taking into account the constraints of maintenance , he explained . On 21 March , President Jacques Chirac announced his support for Sarkozy . Chirac pointed out that Sarkozy had been chosen as presidential candidate for the ruling UMP party , and said : So it is totally natural that I give him my vote and my support . To focus on his campaign , Sarkozy stepped down as Minister of the Interior on 26 March . During the campaign , rival candidates had accused Sarkozy of being a candidate for brutality and of presenting hard-line views about Frances future . Opponents also accused him of courting conservative voters in policy-making in a bid to capitalise on right-wing sentiments among some communities . However , his popularity was sufficient to see him polling as the frontrunner throughout the later campaign period , consistently ahead of rival Socialist candidate , Ségolène Royal . The first round of the presidential election was held on 22 April 2007 . Sarkozy came in first with 31.18 percent of the votes , ahead of Ségolène Royal of the Socialists with 25.87 percent . In the second round , Sarkozy came out on top to win the election with 53.06 percent of the votes ahead of Ségolène Royal with 46.94 percent . In his speech immediately following the announcement of the election results , Sarkozy stressed the need for Frances modernisation , but also called for national unity , mentioning that Royal was in his thoughts . In that speech , he claimed The French have chosen to break with the ideas , habits and behaviour of the past . I will restore the value of work , authority , merit and respect for the nation . Presidency ( 2007–2012 ) . Inauguration . On 6 May 2007 , Nicolas Sarkozy became the sixth person to be elected President of the Fifth Republic ( which was established in 1958 ) , and the 23rd President in French history . The official transfer of power from Chirac to Sarkozy took place on 16 May at 11:00 am ( 9:00 UTC ) at the Élysée Palace , where he was given the authorization codes of the French nuclear arsenal . In the afternoon , the new president flew to Berlin to meet with German Chancellor Angela Merkel . Under Sarkozys government , François Fillon replaced Dominique de Villepin as Prime Minister . Sarkozy appointed Bernard Kouchner , the left-wing founder of Médecins Sans Frontières , as his Foreign Minister , leading to Kouchners expulsion from the Socialist Party . In addition to Kouchner , three more Sarkozy ministers are from the left , including Éric Besson , who served as Ségolène Royals economic adviser at the beginning of her campaign . Sarkozy also appointed seven women to form a total cabinet of 15 ; one , Justice Minister Rachida Dati , is the first woman of Northern African origin to serve in a French cabinet . Of the 15 , two attended the elite École nationale dadministration ( ENA ) . The ministers were reorganised , with the controversial creation of a Ministry of Immigration , Integration , National Identity and Co-Development—given to his right-hand man Brice Hortefeux—and of a Ministry of Budget , Public Accounts and Civil Administration—handed out to Éric Wœrth , supposed to prepare the replacement of only a third of all civil servants who retire . However , after 17 June parliamentary elections , the Cabinet was adjusted to 15 ministers and 16 deputy ministers , totalling 31 officials . Sarkozy broke with the custom of amnestying traffic tickets and of releasing thousands of prisoners from overcrowded jails on Bastille Day , a tradition that Napoleon had started in 1802 to commemorate the storming of the Bastille during the French Revolution . In the 2007 and 2008 , French President Nicolas Sarkozy , Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper , and Quebec Premier Jean Charest all spoke in favour of a Canada – EU free trade agreement . In October 2008 , Sarkozy became the first French President to address the National Assembly of Quebec . In his speech he spoke out against Quebec separatism , but recognized Quebec as a nation within Canada . He said that , to France , Canada was a friend , and Quebec was family . Release of hostages . Shortly after taking office , Sarkozy began negotiations with Colombian president Álvaro Uribe and the left-wing guerrilla FARC , regarding the release of hostages held by the rebel group , especially Franco-Colombian politician Ingrid Betancourt . According to some sources , Sarkozy himself asked for Uribe to release FARCs chancellor Rodrigo Granda . Furthermore , he announced on 24 July 2007 , that French and European representatives had obtained the extradition of the Bulgarian nurses detained in Libya to their country . In exchange , he signed with Muammar Gaddafi security , health care and immigration pacts—and a $230 million ( 168 million euros ) MILAN antitank missile sale . The contract was the first made by Libya since 2004 , and was negotiated with MBDA , a subsidiary of EADS . Another 128 million euro contract would have been signed , according to Tripoli , with EADS for a TETRA radio system . The Socialist Party ( PS ) and the Communist Party ( PCF ) criticised a state affair and a barter with a Rogue state . The leader of the PS , François Hollande , requested the opening of a parliamentary investigation . Green policy . On 8 June 2007 , during the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm , Sarkozy set a goal of reducing French CO emissions by 50 percent by 2050 in order to prevent global warming . He then pushed forward Socialist Dominique Strauss-Kahn as European nominee to the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . Critics alleged that Sarkozy proposed to nominate Strauss-Kahn as managing director of the IMF to deprive the Socialist Party of one of its more popular figures . In 2010 , a study of :Yale and Columbia universities ranked France the most respectful country of the G20 concerning the environment . Economic policy . The Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) , Sarkozys party , won a majority at the June 2007 legislative election , although by less than expected . In July , the UMP majority , seconded by the Nouveau Centre , ratified one of Sarkozys electoral promises , which was to partially revoke the inheritance tax . The inheritance tax formerly brought eight billion euros into state coffers . Sarkozys UMP majority prepared a budget that reduced taxes , in particular for upper middle-class people , allegedly in an effort to boost GDP growth , but did not reduce state expenditures . He was criticised by the European Commission for doing so . On 23 July 2008 , parliament voted the loi de modernisation de léconomie ( Modernization of the Economy Law ) which loosened restrictions on retail prices and reduced limitations on the creation of businesses . The Government has also made changes to long-standing French work-hour regulations , allowing employers to negotiate overtime with employees and making all hours worked past the traditional French 35-hour week tax-free . However , as a result of the global financial crisis that came to a head in September 2008 , Sarkozy has returned to the state interventionism of his predecessors , declaring that laissez-faire capitalism is over and denouncing the dictatorship of the market . Confronted with the suggestion that he had become a socialist , he responded : Have I become socialist ? Perhaps . He has also pledged to create 100,000 state-subsidised jobs . Security policy . Sarkozys government issued a decree on 7 August 2007 to generalise a voluntary biometric profiling program of travellers in airports . The program , called Parafes , was to use fingerprints . The new database would be interconnected with the Schengen Information System ( SIS ) as well as with a national database of wanted persons ( FPR ) . The Commission nationale de linformatique et des libertés ( CNIL ) protested against this new decree , opposing itself to the recording of fingerprints and to the interconnection between the SIS and the FPR . Constitutional reform . On 21 July 2008 , the French parliament passed constitutional reforms which Sarkozy had made one of the key pledges of his presidential campaign . The vote was 539 to 357 , one vote over the three-fifths majority required ; the changes are not yet finalized . They would introduce a two-term limit for the presidency , and end the presidents right of collective pardon . They would allow the president to address parliament in-session , and parliament , to set its own agenda . They would give parliament a veto over some presidential appointments , while ending government control over parliaments committee system . He has claimed that these reforms strengthen parliament , while some opposition socialist lawmakers have described it as a consolidation of a monocracy . International affairs . During his 2007 presidential campaign , Sarkozy promised a strengthening of the entente cordiale with the United Kingdom and closer cooperation with the United States . Sarkozy wielded special international power when France held the rotating EU Council Presidency from July 2008 through December 2008 . Sarkozy has publicly stated his intention to attain EU approval of a progressive energy package before the end of his EU Presidency . This energy package would clearly define climate change objectives for the EU and hold members to specific reductions in emissions . In further support of his collaborative outlook on climate change , Sarkozy has led the EU into a partnership with China . On 6 December 2008 , Nicolas Sarkozy , as part of Frances then presidency of the Council of the EU , met the Dalai Lama in Poland and outraged China , which has announced that it would postpone the China-EU summit indefinitely . On 3 April 2009 , at the NATO Summit in Strasbourg , Sarkozy announced that France would offer asylum to a former Guantanamo captive . We are on the path to failure if we continue to act as we have , French President Nicolas Sarkozy cautioned at the U.N . Climate Summit on 22 September 2009 . On 5 January 2009 , Sarkozy called for a ceasefire plan for the Gaza Strip Conflict . The plan , which was jointly proposed by Sarkozy and Egyptian ex-President Hosni Mubarak envisions the continuation of the delivery of aid to Gaza and talks with Israel on border security , a key issue for Israel as it says Hamas smuggles its rockets into Gaza through the Egyptian border . Welcoming the proposal , US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice called for a ceasefire that can endure and that can bring real security . Military intervention in Libya . Muammar Gaddafis official visit to Nicolas Sarkozy in December 2007 triggered a strong wave of protests against the President in France . In March 2011 , after having been criticized for his unwillingness to support the Egyptian and Tunisian revolutions , and persuaded by the philosopher Bernard-Henri Levy to have France actively engage against the forces of the Libyan leader , Muammar Gaddafi , Nicolas Sarkozy was amongst the first Heads of State to demand the resignation of Gaddafi and his government , which was then fighting a civil war in Libya . On 10 March 2011 , Nicolas Sarkozy welcomed to the Elysee Palace , three emissaries from the Libyan National Transitional Council ( NTC ) , brought to him by Bernard-Henri Levy who mediated at the meeting . Nicolas Sarkozy promised them a no-fly zone would be imposed on Gaddafis aeroplanes . He also promised them French military assistance . On 17 March 2011 , at the behest of France , resolution 1973 was adopted by the Security Council of the United Nations , permitting the creation of a no fly zone over Libya , and for the undertaking of necessary measures for the protection of the countrys civilian population . On 19 March 2011 , Nicolas Sarkozy officially announced the beginning of a military intervention in Libya , with Frances participation . These actions of Nicolas Sarkozy were favorably received by the majority of the French political class and public opinion . In 2016 , the Foreign Affairs Committee of the British Parliament published a report stating that the military intervention was based on erroneous assumptions that the threat of a massacre of civilian populations has been overvalued and that the coalition Has not verified the real threat to civilians ; He also believes that the true motivations of Nicolas Sarkozy were to serve French interests and to improve his political situation in France . 2012 presidential campaign . Sarkozy was one of ten candidates who qualified for the first round of voting . François Hollande , the Socialist Party candidate , received the most votes in the first round held on 22 April election , with Sarkozy coming second , meaning that both progressed to the second round of voting on 5–6 May 2012 . Sarkozy lost in the runoff and conceded to Hollande . He received an estimated 48.38% compared to Hollandes 51.62% . After his defeat . Temporary retirement : 2012–2014 . After his defeat at the 2012 election , Nicolas Sarkozy asked his supporters to respect Hollandes victory . He invited his successor to attend his last 8 May Victory in Europe Day commemoration in office . His last day as President of the French Republic was 15 May . Shortly after , Sarkozy briefly considered a career in private equity and secured a €250 million commitment from the Qatar Investment Authority to back his planned buyout firm . He abandoned his private equity plans when he decided to make a political comeback in 2014 . Return to politics : 2014–2016 . On 19 September 2014 , Sarkozy announced that he was returning to politics and would run for chairman of the UMP party . and was elected to the post on 29 November 2014 . Led by Sarkozy , UMP won over two-thirds of the 102 local departements in the nationwide elections on 29 March 2015 . On 13 December , the Republicans won the majority of regional office races , another set of national elections . ( On 30 May the UMPs name was changed to the Republicans. ) In January 2016 , Sarkozy published the book La France pour la vie . In August 2016 , he announced his candidacy for 2016 Republican presidential primary in November 2016 , but only came in third place behind François Fillon and Alain Juppé . He decided to endorse Fillon and to retire from politics . Other activities . Corporate boards . - Lagardère Group , Member of the Supervisory Board ( since 2020 ) - Accor , Independent Member of the Board of Directors and Chairman of the International Strategy Committee ( since 2017 ) - Groupe Lucien Barrière , Member of the Board of Directors ( since 2019 ) Non-profit organizations . - Berggruen Institute , Member of the 21st Century Council - Schwarzman Scholars , Honorary Member of the Advisory Board Public image . Sarkozy was named the 68th best-dressed person in the world by Vanity Fair , alongside David Beckham and Brad Pitt . However , Sarkozy has also been named as the third worst-dressed person in the world by GQ , a listing that has been disputed . Beside publicising , at times , and at others , refusing to publicise his ex-wife Cécilia Ciganer-Albénizs image , Sarkozy takes care of his own personal image , sometimes to the point of censorship—such as in the Paris Match affair , when he allegedly forced its director to resign following an article on his ex-wife and her affair with Publicis executive Richard Attias , or pressures exercised on the Journal du dimanche , which was preparing to publish an article concerning Ciganer-Albénizs decision not to vote in the second round of the 2007 presidential election . In its edition of 9 August 2007 , Paris Match retouched a photo of Sarkozy in order to erase a love handle . His official portrait destined for all French town halls was done by Sipa Press photographer Philippe Warrin , better known for his paparazzi work . Former Daily Telegraph journalist Colin Randall has highlighted Sarkozys tighter control of his image and frequent interventions in the media : he censors a book , or fires the chief editor of a weekly . Sarkozy is reported by Reuters to be sensitive about his height ( believed to be ) . The French media have pointed out that Carla Bruni frequently wears flats when in public with him . In 2009 , a worker at a factory where Sarkozy gave a speech said she was asked to stand next to him because she was of a similar height to Sarkozy . ( This story was corroborated by some trade union officials. ) This was the subject of a political row : the presidents office called the accusation completely absurd and grotesque , while the Socialist Party mocked his fastidious preparation . Sarkozy lost a suit against a manufacturer of Sarkozy voodoo dolls , in which he claimed that he had a right to his own image . Sarkozy was nicknamed as Hyper-president or hyperpresident by some French media after his 2007 election as president , to describe his desire to control everything . Whereas in the history of the Fifth Republic , the successive presidents were traditionally focused on the foreign policy of the country and on international relations , leaving the Prime Minister and the government to determine the domestic policy , as the Constitution states it , Nicolas Sarkozy appeared to determine both the foreign and domestic policy . Some compared Nicolas Sarkozy to Napoléon Bonaparte and Louis XIV . Indeed , he appointed a very close friend of his , François Fillon , as a Prime Minister . François Fillon was accused of being an instrument of the Presidents power . The biopic The Conquest is a 2011 film that dramatizes Sarkozys rise to power , with candid portrayals of Sarkozy himself , Chirac and Villepin . It was shown at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . Controversies . Sarkozy is generally disliked by the left and has been criticised by some on the right , most vocally by moderate Gaullist supporters of Jacques Chirac and Dominique de Villepin . The communist-leaning magazine LHumanité accused Sarkozy of populism . Views on religions . In 2004 Sarkozy co-authored a book , La République , les religions , lespérance ( The Republic , Religions , and Hope ) , in which he argued that the young should not be brought up solely on secular or republican values . He advocated reducing the separation of church and state , arguing for the government subsidies for mosques to encourage Islamic integration into French society . He has opposed financing of religious institutions with funds from outside France . After meeting with Tom Cruise , Sarkozy was criticized by some for meeting with a member of the Church of Scientology , which has been seen by some as a cult . Sarkozy was criticized by some Christians after he claimed the roots of France are essentially Christian at a December 2007 speech in Rome . Similarly , he drew criticism from Christians after he called Islam one of the greatest and most beautiful civilizations the world has known at a speech in Riyadh in January 2008 . Controversial statements . In the midst of a tense period and following the death of an 11-year-old boy , caught in the crossfire of a gang brawl in the Paris suburb of La Courneuve in June 2005 , Sarkozy went to the scene and said : on va nettoyer au Kärcher la cité ( we will clean the area with a pressure washer ) . Two days before the 2005 Paris riots , he referred to young criminals of nearby housing projects as voyous ( thugs ) and racaille , a slang term which can be translated into English as rabble , scum or riff-raff , in answer to resident who addressed Sarkozy with Quand nous débarrassez-vous de cette racaille ? ( When will you rid us of these dregs? ) The French Communist Party publication , LHumanité , branded this language as inappropriate . Following Sarkozys use of the word racaille many people in the banlieues identified him as a politician of the far right . His period as Minister of the Interior saw the use of police as shock troops in the banlieues , and a police raid on the suburb of Clichy-sous-Bois in October 2005 led to two boys being electrocuted in a power sub-station . The riots began that night . In September 2005 Sarkozy was accused of pushing for a hasty inquiry into an arson attack on a police station in Pau , of which the alleged perpetrators were acquitted for lack of proof . On 22 June 2005 Sarkozy told law enforcement officials that he had questioned the Minister of Justice about the future of the judge who had freed a man on parole who had later committed a murder . A few weeks before the first round of the 2007 presidential elections , Sarkozy had an interview with philosopher Michel Onfray . Sarkozy stated that disorders such as paedophilia and depression have a genetic as well as social basis , saying .. . Id be inclined to think that one is born a paedophile , and it is actually a problem that we do not know how to cure this disease ; he claimed that suicides among youth were linked to genetic predispositions by stating , I dont want to give parents a complex . Its not exclusively the parents fault every time a youngster commits suicide . These statements were criticised by some scientists , including geneticist Axel Kahn . Sarkozy later added , What part is innate and what part is acquired ? At least lets debate it , lets not close the door to all debate . On 27 July 2007 , Sarkozy delivered a speech in Dakar , Senegal , written by Henri Guaino , in which he claimed that the African has never really entered into history . The controversial remarks were widely condemned by Africans , with some viewing them as racist . South African president Thabo Mbeki praised Sarkozys speech , which raised criticism by some in the South African media . On 30 July 2010 , Sarkozy suggested a new policy of security , and he proposed stripping foreign-born French citizens who opted to acquire their nationality at their majority of their citizenship if they are convicted of threatening the life of a police officer or other serious crimes . This policy has been criticized for example by the US newspaper The New York Times , by Sarkozys political opponents , including the Socialist Party leader Martine Aubry , and by experts of French law , including the ex-member of the Constitutional Council of France , Robert Badinter , who said that such action would be unconstitutional . He called for coercive methods to promote métissage , cultural mixing ( which can sometimes include genetic mixing ) , which he called an obligation during a press conference on 17 December 2008 . Casse-toi , pauvcon . On 23 February 2008 , Sarkozy was filmed by a reporter for French newspaper Le Parisien having the following exchange while visiting the Paris International Agricultural Show:While quickly crossing the hall Saturday morning , in the middle of the crowd , Sarkozy encounters a recalcitrant visitor who refuses to shake his hand . Ah no , dont touch me! , said the man . The president retorted immediately : Get lost , then . Youre making me dirty , yelled the man . With a frozen smile , Sarkozy says , his teeth glistening , a refined Get lost , then , poor dumb-ass , go . A precise translation into English has many possible variations . On 28 August 2008 , Hervé Eon , from Laval came to an anti-Sarkozy demonstration with a sign bearing the words Casse-toi pov con , the exact words Sarkozy had uttered . Eon was arrested for causing offence to the presidential function and the prosecutor , who in France indirectly reports to the president , requested a fine of €1000 . The court eventually imposed a symbolic €30 suspended fine , which has generally been interpreted as a defeat for the prosecution side . This incident was widely reported on , in particular as Sarkozy , as president of the Republic , is immune from prosecution , notably restricting Eons rights to sue Sarkozy for defamation . Position on the Iraq war . Sarkozy opposed the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq . However , he was critical of the way Chirac and his foreign minister Dominique de Villepin expressed Frances opposition to the war . Talking at the French-American Foundation in Washington , D.C . on 12 September 2006 , he denounced what he called the French arrogance and said : It is bad manners to embarrass ones allies or sound like one is taking delight in their troubles . He added : We must never again turn our disagreements into a crisis . Chirac reportedly said in private that Sarkozys speech was appalling and a shameful act . Accusations of nepotism . In October 2009 , Sarkozy was accused of nepotism for helping his son , Jean , try to become head of the public body running Frances biggest business district EPAD . On 3 July 2012 , French police raided Sarkozys residence and office as part of a probe into claims that Sarkozy was involved in illegal political campaign financing . Political and financial scandals . On 5 July 2010 , following its investigations on the Bettencourt affair , online newspaper Mediapart ran an article in which Claire Thibout , a former accountant of billionairess Liliane Bettencourt , accused Sarkozy and Eric Woerth of receiving illegal campaign donations in 2007 , in cash . On 1 July 2014 Sarkozy was detained for questioning by police over claims he had promised a prestigious role in Monaco to a high-ranking judge , Gilbert Azibert , in exchange for information about the investigation into alleged illegal campaign funding . Mr Azibert , one of the most senior judges at the Court of Appeal , was called in for questioning on 30 June 2014 . It is believed to be the first time a former French president has been held in police custody , although his predecessor , Jacques Chirac , was found guilty of embezzlement and breach of trust while he was mayor of Paris and given a suspended prison sentence in 2011 . After 15 hours in police custody , Sarkozy was put under official investigation for active corruption , misuse of influence and obtained through a breach of professional secrecy on 2 July 2014 . Mr Azibert and Sarkozys lawyer , Thierry Herzog , are also now under official investigation . The two accusations carry sentences of up to 10 years in prison . The developments were seen as a blow to Sarkozys attempts to challenge for the presidency in 2017 . Nevertheless , he later stood as a candidate for the Republican party nomination , but was eliminated from the contest in November 2016 . A trial on this case , Sarkozys first , started on 23 November 2020 . On 16 February 2016 , Sarkozy was indicted on illegal financing of political campaign charges related to overspending in his 2012 presidential campaign and retained as witness in connection with the Bygmalion scandal . In April 2016 , Arnaud Claude , former law partner of Sarkozy , was named in the Panama Papers . On 23 November 2020 , the trial of Nicolas Sarkozy started who is accused of corruption and influence peddling , for an attempted bribery of a judge . The trial was postponed until November 26 , following a request from one of his co-defendants for health reasons . On 1 March 2021 , a court in Paris found former French President Nicolas Sarkozy guilty of corruption , trading in influence in a wiretapping and illegal data exchange case involving a number of individuals like magistrate Gilbert Azibert and Sarkozys former lawyer Thierry Herzog . Both men were tried with him and convicted as well . Sarkozy and his two co-defendants were sentenced to three years , two of them suspended , and one in prison . Sarkozy appealed the ruling , which suspends its application . On 20 May 2021 , the criminal trial began for Sarkozy and 13 other defendants who were said to have been involved in the Bygmalion scandal . Sarkozys second corruption trial involves allegations of diverting tens of millions of euros which was intended to be spent on the his failed 2012 re-election campaign and then hiring a PR firm to cover it up . The illicit campaign finance money was instead used to overspend on lavish campaign rallies and events . Alleged Libyan agent of influence . Shortly after his inauguration as President of France in 2007 , Sarkozy invited Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi to France over the objections of both the political opposition , and members of his own government . The visit marked the first time Gaddafi had been to France in more than 35 years and , during it , France agreed to sell Libya 21 Airbus aircraft and signed a nuclear cooperation agreement . Negotiations for the purchase of more than a dozen Dassault Rafale fighter jets , plus military helicopters , were also initiated during the trip . During the 2011 Libyan Civil War – a conflict in which France intervened – Saif-al-Islam Gaddafi said in an interview with euronews that the Libyan state had donated €50 million to Sarkozys 2007 presidential campaign in exchange for access and favors by Sarkozy . Investigative website Mediapart subsequently published several documents appearing to prove a payment of €50 million , and also published a claim by Ziad Takieddine that he had personally handed three briefcases stuffed with cash to Sarkozy . French magistrates later acquired diaries of former Libyan oil minister Shukri Ghanem in which payments to Sarkozy were mentioned . Shortly thereafter , however , Ghanem was found dead , floating in the Danube in Austria and thereby preventing his corroboration of the diaries . In January 2018 , British police arrested Alexandre Djouhri on a European Arrest Warrant . Djouhri was an associate of Sarkozy and had refused to respond to a French judicial summons for questioning over allegations he had helped launder Libyan funds on behalf of Sarkozy . Political career . - President of the French Republic : 2007–2012 . - Member of the Constitutional Council of France : since 2012 . Governmental functions - Minister of Budget and governments spokesman : 1993–1995 . - Minister of Communication and governments spokesman : 1994–1995 . - Minister of State , minister of Interior , of the Internal Security and Local Freedoms : 2002–2004 . - Minister of State , minister of Economy , Finance and Industry : March–November 2004 ( resignation ) . - Minister of State , minister of Interior and Land Planning : 2005–2007 ( resignation ) . Electoral mandates European Parliament - Member of the European Parliament : July–September 1999 ( resignation ) . Elected in 1999 . National Assembly of France - Member of the National Assembly of France for Hauts-de-Seine ( 6th constituency ) : 1988–1993 ( became minister in 1993 ) / 1995–2002 ( became minister in 2002 ) / March–June 2005 ( became minister in June 2005 ) . Elected in 1988 , reelected in 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 2002 , 2005 . Regional Council - Regional councillor of Île-de-France : 1983–1988 ( resignation ) . Elected in 1986 . General Council - President of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine : 2004–2007 ( resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . - Vice-president of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine : 1986–1988 ( resignation ) . - General councillor of Hauts-de-Seine , elected in the canton of Neuilly-sur-Seine-Nord : 1985–1988 / 2004–2007 ( Resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . Municipal Council - Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 1983–2002 ( resignation ) . Reelected in 1989 , 1995 , and 2001 . - Deputy-mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 2002–2005 ( resignation ) . - Municipal councillor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 1977–2005 ( resignation ) . Reelected in 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , and 2001 . Political functions - President of the Union for a Popular Movement : 2004–2007 ( resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . Elected in 2004 . - President of the Rally for the Republic : April–October 1999 . - General secretary of the Rally for the Republic : 1998–1999 . - Deputy general secretary of the Rally for the Republic : 1992–1993 . Awards and honours . French Honours . - Legion of Honour - ex officio Further reading . - , interviews with Michel Denisot - , Grand livre du mois 1995 - , subject ( s ) : Pratiques politiques—France—1990– , France—Politique et gouvernement—1997–2002 - Alvarez-Montalvo , Marta ( 9 July 2004 ) : ¿Quién teme a Nicolas Sarkozy ? El ministro de economía francés se postula como próximo candidato a las presidenciales de 2007 , in Epoca ( [ Madrid ] : Difusora de Informacion Periodica S.A. , DINPESA , 9 July 2004 ) , number 1012 , p . 46 ( 2 ) , 3 pages , 829 words , available online at - , subject ( s ) : Sarkozy , Nicolas ( 1955– ) —Caricatures et dessins humoristiques - , Grand Livre du mois 2004 , subject ( s ) : Chirac , Jacques ( 1932– ) , Sarkozy , Nicolas ( 1955– ) , France—Politique et gouvernement—1995– - , subject ( s ) : Laïcité—France—1990– , Islam—France—1990– External links . Official websites . - President of France - Website of the UMP , Sarkozys party - Official personal website - 2012 campaign website - Address to the General Assembly of the United Nations during the General Debate of the 63rd Session , 23 September 2008 . Nicolas Sarkozy addressed the Assembly both as President of France and as President of the European Union Press . - Radio France International feature Sarkozys 90-minute address to the nation , 6 February 2009 - Hosing Sarkozy an article in the TLS by Sudhir Hazareesingh , 28 November 2007 - Interview after One Month in Office Le Figaro , 7 June 2007 - Sarkozy takes over Chiracs UMP party ( BBC News ) - Profile : Nicolas Sarkozy ( BBC News ) - Nicolas Sarkozy : French Choose the American Way ? by David Storobin - Vive this difference by Suzanne Fields - Frances chance , The Economist , 12 April 2007 - Letter From Europe- Round 1 Jane Kramer , The New Yorker , 23 April 2007 - On the so-called rupture by Sarkozy , Mathieu Potte-Bonneville & Pierre Zaoui , Vacarme n°41 , Winter 2007 - The Bettencourt/LOréal scandal Radio France Internationale in English - French politics no stranger to scandals Radio France Internationale in English - LOréal , scandals and the far right Radio France Internationale in English - Articles and Coverage ( Guardian UK ) Related contents . - Extended biography by CIDOB Foundation - Sarkozys opinion poll tracker - Some of Sarkozys quotations |
[
"deputy"
] | easy | Nicolas Sarkozy took which position from Jun 1988 to Apr 1993? | /wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy#P39#1 | Nicolas Sarkozy Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa ( ; ; born 28 January 1955 ) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 16 May 2007 until 15 May 2012 . Born in Paris , he is of one half Hungarian , one quarter Greek Jewish , and one quarter French origin . Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1983 to 2002 , he was Minister of the Budget under Prime Minister Édouard Balladur ( 1993–1995 ) during François Mitterrands second term . During Jacques Chiracs second presidential term he served as Minister of the Interior and as Minister of Finances . He was the leader of the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) party from 2004 to 2007 . He won the 2007 French presidential election by a 53.1% to 46.9% margin against Socialist Ségolène Royal . During his term , he faced the financial crisis of 2007–2008 ( causing a recession , the European sovereign debt crisis ) , the Russo-Georgian War ( for which he negotiated a ceasefire ) and the Arab Spring ( especially in Tunisia , Libya , and Syria ) . He initiated the reform of French universities ( 2007 ) and the pension reform ( 2010 ) . He married Italian-French singer-songwriter Carla Bruni in 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris . In the 2012 election , François Hollande , candidate of the Socialist Party , defeated Sarkozy by a 3.2% margin . After leaving the presidential office , Sarkozy vowed to retire from public life before coming back in 2014 , being subsequently reelected as UMP leader ( renamed The Republicans in 2015 ) . Being defeated at the Republican presidential primary in 2016 , he retired from public life . He was charged with corruption by French prosecutors in two cases , notably concerning the alleged Libyan interference in the 2007 French elections . In 2021 , Sarkozy and two co-defendants were convicted of corruption ; he has appealed the ruling . Personal life . Family background . Sarkozy was born in Paris , and is the son of Pál István Ernő Sárközy de Nagy-Bócsa ( ; —in some sources Nagy-Bócsay Sárközy Pál István Ernő ) , ( born 5 May 1928 ) , a Protestant Hungarian aristocrat , and Andrée Jeanne Dadu Mallah ( 12 October 1925 – 12 December 2017 ) , whose Greek Jewish father converted to Catholicism to marry Sarkozys French Catholic maternal grandmother . They were married in the Saint-François-de-Sales church , 17th arrondissement of Paris , on 8 February 1950 , and divorced in 1959 . Early life . During Sarkozys childhood , his father founded his own advertising agency and became wealthy . The family lived in a mansion owned by Sarkozys maternal grandfather , Benedict Mallah , in the 17th arrondissement of Paris . The family later moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine , one of the wealthiest communes of the Île-de-France région immediately west of Paris . According to Sarkozy , his staunchly Gaullist grandfather was more of an influence on him than his father , whom he rarely saw . Sarkozy was raised Catholic . Sarkozy said that being abandoned by his father shaped much of who he is today . He also has said that , in his early years , he felt inferior in relation to his wealthier and taller classmates . What made me who I am now is the sum of all the humiliations suffered during childhood , he said later . Education . Sarkozy was enrolled in the Lycée Chaptal , a well regarded public middle and high school in Paris 8th arrondissement , where he failed his sixième . His family then sent him to the Cours Saint-Louis de Monceau , a private Catholic school in the 17th arrondissement , where he was reportedly a mediocre student , but where he nonetheless obtained his baccalauréat in 1973 . Sarkozy enrolled at the , where he graduated with an M.A . in private law and , later , with a D.E.A . degree in business law . Paris X Nanterre had been the starting place for the May 68 student movement and was still a stronghold of leftist students . Described as a quiet student , Sarkozy soon joined the right-wing student organization , in which he was very active . He completed his military service as a part-time Air Force cleaner . After graduating from university , Sarkozy entered Sciences Po , where he studied between 1979 and 1981 , but failed to graduate due to an insufficient command of the English language . After passing the bar , Sarkozy became a lawyer specializing in business and family law and was one of Silvio Berlusconis French lawyers . Marriages . Marie-Dominique Culioli . Sarkozy married his first wife , Marie-Dominique Culioli , on 23 September 1982 ; her father was a pharmacist from Vico ( a village north of Ajaccio , Corsica ) , her uncle was Achille Peretti , the mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1947 to 1983 and Sarkozys political mentor . They had two sons , Pierre ( born in 1985 ) , now a hip-hop producer , and Jean ( born in 1986 ) now a local politician in the city of Neuilly-sur-Seine where Sarkozy started his own political career . Sarkozys best man was the prominent right-wing politician Charles Pasqua , later to become a political opponent . Sarkozy divorced Culioli in 1996 , after they had been separated for several years . Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz . As mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine , Sarkozy met former fashion model and public relations executive Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz ( great-granddaughter of composer Isaac Albéniz and daughter of a Moldovan father ) , when he officiated at her wedding to television host Jacques Martin . In 1988 , she left her husband for Sarkozy , and divorced one year later . She and Sarkozy married in October 1996 , with witnesses Martin Bouygues and Bernard Arnault . They have one son , Louis , born 23 April 1997 . Between 2002 and 2005 , the couple often appeared together on public occasions , with Cécilia Sarkozy acting as the chief aide for her husband . On 25 May 2005 , however , the Swiss newspaper Le Matin revealed that she had left Sarkozy for French-Moroccan national Richard Attias , head of Publicis in New York . There were other accusations of a private nature in Le Matin , which led to Sarkozy suing the paper . In the meantime , he was said to have had an affair with a journalist of Le Figaro , Anne Fulda . Sarkozy and Cécilia ultimately divorced on 15 October 2007 , soon after his election as president . Carla Bruni . Less than a month after separating from Cécilia , Sarkozy met Italian-born singer , songwriter and former fashion model Carla Bruni at a dinner party , and soon entered into a relationship with her . They married on 2 February 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris . The couple have a daughter , Giulia , born on 19 October 2011 . It was the first time a French president has publicly had a child while in office . Personal wealth . Sarkozy declared to the Constitutional Council a net worth of €2 million , most of the assets being in the form of life insurance policies . As the French President , one of his first actions was to give himself a pay raise : his yearly salary went from €101,000 to €240,000 , matching other European officeholders . He is also entitled to a mayoral , parliamentarian and presidential pension as a former Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine , member of the National Assembly and President of France . Early political career . Sarkozy is recognized by French parties on both the Right and Left as a skilled politician and striking orator . His supporters within France emphasize his charisma , political innovation and willingness to make a dramatic break amid mounting disaffection against politics as usual . Overall , he is considered more pro-American and pro-Israeli than most French politicians . From 2004 to 2007 , Sarkozy was president of the Union pour un Mouvement Populaire ( UMP ) , Frances major right-wing political party , and he was Minister of the Interior in the government of Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin , with the honorific title of Minister of State , making him effectively the number three official in the French State after President Jacques Chirac and Villepin . His ministerial responsibilities included law enforcement and working to co-ordinate relationships between the national and local governments , as well as Minister of Worship : in this role he created the French Council of the Muslim Faith ( CFCM ) . Previously , he was a député in the French National Assembly . He was forced to resign this position in order to accept his ministerial appointment . He previously also held several ministerial posts , including Finance Minister . In Government : 1993–1995 . Sarkozys political career began when he was 23 , when he became a city councillor in Neuilly-sur-Seine . A member of the Neo-Gaullist party RPR , he went on to be elected mayor of that town , after the death of the incumbent mayor Achille Peretti . Sarkozy had been close to Peretti , as his mother was Perettis secretary . A more senior RPR councillor , Charles Pasqua , wanted to become mayor , and asked Sarkozy to organize his campaign . Instead Sarkozy took that opportunity to propel himself into the office of mayor . He was the youngest mayor of any town in France with a population of over 50,000 . He served from 1983 to 2002 . In 1988 , he became a deputy in the National Assembly . In 1993 , Sarkozy was in the national news for personally negotiating with the Human Bomb , a man who had taken small children hostage in a kindergarten in Neuilly . The Human Bomb was killed after two days of talks by policemen of the RAID , who entered the school stealthily while the attacker was resting . At the same time , from 1993 to 1995 , he was Minister for the Budget and spokesman for the executive in the cabinet of Prime Minister Édouard Balladur . Throughout most of his early career , Sarkozy had been seen as a protégé of Jacques Chirac . During his tenure , he increased Frances public debt more than any other French Budget Minister , by the equivalent of €200 billion ( US$260 billion ) ( FY 1994–1996 ) . The first two budgets he submitted to the parliament ( budgets for FY1994 and FY1995 ) assumed a yearly budget deficit equivalent to six percent of GDP . According to the Maastricht Treaty , the French yearly budget deficit may not exceed three percent of Frances GDP . In 1995 , he spurned Chirac and backed Édouard Balladur for President of France . After Chirac won the election , Sarkozy lost his position as Minister for the Budget , and found himself outside the circles of power . However , he returned after the right-wing defeat at the 1997 parliamentary election , as the number two candidate of the RPR . When the party leader Philippe Séguin resigned , in 1999 , he took the leadership of the Neo-Gaullist party . But it obtained its worst result at the 1999 European Parliament election , winning 12.7% of the votes , less than the dissident Rally for France of Charles Pasqua . Sarkozy lost the RPR leadership . In 2002 , however , after his re-election as President of the French Republic ( see 2002 French presidential election ) , Chirac appointed Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior in the cabinet of Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin , despite Sarkozys support of Edouard Balladur for President in 1995 . Following Chiracs 14 July keynote speech on road safety , Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior pushed through new legislation leading to the mass purchase of speed cameras and a campaign to increase the awareness of dangers on the roads . In the cabinet reshuffle of 30 April 2004 , Sarkozy became Finance Minister . Tensions continued to build between Sarkozy and Chirac and within the UMP party , as Sarkozys intentions of becoming head of the party after the resignation of Alain Juppé became clear . In party elections of 10 November 2004 , Sarkozy became leader of the UMP with 85% of the vote . In accordance with an agreement with Chirac , he resigned as Finance Minister . Sarkozys ascent was marked by the division of UMP between sarkozystes , such as Sarkozys first lieutenant , Brice Hortefeux , and Chirac loyalists , such as Jean-Louis Debré . Sarkozy was made Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ( Knight of the Legion of Honour ) by President Chirac in February 2005 . He was re-elected on 13 March 2005 to the National Assembly . ( As required by the constitution , he had to resign as a deputy when he became minister in 2002. ) On 31 May 2005 the main French news radio station France Info reported a rumour that Sarkozy was to be reappointed Minister of the Interior in the government of Dominique de Villepin without resigning from the UMP leadership . This was confirmed on 2 June 2005 , when the members of the government were officially announced . First term as Minister of the Interior : 2002–2004 . Towards the end of his first term as Minister of the Interior , in 2004 , Sarkozy was the most divisive conservative politician in France , according to polls conducted at the beginning of 2004 . Sarkozy has sought to ease the sometimes tense relationships between the general French population and the Muslim community . Unlike the Catholic Church in France with their official leaders or Protestants with their umbrella organisations , the French Muslim community had a lack of structure with no group that could legitimately deal with the French government on their behalf . Sarkozy supported the foundation in May 2003 of the private non-profit Conseil français du culte musulman ( French Council of the Muslim Faith ) , an organisation meant to be representative of French Muslims . In addition , Sarkozy has suggested amending the 1905 law on the separation of Church and State , mostly in order to be able to finance mosques and other Muslim institutions with public funds so that they are less reliant on money from outside France . It was not followed by any concrete measure . Minister of Finance : 2004 . During his short appointment as Minister of Finance , Sarkozy was responsible for introducing a number of policies . The degree to which this reflected libéralisme ( a hands-off approach to running the economy ) or more traditional French state dirigisme ( intervention ) is controversial . He resigned the day following his election as president of the UMP . - In September 2004 , Sarkozy oversaw the reduction of the government ownership stake in France Télécom from 50.4 percent to 41 percent . - Sarkozy backed a partial nationalisation of the large engineering company Alstom decided by his predecessor when the company was exposed to bankruptcy in 2003 . - In June 2004 , Sarkozy reached an agreement with the major retail chains in France to concertedly lower prices on household goods by an average of two percent ; the success of this measure is disputed , with studies suggesting that the decrease was close to one percent in September . - Taxes : Sarkozy avoided taking a position on the ISF ( solidarity tax on wealth ) . This is considered an ideological symbol by many on the left and right . Some in the business world and on the liberal right , such as Alain Madelin , wanted it abolished . For Sarkozy , that would have risked being categorised by the left as a gift to the richest classes of society at a time of economic difficulties . Second term as Minister of the Interior : 2005–2007 . During his second term at the Ministry of the Interior , Sarkozy was initially more discreet about his ministerial activities : instead of focusing on his own topic of law and order , many of his declarations addressed wider issues , since he was expressing his opinions as head of the UMP party . However , the civil unrest in autumn 2005 put law enforcement in the spotlight again . Sarkozy was accused of having provoked the unrest by calling young delinquents from housing projects a rabble ( racaille ) in Argenteuil near Paris , and controversially suggested cleansing the minority suburbs with a Kärcher . After the accidental death of two youths , which sparked the riots , Sarkozy first blamed it on hoodlums and gangsters . These remarks were sharply criticised by many on the left wing and by a member of his own government , Delegate Minister for Equal Opportunities Azouz Begag . After the rioting , he made a number of announcements on future policy : selection of immigrants , greater tracking of immigrants , and a reform on the 1945 ordinance government justice measures for young delinquents . UMP leader : 2004–2007 . Before he was elected President of France , Sarkozy was president of UMP , the French conservative party , elected with 85 percent of the vote . During his presidency , the number of members increased significantly . In 2005 , he supported a yes vote in the French referendum on the European Constitution , but the No vote won . Throughout 2005 , Sarkozy called for radical changes in Frances economic and social policies . These calls culminated in an interview with Le Monde on 8 September 2005 , during which he claimed that the French had been misled for 30 years by false promises . Among other issues : - he called for a simplified and fairer taxation system , with fewer loopholes and a maximum taxation rate ( all direct taxes combined ) at 50 percent of revenue ; - he approved measures reducing or denying social support to unemployed workers who refuse work offered to them ; - he pressed for a reduction in the budget deficit , claiming that the French state had been living off credit for some time . Such policies are what are called in France libéral ( that is , in favour of laissez-faire economic policies ) or , with a pejorative undertone , ultra-libéral . Sarkozy rejects this label of libéral and prefers to call himself a pragmatist . Sarkozy opened another avenue of controversy by declaring that he wanted a reform of the immigration system , with quotas designed to admit the skilled workers needed by the French economy . He also wanted to reform the current French system for foreign students , saying that it enabled foreign students to take open-ended curricula in order to obtain residency in France ; instead , he wanted to select the best students to the best curricula in France . In early 2006 , the French parliament adopted a controversial bill known as DADVSI , which reforms French copyright law . Since his party was divided on the issue , Sarkozy stepped in and organised meetings between various parties involved . Later , groups such as the Odebi League and EUCD.info alleged that Sarkozy personally and unofficially supported certain amendments to the law , which enacted strong penalties against designers of peer-to-peer systems . Presidential election : 2007 . Sarkozy was a likely candidate for the presidency in 2007 ; in an oft-repeated comment made on television channel France 2 , when asked by a journalist whether he thought about the presidential election when he shaved in the morning , Sarkozy commented , Not just when I shave . On 14 January 2007 , Sarkozy was chosen by the UMP to be its candidate in the 2007 presidential election . Sarkozy , who was running unopposed , won 98 percent of the votes . Of the 327,000 UMP members who could vote , 69 percent participated in the online ballot . In February 2007 , Sarkozy appeared on a televised debate on TF1 where he expressed his support for affirmative action and the freedom to work overtime . Despite his opposition to same-sex marriage , he advocated civil unions and the possibility for same-sex partners to inherit under the same regime as married couples . The law was voted in July 2007 . On 7 February , Sarkozy decided in favour of a projected second , non-nuclear , aircraft carrier for the national Navy ( adding to the nuclear Charles de Gaulle ) , during an official visit in Toulon with Defence Minister Michèle Alliot-Marie . This would allow permanently having an operational ship , taking into account the constraints of maintenance , he explained . On 21 March , President Jacques Chirac announced his support for Sarkozy . Chirac pointed out that Sarkozy had been chosen as presidential candidate for the ruling UMP party , and said : So it is totally natural that I give him my vote and my support . To focus on his campaign , Sarkozy stepped down as Minister of the Interior on 26 March . During the campaign , rival candidates had accused Sarkozy of being a candidate for brutality and of presenting hard-line views about Frances future . Opponents also accused him of courting conservative voters in policy-making in a bid to capitalise on right-wing sentiments among some communities . However , his popularity was sufficient to see him polling as the frontrunner throughout the later campaign period , consistently ahead of rival Socialist candidate , Ségolène Royal . The first round of the presidential election was held on 22 April 2007 . Sarkozy came in first with 31.18 percent of the votes , ahead of Ségolène Royal of the Socialists with 25.87 percent . In the second round , Sarkozy came out on top to win the election with 53.06 percent of the votes ahead of Ségolène Royal with 46.94 percent . In his speech immediately following the announcement of the election results , Sarkozy stressed the need for Frances modernisation , but also called for national unity , mentioning that Royal was in his thoughts . In that speech , he claimed The French have chosen to break with the ideas , habits and behaviour of the past . I will restore the value of work , authority , merit and respect for the nation . Presidency ( 2007–2012 ) . Inauguration . On 6 May 2007 , Nicolas Sarkozy became the sixth person to be elected President of the Fifth Republic ( which was established in 1958 ) , and the 23rd President in French history . The official transfer of power from Chirac to Sarkozy took place on 16 May at 11:00 am ( 9:00 UTC ) at the Élysée Palace , where he was given the authorization codes of the French nuclear arsenal . In the afternoon , the new president flew to Berlin to meet with German Chancellor Angela Merkel . Under Sarkozys government , François Fillon replaced Dominique de Villepin as Prime Minister . Sarkozy appointed Bernard Kouchner , the left-wing founder of Médecins Sans Frontières , as his Foreign Minister , leading to Kouchners expulsion from the Socialist Party . In addition to Kouchner , three more Sarkozy ministers are from the left , including Éric Besson , who served as Ségolène Royals economic adviser at the beginning of her campaign . Sarkozy also appointed seven women to form a total cabinet of 15 ; one , Justice Minister Rachida Dati , is the first woman of Northern African origin to serve in a French cabinet . Of the 15 , two attended the elite École nationale dadministration ( ENA ) . The ministers were reorganised , with the controversial creation of a Ministry of Immigration , Integration , National Identity and Co-Development—given to his right-hand man Brice Hortefeux—and of a Ministry of Budget , Public Accounts and Civil Administration—handed out to Éric Wœrth , supposed to prepare the replacement of only a third of all civil servants who retire . However , after 17 June parliamentary elections , the Cabinet was adjusted to 15 ministers and 16 deputy ministers , totalling 31 officials . Sarkozy broke with the custom of amnestying traffic tickets and of releasing thousands of prisoners from overcrowded jails on Bastille Day , a tradition that Napoleon had started in 1802 to commemorate the storming of the Bastille during the French Revolution . In the 2007 and 2008 , French President Nicolas Sarkozy , Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper , and Quebec Premier Jean Charest all spoke in favour of a Canada – EU free trade agreement . In October 2008 , Sarkozy became the first French President to address the National Assembly of Quebec . In his speech he spoke out against Quebec separatism , but recognized Quebec as a nation within Canada . He said that , to France , Canada was a friend , and Quebec was family . Release of hostages . Shortly after taking office , Sarkozy began negotiations with Colombian president Álvaro Uribe and the left-wing guerrilla FARC , regarding the release of hostages held by the rebel group , especially Franco-Colombian politician Ingrid Betancourt . According to some sources , Sarkozy himself asked for Uribe to release FARCs chancellor Rodrigo Granda . Furthermore , he announced on 24 July 2007 , that French and European representatives had obtained the extradition of the Bulgarian nurses detained in Libya to their country . In exchange , he signed with Muammar Gaddafi security , health care and immigration pacts—and a $230 million ( 168 million euros ) MILAN antitank missile sale . The contract was the first made by Libya since 2004 , and was negotiated with MBDA , a subsidiary of EADS . Another 128 million euro contract would have been signed , according to Tripoli , with EADS for a TETRA radio system . The Socialist Party ( PS ) and the Communist Party ( PCF ) criticised a state affair and a barter with a Rogue state . The leader of the PS , François Hollande , requested the opening of a parliamentary investigation . Green policy . On 8 June 2007 , during the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm , Sarkozy set a goal of reducing French CO emissions by 50 percent by 2050 in order to prevent global warming . He then pushed forward Socialist Dominique Strauss-Kahn as European nominee to the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . Critics alleged that Sarkozy proposed to nominate Strauss-Kahn as managing director of the IMF to deprive the Socialist Party of one of its more popular figures . In 2010 , a study of :Yale and Columbia universities ranked France the most respectful country of the G20 concerning the environment . Economic policy . The Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) , Sarkozys party , won a majority at the June 2007 legislative election , although by less than expected . In July , the UMP majority , seconded by the Nouveau Centre , ratified one of Sarkozys electoral promises , which was to partially revoke the inheritance tax . The inheritance tax formerly brought eight billion euros into state coffers . Sarkozys UMP majority prepared a budget that reduced taxes , in particular for upper middle-class people , allegedly in an effort to boost GDP growth , but did not reduce state expenditures . He was criticised by the European Commission for doing so . On 23 July 2008 , parliament voted the loi de modernisation de léconomie ( Modernization of the Economy Law ) which loosened restrictions on retail prices and reduced limitations on the creation of businesses . The Government has also made changes to long-standing French work-hour regulations , allowing employers to negotiate overtime with employees and making all hours worked past the traditional French 35-hour week tax-free . However , as a result of the global financial crisis that came to a head in September 2008 , Sarkozy has returned to the state interventionism of his predecessors , declaring that laissez-faire capitalism is over and denouncing the dictatorship of the market . Confronted with the suggestion that he had become a socialist , he responded : Have I become socialist ? Perhaps . He has also pledged to create 100,000 state-subsidised jobs . Security policy . Sarkozys government issued a decree on 7 August 2007 to generalise a voluntary biometric profiling program of travellers in airports . The program , called Parafes , was to use fingerprints . The new database would be interconnected with the Schengen Information System ( SIS ) as well as with a national database of wanted persons ( FPR ) . The Commission nationale de linformatique et des libertés ( CNIL ) protested against this new decree , opposing itself to the recording of fingerprints and to the interconnection between the SIS and the FPR . Constitutional reform . On 21 July 2008 , the French parliament passed constitutional reforms which Sarkozy had made one of the key pledges of his presidential campaign . The vote was 539 to 357 , one vote over the three-fifths majority required ; the changes are not yet finalized . They would introduce a two-term limit for the presidency , and end the presidents right of collective pardon . They would allow the president to address parliament in-session , and parliament , to set its own agenda . They would give parliament a veto over some presidential appointments , while ending government control over parliaments committee system . He has claimed that these reforms strengthen parliament , while some opposition socialist lawmakers have described it as a consolidation of a monocracy . International affairs . During his 2007 presidential campaign , Sarkozy promised a strengthening of the entente cordiale with the United Kingdom and closer cooperation with the United States . Sarkozy wielded special international power when France held the rotating EU Council Presidency from July 2008 through December 2008 . Sarkozy has publicly stated his intention to attain EU approval of a progressive energy package before the end of his EU Presidency . This energy package would clearly define climate change objectives for the EU and hold members to specific reductions in emissions . In further support of his collaborative outlook on climate change , Sarkozy has led the EU into a partnership with China . On 6 December 2008 , Nicolas Sarkozy , as part of Frances then presidency of the Council of the EU , met the Dalai Lama in Poland and outraged China , which has announced that it would postpone the China-EU summit indefinitely . On 3 April 2009 , at the NATO Summit in Strasbourg , Sarkozy announced that France would offer asylum to a former Guantanamo captive . We are on the path to failure if we continue to act as we have , French President Nicolas Sarkozy cautioned at the U.N . Climate Summit on 22 September 2009 . On 5 January 2009 , Sarkozy called for a ceasefire plan for the Gaza Strip Conflict . The plan , which was jointly proposed by Sarkozy and Egyptian ex-President Hosni Mubarak envisions the continuation of the delivery of aid to Gaza and talks with Israel on border security , a key issue for Israel as it says Hamas smuggles its rockets into Gaza through the Egyptian border . Welcoming the proposal , US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice called for a ceasefire that can endure and that can bring real security . Military intervention in Libya . Muammar Gaddafis official visit to Nicolas Sarkozy in December 2007 triggered a strong wave of protests against the President in France . In March 2011 , after having been criticized for his unwillingness to support the Egyptian and Tunisian revolutions , and persuaded by the philosopher Bernard-Henri Levy to have France actively engage against the forces of the Libyan leader , Muammar Gaddafi , Nicolas Sarkozy was amongst the first Heads of State to demand the resignation of Gaddafi and his government , which was then fighting a civil war in Libya . On 10 March 2011 , Nicolas Sarkozy welcomed to the Elysee Palace , three emissaries from the Libyan National Transitional Council ( NTC ) , brought to him by Bernard-Henri Levy who mediated at the meeting . Nicolas Sarkozy promised them a no-fly zone would be imposed on Gaddafis aeroplanes . He also promised them French military assistance . On 17 March 2011 , at the behest of France , resolution 1973 was adopted by the Security Council of the United Nations , permitting the creation of a no fly zone over Libya , and for the undertaking of necessary measures for the protection of the countrys civilian population . On 19 March 2011 , Nicolas Sarkozy officially announced the beginning of a military intervention in Libya , with Frances participation . These actions of Nicolas Sarkozy were favorably received by the majority of the French political class and public opinion . In 2016 , the Foreign Affairs Committee of the British Parliament published a report stating that the military intervention was based on erroneous assumptions that the threat of a massacre of civilian populations has been overvalued and that the coalition Has not verified the real threat to civilians ; He also believes that the true motivations of Nicolas Sarkozy were to serve French interests and to improve his political situation in France . 2012 presidential campaign . Sarkozy was one of ten candidates who qualified for the first round of voting . François Hollande , the Socialist Party candidate , received the most votes in the first round held on 22 April election , with Sarkozy coming second , meaning that both progressed to the second round of voting on 5–6 May 2012 . Sarkozy lost in the runoff and conceded to Hollande . He received an estimated 48.38% compared to Hollandes 51.62% . After his defeat . Temporary retirement : 2012–2014 . After his defeat at the 2012 election , Nicolas Sarkozy asked his supporters to respect Hollandes victory . He invited his successor to attend his last 8 May Victory in Europe Day commemoration in office . His last day as President of the French Republic was 15 May . Shortly after , Sarkozy briefly considered a career in private equity and secured a €250 million commitment from the Qatar Investment Authority to back his planned buyout firm . He abandoned his private equity plans when he decided to make a political comeback in 2014 . Return to politics : 2014–2016 . On 19 September 2014 , Sarkozy announced that he was returning to politics and would run for chairman of the UMP party . and was elected to the post on 29 November 2014 . Led by Sarkozy , UMP won over two-thirds of the 102 local departements in the nationwide elections on 29 March 2015 . On 13 December , the Republicans won the majority of regional office races , another set of national elections . ( On 30 May the UMPs name was changed to the Republicans. ) In January 2016 , Sarkozy published the book La France pour la vie . In August 2016 , he announced his candidacy for 2016 Republican presidential primary in November 2016 , but only came in third place behind François Fillon and Alain Juppé . He decided to endorse Fillon and to retire from politics . Other activities . Corporate boards . - Lagardère Group , Member of the Supervisory Board ( since 2020 ) - Accor , Independent Member of the Board of Directors and Chairman of the International Strategy Committee ( since 2017 ) - Groupe Lucien Barrière , Member of the Board of Directors ( since 2019 ) Non-profit organizations . - Berggruen Institute , Member of the 21st Century Council - Schwarzman Scholars , Honorary Member of the Advisory Board Public image . Sarkozy was named the 68th best-dressed person in the world by Vanity Fair , alongside David Beckham and Brad Pitt . However , Sarkozy has also been named as the third worst-dressed person in the world by GQ , a listing that has been disputed . Beside publicising , at times , and at others , refusing to publicise his ex-wife Cécilia Ciganer-Albénizs image , Sarkozy takes care of his own personal image , sometimes to the point of censorship—such as in the Paris Match affair , when he allegedly forced its director to resign following an article on his ex-wife and her affair with Publicis executive Richard Attias , or pressures exercised on the Journal du dimanche , which was preparing to publish an article concerning Ciganer-Albénizs decision not to vote in the second round of the 2007 presidential election . In its edition of 9 August 2007 , Paris Match retouched a photo of Sarkozy in order to erase a love handle . His official portrait destined for all French town halls was done by Sipa Press photographer Philippe Warrin , better known for his paparazzi work . Former Daily Telegraph journalist Colin Randall has highlighted Sarkozys tighter control of his image and frequent interventions in the media : he censors a book , or fires the chief editor of a weekly . Sarkozy is reported by Reuters to be sensitive about his height ( believed to be ) . The French media have pointed out that Carla Bruni frequently wears flats when in public with him . In 2009 , a worker at a factory where Sarkozy gave a speech said she was asked to stand next to him because she was of a similar height to Sarkozy . ( This story was corroborated by some trade union officials. ) This was the subject of a political row : the presidents office called the accusation completely absurd and grotesque , while the Socialist Party mocked his fastidious preparation . Sarkozy lost a suit against a manufacturer of Sarkozy voodoo dolls , in which he claimed that he had a right to his own image . Sarkozy was nicknamed as Hyper-president or hyperpresident by some French media after his 2007 election as president , to describe his desire to control everything . Whereas in the history of the Fifth Republic , the successive presidents were traditionally focused on the foreign policy of the country and on international relations , leaving the Prime Minister and the government to determine the domestic policy , as the Constitution states it , Nicolas Sarkozy appeared to determine both the foreign and domestic policy . Some compared Nicolas Sarkozy to Napoléon Bonaparte and Louis XIV . Indeed , he appointed a very close friend of his , François Fillon , as a Prime Minister . François Fillon was accused of being an instrument of the Presidents power . The biopic The Conquest is a 2011 film that dramatizes Sarkozys rise to power , with candid portrayals of Sarkozy himself , Chirac and Villepin . It was shown at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . Controversies . Sarkozy is generally disliked by the left and has been criticised by some on the right , most vocally by moderate Gaullist supporters of Jacques Chirac and Dominique de Villepin . The communist-leaning magazine LHumanité accused Sarkozy of populism . Views on religions . In 2004 Sarkozy co-authored a book , La République , les religions , lespérance ( The Republic , Religions , and Hope ) , in which he argued that the young should not be brought up solely on secular or republican values . He advocated reducing the separation of church and state , arguing for the government subsidies for mosques to encourage Islamic integration into French society . He has opposed financing of religious institutions with funds from outside France . After meeting with Tom Cruise , Sarkozy was criticized by some for meeting with a member of the Church of Scientology , which has been seen by some as a cult . Sarkozy was criticized by some Christians after he claimed the roots of France are essentially Christian at a December 2007 speech in Rome . Similarly , he drew criticism from Christians after he called Islam one of the greatest and most beautiful civilizations the world has known at a speech in Riyadh in January 2008 . Controversial statements . In the midst of a tense period and following the death of an 11-year-old boy , caught in the crossfire of a gang brawl in the Paris suburb of La Courneuve in June 2005 , Sarkozy went to the scene and said : on va nettoyer au Kärcher la cité ( we will clean the area with a pressure washer ) . Two days before the 2005 Paris riots , he referred to young criminals of nearby housing projects as voyous ( thugs ) and racaille , a slang term which can be translated into English as rabble , scum or riff-raff , in answer to resident who addressed Sarkozy with Quand nous débarrassez-vous de cette racaille ? ( When will you rid us of these dregs? ) The French Communist Party publication , LHumanité , branded this language as inappropriate . Following Sarkozys use of the word racaille many people in the banlieues identified him as a politician of the far right . His period as Minister of the Interior saw the use of police as shock troops in the banlieues , and a police raid on the suburb of Clichy-sous-Bois in October 2005 led to two boys being electrocuted in a power sub-station . The riots began that night . In September 2005 Sarkozy was accused of pushing for a hasty inquiry into an arson attack on a police station in Pau , of which the alleged perpetrators were acquitted for lack of proof . On 22 June 2005 Sarkozy told law enforcement officials that he had questioned the Minister of Justice about the future of the judge who had freed a man on parole who had later committed a murder . A few weeks before the first round of the 2007 presidential elections , Sarkozy had an interview with philosopher Michel Onfray . Sarkozy stated that disorders such as paedophilia and depression have a genetic as well as social basis , saying .. . Id be inclined to think that one is born a paedophile , and it is actually a problem that we do not know how to cure this disease ; he claimed that suicides among youth were linked to genetic predispositions by stating , I dont want to give parents a complex . Its not exclusively the parents fault every time a youngster commits suicide . These statements were criticised by some scientists , including geneticist Axel Kahn . Sarkozy later added , What part is innate and what part is acquired ? At least lets debate it , lets not close the door to all debate . On 27 July 2007 , Sarkozy delivered a speech in Dakar , Senegal , written by Henri Guaino , in which he claimed that the African has never really entered into history . The controversial remarks were widely condemned by Africans , with some viewing them as racist . South African president Thabo Mbeki praised Sarkozys speech , which raised criticism by some in the South African media . On 30 July 2010 , Sarkozy suggested a new policy of security , and he proposed stripping foreign-born French citizens who opted to acquire their nationality at their majority of their citizenship if they are convicted of threatening the life of a police officer or other serious crimes . This policy has been criticized for example by the US newspaper The New York Times , by Sarkozys political opponents , including the Socialist Party leader Martine Aubry , and by experts of French law , including the ex-member of the Constitutional Council of France , Robert Badinter , who said that such action would be unconstitutional . He called for coercive methods to promote métissage , cultural mixing ( which can sometimes include genetic mixing ) , which he called an obligation during a press conference on 17 December 2008 . Casse-toi , pauvcon . On 23 February 2008 , Sarkozy was filmed by a reporter for French newspaper Le Parisien having the following exchange while visiting the Paris International Agricultural Show:While quickly crossing the hall Saturday morning , in the middle of the crowd , Sarkozy encounters a recalcitrant visitor who refuses to shake his hand . Ah no , dont touch me! , said the man . The president retorted immediately : Get lost , then . Youre making me dirty , yelled the man . With a frozen smile , Sarkozy says , his teeth glistening , a refined Get lost , then , poor dumb-ass , go . A precise translation into English has many possible variations . On 28 August 2008 , Hervé Eon , from Laval came to an anti-Sarkozy demonstration with a sign bearing the words Casse-toi pov con , the exact words Sarkozy had uttered . Eon was arrested for causing offence to the presidential function and the prosecutor , who in France indirectly reports to the president , requested a fine of €1000 . The court eventually imposed a symbolic €30 suspended fine , which has generally been interpreted as a defeat for the prosecution side . This incident was widely reported on , in particular as Sarkozy , as president of the Republic , is immune from prosecution , notably restricting Eons rights to sue Sarkozy for defamation . Position on the Iraq war . Sarkozy opposed the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq . However , he was critical of the way Chirac and his foreign minister Dominique de Villepin expressed Frances opposition to the war . Talking at the French-American Foundation in Washington , D.C . on 12 September 2006 , he denounced what he called the French arrogance and said : It is bad manners to embarrass ones allies or sound like one is taking delight in their troubles . He added : We must never again turn our disagreements into a crisis . Chirac reportedly said in private that Sarkozys speech was appalling and a shameful act . Accusations of nepotism . In October 2009 , Sarkozy was accused of nepotism for helping his son , Jean , try to become head of the public body running Frances biggest business district EPAD . On 3 July 2012 , French police raided Sarkozys residence and office as part of a probe into claims that Sarkozy was involved in illegal political campaign financing . Political and financial scandals . On 5 July 2010 , following its investigations on the Bettencourt affair , online newspaper Mediapart ran an article in which Claire Thibout , a former accountant of billionairess Liliane Bettencourt , accused Sarkozy and Eric Woerth of receiving illegal campaign donations in 2007 , in cash . On 1 July 2014 Sarkozy was detained for questioning by police over claims he had promised a prestigious role in Monaco to a high-ranking judge , Gilbert Azibert , in exchange for information about the investigation into alleged illegal campaign funding . Mr Azibert , one of the most senior judges at the Court of Appeal , was called in for questioning on 30 June 2014 . It is believed to be the first time a former French president has been held in police custody , although his predecessor , Jacques Chirac , was found guilty of embezzlement and breach of trust while he was mayor of Paris and given a suspended prison sentence in 2011 . After 15 hours in police custody , Sarkozy was put under official investigation for active corruption , misuse of influence and obtained through a breach of professional secrecy on 2 July 2014 . Mr Azibert and Sarkozys lawyer , Thierry Herzog , are also now under official investigation . The two accusations carry sentences of up to 10 years in prison . The developments were seen as a blow to Sarkozys attempts to challenge for the presidency in 2017 . Nevertheless , he later stood as a candidate for the Republican party nomination , but was eliminated from the contest in November 2016 . A trial on this case , Sarkozys first , started on 23 November 2020 . On 16 February 2016 , Sarkozy was indicted on illegal financing of political campaign charges related to overspending in his 2012 presidential campaign and retained as witness in connection with the Bygmalion scandal . In April 2016 , Arnaud Claude , former law partner of Sarkozy , was named in the Panama Papers . On 23 November 2020 , the trial of Nicolas Sarkozy started who is accused of corruption and influence peddling , for an attempted bribery of a judge . The trial was postponed until November 26 , following a request from one of his co-defendants for health reasons . On 1 March 2021 , a court in Paris found former French President Nicolas Sarkozy guilty of corruption , trading in influence in a wiretapping and illegal data exchange case involving a number of individuals like magistrate Gilbert Azibert and Sarkozys former lawyer Thierry Herzog . Both men were tried with him and convicted as well . Sarkozy and his two co-defendants were sentenced to three years , two of them suspended , and one in prison . Sarkozy appealed the ruling , which suspends its application . On 20 May 2021 , the criminal trial began for Sarkozy and 13 other defendants who were said to have been involved in the Bygmalion scandal . Sarkozys second corruption trial involves allegations of diverting tens of millions of euros which was intended to be spent on the his failed 2012 re-election campaign and then hiring a PR firm to cover it up . The illicit campaign finance money was instead used to overspend on lavish campaign rallies and events . Alleged Libyan agent of influence . Shortly after his inauguration as President of France in 2007 , Sarkozy invited Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi to France over the objections of both the political opposition , and members of his own government . The visit marked the first time Gaddafi had been to France in more than 35 years and , during it , France agreed to sell Libya 21 Airbus aircraft and signed a nuclear cooperation agreement . Negotiations for the purchase of more than a dozen Dassault Rafale fighter jets , plus military helicopters , were also initiated during the trip . During the 2011 Libyan Civil War – a conflict in which France intervened – Saif-al-Islam Gaddafi said in an interview with euronews that the Libyan state had donated €50 million to Sarkozys 2007 presidential campaign in exchange for access and favors by Sarkozy . Investigative website Mediapart subsequently published several documents appearing to prove a payment of €50 million , and also published a claim by Ziad Takieddine that he had personally handed three briefcases stuffed with cash to Sarkozy . French magistrates later acquired diaries of former Libyan oil minister Shukri Ghanem in which payments to Sarkozy were mentioned . Shortly thereafter , however , Ghanem was found dead , floating in the Danube in Austria and thereby preventing his corroboration of the diaries . In January 2018 , British police arrested Alexandre Djouhri on a European Arrest Warrant . Djouhri was an associate of Sarkozy and had refused to respond to a French judicial summons for questioning over allegations he had helped launder Libyan funds on behalf of Sarkozy . Political career . - President of the French Republic : 2007–2012 . - Member of the Constitutional Council of France : since 2012 . Governmental functions - Minister of Budget and governments spokesman : 1993–1995 . - Minister of Communication and governments spokesman : 1994–1995 . - Minister of State , minister of Interior , of the Internal Security and Local Freedoms : 2002–2004 . - Minister of State , minister of Economy , Finance and Industry : March–November 2004 ( resignation ) . - Minister of State , minister of Interior and Land Planning : 2005–2007 ( resignation ) . Electoral mandates European Parliament - Member of the European Parliament : July–September 1999 ( resignation ) . Elected in 1999 . National Assembly of France - Member of the National Assembly of France for Hauts-de-Seine ( 6th constituency ) : 1988–1993 ( became minister in 1993 ) / 1995–2002 ( became minister in 2002 ) / March–June 2005 ( became minister in June 2005 ) . Elected in 1988 , reelected in 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 2002 , 2005 . Regional Council - Regional councillor of Île-de-France : 1983–1988 ( resignation ) . Elected in 1986 . General Council - President of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine : 2004–2007 ( resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . - Vice-president of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine : 1986–1988 ( resignation ) . - General councillor of Hauts-de-Seine , elected in the canton of Neuilly-sur-Seine-Nord : 1985–1988 / 2004–2007 ( Resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . Municipal Council - Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 1983–2002 ( resignation ) . Reelected in 1989 , 1995 , and 2001 . - Deputy-mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 2002–2005 ( resignation ) . - Municipal councillor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 1977–2005 ( resignation ) . Reelected in 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , and 2001 . Political functions - President of the Union for a Popular Movement : 2004–2007 ( resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . Elected in 2004 . - President of the Rally for the Republic : April–October 1999 . - General secretary of the Rally for the Republic : 1998–1999 . - Deputy general secretary of the Rally for the Republic : 1992–1993 . Awards and honours . French Honours . - Legion of Honour - ex officio Further reading . - , interviews with Michel Denisot - , Grand livre du mois 1995 - , subject ( s ) : Pratiques politiques—France—1990– , France—Politique et gouvernement—1997–2002 - Alvarez-Montalvo , Marta ( 9 July 2004 ) : ¿Quién teme a Nicolas Sarkozy ? El ministro de economía francés se postula como próximo candidato a las presidenciales de 2007 , in Epoca ( [ Madrid ] : Difusora de Informacion Periodica S.A. , DINPESA , 9 July 2004 ) , number 1012 , p . 46 ( 2 ) , 3 pages , 829 words , available online at - , subject ( s ) : Sarkozy , Nicolas ( 1955– ) —Caricatures et dessins humoristiques - , Grand Livre du mois 2004 , subject ( s ) : Chirac , Jacques ( 1932– ) , Sarkozy , Nicolas ( 1955– ) , France—Politique et gouvernement—1995– - , subject ( s ) : Laïcité—France—1990– , Islam—France—1990– External links . Official websites . - President of France - Website of the UMP , Sarkozys party - Official personal website - 2012 campaign website - Address to the General Assembly of the United Nations during the General Debate of the 63rd Session , 23 September 2008 . Nicolas Sarkozy addressed the Assembly both as President of France and as President of the European Union Press . - Radio France International feature Sarkozys 90-minute address to the nation , 6 February 2009 - Hosing Sarkozy an article in the TLS by Sudhir Hazareesingh , 28 November 2007 - Interview after One Month in Office Le Figaro , 7 June 2007 - Sarkozy takes over Chiracs UMP party ( BBC News ) - Profile : Nicolas Sarkozy ( BBC News ) - Nicolas Sarkozy : French Choose the American Way ? by David Storobin - Vive this difference by Suzanne Fields - Frances chance , The Economist , 12 April 2007 - Letter From Europe- Round 1 Jane Kramer , The New Yorker , 23 April 2007 - On the so-called rupture by Sarkozy , Mathieu Potte-Bonneville & Pierre Zaoui , Vacarme n°41 , Winter 2007 - The Bettencourt/LOréal scandal Radio France Internationale in English - French politics no stranger to scandals Radio France Internationale in English - LOréal , scandals and the far right Radio France Internationale in English - Articles and Coverage ( Guardian UK ) Related contents . - Extended biography by CIDOB Foundation - Sarkozys opinion poll tracker - Some of Sarkozys quotations |
[
"Minister of the Budget"
] | easy | What was the position of Nicolas Sarkozy from Apr 1993 to May 2002? | /wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy#P39#2 | Nicolas Sarkozy Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa ( ; ; born 28 January 1955 ) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 16 May 2007 until 15 May 2012 . Born in Paris , he is of one half Hungarian , one quarter Greek Jewish , and one quarter French origin . Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1983 to 2002 , he was Minister of the Budget under Prime Minister Édouard Balladur ( 1993–1995 ) during François Mitterrands second term . During Jacques Chiracs second presidential term he served as Minister of the Interior and as Minister of Finances . He was the leader of the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) party from 2004 to 2007 . He won the 2007 French presidential election by a 53.1% to 46.9% margin against Socialist Ségolène Royal . During his term , he faced the financial crisis of 2007–2008 ( causing a recession , the European sovereign debt crisis ) , the Russo-Georgian War ( for which he negotiated a ceasefire ) and the Arab Spring ( especially in Tunisia , Libya , and Syria ) . He initiated the reform of French universities ( 2007 ) and the pension reform ( 2010 ) . He married Italian-French singer-songwriter Carla Bruni in 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris . In the 2012 election , François Hollande , candidate of the Socialist Party , defeated Sarkozy by a 3.2% margin . After leaving the presidential office , Sarkozy vowed to retire from public life before coming back in 2014 , being subsequently reelected as UMP leader ( renamed The Republicans in 2015 ) . Being defeated at the Republican presidential primary in 2016 , he retired from public life . He was charged with corruption by French prosecutors in two cases , notably concerning the alleged Libyan interference in the 2007 French elections . In 2021 , Sarkozy and two co-defendants were convicted of corruption ; he has appealed the ruling . Personal life . Family background . Sarkozy was born in Paris , and is the son of Pál István Ernő Sárközy de Nagy-Bócsa ( ; —in some sources Nagy-Bócsay Sárközy Pál István Ernő ) , ( born 5 May 1928 ) , a Protestant Hungarian aristocrat , and Andrée Jeanne Dadu Mallah ( 12 October 1925 – 12 December 2017 ) , whose Greek Jewish father converted to Catholicism to marry Sarkozys French Catholic maternal grandmother . They were married in the Saint-François-de-Sales church , 17th arrondissement of Paris , on 8 February 1950 , and divorced in 1959 . Early life . During Sarkozys childhood , his father founded his own advertising agency and became wealthy . The family lived in a mansion owned by Sarkozys maternal grandfather , Benedict Mallah , in the 17th arrondissement of Paris . The family later moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine , one of the wealthiest communes of the Île-de-France région immediately west of Paris . According to Sarkozy , his staunchly Gaullist grandfather was more of an influence on him than his father , whom he rarely saw . Sarkozy was raised Catholic . Sarkozy said that being abandoned by his father shaped much of who he is today . He also has said that , in his early years , he felt inferior in relation to his wealthier and taller classmates . What made me who I am now is the sum of all the humiliations suffered during childhood , he said later . Education . Sarkozy was enrolled in the Lycée Chaptal , a well regarded public middle and high school in Paris 8th arrondissement , where he failed his sixième . His family then sent him to the Cours Saint-Louis de Monceau , a private Catholic school in the 17th arrondissement , where he was reportedly a mediocre student , but where he nonetheless obtained his baccalauréat in 1973 . Sarkozy enrolled at the , where he graduated with an M.A . in private law and , later , with a D.E.A . degree in business law . Paris X Nanterre had been the starting place for the May 68 student movement and was still a stronghold of leftist students . Described as a quiet student , Sarkozy soon joined the right-wing student organization , in which he was very active . He completed his military service as a part-time Air Force cleaner . After graduating from university , Sarkozy entered Sciences Po , where he studied between 1979 and 1981 , but failed to graduate due to an insufficient command of the English language . After passing the bar , Sarkozy became a lawyer specializing in business and family law and was one of Silvio Berlusconis French lawyers . Marriages . Marie-Dominique Culioli . Sarkozy married his first wife , Marie-Dominique Culioli , on 23 September 1982 ; her father was a pharmacist from Vico ( a village north of Ajaccio , Corsica ) , her uncle was Achille Peretti , the mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1947 to 1983 and Sarkozys political mentor . They had two sons , Pierre ( born in 1985 ) , now a hip-hop producer , and Jean ( born in 1986 ) now a local politician in the city of Neuilly-sur-Seine where Sarkozy started his own political career . Sarkozys best man was the prominent right-wing politician Charles Pasqua , later to become a political opponent . Sarkozy divorced Culioli in 1996 , after they had been separated for several years . Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz . As mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine , Sarkozy met former fashion model and public relations executive Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz ( great-granddaughter of composer Isaac Albéniz and daughter of a Moldovan father ) , when he officiated at her wedding to television host Jacques Martin . In 1988 , she left her husband for Sarkozy , and divorced one year later . She and Sarkozy married in October 1996 , with witnesses Martin Bouygues and Bernard Arnault . They have one son , Louis , born 23 April 1997 . Between 2002 and 2005 , the couple often appeared together on public occasions , with Cécilia Sarkozy acting as the chief aide for her husband . On 25 May 2005 , however , the Swiss newspaper Le Matin revealed that she had left Sarkozy for French-Moroccan national Richard Attias , head of Publicis in New York . There were other accusations of a private nature in Le Matin , which led to Sarkozy suing the paper . In the meantime , he was said to have had an affair with a journalist of Le Figaro , Anne Fulda . Sarkozy and Cécilia ultimately divorced on 15 October 2007 , soon after his election as president . Carla Bruni . Less than a month after separating from Cécilia , Sarkozy met Italian-born singer , songwriter and former fashion model Carla Bruni at a dinner party , and soon entered into a relationship with her . They married on 2 February 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris . The couple have a daughter , Giulia , born on 19 October 2011 . It was the first time a French president has publicly had a child while in office . Personal wealth . Sarkozy declared to the Constitutional Council a net worth of €2 million , most of the assets being in the form of life insurance policies . As the French President , one of his first actions was to give himself a pay raise : his yearly salary went from €101,000 to €240,000 , matching other European officeholders . He is also entitled to a mayoral , parliamentarian and presidential pension as a former Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine , member of the National Assembly and President of France . Early political career . Sarkozy is recognized by French parties on both the Right and Left as a skilled politician and striking orator . His supporters within France emphasize his charisma , political innovation and willingness to make a dramatic break amid mounting disaffection against politics as usual . Overall , he is considered more pro-American and pro-Israeli than most French politicians . From 2004 to 2007 , Sarkozy was president of the Union pour un Mouvement Populaire ( UMP ) , Frances major right-wing political party , and he was Minister of the Interior in the government of Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin , with the honorific title of Minister of State , making him effectively the number three official in the French State after President Jacques Chirac and Villepin . His ministerial responsibilities included law enforcement and working to co-ordinate relationships between the national and local governments , as well as Minister of Worship : in this role he created the French Council of the Muslim Faith ( CFCM ) . Previously , he was a député in the French National Assembly . He was forced to resign this position in order to accept his ministerial appointment . He previously also held several ministerial posts , including Finance Minister . In Government : 1993–1995 . Sarkozys political career began when he was 23 , when he became a city councillor in Neuilly-sur-Seine . A member of the Neo-Gaullist party RPR , he went on to be elected mayor of that town , after the death of the incumbent mayor Achille Peretti . Sarkozy had been close to Peretti , as his mother was Perettis secretary . A more senior RPR councillor , Charles Pasqua , wanted to become mayor , and asked Sarkozy to organize his campaign . Instead Sarkozy took that opportunity to propel himself into the office of mayor . He was the youngest mayor of any town in France with a population of over 50,000 . He served from 1983 to 2002 . In 1988 , he became a deputy in the National Assembly . In 1993 , Sarkozy was in the national news for personally negotiating with the Human Bomb , a man who had taken small children hostage in a kindergarten in Neuilly . The Human Bomb was killed after two days of talks by policemen of the RAID , who entered the school stealthily while the attacker was resting . At the same time , from 1993 to 1995 , he was Minister for the Budget and spokesman for the executive in the cabinet of Prime Minister Édouard Balladur . Throughout most of his early career , Sarkozy had been seen as a protégé of Jacques Chirac . During his tenure , he increased Frances public debt more than any other French Budget Minister , by the equivalent of €200 billion ( US$260 billion ) ( FY 1994–1996 ) . The first two budgets he submitted to the parliament ( budgets for FY1994 and FY1995 ) assumed a yearly budget deficit equivalent to six percent of GDP . According to the Maastricht Treaty , the French yearly budget deficit may not exceed three percent of Frances GDP . In 1995 , he spurned Chirac and backed Édouard Balladur for President of France . After Chirac won the election , Sarkozy lost his position as Minister for the Budget , and found himself outside the circles of power . However , he returned after the right-wing defeat at the 1997 parliamentary election , as the number two candidate of the RPR . When the party leader Philippe Séguin resigned , in 1999 , he took the leadership of the Neo-Gaullist party . But it obtained its worst result at the 1999 European Parliament election , winning 12.7% of the votes , less than the dissident Rally for France of Charles Pasqua . Sarkozy lost the RPR leadership . In 2002 , however , after his re-election as President of the French Republic ( see 2002 French presidential election ) , Chirac appointed Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior in the cabinet of Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin , despite Sarkozys support of Edouard Balladur for President in 1995 . Following Chiracs 14 July keynote speech on road safety , Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior pushed through new legislation leading to the mass purchase of speed cameras and a campaign to increase the awareness of dangers on the roads . In the cabinet reshuffle of 30 April 2004 , Sarkozy became Finance Minister . Tensions continued to build between Sarkozy and Chirac and within the UMP party , as Sarkozys intentions of becoming head of the party after the resignation of Alain Juppé became clear . In party elections of 10 November 2004 , Sarkozy became leader of the UMP with 85% of the vote . In accordance with an agreement with Chirac , he resigned as Finance Minister . Sarkozys ascent was marked by the division of UMP between sarkozystes , such as Sarkozys first lieutenant , Brice Hortefeux , and Chirac loyalists , such as Jean-Louis Debré . Sarkozy was made Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ( Knight of the Legion of Honour ) by President Chirac in February 2005 . He was re-elected on 13 March 2005 to the National Assembly . ( As required by the constitution , he had to resign as a deputy when he became minister in 2002. ) On 31 May 2005 the main French news radio station France Info reported a rumour that Sarkozy was to be reappointed Minister of the Interior in the government of Dominique de Villepin without resigning from the UMP leadership . This was confirmed on 2 June 2005 , when the members of the government were officially announced . First term as Minister of the Interior : 2002–2004 . Towards the end of his first term as Minister of the Interior , in 2004 , Sarkozy was the most divisive conservative politician in France , according to polls conducted at the beginning of 2004 . Sarkozy has sought to ease the sometimes tense relationships between the general French population and the Muslim community . Unlike the Catholic Church in France with their official leaders or Protestants with their umbrella organisations , the French Muslim community had a lack of structure with no group that could legitimately deal with the French government on their behalf . Sarkozy supported the foundation in May 2003 of the private non-profit Conseil français du culte musulman ( French Council of the Muslim Faith ) , an organisation meant to be representative of French Muslims . In addition , Sarkozy has suggested amending the 1905 law on the separation of Church and State , mostly in order to be able to finance mosques and other Muslim institutions with public funds so that they are less reliant on money from outside France . It was not followed by any concrete measure . Minister of Finance : 2004 . During his short appointment as Minister of Finance , Sarkozy was responsible for introducing a number of policies . The degree to which this reflected libéralisme ( a hands-off approach to running the economy ) or more traditional French state dirigisme ( intervention ) is controversial . He resigned the day following his election as president of the UMP . - In September 2004 , Sarkozy oversaw the reduction of the government ownership stake in France Télécom from 50.4 percent to 41 percent . - Sarkozy backed a partial nationalisation of the large engineering company Alstom decided by his predecessor when the company was exposed to bankruptcy in 2003 . - In June 2004 , Sarkozy reached an agreement with the major retail chains in France to concertedly lower prices on household goods by an average of two percent ; the success of this measure is disputed , with studies suggesting that the decrease was close to one percent in September . - Taxes : Sarkozy avoided taking a position on the ISF ( solidarity tax on wealth ) . This is considered an ideological symbol by many on the left and right . Some in the business world and on the liberal right , such as Alain Madelin , wanted it abolished . For Sarkozy , that would have risked being categorised by the left as a gift to the richest classes of society at a time of economic difficulties . Second term as Minister of the Interior : 2005–2007 . During his second term at the Ministry of the Interior , Sarkozy was initially more discreet about his ministerial activities : instead of focusing on his own topic of law and order , many of his declarations addressed wider issues , since he was expressing his opinions as head of the UMP party . However , the civil unrest in autumn 2005 put law enforcement in the spotlight again . Sarkozy was accused of having provoked the unrest by calling young delinquents from housing projects a rabble ( racaille ) in Argenteuil near Paris , and controversially suggested cleansing the minority suburbs with a Kärcher . After the accidental death of two youths , which sparked the riots , Sarkozy first blamed it on hoodlums and gangsters . These remarks were sharply criticised by many on the left wing and by a member of his own government , Delegate Minister for Equal Opportunities Azouz Begag . After the rioting , he made a number of announcements on future policy : selection of immigrants , greater tracking of immigrants , and a reform on the 1945 ordinance government justice measures for young delinquents . UMP leader : 2004–2007 . Before he was elected President of France , Sarkozy was president of UMP , the French conservative party , elected with 85 percent of the vote . During his presidency , the number of members increased significantly . In 2005 , he supported a yes vote in the French referendum on the European Constitution , but the No vote won . Throughout 2005 , Sarkozy called for radical changes in Frances economic and social policies . These calls culminated in an interview with Le Monde on 8 September 2005 , during which he claimed that the French had been misled for 30 years by false promises . Among other issues : - he called for a simplified and fairer taxation system , with fewer loopholes and a maximum taxation rate ( all direct taxes combined ) at 50 percent of revenue ; - he approved measures reducing or denying social support to unemployed workers who refuse work offered to them ; - he pressed for a reduction in the budget deficit , claiming that the French state had been living off credit for some time . Such policies are what are called in France libéral ( that is , in favour of laissez-faire economic policies ) or , with a pejorative undertone , ultra-libéral . Sarkozy rejects this label of libéral and prefers to call himself a pragmatist . Sarkozy opened another avenue of controversy by declaring that he wanted a reform of the immigration system , with quotas designed to admit the skilled workers needed by the French economy . He also wanted to reform the current French system for foreign students , saying that it enabled foreign students to take open-ended curricula in order to obtain residency in France ; instead , he wanted to select the best students to the best curricula in France . In early 2006 , the French parliament adopted a controversial bill known as DADVSI , which reforms French copyright law . Since his party was divided on the issue , Sarkozy stepped in and organised meetings between various parties involved . Later , groups such as the Odebi League and EUCD.info alleged that Sarkozy personally and unofficially supported certain amendments to the law , which enacted strong penalties against designers of peer-to-peer systems . Presidential election : 2007 . Sarkozy was a likely candidate for the presidency in 2007 ; in an oft-repeated comment made on television channel France 2 , when asked by a journalist whether he thought about the presidential election when he shaved in the morning , Sarkozy commented , Not just when I shave . On 14 January 2007 , Sarkozy was chosen by the UMP to be its candidate in the 2007 presidential election . Sarkozy , who was running unopposed , won 98 percent of the votes . Of the 327,000 UMP members who could vote , 69 percent participated in the online ballot . In February 2007 , Sarkozy appeared on a televised debate on TF1 where he expressed his support for affirmative action and the freedom to work overtime . Despite his opposition to same-sex marriage , he advocated civil unions and the possibility for same-sex partners to inherit under the same regime as married couples . The law was voted in July 2007 . On 7 February , Sarkozy decided in favour of a projected second , non-nuclear , aircraft carrier for the national Navy ( adding to the nuclear Charles de Gaulle ) , during an official visit in Toulon with Defence Minister Michèle Alliot-Marie . This would allow permanently having an operational ship , taking into account the constraints of maintenance , he explained . On 21 March , President Jacques Chirac announced his support for Sarkozy . Chirac pointed out that Sarkozy had been chosen as presidential candidate for the ruling UMP party , and said : So it is totally natural that I give him my vote and my support . To focus on his campaign , Sarkozy stepped down as Minister of the Interior on 26 March . During the campaign , rival candidates had accused Sarkozy of being a candidate for brutality and of presenting hard-line views about Frances future . Opponents also accused him of courting conservative voters in policy-making in a bid to capitalise on right-wing sentiments among some communities . However , his popularity was sufficient to see him polling as the frontrunner throughout the later campaign period , consistently ahead of rival Socialist candidate , Ségolène Royal . The first round of the presidential election was held on 22 April 2007 . Sarkozy came in first with 31.18 percent of the votes , ahead of Ségolène Royal of the Socialists with 25.87 percent . In the second round , Sarkozy came out on top to win the election with 53.06 percent of the votes ahead of Ségolène Royal with 46.94 percent . In his speech immediately following the announcement of the election results , Sarkozy stressed the need for Frances modernisation , but also called for national unity , mentioning that Royal was in his thoughts . In that speech , he claimed The French have chosen to break with the ideas , habits and behaviour of the past . I will restore the value of work , authority , merit and respect for the nation . Presidency ( 2007–2012 ) . Inauguration . On 6 May 2007 , Nicolas Sarkozy became the sixth person to be elected President of the Fifth Republic ( which was established in 1958 ) , and the 23rd President in French history . The official transfer of power from Chirac to Sarkozy took place on 16 May at 11:00 am ( 9:00 UTC ) at the Élysée Palace , where he was given the authorization codes of the French nuclear arsenal . In the afternoon , the new president flew to Berlin to meet with German Chancellor Angela Merkel . Under Sarkozys government , François Fillon replaced Dominique de Villepin as Prime Minister . Sarkozy appointed Bernard Kouchner , the left-wing founder of Médecins Sans Frontières , as his Foreign Minister , leading to Kouchners expulsion from the Socialist Party . In addition to Kouchner , three more Sarkozy ministers are from the left , including Éric Besson , who served as Ségolène Royals economic adviser at the beginning of her campaign . Sarkozy also appointed seven women to form a total cabinet of 15 ; one , Justice Minister Rachida Dati , is the first woman of Northern African origin to serve in a French cabinet . Of the 15 , two attended the elite École nationale dadministration ( ENA ) . The ministers were reorganised , with the controversial creation of a Ministry of Immigration , Integration , National Identity and Co-Development—given to his right-hand man Brice Hortefeux—and of a Ministry of Budget , Public Accounts and Civil Administration—handed out to Éric Wœrth , supposed to prepare the replacement of only a third of all civil servants who retire . However , after 17 June parliamentary elections , the Cabinet was adjusted to 15 ministers and 16 deputy ministers , totalling 31 officials . Sarkozy broke with the custom of amnestying traffic tickets and of releasing thousands of prisoners from overcrowded jails on Bastille Day , a tradition that Napoleon had started in 1802 to commemorate the storming of the Bastille during the French Revolution . In the 2007 and 2008 , French President Nicolas Sarkozy , Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper , and Quebec Premier Jean Charest all spoke in favour of a Canada – EU free trade agreement . In October 2008 , Sarkozy became the first French President to address the National Assembly of Quebec . In his speech he spoke out against Quebec separatism , but recognized Quebec as a nation within Canada . He said that , to France , Canada was a friend , and Quebec was family . Release of hostages . Shortly after taking office , Sarkozy began negotiations with Colombian president Álvaro Uribe and the left-wing guerrilla FARC , regarding the release of hostages held by the rebel group , especially Franco-Colombian politician Ingrid Betancourt . According to some sources , Sarkozy himself asked for Uribe to release FARCs chancellor Rodrigo Granda . Furthermore , he announced on 24 July 2007 , that French and European representatives had obtained the extradition of the Bulgarian nurses detained in Libya to their country . In exchange , he signed with Muammar Gaddafi security , health care and immigration pacts—and a $230 million ( 168 million euros ) MILAN antitank missile sale . The contract was the first made by Libya since 2004 , and was negotiated with MBDA , a subsidiary of EADS . Another 128 million euro contract would have been signed , according to Tripoli , with EADS for a TETRA radio system . The Socialist Party ( PS ) and the Communist Party ( PCF ) criticised a state affair and a barter with a Rogue state . The leader of the PS , François Hollande , requested the opening of a parliamentary investigation . Green policy . On 8 June 2007 , during the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm , Sarkozy set a goal of reducing French CO emissions by 50 percent by 2050 in order to prevent global warming . He then pushed forward Socialist Dominique Strauss-Kahn as European nominee to the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . Critics alleged that Sarkozy proposed to nominate Strauss-Kahn as managing director of the IMF to deprive the Socialist Party of one of its more popular figures . In 2010 , a study of :Yale and Columbia universities ranked France the most respectful country of the G20 concerning the environment . Economic policy . The Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) , Sarkozys party , won a majority at the June 2007 legislative election , although by less than expected . In July , the UMP majority , seconded by the Nouveau Centre , ratified one of Sarkozys electoral promises , which was to partially revoke the inheritance tax . The inheritance tax formerly brought eight billion euros into state coffers . Sarkozys UMP majority prepared a budget that reduced taxes , in particular for upper middle-class people , allegedly in an effort to boost GDP growth , but did not reduce state expenditures . He was criticised by the European Commission for doing so . On 23 July 2008 , parliament voted the loi de modernisation de léconomie ( Modernization of the Economy Law ) which loosened restrictions on retail prices and reduced limitations on the creation of businesses . The Government has also made changes to long-standing French work-hour regulations , allowing employers to negotiate overtime with employees and making all hours worked past the traditional French 35-hour week tax-free . However , as a result of the global financial crisis that came to a head in September 2008 , Sarkozy has returned to the state interventionism of his predecessors , declaring that laissez-faire capitalism is over and denouncing the dictatorship of the market . Confronted with the suggestion that he had become a socialist , he responded : Have I become socialist ? Perhaps . He has also pledged to create 100,000 state-subsidised jobs . Security policy . Sarkozys government issued a decree on 7 August 2007 to generalise a voluntary biometric profiling program of travellers in airports . The program , called Parafes , was to use fingerprints . The new database would be interconnected with the Schengen Information System ( SIS ) as well as with a national database of wanted persons ( FPR ) . The Commission nationale de linformatique et des libertés ( CNIL ) protested against this new decree , opposing itself to the recording of fingerprints and to the interconnection between the SIS and the FPR . Constitutional reform . On 21 July 2008 , the French parliament passed constitutional reforms which Sarkozy had made one of the key pledges of his presidential campaign . The vote was 539 to 357 , one vote over the three-fifths majority required ; the changes are not yet finalized . They would introduce a two-term limit for the presidency , and end the presidents right of collective pardon . They would allow the president to address parliament in-session , and parliament , to set its own agenda . They would give parliament a veto over some presidential appointments , while ending government control over parliaments committee system . He has claimed that these reforms strengthen parliament , while some opposition socialist lawmakers have described it as a consolidation of a monocracy . International affairs . During his 2007 presidential campaign , Sarkozy promised a strengthening of the entente cordiale with the United Kingdom and closer cooperation with the United States . Sarkozy wielded special international power when France held the rotating EU Council Presidency from July 2008 through December 2008 . Sarkozy has publicly stated his intention to attain EU approval of a progressive energy package before the end of his EU Presidency . This energy package would clearly define climate change objectives for the EU and hold members to specific reductions in emissions . In further support of his collaborative outlook on climate change , Sarkozy has led the EU into a partnership with China . On 6 December 2008 , Nicolas Sarkozy , as part of Frances then presidency of the Council of the EU , met the Dalai Lama in Poland and outraged China , which has announced that it would postpone the China-EU summit indefinitely . On 3 April 2009 , at the NATO Summit in Strasbourg , Sarkozy announced that France would offer asylum to a former Guantanamo captive . We are on the path to failure if we continue to act as we have , French President Nicolas Sarkozy cautioned at the U.N . Climate Summit on 22 September 2009 . On 5 January 2009 , Sarkozy called for a ceasefire plan for the Gaza Strip Conflict . The plan , which was jointly proposed by Sarkozy and Egyptian ex-President Hosni Mubarak envisions the continuation of the delivery of aid to Gaza and talks with Israel on border security , a key issue for Israel as it says Hamas smuggles its rockets into Gaza through the Egyptian border . Welcoming the proposal , US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice called for a ceasefire that can endure and that can bring real security . Military intervention in Libya . Muammar Gaddafis official visit to Nicolas Sarkozy in December 2007 triggered a strong wave of protests against the President in France . In March 2011 , after having been criticized for his unwillingness to support the Egyptian and Tunisian revolutions , and persuaded by the philosopher Bernard-Henri Levy to have France actively engage against the forces of the Libyan leader , Muammar Gaddafi , Nicolas Sarkozy was amongst the first Heads of State to demand the resignation of Gaddafi and his government , which was then fighting a civil war in Libya . On 10 March 2011 , Nicolas Sarkozy welcomed to the Elysee Palace , three emissaries from the Libyan National Transitional Council ( NTC ) , brought to him by Bernard-Henri Levy who mediated at the meeting . Nicolas Sarkozy promised them a no-fly zone would be imposed on Gaddafis aeroplanes . He also promised them French military assistance . On 17 March 2011 , at the behest of France , resolution 1973 was adopted by the Security Council of the United Nations , permitting the creation of a no fly zone over Libya , and for the undertaking of necessary measures for the protection of the countrys civilian population . On 19 March 2011 , Nicolas Sarkozy officially announced the beginning of a military intervention in Libya , with Frances participation . These actions of Nicolas Sarkozy were favorably received by the majority of the French political class and public opinion . In 2016 , the Foreign Affairs Committee of the British Parliament published a report stating that the military intervention was based on erroneous assumptions that the threat of a massacre of civilian populations has been overvalued and that the coalition Has not verified the real threat to civilians ; He also believes that the true motivations of Nicolas Sarkozy were to serve French interests and to improve his political situation in France . 2012 presidential campaign . Sarkozy was one of ten candidates who qualified for the first round of voting . François Hollande , the Socialist Party candidate , received the most votes in the first round held on 22 April election , with Sarkozy coming second , meaning that both progressed to the second round of voting on 5–6 May 2012 . Sarkozy lost in the runoff and conceded to Hollande . He received an estimated 48.38% compared to Hollandes 51.62% . After his defeat . Temporary retirement : 2012–2014 . After his defeat at the 2012 election , Nicolas Sarkozy asked his supporters to respect Hollandes victory . He invited his successor to attend his last 8 May Victory in Europe Day commemoration in office . His last day as President of the French Republic was 15 May . Shortly after , Sarkozy briefly considered a career in private equity and secured a €250 million commitment from the Qatar Investment Authority to back his planned buyout firm . He abandoned his private equity plans when he decided to make a political comeback in 2014 . Return to politics : 2014–2016 . On 19 September 2014 , Sarkozy announced that he was returning to politics and would run for chairman of the UMP party . and was elected to the post on 29 November 2014 . Led by Sarkozy , UMP won over two-thirds of the 102 local departements in the nationwide elections on 29 March 2015 . On 13 December , the Republicans won the majority of regional office races , another set of national elections . ( On 30 May the UMPs name was changed to the Republicans. ) In January 2016 , Sarkozy published the book La France pour la vie . In August 2016 , he announced his candidacy for 2016 Republican presidential primary in November 2016 , but only came in third place behind François Fillon and Alain Juppé . He decided to endorse Fillon and to retire from politics . Other activities . Corporate boards . - Lagardère Group , Member of the Supervisory Board ( since 2020 ) - Accor , Independent Member of the Board of Directors and Chairman of the International Strategy Committee ( since 2017 ) - Groupe Lucien Barrière , Member of the Board of Directors ( since 2019 ) Non-profit organizations . - Berggruen Institute , Member of the 21st Century Council - Schwarzman Scholars , Honorary Member of the Advisory Board Public image . Sarkozy was named the 68th best-dressed person in the world by Vanity Fair , alongside David Beckham and Brad Pitt . However , Sarkozy has also been named as the third worst-dressed person in the world by GQ , a listing that has been disputed . Beside publicising , at times , and at others , refusing to publicise his ex-wife Cécilia Ciganer-Albénizs image , Sarkozy takes care of his own personal image , sometimes to the point of censorship—such as in the Paris Match affair , when he allegedly forced its director to resign following an article on his ex-wife and her affair with Publicis executive Richard Attias , or pressures exercised on the Journal du dimanche , which was preparing to publish an article concerning Ciganer-Albénizs decision not to vote in the second round of the 2007 presidential election . In its edition of 9 August 2007 , Paris Match retouched a photo of Sarkozy in order to erase a love handle . His official portrait destined for all French town halls was done by Sipa Press photographer Philippe Warrin , better known for his paparazzi work . Former Daily Telegraph journalist Colin Randall has highlighted Sarkozys tighter control of his image and frequent interventions in the media : he censors a book , or fires the chief editor of a weekly . Sarkozy is reported by Reuters to be sensitive about his height ( believed to be ) . The French media have pointed out that Carla Bruni frequently wears flats when in public with him . In 2009 , a worker at a factory where Sarkozy gave a speech said she was asked to stand next to him because she was of a similar height to Sarkozy . ( This story was corroborated by some trade union officials. ) This was the subject of a political row : the presidents office called the accusation completely absurd and grotesque , while the Socialist Party mocked his fastidious preparation . Sarkozy lost a suit against a manufacturer of Sarkozy voodoo dolls , in which he claimed that he had a right to his own image . Sarkozy was nicknamed as Hyper-president or hyperpresident by some French media after his 2007 election as president , to describe his desire to control everything . Whereas in the history of the Fifth Republic , the successive presidents were traditionally focused on the foreign policy of the country and on international relations , leaving the Prime Minister and the government to determine the domestic policy , as the Constitution states it , Nicolas Sarkozy appeared to determine both the foreign and domestic policy . Some compared Nicolas Sarkozy to Napoléon Bonaparte and Louis XIV . Indeed , he appointed a very close friend of his , François Fillon , as a Prime Minister . François Fillon was accused of being an instrument of the Presidents power . The biopic The Conquest is a 2011 film that dramatizes Sarkozys rise to power , with candid portrayals of Sarkozy himself , Chirac and Villepin . It was shown at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . Controversies . Sarkozy is generally disliked by the left and has been criticised by some on the right , most vocally by moderate Gaullist supporters of Jacques Chirac and Dominique de Villepin . The communist-leaning magazine LHumanité accused Sarkozy of populism . Views on religions . In 2004 Sarkozy co-authored a book , La République , les religions , lespérance ( The Republic , Religions , and Hope ) , in which he argued that the young should not be brought up solely on secular or republican values . He advocated reducing the separation of church and state , arguing for the government subsidies for mosques to encourage Islamic integration into French society . He has opposed financing of religious institutions with funds from outside France . After meeting with Tom Cruise , Sarkozy was criticized by some for meeting with a member of the Church of Scientology , which has been seen by some as a cult . Sarkozy was criticized by some Christians after he claimed the roots of France are essentially Christian at a December 2007 speech in Rome . Similarly , he drew criticism from Christians after he called Islam one of the greatest and most beautiful civilizations the world has known at a speech in Riyadh in January 2008 . Controversial statements . In the midst of a tense period and following the death of an 11-year-old boy , caught in the crossfire of a gang brawl in the Paris suburb of La Courneuve in June 2005 , Sarkozy went to the scene and said : on va nettoyer au Kärcher la cité ( we will clean the area with a pressure washer ) . Two days before the 2005 Paris riots , he referred to young criminals of nearby housing projects as voyous ( thugs ) and racaille , a slang term which can be translated into English as rabble , scum or riff-raff , in answer to resident who addressed Sarkozy with Quand nous débarrassez-vous de cette racaille ? ( When will you rid us of these dregs? ) The French Communist Party publication , LHumanité , branded this language as inappropriate . Following Sarkozys use of the word racaille many people in the banlieues identified him as a politician of the far right . His period as Minister of the Interior saw the use of police as shock troops in the banlieues , and a police raid on the suburb of Clichy-sous-Bois in October 2005 led to two boys being electrocuted in a power sub-station . The riots began that night . In September 2005 Sarkozy was accused of pushing for a hasty inquiry into an arson attack on a police station in Pau , of which the alleged perpetrators were acquitted for lack of proof . On 22 June 2005 Sarkozy told law enforcement officials that he had questioned the Minister of Justice about the future of the judge who had freed a man on parole who had later committed a murder . A few weeks before the first round of the 2007 presidential elections , Sarkozy had an interview with philosopher Michel Onfray . Sarkozy stated that disorders such as paedophilia and depression have a genetic as well as social basis , saying .. . Id be inclined to think that one is born a paedophile , and it is actually a problem that we do not know how to cure this disease ; he claimed that suicides among youth were linked to genetic predispositions by stating , I dont want to give parents a complex . Its not exclusively the parents fault every time a youngster commits suicide . These statements were criticised by some scientists , including geneticist Axel Kahn . Sarkozy later added , What part is innate and what part is acquired ? At least lets debate it , lets not close the door to all debate . On 27 July 2007 , Sarkozy delivered a speech in Dakar , Senegal , written by Henri Guaino , in which he claimed that the African has never really entered into history . The controversial remarks were widely condemned by Africans , with some viewing them as racist . South African president Thabo Mbeki praised Sarkozys speech , which raised criticism by some in the South African media . On 30 July 2010 , Sarkozy suggested a new policy of security , and he proposed stripping foreign-born French citizens who opted to acquire their nationality at their majority of their citizenship if they are convicted of threatening the life of a police officer or other serious crimes . This policy has been criticized for example by the US newspaper The New York Times , by Sarkozys political opponents , including the Socialist Party leader Martine Aubry , and by experts of French law , including the ex-member of the Constitutional Council of France , Robert Badinter , who said that such action would be unconstitutional . He called for coercive methods to promote métissage , cultural mixing ( which can sometimes include genetic mixing ) , which he called an obligation during a press conference on 17 December 2008 . Casse-toi , pauvcon . On 23 February 2008 , Sarkozy was filmed by a reporter for French newspaper Le Parisien having the following exchange while visiting the Paris International Agricultural Show:While quickly crossing the hall Saturday morning , in the middle of the crowd , Sarkozy encounters a recalcitrant visitor who refuses to shake his hand . Ah no , dont touch me! , said the man . The president retorted immediately : Get lost , then . Youre making me dirty , yelled the man . With a frozen smile , Sarkozy says , his teeth glistening , a refined Get lost , then , poor dumb-ass , go . A precise translation into English has many possible variations . On 28 August 2008 , Hervé Eon , from Laval came to an anti-Sarkozy demonstration with a sign bearing the words Casse-toi pov con , the exact words Sarkozy had uttered . Eon was arrested for causing offence to the presidential function and the prosecutor , who in France indirectly reports to the president , requested a fine of €1000 . The court eventually imposed a symbolic €30 suspended fine , which has generally been interpreted as a defeat for the prosecution side . This incident was widely reported on , in particular as Sarkozy , as president of the Republic , is immune from prosecution , notably restricting Eons rights to sue Sarkozy for defamation . Position on the Iraq war . Sarkozy opposed the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq . However , he was critical of the way Chirac and his foreign minister Dominique de Villepin expressed Frances opposition to the war . Talking at the French-American Foundation in Washington , D.C . on 12 September 2006 , he denounced what he called the French arrogance and said : It is bad manners to embarrass ones allies or sound like one is taking delight in their troubles . He added : We must never again turn our disagreements into a crisis . Chirac reportedly said in private that Sarkozys speech was appalling and a shameful act . Accusations of nepotism . In October 2009 , Sarkozy was accused of nepotism for helping his son , Jean , try to become head of the public body running Frances biggest business district EPAD . On 3 July 2012 , French police raided Sarkozys residence and office as part of a probe into claims that Sarkozy was involved in illegal political campaign financing . Political and financial scandals . On 5 July 2010 , following its investigations on the Bettencourt affair , online newspaper Mediapart ran an article in which Claire Thibout , a former accountant of billionairess Liliane Bettencourt , accused Sarkozy and Eric Woerth of receiving illegal campaign donations in 2007 , in cash . On 1 July 2014 Sarkozy was detained for questioning by police over claims he had promised a prestigious role in Monaco to a high-ranking judge , Gilbert Azibert , in exchange for information about the investigation into alleged illegal campaign funding . Mr Azibert , one of the most senior judges at the Court of Appeal , was called in for questioning on 30 June 2014 . It is believed to be the first time a former French president has been held in police custody , although his predecessor , Jacques Chirac , was found guilty of embezzlement and breach of trust while he was mayor of Paris and given a suspended prison sentence in 2011 . After 15 hours in police custody , Sarkozy was put under official investigation for active corruption , misuse of influence and obtained through a breach of professional secrecy on 2 July 2014 . Mr Azibert and Sarkozys lawyer , Thierry Herzog , are also now under official investigation . The two accusations carry sentences of up to 10 years in prison . The developments were seen as a blow to Sarkozys attempts to challenge for the presidency in 2017 . Nevertheless , he later stood as a candidate for the Republican party nomination , but was eliminated from the contest in November 2016 . A trial on this case , Sarkozys first , started on 23 November 2020 . On 16 February 2016 , Sarkozy was indicted on illegal financing of political campaign charges related to overspending in his 2012 presidential campaign and retained as witness in connection with the Bygmalion scandal . In April 2016 , Arnaud Claude , former law partner of Sarkozy , was named in the Panama Papers . On 23 November 2020 , the trial of Nicolas Sarkozy started who is accused of corruption and influence peddling , for an attempted bribery of a judge . The trial was postponed until November 26 , following a request from one of his co-defendants for health reasons . On 1 March 2021 , a court in Paris found former French President Nicolas Sarkozy guilty of corruption , trading in influence in a wiretapping and illegal data exchange case involving a number of individuals like magistrate Gilbert Azibert and Sarkozys former lawyer Thierry Herzog . Both men were tried with him and convicted as well . Sarkozy and his two co-defendants were sentenced to three years , two of them suspended , and one in prison . Sarkozy appealed the ruling , which suspends its application . On 20 May 2021 , the criminal trial began for Sarkozy and 13 other defendants who were said to have been involved in the Bygmalion scandal . Sarkozys second corruption trial involves allegations of diverting tens of millions of euros which was intended to be spent on the his failed 2012 re-election campaign and then hiring a PR firm to cover it up . The illicit campaign finance money was instead used to overspend on lavish campaign rallies and events . Alleged Libyan agent of influence . Shortly after his inauguration as President of France in 2007 , Sarkozy invited Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi to France over the objections of both the political opposition , and members of his own government . The visit marked the first time Gaddafi had been to France in more than 35 years and , during it , France agreed to sell Libya 21 Airbus aircraft and signed a nuclear cooperation agreement . Negotiations for the purchase of more than a dozen Dassault Rafale fighter jets , plus military helicopters , were also initiated during the trip . During the 2011 Libyan Civil War – a conflict in which France intervened – Saif-al-Islam Gaddafi said in an interview with euronews that the Libyan state had donated €50 million to Sarkozys 2007 presidential campaign in exchange for access and favors by Sarkozy . Investigative website Mediapart subsequently published several documents appearing to prove a payment of €50 million , and also published a claim by Ziad Takieddine that he had personally handed three briefcases stuffed with cash to Sarkozy . French magistrates later acquired diaries of former Libyan oil minister Shukri Ghanem in which payments to Sarkozy were mentioned . Shortly thereafter , however , Ghanem was found dead , floating in the Danube in Austria and thereby preventing his corroboration of the diaries . In January 2018 , British police arrested Alexandre Djouhri on a European Arrest Warrant . Djouhri was an associate of Sarkozy and had refused to respond to a French judicial summons for questioning over allegations he had helped launder Libyan funds on behalf of Sarkozy . Political career . - President of the French Republic : 2007–2012 . - Member of the Constitutional Council of France : since 2012 . Governmental functions - Minister of Budget and governments spokesman : 1993–1995 . - Minister of Communication and governments spokesman : 1994–1995 . - Minister of State , minister of Interior , of the Internal Security and Local Freedoms : 2002–2004 . - Minister of State , minister of Economy , Finance and Industry : March–November 2004 ( resignation ) . - Minister of State , minister of Interior and Land Planning : 2005–2007 ( resignation ) . Electoral mandates European Parliament - Member of the European Parliament : July–September 1999 ( resignation ) . Elected in 1999 . National Assembly of France - Member of the National Assembly of France for Hauts-de-Seine ( 6th constituency ) : 1988–1993 ( became minister in 1993 ) / 1995–2002 ( became minister in 2002 ) / March–June 2005 ( became minister in June 2005 ) . Elected in 1988 , reelected in 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 2002 , 2005 . Regional Council - Regional councillor of Île-de-France : 1983–1988 ( resignation ) . Elected in 1986 . General Council - President of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine : 2004–2007 ( resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . - Vice-president of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine : 1986–1988 ( resignation ) . - General councillor of Hauts-de-Seine , elected in the canton of Neuilly-sur-Seine-Nord : 1985–1988 / 2004–2007 ( Resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . Municipal Council - Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 1983–2002 ( resignation ) . Reelected in 1989 , 1995 , and 2001 . - Deputy-mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 2002–2005 ( resignation ) . - Municipal councillor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 1977–2005 ( resignation ) . Reelected in 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , and 2001 . Political functions - President of the Union for a Popular Movement : 2004–2007 ( resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . Elected in 2004 . - President of the Rally for the Republic : April–October 1999 . - General secretary of the Rally for the Republic : 1998–1999 . - Deputy general secretary of the Rally for the Republic : 1992–1993 . Awards and honours . French Honours . - Legion of Honour - ex officio Further reading . - , interviews with Michel Denisot - , Grand livre du mois 1995 - , subject ( s ) : Pratiques politiques—France—1990– , France—Politique et gouvernement—1997–2002 - Alvarez-Montalvo , Marta ( 9 July 2004 ) : ¿Quién teme a Nicolas Sarkozy ? El ministro de economía francés se postula como próximo candidato a las presidenciales de 2007 , in Epoca ( [ Madrid ] : Difusora de Informacion Periodica S.A. , DINPESA , 9 July 2004 ) , number 1012 , p . 46 ( 2 ) , 3 pages , 829 words , available online at - , subject ( s ) : Sarkozy , Nicolas ( 1955– ) —Caricatures et dessins humoristiques - , Grand Livre du mois 2004 , subject ( s ) : Chirac , Jacques ( 1932– ) , Sarkozy , Nicolas ( 1955– ) , France—Politique et gouvernement—1995– - , subject ( s ) : Laïcité—France—1990– , Islam—France—1990– External links . Official websites . - President of France - Website of the UMP , Sarkozys party - Official personal website - 2012 campaign website - Address to the General Assembly of the United Nations during the General Debate of the 63rd Session , 23 September 2008 . Nicolas Sarkozy addressed the Assembly both as President of France and as President of the European Union Press . - Radio France International feature Sarkozys 90-minute address to the nation , 6 February 2009 - Hosing Sarkozy an article in the TLS by Sudhir Hazareesingh , 28 November 2007 - Interview after One Month in Office Le Figaro , 7 June 2007 - Sarkozy takes over Chiracs UMP party ( BBC News ) - Profile : Nicolas Sarkozy ( BBC News ) - Nicolas Sarkozy : French Choose the American Way ? by David Storobin - Vive this difference by Suzanne Fields - Frances chance , The Economist , 12 April 2007 - Letter From Europe- Round 1 Jane Kramer , The New Yorker , 23 April 2007 - On the so-called rupture by Sarkozy , Mathieu Potte-Bonneville & Pierre Zaoui , Vacarme n°41 , Winter 2007 - The Bettencourt/LOréal scandal Radio France Internationale in English - French politics no stranger to scandals Radio France Internationale in English - LOréal , scandals and the far right Radio France Internationale in English - Articles and Coverage ( Guardian UK ) Related contents . - Extended biography by CIDOB Foundation - Sarkozys opinion poll tracker - Some of Sarkozys quotations |
[
"Minister of the Interior"
] | easy | What was the position of Nicolas Sarkozy in May 2002? | /wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy#P39#3 | Nicolas Sarkozy Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa ( ; ; born 28 January 1955 ) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 16 May 2007 until 15 May 2012 . Born in Paris , he is of one half Hungarian , one quarter Greek Jewish , and one quarter French origin . Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1983 to 2002 , he was Minister of the Budget under Prime Minister Édouard Balladur ( 1993–1995 ) during François Mitterrands second term . During Jacques Chiracs second presidential term he served as Minister of the Interior and as Minister of Finances . He was the leader of the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) party from 2004 to 2007 . He won the 2007 French presidential election by a 53.1% to 46.9% margin against Socialist Ségolène Royal . During his term , he faced the financial crisis of 2007–2008 ( causing a recession , the European sovereign debt crisis ) , the Russo-Georgian War ( for which he negotiated a ceasefire ) and the Arab Spring ( especially in Tunisia , Libya , and Syria ) . He initiated the reform of French universities ( 2007 ) and the pension reform ( 2010 ) . He married Italian-French singer-songwriter Carla Bruni in 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris . In the 2012 election , François Hollande , candidate of the Socialist Party , defeated Sarkozy by a 3.2% margin . After leaving the presidential office , Sarkozy vowed to retire from public life before coming back in 2014 , being subsequently reelected as UMP leader ( renamed The Republicans in 2015 ) . Being defeated at the Republican presidential primary in 2016 , he retired from public life . He was charged with corruption by French prosecutors in two cases , notably concerning the alleged Libyan interference in the 2007 French elections . In 2021 , Sarkozy and two co-defendants were convicted of corruption ; he has appealed the ruling . Personal life . Family background . Sarkozy was born in Paris , and is the son of Pál István Ernő Sárközy de Nagy-Bócsa ( ; —in some sources Nagy-Bócsay Sárközy Pál István Ernő ) , ( born 5 May 1928 ) , a Protestant Hungarian aristocrat , and Andrée Jeanne Dadu Mallah ( 12 October 1925 – 12 December 2017 ) , whose Greek Jewish father converted to Catholicism to marry Sarkozys French Catholic maternal grandmother . They were married in the Saint-François-de-Sales church , 17th arrondissement of Paris , on 8 February 1950 , and divorced in 1959 . Early life . During Sarkozys childhood , his father founded his own advertising agency and became wealthy . The family lived in a mansion owned by Sarkozys maternal grandfather , Benedict Mallah , in the 17th arrondissement of Paris . The family later moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine , one of the wealthiest communes of the Île-de-France région immediately west of Paris . According to Sarkozy , his staunchly Gaullist grandfather was more of an influence on him than his father , whom he rarely saw . Sarkozy was raised Catholic . Sarkozy said that being abandoned by his father shaped much of who he is today . He also has said that , in his early years , he felt inferior in relation to his wealthier and taller classmates . What made me who I am now is the sum of all the humiliations suffered during childhood , he said later . Education . Sarkozy was enrolled in the Lycée Chaptal , a well regarded public middle and high school in Paris 8th arrondissement , where he failed his sixième . His family then sent him to the Cours Saint-Louis de Monceau , a private Catholic school in the 17th arrondissement , where he was reportedly a mediocre student , but where he nonetheless obtained his baccalauréat in 1973 . Sarkozy enrolled at the , where he graduated with an M.A . in private law and , later , with a D.E.A . degree in business law . Paris X Nanterre had been the starting place for the May 68 student movement and was still a stronghold of leftist students . Described as a quiet student , Sarkozy soon joined the right-wing student organization , in which he was very active . He completed his military service as a part-time Air Force cleaner . After graduating from university , Sarkozy entered Sciences Po , where he studied between 1979 and 1981 , but failed to graduate due to an insufficient command of the English language . After passing the bar , Sarkozy became a lawyer specializing in business and family law and was one of Silvio Berlusconis French lawyers . Marriages . Marie-Dominique Culioli . Sarkozy married his first wife , Marie-Dominique Culioli , on 23 September 1982 ; her father was a pharmacist from Vico ( a village north of Ajaccio , Corsica ) , her uncle was Achille Peretti , the mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1947 to 1983 and Sarkozys political mentor . They had two sons , Pierre ( born in 1985 ) , now a hip-hop producer , and Jean ( born in 1986 ) now a local politician in the city of Neuilly-sur-Seine where Sarkozy started his own political career . Sarkozys best man was the prominent right-wing politician Charles Pasqua , later to become a political opponent . Sarkozy divorced Culioli in 1996 , after they had been separated for several years . Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz . As mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine , Sarkozy met former fashion model and public relations executive Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz ( great-granddaughter of composer Isaac Albéniz and daughter of a Moldovan father ) , when he officiated at her wedding to television host Jacques Martin . In 1988 , she left her husband for Sarkozy , and divorced one year later . She and Sarkozy married in October 1996 , with witnesses Martin Bouygues and Bernard Arnault . They have one son , Louis , born 23 April 1997 . Between 2002 and 2005 , the couple often appeared together on public occasions , with Cécilia Sarkozy acting as the chief aide for her husband . On 25 May 2005 , however , the Swiss newspaper Le Matin revealed that she had left Sarkozy for French-Moroccan national Richard Attias , head of Publicis in New York . There were other accusations of a private nature in Le Matin , which led to Sarkozy suing the paper . In the meantime , he was said to have had an affair with a journalist of Le Figaro , Anne Fulda . Sarkozy and Cécilia ultimately divorced on 15 October 2007 , soon after his election as president . Carla Bruni . Less than a month after separating from Cécilia , Sarkozy met Italian-born singer , songwriter and former fashion model Carla Bruni at a dinner party , and soon entered into a relationship with her . They married on 2 February 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris . The couple have a daughter , Giulia , born on 19 October 2011 . It was the first time a French president has publicly had a child while in office . Personal wealth . Sarkozy declared to the Constitutional Council a net worth of €2 million , most of the assets being in the form of life insurance policies . As the French President , one of his first actions was to give himself a pay raise : his yearly salary went from €101,000 to €240,000 , matching other European officeholders . He is also entitled to a mayoral , parliamentarian and presidential pension as a former Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine , member of the National Assembly and President of France . Early political career . Sarkozy is recognized by French parties on both the Right and Left as a skilled politician and striking orator . His supporters within France emphasize his charisma , political innovation and willingness to make a dramatic break amid mounting disaffection against politics as usual . Overall , he is considered more pro-American and pro-Israeli than most French politicians . From 2004 to 2007 , Sarkozy was president of the Union pour un Mouvement Populaire ( UMP ) , Frances major right-wing political party , and he was Minister of the Interior in the government of Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin , with the honorific title of Minister of State , making him effectively the number three official in the French State after President Jacques Chirac and Villepin . His ministerial responsibilities included law enforcement and working to co-ordinate relationships between the national and local governments , as well as Minister of Worship : in this role he created the French Council of the Muslim Faith ( CFCM ) . Previously , he was a député in the French National Assembly . He was forced to resign this position in order to accept his ministerial appointment . He previously also held several ministerial posts , including Finance Minister . In Government : 1993–1995 . Sarkozys political career began when he was 23 , when he became a city councillor in Neuilly-sur-Seine . A member of the Neo-Gaullist party RPR , he went on to be elected mayor of that town , after the death of the incumbent mayor Achille Peretti . Sarkozy had been close to Peretti , as his mother was Perettis secretary . A more senior RPR councillor , Charles Pasqua , wanted to become mayor , and asked Sarkozy to organize his campaign . Instead Sarkozy took that opportunity to propel himself into the office of mayor . He was the youngest mayor of any town in France with a population of over 50,000 . He served from 1983 to 2002 . In 1988 , he became a deputy in the National Assembly . In 1993 , Sarkozy was in the national news for personally negotiating with the Human Bomb , a man who had taken small children hostage in a kindergarten in Neuilly . The Human Bomb was killed after two days of talks by policemen of the RAID , who entered the school stealthily while the attacker was resting . At the same time , from 1993 to 1995 , he was Minister for the Budget and spokesman for the executive in the cabinet of Prime Minister Édouard Balladur . Throughout most of his early career , Sarkozy had been seen as a protégé of Jacques Chirac . During his tenure , he increased Frances public debt more than any other French Budget Minister , by the equivalent of €200 billion ( US$260 billion ) ( FY 1994–1996 ) . The first two budgets he submitted to the parliament ( budgets for FY1994 and FY1995 ) assumed a yearly budget deficit equivalent to six percent of GDP . According to the Maastricht Treaty , the French yearly budget deficit may not exceed three percent of Frances GDP . In 1995 , he spurned Chirac and backed Édouard Balladur for President of France . After Chirac won the election , Sarkozy lost his position as Minister for the Budget , and found himself outside the circles of power . However , he returned after the right-wing defeat at the 1997 parliamentary election , as the number two candidate of the RPR . When the party leader Philippe Séguin resigned , in 1999 , he took the leadership of the Neo-Gaullist party . But it obtained its worst result at the 1999 European Parliament election , winning 12.7% of the votes , less than the dissident Rally for France of Charles Pasqua . Sarkozy lost the RPR leadership . In 2002 , however , after his re-election as President of the French Republic ( see 2002 French presidential election ) , Chirac appointed Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior in the cabinet of Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin , despite Sarkozys support of Edouard Balladur for President in 1995 . Following Chiracs 14 July keynote speech on road safety , Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior pushed through new legislation leading to the mass purchase of speed cameras and a campaign to increase the awareness of dangers on the roads . In the cabinet reshuffle of 30 April 2004 , Sarkozy became Finance Minister . Tensions continued to build between Sarkozy and Chirac and within the UMP party , as Sarkozys intentions of becoming head of the party after the resignation of Alain Juppé became clear . In party elections of 10 November 2004 , Sarkozy became leader of the UMP with 85% of the vote . In accordance with an agreement with Chirac , he resigned as Finance Minister . Sarkozys ascent was marked by the division of UMP between sarkozystes , such as Sarkozys first lieutenant , Brice Hortefeux , and Chirac loyalists , such as Jean-Louis Debré . Sarkozy was made Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ( Knight of the Legion of Honour ) by President Chirac in February 2005 . He was re-elected on 13 March 2005 to the National Assembly . ( As required by the constitution , he had to resign as a deputy when he became minister in 2002. ) On 31 May 2005 the main French news radio station France Info reported a rumour that Sarkozy was to be reappointed Minister of the Interior in the government of Dominique de Villepin without resigning from the UMP leadership . This was confirmed on 2 June 2005 , when the members of the government were officially announced . First term as Minister of the Interior : 2002–2004 . Towards the end of his first term as Minister of the Interior , in 2004 , Sarkozy was the most divisive conservative politician in France , according to polls conducted at the beginning of 2004 . Sarkozy has sought to ease the sometimes tense relationships between the general French population and the Muslim community . Unlike the Catholic Church in France with their official leaders or Protestants with their umbrella organisations , the French Muslim community had a lack of structure with no group that could legitimately deal with the French government on their behalf . Sarkozy supported the foundation in May 2003 of the private non-profit Conseil français du culte musulman ( French Council of the Muslim Faith ) , an organisation meant to be representative of French Muslims . In addition , Sarkozy has suggested amending the 1905 law on the separation of Church and State , mostly in order to be able to finance mosques and other Muslim institutions with public funds so that they are less reliant on money from outside France . It was not followed by any concrete measure . Minister of Finance : 2004 . During his short appointment as Minister of Finance , Sarkozy was responsible for introducing a number of policies . The degree to which this reflected libéralisme ( a hands-off approach to running the economy ) or more traditional French state dirigisme ( intervention ) is controversial . He resigned the day following his election as president of the UMP . - In September 2004 , Sarkozy oversaw the reduction of the government ownership stake in France Télécom from 50.4 percent to 41 percent . - Sarkozy backed a partial nationalisation of the large engineering company Alstom decided by his predecessor when the company was exposed to bankruptcy in 2003 . - In June 2004 , Sarkozy reached an agreement with the major retail chains in France to concertedly lower prices on household goods by an average of two percent ; the success of this measure is disputed , with studies suggesting that the decrease was close to one percent in September . - Taxes : Sarkozy avoided taking a position on the ISF ( solidarity tax on wealth ) . This is considered an ideological symbol by many on the left and right . Some in the business world and on the liberal right , such as Alain Madelin , wanted it abolished . For Sarkozy , that would have risked being categorised by the left as a gift to the richest classes of society at a time of economic difficulties . Second term as Minister of the Interior : 2005–2007 . During his second term at the Ministry of the Interior , Sarkozy was initially more discreet about his ministerial activities : instead of focusing on his own topic of law and order , many of his declarations addressed wider issues , since he was expressing his opinions as head of the UMP party . However , the civil unrest in autumn 2005 put law enforcement in the spotlight again . Sarkozy was accused of having provoked the unrest by calling young delinquents from housing projects a rabble ( racaille ) in Argenteuil near Paris , and controversially suggested cleansing the minority suburbs with a Kärcher . After the accidental death of two youths , which sparked the riots , Sarkozy first blamed it on hoodlums and gangsters . These remarks were sharply criticised by many on the left wing and by a member of his own government , Delegate Minister for Equal Opportunities Azouz Begag . After the rioting , he made a number of announcements on future policy : selection of immigrants , greater tracking of immigrants , and a reform on the 1945 ordinance government justice measures for young delinquents . UMP leader : 2004–2007 . Before he was elected President of France , Sarkozy was president of UMP , the French conservative party , elected with 85 percent of the vote . During his presidency , the number of members increased significantly . In 2005 , he supported a yes vote in the French referendum on the European Constitution , but the No vote won . Throughout 2005 , Sarkozy called for radical changes in Frances economic and social policies . These calls culminated in an interview with Le Monde on 8 September 2005 , during which he claimed that the French had been misled for 30 years by false promises . Among other issues : - he called for a simplified and fairer taxation system , with fewer loopholes and a maximum taxation rate ( all direct taxes combined ) at 50 percent of revenue ; - he approved measures reducing or denying social support to unemployed workers who refuse work offered to them ; - he pressed for a reduction in the budget deficit , claiming that the French state had been living off credit for some time . Such policies are what are called in France libéral ( that is , in favour of laissez-faire economic policies ) or , with a pejorative undertone , ultra-libéral . Sarkozy rejects this label of libéral and prefers to call himself a pragmatist . Sarkozy opened another avenue of controversy by declaring that he wanted a reform of the immigration system , with quotas designed to admit the skilled workers needed by the French economy . He also wanted to reform the current French system for foreign students , saying that it enabled foreign students to take open-ended curricula in order to obtain residency in France ; instead , he wanted to select the best students to the best curricula in France . In early 2006 , the French parliament adopted a controversial bill known as DADVSI , which reforms French copyright law . Since his party was divided on the issue , Sarkozy stepped in and organised meetings between various parties involved . Later , groups such as the Odebi League and EUCD.info alleged that Sarkozy personally and unofficially supported certain amendments to the law , which enacted strong penalties against designers of peer-to-peer systems . Presidential election : 2007 . Sarkozy was a likely candidate for the presidency in 2007 ; in an oft-repeated comment made on television channel France 2 , when asked by a journalist whether he thought about the presidential election when he shaved in the morning , Sarkozy commented , Not just when I shave . On 14 January 2007 , Sarkozy was chosen by the UMP to be its candidate in the 2007 presidential election . Sarkozy , who was running unopposed , won 98 percent of the votes . Of the 327,000 UMP members who could vote , 69 percent participated in the online ballot . In February 2007 , Sarkozy appeared on a televised debate on TF1 where he expressed his support for affirmative action and the freedom to work overtime . Despite his opposition to same-sex marriage , he advocated civil unions and the possibility for same-sex partners to inherit under the same regime as married couples . The law was voted in July 2007 . On 7 February , Sarkozy decided in favour of a projected second , non-nuclear , aircraft carrier for the national Navy ( adding to the nuclear Charles de Gaulle ) , during an official visit in Toulon with Defence Minister Michèle Alliot-Marie . This would allow permanently having an operational ship , taking into account the constraints of maintenance , he explained . On 21 March , President Jacques Chirac announced his support for Sarkozy . Chirac pointed out that Sarkozy had been chosen as presidential candidate for the ruling UMP party , and said : So it is totally natural that I give him my vote and my support . To focus on his campaign , Sarkozy stepped down as Minister of the Interior on 26 March . During the campaign , rival candidates had accused Sarkozy of being a candidate for brutality and of presenting hard-line views about Frances future . Opponents also accused him of courting conservative voters in policy-making in a bid to capitalise on right-wing sentiments among some communities . However , his popularity was sufficient to see him polling as the frontrunner throughout the later campaign period , consistently ahead of rival Socialist candidate , Ségolène Royal . The first round of the presidential election was held on 22 April 2007 . Sarkozy came in first with 31.18 percent of the votes , ahead of Ségolène Royal of the Socialists with 25.87 percent . In the second round , Sarkozy came out on top to win the election with 53.06 percent of the votes ahead of Ségolène Royal with 46.94 percent . In his speech immediately following the announcement of the election results , Sarkozy stressed the need for Frances modernisation , but also called for national unity , mentioning that Royal was in his thoughts . In that speech , he claimed The French have chosen to break with the ideas , habits and behaviour of the past . I will restore the value of work , authority , merit and respect for the nation . Presidency ( 2007–2012 ) . Inauguration . On 6 May 2007 , Nicolas Sarkozy became the sixth person to be elected President of the Fifth Republic ( which was established in 1958 ) , and the 23rd President in French history . The official transfer of power from Chirac to Sarkozy took place on 16 May at 11:00 am ( 9:00 UTC ) at the Élysée Palace , where he was given the authorization codes of the French nuclear arsenal . In the afternoon , the new president flew to Berlin to meet with German Chancellor Angela Merkel . Under Sarkozys government , François Fillon replaced Dominique de Villepin as Prime Minister . Sarkozy appointed Bernard Kouchner , the left-wing founder of Médecins Sans Frontières , as his Foreign Minister , leading to Kouchners expulsion from the Socialist Party . In addition to Kouchner , three more Sarkozy ministers are from the left , including Éric Besson , who served as Ségolène Royals economic adviser at the beginning of her campaign . Sarkozy also appointed seven women to form a total cabinet of 15 ; one , Justice Minister Rachida Dati , is the first woman of Northern African origin to serve in a French cabinet . Of the 15 , two attended the elite École nationale dadministration ( ENA ) . The ministers were reorganised , with the controversial creation of a Ministry of Immigration , Integration , National Identity and Co-Development—given to his right-hand man Brice Hortefeux—and of a Ministry of Budget , Public Accounts and Civil Administration—handed out to Éric Wœrth , supposed to prepare the replacement of only a third of all civil servants who retire . However , after 17 June parliamentary elections , the Cabinet was adjusted to 15 ministers and 16 deputy ministers , totalling 31 officials . Sarkozy broke with the custom of amnestying traffic tickets and of releasing thousands of prisoners from overcrowded jails on Bastille Day , a tradition that Napoleon had started in 1802 to commemorate the storming of the Bastille during the French Revolution . In the 2007 and 2008 , French President Nicolas Sarkozy , Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper , and Quebec Premier Jean Charest all spoke in favour of a Canada – EU free trade agreement . In October 2008 , Sarkozy became the first French President to address the National Assembly of Quebec . In his speech he spoke out against Quebec separatism , but recognized Quebec as a nation within Canada . He said that , to France , Canada was a friend , and Quebec was family . Release of hostages . Shortly after taking office , Sarkozy began negotiations with Colombian president Álvaro Uribe and the left-wing guerrilla FARC , regarding the release of hostages held by the rebel group , especially Franco-Colombian politician Ingrid Betancourt . According to some sources , Sarkozy himself asked for Uribe to release FARCs chancellor Rodrigo Granda . Furthermore , he announced on 24 July 2007 , that French and European representatives had obtained the extradition of the Bulgarian nurses detained in Libya to their country . In exchange , he signed with Muammar Gaddafi security , health care and immigration pacts—and a $230 million ( 168 million euros ) MILAN antitank missile sale . The contract was the first made by Libya since 2004 , and was negotiated with MBDA , a subsidiary of EADS . Another 128 million euro contract would have been signed , according to Tripoli , with EADS for a TETRA radio system . The Socialist Party ( PS ) and the Communist Party ( PCF ) criticised a state affair and a barter with a Rogue state . The leader of the PS , François Hollande , requested the opening of a parliamentary investigation . Green policy . On 8 June 2007 , during the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm , Sarkozy set a goal of reducing French CO emissions by 50 percent by 2050 in order to prevent global warming . He then pushed forward Socialist Dominique Strauss-Kahn as European nominee to the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . Critics alleged that Sarkozy proposed to nominate Strauss-Kahn as managing director of the IMF to deprive the Socialist Party of one of its more popular figures . In 2010 , a study of :Yale and Columbia universities ranked France the most respectful country of the G20 concerning the environment . Economic policy . The Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) , Sarkozys party , won a majority at the June 2007 legislative election , although by less than expected . In July , the UMP majority , seconded by the Nouveau Centre , ratified one of Sarkozys electoral promises , which was to partially revoke the inheritance tax . The inheritance tax formerly brought eight billion euros into state coffers . Sarkozys UMP majority prepared a budget that reduced taxes , in particular for upper middle-class people , allegedly in an effort to boost GDP growth , but did not reduce state expenditures . He was criticised by the European Commission for doing so . On 23 July 2008 , parliament voted the loi de modernisation de léconomie ( Modernization of the Economy Law ) which loosened restrictions on retail prices and reduced limitations on the creation of businesses . The Government has also made changes to long-standing French work-hour regulations , allowing employers to negotiate overtime with employees and making all hours worked past the traditional French 35-hour week tax-free . However , as a result of the global financial crisis that came to a head in September 2008 , Sarkozy has returned to the state interventionism of his predecessors , declaring that laissez-faire capitalism is over and denouncing the dictatorship of the market . Confronted with the suggestion that he had become a socialist , he responded : Have I become socialist ? Perhaps . He has also pledged to create 100,000 state-subsidised jobs . Security policy . Sarkozys government issued a decree on 7 August 2007 to generalise a voluntary biometric profiling program of travellers in airports . The program , called Parafes , was to use fingerprints . The new database would be interconnected with the Schengen Information System ( SIS ) as well as with a national database of wanted persons ( FPR ) . The Commission nationale de linformatique et des libertés ( CNIL ) protested against this new decree , opposing itself to the recording of fingerprints and to the interconnection between the SIS and the FPR . Constitutional reform . On 21 July 2008 , the French parliament passed constitutional reforms which Sarkozy had made one of the key pledges of his presidential campaign . The vote was 539 to 357 , one vote over the three-fifths majority required ; the changes are not yet finalized . They would introduce a two-term limit for the presidency , and end the presidents right of collective pardon . They would allow the president to address parliament in-session , and parliament , to set its own agenda . They would give parliament a veto over some presidential appointments , while ending government control over parliaments committee system . He has claimed that these reforms strengthen parliament , while some opposition socialist lawmakers have described it as a consolidation of a monocracy . International affairs . During his 2007 presidential campaign , Sarkozy promised a strengthening of the entente cordiale with the United Kingdom and closer cooperation with the United States . Sarkozy wielded special international power when France held the rotating EU Council Presidency from July 2008 through December 2008 . Sarkozy has publicly stated his intention to attain EU approval of a progressive energy package before the end of his EU Presidency . This energy package would clearly define climate change objectives for the EU and hold members to specific reductions in emissions . In further support of his collaborative outlook on climate change , Sarkozy has led the EU into a partnership with China . On 6 December 2008 , Nicolas Sarkozy , as part of Frances then presidency of the Council of the EU , met the Dalai Lama in Poland and outraged China , which has announced that it would postpone the China-EU summit indefinitely . On 3 April 2009 , at the NATO Summit in Strasbourg , Sarkozy announced that France would offer asylum to a former Guantanamo captive . We are on the path to failure if we continue to act as we have , French President Nicolas Sarkozy cautioned at the U.N . Climate Summit on 22 September 2009 . On 5 January 2009 , Sarkozy called for a ceasefire plan for the Gaza Strip Conflict . The plan , which was jointly proposed by Sarkozy and Egyptian ex-President Hosni Mubarak envisions the continuation of the delivery of aid to Gaza and talks with Israel on border security , a key issue for Israel as it says Hamas smuggles its rockets into Gaza through the Egyptian border . Welcoming the proposal , US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice called for a ceasefire that can endure and that can bring real security . Military intervention in Libya . Muammar Gaddafis official visit to Nicolas Sarkozy in December 2007 triggered a strong wave of protests against the President in France . In March 2011 , after having been criticized for his unwillingness to support the Egyptian and Tunisian revolutions , and persuaded by the philosopher Bernard-Henri Levy to have France actively engage against the forces of the Libyan leader , Muammar Gaddafi , Nicolas Sarkozy was amongst the first Heads of State to demand the resignation of Gaddafi and his government , which was then fighting a civil war in Libya . On 10 March 2011 , Nicolas Sarkozy welcomed to the Elysee Palace , three emissaries from the Libyan National Transitional Council ( NTC ) , brought to him by Bernard-Henri Levy who mediated at the meeting . Nicolas Sarkozy promised them a no-fly zone would be imposed on Gaddafis aeroplanes . He also promised them French military assistance . On 17 March 2011 , at the behest of France , resolution 1973 was adopted by the Security Council of the United Nations , permitting the creation of a no fly zone over Libya , and for the undertaking of necessary measures for the protection of the countrys civilian population . On 19 March 2011 , Nicolas Sarkozy officially announced the beginning of a military intervention in Libya , with Frances participation . These actions of Nicolas Sarkozy were favorably received by the majority of the French political class and public opinion . In 2016 , the Foreign Affairs Committee of the British Parliament published a report stating that the military intervention was based on erroneous assumptions that the threat of a massacre of civilian populations has been overvalued and that the coalition Has not verified the real threat to civilians ; He also believes that the true motivations of Nicolas Sarkozy were to serve French interests and to improve his political situation in France . 2012 presidential campaign . Sarkozy was one of ten candidates who qualified for the first round of voting . François Hollande , the Socialist Party candidate , received the most votes in the first round held on 22 April election , with Sarkozy coming second , meaning that both progressed to the second round of voting on 5–6 May 2012 . Sarkozy lost in the runoff and conceded to Hollande . He received an estimated 48.38% compared to Hollandes 51.62% . After his defeat . Temporary retirement : 2012–2014 . After his defeat at the 2012 election , Nicolas Sarkozy asked his supporters to respect Hollandes victory . He invited his successor to attend his last 8 May Victory in Europe Day commemoration in office . His last day as President of the French Republic was 15 May . Shortly after , Sarkozy briefly considered a career in private equity and secured a €250 million commitment from the Qatar Investment Authority to back his planned buyout firm . He abandoned his private equity plans when he decided to make a political comeback in 2014 . Return to politics : 2014–2016 . On 19 September 2014 , Sarkozy announced that he was returning to politics and would run for chairman of the UMP party . and was elected to the post on 29 November 2014 . Led by Sarkozy , UMP won over two-thirds of the 102 local departements in the nationwide elections on 29 March 2015 . On 13 December , the Republicans won the majority of regional office races , another set of national elections . ( On 30 May the UMPs name was changed to the Republicans. ) In January 2016 , Sarkozy published the book La France pour la vie . In August 2016 , he announced his candidacy for 2016 Republican presidential primary in November 2016 , but only came in third place behind François Fillon and Alain Juppé . He decided to endorse Fillon and to retire from politics . Other activities . Corporate boards . - Lagardère Group , Member of the Supervisory Board ( since 2020 ) - Accor , Independent Member of the Board of Directors and Chairman of the International Strategy Committee ( since 2017 ) - Groupe Lucien Barrière , Member of the Board of Directors ( since 2019 ) Non-profit organizations . - Berggruen Institute , Member of the 21st Century Council - Schwarzman Scholars , Honorary Member of the Advisory Board Public image . Sarkozy was named the 68th best-dressed person in the world by Vanity Fair , alongside David Beckham and Brad Pitt . However , Sarkozy has also been named as the third worst-dressed person in the world by GQ , a listing that has been disputed . Beside publicising , at times , and at others , refusing to publicise his ex-wife Cécilia Ciganer-Albénizs image , Sarkozy takes care of his own personal image , sometimes to the point of censorship—such as in the Paris Match affair , when he allegedly forced its director to resign following an article on his ex-wife and her affair with Publicis executive Richard Attias , or pressures exercised on the Journal du dimanche , which was preparing to publish an article concerning Ciganer-Albénizs decision not to vote in the second round of the 2007 presidential election . In its edition of 9 August 2007 , Paris Match retouched a photo of Sarkozy in order to erase a love handle . His official portrait destined for all French town halls was done by Sipa Press photographer Philippe Warrin , better known for his paparazzi work . Former Daily Telegraph journalist Colin Randall has highlighted Sarkozys tighter control of his image and frequent interventions in the media : he censors a book , or fires the chief editor of a weekly . Sarkozy is reported by Reuters to be sensitive about his height ( believed to be ) . The French media have pointed out that Carla Bruni frequently wears flats when in public with him . In 2009 , a worker at a factory where Sarkozy gave a speech said she was asked to stand next to him because she was of a similar height to Sarkozy . ( This story was corroborated by some trade union officials. ) This was the subject of a political row : the presidents office called the accusation completely absurd and grotesque , while the Socialist Party mocked his fastidious preparation . Sarkozy lost a suit against a manufacturer of Sarkozy voodoo dolls , in which he claimed that he had a right to his own image . Sarkozy was nicknamed as Hyper-president or hyperpresident by some French media after his 2007 election as president , to describe his desire to control everything . Whereas in the history of the Fifth Republic , the successive presidents were traditionally focused on the foreign policy of the country and on international relations , leaving the Prime Minister and the government to determine the domestic policy , as the Constitution states it , Nicolas Sarkozy appeared to determine both the foreign and domestic policy . Some compared Nicolas Sarkozy to Napoléon Bonaparte and Louis XIV . Indeed , he appointed a very close friend of his , François Fillon , as a Prime Minister . François Fillon was accused of being an instrument of the Presidents power . The biopic The Conquest is a 2011 film that dramatizes Sarkozys rise to power , with candid portrayals of Sarkozy himself , Chirac and Villepin . It was shown at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . Controversies . Sarkozy is generally disliked by the left and has been criticised by some on the right , most vocally by moderate Gaullist supporters of Jacques Chirac and Dominique de Villepin . The communist-leaning magazine LHumanité accused Sarkozy of populism . Views on religions . In 2004 Sarkozy co-authored a book , La République , les religions , lespérance ( The Republic , Religions , and Hope ) , in which he argued that the young should not be brought up solely on secular or republican values . He advocated reducing the separation of church and state , arguing for the government subsidies for mosques to encourage Islamic integration into French society . He has opposed financing of religious institutions with funds from outside France . After meeting with Tom Cruise , Sarkozy was criticized by some for meeting with a member of the Church of Scientology , which has been seen by some as a cult . Sarkozy was criticized by some Christians after he claimed the roots of France are essentially Christian at a December 2007 speech in Rome . Similarly , he drew criticism from Christians after he called Islam one of the greatest and most beautiful civilizations the world has known at a speech in Riyadh in January 2008 . Controversial statements . In the midst of a tense period and following the death of an 11-year-old boy , caught in the crossfire of a gang brawl in the Paris suburb of La Courneuve in June 2005 , Sarkozy went to the scene and said : on va nettoyer au Kärcher la cité ( we will clean the area with a pressure washer ) . Two days before the 2005 Paris riots , he referred to young criminals of nearby housing projects as voyous ( thugs ) and racaille , a slang term which can be translated into English as rabble , scum or riff-raff , in answer to resident who addressed Sarkozy with Quand nous débarrassez-vous de cette racaille ? ( When will you rid us of these dregs? ) The French Communist Party publication , LHumanité , branded this language as inappropriate . Following Sarkozys use of the word racaille many people in the banlieues identified him as a politician of the far right . His period as Minister of the Interior saw the use of police as shock troops in the banlieues , and a police raid on the suburb of Clichy-sous-Bois in October 2005 led to two boys being electrocuted in a power sub-station . The riots began that night . In September 2005 Sarkozy was accused of pushing for a hasty inquiry into an arson attack on a police station in Pau , of which the alleged perpetrators were acquitted for lack of proof . On 22 June 2005 Sarkozy told law enforcement officials that he had questioned the Minister of Justice about the future of the judge who had freed a man on parole who had later committed a murder . A few weeks before the first round of the 2007 presidential elections , Sarkozy had an interview with philosopher Michel Onfray . Sarkozy stated that disorders such as paedophilia and depression have a genetic as well as social basis , saying .. . Id be inclined to think that one is born a paedophile , and it is actually a problem that we do not know how to cure this disease ; he claimed that suicides among youth were linked to genetic predispositions by stating , I dont want to give parents a complex . Its not exclusively the parents fault every time a youngster commits suicide . These statements were criticised by some scientists , including geneticist Axel Kahn . Sarkozy later added , What part is innate and what part is acquired ? At least lets debate it , lets not close the door to all debate . On 27 July 2007 , Sarkozy delivered a speech in Dakar , Senegal , written by Henri Guaino , in which he claimed that the African has never really entered into history . The controversial remarks were widely condemned by Africans , with some viewing them as racist . South African president Thabo Mbeki praised Sarkozys speech , which raised criticism by some in the South African media . On 30 July 2010 , Sarkozy suggested a new policy of security , and he proposed stripping foreign-born French citizens who opted to acquire their nationality at their majority of their citizenship if they are convicted of threatening the life of a police officer or other serious crimes . This policy has been criticized for example by the US newspaper The New York Times , by Sarkozys political opponents , including the Socialist Party leader Martine Aubry , and by experts of French law , including the ex-member of the Constitutional Council of France , Robert Badinter , who said that such action would be unconstitutional . He called for coercive methods to promote métissage , cultural mixing ( which can sometimes include genetic mixing ) , which he called an obligation during a press conference on 17 December 2008 . Casse-toi , pauvcon . On 23 February 2008 , Sarkozy was filmed by a reporter for French newspaper Le Parisien having the following exchange while visiting the Paris International Agricultural Show:While quickly crossing the hall Saturday morning , in the middle of the crowd , Sarkozy encounters a recalcitrant visitor who refuses to shake his hand . Ah no , dont touch me! , said the man . The president retorted immediately : Get lost , then . Youre making me dirty , yelled the man . With a frozen smile , Sarkozy says , his teeth glistening , a refined Get lost , then , poor dumb-ass , go . A precise translation into English has many possible variations . On 28 August 2008 , Hervé Eon , from Laval came to an anti-Sarkozy demonstration with a sign bearing the words Casse-toi pov con , the exact words Sarkozy had uttered . Eon was arrested for causing offence to the presidential function and the prosecutor , who in France indirectly reports to the president , requested a fine of €1000 . The court eventually imposed a symbolic €30 suspended fine , which has generally been interpreted as a defeat for the prosecution side . This incident was widely reported on , in particular as Sarkozy , as president of the Republic , is immune from prosecution , notably restricting Eons rights to sue Sarkozy for defamation . Position on the Iraq war . Sarkozy opposed the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq . However , he was critical of the way Chirac and his foreign minister Dominique de Villepin expressed Frances opposition to the war . Talking at the French-American Foundation in Washington , D.C . on 12 September 2006 , he denounced what he called the French arrogance and said : It is bad manners to embarrass ones allies or sound like one is taking delight in their troubles . He added : We must never again turn our disagreements into a crisis . Chirac reportedly said in private that Sarkozys speech was appalling and a shameful act . Accusations of nepotism . In October 2009 , Sarkozy was accused of nepotism for helping his son , Jean , try to become head of the public body running Frances biggest business district EPAD . On 3 July 2012 , French police raided Sarkozys residence and office as part of a probe into claims that Sarkozy was involved in illegal political campaign financing . Political and financial scandals . On 5 July 2010 , following its investigations on the Bettencourt affair , online newspaper Mediapart ran an article in which Claire Thibout , a former accountant of billionairess Liliane Bettencourt , accused Sarkozy and Eric Woerth of receiving illegal campaign donations in 2007 , in cash . On 1 July 2014 Sarkozy was detained for questioning by police over claims he had promised a prestigious role in Monaco to a high-ranking judge , Gilbert Azibert , in exchange for information about the investigation into alleged illegal campaign funding . Mr Azibert , one of the most senior judges at the Court of Appeal , was called in for questioning on 30 June 2014 . It is believed to be the first time a former French president has been held in police custody , although his predecessor , Jacques Chirac , was found guilty of embezzlement and breach of trust while he was mayor of Paris and given a suspended prison sentence in 2011 . After 15 hours in police custody , Sarkozy was put under official investigation for active corruption , misuse of influence and obtained through a breach of professional secrecy on 2 July 2014 . Mr Azibert and Sarkozys lawyer , Thierry Herzog , are also now under official investigation . The two accusations carry sentences of up to 10 years in prison . The developments were seen as a blow to Sarkozys attempts to challenge for the presidency in 2017 . Nevertheless , he later stood as a candidate for the Republican party nomination , but was eliminated from the contest in November 2016 . A trial on this case , Sarkozys first , started on 23 November 2020 . On 16 February 2016 , Sarkozy was indicted on illegal financing of political campaign charges related to overspending in his 2012 presidential campaign and retained as witness in connection with the Bygmalion scandal . In April 2016 , Arnaud Claude , former law partner of Sarkozy , was named in the Panama Papers . On 23 November 2020 , the trial of Nicolas Sarkozy started who is accused of corruption and influence peddling , for an attempted bribery of a judge . The trial was postponed until November 26 , following a request from one of his co-defendants for health reasons . On 1 March 2021 , a court in Paris found former French President Nicolas Sarkozy guilty of corruption , trading in influence in a wiretapping and illegal data exchange case involving a number of individuals like magistrate Gilbert Azibert and Sarkozys former lawyer Thierry Herzog . Both men were tried with him and convicted as well . Sarkozy and his two co-defendants were sentenced to three years , two of them suspended , and one in prison . Sarkozy appealed the ruling , which suspends its application . On 20 May 2021 , the criminal trial began for Sarkozy and 13 other defendants who were said to have been involved in the Bygmalion scandal . Sarkozys second corruption trial involves allegations of diverting tens of millions of euros which was intended to be spent on the his failed 2012 re-election campaign and then hiring a PR firm to cover it up . The illicit campaign finance money was instead used to overspend on lavish campaign rallies and events . Alleged Libyan agent of influence . Shortly after his inauguration as President of France in 2007 , Sarkozy invited Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi to France over the objections of both the political opposition , and members of his own government . The visit marked the first time Gaddafi had been to France in more than 35 years and , during it , France agreed to sell Libya 21 Airbus aircraft and signed a nuclear cooperation agreement . Negotiations for the purchase of more than a dozen Dassault Rafale fighter jets , plus military helicopters , were also initiated during the trip . During the 2011 Libyan Civil War – a conflict in which France intervened – Saif-al-Islam Gaddafi said in an interview with euronews that the Libyan state had donated €50 million to Sarkozys 2007 presidential campaign in exchange for access and favors by Sarkozy . Investigative website Mediapart subsequently published several documents appearing to prove a payment of €50 million , and also published a claim by Ziad Takieddine that he had personally handed three briefcases stuffed with cash to Sarkozy . French magistrates later acquired diaries of former Libyan oil minister Shukri Ghanem in which payments to Sarkozy were mentioned . Shortly thereafter , however , Ghanem was found dead , floating in the Danube in Austria and thereby preventing his corroboration of the diaries . In January 2018 , British police arrested Alexandre Djouhri on a European Arrest Warrant . Djouhri was an associate of Sarkozy and had refused to respond to a French judicial summons for questioning over allegations he had helped launder Libyan funds on behalf of Sarkozy . Political career . - President of the French Republic : 2007–2012 . - Member of the Constitutional Council of France : since 2012 . Governmental functions - Minister of Budget and governments spokesman : 1993–1995 . - Minister of Communication and governments spokesman : 1994–1995 . - Minister of State , minister of Interior , of the Internal Security and Local Freedoms : 2002–2004 . - Minister of State , minister of Economy , Finance and Industry : March–November 2004 ( resignation ) . - Minister of State , minister of Interior and Land Planning : 2005–2007 ( resignation ) . Electoral mandates European Parliament - Member of the European Parliament : July–September 1999 ( resignation ) . Elected in 1999 . National Assembly of France - Member of the National Assembly of France for Hauts-de-Seine ( 6th constituency ) : 1988–1993 ( became minister in 1993 ) / 1995–2002 ( became minister in 2002 ) / March–June 2005 ( became minister in June 2005 ) . Elected in 1988 , reelected in 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 2002 , 2005 . Regional Council - Regional councillor of Île-de-France : 1983–1988 ( resignation ) . Elected in 1986 . General Council - President of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine : 2004–2007 ( resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . - Vice-president of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine : 1986–1988 ( resignation ) . - General councillor of Hauts-de-Seine , elected in the canton of Neuilly-sur-Seine-Nord : 1985–1988 / 2004–2007 ( Resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . Municipal Council - Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 1983–2002 ( resignation ) . Reelected in 1989 , 1995 , and 2001 . - Deputy-mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 2002–2005 ( resignation ) . - Municipal councillor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 1977–2005 ( resignation ) . Reelected in 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , and 2001 . Political functions - President of the Union for a Popular Movement : 2004–2007 ( resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . Elected in 2004 . - President of the Rally for the Republic : April–October 1999 . - General secretary of the Rally for the Republic : 1998–1999 . - Deputy general secretary of the Rally for the Republic : 1992–1993 . Awards and honours . French Honours . - Legion of Honour - ex officio Further reading . - , interviews with Michel Denisot - , Grand livre du mois 1995 - , subject ( s ) : Pratiques politiques—France—1990– , France—Politique et gouvernement—1997–2002 - Alvarez-Montalvo , Marta ( 9 July 2004 ) : ¿Quién teme a Nicolas Sarkozy ? El ministro de economía francés se postula como próximo candidato a las presidenciales de 2007 , in Epoca ( [ Madrid ] : Difusora de Informacion Periodica S.A. , DINPESA , 9 July 2004 ) , number 1012 , p . 46 ( 2 ) , 3 pages , 829 words , available online at - , subject ( s ) : Sarkozy , Nicolas ( 1955– ) —Caricatures et dessins humoristiques - , Grand Livre du mois 2004 , subject ( s ) : Chirac , Jacques ( 1932– ) , Sarkozy , Nicolas ( 1955– ) , France—Politique et gouvernement—1995– - , subject ( s ) : Laïcité—France—1990– , Islam—France—1990– External links . Official websites . - President of France - Website of the UMP , Sarkozys party - Official personal website - 2012 campaign website - Address to the General Assembly of the United Nations during the General Debate of the 63rd Session , 23 September 2008 . Nicolas Sarkozy addressed the Assembly both as President of France and as President of the European Union Press . - Radio France International feature Sarkozys 90-minute address to the nation , 6 February 2009 - Hosing Sarkozy an article in the TLS by Sudhir Hazareesingh , 28 November 2007 - Interview after One Month in Office Le Figaro , 7 June 2007 - Sarkozy takes over Chiracs UMP party ( BBC News ) - Profile : Nicolas Sarkozy ( BBC News ) - Nicolas Sarkozy : French Choose the American Way ? by David Storobin - Vive this difference by Suzanne Fields - Frances chance , The Economist , 12 April 2007 - Letter From Europe- Round 1 Jane Kramer , The New Yorker , 23 April 2007 - On the so-called rupture by Sarkozy , Mathieu Potte-Bonneville & Pierre Zaoui , Vacarme n°41 , Winter 2007 - The Bettencourt/LOréal scandal Radio France Internationale in English - French politics no stranger to scandals Radio France Internationale in English - LOréal , scandals and the far right Radio France Internationale in English - Articles and Coverage ( Guardian UK ) Related contents . - Extended biography by CIDOB Foundation - Sarkozys opinion poll tracker - Some of Sarkozys quotations |
[
"Union for a Popular Movement"
] | easy | What position did Nicolas Sarkozy take from Mar 2004 to Nov 2004? | /wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy#P39#4 | Nicolas Sarkozy Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa ( ; ; born 28 January 1955 ) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 16 May 2007 until 15 May 2012 . Born in Paris , he is of one half Hungarian , one quarter Greek Jewish , and one quarter French origin . Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1983 to 2002 , he was Minister of the Budget under Prime Minister Édouard Balladur ( 1993–1995 ) during François Mitterrands second term . During Jacques Chiracs second presidential term he served as Minister of the Interior and as Minister of Finances . He was the leader of the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) party from 2004 to 2007 . He won the 2007 French presidential election by a 53.1% to 46.9% margin against Socialist Ségolène Royal . During his term , he faced the financial crisis of 2007–2008 ( causing a recession , the European sovereign debt crisis ) , the Russo-Georgian War ( for which he negotiated a ceasefire ) and the Arab Spring ( especially in Tunisia , Libya , and Syria ) . He initiated the reform of French universities ( 2007 ) and the pension reform ( 2010 ) . He married Italian-French singer-songwriter Carla Bruni in 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris . In the 2012 election , François Hollande , candidate of the Socialist Party , defeated Sarkozy by a 3.2% margin . After leaving the presidential office , Sarkozy vowed to retire from public life before coming back in 2014 , being subsequently reelected as UMP leader ( renamed The Republicans in 2015 ) . Being defeated at the Republican presidential primary in 2016 , he retired from public life . He was charged with corruption by French prosecutors in two cases , notably concerning the alleged Libyan interference in the 2007 French elections . In 2021 , Sarkozy and two co-defendants were convicted of corruption ; he has appealed the ruling . Personal life . Family background . Sarkozy was born in Paris , and is the son of Pál István Ernő Sárközy de Nagy-Bócsa ( ; —in some sources Nagy-Bócsay Sárközy Pál István Ernő ) , ( born 5 May 1928 ) , a Protestant Hungarian aristocrat , and Andrée Jeanne Dadu Mallah ( 12 October 1925 – 12 December 2017 ) , whose Greek Jewish father converted to Catholicism to marry Sarkozys French Catholic maternal grandmother . They were married in the Saint-François-de-Sales church , 17th arrondissement of Paris , on 8 February 1950 , and divorced in 1959 . Early life . During Sarkozys childhood , his father founded his own advertising agency and became wealthy . The family lived in a mansion owned by Sarkozys maternal grandfather , Benedict Mallah , in the 17th arrondissement of Paris . The family later moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine , one of the wealthiest communes of the Île-de-France région immediately west of Paris . According to Sarkozy , his staunchly Gaullist grandfather was more of an influence on him than his father , whom he rarely saw . Sarkozy was raised Catholic . Sarkozy said that being abandoned by his father shaped much of who he is today . He also has said that , in his early years , he felt inferior in relation to his wealthier and taller classmates . What made me who I am now is the sum of all the humiliations suffered during childhood , he said later . Education . Sarkozy was enrolled in the Lycée Chaptal , a well regarded public middle and high school in Paris 8th arrondissement , where he failed his sixième . His family then sent him to the Cours Saint-Louis de Monceau , a private Catholic school in the 17th arrondissement , where he was reportedly a mediocre student , but where he nonetheless obtained his baccalauréat in 1973 . Sarkozy enrolled at the , where he graduated with an M.A . in private law and , later , with a D.E.A . degree in business law . Paris X Nanterre had been the starting place for the May 68 student movement and was still a stronghold of leftist students . Described as a quiet student , Sarkozy soon joined the right-wing student organization , in which he was very active . He completed his military service as a part-time Air Force cleaner . After graduating from university , Sarkozy entered Sciences Po , where he studied between 1979 and 1981 , but failed to graduate due to an insufficient command of the English language . After passing the bar , Sarkozy became a lawyer specializing in business and family law and was one of Silvio Berlusconis French lawyers . Marriages . Marie-Dominique Culioli . Sarkozy married his first wife , Marie-Dominique Culioli , on 23 September 1982 ; her father was a pharmacist from Vico ( a village north of Ajaccio , Corsica ) , her uncle was Achille Peretti , the mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1947 to 1983 and Sarkozys political mentor . They had two sons , Pierre ( born in 1985 ) , now a hip-hop producer , and Jean ( born in 1986 ) now a local politician in the city of Neuilly-sur-Seine where Sarkozy started his own political career . Sarkozys best man was the prominent right-wing politician Charles Pasqua , later to become a political opponent . Sarkozy divorced Culioli in 1996 , after they had been separated for several years . Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz . As mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine , Sarkozy met former fashion model and public relations executive Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz ( great-granddaughter of composer Isaac Albéniz and daughter of a Moldovan father ) , when he officiated at her wedding to television host Jacques Martin . In 1988 , she left her husband for Sarkozy , and divorced one year later . She and Sarkozy married in October 1996 , with witnesses Martin Bouygues and Bernard Arnault . They have one son , Louis , born 23 April 1997 . Between 2002 and 2005 , the couple often appeared together on public occasions , with Cécilia Sarkozy acting as the chief aide for her husband . On 25 May 2005 , however , the Swiss newspaper Le Matin revealed that she had left Sarkozy for French-Moroccan national Richard Attias , head of Publicis in New York . There were other accusations of a private nature in Le Matin , which led to Sarkozy suing the paper . In the meantime , he was said to have had an affair with a journalist of Le Figaro , Anne Fulda . Sarkozy and Cécilia ultimately divorced on 15 October 2007 , soon after his election as president . Carla Bruni . Less than a month after separating from Cécilia , Sarkozy met Italian-born singer , songwriter and former fashion model Carla Bruni at a dinner party , and soon entered into a relationship with her . They married on 2 February 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris . The couple have a daughter , Giulia , born on 19 October 2011 . It was the first time a French president has publicly had a child while in office . Personal wealth . Sarkozy declared to the Constitutional Council a net worth of €2 million , most of the assets being in the form of life insurance policies . As the French President , one of his first actions was to give himself a pay raise : his yearly salary went from €101,000 to €240,000 , matching other European officeholders . He is also entitled to a mayoral , parliamentarian and presidential pension as a former Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine , member of the National Assembly and President of France . Early political career . Sarkozy is recognized by French parties on both the Right and Left as a skilled politician and striking orator . His supporters within France emphasize his charisma , political innovation and willingness to make a dramatic break amid mounting disaffection against politics as usual . Overall , he is considered more pro-American and pro-Israeli than most French politicians . From 2004 to 2007 , Sarkozy was president of the Union pour un Mouvement Populaire ( UMP ) , Frances major right-wing political party , and he was Minister of the Interior in the government of Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin , with the honorific title of Minister of State , making him effectively the number three official in the French State after President Jacques Chirac and Villepin . His ministerial responsibilities included law enforcement and working to co-ordinate relationships between the national and local governments , as well as Minister of Worship : in this role he created the French Council of the Muslim Faith ( CFCM ) . Previously , he was a député in the French National Assembly . He was forced to resign this position in order to accept his ministerial appointment . He previously also held several ministerial posts , including Finance Minister . In Government : 1993–1995 . Sarkozys political career began when he was 23 , when he became a city councillor in Neuilly-sur-Seine . A member of the Neo-Gaullist party RPR , he went on to be elected mayor of that town , after the death of the incumbent mayor Achille Peretti . Sarkozy had been close to Peretti , as his mother was Perettis secretary . A more senior RPR councillor , Charles Pasqua , wanted to become mayor , and asked Sarkozy to organize his campaign . Instead Sarkozy took that opportunity to propel himself into the office of mayor . He was the youngest mayor of any town in France with a population of over 50,000 . He served from 1983 to 2002 . In 1988 , he became a deputy in the National Assembly . In 1993 , Sarkozy was in the national news for personally negotiating with the Human Bomb , a man who had taken small children hostage in a kindergarten in Neuilly . The Human Bomb was killed after two days of talks by policemen of the RAID , who entered the school stealthily while the attacker was resting . At the same time , from 1993 to 1995 , he was Minister for the Budget and spokesman for the executive in the cabinet of Prime Minister Édouard Balladur . Throughout most of his early career , Sarkozy had been seen as a protégé of Jacques Chirac . During his tenure , he increased Frances public debt more than any other French Budget Minister , by the equivalent of €200 billion ( US$260 billion ) ( FY 1994–1996 ) . The first two budgets he submitted to the parliament ( budgets for FY1994 and FY1995 ) assumed a yearly budget deficit equivalent to six percent of GDP . According to the Maastricht Treaty , the French yearly budget deficit may not exceed three percent of Frances GDP . In 1995 , he spurned Chirac and backed Édouard Balladur for President of France . After Chirac won the election , Sarkozy lost his position as Minister for the Budget , and found himself outside the circles of power . However , he returned after the right-wing defeat at the 1997 parliamentary election , as the number two candidate of the RPR . When the party leader Philippe Séguin resigned , in 1999 , he took the leadership of the Neo-Gaullist party . But it obtained its worst result at the 1999 European Parliament election , winning 12.7% of the votes , less than the dissident Rally for France of Charles Pasqua . Sarkozy lost the RPR leadership . In 2002 , however , after his re-election as President of the French Republic ( see 2002 French presidential election ) , Chirac appointed Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior in the cabinet of Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin , despite Sarkozys support of Edouard Balladur for President in 1995 . Following Chiracs 14 July keynote speech on road safety , Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior pushed through new legislation leading to the mass purchase of speed cameras and a campaign to increase the awareness of dangers on the roads . In the cabinet reshuffle of 30 April 2004 , Sarkozy became Finance Minister . Tensions continued to build between Sarkozy and Chirac and within the UMP party , as Sarkozys intentions of becoming head of the party after the resignation of Alain Juppé became clear . In party elections of 10 November 2004 , Sarkozy became leader of the UMP with 85% of the vote . In accordance with an agreement with Chirac , he resigned as Finance Minister . Sarkozys ascent was marked by the division of UMP between sarkozystes , such as Sarkozys first lieutenant , Brice Hortefeux , and Chirac loyalists , such as Jean-Louis Debré . Sarkozy was made Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ( Knight of the Legion of Honour ) by President Chirac in February 2005 . He was re-elected on 13 March 2005 to the National Assembly . ( As required by the constitution , he had to resign as a deputy when he became minister in 2002. ) On 31 May 2005 the main French news radio station France Info reported a rumour that Sarkozy was to be reappointed Minister of the Interior in the government of Dominique de Villepin without resigning from the UMP leadership . This was confirmed on 2 June 2005 , when the members of the government were officially announced . First term as Minister of the Interior : 2002–2004 . Towards the end of his first term as Minister of the Interior , in 2004 , Sarkozy was the most divisive conservative politician in France , according to polls conducted at the beginning of 2004 . Sarkozy has sought to ease the sometimes tense relationships between the general French population and the Muslim community . Unlike the Catholic Church in France with their official leaders or Protestants with their umbrella organisations , the French Muslim community had a lack of structure with no group that could legitimately deal with the French government on their behalf . Sarkozy supported the foundation in May 2003 of the private non-profit Conseil français du culte musulman ( French Council of the Muslim Faith ) , an organisation meant to be representative of French Muslims . In addition , Sarkozy has suggested amending the 1905 law on the separation of Church and State , mostly in order to be able to finance mosques and other Muslim institutions with public funds so that they are less reliant on money from outside France . It was not followed by any concrete measure . Minister of Finance : 2004 . During his short appointment as Minister of Finance , Sarkozy was responsible for introducing a number of policies . The degree to which this reflected libéralisme ( a hands-off approach to running the economy ) or more traditional French state dirigisme ( intervention ) is controversial . He resigned the day following his election as president of the UMP . - In September 2004 , Sarkozy oversaw the reduction of the government ownership stake in France Télécom from 50.4 percent to 41 percent . - Sarkozy backed a partial nationalisation of the large engineering company Alstom decided by his predecessor when the company was exposed to bankruptcy in 2003 . - In June 2004 , Sarkozy reached an agreement with the major retail chains in France to concertedly lower prices on household goods by an average of two percent ; the success of this measure is disputed , with studies suggesting that the decrease was close to one percent in September . - Taxes : Sarkozy avoided taking a position on the ISF ( solidarity tax on wealth ) . This is considered an ideological symbol by many on the left and right . Some in the business world and on the liberal right , such as Alain Madelin , wanted it abolished . For Sarkozy , that would have risked being categorised by the left as a gift to the richest classes of society at a time of economic difficulties . Second term as Minister of the Interior : 2005–2007 . During his second term at the Ministry of the Interior , Sarkozy was initially more discreet about his ministerial activities : instead of focusing on his own topic of law and order , many of his declarations addressed wider issues , since he was expressing his opinions as head of the UMP party . However , the civil unrest in autumn 2005 put law enforcement in the spotlight again . Sarkozy was accused of having provoked the unrest by calling young delinquents from housing projects a rabble ( racaille ) in Argenteuil near Paris , and controversially suggested cleansing the minority suburbs with a Kärcher . After the accidental death of two youths , which sparked the riots , Sarkozy first blamed it on hoodlums and gangsters . These remarks were sharply criticised by many on the left wing and by a member of his own government , Delegate Minister for Equal Opportunities Azouz Begag . After the rioting , he made a number of announcements on future policy : selection of immigrants , greater tracking of immigrants , and a reform on the 1945 ordinance government justice measures for young delinquents . UMP leader : 2004–2007 . Before he was elected President of France , Sarkozy was president of UMP , the French conservative party , elected with 85 percent of the vote . During his presidency , the number of members increased significantly . In 2005 , he supported a yes vote in the French referendum on the European Constitution , but the No vote won . Throughout 2005 , Sarkozy called for radical changes in Frances economic and social policies . These calls culminated in an interview with Le Monde on 8 September 2005 , during which he claimed that the French had been misled for 30 years by false promises . Among other issues : - he called for a simplified and fairer taxation system , with fewer loopholes and a maximum taxation rate ( all direct taxes combined ) at 50 percent of revenue ; - he approved measures reducing or denying social support to unemployed workers who refuse work offered to them ; - he pressed for a reduction in the budget deficit , claiming that the French state had been living off credit for some time . Such policies are what are called in France libéral ( that is , in favour of laissez-faire economic policies ) or , with a pejorative undertone , ultra-libéral . Sarkozy rejects this label of libéral and prefers to call himself a pragmatist . Sarkozy opened another avenue of controversy by declaring that he wanted a reform of the immigration system , with quotas designed to admit the skilled workers needed by the French economy . He also wanted to reform the current French system for foreign students , saying that it enabled foreign students to take open-ended curricula in order to obtain residency in France ; instead , he wanted to select the best students to the best curricula in France . In early 2006 , the French parliament adopted a controversial bill known as DADVSI , which reforms French copyright law . Since his party was divided on the issue , Sarkozy stepped in and organised meetings between various parties involved . Later , groups such as the Odebi League and EUCD.info alleged that Sarkozy personally and unofficially supported certain amendments to the law , which enacted strong penalties against designers of peer-to-peer systems . Presidential election : 2007 . Sarkozy was a likely candidate for the presidency in 2007 ; in an oft-repeated comment made on television channel France 2 , when asked by a journalist whether he thought about the presidential election when he shaved in the morning , Sarkozy commented , Not just when I shave . On 14 January 2007 , Sarkozy was chosen by the UMP to be its candidate in the 2007 presidential election . Sarkozy , who was running unopposed , won 98 percent of the votes . Of the 327,000 UMP members who could vote , 69 percent participated in the online ballot . In February 2007 , Sarkozy appeared on a televised debate on TF1 where he expressed his support for affirmative action and the freedom to work overtime . Despite his opposition to same-sex marriage , he advocated civil unions and the possibility for same-sex partners to inherit under the same regime as married couples . The law was voted in July 2007 . On 7 February , Sarkozy decided in favour of a projected second , non-nuclear , aircraft carrier for the national Navy ( adding to the nuclear Charles de Gaulle ) , during an official visit in Toulon with Defence Minister Michèle Alliot-Marie . This would allow permanently having an operational ship , taking into account the constraints of maintenance , he explained . On 21 March , President Jacques Chirac announced his support for Sarkozy . Chirac pointed out that Sarkozy had been chosen as presidential candidate for the ruling UMP party , and said : So it is totally natural that I give him my vote and my support . To focus on his campaign , Sarkozy stepped down as Minister of the Interior on 26 March . During the campaign , rival candidates had accused Sarkozy of being a candidate for brutality and of presenting hard-line views about Frances future . Opponents also accused him of courting conservative voters in policy-making in a bid to capitalise on right-wing sentiments among some communities . However , his popularity was sufficient to see him polling as the frontrunner throughout the later campaign period , consistently ahead of rival Socialist candidate , Ségolène Royal . The first round of the presidential election was held on 22 April 2007 . Sarkozy came in first with 31.18 percent of the votes , ahead of Ségolène Royal of the Socialists with 25.87 percent . In the second round , Sarkozy came out on top to win the election with 53.06 percent of the votes ahead of Ségolène Royal with 46.94 percent . In his speech immediately following the announcement of the election results , Sarkozy stressed the need for Frances modernisation , but also called for national unity , mentioning that Royal was in his thoughts . In that speech , he claimed The French have chosen to break with the ideas , habits and behaviour of the past . I will restore the value of work , authority , merit and respect for the nation . Presidency ( 2007–2012 ) . Inauguration . On 6 May 2007 , Nicolas Sarkozy became the sixth person to be elected President of the Fifth Republic ( which was established in 1958 ) , and the 23rd President in French history . The official transfer of power from Chirac to Sarkozy took place on 16 May at 11:00 am ( 9:00 UTC ) at the Élysée Palace , where he was given the authorization codes of the French nuclear arsenal . In the afternoon , the new president flew to Berlin to meet with German Chancellor Angela Merkel . Under Sarkozys government , François Fillon replaced Dominique de Villepin as Prime Minister . Sarkozy appointed Bernard Kouchner , the left-wing founder of Médecins Sans Frontières , as his Foreign Minister , leading to Kouchners expulsion from the Socialist Party . In addition to Kouchner , three more Sarkozy ministers are from the left , including Éric Besson , who served as Ségolène Royals economic adviser at the beginning of her campaign . Sarkozy also appointed seven women to form a total cabinet of 15 ; one , Justice Minister Rachida Dati , is the first woman of Northern African origin to serve in a French cabinet . Of the 15 , two attended the elite École nationale dadministration ( ENA ) . The ministers were reorganised , with the controversial creation of a Ministry of Immigration , Integration , National Identity and Co-Development—given to his right-hand man Brice Hortefeux—and of a Ministry of Budget , Public Accounts and Civil Administration—handed out to Éric Wœrth , supposed to prepare the replacement of only a third of all civil servants who retire . However , after 17 June parliamentary elections , the Cabinet was adjusted to 15 ministers and 16 deputy ministers , totalling 31 officials . Sarkozy broke with the custom of amnestying traffic tickets and of releasing thousands of prisoners from overcrowded jails on Bastille Day , a tradition that Napoleon had started in 1802 to commemorate the storming of the Bastille during the French Revolution . In the 2007 and 2008 , French President Nicolas Sarkozy , Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper , and Quebec Premier Jean Charest all spoke in favour of a Canada – EU free trade agreement . In October 2008 , Sarkozy became the first French President to address the National Assembly of Quebec . In his speech he spoke out against Quebec separatism , but recognized Quebec as a nation within Canada . He said that , to France , Canada was a friend , and Quebec was family . Release of hostages . Shortly after taking office , Sarkozy began negotiations with Colombian president Álvaro Uribe and the left-wing guerrilla FARC , regarding the release of hostages held by the rebel group , especially Franco-Colombian politician Ingrid Betancourt . According to some sources , Sarkozy himself asked for Uribe to release FARCs chancellor Rodrigo Granda . Furthermore , he announced on 24 July 2007 , that French and European representatives had obtained the extradition of the Bulgarian nurses detained in Libya to their country . In exchange , he signed with Muammar Gaddafi security , health care and immigration pacts—and a $230 million ( 168 million euros ) MILAN antitank missile sale . The contract was the first made by Libya since 2004 , and was negotiated with MBDA , a subsidiary of EADS . Another 128 million euro contract would have been signed , according to Tripoli , with EADS for a TETRA radio system . The Socialist Party ( PS ) and the Communist Party ( PCF ) criticised a state affair and a barter with a Rogue state . The leader of the PS , François Hollande , requested the opening of a parliamentary investigation . Green policy . On 8 June 2007 , during the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm , Sarkozy set a goal of reducing French CO emissions by 50 percent by 2050 in order to prevent global warming . He then pushed forward Socialist Dominique Strauss-Kahn as European nominee to the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . Critics alleged that Sarkozy proposed to nominate Strauss-Kahn as managing director of the IMF to deprive the Socialist Party of one of its more popular figures . In 2010 , a study of :Yale and Columbia universities ranked France the most respectful country of the G20 concerning the environment . Economic policy . The Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) , Sarkozys party , won a majority at the June 2007 legislative election , although by less than expected . In July , the UMP majority , seconded by the Nouveau Centre , ratified one of Sarkozys electoral promises , which was to partially revoke the inheritance tax . The inheritance tax formerly brought eight billion euros into state coffers . Sarkozys UMP majority prepared a budget that reduced taxes , in particular for upper middle-class people , allegedly in an effort to boost GDP growth , but did not reduce state expenditures . He was criticised by the European Commission for doing so . On 23 July 2008 , parliament voted the loi de modernisation de léconomie ( Modernization of the Economy Law ) which loosened restrictions on retail prices and reduced limitations on the creation of businesses . The Government has also made changes to long-standing French work-hour regulations , allowing employers to negotiate overtime with employees and making all hours worked past the traditional French 35-hour week tax-free . However , as a result of the global financial crisis that came to a head in September 2008 , Sarkozy has returned to the state interventionism of his predecessors , declaring that laissez-faire capitalism is over and denouncing the dictatorship of the market . Confronted with the suggestion that he had become a socialist , he responded : Have I become socialist ? Perhaps . He has also pledged to create 100,000 state-subsidised jobs . Security policy . Sarkozys government issued a decree on 7 August 2007 to generalise a voluntary biometric profiling program of travellers in airports . The program , called Parafes , was to use fingerprints . The new database would be interconnected with the Schengen Information System ( SIS ) as well as with a national database of wanted persons ( FPR ) . The Commission nationale de linformatique et des libertés ( CNIL ) protested against this new decree , opposing itself to the recording of fingerprints and to the interconnection between the SIS and the FPR . Constitutional reform . On 21 July 2008 , the French parliament passed constitutional reforms which Sarkozy had made one of the key pledges of his presidential campaign . The vote was 539 to 357 , one vote over the three-fifths majority required ; the changes are not yet finalized . They would introduce a two-term limit for the presidency , and end the presidents right of collective pardon . They would allow the president to address parliament in-session , and parliament , to set its own agenda . They would give parliament a veto over some presidential appointments , while ending government control over parliaments committee system . He has claimed that these reforms strengthen parliament , while some opposition socialist lawmakers have described it as a consolidation of a monocracy . International affairs . During his 2007 presidential campaign , Sarkozy promised a strengthening of the entente cordiale with the United Kingdom and closer cooperation with the United States . Sarkozy wielded special international power when France held the rotating EU Council Presidency from July 2008 through December 2008 . Sarkozy has publicly stated his intention to attain EU approval of a progressive energy package before the end of his EU Presidency . This energy package would clearly define climate change objectives for the EU and hold members to specific reductions in emissions . In further support of his collaborative outlook on climate change , Sarkozy has led the EU into a partnership with China . On 6 December 2008 , Nicolas Sarkozy , as part of Frances then presidency of the Council of the EU , met the Dalai Lama in Poland and outraged China , which has announced that it would postpone the China-EU summit indefinitely . On 3 April 2009 , at the NATO Summit in Strasbourg , Sarkozy announced that France would offer asylum to a former Guantanamo captive . We are on the path to failure if we continue to act as we have , French President Nicolas Sarkozy cautioned at the U.N . Climate Summit on 22 September 2009 . On 5 January 2009 , Sarkozy called for a ceasefire plan for the Gaza Strip Conflict . The plan , which was jointly proposed by Sarkozy and Egyptian ex-President Hosni Mubarak envisions the continuation of the delivery of aid to Gaza and talks with Israel on border security , a key issue for Israel as it says Hamas smuggles its rockets into Gaza through the Egyptian border . Welcoming the proposal , US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice called for a ceasefire that can endure and that can bring real security . Military intervention in Libya . Muammar Gaddafis official visit to Nicolas Sarkozy in December 2007 triggered a strong wave of protests against the President in France . In March 2011 , after having been criticized for his unwillingness to support the Egyptian and Tunisian revolutions , and persuaded by the philosopher Bernard-Henri Levy to have France actively engage against the forces of the Libyan leader , Muammar Gaddafi , Nicolas Sarkozy was amongst the first Heads of State to demand the resignation of Gaddafi and his government , which was then fighting a civil war in Libya . On 10 March 2011 , Nicolas Sarkozy welcomed to the Elysee Palace , three emissaries from the Libyan National Transitional Council ( NTC ) , brought to him by Bernard-Henri Levy who mediated at the meeting . Nicolas Sarkozy promised them a no-fly zone would be imposed on Gaddafis aeroplanes . He also promised them French military assistance . On 17 March 2011 , at the behest of France , resolution 1973 was adopted by the Security Council of the United Nations , permitting the creation of a no fly zone over Libya , and for the undertaking of necessary measures for the protection of the countrys civilian population . On 19 March 2011 , Nicolas Sarkozy officially announced the beginning of a military intervention in Libya , with Frances participation . These actions of Nicolas Sarkozy were favorably received by the majority of the French political class and public opinion . In 2016 , the Foreign Affairs Committee of the British Parliament published a report stating that the military intervention was based on erroneous assumptions that the threat of a massacre of civilian populations has been overvalued and that the coalition Has not verified the real threat to civilians ; He also believes that the true motivations of Nicolas Sarkozy were to serve French interests and to improve his political situation in France . 2012 presidential campaign . Sarkozy was one of ten candidates who qualified for the first round of voting . François Hollande , the Socialist Party candidate , received the most votes in the first round held on 22 April election , with Sarkozy coming second , meaning that both progressed to the second round of voting on 5–6 May 2012 . Sarkozy lost in the runoff and conceded to Hollande . He received an estimated 48.38% compared to Hollandes 51.62% . After his defeat . Temporary retirement : 2012–2014 . After his defeat at the 2012 election , Nicolas Sarkozy asked his supporters to respect Hollandes victory . He invited his successor to attend his last 8 May Victory in Europe Day commemoration in office . His last day as President of the French Republic was 15 May . Shortly after , Sarkozy briefly considered a career in private equity and secured a €250 million commitment from the Qatar Investment Authority to back his planned buyout firm . He abandoned his private equity plans when he decided to make a political comeback in 2014 . Return to politics : 2014–2016 . On 19 September 2014 , Sarkozy announced that he was returning to politics and would run for chairman of the UMP party . and was elected to the post on 29 November 2014 . Led by Sarkozy , UMP won over two-thirds of the 102 local departements in the nationwide elections on 29 March 2015 . On 13 December , the Republicans won the majority of regional office races , another set of national elections . ( On 30 May the UMPs name was changed to the Republicans. ) In January 2016 , Sarkozy published the book La France pour la vie . In August 2016 , he announced his candidacy for 2016 Republican presidential primary in November 2016 , but only came in third place behind François Fillon and Alain Juppé . He decided to endorse Fillon and to retire from politics . Other activities . Corporate boards . - Lagardère Group , Member of the Supervisory Board ( since 2020 ) - Accor , Independent Member of the Board of Directors and Chairman of the International Strategy Committee ( since 2017 ) - Groupe Lucien Barrière , Member of the Board of Directors ( since 2019 ) Non-profit organizations . - Berggruen Institute , Member of the 21st Century Council - Schwarzman Scholars , Honorary Member of the Advisory Board Public image . Sarkozy was named the 68th best-dressed person in the world by Vanity Fair , alongside David Beckham and Brad Pitt . However , Sarkozy has also been named as the third worst-dressed person in the world by GQ , a listing that has been disputed . Beside publicising , at times , and at others , refusing to publicise his ex-wife Cécilia Ciganer-Albénizs image , Sarkozy takes care of his own personal image , sometimes to the point of censorship—such as in the Paris Match affair , when he allegedly forced its director to resign following an article on his ex-wife and her affair with Publicis executive Richard Attias , or pressures exercised on the Journal du dimanche , which was preparing to publish an article concerning Ciganer-Albénizs decision not to vote in the second round of the 2007 presidential election . In its edition of 9 August 2007 , Paris Match retouched a photo of Sarkozy in order to erase a love handle . His official portrait destined for all French town halls was done by Sipa Press photographer Philippe Warrin , better known for his paparazzi work . Former Daily Telegraph journalist Colin Randall has highlighted Sarkozys tighter control of his image and frequent interventions in the media : he censors a book , or fires the chief editor of a weekly . Sarkozy is reported by Reuters to be sensitive about his height ( believed to be ) . The French media have pointed out that Carla Bruni frequently wears flats when in public with him . In 2009 , a worker at a factory where Sarkozy gave a speech said she was asked to stand next to him because she was of a similar height to Sarkozy . ( This story was corroborated by some trade union officials. ) This was the subject of a political row : the presidents office called the accusation completely absurd and grotesque , while the Socialist Party mocked his fastidious preparation . Sarkozy lost a suit against a manufacturer of Sarkozy voodoo dolls , in which he claimed that he had a right to his own image . Sarkozy was nicknamed as Hyper-president or hyperpresident by some French media after his 2007 election as president , to describe his desire to control everything . Whereas in the history of the Fifth Republic , the successive presidents were traditionally focused on the foreign policy of the country and on international relations , leaving the Prime Minister and the government to determine the domestic policy , as the Constitution states it , Nicolas Sarkozy appeared to determine both the foreign and domestic policy . Some compared Nicolas Sarkozy to Napoléon Bonaparte and Louis XIV . Indeed , he appointed a very close friend of his , François Fillon , as a Prime Minister . François Fillon was accused of being an instrument of the Presidents power . The biopic The Conquest is a 2011 film that dramatizes Sarkozys rise to power , with candid portrayals of Sarkozy himself , Chirac and Villepin . It was shown at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . Controversies . Sarkozy is generally disliked by the left and has been criticised by some on the right , most vocally by moderate Gaullist supporters of Jacques Chirac and Dominique de Villepin . The communist-leaning magazine LHumanité accused Sarkozy of populism . Views on religions . In 2004 Sarkozy co-authored a book , La République , les religions , lespérance ( The Republic , Religions , and Hope ) , in which he argued that the young should not be brought up solely on secular or republican values . He advocated reducing the separation of church and state , arguing for the government subsidies for mosques to encourage Islamic integration into French society . He has opposed financing of religious institutions with funds from outside France . After meeting with Tom Cruise , Sarkozy was criticized by some for meeting with a member of the Church of Scientology , which has been seen by some as a cult . Sarkozy was criticized by some Christians after he claimed the roots of France are essentially Christian at a December 2007 speech in Rome . Similarly , he drew criticism from Christians after he called Islam one of the greatest and most beautiful civilizations the world has known at a speech in Riyadh in January 2008 . Controversial statements . In the midst of a tense period and following the death of an 11-year-old boy , caught in the crossfire of a gang brawl in the Paris suburb of La Courneuve in June 2005 , Sarkozy went to the scene and said : on va nettoyer au Kärcher la cité ( we will clean the area with a pressure washer ) . Two days before the 2005 Paris riots , he referred to young criminals of nearby housing projects as voyous ( thugs ) and racaille , a slang term which can be translated into English as rabble , scum or riff-raff , in answer to resident who addressed Sarkozy with Quand nous débarrassez-vous de cette racaille ? ( When will you rid us of these dregs? ) The French Communist Party publication , LHumanité , branded this language as inappropriate . Following Sarkozys use of the word racaille many people in the banlieues identified him as a politician of the far right . His period as Minister of the Interior saw the use of police as shock troops in the banlieues , and a police raid on the suburb of Clichy-sous-Bois in October 2005 led to two boys being electrocuted in a power sub-station . The riots began that night . In September 2005 Sarkozy was accused of pushing for a hasty inquiry into an arson attack on a police station in Pau , of which the alleged perpetrators were acquitted for lack of proof . On 22 June 2005 Sarkozy told law enforcement officials that he had questioned the Minister of Justice about the future of the judge who had freed a man on parole who had later committed a murder . A few weeks before the first round of the 2007 presidential elections , Sarkozy had an interview with philosopher Michel Onfray . Sarkozy stated that disorders such as paedophilia and depression have a genetic as well as social basis , saying .. . Id be inclined to think that one is born a paedophile , and it is actually a problem that we do not know how to cure this disease ; he claimed that suicides among youth were linked to genetic predispositions by stating , I dont want to give parents a complex . Its not exclusively the parents fault every time a youngster commits suicide . These statements were criticised by some scientists , including geneticist Axel Kahn . Sarkozy later added , What part is innate and what part is acquired ? At least lets debate it , lets not close the door to all debate . On 27 July 2007 , Sarkozy delivered a speech in Dakar , Senegal , written by Henri Guaino , in which he claimed that the African has never really entered into history . The controversial remarks were widely condemned by Africans , with some viewing them as racist . South African president Thabo Mbeki praised Sarkozys speech , which raised criticism by some in the South African media . On 30 July 2010 , Sarkozy suggested a new policy of security , and he proposed stripping foreign-born French citizens who opted to acquire their nationality at their majority of their citizenship if they are convicted of threatening the life of a police officer or other serious crimes . This policy has been criticized for example by the US newspaper The New York Times , by Sarkozys political opponents , including the Socialist Party leader Martine Aubry , and by experts of French law , including the ex-member of the Constitutional Council of France , Robert Badinter , who said that such action would be unconstitutional . He called for coercive methods to promote métissage , cultural mixing ( which can sometimes include genetic mixing ) , which he called an obligation during a press conference on 17 December 2008 . Casse-toi , pauvcon . On 23 February 2008 , Sarkozy was filmed by a reporter for French newspaper Le Parisien having the following exchange while visiting the Paris International Agricultural Show:While quickly crossing the hall Saturday morning , in the middle of the crowd , Sarkozy encounters a recalcitrant visitor who refuses to shake his hand . Ah no , dont touch me! , said the man . The president retorted immediately : Get lost , then . Youre making me dirty , yelled the man . With a frozen smile , Sarkozy says , his teeth glistening , a refined Get lost , then , poor dumb-ass , go . A precise translation into English has many possible variations . On 28 August 2008 , Hervé Eon , from Laval came to an anti-Sarkozy demonstration with a sign bearing the words Casse-toi pov con , the exact words Sarkozy had uttered . Eon was arrested for causing offence to the presidential function and the prosecutor , who in France indirectly reports to the president , requested a fine of €1000 . The court eventually imposed a symbolic €30 suspended fine , which has generally been interpreted as a defeat for the prosecution side . This incident was widely reported on , in particular as Sarkozy , as president of the Republic , is immune from prosecution , notably restricting Eons rights to sue Sarkozy for defamation . Position on the Iraq war . Sarkozy opposed the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq . However , he was critical of the way Chirac and his foreign minister Dominique de Villepin expressed Frances opposition to the war . Talking at the French-American Foundation in Washington , D.C . on 12 September 2006 , he denounced what he called the French arrogance and said : It is bad manners to embarrass ones allies or sound like one is taking delight in their troubles . He added : We must never again turn our disagreements into a crisis . Chirac reportedly said in private that Sarkozys speech was appalling and a shameful act . Accusations of nepotism . In October 2009 , Sarkozy was accused of nepotism for helping his son , Jean , try to become head of the public body running Frances biggest business district EPAD . On 3 July 2012 , French police raided Sarkozys residence and office as part of a probe into claims that Sarkozy was involved in illegal political campaign financing . Political and financial scandals . On 5 July 2010 , following its investigations on the Bettencourt affair , online newspaper Mediapart ran an article in which Claire Thibout , a former accountant of billionairess Liliane Bettencourt , accused Sarkozy and Eric Woerth of receiving illegal campaign donations in 2007 , in cash . On 1 July 2014 Sarkozy was detained for questioning by police over claims he had promised a prestigious role in Monaco to a high-ranking judge , Gilbert Azibert , in exchange for information about the investigation into alleged illegal campaign funding . Mr Azibert , one of the most senior judges at the Court of Appeal , was called in for questioning on 30 June 2014 . It is believed to be the first time a former French president has been held in police custody , although his predecessor , Jacques Chirac , was found guilty of embezzlement and breach of trust while he was mayor of Paris and given a suspended prison sentence in 2011 . After 15 hours in police custody , Sarkozy was put under official investigation for active corruption , misuse of influence and obtained through a breach of professional secrecy on 2 July 2014 . Mr Azibert and Sarkozys lawyer , Thierry Herzog , are also now under official investigation . The two accusations carry sentences of up to 10 years in prison . The developments were seen as a blow to Sarkozys attempts to challenge for the presidency in 2017 . Nevertheless , he later stood as a candidate for the Republican party nomination , but was eliminated from the contest in November 2016 . A trial on this case , Sarkozys first , started on 23 November 2020 . On 16 February 2016 , Sarkozy was indicted on illegal financing of political campaign charges related to overspending in his 2012 presidential campaign and retained as witness in connection with the Bygmalion scandal . In April 2016 , Arnaud Claude , former law partner of Sarkozy , was named in the Panama Papers . On 23 November 2020 , the trial of Nicolas Sarkozy started who is accused of corruption and influence peddling , for an attempted bribery of a judge . The trial was postponed until November 26 , following a request from one of his co-defendants for health reasons . On 1 March 2021 , a court in Paris found former French President Nicolas Sarkozy guilty of corruption , trading in influence in a wiretapping and illegal data exchange case involving a number of individuals like magistrate Gilbert Azibert and Sarkozys former lawyer Thierry Herzog . Both men were tried with him and convicted as well . Sarkozy and his two co-defendants were sentenced to three years , two of them suspended , and one in prison . Sarkozy appealed the ruling , which suspends its application . On 20 May 2021 , the criminal trial began for Sarkozy and 13 other defendants who were said to have been involved in the Bygmalion scandal . Sarkozys second corruption trial involves allegations of diverting tens of millions of euros which was intended to be spent on the his failed 2012 re-election campaign and then hiring a PR firm to cover it up . The illicit campaign finance money was instead used to overspend on lavish campaign rallies and events . Alleged Libyan agent of influence . Shortly after his inauguration as President of France in 2007 , Sarkozy invited Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi to France over the objections of both the political opposition , and members of his own government . The visit marked the first time Gaddafi had been to France in more than 35 years and , during it , France agreed to sell Libya 21 Airbus aircraft and signed a nuclear cooperation agreement . Negotiations for the purchase of more than a dozen Dassault Rafale fighter jets , plus military helicopters , were also initiated during the trip . During the 2011 Libyan Civil War – a conflict in which France intervened – Saif-al-Islam Gaddafi said in an interview with euronews that the Libyan state had donated €50 million to Sarkozys 2007 presidential campaign in exchange for access and favors by Sarkozy . Investigative website Mediapart subsequently published several documents appearing to prove a payment of €50 million , and also published a claim by Ziad Takieddine that he had personally handed three briefcases stuffed with cash to Sarkozy . French magistrates later acquired diaries of former Libyan oil minister Shukri Ghanem in which payments to Sarkozy were mentioned . Shortly thereafter , however , Ghanem was found dead , floating in the Danube in Austria and thereby preventing his corroboration of the diaries . In January 2018 , British police arrested Alexandre Djouhri on a European Arrest Warrant . Djouhri was an associate of Sarkozy and had refused to respond to a French judicial summons for questioning over allegations he had helped launder Libyan funds on behalf of Sarkozy . Political career . - President of the French Republic : 2007–2012 . - Member of the Constitutional Council of France : since 2012 . Governmental functions - Minister of Budget and governments spokesman : 1993–1995 . - Minister of Communication and governments spokesman : 1994–1995 . - Minister of State , minister of Interior , of the Internal Security and Local Freedoms : 2002–2004 . - Minister of State , minister of Economy , Finance and Industry : March–November 2004 ( resignation ) . - Minister of State , minister of Interior and Land Planning : 2005–2007 ( resignation ) . Electoral mandates European Parliament - Member of the European Parliament : July–September 1999 ( resignation ) . Elected in 1999 . National Assembly of France - Member of the National Assembly of France for Hauts-de-Seine ( 6th constituency ) : 1988–1993 ( became minister in 1993 ) / 1995–2002 ( became minister in 2002 ) / March–June 2005 ( became minister in June 2005 ) . Elected in 1988 , reelected in 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 2002 , 2005 . Regional Council - Regional councillor of Île-de-France : 1983–1988 ( resignation ) . Elected in 1986 . General Council - President of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine : 2004–2007 ( resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . - Vice-president of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine : 1986–1988 ( resignation ) . - General councillor of Hauts-de-Seine , elected in the canton of Neuilly-sur-Seine-Nord : 1985–1988 / 2004–2007 ( Resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . Municipal Council - Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 1983–2002 ( resignation ) . Reelected in 1989 , 1995 , and 2001 . - Deputy-mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 2002–2005 ( resignation ) . - Municipal councillor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 1977–2005 ( resignation ) . Reelected in 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , and 2001 . Political functions - President of the Union for a Popular Movement : 2004–2007 ( resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . Elected in 2004 . - President of the Rally for the Republic : April–October 1999 . - General secretary of the Rally for the Republic : 1998–1999 . - Deputy general secretary of the Rally for the Republic : 1992–1993 . Awards and honours . French Honours . - Legion of Honour - ex officio Further reading . - , interviews with Michel Denisot - , Grand livre du mois 1995 - , subject ( s ) : Pratiques politiques—France—1990– , France—Politique et gouvernement—1997–2002 - Alvarez-Montalvo , Marta ( 9 July 2004 ) : ¿Quién teme a Nicolas Sarkozy ? El ministro de economía francés se postula como próximo candidato a las presidenciales de 2007 , in Epoca ( [ Madrid ] : Difusora de Informacion Periodica S.A. , DINPESA , 9 July 2004 ) , number 1012 , p . 46 ( 2 ) , 3 pages , 829 words , available online at - , subject ( s ) : Sarkozy , Nicolas ( 1955– ) —Caricatures et dessins humoristiques - , Grand Livre du mois 2004 , subject ( s ) : Chirac , Jacques ( 1932– ) , Sarkozy , Nicolas ( 1955– ) , France—Politique et gouvernement—1995– - , subject ( s ) : Laïcité—France—1990– , Islam—France—1990– External links . Official websites . - President of France - Website of the UMP , Sarkozys party - Official personal website - 2012 campaign website - Address to the General Assembly of the United Nations during the General Debate of the 63rd Session , 23 September 2008 . Nicolas Sarkozy addressed the Assembly both as President of France and as President of the European Union Press . - Radio France International feature Sarkozys 90-minute address to the nation , 6 February 2009 - Hosing Sarkozy an article in the TLS by Sudhir Hazareesingh , 28 November 2007 - Interview after One Month in Office Le Figaro , 7 June 2007 - Sarkozy takes over Chiracs UMP party ( BBC News ) - Profile : Nicolas Sarkozy ( BBC News ) - Nicolas Sarkozy : French Choose the American Way ? by David Storobin - Vive this difference by Suzanne Fields - Frances chance , The Economist , 12 April 2007 - Letter From Europe- Round 1 Jane Kramer , The New Yorker , 23 April 2007 - On the so-called rupture by Sarkozy , Mathieu Potte-Bonneville & Pierre Zaoui , Vacarme n°41 , Winter 2007 - The Bettencourt/LOréal scandal Radio France Internationale in English - French politics no stranger to scandals Radio France Internationale in English - LOréal , scandals and the far right Radio France Internationale in English - Articles and Coverage ( Guardian UK ) Related contents . - Extended biography by CIDOB Foundation - Sarkozys opinion poll tracker - Some of Sarkozys quotations |
[
"Minister of the Interior"
] | easy | Which position did Nicolas Sarkozy hold from Jun 2005 to 2007? | /wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy#P39#5 | Nicolas Sarkozy Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa ( ; ; born 28 January 1955 ) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 16 May 2007 until 15 May 2012 . Born in Paris , he is of one half Hungarian , one quarter Greek Jewish , and one quarter French origin . Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1983 to 2002 , he was Minister of the Budget under Prime Minister Édouard Balladur ( 1993–1995 ) during François Mitterrands second term . During Jacques Chiracs second presidential term he served as Minister of the Interior and as Minister of Finances . He was the leader of the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) party from 2004 to 2007 . He won the 2007 French presidential election by a 53.1% to 46.9% margin against Socialist Ségolène Royal . During his term , he faced the financial crisis of 2007–2008 ( causing a recession , the European sovereign debt crisis ) , the Russo-Georgian War ( for which he negotiated a ceasefire ) and the Arab Spring ( especially in Tunisia , Libya , and Syria ) . He initiated the reform of French universities ( 2007 ) and the pension reform ( 2010 ) . He married Italian-French singer-songwriter Carla Bruni in 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris . In the 2012 election , François Hollande , candidate of the Socialist Party , defeated Sarkozy by a 3.2% margin . After leaving the presidential office , Sarkozy vowed to retire from public life before coming back in 2014 , being subsequently reelected as UMP leader ( renamed The Republicans in 2015 ) . Being defeated at the Republican presidential primary in 2016 , he retired from public life . He was charged with corruption by French prosecutors in two cases , notably concerning the alleged Libyan interference in the 2007 French elections . In 2021 , Sarkozy and two co-defendants were convicted of corruption ; he has appealed the ruling . Personal life . Family background . Sarkozy was born in Paris , and is the son of Pál István Ernő Sárközy de Nagy-Bócsa ( ; —in some sources Nagy-Bócsay Sárközy Pál István Ernő ) , ( born 5 May 1928 ) , a Protestant Hungarian aristocrat , and Andrée Jeanne Dadu Mallah ( 12 October 1925 – 12 December 2017 ) , whose Greek Jewish father converted to Catholicism to marry Sarkozys French Catholic maternal grandmother . They were married in the Saint-François-de-Sales church , 17th arrondissement of Paris , on 8 February 1950 , and divorced in 1959 . Early life . During Sarkozys childhood , his father founded his own advertising agency and became wealthy . The family lived in a mansion owned by Sarkozys maternal grandfather , Benedict Mallah , in the 17th arrondissement of Paris . The family later moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine , one of the wealthiest communes of the Île-de-France région immediately west of Paris . According to Sarkozy , his staunchly Gaullist grandfather was more of an influence on him than his father , whom he rarely saw . Sarkozy was raised Catholic . Sarkozy said that being abandoned by his father shaped much of who he is today . He also has said that , in his early years , he felt inferior in relation to his wealthier and taller classmates . What made me who I am now is the sum of all the humiliations suffered during childhood , he said later . Education . Sarkozy was enrolled in the Lycée Chaptal , a well regarded public middle and high school in Paris 8th arrondissement , where he failed his sixième . His family then sent him to the Cours Saint-Louis de Monceau , a private Catholic school in the 17th arrondissement , where he was reportedly a mediocre student , but where he nonetheless obtained his baccalauréat in 1973 . Sarkozy enrolled at the , where he graduated with an M.A . in private law and , later , with a D.E.A . degree in business law . Paris X Nanterre had been the starting place for the May 68 student movement and was still a stronghold of leftist students . Described as a quiet student , Sarkozy soon joined the right-wing student organization , in which he was very active . He completed his military service as a part-time Air Force cleaner . After graduating from university , Sarkozy entered Sciences Po , where he studied between 1979 and 1981 , but failed to graduate due to an insufficient command of the English language . After passing the bar , Sarkozy became a lawyer specializing in business and family law and was one of Silvio Berlusconis French lawyers . Marriages . Marie-Dominique Culioli . Sarkozy married his first wife , Marie-Dominique Culioli , on 23 September 1982 ; her father was a pharmacist from Vico ( a village north of Ajaccio , Corsica ) , her uncle was Achille Peretti , the mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1947 to 1983 and Sarkozys political mentor . They had two sons , Pierre ( born in 1985 ) , now a hip-hop producer , and Jean ( born in 1986 ) now a local politician in the city of Neuilly-sur-Seine where Sarkozy started his own political career . Sarkozys best man was the prominent right-wing politician Charles Pasqua , later to become a political opponent . Sarkozy divorced Culioli in 1996 , after they had been separated for several years . Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz . As mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine , Sarkozy met former fashion model and public relations executive Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz ( great-granddaughter of composer Isaac Albéniz and daughter of a Moldovan father ) , when he officiated at her wedding to television host Jacques Martin . In 1988 , she left her husband for Sarkozy , and divorced one year later . She and Sarkozy married in October 1996 , with witnesses Martin Bouygues and Bernard Arnault . They have one son , Louis , born 23 April 1997 . Between 2002 and 2005 , the couple often appeared together on public occasions , with Cécilia Sarkozy acting as the chief aide for her husband . On 25 May 2005 , however , the Swiss newspaper Le Matin revealed that she had left Sarkozy for French-Moroccan national Richard Attias , head of Publicis in New York . There were other accusations of a private nature in Le Matin , which led to Sarkozy suing the paper . In the meantime , he was said to have had an affair with a journalist of Le Figaro , Anne Fulda . Sarkozy and Cécilia ultimately divorced on 15 October 2007 , soon after his election as president . Carla Bruni . Less than a month after separating from Cécilia , Sarkozy met Italian-born singer , songwriter and former fashion model Carla Bruni at a dinner party , and soon entered into a relationship with her . They married on 2 February 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris . The couple have a daughter , Giulia , born on 19 October 2011 . It was the first time a French president has publicly had a child while in office . Personal wealth . Sarkozy declared to the Constitutional Council a net worth of €2 million , most of the assets being in the form of life insurance policies . As the French President , one of his first actions was to give himself a pay raise : his yearly salary went from €101,000 to €240,000 , matching other European officeholders . He is also entitled to a mayoral , parliamentarian and presidential pension as a former Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine , member of the National Assembly and President of France . Early political career . Sarkozy is recognized by French parties on both the Right and Left as a skilled politician and striking orator . His supporters within France emphasize his charisma , political innovation and willingness to make a dramatic break amid mounting disaffection against politics as usual . Overall , he is considered more pro-American and pro-Israeli than most French politicians . From 2004 to 2007 , Sarkozy was president of the Union pour un Mouvement Populaire ( UMP ) , Frances major right-wing political party , and he was Minister of the Interior in the government of Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin , with the honorific title of Minister of State , making him effectively the number three official in the French State after President Jacques Chirac and Villepin . His ministerial responsibilities included law enforcement and working to co-ordinate relationships between the national and local governments , as well as Minister of Worship : in this role he created the French Council of the Muslim Faith ( CFCM ) . Previously , he was a député in the French National Assembly . He was forced to resign this position in order to accept his ministerial appointment . He previously also held several ministerial posts , including Finance Minister . In Government : 1993–1995 . Sarkozys political career began when he was 23 , when he became a city councillor in Neuilly-sur-Seine . A member of the Neo-Gaullist party RPR , he went on to be elected mayor of that town , after the death of the incumbent mayor Achille Peretti . Sarkozy had been close to Peretti , as his mother was Perettis secretary . A more senior RPR councillor , Charles Pasqua , wanted to become mayor , and asked Sarkozy to organize his campaign . Instead Sarkozy took that opportunity to propel himself into the office of mayor . He was the youngest mayor of any town in France with a population of over 50,000 . He served from 1983 to 2002 . In 1988 , he became a deputy in the National Assembly . In 1993 , Sarkozy was in the national news for personally negotiating with the Human Bomb , a man who had taken small children hostage in a kindergarten in Neuilly . The Human Bomb was killed after two days of talks by policemen of the RAID , who entered the school stealthily while the attacker was resting . At the same time , from 1993 to 1995 , he was Minister for the Budget and spokesman for the executive in the cabinet of Prime Minister Édouard Balladur . Throughout most of his early career , Sarkozy had been seen as a protégé of Jacques Chirac . During his tenure , he increased Frances public debt more than any other French Budget Minister , by the equivalent of €200 billion ( US$260 billion ) ( FY 1994–1996 ) . The first two budgets he submitted to the parliament ( budgets for FY1994 and FY1995 ) assumed a yearly budget deficit equivalent to six percent of GDP . According to the Maastricht Treaty , the French yearly budget deficit may not exceed three percent of Frances GDP . In 1995 , he spurned Chirac and backed Édouard Balladur for President of France . After Chirac won the election , Sarkozy lost his position as Minister for the Budget , and found himself outside the circles of power . However , he returned after the right-wing defeat at the 1997 parliamentary election , as the number two candidate of the RPR . When the party leader Philippe Séguin resigned , in 1999 , he took the leadership of the Neo-Gaullist party . But it obtained its worst result at the 1999 European Parliament election , winning 12.7% of the votes , less than the dissident Rally for France of Charles Pasqua . Sarkozy lost the RPR leadership . In 2002 , however , after his re-election as President of the French Republic ( see 2002 French presidential election ) , Chirac appointed Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior in the cabinet of Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin , despite Sarkozys support of Edouard Balladur for President in 1995 . Following Chiracs 14 July keynote speech on road safety , Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior pushed through new legislation leading to the mass purchase of speed cameras and a campaign to increase the awareness of dangers on the roads . In the cabinet reshuffle of 30 April 2004 , Sarkozy became Finance Minister . Tensions continued to build between Sarkozy and Chirac and within the UMP party , as Sarkozys intentions of becoming head of the party after the resignation of Alain Juppé became clear . In party elections of 10 November 2004 , Sarkozy became leader of the UMP with 85% of the vote . In accordance with an agreement with Chirac , he resigned as Finance Minister . Sarkozys ascent was marked by the division of UMP between sarkozystes , such as Sarkozys first lieutenant , Brice Hortefeux , and Chirac loyalists , such as Jean-Louis Debré . Sarkozy was made Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ( Knight of the Legion of Honour ) by President Chirac in February 2005 . He was re-elected on 13 March 2005 to the National Assembly . ( As required by the constitution , he had to resign as a deputy when he became minister in 2002. ) On 31 May 2005 the main French news radio station France Info reported a rumour that Sarkozy was to be reappointed Minister of the Interior in the government of Dominique de Villepin without resigning from the UMP leadership . This was confirmed on 2 June 2005 , when the members of the government were officially announced . First term as Minister of the Interior : 2002–2004 . Towards the end of his first term as Minister of the Interior , in 2004 , Sarkozy was the most divisive conservative politician in France , according to polls conducted at the beginning of 2004 . Sarkozy has sought to ease the sometimes tense relationships between the general French population and the Muslim community . Unlike the Catholic Church in France with their official leaders or Protestants with their umbrella organisations , the French Muslim community had a lack of structure with no group that could legitimately deal with the French government on their behalf . Sarkozy supported the foundation in May 2003 of the private non-profit Conseil français du culte musulman ( French Council of the Muslim Faith ) , an organisation meant to be representative of French Muslims . In addition , Sarkozy has suggested amending the 1905 law on the separation of Church and State , mostly in order to be able to finance mosques and other Muslim institutions with public funds so that they are less reliant on money from outside France . It was not followed by any concrete measure . Minister of Finance : 2004 . During his short appointment as Minister of Finance , Sarkozy was responsible for introducing a number of policies . The degree to which this reflected libéralisme ( a hands-off approach to running the economy ) or more traditional French state dirigisme ( intervention ) is controversial . He resigned the day following his election as president of the UMP . - In September 2004 , Sarkozy oversaw the reduction of the government ownership stake in France Télécom from 50.4 percent to 41 percent . - Sarkozy backed a partial nationalisation of the large engineering company Alstom decided by his predecessor when the company was exposed to bankruptcy in 2003 . - In June 2004 , Sarkozy reached an agreement with the major retail chains in France to concertedly lower prices on household goods by an average of two percent ; the success of this measure is disputed , with studies suggesting that the decrease was close to one percent in September . - Taxes : Sarkozy avoided taking a position on the ISF ( solidarity tax on wealth ) . This is considered an ideological symbol by many on the left and right . Some in the business world and on the liberal right , such as Alain Madelin , wanted it abolished . For Sarkozy , that would have risked being categorised by the left as a gift to the richest classes of society at a time of economic difficulties . Second term as Minister of the Interior : 2005–2007 . During his second term at the Ministry of the Interior , Sarkozy was initially more discreet about his ministerial activities : instead of focusing on his own topic of law and order , many of his declarations addressed wider issues , since he was expressing his opinions as head of the UMP party . However , the civil unrest in autumn 2005 put law enforcement in the spotlight again . Sarkozy was accused of having provoked the unrest by calling young delinquents from housing projects a rabble ( racaille ) in Argenteuil near Paris , and controversially suggested cleansing the minority suburbs with a Kärcher . After the accidental death of two youths , which sparked the riots , Sarkozy first blamed it on hoodlums and gangsters . These remarks were sharply criticised by many on the left wing and by a member of his own government , Delegate Minister for Equal Opportunities Azouz Begag . After the rioting , he made a number of announcements on future policy : selection of immigrants , greater tracking of immigrants , and a reform on the 1945 ordinance government justice measures for young delinquents . UMP leader : 2004–2007 . Before he was elected President of France , Sarkozy was president of UMP , the French conservative party , elected with 85 percent of the vote . During his presidency , the number of members increased significantly . In 2005 , he supported a yes vote in the French referendum on the European Constitution , but the No vote won . Throughout 2005 , Sarkozy called for radical changes in Frances economic and social policies . These calls culminated in an interview with Le Monde on 8 September 2005 , during which he claimed that the French had been misled for 30 years by false promises . Among other issues : - he called for a simplified and fairer taxation system , with fewer loopholes and a maximum taxation rate ( all direct taxes combined ) at 50 percent of revenue ; - he approved measures reducing or denying social support to unemployed workers who refuse work offered to them ; - he pressed for a reduction in the budget deficit , claiming that the French state had been living off credit for some time . Such policies are what are called in France libéral ( that is , in favour of laissez-faire economic policies ) or , with a pejorative undertone , ultra-libéral . Sarkozy rejects this label of libéral and prefers to call himself a pragmatist . Sarkozy opened another avenue of controversy by declaring that he wanted a reform of the immigration system , with quotas designed to admit the skilled workers needed by the French economy . He also wanted to reform the current French system for foreign students , saying that it enabled foreign students to take open-ended curricula in order to obtain residency in France ; instead , he wanted to select the best students to the best curricula in France . In early 2006 , the French parliament adopted a controversial bill known as DADVSI , which reforms French copyright law . Since his party was divided on the issue , Sarkozy stepped in and organised meetings between various parties involved . Later , groups such as the Odebi League and EUCD.info alleged that Sarkozy personally and unofficially supported certain amendments to the law , which enacted strong penalties against designers of peer-to-peer systems . Presidential election : 2007 . Sarkozy was a likely candidate for the presidency in 2007 ; in an oft-repeated comment made on television channel France 2 , when asked by a journalist whether he thought about the presidential election when he shaved in the morning , Sarkozy commented , Not just when I shave . On 14 January 2007 , Sarkozy was chosen by the UMP to be its candidate in the 2007 presidential election . Sarkozy , who was running unopposed , won 98 percent of the votes . Of the 327,000 UMP members who could vote , 69 percent participated in the online ballot . In February 2007 , Sarkozy appeared on a televised debate on TF1 where he expressed his support for affirmative action and the freedom to work overtime . Despite his opposition to same-sex marriage , he advocated civil unions and the possibility for same-sex partners to inherit under the same regime as married couples . The law was voted in July 2007 . On 7 February , Sarkozy decided in favour of a projected second , non-nuclear , aircraft carrier for the national Navy ( adding to the nuclear Charles de Gaulle ) , during an official visit in Toulon with Defence Minister Michèle Alliot-Marie . This would allow permanently having an operational ship , taking into account the constraints of maintenance , he explained . On 21 March , President Jacques Chirac announced his support for Sarkozy . Chirac pointed out that Sarkozy had been chosen as presidential candidate for the ruling UMP party , and said : So it is totally natural that I give him my vote and my support . To focus on his campaign , Sarkozy stepped down as Minister of the Interior on 26 March . During the campaign , rival candidates had accused Sarkozy of being a candidate for brutality and of presenting hard-line views about Frances future . Opponents also accused him of courting conservative voters in policy-making in a bid to capitalise on right-wing sentiments among some communities . However , his popularity was sufficient to see him polling as the frontrunner throughout the later campaign period , consistently ahead of rival Socialist candidate , Ségolène Royal . The first round of the presidential election was held on 22 April 2007 . Sarkozy came in first with 31.18 percent of the votes , ahead of Ségolène Royal of the Socialists with 25.87 percent . In the second round , Sarkozy came out on top to win the election with 53.06 percent of the votes ahead of Ségolène Royal with 46.94 percent . In his speech immediately following the announcement of the election results , Sarkozy stressed the need for Frances modernisation , but also called for national unity , mentioning that Royal was in his thoughts . In that speech , he claimed The French have chosen to break with the ideas , habits and behaviour of the past . I will restore the value of work , authority , merit and respect for the nation . Presidency ( 2007–2012 ) . Inauguration . On 6 May 2007 , Nicolas Sarkozy became the sixth person to be elected President of the Fifth Republic ( which was established in 1958 ) , and the 23rd President in French history . The official transfer of power from Chirac to Sarkozy took place on 16 May at 11:00 am ( 9:00 UTC ) at the Élysée Palace , where he was given the authorization codes of the French nuclear arsenal . In the afternoon , the new president flew to Berlin to meet with German Chancellor Angela Merkel . Under Sarkozys government , François Fillon replaced Dominique de Villepin as Prime Minister . Sarkozy appointed Bernard Kouchner , the left-wing founder of Médecins Sans Frontières , as his Foreign Minister , leading to Kouchners expulsion from the Socialist Party . In addition to Kouchner , three more Sarkozy ministers are from the left , including Éric Besson , who served as Ségolène Royals economic adviser at the beginning of her campaign . Sarkozy also appointed seven women to form a total cabinet of 15 ; one , Justice Minister Rachida Dati , is the first woman of Northern African origin to serve in a French cabinet . Of the 15 , two attended the elite École nationale dadministration ( ENA ) . The ministers were reorganised , with the controversial creation of a Ministry of Immigration , Integration , National Identity and Co-Development—given to his right-hand man Brice Hortefeux—and of a Ministry of Budget , Public Accounts and Civil Administration—handed out to Éric Wœrth , supposed to prepare the replacement of only a third of all civil servants who retire . However , after 17 June parliamentary elections , the Cabinet was adjusted to 15 ministers and 16 deputy ministers , totalling 31 officials . Sarkozy broke with the custom of amnestying traffic tickets and of releasing thousands of prisoners from overcrowded jails on Bastille Day , a tradition that Napoleon had started in 1802 to commemorate the storming of the Bastille during the French Revolution . In the 2007 and 2008 , French President Nicolas Sarkozy , Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper , and Quebec Premier Jean Charest all spoke in favour of a Canada – EU free trade agreement . In October 2008 , Sarkozy became the first French President to address the National Assembly of Quebec . In his speech he spoke out against Quebec separatism , but recognized Quebec as a nation within Canada . He said that , to France , Canada was a friend , and Quebec was family . Release of hostages . Shortly after taking office , Sarkozy began negotiations with Colombian president Álvaro Uribe and the left-wing guerrilla FARC , regarding the release of hostages held by the rebel group , especially Franco-Colombian politician Ingrid Betancourt . According to some sources , Sarkozy himself asked for Uribe to release FARCs chancellor Rodrigo Granda . Furthermore , he announced on 24 July 2007 , that French and European representatives had obtained the extradition of the Bulgarian nurses detained in Libya to their country . In exchange , he signed with Muammar Gaddafi security , health care and immigration pacts—and a $230 million ( 168 million euros ) MILAN antitank missile sale . The contract was the first made by Libya since 2004 , and was negotiated with MBDA , a subsidiary of EADS . Another 128 million euro contract would have been signed , according to Tripoli , with EADS for a TETRA radio system . The Socialist Party ( PS ) and the Communist Party ( PCF ) criticised a state affair and a barter with a Rogue state . The leader of the PS , François Hollande , requested the opening of a parliamentary investigation . Green policy . On 8 June 2007 , during the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm , Sarkozy set a goal of reducing French CO emissions by 50 percent by 2050 in order to prevent global warming . He then pushed forward Socialist Dominique Strauss-Kahn as European nominee to the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . Critics alleged that Sarkozy proposed to nominate Strauss-Kahn as managing director of the IMF to deprive the Socialist Party of one of its more popular figures . In 2010 , a study of :Yale and Columbia universities ranked France the most respectful country of the G20 concerning the environment . Economic policy . The Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) , Sarkozys party , won a majority at the June 2007 legislative election , although by less than expected . In July , the UMP majority , seconded by the Nouveau Centre , ratified one of Sarkozys electoral promises , which was to partially revoke the inheritance tax . The inheritance tax formerly brought eight billion euros into state coffers . Sarkozys UMP majority prepared a budget that reduced taxes , in particular for upper middle-class people , allegedly in an effort to boost GDP growth , but did not reduce state expenditures . He was criticised by the European Commission for doing so . On 23 July 2008 , parliament voted the loi de modernisation de léconomie ( Modernization of the Economy Law ) which loosened restrictions on retail prices and reduced limitations on the creation of businesses . The Government has also made changes to long-standing French work-hour regulations , allowing employers to negotiate overtime with employees and making all hours worked past the traditional French 35-hour week tax-free . However , as a result of the global financial crisis that came to a head in September 2008 , Sarkozy has returned to the state interventionism of his predecessors , declaring that laissez-faire capitalism is over and denouncing the dictatorship of the market . Confronted with the suggestion that he had become a socialist , he responded : Have I become socialist ? Perhaps . He has also pledged to create 100,000 state-subsidised jobs . Security policy . Sarkozys government issued a decree on 7 August 2007 to generalise a voluntary biometric profiling program of travellers in airports . The program , called Parafes , was to use fingerprints . The new database would be interconnected with the Schengen Information System ( SIS ) as well as with a national database of wanted persons ( FPR ) . The Commission nationale de linformatique et des libertés ( CNIL ) protested against this new decree , opposing itself to the recording of fingerprints and to the interconnection between the SIS and the FPR . Constitutional reform . On 21 July 2008 , the French parliament passed constitutional reforms which Sarkozy had made one of the key pledges of his presidential campaign . The vote was 539 to 357 , one vote over the three-fifths majority required ; the changes are not yet finalized . They would introduce a two-term limit for the presidency , and end the presidents right of collective pardon . They would allow the president to address parliament in-session , and parliament , to set its own agenda . They would give parliament a veto over some presidential appointments , while ending government control over parliaments committee system . He has claimed that these reforms strengthen parliament , while some opposition socialist lawmakers have described it as a consolidation of a monocracy . International affairs . During his 2007 presidential campaign , Sarkozy promised a strengthening of the entente cordiale with the United Kingdom and closer cooperation with the United States . Sarkozy wielded special international power when France held the rotating EU Council Presidency from July 2008 through December 2008 . Sarkozy has publicly stated his intention to attain EU approval of a progressive energy package before the end of his EU Presidency . This energy package would clearly define climate change objectives for the EU and hold members to specific reductions in emissions . In further support of his collaborative outlook on climate change , Sarkozy has led the EU into a partnership with China . On 6 December 2008 , Nicolas Sarkozy , as part of Frances then presidency of the Council of the EU , met the Dalai Lama in Poland and outraged China , which has announced that it would postpone the China-EU summit indefinitely . On 3 April 2009 , at the NATO Summit in Strasbourg , Sarkozy announced that France would offer asylum to a former Guantanamo captive . We are on the path to failure if we continue to act as we have , French President Nicolas Sarkozy cautioned at the U.N . Climate Summit on 22 September 2009 . On 5 January 2009 , Sarkozy called for a ceasefire plan for the Gaza Strip Conflict . The plan , which was jointly proposed by Sarkozy and Egyptian ex-President Hosni Mubarak envisions the continuation of the delivery of aid to Gaza and talks with Israel on border security , a key issue for Israel as it says Hamas smuggles its rockets into Gaza through the Egyptian border . Welcoming the proposal , US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice called for a ceasefire that can endure and that can bring real security . Military intervention in Libya . Muammar Gaddafis official visit to Nicolas Sarkozy in December 2007 triggered a strong wave of protests against the President in France . In March 2011 , after having been criticized for his unwillingness to support the Egyptian and Tunisian revolutions , and persuaded by the philosopher Bernard-Henri Levy to have France actively engage against the forces of the Libyan leader , Muammar Gaddafi , Nicolas Sarkozy was amongst the first Heads of State to demand the resignation of Gaddafi and his government , which was then fighting a civil war in Libya . On 10 March 2011 , Nicolas Sarkozy welcomed to the Elysee Palace , three emissaries from the Libyan National Transitional Council ( NTC ) , brought to him by Bernard-Henri Levy who mediated at the meeting . Nicolas Sarkozy promised them a no-fly zone would be imposed on Gaddafis aeroplanes . He also promised them French military assistance . On 17 March 2011 , at the behest of France , resolution 1973 was adopted by the Security Council of the United Nations , permitting the creation of a no fly zone over Libya , and for the undertaking of necessary measures for the protection of the countrys civilian population . On 19 March 2011 , Nicolas Sarkozy officially announced the beginning of a military intervention in Libya , with Frances participation . These actions of Nicolas Sarkozy were favorably received by the majority of the French political class and public opinion . In 2016 , the Foreign Affairs Committee of the British Parliament published a report stating that the military intervention was based on erroneous assumptions that the threat of a massacre of civilian populations has been overvalued and that the coalition Has not verified the real threat to civilians ; He also believes that the true motivations of Nicolas Sarkozy were to serve French interests and to improve his political situation in France . 2012 presidential campaign . Sarkozy was one of ten candidates who qualified for the first round of voting . François Hollande , the Socialist Party candidate , received the most votes in the first round held on 22 April election , with Sarkozy coming second , meaning that both progressed to the second round of voting on 5–6 May 2012 . Sarkozy lost in the runoff and conceded to Hollande . He received an estimated 48.38% compared to Hollandes 51.62% . After his defeat . Temporary retirement : 2012–2014 . After his defeat at the 2012 election , Nicolas Sarkozy asked his supporters to respect Hollandes victory . He invited his successor to attend his last 8 May Victory in Europe Day commemoration in office . His last day as President of the French Republic was 15 May . Shortly after , Sarkozy briefly considered a career in private equity and secured a €250 million commitment from the Qatar Investment Authority to back his planned buyout firm . He abandoned his private equity plans when he decided to make a political comeback in 2014 . Return to politics : 2014–2016 . On 19 September 2014 , Sarkozy announced that he was returning to politics and would run for chairman of the UMP party . and was elected to the post on 29 November 2014 . Led by Sarkozy , UMP won over two-thirds of the 102 local departements in the nationwide elections on 29 March 2015 . On 13 December , the Republicans won the majority of regional office races , another set of national elections . ( On 30 May the UMPs name was changed to the Republicans. ) In January 2016 , Sarkozy published the book La France pour la vie . In August 2016 , he announced his candidacy for 2016 Republican presidential primary in November 2016 , but only came in third place behind François Fillon and Alain Juppé . He decided to endorse Fillon and to retire from politics . Other activities . Corporate boards . - Lagardère Group , Member of the Supervisory Board ( since 2020 ) - Accor , Independent Member of the Board of Directors and Chairman of the International Strategy Committee ( since 2017 ) - Groupe Lucien Barrière , Member of the Board of Directors ( since 2019 ) Non-profit organizations . - Berggruen Institute , Member of the 21st Century Council - Schwarzman Scholars , Honorary Member of the Advisory Board Public image . Sarkozy was named the 68th best-dressed person in the world by Vanity Fair , alongside David Beckham and Brad Pitt . However , Sarkozy has also been named as the third worst-dressed person in the world by GQ , a listing that has been disputed . Beside publicising , at times , and at others , refusing to publicise his ex-wife Cécilia Ciganer-Albénizs image , Sarkozy takes care of his own personal image , sometimes to the point of censorship—such as in the Paris Match affair , when he allegedly forced its director to resign following an article on his ex-wife and her affair with Publicis executive Richard Attias , or pressures exercised on the Journal du dimanche , which was preparing to publish an article concerning Ciganer-Albénizs decision not to vote in the second round of the 2007 presidential election . In its edition of 9 August 2007 , Paris Match retouched a photo of Sarkozy in order to erase a love handle . His official portrait destined for all French town halls was done by Sipa Press photographer Philippe Warrin , better known for his paparazzi work . Former Daily Telegraph journalist Colin Randall has highlighted Sarkozys tighter control of his image and frequent interventions in the media : he censors a book , or fires the chief editor of a weekly . Sarkozy is reported by Reuters to be sensitive about his height ( believed to be ) . The French media have pointed out that Carla Bruni frequently wears flats when in public with him . In 2009 , a worker at a factory where Sarkozy gave a speech said she was asked to stand next to him because she was of a similar height to Sarkozy . ( This story was corroborated by some trade union officials. ) This was the subject of a political row : the presidents office called the accusation completely absurd and grotesque , while the Socialist Party mocked his fastidious preparation . Sarkozy lost a suit against a manufacturer of Sarkozy voodoo dolls , in which he claimed that he had a right to his own image . Sarkozy was nicknamed as Hyper-president or hyperpresident by some French media after his 2007 election as president , to describe his desire to control everything . Whereas in the history of the Fifth Republic , the successive presidents were traditionally focused on the foreign policy of the country and on international relations , leaving the Prime Minister and the government to determine the domestic policy , as the Constitution states it , Nicolas Sarkozy appeared to determine both the foreign and domestic policy . Some compared Nicolas Sarkozy to Napoléon Bonaparte and Louis XIV . Indeed , he appointed a very close friend of his , François Fillon , as a Prime Minister . François Fillon was accused of being an instrument of the Presidents power . The biopic The Conquest is a 2011 film that dramatizes Sarkozys rise to power , with candid portrayals of Sarkozy himself , Chirac and Villepin . It was shown at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . Controversies . Sarkozy is generally disliked by the left and has been criticised by some on the right , most vocally by moderate Gaullist supporters of Jacques Chirac and Dominique de Villepin . The communist-leaning magazine LHumanité accused Sarkozy of populism . Views on religions . In 2004 Sarkozy co-authored a book , La République , les religions , lespérance ( The Republic , Religions , and Hope ) , in which he argued that the young should not be brought up solely on secular or republican values . He advocated reducing the separation of church and state , arguing for the government subsidies for mosques to encourage Islamic integration into French society . He has opposed financing of religious institutions with funds from outside France . After meeting with Tom Cruise , Sarkozy was criticized by some for meeting with a member of the Church of Scientology , which has been seen by some as a cult . Sarkozy was criticized by some Christians after he claimed the roots of France are essentially Christian at a December 2007 speech in Rome . Similarly , he drew criticism from Christians after he called Islam one of the greatest and most beautiful civilizations the world has known at a speech in Riyadh in January 2008 . Controversial statements . In the midst of a tense period and following the death of an 11-year-old boy , caught in the crossfire of a gang brawl in the Paris suburb of La Courneuve in June 2005 , Sarkozy went to the scene and said : on va nettoyer au Kärcher la cité ( we will clean the area with a pressure washer ) . Two days before the 2005 Paris riots , he referred to young criminals of nearby housing projects as voyous ( thugs ) and racaille , a slang term which can be translated into English as rabble , scum or riff-raff , in answer to resident who addressed Sarkozy with Quand nous débarrassez-vous de cette racaille ? ( When will you rid us of these dregs? ) The French Communist Party publication , LHumanité , branded this language as inappropriate . Following Sarkozys use of the word racaille many people in the banlieues identified him as a politician of the far right . His period as Minister of the Interior saw the use of police as shock troops in the banlieues , and a police raid on the suburb of Clichy-sous-Bois in October 2005 led to two boys being electrocuted in a power sub-station . The riots began that night . In September 2005 Sarkozy was accused of pushing for a hasty inquiry into an arson attack on a police station in Pau , of which the alleged perpetrators were acquitted for lack of proof . On 22 June 2005 Sarkozy told law enforcement officials that he had questioned the Minister of Justice about the future of the judge who had freed a man on parole who had later committed a murder . A few weeks before the first round of the 2007 presidential elections , Sarkozy had an interview with philosopher Michel Onfray . Sarkozy stated that disorders such as paedophilia and depression have a genetic as well as social basis , saying .. . Id be inclined to think that one is born a paedophile , and it is actually a problem that we do not know how to cure this disease ; he claimed that suicides among youth were linked to genetic predispositions by stating , I dont want to give parents a complex . Its not exclusively the parents fault every time a youngster commits suicide . These statements were criticised by some scientists , including geneticist Axel Kahn . Sarkozy later added , What part is innate and what part is acquired ? At least lets debate it , lets not close the door to all debate . On 27 July 2007 , Sarkozy delivered a speech in Dakar , Senegal , written by Henri Guaino , in which he claimed that the African has never really entered into history . The controversial remarks were widely condemned by Africans , with some viewing them as racist . South African president Thabo Mbeki praised Sarkozys speech , which raised criticism by some in the South African media . On 30 July 2010 , Sarkozy suggested a new policy of security , and he proposed stripping foreign-born French citizens who opted to acquire their nationality at their majority of their citizenship if they are convicted of threatening the life of a police officer or other serious crimes . This policy has been criticized for example by the US newspaper The New York Times , by Sarkozys political opponents , including the Socialist Party leader Martine Aubry , and by experts of French law , including the ex-member of the Constitutional Council of France , Robert Badinter , who said that such action would be unconstitutional . He called for coercive methods to promote métissage , cultural mixing ( which can sometimes include genetic mixing ) , which he called an obligation during a press conference on 17 December 2008 . Casse-toi , pauvcon . On 23 February 2008 , Sarkozy was filmed by a reporter for French newspaper Le Parisien having the following exchange while visiting the Paris International Agricultural Show:While quickly crossing the hall Saturday morning , in the middle of the crowd , Sarkozy encounters a recalcitrant visitor who refuses to shake his hand . Ah no , dont touch me! , said the man . The president retorted immediately : Get lost , then . Youre making me dirty , yelled the man . With a frozen smile , Sarkozy says , his teeth glistening , a refined Get lost , then , poor dumb-ass , go . A precise translation into English has many possible variations . On 28 August 2008 , Hervé Eon , from Laval came to an anti-Sarkozy demonstration with a sign bearing the words Casse-toi pov con , the exact words Sarkozy had uttered . Eon was arrested for causing offence to the presidential function and the prosecutor , who in France indirectly reports to the president , requested a fine of €1000 . The court eventually imposed a symbolic €30 suspended fine , which has generally been interpreted as a defeat for the prosecution side . This incident was widely reported on , in particular as Sarkozy , as president of the Republic , is immune from prosecution , notably restricting Eons rights to sue Sarkozy for defamation . Position on the Iraq war . Sarkozy opposed the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq . However , he was critical of the way Chirac and his foreign minister Dominique de Villepin expressed Frances opposition to the war . Talking at the French-American Foundation in Washington , D.C . on 12 September 2006 , he denounced what he called the French arrogance and said : It is bad manners to embarrass ones allies or sound like one is taking delight in their troubles . He added : We must never again turn our disagreements into a crisis . Chirac reportedly said in private that Sarkozys speech was appalling and a shameful act . Accusations of nepotism . In October 2009 , Sarkozy was accused of nepotism for helping his son , Jean , try to become head of the public body running Frances biggest business district EPAD . On 3 July 2012 , French police raided Sarkozys residence and office as part of a probe into claims that Sarkozy was involved in illegal political campaign financing . Political and financial scandals . On 5 July 2010 , following its investigations on the Bettencourt affair , online newspaper Mediapart ran an article in which Claire Thibout , a former accountant of billionairess Liliane Bettencourt , accused Sarkozy and Eric Woerth of receiving illegal campaign donations in 2007 , in cash . On 1 July 2014 Sarkozy was detained for questioning by police over claims he had promised a prestigious role in Monaco to a high-ranking judge , Gilbert Azibert , in exchange for information about the investigation into alleged illegal campaign funding . Mr Azibert , one of the most senior judges at the Court of Appeal , was called in for questioning on 30 June 2014 . It is believed to be the first time a former French president has been held in police custody , although his predecessor , Jacques Chirac , was found guilty of embezzlement and breach of trust while he was mayor of Paris and given a suspended prison sentence in 2011 . After 15 hours in police custody , Sarkozy was put under official investigation for active corruption , misuse of influence and obtained through a breach of professional secrecy on 2 July 2014 . Mr Azibert and Sarkozys lawyer , Thierry Herzog , are also now under official investigation . The two accusations carry sentences of up to 10 years in prison . The developments were seen as a blow to Sarkozys attempts to challenge for the presidency in 2017 . Nevertheless , he later stood as a candidate for the Republican party nomination , but was eliminated from the contest in November 2016 . A trial on this case , Sarkozys first , started on 23 November 2020 . On 16 February 2016 , Sarkozy was indicted on illegal financing of political campaign charges related to overspending in his 2012 presidential campaign and retained as witness in connection with the Bygmalion scandal . In April 2016 , Arnaud Claude , former law partner of Sarkozy , was named in the Panama Papers . On 23 November 2020 , the trial of Nicolas Sarkozy started who is accused of corruption and influence peddling , for an attempted bribery of a judge . The trial was postponed until November 26 , following a request from one of his co-defendants for health reasons . On 1 March 2021 , a court in Paris found former French President Nicolas Sarkozy guilty of corruption , trading in influence in a wiretapping and illegal data exchange case involving a number of individuals like magistrate Gilbert Azibert and Sarkozys former lawyer Thierry Herzog . Both men were tried with him and convicted as well . Sarkozy and his two co-defendants were sentenced to three years , two of them suspended , and one in prison . Sarkozy appealed the ruling , which suspends its application . On 20 May 2021 , the criminal trial began for Sarkozy and 13 other defendants who were said to have been involved in the Bygmalion scandal . Sarkozys second corruption trial involves allegations of diverting tens of millions of euros which was intended to be spent on the his failed 2012 re-election campaign and then hiring a PR firm to cover it up . The illicit campaign finance money was instead used to overspend on lavish campaign rallies and events . Alleged Libyan agent of influence . Shortly after his inauguration as President of France in 2007 , Sarkozy invited Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi to France over the objections of both the political opposition , and members of his own government . The visit marked the first time Gaddafi had been to France in more than 35 years and , during it , France agreed to sell Libya 21 Airbus aircraft and signed a nuclear cooperation agreement . Negotiations for the purchase of more than a dozen Dassault Rafale fighter jets , plus military helicopters , were also initiated during the trip . During the 2011 Libyan Civil War – a conflict in which France intervened – Saif-al-Islam Gaddafi said in an interview with euronews that the Libyan state had donated €50 million to Sarkozys 2007 presidential campaign in exchange for access and favors by Sarkozy . Investigative website Mediapart subsequently published several documents appearing to prove a payment of €50 million , and also published a claim by Ziad Takieddine that he had personally handed three briefcases stuffed with cash to Sarkozy . French magistrates later acquired diaries of former Libyan oil minister Shukri Ghanem in which payments to Sarkozy were mentioned . Shortly thereafter , however , Ghanem was found dead , floating in the Danube in Austria and thereby preventing his corroboration of the diaries . In January 2018 , British police arrested Alexandre Djouhri on a European Arrest Warrant . Djouhri was an associate of Sarkozy and had refused to respond to a French judicial summons for questioning over allegations he had helped launder Libyan funds on behalf of Sarkozy . Political career . - President of the French Republic : 2007–2012 . - Member of the Constitutional Council of France : since 2012 . Governmental functions - Minister of Budget and governments spokesman : 1993–1995 . - Minister of Communication and governments spokesman : 1994–1995 . - Minister of State , minister of Interior , of the Internal Security and Local Freedoms : 2002–2004 . - Minister of State , minister of Economy , Finance and Industry : March–November 2004 ( resignation ) . - Minister of State , minister of Interior and Land Planning : 2005–2007 ( resignation ) . Electoral mandates European Parliament - Member of the European Parliament : July–September 1999 ( resignation ) . Elected in 1999 . National Assembly of France - Member of the National Assembly of France for Hauts-de-Seine ( 6th constituency ) : 1988–1993 ( became minister in 1993 ) / 1995–2002 ( became minister in 2002 ) / March–June 2005 ( became minister in June 2005 ) . Elected in 1988 , reelected in 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 2002 , 2005 . Regional Council - Regional councillor of Île-de-France : 1983–1988 ( resignation ) . Elected in 1986 . General Council - President of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine : 2004–2007 ( resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . - Vice-president of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine : 1986–1988 ( resignation ) . - General councillor of Hauts-de-Seine , elected in the canton of Neuilly-sur-Seine-Nord : 1985–1988 / 2004–2007 ( Resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . Municipal Council - Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 1983–2002 ( resignation ) . Reelected in 1989 , 1995 , and 2001 . - Deputy-mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 2002–2005 ( resignation ) . - Municipal councillor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 1977–2005 ( resignation ) . Reelected in 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , and 2001 . Political functions - President of the Union for a Popular Movement : 2004–2007 ( resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . Elected in 2004 . - President of the Rally for the Republic : April–October 1999 . - General secretary of the Rally for the Republic : 1998–1999 . - Deputy general secretary of the Rally for the Republic : 1992–1993 . Awards and honours . French Honours . - Legion of Honour - ex officio Further reading . - , interviews with Michel Denisot - , Grand livre du mois 1995 - , subject ( s ) : Pratiques politiques—France—1990– , France—Politique et gouvernement—1997–2002 - Alvarez-Montalvo , Marta ( 9 July 2004 ) : ¿Quién teme a Nicolas Sarkozy ? El ministro de economía francés se postula como próximo candidato a las presidenciales de 2007 , in Epoca ( [ Madrid ] : Difusora de Informacion Periodica S.A. , DINPESA , 9 July 2004 ) , number 1012 , p . 46 ( 2 ) , 3 pages , 829 words , available online at - , subject ( s ) : Sarkozy , Nicolas ( 1955– ) —Caricatures et dessins humoristiques - , Grand Livre du mois 2004 , subject ( s ) : Chirac , Jacques ( 1932– ) , Sarkozy , Nicolas ( 1955– ) , France—Politique et gouvernement—1995– - , subject ( s ) : Laïcité—France—1990– , Islam—France—1990– External links . Official websites . - President of France - Website of the UMP , Sarkozys party - Official personal website - 2012 campaign website - Address to the General Assembly of the United Nations during the General Debate of the 63rd Session , 23 September 2008 . Nicolas Sarkozy addressed the Assembly both as President of France and as President of the European Union Press . - Radio France International feature Sarkozys 90-minute address to the nation , 6 February 2009 - Hosing Sarkozy an article in the TLS by Sudhir Hazareesingh , 28 November 2007 - Interview after One Month in Office Le Figaro , 7 June 2007 - Sarkozy takes over Chiracs UMP party ( BBC News ) - Profile : Nicolas Sarkozy ( BBC News ) - Nicolas Sarkozy : French Choose the American Way ? by David Storobin - Vive this difference by Suzanne Fields - Frances chance , The Economist , 12 April 2007 - Letter From Europe- Round 1 Jane Kramer , The New Yorker , 23 April 2007 - On the so-called rupture by Sarkozy , Mathieu Potte-Bonneville & Pierre Zaoui , Vacarme n°41 , Winter 2007 - The Bettencourt/LOréal scandal Radio France Internationale in English - French politics no stranger to scandals Radio France Internationale in English - LOréal , scandals and the far right Radio France Internationale in English - Articles and Coverage ( Guardian UK ) Related contents . - Extended biography by CIDOB Foundation - Sarkozys opinion poll tracker - Some of Sarkozys quotations |
[
"President of France"
] | easy | What position did Nicolas Sarkozy take from 2007 to Mar 2007? | /wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy#P39#6 | Nicolas Sarkozy Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa ( ; ; born 28 January 1955 ) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 16 May 2007 until 15 May 2012 . Born in Paris , he is of one half Hungarian , one quarter Greek Jewish , and one quarter French origin . Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1983 to 2002 , he was Minister of the Budget under Prime Minister Édouard Balladur ( 1993–1995 ) during François Mitterrands second term . During Jacques Chiracs second presidential term he served as Minister of the Interior and as Minister of Finances . He was the leader of the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) party from 2004 to 2007 . He won the 2007 French presidential election by a 53.1% to 46.9% margin against Socialist Ségolène Royal . During his term , he faced the financial crisis of 2007–2008 ( causing a recession , the European sovereign debt crisis ) , the Russo-Georgian War ( for which he negotiated a ceasefire ) and the Arab Spring ( especially in Tunisia , Libya , and Syria ) . He initiated the reform of French universities ( 2007 ) and the pension reform ( 2010 ) . He married Italian-French singer-songwriter Carla Bruni in 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris . In the 2012 election , François Hollande , candidate of the Socialist Party , defeated Sarkozy by a 3.2% margin . After leaving the presidential office , Sarkozy vowed to retire from public life before coming back in 2014 , being subsequently reelected as UMP leader ( renamed The Republicans in 2015 ) . Being defeated at the Republican presidential primary in 2016 , he retired from public life . He was charged with corruption by French prosecutors in two cases , notably concerning the alleged Libyan interference in the 2007 French elections . In 2021 , Sarkozy and two co-defendants were convicted of corruption ; he has appealed the ruling . Personal life . Family background . Sarkozy was born in Paris , and is the son of Pál István Ernő Sárközy de Nagy-Bócsa ( ; —in some sources Nagy-Bócsay Sárközy Pál István Ernő ) , ( born 5 May 1928 ) , a Protestant Hungarian aristocrat , and Andrée Jeanne Dadu Mallah ( 12 October 1925 – 12 December 2017 ) , whose Greek Jewish father converted to Catholicism to marry Sarkozys French Catholic maternal grandmother . They were married in the Saint-François-de-Sales church , 17th arrondissement of Paris , on 8 February 1950 , and divorced in 1959 . Early life . During Sarkozys childhood , his father founded his own advertising agency and became wealthy . The family lived in a mansion owned by Sarkozys maternal grandfather , Benedict Mallah , in the 17th arrondissement of Paris . The family later moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine , one of the wealthiest communes of the Île-de-France région immediately west of Paris . According to Sarkozy , his staunchly Gaullist grandfather was more of an influence on him than his father , whom he rarely saw . Sarkozy was raised Catholic . Sarkozy said that being abandoned by his father shaped much of who he is today . He also has said that , in his early years , he felt inferior in relation to his wealthier and taller classmates . What made me who I am now is the sum of all the humiliations suffered during childhood , he said later . Education . Sarkozy was enrolled in the Lycée Chaptal , a well regarded public middle and high school in Paris 8th arrondissement , where he failed his sixième . His family then sent him to the Cours Saint-Louis de Monceau , a private Catholic school in the 17th arrondissement , where he was reportedly a mediocre student , but where he nonetheless obtained his baccalauréat in 1973 . Sarkozy enrolled at the , where he graduated with an M.A . in private law and , later , with a D.E.A . degree in business law . Paris X Nanterre had been the starting place for the May 68 student movement and was still a stronghold of leftist students . Described as a quiet student , Sarkozy soon joined the right-wing student organization , in which he was very active . He completed his military service as a part-time Air Force cleaner . After graduating from university , Sarkozy entered Sciences Po , where he studied between 1979 and 1981 , but failed to graduate due to an insufficient command of the English language . After passing the bar , Sarkozy became a lawyer specializing in business and family law and was one of Silvio Berlusconis French lawyers . Marriages . Marie-Dominique Culioli . Sarkozy married his first wife , Marie-Dominique Culioli , on 23 September 1982 ; her father was a pharmacist from Vico ( a village north of Ajaccio , Corsica ) , her uncle was Achille Peretti , the mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1947 to 1983 and Sarkozys political mentor . They had two sons , Pierre ( born in 1985 ) , now a hip-hop producer , and Jean ( born in 1986 ) now a local politician in the city of Neuilly-sur-Seine where Sarkozy started his own political career . Sarkozys best man was the prominent right-wing politician Charles Pasqua , later to become a political opponent . Sarkozy divorced Culioli in 1996 , after they had been separated for several years . Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz . As mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine , Sarkozy met former fashion model and public relations executive Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz ( great-granddaughter of composer Isaac Albéniz and daughter of a Moldovan father ) , when he officiated at her wedding to television host Jacques Martin . In 1988 , she left her husband for Sarkozy , and divorced one year later . She and Sarkozy married in October 1996 , with witnesses Martin Bouygues and Bernard Arnault . They have one son , Louis , born 23 April 1997 . Between 2002 and 2005 , the couple often appeared together on public occasions , with Cécilia Sarkozy acting as the chief aide for her husband . On 25 May 2005 , however , the Swiss newspaper Le Matin revealed that she had left Sarkozy for French-Moroccan national Richard Attias , head of Publicis in New York . There were other accusations of a private nature in Le Matin , which led to Sarkozy suing the paper . In the meantime , he was said to have had an affair with a journalist of Le Figaro , Anne Fulda . Sarkozy and Cécilia ultimately divorced on 15 October 2007 , soon after his election as president . Carla Bruni . Less than a month after separating from Cécilia , Sarkozy met Italian-born singer , songwriter and former fashion model Carla Bruni at a dinner party , and soon entered into a relationship with her . They married on 2 February 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris . The couple have a daughter , Giulia , born on 19 October 2011 . It was the first time a French president has publicly had a child while in office . Personal wealth . Sarkozy declared to the Constitutional Council a net worth of €2 million , most of the assets being in the form of life insurance policies . As the French President , one of his first actions was to give himself a pay raise : his yearly salary went from €101,000 to €240,000 , matching other European officeholders . He is also entitled to a mayoral , parliamentarian and presidential pension as a former Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine , member of the National Assembly and President of France . Early political career . Sarkozy is recognized by French parties on both the Right and Left as a skilled politician and striking orator . His supporters within France emphasize his charisma , political innovation and willingness to make a dramatic break amid mounting disaffection against politics as usual . Overall , he is considered more pro-American and pro-Israeli than most French politicians . From 2004 to 2007 , Sarkozy was president of the Union pour un Mouvement Populaire ( UMP ) , Frances major right-wing political party , and he was Minister of the Interior in the government of Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin , with the honorific title of Minister of State , making him effectively the number three official in the French State after President Jacques Chirac and Villepin . His ministerial responsibilities included law enforcement and working to co-ordinate relationships between the national and local governments , as well as Minister of Worship : in this role he created the French Council of the Muslim Faith ( CFCM ) . Previously , he was a député in the French National Assembly . He was forced to resign this position in order to accept his ministerial appointment . He previously also held several ministerial posts , including Finance Minister . In Government : 1993–1995 . Sarkozys political career began when he was 23 , when he became a city councillor in Neuilly-sur-Seine . A member of the Neo-Gaullist party RPR , he went on to be elected mayor of that town , after the death of the incumbent mayor Achille Peretti . Sarkozy had been close to Peretti , as his mother was Perettis secretary . A more senior RPR councillor , Charles Pasqua , wanted to become mayor , and asked Sarkozy to organize his campaign . Instead Sarkozy took that opportunity to propel himself into the office of mayor . He was the youngest mayor of any town in France with a population of over 50,000 . He served from 1983 to 2002 . In 1988 , he became a deputy in the National Assembly . In 1993 , Sarkozy was in the national news for personally negotiating with the Human Bomb , a man who had taken small children hostage in a kindergarten in Neuilly . The Human Bomb was killed after two days of talks by policemen of the RAID , who entered the school stealthily while the attacker was resting . At the same time , from 1993 to 1995 , he was Minister for the Budget and spokesman for the executive in the cabinet of Prime Minister Édouard Balladur . Throughout most of his early career , Sarkozy had been seen as a protégé of Jacques Chirac . During his tenure , he increased Frances public debt more than any other French Budget Minister , by the equivalent of €200 billion ( US$260 billion ) ( FY 1994–1996 ) . The first two budgets he submitted to the parliament ( budgets for FY1994 and FY1995 ) assumed a yearly budget deficit equivalent to six percent of GDP . According to the Maastricht Treaty , the French yearly budget deficit may not exceed three percent of Frances GDP . In 1995 , he spurned Chirac and backed Édouard Balladur for President of France . After Chirac won the election , Sarkozy lost his position as Minister for the Budget , and found himself outside the circles of power . However , he returned after the right-wing defeat at the 1997 parliamentary election , as the number two candidate of the RPR . When the party leader Philippe Séguin resigned , in 1999 , he took the leadership of the Neo-Gaullist party . But it obtained its worst result at the 1999 European Parliament election , winning 12.7% of the votes , less than the dissident Rally for France of Charles Pasqua . Sarkozy lost the RPR leadership . In 2002 , however , after his re-election as President of the French Republic ( see 2002 French presidential election ) , Chirac appointed Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior in the cabinet of Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin , despite Sarkozys support of Edouard Balladur for President in 1995 . Following Chiracs 14 July keynote speech on road safety , Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior pushed through new legislation leading to the mass purchase of speed cameras and a campaign to increase the awareness of dangers on the roads . In the cabinet reshuffle of 30 April 2004 , Sarkozy became Finance Minister . Tensions continued to build between Sarkozy and Chirac and within the UMP party , as Sarkozys intentions of becoming head of the party after the resignation of Alain Juppé became clear . In party elections of 10 November 2004 , Sarkozy became leader of the UMP with 85% of the vote . In accordance with an agreement with Chirac , he resigned as Finance Minister . Sarkozys ascent was marked by the division of UMP between sarkozystes , such as Sarkozys first lieutenant , Brice Hortefeux , and Chirac loyalists , such as Jean-Louis Debré . Sarkozy was made Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ( Knight of the Legion of Honour ) by President Chirac in February 2005 . He was re-elected on 13 March 2005 to the National Assembly . ( As required by the constitution , he had to resign as a deputy when he became minister in 2002. ) On 31 May 2005 the main French news radio station France Info reported a rumour that Sarkozy was to be reappointed Minister of the Interior in the government of Dominique de Villepin without resigning from the UMP leadership . This was confirmed on 2 June 2005 , when the members of the government were officially announced . First term as Minister of the Interior : 2002–2004 . Towards the end of his first term as Minister of the Interior , in 2004 , Sarkozy was the most divisive conservative politician in France , according to polls conducted at the beginning of 2004 . Sarkozy has sought to ease the sometimes tense relationships between the general French population and the Muslim community . Unlike the Catholic Church in France with their official leaders or Protestants with their umbrella organisations , the French Muslim community had a lack of structure with no group that could legitimately deal with the French government on their behalf . Sarkozy supported the foundation in May 2003 of the private non-profit Conseil français du culte musulman ( French Council of the Muslim Faith ) , an organisation meant to be representative of French Muslims . In addition , Sarkozy has suggested amending the 1905 law on the separation of Church and State , mostly in order to be able to finance mosques and other Muslim institutions with public funds so that they are less reliant on money from outside France . It was not followed by any concrete measure . Minister of Finance : 2004 . During his short appointment as Minister of Finance , Sarkozy was responsible for introducing a number of policies . The degree to which this reflected libéralisme ( a hands-off approach to running the economy ) or more traditional French state dirigisme ( intervention ) is controversial . He resigned the day following his election as president of the UMP . - In September 2004 , Sarkozy oversaw the reduction of the government ownership stake in France Télécom from 50.4 percent to 41 percent . - Sarkozy backed a partial nationalisation of the large engineering company Alstom decided by his predecessor when the company was exposed to bankruptcy in 2003 . - In June 2004 , Sarkozy reached an agreement with the major retail chains in France to concertedly lower prices on household goods by an average of two percent ; the success of this measure is disputed , with studies suggesting that the decrease was close to one percent in September . - Taxes : Sarkozy avoided taking a position on the ISF ( solidarity tax on wealth ) . This is considered an ideological symbol by many on the left and right . Some in the business world and on the liberal right , such as Alain Madelin , wanted it abolished . For Sarkozy , that would have risked being categorised by the left as a gift to the richest classes of society at a time of economic difficulties . Second term as Minister of the Interior : 2005–2007 . During his second term at the Ministry of the Interior , Sarkozy was initially more discreet about his ministerial activities : instead of focusing on his own topic of law and order , many of his declarations addressed wider issues , since he was expressing his opinions as head of the UMP party . However , the civil unrest in autumn 2005 put law enforcement in the spotlight again . Sarkozy was accused of having provoked the unrest by calling young delinquents from housing projects a rabble ( racaille ) in Argenteuil near Paris , and controversially suggested cleansing the minority suburbs with a Kärcher . After the accidental death of two youths , which sparked the riots , Sarkozy first blamed it on hoodlums and gangsters . These remarks were sharply criticised by many on the left wing and by a member of his own government , Delegate Minister for Equal Opportunities Azouz Begag . After the rioting , he made a number of announcements on future policy : selection of immigrants , greater tracking of immigrants , and a reform on the 1945 ordinance government justice measures for young delinquents . UMP leader : 2004–2007 . Before he was elected President of France , Sarkozy was president of UMP , the French conservative party , elected with 85 percent of the vote . During his presidency , the number of members increased significantly . In 2005 , he supported a yes vote in the French referendum on the European Constitution , but the No vote won . Throughout 2005 , Sarkozy called for radical changes in Frances economic and social policies . These calls culminated in an interview with Le Monde on 8 September 2005 , during which he claimed that the French had been misled for 30 years by false promises . Among other issues : - he called for a simplified and fairer taxation system , with fewer loopholes and a maximum taxation rate ( all direct taxes combined ) at 50 percent of revenue ; - he approved measures reducing or denying social support to unemployed workers who refuse work offered to them ; - he pressed for a reduction in the budget deficit , claiming that the French state had been living off credit for some time . Such policies are what are called in France libéral ( that is , in favour of laissez-faire economic policies ) or , with a pejorative undertone , ultra-libéral . Sarkozy rejects this label of libéral and prefers to call himself a pragmatist . Sarkozy opened another avenue of controversy by declaring that he wanted a reform of the immigration system , with quotas designed to admit the skilled workers needed by the French economy . He also wanted to reform the current French system for foreign students , saying that it enabled foreign students to take open-ended curricula in order to obtain residency in France ; instead , he wanted to select the best students to the best curricula in France . In early 2006 , the French parliament adopted a controversial bill known as DADVSI , which reforms French copyright law . Since his party was divided on the issue , Sarkozy stepped in and organised meetings between various parties involved . Later , groups such as the Odebi League and EUCD.info alleged that Sarkozy personally and unofficially supported certain amendments to the law , which enacted strong penalties against designers of peer-to-peer systems . Presidential election : 2007 . Sarkozy was a likely candidate for the presidency in 2007 ; in an oft-repeated comment made on television channel France 2 , when asked by a journalist whether he thought about the presidential election when he shaved in the morning , Sarkozy commented , Not just when I shave . On 14 January 2007 , Sarkozy was chosen by the UMP to be its candidate in the 2007 presidential election . Sarkozy , who was running unopposed , won 98 percent of the votes . Of the 327,000 UMP members who could vote , 69 percent participated in the online ballot . In February 2007 , Sarkozy appeared on a televised debate on TF1 where he expressed his support for affirmative action and the freedom to work overtime . Despite his opposition to same-sex marriage , he advocated civil unions and the possibility for same-sex partners to inherit under the same regime as married couples . The law was voted in July 2007 . On 7 February , Sarkozy decided in favour of a projected second , non-nuclear , aircraft carrier for the national Navy ( adding to the nuclear Charles de Gaulle ) , during an official visit in Toulon with Defence Minister Michèle Alliot-Marie . This would allow permanently having an operational ship , taking into account the constraints of maintenance , he explained . On 21 March , President Jacques Chirac announced his support for Sarkozy . Chirac pointed out that Sarkozy had been chosen as presidential candidate for the ruling UMP party , and said : So it is totally natural that I give him my vote and my support . To focus on his campaign , Sarkozy stepped down as Minister of the Interior on 26 March . During the campaign , rival candidates had accused Sarkozy of being a candidate for brutality and of presenting hard-line views about Frances future . Opponents also accused him of courting conservative voters in policy-making in a bid to capitalise on right-wing sentiments among some communities . However , his popularity was sufficient to see him polling as the frontrunner throughout the later campaign period , consistently ahead of rival Socialist candidate , Ségolène Royal . The first round of the presidential election was held on 22 April 2007 . Sarkozy came in first with 31.18 percent of the votes , ahead of Ségolène Royal of the Socialists with 25.87 percent . In the second round , Sarkozy came out on top to win the election with 53.06 percent of the votes ahead of Ségolène Royal with 46.94 percent . In his speech immediately following the announcement of the election results , Sarkozy stressed the need for Frances modernisation , but also called for national unity , mentioning that Royal was in his thoughts . In that speech , he claimed The French have chosen to break with the ideas , habits and behaviour of the past . I will restore the value of work , authority , merit and respect for the nation . Presidency ( 2007–2012 ) . Inauguration . On 6 May 2007 , Nicolas Sarkozy became the sixth person to be elected President of the Fifth Republic ( which was established in 1958 ) , and the 23rd President in French history . The official transfer of power from Chirac to Sarkozy took place on 16 May at 11:00 am ( 9:00 UTC ) at the Élysée Palace , where he was given the authorization codes of the French nuclear arsenal . In the afternoon , the new president flew to Berlin to meet with German Chancellor Angela Merkel . Under Sarkozys government , François Fillon replaced Dominique de Villepin as Prime Minister . Sarkozy appointed Bernard Kouchner , the left-wing founder of Médecins Sans Frontières , as his Foreign Minister , leading to Kouchners expulsion from the Socialist Party . In addition to Kouchner , three more Sarkozy ministers are from the left , including Éric Besson , who served as Ségolène Royals economic adviser at the beginning of her campaign . Sarkozy also appointed seven women to form a total cabinet of 15 ; one , Justice Minister Rachida Dati , is the first woman of Northern African origin to serve in a French cabinet . Of the 15 , two attended the elite École nationale dadministration ( ENA ) . The ministers were reorganised , with the controversial creation of a Ministry of Immigration , Integration , National Identity and Co-Development—given to his right-hand man Brice Hortefeux—and of a Ministry of Budget , Public Accounts and Civil Administration—handed out to Éric Wœrth , supposed to prepare the replacement of only a third of all civil servants who retire . However , after 17 June parliamentary elections , the Cabinet was adjusted to 15 ministers and 16 deputy ministers , totalling 31 officials . Sarkozy broke with the custom of amnestying traffic tickets and of releasing thousands of prisoners from overcrowded jails on Bastille Day , a tradition that Napoleon had started in 1802 to commemorate the storming of the Bastille during the French Revolution . In the 2007 and 2008 , French President Nicolas Sarkozy , Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper , and Quebec Premier Jean Charest all spoke in favour of a Canada – EU free trade agreement . In October 2008 , Sarkozy became the first French President to address the National Assembly of Quebec . In his speech he spoke out against Quebec separatism , but recognized Quebec as a nation within Canada . He said that , to France , Canada was a friend , and Quebec was family . Release of hostages . Shortly after taking office , Sarkozy began negotiations with Colombian president Álvaro Uribe and the left-wing guerrilla FARC , regarding the release of hostages held by the rebel group , especially Franco-Colombian politician Ingrid Betancourt . According to some sources , Sarkozy himself asked for Uribe to release FARCs chancellor Rodrigo Granda . Furthermore , he announced on 24 July 2007 , that French and European representatives had obtained the extradition of the Bulgarian nurses detained in Libya to their country . In exchange , he signed with Muammar Gaddafi security , health care and immigration pacts—and a $230 million ( 168 million euros ) MILAN antitank missile sale . The contract was the first made by Libya since 2004 , and was negotiated with MBDA , a subsidiary of EADS . Another 128 million euro contract would have been signed , according to Tripoli , with EADS for a TETRA radio system . The Socialist Party ( PS ) and the Communist Party ( PCF ) criticised a state affair and a barter with a Rogue state . The leader of the PS , François Hollande , requested the opening of a parliamentary investigation . Green policy . On 8 June 2007 , during the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm , Sarkozy set a goal of reducing French CO emissions by 50 percent by 2050 in order to prevent global warming . He then pushed forward Socialist Dominique Strauss-Kahn as European nominee to the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . Critics alleged that Sarkozy proposed to nominate Strauss-Kahn as managing director of the IMF to deprive the Socialist Party of one of its more popular figures . In 2010 , a study of :Yale and Columbia universities ranked France the most respectful country of the G20 concerning the environment . Economic policy . The Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) , Sarkozys party , won a majority at the June 2007 legislative election , although by less than expected . In July , the UMP majority , seconded by the Nouveau Centre , ratified one of Sarkozys electoral promises , which was to partially revoke the inheritance tax . The inheritance tax formerly brought eight billion euros into state coffers . Sarkozys UMP majority prepared a budget that reduced taxes , in particular for upper middle-class people , allegedly in an effort to boost GDP growth , but did not reduce state expenditures . He was criticised by the European Commission for doing so . On 23 July 2008 , parliament voted the loi de modernisation de léconomie ( Modernization of the Economy Law ) which loosened restrictions on retail prices and reduced limitations on the creation of businesses . The Government has also made changes to long-standing French work-hour regulations , allowing employers to negotiate overtime with employees and making all hours worked past the traditional French 35-hour week tax-free . However , as a result of the global financial crisis that came to a head in September 2008 , Sarkozy has returned to the state interventionism of his predecessors , declaring that laissez-faire capitalism is over and denouncing the dictatorship of the market . Confronted with the suggestion that he had become a socialist , he responded : Have I become socialist ? Perhaps . He has also pledged to create 100,000 state-subsidised jobs . Security policy . Sarkozys government issued a decree on 7 August 2007 to generalise a voluntary biometric profiling program of travellers in airports . The program , called Parafes , was to use fingerprints . The new database would be interconnected with the Schengen Information System ( SIS ) as well as with a national database of wanted persons ( FPR ) . The Commission nationale de linformatique et des libertés ( CNIL ) protested against this new decree , opposing itself to the recording of fingerprints and to the interconnection between the SIS and the FPR . Constitutional reform . On 21 July 2008 , the French parliament passed constitutional reforms which Sarkozy had made one of the key pledges of his presidential campaign . The vote was 539 to 357 , one vote over the three-fifths majority required ; the changes are not yet finalized . They would introduce a two-term limit for the presidency , and end the presidents right of collective pardon . They would allow the president to address parliament in-session , and parliament , to set its own agenda . They would give parliament a veto over some presidential appointments , while ending government control over parliaments committee system . He has claimed that these reforms strengthen parliament , while some opposition socialist lawmakers have described it as a consolidation of a monocracy . International affairs . During his 2007 presidential campaign , Sarkozy promised a strengthening of the entente cordiale with the United Kingdom and closer cooperation with the United States . Sarkozy wielded special international power when France held the rotating EU Council Presidency from July 2008 through December 2008 . Sarkozy has publicly stated his intention to attain EU approval of a progressive energy package before the end of his EU Presidency . This energy package would clearly define climate change objectives for the EU and hold members to specific reductions in emissions . In further support of his collaborative outlook on climate change , Sarkozy has led the EU into a partnership with China . On 6 December 2008 , Nicolas Sarkozy , as part of Frances then presidency of the Council of the EU , met the Dalai Lama in Poland and outraged China , which has announced that it would postpone the China-EU summit indefinitely . On 3 April 2009 , at the NATO Summit in Strasbourg , Sarkozy announced that France would offer asylum to a former Guantanamo captive . We are on the path to failure if we continue to act as we have , French President Nicolas Sarkozy cautioned at the U.N . Climate Summit on 22 September 2009 . On 5 January 2009 , Sarkozy called for a ceasefire plan for the Gaza Strip Conflict . The plan , which was jointly proposed by Sarkozy and Egyptian ex-President Hosni Mubarak envisions the continuation of the delivery of aid to Gaza and talks with Israel on border security , a key issue for Israel as it says Hamas smuggles its rockets into Gaza through the Egyptian border . Welcoming the proposal , US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice called for a ceasefire that can endure and that can bring real security . Military intervention in Libya . Muammar Gaddafis official visit to Nicolas Sarkozy in December 2007 triggered a strong wave of protests against the President in France . In March 2011 , after having been criticized for his unwillingness to support the Egyptian and Tunisian revolutions , and persuaded by the philosopher Bernard-Henri Levy to have France actively engage against the forces of the Libyan leader , Muammar Gaddafi , Nicolas Sarkozy was amongst the first Heads of State to demand the resignation of Gaddafi and his government , which was then fighting a civil war in Libya . On 10 March 2011 , Nicolas Sarkozy welcomed to the Elysee Palace , three emissaries from the Libyan National Transitional Council ( NTC ) , brought to him by Bernard-Henri Levy who mediated at the meeting . Nicolas Sarkozy promised them a no-fly zone would be imposed on Gaddafis aeroplanes . He also promised them French military assistance . On 17 March 2011 , at the behest of France , resolution 1973 was adopted by the Security Council of the United Nations , permitting the creation of a no fly zone over Libya , and for the undertaking of necessary measures for the protection of the countrys civilian population . On 19 March 2011 , Nicolas Sarkozy officially announced the beginning of a military intervention in Libya , with Frances participation . These actions of Nicolas Sarkozy were favorably received by the majority of the French political class and public opinion . In 2016 , the Foreign Affairs Committee of the British Parliament published a report stating that the military intervention was based on erroneous assumptions that the threat of a massacre of civilian populations has been overvalued and that the coalition Has not verified the real threat to civilians ; He also believes that the true motivations of Nicolas Sarkozy were to serve French interests and to improve his political situation in France . 2012 presidential campaign . Sarkozy was one of ten candidates who qualified for the first round of voting . François Hollande , the Socialist Party candidate , received the most votes in the first round held on 22 April election , with Sarkozy coming second , meaning that both progressed to the second round of voting on 5–6 May 2012 . Sarkozy lost in the runoff and conceded to Hollande . He received an estimated 48.38% compared to Hollandes 51.62% . After his defeat . Temporary retirement : 2012–2014 . After his defeat at the 2012 election , Nicolas Sarkozy asked his supporters to respect Hollandes victory . He invited his successor to attend his last 8 May Victory in Europe Day commemoration in office . His last day as President of the French Republic was 15 May . Shortly after , Sarkozy briefly considered a career in private equity and secured a €250 million commitment from the Qatar Investment Authority to back his planned buyout firm . He abandoned his private equity plans when he decided to make a political comeback in 2014 . Return to politics : 2014–2016 . On 19 September 2014 , Sarkozy announced that he was returning to politics and would run for chairman of the UMP party . and was elected to the post on 29 November 2014 . Led by Sarkozy , UMP won over two-thirds of the 102 local departements in the nationwide elections on 29 March 2015 . On 13 December , the Republicans won the majority of regional office races , another set of national elections . ( On 30 May the UMPs name was changed to the Republicans. ) In January 2016 , Sarkozy published the book La France pour la vie . In August 2016 , he announced his candidacy for 2016 Republican presidential primary in November 2016 , but only came in third place behind François Fillon and Alain Juppé . He decided to endorse Fillon and to retire from politics . Other activities . Corporate boards . - Lagardère Group , Member of the Supervisory Board ( since 2020 ) - Accor , Independent Member of the Board of Directors and Chairman of the International Strategy Committee ( since 2017 ) - Groupe Lucien Barrière , Member of the Board of Directors ( since 2019 ) Non-profit organizations . - Berggruen Institute , Member of the 21st Century Council - Schwarzman Scholars , Honorary Member of the Advisory Board Public image . Sarkozy was named the 68th best-dressed person in the world by Vanity Fair , alongside David Beckham and Brad Pitt . However , Sarkozy has also been named as the third worst-dressed person in the world by GQ , a listing that has been disputed . Beside publicising , at times , and at others , refusing to publicise his ex-wife Cécilia Ciganer-Albénizs image , Sarkozy takes care of his own personal image , sometimes to the point of censorship—such as in the Paris Match affair , when he allegedly forced its director to resign following an article on his ex-wife and her affair with Publicis executive Richard Attias , or pressures exercised on the Journal du dimanche , which was preparing to publish an article concerning Ciganer-Albénizs decision not to vote in the second round of the 2007 presidential election . In its edition of 9 August 2007 , Paris Match retouched a photo of Sarkozy in order to erase a love handle . His official portrait destined for all French town halls was done by Sipa Press photographer Philippe Warrin , better known for his paparazzi work . Former Daily Telegraph journalist Colin Randall has highlighted Sarkozys tighter control of his image and frequent interventions in the media : he censors a book , or fires the chief editor of a weekly . Sarkozy is reported by Reuters to be sensitive about his height ( believed to be ) . The French media have pointed out that Carla Bruni frequently wears flats when in public with him . In 2009 , a worker at a factory where Sarkozy gave a speech said she was asked to stand next to him because she was of a similar height to Sarkozy . ( This story was corroborated by some trade union officials. ) This was the subject of a political row : the presidents office called the accusation completely absurd and grotesque , while the Socialist Party mocked his fastidious preparation . Sarkozy lost a suit against a manufacturer of Sarkozy voodoo dolls , in which he claimed that he had a right to his own image . Sarkozy was nicknamed as Hyper-president or hyperpresident by some French media after his 2007 election as president , to describe his desire to control everything . Whereas in the history of the Fifth Republic , the successive presidents were traditionally focused on the foreign policy of the country and on international relations , leaving the Prime Minister and the government to determine the domestic policy , as the Constitution states it , Nicolas Sarkozy appeared to determine both the foreign and domestic policy . Some compared Nicolas Sarkozy to Napoléon Bonaparte and Louis XIV . Indeed , he appointed a very close friend of his , François Fillon , as a Prime Minister . François Fillon was accused of being an instrument of the Presidents power . The biopic The Conquest is a 2011 film that dramatizes Sarkozys rise to power , with candid portrayals of Sarkozy himself , Chirac and Villepin . It was shown at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . Controversies . Sarkozy is generally disliked by the left and has been criticised by some on the right , most vocally by moderate Gaullist supporters of Jacques Chirac and Dominique de Villepin . The communist-leaning magazine LHumanité accused Sarkozy of populism . Views on religions . In 2004 Sarkozy co-authored a book , La République , les religions , lespérance ( The Republic , Religions , and Hope ) , in which he argued that the young should not be brought up solely on secular or republican values . He advocated reducing the separation of church and state , arguing for the government subsidies for mosques to encourage Islamic integration into French society . He has opposed financing of religious institutions with funds from outside France . After meeting with Tom Cruise , Sarkozy was criticized by some for meeting with a member of the Church of Scientology , which has been seen by some as a cult . Sarkozy was criticized by some Christians after he claimed the roots of France are essentially Christian at a December 2007 speech in Rome . Similarly , he drew criticism from Christians after he called Islam one of the greatest and most beautiful civilizations the world has known at a speech in Riyadh in January 2008 . Controversial statements . In the midst of a tense period and following the death of an 11-year-old boy , caught in the crossfire of a gang brawl in the Paris suburb of La Courneuve in June 2005 , Sarkozy went to the scene and said : on va nettoyer au Kärcher la cité ( we will clean the area with a pressure washer ) . Two days before the 2005 Paris riots , he referred to young criminals of nearby housing projects as voyous ( thugs ) and racaille , a slang term which can be translated into English as rabble , scum or riff-raff , in answer to resident who addressed Sarkozy with Quand nous débarrassez-vous de cette racaille ? ( When will you rid us of these dregs? ) The French Communist Party publication , LHumanité , branded this language as inappropriate . Following Sarkozys use of the word racaille many people in the banlieues identified him as a politician of the far right . His period as Minister of the Interior saw the use of police as shock troops in the banlieues , and a police raid on the suburb of Clichy-sous-Bois in October 2005 led to two boys being electrocuted in a power sub-station . The riots began that night . In September 2005 Sarkozy was accused of pushing for a hasty inquiry into an arson attack on a police station in Pau , of which the alleged perpetrators were acquitted for lack of proof . On 22 June 2005 Sarkozy told law enforcement officials that he had questioned the Minister of Justice about the future of the judge who had freed a man on parole who had later committed a murder . A few weeks before the first round of the 2007 presidential elections , Sarkozy had an interview with philosopher Michel Onfray . Sarkozy stated that disorders such as paedophilia and depression have a genetic as well as social basis , saying .. . Id be inclined to think that one is born a paedophile , and it is actually a problem that we do not know how to cure this disease ; he claimed that suicides among youth were linked to genetic predispositions by stating , I dont want to give parents a complex . Its not exclusively the parents fault every time a youngster commits suicide . These statements were criticised by some scientists , including geneticist Axel Kahn . Sarkozy later added , What part is innate and what part is acquired ? At least lets debate it , lets not close the door to all debate . On 27 July 2007 , Sarkozy delivered a speech in Dakar , Senegal , written by Henri Guaino , in which he claimed that the African has never really entered into history . The controversial remarks were widely condemned by Africans , with some viewing them as racist . South African president Thabo Mbeki praised Sarkozys speech , which raised criticism by some in the South African media . On 30 July 2010 , Sarkozy suggested a new policy of security , and he proposed stripping foreign-born French citizens who opted to acquire their nationality at their majority of their citizenship if they are convicted of threatening the life of a police officer or other serious crimes . This policy has been criticized for example by the US newspaper The New York Times , by Sarkozys political opponents , including the Socialist Party leader Martine Aubry , and by experts of French law , including the ex-member of the Constitutional Council of France , Robert Badinter , who said that such action would be unconstitutional . He called for coercive methods to promote métissage , cultural mixing ( which can sometimes include genetic mixing ) , which he called an obligation during a press conference on 17 December 2008 . Casse-toi , pauvcon . On 23 February 2008 , Sarkozy was filmed by a reporter for French newspaper Le Parisien having the following exchange while visiting the Paris International Agricultural Show:While quickly crossing the hall Saturday morning , in the middle of the crowd , Sarkozy encounters a recalcitrant visitor who refuses to shake his hand . Ah no , dont touch me! , said the man . The president retorted immediately : Get lost , then . Youre making me dirty , yelled the man . With a frozen smile , Sarkozy says , his teeth glistening , a refined Get lost , then , poor dumb-ass , go . A precise translation into English has many possible variations . On 28 August 2008 , Hervé Eon , from Laval came to an anti-Sarkozy demonstration with a sign bearing the words Casse-toi pov con , the exact words Sarkozy had uttered . Eon was arrested for causing offence to the presidential function and the prosecutor , who in France indirectly reports to the president , requested a fine of €1000 . The court eventually imposed a symbolic €30 suspended fine , which has generally been interpreted as a defeat for the prosecution side . This incident was widely reported on , in particular as Sarkozy , as president of the Republic , is immune from prosecution , notably restricting Eons rights to sue Sarkozy for defamation . Position on the Iraq war . Sarkozy opposed the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq . However , he was critical of the way Chirac and his foreign minister Dominique de Villepin expressed Frances opposition to the war . Talking at the French-American Foundation in Washington , D.C . on 12 September 2006 , he denounced what he called the French arrogance and said : It is bad manners to embarrass ones allies or sound like one is taking delight in their troubles . He added : We must never again turn our disagreements into a crisis . Chirac reportedly said in private that Sarkozys speech was appalling and a shameful act . Accusations of nepotism . In October 2009 , Sarkozy was accused of nepotism for helping his son , Jean , try to become head of the public body running Frances biggest business district EPAD . On 3 July 2012 , French police raided Sarkozys residence and office as part of a probe into claims that Sarkozy was involved in illegal political campaign financing . Political and financial scandals . On 5 July 2010 , following its investigations on the Bettencourt affair , online newspaper Mediapart ran an article in which Claire Thibout , a former accountant of billionairess Liliane Bettencourt , accused Sarkozy and Eric Woerth of receiving illegal campaign donations in 2007 , in cash . On 1 July 2014 Sarkozy was detained for questioning by police over claims he had promised a prestigious role in Monaco to a high-ranking judge , Gilbert Azibert , in exchange for information about the investigation into alleged illegal campaign funding . Mr Azibert , one of the most senior judges at the Court of Appeal , was called in for questioning on 30 June 2014 . It is believed to be the first time a former French president has been held in police custody , although his predecessor , Jacques Chirac , was found guilty of embezzlement and breach of trust while he was mayor of Paris and given a suspended prison sentence in 2011 . After 15 hours in police custody , Sarkozy was put under official investigation for active corruption , misuse of influence and obtained through a breach of professional secrecy on 2 July 2014 . Mr Azibert and Sarkozys lawyer , Thierry Herzog , are also now under official investigation . The two accusations carry sentences of up to 10 years in prison . The developments were seen as a blow to Sarkozys attempts to challenge for the presidency in 2017 . Nevertheless , he later stood as a candidate for the Republican party nomination , but was eliminated from the contest in November 2016 . A trial on this case , Sarkozys first , started on 23 November 2020 . On 16 February 2016 , Sarkozy was indicted on illegal financing of political campaign charges related to overspending in his 2012 presidential campaign and retained as witness in connection with the Bygmalion scandal . In April 2016 , Arnaud Claude , former law partner of Sarkozy , was named in the Panama Papers . On 23 November 2020 , the trial of Nicolas Sarkozy started who is accused of corruption and influence peddling , for an attempted bribery of a judge . The trial was postponed until November 26 , following a request from one of his co-defendants for health reasons . On 1 March 2021 , a court in Paris found former French President Nicolas Sarkozy guilty of corruption , trading in influence in a wiretapping and illegal data exchange case involving a number of individuals like magistrate Gilbert Azibert and Sarkozys former lawyer Thierry Herzog . Both men were tried with him and convicted as well . Sarkozy and his two co-defendants were sentenced to three years , two of them suspended , and one in prison . Sarkozy appealed the ruling , which suspends its application . On 20 May 2021 , the criminal trial began for Sarkozy and 13 other defendants who were said to have been involved in the Bygmalion scandal . Sarkozys second corruption trial involves allegations of diverting tens of millions of euros which was intended to be spent on the his failed 2012 re-election campaign and then hiring a PR firm to cover it up . The illicit campaign finance money was instead used to overspend on lavish campaign rallies and events . Alleged Libyan agent of influence . Shortly after his inauguration as President of France in 2007 , Sarkozy invited Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi to France over the objections of both the political opposition , and members of his own government . The visit marked the first time Gaddafi had been to France in more than 35 years and , during it , France agreed to sell Libya 21 Airbus aircraft and signed a nuclear cooperation agreement . Negotiations for the purchase of more than a dozen Dassault Rafale fighter jets , plus military helicopters , were also initiated during the trip . During the 2011 Libyan Civil War – a conflict in which France intervened – Saif-al-Islam Gaddafi said in an interview with euronews that the Libyan state had donated €50 million to Sarkozys 2007 presidential campaign in exchange for access and favors by Sarkozy . Investigative website Mediapart subsequently published several documents appearing to prove a payment of €50 million , and also published a claim by Ziad Takieddine that he had personally handed three briefcases stuffed with cash to Sarkozy . French magistrates later acquired diaries of former Libyan oil minister Shukri Ghanem in which payments to Sarkozy were mentioned . Shortly thereafter , however , Ghanem was found dead , floating in the Danube in Austria and thereby preventing his corroboration of the diaries . In January 2018 , British police arrested Alexandre Djouhri on a European Arrest Warrant . Djouhri was an associate of Sarkozy and had refused to respond to a French judicial summons for questioning over allegations he had helped launder Libyan funds on behalf of Sarkozy . Political career . - President of the French Republic : 2007–2012 . - Member of the Constitutional Council of France : since 2012 . Governmental functions - Minister of Budget and governments spokesman : 1993–1995 . - Minister of Communication and governments spokesman : 1994–1995 . - Minister of State , minister of Interior , of the Internal Security and Local Freedoms : 2002–2004 . - Minister of State , minister of Economy , Finance and Industry : March–November 2004 ( resignation ) . - Minister of State , minister of Interior and Land Planning : 2005–2007 ( resignation ) . Electoral mandates European Parliament - Member of the European Parliament : July–September 1999 ( resignation ) . Elected in 1999 . National Assembly of France - Member of the National Assembly of France for Hauts-de-Seine ( 6th constituency ) : 1988–1993 ( became minister in 1993 ) / 1995–2002 ( became minister in 2002 ) / March–June 2005 ( became minister in June 2005 ) . Elected in 1988 , reelected in 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 2002 , 2005 . Regional Council - Regional councillor of Île-de-France : 1983–1988 ( resignation ) . Elected in 1986 . General Council - President of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine : 2004–2007 ( resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . - Vice-president of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine : 1986–1988 ( resignation ) . - General councillor of Hauts-de-Seine , elected in the canton of Neuilly-sur-Seine-Nord : 1985–1988 / 2004–2007 ( Resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . Municipal Council - Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 1983–2002 ( resignation ) . Reelected in 1989 , 1995 , and 2001 . - Deputy-mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 2002–2005 ( resignation ) . - Municipal councillor of Neuilly-sur-Seine : 1977–2005 ( resignation ) . Reelected in 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , and 2001 . Political functions - President of the Union for a Popular Movement : 2004–2007 ( resignation , became President of the French Republic in 2007 ) . Elected in 2004 . - President of the Rally for the Republic : April–October 1999 . - General secretary of the Rally for the Republic : 1998–1999 . - Deputy general secretary of the Rally for the Republic : 1992–1993 . Awards and honours . French Honours . - Legion of Honour - ex officio Further reading . - , interviews with Michel Denisot - , Grand livre du mois 1995 - , subject ( s ) : Pratiques politiques—France—1990– , France—Politique et gouvernement—1997–2002 - Alvarez-Montalvo , Marta ( 9 July 2004 ) : ¿Quién teme a Nicolas Sarkozy ? El ministro de economía francés se postula como próximo candidato a las presidenciales de 2007 , in Epoca ( [ Madrid ] : Difusora de Informacion Periodica S.A. , DINPESA , 9 July 2004 ) , number 1012 , p . 46 ( 2 ) , 3 pages , 829 words , available online at - , subject ( s ) : Sarkozy , Nicolas ( 1955– ) —Caricatures et dessins humoristiques - , Grand Livre du mois 2004 , subject ( s ) : Chirac , Jacques ( 1932– ) , Sarkozy , Nicolas ( 1955– ) , France—Politique et gouvernement—1995– - , subject ( s ) : Laïcité—France—1990– , Islam—France—1990– External links . Official websites . - President of France - Website of the UMP , Sarkozys party - Official personal website - 2012 campaign website - Address to the General Assembly of the United Nations during the General Debate of the 63rd Session , 23 September 2008 . Nicolas Sarkozy addressed the Assembly both as President of France and as President of the European Union Press . - Radio France International feature Sarkozys 90-minute address to the nation , 6 February 2009 - Hosing Sarkozy an article in the TLS by Sudhir Hazareesingh , 28 November 2007 - Interview after One Month in Office Le Figaro , 7 June 2007 - Sarkozy takes over Chiracs UMP party ( BBC News ) - Profile : Nicolas Sarkozy ( BBC News ) - Nicolas Sarkozy : French Choose the American Way ? by David Storobin - Vive this difference by Suzanne Fields - Frances chance , The Economist , 12 April 2007 - Letter From Europe- Round 1 Jane Kramer , The New Yorker , 23 April 2007 - On the so-called rupture by Sarkozy , Mathieu Potte-Bonneville & Pierre Zaoui , Vacarme n°41 , Winter 2007 - The Bettencourt/LOréal scandal Radio France Internationale in English - French politics no stranger to scandals Radio France Internationale in English - LOréal , scandals and the far right Radio France Internationale in English - Articles and Coverage ( Guardian UK ) Related contents . - Extended biography by CIDOB Foundation - Sarkozys opinion poll tracker - Some of Sarkozys quotations |
[
"Charlie Chaplin"
] | easy | Who was Paulette Goddard 's spouse from 1936 to 1942? | /wiki/Paulette_Goddard#P26#0 | Paulette Goddard Paulette Goddard ( born Marion Levy ; June 3 , 1910 – April 23 , 1990 ) was an American actress , a child fashion model and a performer in several Broadway productions as a Ziegfeld Girl ; she became a major star of Paramount Pictures in the 1940s . Her most notable films were her first major role , as Charlie Chaplins leading lady in Modern Times , and Chaplins subsequent film The Great Dictator . She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in So Proudly We Hail ! ( 1943 ) . Her husbands included Charlie Chaplin , Burgess Meredith , and Erich Maria Remarque . Early life . Goddard was the daughter of Joseph Russell Levy , the son of a prosperous cigar manufacturer from Salt Lake City , and Alta Mae Goddard . Her father was of Russian Jewish heritage , while her mother an Episcopalian of English ancestry . They married in 1908 and separated while their daughter was very young , although the divorce did not become final until 1926 . According to Goddard , her father left them , but according to J . R . Levy , Alta absconded with the child . Goddard was raised by her mother , and did not meet her father again until the late 1930s , after she had become famous . In a 1938 interview published in Colliers , Goddard claimed Levy was not her biological father . In response , Levy filed a suit against his daughter , claiming that the interview had ruined his reputation and cost him his job , and demanded financial support from her . In a December 17 , 1945 , article written by Oliver Jensen in Life , Goddard admitted to having lost the case and being forced to pay her father $35 a week . To avoid a custody battle , she and her mother moved often during her childhood , including relocating to Canada at one point . Goddard began modeling at an early age to support her mother and herself , working for Saks Fifth Avenue , Hattie Carnegie , and others . An important figure in her childhood was her great uncle , Charles Goddard , the owner of the American Druggists Syndicate . He played a central role in Goddards career , introducing her to Broadway impresario Florenz Ziegfeld . In 1926 , she made her stage debut as a dancer in Ziegfelds summer revue , No Foolin , which was also the first time that she used the stage name Paulette Goddard . Ziegfeld hired her for another musical , Rio Rita , which opened in February 1927 , but she left the show after only three weeks to appear in the play The Unconquerable Male , produced by Archie Selwyn . It was , however , a flop and closed after only three days following its premiere in Atlantic City . Soon after the play closed , Goddard was introduced to Edgar James , president of the Southern Lumber Company , located in Asheville , North Carolina , by Charles Goddard . Aged 17 , considerably younger than James , she married him on June 28 , 1927 , in Rye , New York . It was a short marriage , and Goddard was granted a divorce in Reno , Nevada , in 1929 , receiving a divorce settlement of $375,000 . Film career . Early films . Goddard first visited Hollywood in 1929 , when she appeared as an uncredited extra in two films , the Laurel and Hardy short film Berth Marks ( 1929 ) , and George Fitzmaurices drama The Locked Door ( 1929 ) . Following her divorce , she briefly visited Europe before returning to Hollywood in late 1930 with her mother . Her second attempt at acting was no more successful than the first , as she landed work only as an extra . Sam Goldwyn . In 1930 , she signed her first film contract with producer Samuel Goldwyn to appear as a Goldwyn Girl in Whoopee ! ( 1930 ) . She also appeared in City Streets ( 1931 ) , Ladies of the Big House ( 1931 ) , and The Girl Habit ( 1931 ) for Paramount , Palmy Days ( 1931 ) for Goldwyn , and The Mouthpiece ( 1932 ) for Warners . Goldwyn and she did not get along , and she began working for Hal Roach Studios , appearing in a string of uncredited supporting roles for the next four years , including Show Business ( 1932 ) , Young Ironsides ( 1932 ) , Pack Up Your Troubles ( 1932 , with Laurel and Hardy ) , and Girl Grief with Charley Chase . Goldwyn used Goddard in The Kid from Spain ( 1932 ) , The Bowery ( 1933 ) , Roman Scandals ( 1933 ) , and Kid Millions ( 1934 ) . Charlie Chaplin . The year she signed with Goldwyn , Goddard began dating Charlie Chaplin , a relationship that received substantial attention from the press . It marked a turning point in Goddards career when Chaplin cast her as his leading lady in his next box office hit , Modern Times ( 1936 ) . Her role as The Gamin , an orphan girl who runs away from the authorities and becomes The Tramps companion , was her first credited film appearance and garnered her mainly positive reviews , Frank S . Nugent of The New York Times describing her as the fitting recipient of the great Charlots championship . David O . Selznick & MGM . Following the success of Modern Times , Chaplin planned other projects with Goddard in mind as a co-star , but he worked slowly , and Goddard worried that the public might forget about her if she did not continue to make regular film appearances . She signed a contract with David O . Selznick and appeared with Janet Gaynor in the comedy The Young in Heart ( 1938 ) before Selznick lent her to MGM to appear in two films . The first of these , Dramatic School ( 1938 ) , co-starred Luise Rainer , but the film received mediocre reviews and failed to attract an audience . Her next film , The Women ( 1939 ) , was a success . With an all-female cast headed by Norma Shearer , Joan Crawford , and Rosalind Russell , the films supporting role of Miriam Aarons was played by Goddard . Pauline Kael later wrote of Goddard , she is a stand-out . Fun . Scarlett OHara . Selznick was pleased with Goddards performances , particularly her work in The Young in Heart , and considered her for the role of Scarlett OHara . Initial screen tests convinced Selznick and director George Cukor that Goddard would require coaching to be effective in the role , but that she showed promise , and she was the first actress given a Technicolor screen test . Russell Birdwell , the head of Selznicks publicity department , had strong misgivings about Goddard . He warned Selznick of the tremendous avalanche of criticism that will befall us and the picture should Paulette be given this part...I have never known a woman , intent on a career dependent upon her popularity with the masses , to hold and live such an insane and absurd attitude towards the press and her fellow man as does Paulette Goddard...Briefly , I think she is dynamite that will explode in our very faces if she is given the part . Selznick remained interested in Goddard for the role of Scarlett . After he was introduced to Vivien Leigh , he wrote to his wife that Leigh was a dark horse and that his choice had narrowed down to Paulette , Jean Arthur , Joan Bennett , and Vivien Leigh . After a series of tests with Leigh that pleased both Selznick and Cukor , Selznick cancelled the further tests that had been scheduled for Goddard , and the part was given to Leigh . It has been suggested that Goddard lost the part because Selznick feared that questions surrounding her marital status with Charlie Chaplin would result in scandal . However , Selznick was aware that Leigh and Laurence Olivier lived together , as their respective spouses had refused to divorce them , and in addition to offering Leigh a contract , he engaged Olivier as the leading man in his next production Rebecca ( 1940 ) . Chaplins biographer Joyce Milton wrote that Selznick was worried about legal issues by signing her to a contract that might conflict with her pre-existing contracts with the Chaplin studio . Paramount . Goddard signed a contract with Paramount Pictures and her next film , The Cat and the Canary ( 1939 ) with Bob Hope , was a turning point in the careers of both actors . They promptly were re-teamed in The Ghost Breakers ( 1940 ) . Goddard starred with Chaplin again in his film The Great Dictator ( 1940 ) . The couple split amicably soon afterward , and Goddard allegedly obtained a divorce in Mexico in 1942 , with Chaplin agreeing to a generous settlement . At Paramount , Goddard was cast by Cecil B . De Mille in the action epic North West Mounted Police ( 1940 ) , playing the second female lead . She was Fred Astaires leading lady in Second Chorus ( 1940 ) , where she met actor Burgess Meredith , who became her third husband . Goddard made Pot o Gold ( 1941 ) , a comedy with James Stewart , then supported Charles Boyer and Olivia de Havilland in Hold Back the Dawn ( 1941 ) , from a script by Billy Wilder and Charles Brackett , directed by Mitchell Leisen . Goddard was teamed with Hope for a third time in Nothing But the Truth ( 1942 ) , then made The Lady Has Plans ( 1942 ) , a comedy with Ray Milland . She did Reap the Wild Wind ( 1942 ) , playing the lead , a Scarlett OHara type character . Co-starring Milland and John Wayne , it was a huge hit . Goddard did The Forest Rangers ( 1942 ) . One of her better-remembered film appearances was in the variety musical Star Spangled Rhythm ( 1943 ) , in which she sang A Sweater , a Sarong , and a Peekaboo Bang with Dorothy Lamour and Veronica Lake . She and Milland did The Crystal Ball ( 1943 ) . Oscar nomination . Goddard received one Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for the film So Proudly We Hail ! ( also 1943 ) . Goddard was teamed with Fred MacMurray in Standing Room Only ( 1944 ) and Sonny Tufts in I Love a Soldier ( 1944 ) . She was one of many Paramount stars in Duffys Tavern ( 1945 ) . Goddards most successful film was Kitty ( 1945 ) , in which she played the titular role . Producer . In The Diary of a Chambermaid ( 1946 ) , Goddard starred with Burgess Meredith , to whom she was married at the time , under the direction of Jean Renoir . It was made for United Artists . At Paramount she did Suddenly Its Spring ( 1947 ) and De Milles Unconquered ( 1947 ) . During the Hollywood Blacklist , when she and blacklisted husband Meredith were mobbed by a baying crowd screaming Communists ! on their way to a premiere , Goddard is said to have turned to her husband and said , Shall I roll down the window and hit them with my diamonds , Bugsy ? She made An Ideal Husband ( 1947 ) in Britain for Alexander Korda , and was accompanied on a publicity trip to Brussels by Clarissa Spencer-Churchill , niece of Sir Winston Churchill , and later the wife of future Prime Minister Anthony Eden . Goddard and her husband were among several stars in On Our Merry Way ( 1948 ) . At Paramount , she did two movies with MacDonald Carey : Hazard ( 1948 ) and Bride of Vengeance ( 1949 ) . She then left the studio . Freelance . In 1949 , she formed Monterey Pictures with John Steinbeck . Goddard starred in Anna Lucasta ( 1949 ) , then went to Mexico for The Torch ( 1950 ) . In England , she was in Babes in Bagdad ( 1952 ) ; then she went to Hollywood for Vice Squad ( 1953 ) , Sins of Jezebel ( 1953 ) , Paris Model ( 1953 ) , and Charge of the Lancers ( 1954 ) . Her last starring role was in the English production A Stranger Came Home ( known as The Unholy Four in the United States ) . Television . Goddard began appearing in summer stock and on television , guest starring on episodes of Sherlock Holmes , an adaptation of The Women , this time playing the role of Sylvia Fowler , The Errol Flynn Theatre , The Joseph Cotten Show , and The Ford Television Theatre . She was in an episode of Adventures in Paradise and a TV version of The Phantom . Later life . After her marriage in 1958 to Erich Maria Remarque , Goddard largely retired from acting and moved to Ronco sopra Ascona , Switzerland . She attempted a comeback in films with a supporting role in the Italian film Time of Indifference ( 1964 ) , which was her last feature film . After Remarques death in 1970 , she made one last attempt at acting , when she accepted a small role in an episode of The Snoop Sisters ( 1972 ) for television . Goddard inherited much of Remarques money and several important properties across Europe , including a wealth of contemporary art , which augmented her own long-standing collection . During this period , her talent at accumulating wealth became a byword among the old Hollywood élite . During the 1980s , she became a fairly well known ( and highly visible ) socialite in New York City , appearing covered with jewels at many high-profile cultural functions with several well-known men , including Andy Warhol , with whom she sustained a friendship for many years until his death in 1987 . Death . Goddard underwent invasive treatment for breast cancer in 1975 , successfully by all accounts . On April 23 , 1990 , aged 79 , she died at her home in Switzerland from heart failure while under respiratory support due to emphysema . She is buried in Ronco Village Cemetery , next to Remarque and her mother . Personal life . Goddard married the much older lumber tycoon Edgar James on June 28 , 1927 , when she was 17 years old ; the couple moved to North Carolina . They separated two years later and divorced in 1932 . In 1932 , Goddard began a relationship with Charlie Chaplin . She later moved into his home in Beverly Hills . They were reportedly married in secret in Canton , China , in June 1936 . Years later Chaplin privately told relatives that they were married only in common law . Aside from referring to Goddard as my wife at the October 1940 premiere of The Great Dictator , neither Goddard nor Chaplin publicly commented on their marital status . On June 4 , 1942 , Goddard was granted a Mexican divorce from Chaplin . In May 1944 , she married Burgess Meredith at David O . Selznicks home in Beverly Hills . They divorced in June 1949 . In 1958 , Goddard married author Erich Maria Remarque . They remained married until Remarques death in 1970 . Goddard had no children . In October 1944 , she suffered the miscarriage of a son with Burgess Meredith . Legacy . Arguably , Goddards foremost legacies remain her two feature films with Charles Chaplin , Modern Times and The Great Dictator , and a large donation to a prominent American educational institution . Goddard , whose own formal education did not go beyond high school , bequeathed US$20 million to New York University ( NYU ) in New York City . This contribution was also in recognition of her friendship with the Indiana-born politician and former NYU President John Brademas . Goddard Hall , a residence hall for NYU freshmen in Greenwich Village , is named in her honor . Efforts to raise CHF 6.2M ( $7M ) to purchase and save Remarque and Goddards villa from demolition are underway , proposing to transform the Casa Monte Tabor into a museum and home to an artist-in-residence program , focused on creativity , freedom , and peace . Fictional portrayals . Goddard was portrayed by Gwen Humble in the made-for-TV movie ( 1980 ) , by Diane Lane in the 1992 film Chaplin , and by actress Natalie Wilder in the 2011 play Puma , written by Julie Gilbert , who also wrote Opposite Attraction : The Lives of Erich Maria Remarque and Paulette Goddard . External links . - Photographs and literature - Paulette Goddard portrait gallery NY Public Library ( Billy Rose collection ) - Paulette Goddards site ( English ) - Photos of Paulette Goddard in Pot O Gold by Ned Scott |
[
"Burgess Meredith"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Paulette Goddard from 1944 to 1949? | /wiki/Paulette_Goddard#P26#1 | Paulette Goddard Paulette Goddard ( born Marion Levy ; June 3 , 1910 – April 23 , 1990 ) was an American actress , a child fashion model and a performer in several Broadway productions as a Ziegfeld Girl ; she became a major star of Paramount Pictures in the 1940s . Her most notable films were her first major role , as Charlie Chaplins leading lady in Modern Times , and Chaplins subsequent film The Great Dictator . She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in So Proudly We Hail ! ( 1943 ) . Her husbands included Charlie Chaplin , Burgess Meredith , and Erich Maria Remarque . Early life . Goddard was the daughter of Joseph Russell Levy , the son of a prosperous cigar manufacturer from Salt Lake City , and Alta Mae Goddard . Her father was of Russian Jewish heritage , while her mother an Episcopalian of English ancestry . They married in 1908 and separated while their daughter was very young , although the divorce did not become final until 1926 . According to Goddard , her father left them , but according to J . R . Levy , Alta absconded with the child . Goddard was raised by her mother , and did not meet her father again until the late 1930s , after she had become famous . In a 1938 interview published in Colliers , Goddard claimed Levy was not her biological father . In response , Levy filed a suit against his daughter , claiming that the interview had ruined his reputation and cost him his job , and demanded financial support from her . In a December 17 , 1945 , article written by Oliver Jensen in Life , Goddard admitted to having lost the case and being forced to pay her father $35 a week . To avoid a custody battle , she and her mother moved often during her childhood , including relocating to Canada at one point . Goddard began modeling at an early age to support her mother and herself , working for Saks Fifth Avenue , Hattie Carnegie , and others . An important figure in her childhood was her great uncle , Charles Goddard , the owner of the American Druggists Syndicate . He played a central role in Goddards career , introducing her to Broadway impresario Florenz Ziegfeld . In 1926 , she made her stage debut as a dancer in Ziegfelds summer revue , No Foolin , which was also the first time that she used the stage name Paulette Goddard . Ziegfeld hired her for another musical , Rio Rita , which opened in February 1927 , but she left the show after only three weeks to appear in the play The Unconquerable Male , produced by Archie Selwyn . It was , however , a flop and closed after only three days following its premiere in Atlantic City . Soon after the play closed , Goddard was introduced to Edgar James , president of the Southern Lumber Company , located in Asheville , North Carolina , by Charles Goddard . Aged 17 , considerably younger than James , she married him on June 28 , 1927 , in Rye , New York . It was a short marriage , and Goddard was granted a divorce in Reno , Nevada , in 1929 , receiving a divorce settlement of $375,000 . Film career . Early films . Goddard first visited Hollywood in 1929 , when she appeared as an uncredited extra in two films , the Laurel and Hardy short film Berth Marks ( 1929 ) , and George Fitzmaurices drama The Locked Door ( 1929 ) . Following her divorce , she briefly visited Europe before returning to Hollywood in late 1930 with her mother . Her second attempt at acting was no more successful than the first , as she landed work only as an extra . Sam Goldwyn . In 1930 , she signed her first film contract with producer Samuel Goldwyn to appear as a Goldwyn Girl in Whoopee ! ( 1930 ) . She also appeared in City Streets ( 1931 ) , Ladies of the Big House ( 1931 ) , and The Girl Habit ( 1931 ) for Paramount , Palmy Days ( 1931 ) for Goldwyn , and The Mouthpiece ( 1932 ) for Warners . Goldwyn and she did not get along , and she began working for Hal Roach Studios , appearing in a string of uncredited supporting roles for the next four years , including Show Business ( 1932 ) , Young Ironsides ( 1932 ) , Pack Up Your Troubles ( 1932 , with Laurel and Hardy ) , and Girl Grief with Charley Chase . Goldwyn used Goddard in The Kid from Spain ( 1932 ) , The Bowery ( 1933 ) , Roman Scandals ( 1933 ) , and Kid Millions ( 1934 ) . Charlie Chaplin . The year she signed with Goldwyn , Goddard began dating Charlie Chaplin , a relationship that received substantial attention from the press . It marked a turning point in Goddards career when Chaplin cast her as his leading lady in his next box office hit , Modern Times ( 1936 ) . Her role as The Gamin , an orphan girl who runs away from the authorities and becomes The Tramps companion , was her first credited film appearance and garnered her mainly positive reviews , Frank S . Nugent of The New York Times describing her as the fitting recipient of the great Charlots championship . David O . Selznick & MGM . Following the success of Modern Times , Chaplin planned other projects with Goddard in mind as a co-star , but he worked slowly , and Goddard worried that the public might forget about her if she did not continue to make regular film appearances . She signed a contract with David O . Selznick and appeared with Janet Gaynor in the comedy The Young in Heart ( 1938 ) before Selznick lent her to MGM to appear in two films . The first of these , Dramatic School ( 1938 ) , co-starred Luise Rainer , but the film received mediocre reviews and failed to attract an audience . Her next film , The Women ( 1939 ) , was a success . With an all-female cast headed by Norma Shearer , Joan Crawford , and Rosalind Russell , the films supporting role of Miriam Aarons was played by Goddard . Pauline Kael later wrote of Goddard , she is a stand-out . Fun . Scarlett OHara . Selznick was pleased with Goddards performances , particularly her work in The Young in Heart , and considered her for the role of Scarlett OHara . Initial screen tests convinced Selznick and director George Cukor that Goddard would require coaching to be effective in the role , but that she showed promise , and she was the first actress given a Technicolor screen test . Russell Birdwell , the head of Selznicks publicity department , had strong misgivings about Goddard . He warned Selznick of the tremendous avalanche of criticism that will befall us and the picture should Paulette be given this part...I have never known a woman , intent on a career dependent upon her popularity with the masses , to hold and live such an insane and absurd attitude towards the press and her fellow man as does Paulette Goddard...Briefly , I think she is dynamite that will explode in our very faces if she is given the part . Selznick remained interested in Goddard for the role of Scarlett . After he was introduced to Vivien Leigh , he wrote to his wife that Leigh was a dark horse and that his choice had narrowed down to Paulette , Jean Arthur , Joan Bennett , and Vivien Leigh . After a series of tests with Leigh that pleased both Selznick and Cukor , Selznick cancelled the further tests that had been scheduled for Goddard , and the part was given to Leigh . It has been suggested that Goddard lost the part because Selznick feared that questions surrounding her marital status with Charlie Chaplin would result in scandal . However , Selznick was aware that Leigh and Laurence Olivier lived together , as their respective spouses had refused to divorce them , and in addition to offering Leigh a contract , he engaged Olivier as the leading man in his next production Rebecca ( 1940 ) . Chaplins biographer Joyce Milton wrote that Selznick was worried about legal issues by signing her to a contract that might conflict with her pre-existing contracts with the Chaplin studio . Paramount . Goddard signed a contract with Paramount Pictures and her next film , The Cat and the Canary ( 1939 ) with Bob Hope , was a turning point in the careers of both actors . They promptly were re-teamed in The Ghost Breakers ( 1940 ) . Goddard starred with Chaplin again in his film The Great Dictator ( 1940 ) . The couple split amicably soon afterward , and Goddard allegedly obtained a divorce in Mexico in 1942 , with Chaplin agreeing to a generous settlement . At Paramount , Goddard was cast by Cecil B . De Mille in the action epic North West Mounted Police ( 1940 ) , playing the second female lead . She was Fred Astaires leading lady in Second Chorus ( 1940 ) , where she met actor Burgess Meredith , who became her third husband . Goddard made Pot o Gold ( 1941 ) , a comedy with James Stewart , then supported Charles Boyer and Olivia de Havilland in Hold Back the Dawn ( 1941 ) , from a script by Billy Wilder and Charles Brackett , directed by Mitchell Leisen . Goddard was teamed with Hope for a third time in Nothing But the Truth ( 1942 ) , then made The Lady Has Plans ( 1942 ) , a comedy with Ray Milland . She did Reap the Wild Wind ( 1942 ) , playing the lead , a Scarlett OHara type character . Co-starring Milland and John Wayne , it was a huge hit . Goddard did The Forest Rangers ( 1942 ) . One of her better-remembered film appearances was in the variety musical Star Spangled Rhythm ( 1943 ) , in which she sang A Sweater , a Sarong , and a Peekaboo Bang with Dorothy Lamour and Veronica Lake . She and Milland did The Crystal Ball ( 1943 ) . Oscar nomination . Goddard received one Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for the film So Proudly We Hail ! ( also 1943 ) . Goddard was teamed with Fred MacMurray in Standing Room Only ( 1944 ) and Sonny Tufts in I Love a Soldier ( 1944 ) . She was one of many Paramount stars in Duffys Tavern ( 1945 ) . Goddards most successful film was Kitty ( 1945 ) , in which she played the titular role . Producer . In The Diary of a Chambermaid ( 1946 ) , Goddard starred with Burgess Meredith , to whom she was married at the time , under the direction of Jean Renoir . It was made for United Artists . At Paramount she did Suddenly Its Spring ( 1947 ) and De Milles Unconquered ( 1947 ) . During the Hollywood Blacklist , when she and blacklisted husband Meredith were mobbed by a baying crowd screaming Communists ! on their way to a premiere , Goddard is said to have turned to her husband and said , Shall I roll down the window and hit them with my diamonds , Bugsy ? She made An Ideal Husband ( 1947 ) in Britain for Alexander Korda , and was accompanied on a publicity trip to Brussels by Clarissa Spencer-Churchill , niece of Sir Winston Churchill , and later the wife of future Prime Minister Anthony Eden . Goddard and her husband were among several stars in On Our Merry Way ( 1948 ) . At Paramount , she did two movies with MacDonald Carey : Hazard ( 1948 ) and Bride of Vengeance ( 1949 ) . She then left the studio . Freelance . In 1949 , she formed Monterey Pictures with John Steinbeck . Goddard starred in Anna Lucasta ( 1949 ) , then went to Mexico for The Torch ( 1950 ) . In England , she was in Babes in Bagdad ( 1952 ) ; then she went to Hollywood for Vice Squad ( 1953 ) , Sins of Jezebel ( 1953 ) , Paris Model ( 1953 ) , and Charge of the Lancers ( 1954 ) . Her last starring role was in the English production A Stranger Came Home ( known as The Unholy Four in the United States ) . Television . Goddard began appearing in summer stock and on television , guest starring on episodes of Sherlock Holmes , an adaptation of The Women , this time playing the role of Sylvia Fowler , The Errol Flynn Theatre , The Joseph Cotten Show , and The Ford Television Theatre . She was in an episode of Adventures in Paradise and a TV version of The Phantom . Later life . After her marriage in 1958 to Erich Maria Remarque , Goddard largely retired from acting and moved to Ronco sopra Ascona , Switzerland . She attempted a comeback in films with a supporting role in the Italian film Time of Indifference ( 1964 ) , which was her last feature film . After Remarques death in 1970 , she made one last attempt at acting , when she accepted a small role in an episode of The Snoop Sisters ( 1972 ) for television . Goddard inherited much of Remarques money and several important properties across Europe , including a wealth of contemporary art , which augmented her own long-standing collection . During this period , her talent at accumulating wealth became a byword among the old Hollywood élite . During the 1980s , she became a fairly well known ( and highly visible ) socialite in New York City , appearing covered with jewels at many high-profile cultural functions with several well-known men , including Andy Warhol , with whom she sustained a friendship for many years until his death in 1987 . Death . Goddard underwent invasive treatment for breast cancer in 1975 , successfully by all accounts . On April 23 , 1990 , aged 79 , she died at her home in Switzerland from heart failure while under respiratory support due to emphysema . She is buried in Ronco Village Cemetery , next to Remarque and her mother . Personal life . Goddard married the much older lumber tycoon Edgar James on June 28 , 1927 , when she was 17 years old ; the couple moved to North Carolina . They separated two years later and divorced in 1932 . In 1932 , Goddard began a relationship with Charlie Chaplin . She later moved into his home in Beverly Hills . They were reportedly married in secret in Canton , China , in June 1936 . Years later Chaplin privately told relatives that they were married only in common law . Aside from referring to Goddard as my wife at the October 1940 premiere of The Great Dictator , neither Goddard nor Chaplin publicly commented on their marital status . On June 4 , 1942 , Goddard was granted a Mexican divorce from Chaplin . In May 1944 , she married Burgess Meredith at David O . Selznicks home in Beverly Hills . They divorced in June 1949 . In 1958 , Goddard married author Erich Maria Remarque . They remained married until Remarques death in 1970 . Goddard had no children . In October 1944 , she suffered the miscarriage of a son with Burgess Meredith . Legacy . Arguably , Goddards foremost legacies remain her two feature films with Charles Chaplin , Modern Times and The Great Dictator , and a large donation to a prominent American educational institution . Goddard , whose own formal education did not go beyond high school , bequeathed US$20 million to New York University ( NYU ) in New York City . This contribution was also in recognition of her friendship with the Indiana-born politician and former NYU President John Brademas . Goddard Hall , a residence hall for NYU freshmen in Greenwich Village , is named in her honor . Efforts to raise CHF 6.2M ( $7M ) to purchase and save Remarque and Goddards villa from demolition are underway , proposing to transform the Casa Monte Tabor into a museum and home to an artist-in-residence program , focused on creativity , freedom , and peace . Fictional portrayals . Goddard was portrayed by Gwen Humble in the made-for-TV movie ( 1980 ) , by Diane Lane in the 1992 film Chaplin , and by actress Natalie Wilder in the 2011 play Puma , written by Julie Gilbert , who also wrote Opposite Attraction : The Lives of Erich Maria Remarque and Paulette Goddard . External links . - Photographs and literature - Paulette Goddard portrait gallery NY Public Library ( Billy Rose collection ) - Paulette Goddards site ( English ) - Photos of Paulette Goddard in Pot O Gold by Ned Scott |
[
"Erich Maria Remarque"
] | easy | Who was Paulette Goddard 's spouse from 1958 to 1970? | /wiki/Paulette_Goddard#P26#2 | Paulette Goddard Paulette Goddard ( born Marion Levy ; June 3 , 1910 – April 23 , 1990 ) was an American actress , a child fashion model and a performer in several Broadway productions as a Ziegfeld Girl ; she became a major star of Paramount Pictures in the 1940s . Her most notable films were her first major role , as Charlie Chaplins leading lady in Modern Times , and Chaplins subsequent film The Great Dictator . She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in So Proudly We Hail ! ( 1943 ) . Her husbands included Charlie Chaplin , Burgess Meredith , and Erich Maria Remarque . Early life . Goddard was the daughter of Joseph Russell Levy , the son of a prosperous cigar manufacturer from Salt Lake City , and Alta Mae Goddard . Her father was of Russian Jewish heritage , while her mother an Episcopalian of English ancestry . They married in 1908 and separated while their daughter was very young , although the divorce did not become final until 1926 . According to Goddard , her father left them , but according to J . R . Levy , Alta absconded with the child . Goddard was raised by her mother , and did not meet her father again until the late 1930s , after she had become famous . In a 1938 interview published in Colliers , Goddard claimed Levy was not her biological father . In response , Levy filed a suit against his daughter , claiming that the interview had ruined his reputation and cost him his job , and demanded financial support from her . In a December 17 , 1945 , article written by Oliver Jensen in Life , Goddard admitted to having lost the case and being forced to pay her father $35 a week . To avoid a custody battle , she and her mother moved often during her childhood , including relocating to Canada at one point . Goddard began modeling at an early age to support her mother and herself , working for Saks Fifth Avenue , Hattie Carnegie , and others . An important figure in her childhood was her great uncle , Charles Goddard , the owner of the American Druggists Syndicate . He played a central role in Goddards career , introducing her to Broadway impresario Florenz Ziegfeld . In 1926 , she made her stage debut as a dancer in Ziegfelds summer revue , No Foolin , which was also the first time that she used the stage name Paulette Goddard . Ziegfeld hired her for another musical , Rio Rita , which opened in February 1927 , but she left the show after only three weeks to appear in the play The Unconquerable Male , produced by Archie Selwyn . It was , however , a flop and closed after only three days following its premiere in Atlantic City . Soon after the play closed , Goddard was introduced to Edgar James , president of the Southern Lumber Company , located in Asheville , North Carolina , by Charles Goddard . Aged 17 , considerably younger than James , she married him on June 28 , 1927 , in Rye , New York . It was a short marriage , and Goddard was granted a divorce in Reno , Nevada , in 1929 , receiving a divorce settlement of $375,000 . Film career . Early films . Goddard first visited Hollywood in 1929 , when she appeared as an uncredited extra in two films , the Laurel and Hardy short film Berth Marks ( 1929 ) , and George Fitzmaurices drama The Locked Door ( 1929 ) . Following her divorce , she briefly visited Europe before returning to Hollywood in late 1930 with her mother . Her second attempt at acting was no more successful than the first , as she landed work only as an extra . Sam Goldwyn . In 1930 , she signed her first film contract with producer Samuel Goldwyn to appear as a Goldwyn Girl in Whoopee ! ( 1930 ) . She also appeared in City Streets ( 1931 ) , Ladies of the Big House ( 1931 ) , and The Girl Habit ( 1931 ) for Paramount , Palmy Days ( 1931 ) for Goldwyn , and The Mouthpiece ( 1932 ) for Warners . Goldwyn and she did not get along , and she began working for Hal Roach Studios , appearing in a string of uncredited supporting roles for the next four years , including Show Business ( 1932 ) , Young Ironsides ( 1932 ) , Pack Up Your Troubles ( 1932 , with Laurel and Hardy ) , and Girl Grief with Charley Chase . Goldwyn used Goddard in The Kid from Spain ( 1932 ) , The Bowery ( 1933 ) , Roman Scandals ( 1933 ) , and Kid Millions ( 1934 ) . Charlie Chaplin . The year she signed with Goldwyn , Goddard began dating Charlie Chaplin , a relationship that received substantial attention from the press . It marked a turning point in Goddards career when Chaplin cast her as his leading lady in his next box office hit , Modern Times ( 1936 ) . Her role as The Gamin , an orphan girl who runs away from the authorities and becomes The Tramps companion , was her first credited film appearance and garnered her mainly positive reviews , Frank S . Nugent of The New York Times describing her as the fitting recipient of the great Charlots championship . David O . Selznick & MGM . Following the success of Modern Times , Chaplin planned other projects with Goddard in mind as a co-star , but he worked slowly , and Goddard worried that the public might forget about her if she did not continue to make regular film appearances . She signed a contract with David O . Selznick and appeared with Janet Gaynor in the comedy The Young in Heart ( 1938 ) before Selznick lent her to MGM to appear in two films . The first of these , Dramatic School ( 1938 ) , co-starred Luise Rainer , but the film received mediocre reviews and failed to attract an audience . Her next film , The Women ( 1939 ) , was a success . With an all-female cast headed by Norma Shearer , Joan Crawford , and Rosalind Russell , the films supporting role of Miriam Aarons was played by Goddard . Pauline Kael later wrote of Goddard , she is a stand-out . Fun . Scarlett OHara . Selznick was pleased with Goddards performances , particularly her work in The Young in Heart , and considered her for the role of Scarlett OHara . Initial screen tests convinced Selznick and director George Cukor that Goddard would require coaching to be effective in the role , but that she showed promise , and she was the first actress given a Technicolor screen test . Russell Birdwell , the head of Selznicks publicity department , had strong misgivings about Goddard . He warned Selznick of the tremendous avalanche of criticism that will befall us and the picture should Paulette be given this part...I have never known a woman , intent on a career dependent upon her popularity with the masses , to hold and live such an insane and absurd attitude towards the press and her fellow man as does Paulette Goddard...Briefly , I think she is dynamite that will explode in our very faces if she is given the part . Selznick remained interested in Goddard for the role of Scarlett . After he was introduced to Vivien Leigh , he wrote to his wife that Leigh was a dark horse and that his choice had narrowed down to Paulette , Jean Arthur , Joan Bennett , and Vivien Leigh . After a series of tests with Leigh that pleased both Selznick and Cukor , Selznick cancelled the further tests that had been scheduled for Goddard , and the part was given to Leigh . It has been suggested that Goddard lost the part because Selznick feared that questions surrounding her marital status with Charlie Chaplin would result in scandal . However , Selznick was aware that Leigh and Laurence Olivier lived together , as their respective spouses had refused to divorce them , and in addition to offering Leigh a contract , he engaged Olivier as the leading man in his next production Rebecca ( 1940 ) . Chaplins biographer Joyce Milton wrote that Selznick was worried about legal issues by signing her to a contract that might conflict with her pre-existing contracts with the Chaplin studio . Paramount . Goddard signed a contract with Paramount Pictures and her next film , The Cat and the Canary ( 1939 ) with Bob Hope , was a turning point in the careers of both actors . They promptly were re-teamed in The Ghost Breakers ( 1940 ) . Goddard starred with Chaplin again in his film The Great Dictator ( 1940 ) . The couple split amicably soon afterward , and Goddard allegedly obtained a divorce in Mexico in 1942 , with Chaplin agreeing to a generous settlement . At Paramount , Goddard was cast by Cecil B . De Mille in the action epic North West Mounted Police ( 1940 ) , playing the second female lead . She was Fred Astaires leading lady in Second Chorus ( 1940 ) , where she met actor Burgess Meredith , who became her third husband . Goddard made Pot o Gold ( 1941 ) , a comedy with James Stewart , then supported Charles Boyer and Olivia de Havilland in Hold Back the Dawn ( 1941 ) , from a script by Billy Wilder and Charles Brackett , directed by Mitchell Leisen . Goddard was teamed with Hope for a third time in Nothing But the Truth ( 1942 ) , then made The Lady Has Plans ( 1942 ) , a comedy with Ray Milland . She did Reap the Wild Wind ( 1942 ) , playing the lead , a Scarlett OHara type character . Co-starring Milland and John Wayne , it was a huge hit . Goddard did The Forest Rangers ( 1942 ) . One of her better-remembered film appearances was in the variety musical Star Spangled Rhythm ( 1943 ) , in which she sang A Sweater , a Sarong , and a Peekaboo Bang with Dorothy Lamour and Veronica Lake . She and Milland did The Crystal Ball ( 1943 ) . Oscar nomination . Goddard received one Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for the film So Proudly We Hail ! ( also 1943 ) . Goddard was teamed with Fred MacMurray in Standing Room Only ( 1944 ) and Sonny Tufts in I Love a Soldier ( 1944 ) . She was one of many Paramount stars in Duffys Tavern ( 1945 ) . Goddards most successful film was Kitty ( 1945 ) , in which she played the titular role . Producer . In The Diary of a Chambermaid ( 1946 ) , Goddard starred with Burgess Meredith , to whom she was married at the time , under the direction of Jean Renoir . It was made for United Artists . At Paramount she did Suddenly Its Spring ( 1947 ) and De Milles Unconquered ( 1947 ) . During the Hollywood Blacklist , when she and blacklisted husband Meredith were mobbed by a baying crowd screaming Communists ! on their way to a premiere , Goddard is said to have turned to her husband and said , Shall I roll down the window and hit them with my diamonds , Bugsy ? She made An Ideal Husband ( 1947 ) in Britain for Alexander Korda , and was accompanied on a publicity trip to Brussels by Clarissa Spencer-Churchill , niece of Sir Winston Churchill , and later the wife of future Prime Minister Anthony Eden . Goddard and her husband were among several stars in On Our Merry Way ( 1948 ) . At Paramount , she did two movies with MacDonald Carey : Hazard ( 1948 ) and Bride of Vengeance ( 1949 ) . She then left the studio . Freelance . In 1949 , she formed Monterey Pictures with John Steinbeck . Goddard starred in Anna Lucasta ( 1949 ) , then went to Mexico for The Torch ( 1950 ) . In England , she was in Babes in Bagdad ( 1952 ) ; then she went to Hollywood for Vice Squad ( 1953 ) , Sins of Jezebel ( 1953 ) , Paris Model ( 1953 ) , and Charge of the Lancers ( 1954 ) . Her last starring role was in the English production A Stranger Came Home ( known as The Unholy Four in the United States ) . Television . Goddard began appearing in summer stock and on television , guest starring on episodes of Sherlock Holmes , an adaptation of The Women , this time playing the role of Sylvia Fowler , The Errol Flynn Theatre , The Joseph Cotten Show , and The Ford Television Theatre . She was in an episode of Adventures in Paradise and a TV version of The Phantom . Later life . After her marriage in 1958 to Erich Maria Remarque , Goddard largely retired from acting and moved to Ronco sopra Ascona , Switzerland . She attempted a comeback in films with a supporting role in the Italian film Time of Indifference ( 1964 ) , which was her last feature film . After Remarques death in 1970 , she made one last attempt at acting , when she accepted a small role in an episode of The Snoop Sisters ( 1972 ) for television . Goddard inherited much of Remarques money and several important properties across Europe , including a wealth of contemporary art , which augmented her own long-standing collection . During this period , her talent at accumulating wealth became a byword among the old Hollywood élite . During the 1980s , she became a fairly well known ( and highly visible ) socialite in New York City , appearing covered with jewels at many high-profile cultural functions with several well-known men , including Andy Warhol , with whom she sustained a friendship for many years until his death in 1987 . Death . Goddard underwent invasive treatment for breast cancer in 1975 , successfully by all accounts . On April 23 , 1990 , aged 79 , she died at her home in Switzerland from heart failure while under respiratory support due to emphysema . She is buried in Ronco Village Cemetery , next to Remarque and her mother . Personal life . Goddard married the much older lumber tycoon Edgar James on June 28 , 1927 , when she was 17 years old ; the couple moved to North Carolina . They separated two years later and divorced in 1932 . In 1932 , Goddard began a relationship with Charlie Chaplin . She later moved into his home in Beverly Hills . They were reportedly married in secret in Canton , China , in June 1936 . Years later Chaplin privately told relatives that they were married only in common law . Aside from referring to Goddard as my wife at the October 1940 premiere of The Great Dictator , neither Goddard nor Chaplin publicly commented on their marital status . On June 4 , 1942 , Goddard was granted a Mexican divorce from Chaplin . In May 1944 , she married Burgess Meredith at David O . Selznicks home in Beverly Hills . They divorced in June 1949 . In 1958 , Goddard married author Erich Maria Remarque . They remained married until Remarques death in 1970 . Goddard had no children . In October 1944 , she suffered the miscarriage of a son with Burgess Meredith . Legacy . Arguably , Goddards foremost legacies remain her two feature films with Charles Chaplin , Modern Times and The Great Dictator , and a large donation to a prominent American educational institution . Goddard , whose own formal education did not go beyond high school , bequeathed US$20 million to New York University ( NYU ) in New York City . This contribution was also in recognition of her friendship with the Indiana-born politician and former NYU President John Brademas . Goddard Hall , a residence hall for NYU freshmen in Greenwich Village , is named in her honor . Efforts to raise CHF 6.2M ( $7M ) to purchase and save Remarque and Goddards villa from demolition are underway , proposing to transform the Casa Monte Tabor into a museum and home to an artist-in-residence program , focused on creativity , freedom , and peace . Fictional portrayals . Goddard was portrayed by Gwen Humble in the made-for-TV movie ( 1980 ) , by Diane Lane in the 1992 film Chaplin , and by actress Natalie Wilder in the 2011 play Puma , written by Julie Gilbert , who also wrote Opposite Attraction : The Lives of Erich Maria Remarque and Paulette Goddard . External links . - Photographs and literature - Paulette Goddard portrait gallery NY Public Library ( Billy Rose collection ) - Paulette Goddards site ( English ) - Photos of Paulette Goddard in Pot O Gold by Ned Scott |
[
""
] | easy | Who did Richard J. Evans work for from 1972 to 1998? | /wiki/Richard_J._Evans#P108#0 | Richard J . Evans Sir Richard John Evans ( born 29 September 1947 ) is a British historian of 19th- and 20th-century Europe with a focus on Germany . He is the author of eighteen books , including his three-volume The Third Reich Trilogy ( 2003–2008 ) that has been hailed as brilliant and magisterial . Evans was Regius Professor of History at the University of Cambridge from 2008 until his retirement in 2014 , and President of Cambridges Wolfson College from 2010 to 2017 . He has been Provost of Gresham College in London since 2014 . Evans was appointed Knight Bachelor for services to scholarship in the 2012 Birthday Honours . Early life . Evans was born at Woodford , Essex , of Welsh parentage and was educated at Forest School , Jesus College , Oxford ( MA ) , and St Antonys College , Oxford ( DPhil ) . In a 2004 interview , he stated that frequent visits to Wales during his childhood inspired both an interest in history and a sense of otherness . He also said that one reason that he was drawn to the study of modern German history in the late 1960s was his identification of parallels between the Vietnam War and German imperialism . He admired the work of Fritz Fischer , whom he credits with inspiring him to study modern German history . Historian of Germany . Evans first established his academic reputation with his publications on the German Empire . In the early 1970s , Evans travelled to Germany to research his dissertation , a study of the feminist movement in Germany in the first half of the 20th century . It was later published as The Feminist Movement in Germany , 1894–1933 in 1976 . Evans followed his study of German feminism by another book , The Feminists ( 1977 ) , which traced the history of the feminist movement in North America , Australasia and Europe from 1840 to 1920 . A theme of both books was the weakness of German middle-class culture and its susceptibility to the appeal of nationalism . Evans argued that both liberalism and feminism failed in Germany for those reasons despite flourishing elsewhere in the Western world . Evans main interest is social history , and he is much influenced by the Annales school . He largely agrees with Fischer that 19th-century German social development paved the way for the rise of the Third Reich , but Evans takes pains to point out that many other possibilities could have happened . For Evans , the values of the 19th-century German middle class contained the already germinating seeds of National Socialism . Evans studied under Fischer in Hamburg in 1970 and 1971 but came to disagree with the Bielefeld School of historians , who argued for the Sonderweg thesis that saw the roots of Germany’s political development in the first half of the 20th century in a failed bourgeois revolution in 1848 . Following a contemporary trend that opposed the previous great man theory of history , Evans was a member of a group of young British historians who in the 1970s sought to examine German history during the German Empire from below . These scholars highlighted the importance of the grass-roots of politics and the everyday life and experience of ordinary people . History is about people , and their relationships . It’s about the perennial question of how much free will do people have in building their own lives , and making a future , Evans has said . He says he supported the creation of a new school of peoples history , which was a result of a trend that has taken place across a whole range of historical subjects , political opinions , and methodological approaches and has been expressed in many different ways . In 1978 , as editor of a collection of essays by young British historians entitled Society And Politics in Wilhelmine Germany , he launched a critique of the top-down approach of the Bielefeld School associated with Hans-Ulrich Wehler and Jürgen Kocka regarding Wilhelmine Germany . With the historians Geoff Eley and David Blackbourn , Evans instead emphasized the self-mobilization from below of key sociopolitical groups , as well as the modernity of National Socialism . In the 1980s , Evans organized ten international workshops on modern German social history at the University of East Anglia that did a good deal to refine these ideas , to pioneer research in this new historical field and , in six collections of papers , present it to an Anglophone readership . Among Evans major research works are Death in Hamburg ( 1987 ) , a study of class conflict and liberal government in 19th-century Germany using the example of Hamburg’s cholera epidemics and applying statistical methods to the exploration of social inequality in an industrializing society , and Rituals of Retribution ( 1996 ) , a study of capital punishment in German history applying structural anthropological concepts to the rituals of public execution up to the mid-19th century and exploring the politics of the death penalty until its abolition by East Germany in 1987 . In Death in Hamburg , Evans studied the cholera outbreak in Hamburg in 1892 , which he concluded was caused by a failure in the medical system to safeguard against such an event . Another study in German social history was Tales from the German Underworld ( 1998 ) , where Evans traced the life stories of four German criminals in the late 19th century , namely a homeless woman , a forger , a prostitute and a conman . In Rituals of Retribution , Evans traced the history of capital punishment in Germany , and using the ideas of Michel Foucault , Philippe Ariès and Norbert Elias as his guide argued that opposition to the death penalty was strongest when liberalism was in the ascendancy , and support for capital punishment coincided when the right was in the ascendancy . Thus , in Evans view , capital punishment in Germany was never a mere matter of law being disinterestedly applied but was rather a form of state power being exercised . In addition , Evans examined such subjects as belief in witchcraft , torture , the last words of the executed , the psychology of mobs , varying forms of execution from the Thirty Years War to the 1980s , profiles of executioners , cruelty , and changing views towards the death penalty . In the 1980s , Evans was a conspicuous figure in the Historikerstreit , a controversy surrounding the historical work and theories of German historians Ernst Nolte , Joachim Fest , Andreas Hillgruber , Michael Stürmer , Hagen Schulze , Imanuel Geiss and Klaus Hildebrand , all of whom Evans considered German apologists attempting to white-wash the German past . Evans views on the Historikerstreit were set forth in his 1989 book , In Hitlers Shadow . In that book , Evans took issue with Noltes acceptance of the Commissar Order as a legitimate military order ; with Noltes argument that the Einsatzgruppen massacres of Ukrainian Jews were a justifiable preventive security response to Soviet partisan attacks ; his description ( citing Viktor Suvorov ) of Operation Barbarossa as a preventative war forced on Hitler by an impending Soviet attack ; and his complaints that much scholarship on the Shoah expressed the views of biased Jewish historians . Evans characterized Noltes statements as crossing the line into Holocaust denial and he singled out Noltes rationalization that since the victors write history , the only reason why the Third Reich is seen as evil is because it lost the war . Evans also denounced , as an attempt to justify the Holocaust , Noltes claim that Chaim Weizmanns letter of 3 September 1939 to Neville Chamberlain , promising that the Jewish Agency would support the war effort constituted Jewish declaration of war on Germany that justified the pre-emptive internment of Jews in concentration camps . In his 1989 book In Hitlers Shadow , Evans also criticised the intentionalist theories of Hillgruber and Hildebrand . and criticized Stürmers excessive focus on political history and overlooking of social conditions , as a regression to the outmoded great man theory of history . For his part Evans praised Ian Kershaw , who wrote that The road to Auschwitz was built by hate , but paved with indifference . Evans In Defence of History defends the discipline of history against postmodernist skepticism of its value . The limitations of our ability to understand and learn from the past notwithstanding , it is still possible , he argues , to reconstruct past events . Evans suggests that the spread in the 1980s and 1990s of post-modernist theories , which declare that history is solely the construct of the historian and depict the rationalist tradition of the West as a form of oppression , was not necessarily left-wing or progressive , for by denying the possibility of accessing past facts , it had also done much to increase the appeal of Holocaust denial . Role as an expert witness in Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt . Evans is probably best known to the general public in the role of an expert witness for the defence in the high-profile libel case of David Irving against the American historian Deborah Lipstadt in 2000 , Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt . Lipstadt was sued for libel by Irving , after she referred to him as a Holocaust denier and an ardent follower of Adolf Hitler in her 1993 book Denying the Holocaust . Lipstadt further accused Irving of distorting evidence and manipulating documents to serve his own purposes... [ as well as ] skewing documents and misrepresenting data in order to reach historically untenable conclusions , particularly those that exonerate Hitler . Evans acted as an expert witness for the defence in the case . Starting in the autumn of 1997 , Evans , along with Thomas Skelton-Robinson and Nik Wachsmann , two of his PhD students , closely examined Irvings work . They found instances in which he had used forged documents , disregarded contrary evidence , selectively quoted historical documents out of context , and mis-cited historical records , thus misrepresenting historical evidence in order to support his prejudices . Evans subsequently proved to be a powerful witness in Lipstadts ultimately successful defence . In his expert witness report he wrote : Not one of [ Irvings ] books , speeches or articles , not one paragraph , not one sentence in any of them , can be taken on trust as an accurate representation of its historical subject . All of them are completely worthless as history , because Irving cannot be trusted anywhere , in any of them , to give a reliable account of what he is talking or writing about . .. . if we mean by historian someone who is concerned to discover the truth about the past , and to give as accurate a representation of it as possible , then Irving is not an historian . The cross-examination of Evans by Irving was noted for the high degree of personal dislike between the two men . Such was the degree of dislike that Irving challenged Evans on very minor points , such as Evans doubting the fairness of a 1938 German plebiscite in which the Nazi regime received 98.8% of the vote . A subject that much engaged Irving and Evans in a debate was a memo by the Chief of the Reich Chancellery Hans Lammers to the Reich Justice Minister Franz Schlegelberger in which Lammers wrote that Hitler ordered him to put the Jewish Question on the back-burner until after the war . Evans chose to accept the interpretation of the memo put forward by Eberhard Jäckel in the 1970s ; Irving chose to interpret the memo literally and taunted Evans by saying , It is a terrible problem , is it not that we are faced with this tantalizing plate of crumbs and morsels of what should have provided the final smoking gun , and nowhere the whole way through the archives do we find even one item that we do not have to interpret or read between the lines of , but we do have in the same chain of evidence documents which...quite clearly specifically show Hitler intervening in the other sense ? In response , Evans stated , No , I do not accept that at all . It is because you want to interpret euphemisms as being literal , and that is what the whole problem is . Every time there is an euphemism , Mr . Irving .. . or a camouflage piece of statement or language about Madagascar , you want to treat it as the literal truth , because it serves your purpose of trying to exculpate Hitler . That is part of .. . the way you manipulate and distort the documents . In a 2001 interview , Evans described to the Canadian columnist Robert Fulford his impression of Irving after being cross-examined by him as : He [ Irving ] was a bit like a dim student who didnt listen . If he didnt get the answer he wanted , he just repeated the question . His findings and his account of the trial were published in his 2001 book Lying About Hitler : History , Holocaust , and the David Irving Trial , which was published as Telling Lies About Hitler in the United States in 2002 . The High Court rejected Irving’s libel suit and awarded costs to the defence . Evans involvement in the trial was included in the 2016 film Denial , in which he was played by British actor John Sessions . The Third Reich Trilogy . Between 2003 and 2008 , Evans published a three-volume history of the Third Reich . Drawing on years of experience as a leading scholar of German history , Evans produced what some historians call the most extensive and comprehensive history of the rise and fall of Hitler’s regime ever produced by a single scholar . Reviewer Peter Mansoor says , The Third Reich at War is a superb piece of scholarship that is likely to emerge as the definitive account of life and death inside Hitlers blood soaked Third Reich . Robert Citino says , Read together , the three volumes constitute a remarkably comprehensive treatment of the origins , course , and death of the Hitler regime , and are likely to be standard works for a long time to come . Ed Ericson says : The first volume , The Coming of the Third Reich : How the Nazis Destroyed Democracy and Seized Power in Germany ( published by Penguin in 2003 ) , shows how a country torn apart by the First World War , the terms of the Treaty of Versailles , hyperinflation and the Great Depression moved towards an increasingly authoritarian solution . The book explains in detail Adolf Hitlers appointment as Chancellor in January 1933 and how the Nazis transformed Germany into a one party dictatorship . The first volume featured highly favorable words of praise from Evanss friend Ian Kershaw on its cover . The second volume , The Third Reich in Power , 1933–1939 : How the Nazis Won Over the Hearts and Minds of a Nation ( published by Penguin in 2005 ) , covers the years of Nazi rule between 1933 and 1939 . The final chapter examines the road to the Second World War , but the real focus is on life inside the Third Reich . Evans allows small stories of key individuals to illustrate many of the key social , economic and cultural events of the period . Richard Overy described this instalment of the trilogy as magisterial . The third volume , The Third Reich at War : How the Nazis Led Germany from Conquest to Disaster ( published by Penguin in 2008 ) , looks at major developments from 1939 to 1945 , including the key battles of the Second World War , a vivid , moving and detailed account of the mass murder enacted during the Holocaust and Hitlers dramatic downfall in Berlin in 1945 . In an October 2008 review of the third volume for The Times , best-selling historian Antony Beevor writes : With this third volume , Richard Evans has accomplished a masterpiece of historical scholarship .. . [ He ] has produced the best and most up-to-date synthesis of the huge work carried out on the subject over the past decades . Aspects of it , however , were sharply criticised by Timothy Snyder . Walter Reich , former Director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington , D . C. , states about the third-volume of the trilogy , The Third Reich at War , If any work of accurate history has a chance to correct the distortions of public memory , this is it . The Third Reich trilogy has been , or is being translated into sixteen foreign languages . Recent publications and current work . In 2013 Evans delivered the Menachem Stern Jerusalem Lectures to the Historical Society of Israel , publishing them in 2014 as Altered Pasts : Counterfactuals in History . The book puts forward a variety of arguments against the use of long-range alternative historical timelines as an aid to serious historical understanding . In Cosmopolitan Islanders : British Historians and the European Continent ( 2009 , an expanded version of his Inaugural Lecture as Regius Professor ) , he explored the reasons why so many British historians have made such major contributions to the historical understanding of other European countries . The Third Reich in History and Memory ( 2015 ) is a collection of 28 articles and review essays on modern German history published since the turn of the century . Evanss most recent major book is The Pursuit of Power : Europe 1815-1914 , volume 7 in the Penguin History of Europe , published in 2016 . It has been widely reviewed . Gerard De Groot , writing in The Times , commented that the book chronicles a turbulent and confusing century with wonderful clarity and verve...in one great canvas of immense detail and beauty...transnational history at its finest . Dominic Sandbrook , in the Sunday Times , described it as dazzlingly erudite and entertaining . It has been , or is being translated into Dutch , Spanish , German , Greek , Chinese , Korean , Japanese , Portuguese and Italian . He has written a biography on the historian Eric Hobsbawm entitled Eric Hobsbawm : A Life in History . From 2013 to 2018 he was Principal Investigator in a £1.6 million Leverhulme Programme Grant on conspiracy theories ( conspiracyanddemocracy.org ) and is preparing work based on the findings of the project . Regius Professor of Modern History . In 2008 , Evans was appointed Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Cambridge ( in 2010 the word Modern was removed from the title by royal decree ) . The post is a royal appointment in the gift of the Prime Minister of the day and dates back to 1724 . Previous holders of the title have included John Dalberg-Acton ( 1895 ) , Herbert Butterfield ( 1963 ) , Geoffrey Elton ( 1983 ) , Patrick Collinson ( 1988 ) and Quentin Skinner ( 1998 ) . Evans is the first historian to have to apply for the post and be interviewed by a Board of Electors , including Cambridges Vice-Chancellor , Alison Richard , and representatives of the history faculty and the university , as well as external assessors from Yale , Harvard , Oxford and London . The board selected a shortlist of four , each of whom was asked to give a presentation to the entire Cambridge history faculty . The shortlist of four was then reduced to two , whom the board interviewed , resulting in the boards recommendation of Evans to the Prime Minister and in the issue of a Royal Warrant for his appointment . As well as serving as Regius Professor , Evans served as chairman of the history faculty from October 2008 to 30 September 2010 . Evans is used to combining administration with research . At Birkbeck College , London , where he worked before Cambridge , he acted as Master of the college when Baroness Blackstone left suddenly to become Tony Blairs first higher education minister . On 27 January 2010 he was elected to the position of President of Wolfson College , Cambridge , serving the statutory seven-year term of office until retiring from the post on 30 September 2017 . During this period he focused on building up the college as a centre of contemporary culture , with art exhibitions by Richard Deacon and Anthony Green , and talks by Martin Amis and Neil MacGregor , among many others . In 2014 he was appointed Provost of Gresham College , in the City of London , an institution founded in 1597 to provide free lectures to Londoners . There are now over 2,000 lectures on the colleges website and the 130 lectures a year are all live-streamed . Media appearances . Evans has appeared regularly on a number of TV documentaries related to Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich . He recently appeared on a major TV documentary on the History Channel which examined the Valkyrie bomb plot against Hitler in July 1944 . He writes reviews of history books for the London Review of Books , the Times Literary Supplement and The Guardian , as well as historical reflections on recent events for American magazines and websites , including Foreign Policy , The Nation , and Vox . He is a noted lecturer and gives numerous keynote lectures at international conferences around the world and also at student conferences as part of his remit to take history to a wider audience beyond academia . Other contributions . Evans has been co-editor of the Journal of Contemporary History since 2000 , and has also served as Deputy Chair of the Spoliation Advisory Panel , a UK government non-departmental public body formed to make recommendations to the Secretary of State for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport on the restitution of cultural objects looted during the Nazi era . He has been a judge of the Wolfson History Prize , the UKs richest history book award , for over twenty years . Lectures and commentaries . In 2011 , Evans became involved in a polemical exchange of letters with Peter Baldwin after agreeing with Leif Jerram , who wrote in Cosmopolitan Islanders in 2009 that students in Britain could find a richer selection of courses on the histories of other countries in British universities than students from other countries could in their own countries . Hobsbawm lecture . On 7 February 2019 , Evans gave a lecture at Chancellors Hall in the University of Londons Senate House to launch his new biography of Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm , A Life in History . At the time , a boycott of the University of London including the Senate House , organised by the Independent Workers Union of Great Britain and supported by a number of high-profile politicians , journalists and academics , including John McDonnell , Owen Jones , Ken Loach and David Graeber in order to pressure University of London to bring their outsourced maintenance staff back in house , was in place . Citing the hypocrisy of breaking a boycott in support of workers rights to give a talk about a lifelong committed Communist , the union and other supporters encouraged Evans to relocate his talk , requests which he ignored . Honours and distinctions . 1978 Fellow of the Royal Historical Society 1988 Wolfson History Prize 1989 William H . Welch Medal of the American Association for the History of Medicine 1993 Civic Medal for Arts and Sciences of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg - 1993 : Fellow of the British Academy ( FBA ) 1994 Fraenkel Prize in Contemporary History 1998 Honorary Fellow , Jesus College , Oxford 1999 Honorary Fellow , Birkbeck , University of London - 2000 : Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature ( FRSL ) 2010 Founding Fellow , Learned Society of Wales ( FLSW ) 2011 Honorary Fellow , Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge - 2012 : Knighted for services to Scholarship in the 2012 Birthday Honours 2012 Honorary Doctor of Letters , University of London 2015 Honorary Doctor of Letters , University of Oxford 2015 British Academy Leverhulme Prize and Medal 2017 Honorary Fellow , Wolfson College , Cambridge Works . - The Feminist Movement in Germany , 1894–1933 , London : Sage Publications , 1976 . - German Women and the Triumph of Hitler , The Journal of Modern History Vol . 48 , No . 1 , March 1976 - The Feminists : Womens Emancipation Movements in Europe , America and Australasia , 1840–1920 , London : C . Helm , 1977 . - Society And Politics in Wilhelmine Germany edited by R . J . Evans , London : Croom Helm , 1980 , 1978 . - The German Family : Essays on the Social History of The Family in Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century Germany , London : C . Helm ; Totowa , N . J. : Barnes & Noble Books , 1981 . - The German Working Class , 1888–1933 : The Politics of Everyday Life , London : Croom Helm ; Totowa , N . J. : Barnes & Noble , 1982 . - The German Peasantry : Conflict And Community in Rural Society from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries edited by Richard J . Evans and W . R . Lee , London : Croom Helm , 1986 . - The German Unemployed : Experiences And Consequences of Mass Unemployment From The Weimar Republic to the Third Reich , London : C . Helm , 1987 . - Rethinking German History : Nineteenth-Century Germany and the Origins of the Third Reich , London : Allen and Unwin , 1987 . - Comrades And Sisters : Feminism , Socialism , And Pacifism in Europe , 1870–1945 , Brighton , Sussex : Wheatsheaf Books ; New York : St . Martins Press , 1987 . - Death in Hamburg : Society And Politics in the Cholera Years , 1830–1910 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1987 . - The German Underworld : Deviants And Outcasts in German history , London : Routledge , 1988 . - Proletarians And Politics : Socialism , Protest , And The Working Class in Germany Before The First World War , New York : Harvester Wheatsheaf , 1990 . - The German Bourgeoisie : Essays on the Social History of the German Middle Class From The Late Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century London : Routledge , 1991 . - Rituals of Retribution : Capital Punishment in Germany 1600–1987 , London : Oxford University Press , 1996 . - Rereading German History : From Unification To Reunification , 1800–1996 , London ; New York : Routledge , 1997 . - Tales From The German Underworld : Crime And Punishment in the Nineteenth Century , New Haven [ Conn. ] ; London : Yale University Press , 1998 . - In Defence of History , London : Granta Books , 1997 . - Lying About Hitler : History , Holocaust , And The David Irving Trial , New York : Basic Books , 2001 ; published in the United Kingdom as Telling Lies About Hitler : The Holocaust , History and the David Irving Trial , Verso Books , 2002 . - The Coming of the Third Reich , London : Allen Lane , 2003 . - The Third Reich in Power , 1933–1939 , London : Allen Lane , 2005 . - The Third Reich at War : How the Nazis Led Germany from Conquest to Disaster , London : Allen Lane , 2008 . - Cosmopolitan Islanders : British Historians and The European Continent , Cambridge University Press , 2009 . - Altered Pasts : Counterfactuals in History , Brandeis University Press , 2013 . - The Third Reich in History and Memory , Little , Brown , 2015 . - The Pursuit of Power : Europe 1815–1914 , Viking , 2016 . - Eric Hobsbawm : A Life in History , Little , Brown , 2019 . - The Hitler Conspiracies , Oxford University Press , 2020 |
[
"University of Cambridge"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Richard J. Evans work for from 1998 to 2014? | /wiki/Richard_J._Evans#P108#1 | Richard J . Evans Sir Richard John Evans ( born 29 September 1947 ) is a British historian of 19th- and 20th-century Europe with a focus on Germany . He is the author of eighteen books , including his three-volume The Third Reich Trilogy ( 2003–2008 ) that has been hailed as brilliant and magisterial . Evans was Regius Professor of History at the University of Cambridge from 2008 until his retirement in 2014 , and President of Cambridges Wolfson College from 2010 to 2017 . He has been Provost of Gresham College in London since 2014 . Evans was appointed Knight Bachelor for services to scholarship in the 2012 Birthday Honours . Early life . Evans was born at Woodford , Essex , of Welsh parentage and was educated at Forest School , Jesus College , Oxford ( MA ) , and St Antonys College , Oxford ( DPhil ) . In a 2004 interview , he stated that frequent visits to Wales during his childhood inspired both an interest in history and a sense of otherness . He also said that one reason that he was drawn to the study of modern German history in the late 1960s was his identification of parallels between the Vietnam War and German imperialism . He admired the work of Fritz Fischer , whom he credits with inspiring him to study modern German history . Historian of Germany . Evans first established his academic reputation with his publications on the German Empire . In the early 1970s , Evans travelled to Germany to research his dissertation , a study of the feminist movement in Germany in the first half of the 20th century . It was later published as The Feminist Movement in Germany , 1894–1933 in 1976 . Evans followed his study of German feminism by another book , The Feminists ( 1977 ) , which traced the history of the feminist movement in North America , Australasia and Europe from 1840 to 1920 . A theme of both books was the weakness of German middle-class culture and its susceptibility to the appeal of nationalism . Evans argued that both liberalism and feminism failed in Germany for those reasons despite flourishing elsewhere in the Western world . Evans main interest is social history , and he is much influenced by the Annales school . He largely agrees with Fischer that 19th-century German social development paved the way for the rise of the Third Reich , but Evans takes pains to point out that many other possibilities could have happened . For Evans , the values of the 19th-century German middle class contained the already germinating seeds of National Socialism . Evans studied under Fischer in Hamburg in 1970 and 1971 but came to disagree with the Bielefeld School of historians , who argued for the Sonderweg thesis that saw the roots of Germany’s political development in the first half of the 20th century in a failed bourgeois revolution in 1848 . Following a contemporary trend that opposed the previous great man theory of history , Evans was a member of a group of young British historians who in the 1970s sought to examine German history during the German Empire from below . These scholars highlighted the importance of the grass-roots of politics and the everyday life and experience of ordinary people . History is about people , and their relationships . It’s about the perennial question of how much free will do people have in building their own lives , and making a future , Evans has said . He says he supported the creation of a new school of peoples history , which was a result of a trend that has taken place across a whole range of historical subjects , political opinions , and methodological approaches and has been expressed in many different ways . In 1978 , as editor of a collection of essays by young British historians entitled Society And Politics in Wilhelmine Germany , he launched a critique of the top-down approach of the Bielefeld School associated with Hans-Ulrich Wehler and Jürgen Kocka regarding Wilhelmine Germany . With the historians Geoff Eley and David Blackbourn , Evans instead emphasized the self-mobilization from below of key sociopolitical groups , as well as the modernity of National Socialism . In the 1980s , Evans organized ten international workshops on modern German social history at the University of East Anglia that did a good deal to refine these ideas , to pioneer research in this new historical field and , in six collections of papers , present it to an Anglophone readership . Among Evans major research works are Death in Hamburg ( 1987 ) , a study of class conflict and liberal government in 19th-century Germany using the example of Hamburg’s cholera epidemics and applying statistical methods to the exploration of social inequality in an industrializing society , and Rituals of Retribution ( 1996 ) , a study of capital punishment in German history applying structural anthropological concepts to the rituals of public execution up to the mid-19th century and exploring the politics of the death penalty until its abolition by East Germany in 1987 . In Death in Hamburg , Evans studied the cholera outbreak in Hamburg in 1892 , which he concluded was caused by a failure in the medical system to safeguard against such an event . Another study in German social history was Tales from the German Underworld ( 1998 ) , where Evans traced the life stories of four German criminals in the late 19th century , namely a homeless woman , a forger , a prostitute and a conman . In Rituals of Retribution , Evans traced the history of capital punishment in Germany , and using the ideas of Michel Foucault , Philippe Ariès and Norbert Elias as his guide argued that opposition to the death penalty was strongest when liberalism was in the ascendancy , and support for capital punishment coincided when the right was in the ascendancy . Thus , in Evans view , capital punishment in Germany was never a mere matter of law being disinterestedly applied but was rather a form of state power being exercised . In addition , Evans examined such subjects as belief in witchcraft , torture , the last words of the executed , the psychology of mobs , varying forms of execution from the Thirty Years War to the 1980s , profiles of executioners , cruelty , and changing views towards the death penalty . In the 1980s , Evans was a conspicuous figure in the Historikerstreit , a controversy surrounding the historical work and theories of German historians Ernst Nolte , Joachim Fest , Andreas Hillgruber , Michael Stürmer , Hagen Schulze , Imanuel Geiss and Klaus Hildebrand , all of whom Evans considered German apologists attempting to white-wash the German past . Evans views on the Historikerstreit were set forth in his 1989 book , In Hitlers Shadow . In that book , Evans took issue with Noltes acceptance of the Commissar Order as a legitimate military order ; with Noltes argument that the Einsatzgruppen massacres of Ukrainian Jews were a justifiable preventive security response to Soviet partisan attacks ; his description ( citing Viktor Suvorov ) of Operation Barbarossa as a preventative war forced on Hitler by an impending Soviet attack ; and his complaints that much scholarship on the Shoah expressed the views of biased Jewish historians . Evans characterized Noltes statements as crossing the line into Holocaust denial and he singled out Noltes rationalization that since the victors write history , the only reason why the Third Reich is seen as evil is because it lost the war . Evans also denounced , as an attempt to justify the Holocaust , Noltes claim that Chaim Weizmanns letter of 3 September 1939 to Neville Chamberlain , promising that the Jewish Agency would support the war effort constituted Jewish declaration of war on Germany that justified the pre-emptive internment of Jews in concentration camps . In his 1989 book In Hitlers Shadow , Evans also criticised the intentionalist theories of Hillgruber and Hildebrand . and criticized Stürmers excessive focus on political history and overlooking of social conditions , as a regression to the outmoded great man theory of history . For his part Evans praised Ian Kershaw , who wrote that The road to Auschwitz was built by hate , but paved with indifference . Evans In Defence of History defends the discipline of history against postmodernist skepticism of its value . The limitations of our ability to understand and learn from the past notwithstanding , it is still possible , he argues , to reconstruct past events . Evans suggests that the spread in the 1980s and 1990s of post-modernist theories , which declare that history is solely the construct of the historian and depict the rationalist tradition of the West as a form of oppression , was not necessarily left-wing or progressive , for by denying the possibility of accessing past facts , it had also done much to increase the appeal of Holocaust denial . Role as an expert witness in Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt . Evans is probably best known to the general public in the role of an expert witness for the defence in the high-profile libel case of David Irving against the American historian Deborah Lipstadt in 2000 , Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt . Lipstadt was sued for libel by Irving , after she referred to him as a Holocaust denier and an ardent follower of Adolf Hitler in her 1993 book Denying the Holocaust . Lipstadt further accused Irving of distorting evidence and manipulating documents to serve his own purposes... [ as well as ] skewing documents and misrepresenting data in order to reach historically untenable conclusions , particularly those that exonerate Hitler . Evans acted as an expert witness for the defence in the case . Starting in the autumn of 1997 , Evans , along with Thomas Skelton-Robinson and Nik Wachsmann , two of his PhD students , closely examined Irvings work . They found instances in which he had used forged documents , disregarded contrary evidence , selectively quoted historical documents out of context , and mis-cited historical records , thus misrepresenting historical evidence in order to support his prejudices . Evans subsequently proved to be a powerful witness in Lipstadts ultimately successful defence . In his expert witness report he wrote : Not one of [ Irvings ] books , speeches or articles , not one paragraph , not one sentence in any of them , can be taken on trust as an accurate representation of its historical subject . All of them are completely worthless as history , because Irving cannot be trusted anywhere , in any of them , to give a reliable account of what he is talking or writing about . .. . if we mean by historian someone who is concerned to discover the truth about the past , and to give as accurate a representation of it as possible , then Irving is not an historian . The cross-examination of Evans by Irving was noted for the high degree of personal dislike between the two men . Such was the degree of dislike that Irving challenged Evans on very minor points , such as Evans doubting the fairness of a 1938 German plebiscite in which the Nazi regime received 98.8% of the vote . A subject that much engaged Irving and Evans in a debate was a memo by the Chief of the Reich Chancellery Hans Lammers to the Reich Justice Minister Franz Schlegelberger in which Lammers wrote that Hitler ordered him to put the Jewish Question on the back-burner until after the war . Evans chose to accept the interpretation of the memo put forward by Eberhard Jäckel in the 1970s ; Irving chose to interpret the memo literally and taunted Evans by saying , It is a terrible problem , is it not that we are faced with this tantalizing plate of crumbs and morsels of what should have provided the final smoking gun , and nowhere the whole way through the archives do we find even one item that we do not have to interpret or read between the lines of , but we do have in the same chain of evidence documents which...quite clearly specifically show Hitler intervening in the other sense ? In response , Evans stated , No , I do not accept that at all . It is because you want to interpret euphemisms as being literal , and that is what the whole problem is . Every time there is an euphemism , Mr . Irving .. . or a camouflage piece of statement or language about Madagascar , you want to treat it as the literal truth , because it serves your purpose of trying to exculpate Hitler . That is part of .. . the way you manipulate and distort the documents . In a 2001 interview , Evans described to the Canadian columnist Robert Fulford his impression of Irving after being cross-examined by him as : He [ Irving ] was a bit like a dim student who didnt listen . If he didnt get the answer he wanted , he just repeated the question . His findings and his account of the trial were published in his 2001 book Lying About Hitler : History , Holocaust , and the David Irving Trial , which was published as Telling Lies About Hitler in the United States in 2002 . The High Court rejected Irving’s libel suit and awarded costs to the defence . Evans involvement in the trial was included in the 2016 film Denial , in which he was played by British actor John Sessions . The Third Reich Trilogy . Between 2003 and 2008 , Evans published a three-volume history of the Third Reich . Drawing on years of experience as a leading scholar of German history , Evans produced what some historians call the most extensive and comprehensive history of the rise and fall of Hitler’s regime ever produced by a single scholar . Reviewer Peter Mansoor says , The Third Reich at War is a superb piece of scholarship that is likely to emerge as the definitive account of life and death inside Hitlers blood soaked Third Reich . Robert Citino says , Read together , the three volumes constitute a remarkably comprehensive treatment of the origins , course , and death of the Hitler regime , and are likely to be standard works for a long time to come . Ed Ericson says : The first volume , The Coming of the Third Reich : How the Nazis Destroyed Democracy and Seized Power in Germany ( published by Penguin in 2003 ) , shows how a country torn apart by the First World War , the terms of the Treaty of Versailles , hyperinflation and the Great Depression moved towards an increasingly authoritarian solution . The book explains in detail Adolf Hitlers appointment as Chancellor in January 1933 and how the Nazis transformed Germany into a one party dictatorship . The first volume featured highly favorable words of praise from Evanss friend Ian Kershaw on its cover . The second volume , The Third Reich in Power , 1933–1939 : How the Nazis Won Over the Hearts and Minds of a Nation ( published by Penguin in 2005 ) , covers the years of Nazi rule between 1933 and 1939 . The final chapter examines the road to the Second World War , but the real focus is on life inside the Third Reich . Evans allows small stories of key individuals to illustrate many of the key social , economic and cultural events of the period . Richard Overy described this instalment of the trilogy as magisterial . The third volume , The Third Reich at War : How the Nazis Led Germany from Conquest to Disaster ( published by Penguin in 2008 ) , looks at major developments from 1939 to 1945 , including the key battles of the Second World War , a vivid , moving and detailed account of the mass murder enacted during the Holocaust and Hitlers dramatic downfall in Berlin in 1945 . In an October 2008 review of the third volume for The Times , best-selling historian Antony Beevor writes : With this third volume , Richard Evans has accomplished a masterpiece of historical scholarship .. . [ He ] has produced the best and most up-to-date synthesis of the huge work carried out on the subject over the past decades . Aspects of it , however , were sharply criticised by Timothy Snyder . Walter Reich , former Director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington , D . C. , states about the third-volume of the trilogy , The Third Reich at War , If any work of accurate history has a chance to correct the distortions of public memory , this is it . The Third Reich trilogy has been , or is being translated into sixteen foreign languages . Recent publications and current work . In 2013 Evans delivered the Menachem Stern Jerusalem Lectures to the Historical Society of Israel , publishing them in 2014 as Altered Pasts : Counterfactuals in History . The book puts forward a variety of arguments against the use of long-range alternative historical timelines as an aid to serious historical understanding . In Cosmopolitan Islanders : British Historians and the European Continent ( 2009 , an expanded version of his Inaugural Lecture as Regius Professor ) , he explored the reasons why so many British historians have made such major contributions to the historical understanding of other European countries . The Third Reich in History and Memory ( 2015 ) is a collection of 28 articles and review essays on modern German history published since the turn of the century . Evanss most recent major book is The Pursuit of Power : Europe 1815-1914 , volume 7 in the Penguin History of Europe , published in 2016 . It has been widely reviewed . Gerard De Groot , writing in The Times , commented that the book chronicles a turbulent and confusing century with wonderful clarity and verve...in one great canvas of immense detail and beauty...transnational history at its finest . Dominic Sandbrook , in the Sunday Times , described it as dazzlingly erudite and entertaining . It has been , or is being translated into Dutch , Spanish , German , Greek , Chinese , Korean , Japanese , Portuguese and Italian . He has written a biography on the historian Eric Hobsbawm entitled Eric Hobsbawm : A Life in History . From 2013 to 2018 he was Principal Investigator in a £1.6 million Leverhulme Programme Grant on conspiracy theories ( conspiracyanddemocracy.org ) and is preparing work based on the findings of the project . Regius Professor of Modern History . In 2008 , Evans was appointed Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Cambridge ( in 2010 the word Modern was removed from the title by royal decree ) . The post is a royal appointment in the gift of the Prime Minister of the day and dates back to 1724 . Previous holders of the title have included John Dalberg-Acton ( 1895 ) , Herbert Butterfield ( 1963 ) , Geoffrey Elton ( 1983 ) , Patrick Collinson ( 1988 ) and Quentin Skinner ( 1998 ) . Evans is the first historian to have to apply for the post and be interviewed by a Board of Electors , including Cambridges Vice-Chancellor , Alison Richard , and representatives of the history faculty and the university , as well as external assessors from Yale , Harvard , Oxford and London . The board selected a shortlist of four , each of whom was asked to give a presentation to the entire Cambridge history faculty . The shortlist of four was then reduced to two , whom the board interviewed , resulting in the boards recommendation of Evans to the Prime Minister and in the issue of a Royal Warrant for his appointment . As well as serving as Regius Professor , Evans served as chairman of the history faculty from October 2008 to 30 September 2010 . Evans is used to combining administration with research . At Birkbeck College , London , where he worked before Cambridge , he acted as Master of the college when Baroness Blackstone left suddenly to become Tony Blairs first higher education minister . On 27 January 2010 he was elected to the position of President of Wolfson College , Cambridge , serving the statutory seven-year term of office until retiring from the post on 30 September 2017 . During this period he focused on building up the college as a centre of contemporary culture , with art exhibitions by Richard Deacon and Anthony Green , and talks by Martin Amis and Neil MacGregor , among many others . In 2014 he was appointed Provost of Gresham College , in the City of London , an institution founded in 1597 to provide free lectures to Londoners . There are now over 2,000 lectures on the colleges website and the 130 lectures a year are all live-streamed . Media appearances . Evans has appeared regularly on a number of TV documentaries related to Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich . He recently appeared on a major TV documentary on the History Channel which examined the Valkyrie bomb plot against Hitler in July 1944 . He writes reviews of history books for the London Review of Books , the Times Literary Supplement and The Guardian , as well as historical reflections on recent events for American magazines and websites , including Foreign Policy , The Nation , and Vox . He is a noted lecturer and gives numerous keynote lectures at international conferences around the world and also at student conferences as part of his remit to take history to a wider audience beyond academia . Other contributions . Evans has been co-editor of the Journal of Contemporary History since 2000 , and has also served as Deputy Chair of the Spoliation Advisory Panel , a UK government non-departmental public body formed to make recommendations to the Secretary of State for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport on the restitution of cultural objects looted during the Nazi era . He has been a judge of the Wolfson History Prize , the UKs richest history book award , for over twenty years . Lectures and commentaries . In 2011 , Evans became involved in a polemical exchange of letters with Peter Baldwin after agreeing with Leif Jerram , who wrote in Cosmopolitan Islanders in 2009 that students in Britain could find a richer selection of courses on the histories of other countries in British universities than students from other countries could in their own countries . Hobsbawm lecture . On 7 February 2019 , Evans gave a lecture at Chancellors Hall in the University of Londons Senate House to launch his new biography of Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm , A Life in History . At the time , a boycott of the University of London including the Senate House , organised by the Independent Workers Union of Great Britain and supported by a number of high-profile politicians , journalists and academics , including John McDonnell , Owen Jones , Ken Loach and David Graeber in order to pressure University of London to bring their outsourced maintenance staff back in house , was in place . Citing the hypocrisy of breaking a boycott in support of workers rights to give a talk about a lifelong committed Communist , the union and other supporters encouraged Evans to relocate his talk , requests which he ignored . Honours and distinctions . 1978 Fellow of the Royal Historical Society 1988 Wolfson History Prize 1989 William H . Welch Medal of the American Association for the History of Medicine 1993 Civic Medal for Arts and Sciences of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg - 1993 : Fellow of the British Academy ( FBA ) 1994 Fraenkel Prize in Contemporary History 1998 Honorary Fellow , Jesus College , Oxford 1999 Honorary Fellow , Birkbeck , University of London - 2000 : Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature ( FRSL ) 2010 Founding Fellow , Learned Society of Wales ( FLSW ) 2011 Honorary Fellow , Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge - 2012 : Knighted for services to Scholarship in the 2012 Birthday Honours 2012 Honorary Doctor of Letters , University of London 2015 Honorary Doctor of Letters , University of Oxford 2015 British Academy Leverhulme Prize and Medal 2017 Honorary Fellow , Wolfson College , Cambridge Works . - The Feminist Movement in Germany , 1894–1933 , London : Sage Publications , 1976 . - German Women and the Triumph of Hitler , The Journal of Modern History Vol . 48 , No . 1 , March 1976 - The Feminists : Womens Emancipation Movements in Europe , America and Australasia , 1840–1920 , London : C . Helm , 1977 . - Society And Politics in Wilhelmine Germany edited by R . J . Evans , London : Croom Helm , 1980 , 1978 . - The German Family : Essays on the Social History of The Family in Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century Germany , London : C . Helm ; Totowa , N . J. : Barnes & Noble Books , 1981 . - The German Working Class , 1888–1933 : The Politics of Everyday Life , London : Croom Helm ; Totowa , N . J. : Barnes & Noble , 1982 . - The German Peasantry : Conflict And Community in Rural Society from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries edited by Richard J . Evans and W . R . Lee , London : Croom Helm , 1986 . - The German Unemployed : Experiences And Consequences of Mass Unemployment From The Weimar Republic to the Third Reich , London : C . Helm , 1987 . - Rethinking German History : Nineteenth-Century Germany and the Origins of the Third Reich , London : Allen and Unwin , 1987 . - Comrades And Sisters : Feminism , Socialism , And Pacifism in Europe , 1870–1945 , Brighton , Sussex : Wheatsheaf Books ; New York : St . Martins Press , 1987 . - Death in Hamburg : Society And Politics in the Cholera Years , 1830–1910 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1987 . - The German Underworld : Deviants And Outcasts in German history , London : Routledge , 1988 . - Proletarians And Politics : Socialism , Protest , And The Working Class in Germany Before The First World War , New York : Harvester Wheatsheaf , 1990 . - The German Bourgeoisie : Essays on the Social History of the German Middle Class From The Late Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century London : Routledge , 1991 . - Rituals of Retribution : Capital Punishment in Germany 1600–1987 , London : Oxford University Press , 1996 . - Rereading German History : From Unification To Reunification , 1800–1996 , London ; New York : Routledge , 1997 . - Tales From The German Underworld : Crime And Punishment in the Nineteenth Century , New Haven [ Conn. ] ; London : Yale University Press , 1998 . - In Defence of History , London : Granta Books , 1997 . - Lying About Hitler : History , Holocaust , And The David Irving Trial , New York : Basic Books , 2001 ; published in the United Kingdom as Telling Lies About Hitler : The Holocaust , History and the David Irving Trial , Verso Books , 2002 . - The Coming of the Third Reich , London : Allen Lane , 2003 . - The Third Reich in Power , 1933–1939 , London : Allen Lane , 2005 . - The Third Reich at War : How the Nazis Led Germany from Conquest to Disaster , London : Allen Lane , 2008 . - Cosmopolitan Islanders : British Historians and The European Continent , Cambridge University Press , 2009 . - Altered Pasts : Counterfactuals in History , Brandeis University Press , 2013 . - The Third Reich in History and Memory , Little , Brown , 2015 . - The Pursuit of Power : Europe 1815–1914 , Viking , 2016 . - Eric Hobsbawm : A Life in History , Little , Brown , 2019 . - The Hitler Conspiracies , Oxford University Press , 2020 |
[
"Gresham College in London"
] | easy | Who did Richard J. Evans work for from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/Richard_J._Evans#P108#2 | Richard J . Evans Sir Richard John Evans ( born 29 September 1947 ) is a British historian of 19th- and 20th-century Europe with a focus on Germany . He is the author of eighteen books , including his three-volume The Third Reich Trilogy ( 2003–2008 ) that has been hailed as brilliant and magisterial . Evans was Regius Professor of History at the University of Cambridge from 2008 until his retirement in 2014 , and President of Cambridges Wolfson College from 2010 to 2017 . He has been Provost of Gresham College in London since 2014 . Evans was appointed Knight Bachelor for services to scholarship in the 2012 Birthday Honours . Early life . Evans was born at Woodford , Essex , of Welsh parentage and was educated at Forest School , Jesus College , Oxford ( MA ) , and St Antonys College , Oxford ( DPhil ) . In a 2004 interview , he stated that frequent visits to Wales during his childhood inspired both an interest in history and a sense of otherness . He also said that one reason that he was drawn to the study of modern German history in the late 1960s was his identification of parallels between the Vietnam War and German imperialism . He admired the work of Fritz Fischer , whom he credits with inspiring him to study modern German history . Historian of Germany . Evans first established his academic reputation with his publications on the German Empire . In the early 1970s , Evans travelled to Germany to research his dissertation , a study of the feminist movement in Germany in the first half of the 20th century . It was later published as The Feminist Movement in Germany , 1894–1933 in 1976 . Evans followed his study of German feminism by another book , The Feminists ( 1977 ) , which traced the history of the feminist movement in North America , Australasia and Europe from 1840 to 1920 . A theme of both books was the weakness of German middle-class culture and its susceptibility to the appeal of nationalism . Evans argued that both liberalism and feminism failed in Germany for those reasons despite flourishing elsewhere in the Western world . Evans main interest is social history , and he is much influenced by the Annales school . He largely agrees with Fischer that 19th-century German social development paved the way for the rise of the Third Reich , but Evans takes pains to point out that many other possibilities could have happened . For Evans , the values of the 19th-century German middle class contained the already germinating seeds of National Socialism . Evans studied under Fischer in Hamburg in 1970 and 1971 but came to disagree with the Bielefeld School of historians , who argued for the Sonderweg thesis that saw the roots of Germany’s political development in the first half of the 20th century in a failed bourgeois revolution in 1848 . Following a contemporary trend that opposed the previous great man theory of history , Evans was a member of a group of young British historians who in the 1970s sought to examine German history during the German Empire from below . These scholars highlighted the importance of the grass-roots of politics and the everyday life and experience of ordinary people . History is about people , and their relationships . It’s about the perennial question of how much free will do people have in building their own lives , and making a future , Evans has said . He says he supported the creation of a new school of peoples history , which was a result of a trend that has taken place across a whole range of historical subjects , political opinions , and methodological approaches and has been expressed in many different ways . In 1978 , as editor of a collection of essays by young British historians entitled Society And Politics in Wilhelmine Germany , he launched a critique of the top-down approach of the Bielefeld School associated with Hans-Ulrich Wehler and Jürgen Kocka regarding Wilhelmine Germany . With the historians Geoff Eley and David Blackbourn , Evans instead emphasized the self-mobilization from below of key sociopolitical groups , as well as the modernity of National Socialism . In the 1980s , Evans organized ten international workshops on modern German social history at the University of East Anglia that did a good deal to refine these ideas , to pioneer research in this new historical field and , in six collections of papers , present it to an Anglophone readership . Among Evans major research works are Death in Hamburg ( 1987 ) , a study of class conflict and liberal government in 19th-century Germany using the example of Hamburg’s cholera epidemics and applying statistical methods to the exploration of social inequality in an industrializing society , and Rituals of Retribution ( 1996 ) , a study of capital punishment in German history applying structural anthropological concepts to the rituals of public execution up to the mid-19th century and exploring the politics of the death penalty until its abolition by East Germany in 1987 . In Death in Hamburg , Evans studied the cholera outbreak in Hamburg in 1892 , which he concluded was caused by a failure in the medical system to safeguard against such an event . Another study in German social history was Tales from the German Underworld ( 1998 ) , where Evans traced the life stories of four German criminals in the late 19th century , namely a homeless woman , a forger , a prostitute and a conman . In Rituals of Retribution , Evans traced the history of capital punishment in Germany , and using the ideas of Michel Foucault , Philippe Ariès and Norbert Elias as his guide argued that opposition to the death penalty was strongest when liberalism was in the ascendancy , and support for capital punishment coincided when the right was in the ascendancy . Thus , in Evans view , capital punishment in Germany was never a mere matter of law being disinterestedly applied but was rather a form of state power being exercised . In addition , Evans examined such subjects as belief in witchcraft , torture , the last words of the executed , the psychology of mobs , varying forms of execution from the Thirty Years War to the 1980s , profiles of executioners , cruelty , and changing views towards the death penalty . In the 1980s , Evans was a conspicuous figure in the Historikerstreit , a controversy surrounding the historical work and theories of German historians Ernst Nolte , Joachim Fest , Andreas Hillgruber , Michael Stürmer , Hagen Schulze , Imanuel Geiss and Klaus Hildebrand , all of whom Evans considered German apologists attempting to white-wash the German past . Evans views on the Historikerstreit were set forth in his 1989 book , In Hitlers Shadow . In that book , Evans took issue with Noltes acceptance of the Commissar Order as a legitimate military order ; with Noltes argument that the Einsatzgruppen massacres of Ukrainian Jews were a justifiable preventive security response to Soviet partisan attacks ; his description ( citing Viktor Suvorov ) of Operation Barbarossa as a preventative war forced on Hitler by an impending Soviet attack ; and his complaints that much scholarship on the Shoah expressed the views of biased Jewish historians . Evans characterized Noltes statements as crossing the line into Holocaust denial and he singled out Noltes rationalization that since the victors write history , the only reason why the Third Reich is seen as evil is because it lost the war . Evans also denounced , as an attempt to justify the Holocaust , Noltes claim that Chaim Weizmanns letter of 3 September 1939 to Neville Chamberlain , promising that the Jewish Agency would support the war effort constituted Jewish declaration of war on Germany that justified the pre-emptive internment of Jews in concentration camps . In his 1989 book In Hitlers Shadow , Evans also criticised the intentionalist theories of Hillgruber and Hildebrand . and criticized Stürmers excessive focus on political history and overlooking of social conditions , as a regression to the outmoded great man theory of history . For his part Evans praised Ian Kershaw , who wrote that The road to Auschwitz was built by hate , but paved with indifference . Evans In Defence of History defends the discipline of history against postmodernist skepticism of its value . The limitations of our ability to understand and learn from the past notwithstanding , it is still possible , he argues , to reconstruct past events . Evans suggests that the spread in the 1980s and 1990s of post-modernist theories , which declare that history is solely the construct of the historian and depict the rationalist tradition of the West as a form of oppression , was not necessarily left-wing or progressive , for by denying the possibility of accessing past facts , it had also done much to increase the appeal of Holocaust denial . Role as an expert witness in Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt . Evans is probably best known to the general public in the role of an expert witness for the defence in the high-profile libel case of David Irving against the American historian Deborah Lipstadt in 2000 , Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt . Lipstadt was sued for libel by Irving , after she referred to him as a Holocaust denier and an ardent follower of Adolf Hitler in her 1993 book Denying the Holocaust . Lipstadt further accused Irving of distorting evidence and manipulating documents to serve his own purposes... [ as well as ] skewing documents and misrepresenting data in order to reach historically untenable conclusions , particularly those that exonerate Hitler . Evans acted as an expert witness for the defence in the case . Starting in the autumn of 1997 , Evans , along with Thomas Skelton-Robinson and Nik Wachsmann , two of his PhD students , closely examined Irvings work . They found instances in which he had used forged documents , disregarded contrary evidence , selectively quoted historical documents out of context , and mis-cited historical records , thus misrepresenting historical evidence in order to support his prejudices . Evans subsequently proved to be a powerful witness in Lipstadts ultimately successful defence . In his expert witness report he wrote : Not one of [ Irvings ] books , speeches or articles , not one paragraph , not one sentence in any of them , can be taken on trust as an accurate representation of its historical subject . All of them are completely worthless as history , because Irving cannot be trusted anywhere , in any of them , to give a reliable account of what he is talking or writing about . .. . if we mean by historian someone who is concerned to discover the truth about the past , and to give as accurate a representation of it as possible , then Irving is not an historian . The cross-examination of Evans by Irving was noted for the high degree of personal dislike between the two men . Such was the degree of dislike that Irving challenged Evans on very minor points , such as Evans doubting the fairness of a 1938 German plebiscite in which the Nazi regime received 98.8% of the vote . A subject that much engaged Irving and Evans in a debate was a memo by the Chief of the Reich Chancellery Hans Lammers to the Reich Justice Minister Franz Schlegelberger in which Lammers wrote that Hitler ordered him to put the Jewish Question on the back-burner until after the war . Evans chose to accept the interpretation of the memo put forward by Eberhard Jäckel in the 1970s ; Irving chose to interpret the memo literally and taunted Evans by saying , It is a terrible problem , is it not that we are faced with this tantalizing plate of crumbs and morsels of what should have provided the final smoking gun , and nowhere the whole way through the archives do we find even one item that we do not have to interpret or read between the lines of , but we do have in the same chain of evidence documents which...quite clearly specifically show Hitler intervening in the other sense ? In response , Evans stated , No , I do not accept that at all . It is because you want to interpret euphemisms as being literal , and that is what the whole problem is . Every time there is an euphemism , Mr . Irving .. . or a camouflage piece of statement or language about Madagascar , you want to treat it as the literal truth , because it serves your purpose of trying to exculpate Hitler . That is part of .. . the way you manipulate and distort the documents . In a 2001 interview , Evans described to the Canadian columnist Robert Fulford his impression of Irving after being cross-examined by him as : He [ Irving ] was a bit like a dim student who didnt listen . If he didnt get the answer he wanted , he just repeated the question . His findings and his account of the trial were published in his 2001 book Lying About Hitler : History , Holocaust , and the David Irving Trial , which was published as Telling Lies About Hitler in the United States in 2002 . The High Court rejected Irving’s libel suit and awarded costs to the defence . Evans involvement in the trial was included in the 2016 film Denial , in which he was played by British actor John Sessions . The Third Reich Trilogy . Between 2003 and 2008 , Evans published a three-volume history of the Third Reich . Drawing on years of experience as a leading scholar of German history , Evans produced what some historians call the most extensive and comprehensive history of the rise and fall of Hitler’s regime ever produced by a single scholar . Reviewer Peter Mansoor says , The Third Reich at War is a superb piece of scholarship that is likely to emerge as the definitive account of life and death inside Hitlers blood soaked Third Reich . Robert Citino says , Read together , the three volumes constitute a remarkably comprehensive treatment of the origins , course , and death of the Hitler regime , and are likely to be standard works for a long time to come . Ed Ericson says : The first volume , The Coming of the Third Reich : How the Nazis Destroyed Democracy and Seized Power in Germany ( published by Penguin in 2003 ) , shows how a country torn apart by the First World War , the terms of the Treaty of Versailles , hyperinflation and the Great Depression moved towards an increasingly authoritarian solution . The book explains in detail Adolf Hitlers appointment as Chancellor in January 1933 and how the Nazis transformed Germany into a one party dictatorship . The first volume featured highly favorable words of praise from Evanss friend Ian Kershaw on its cover . The second volume , The Third Reich in Power , 1933–1939 : How the Nazis Won Over the Hearts and Minds of a Nation ( published by Penguin in 2005 ) , covers the years of Nazi rule between 1933 and 1939 . The final chapter examines the road to the Second World War , but the real focus is on life inside the Third Reich . Evans allows small stories of key individuals to illustrate many of the key social , economic and cultural events of the period . Richard Overy described this instalment of the trilogy as magisterial . The third volume , The Third Reich at War : How the Nazis Led Germany from Conquest to Disaster ( published by Penguin in 2008 ) , looks at major developments from 1939 to 1945 , including the key battles of the Second World War , a vivid , moving and detailed account of the mass murder enacted during the Holocaust and Hitlers dramatic downfall in Berlin in 1945 . In an October 2008 review of the third volume for The Times , best-selling historian Antony Beevor writes : With this third volume , Richard Evans has accomplished a masterpiece of historical scholarship .. . [ He ] has produced the best and most up-to-date synthesis of the huge work carried out on the subject over the past decades . Aspects of it , however , were sharply criticised by Timothy Snyder . Walter Reich , former Director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington , D . C. , states about the third-volume of the trilogy , The Third Reich at War , If any work of accurate history has a chance to correct the distortions of public memory , this is it . The Third Reich trilogy has been , or is being translated into sixteen foreign languages . Recent publications and current work . In 2013 Evans delivered the Menachem Stern Jerusalem Lectures to the Historical Society of Israel , publishing them in 2014 as Altered Pasts : Counterfactuals in History . The book puts forward a variety of arguments against the use of long-range alternative historical timelines as an aid to serious historical understanding . In Cosmopolitan Islanders : British Historians and the European Continent ( 2009 , an expanded version of his Inaugural Lecture as Regius Professor ) , he explored the reasons why so many British historians have made such major contributions to the historical understanding of other European countries . The Third Reich in History and Memory ( 2015 ) is a collection of 28 articles and review essays on modern German history published since the turn of the century . Evanss most recent major book is The Pursuit of Power : Europe 1815-1914 , volume 7 in the Penguin History of Europe , published in 2016 . It has been widely reviewed . Gerard De Groot , writing in The Times , commented that the book chronicles a turbulent and confusing century with wonderful clarity and verve...in one great canvas of immense detail and beauty...transnational history at its finest . Dominic Sandbrook , in the Sunday Times , described it as dazzlingly erudite and entertaining . It has been , or is being translated into Dutch , Spanish , German , Greek , Chinese , Korean , Japanese , Portuguese and Italian . He has written a biography on the historian Eric Hobsbawm entitled Eric Hobsbawm : A Life in History . From 2013 to 2018 he was Principal Investigator in a £1.6 million Leverhulme Programme Grant on conspiracy theories ( conspiracyanddemocracy.org ) and is preparing work based on the findings of the project . Regius Professor of Modern History . In 2008 , Evans was appointed Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Cambridge ( in 2010 the word Modern was removed from the title by royal decree ) . The post is a royal appointment in the gift of the Prime Minister of the day and dates back to 1724 . Previous holders of the title have included John Dalberg-Acton ( 1895 ) , Herbert Butterfield ( 1963 ) , Geoffrey Elton ( 1983 ) , Patrick Collinson ( 1988 ) and Quentin Skinner ( 1998 ) . Evans is the first historian to have to apply for the post and be interviewed by a Board of Electors , including Cambridges Vice-Chancellor , Alison Richard , and representatives of the history faculty and the university , as well as external assessors from Yale , Harvard , Oxford and London . The board selected a shortlist of four , each of whom was asked to give a presentation to the entire Cambridge history faculty . The shortlist of four was then reduced to two , whom the board interviewed , resulting in the boards recommendation of Evans to the Prime Minister and in the issue of a Royal Warrant for his appointment . As well as serving as Regius Professor , Evans served as chairman of the history faculty from October 2008 to 30 September 2010 . Evans is used to combining administration with research . At Birkbeck College , London , where he worked before Cambridge , he acted as Master of the college when Baroness Blackstone left suddenly to become Tony Blairs first higher education minister . On 27 January 2010 he was elected to the position of President of Wolfson College , Cambridge , serving the statutory seven-year term of office until retiring from the post on 30 September 2017 . During this period he focused on building up the college as a centre of contemporary culture , with art exhibitions by Richard Deacon and Anthony Green , and talks by Martin Amis and Neil MacGregor , among many others . In 2014 he was appointed Provost of Gresham College , in the City of London , an institution founded in 1597 to provide free lectures to Londoners . There are now over 2,000 lectures on the colleges website and the 130 lectures a year are all live-streamed . Media appearances . Evans has appeared regularly on a number of TV documentaries related to Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich . He recently appeared on a major TV documentary on the History Channel which examined the Valkyrie bomb plot against Hitler in July 1944 . He writes reviews of history books for the London Review of Books , the Times Literary Supplement and The Guardian , as well as historical reflections on recent events for American magazines and websites , including Foreign Policy , The Nation , and Vox . He is a noted lecturer and gives numerous keynote lectures at international conferences around the world and also at student conferences as part of his remit to take history to a wider audience beyond academia . Other contributions . Evans has been co-editor of the Journal of Contemporary History since 2000 , and has also served as Deputy Chair of the Spoliation Advisory Panel , a UK government non-departmental public body formed to make recommendations to the Secretary of State for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport on the restitution of cultural objects looted during the Nazi era . He has been a judge of the Wolfson History Prize , the UKs richest history book award , for over twenty years . Lectures and commentaries . In 2011 , Evans became involved in a polemical exchange of letters with Peter Baldwin after agreeing with Leif Jerram , who wrote in Cosmopolitan Islanders in 2009 that students in Britain could find a richer selection of courses on the histories of other countries in British universities than students from other countries could in their own countries . Hobsbawm lecture . On 7 February 2019 , Evans gave a lecture at Chancellors Hall in the University of Londons Senate House to launch his new biography of Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm , A Life in History . At the time , a boycott of the University of London including the Senate House , organised by the Independent Workers Union of Great Britain and supported by a number of high-profile politicians , journalists and academics , including John McDonnell , Owen Jones , Ken Loach and David Graeber in order to pressure University of London to bring their outsourced maintenance staff back in house , was in place . Citing the hypocrisy of breaking a boycott in support of workers rights to give a talk about a lifelong committed Communist , the union and other supporters encouraged Evans to relocate his talk , requests which he ignored . Honours and distinctions . 1978 Fellow of the Royal Historical Society 1988 Wolfson History Prize 1989 William H . Welch Medal of the American Association for the History of Medicine 1993 Civic Medal for Arts and Sciences of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg - 1993 : Fellow of the British Academy ( FBA ) 1994 Fraenkel Prize in Contemporary History 1998 Honorary Fellow , Jesus College , Oxford 1999 Honorary Fellow , Birkbeck , University of London - 2000 : Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature ( FRSL ) 2010 Founding Fellow , Learned Society of Wales ( FLSW ) 2011 Honorary Fellow , Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge - 2012 : Knighted for services to Scholarship in the 2012 Birthday Honours 2012 Honorary Doctor of Letters , University of London 2015 Honorary Doctor of Letters , University of Oxford 2015 British Academy Leverhulme Prize and Medal 2017 Honorary Fellow , Wolfson College , Cambridge Works . - The Feminist Movement in Germany , 1894–1933 , London : Sage Publications , 1976 . - German Women and the Triumph of Hitler , The Journal of Modern History Vol . 48 , No . 1 , March 1976 - The Feminists : Womens Emancipation Movements in Europe , America and Australasia , 1840–1920 , London : C . Helm , 1977 . - Society And Politics in Wilhelmine Germany edited by R . J . Evans , London : Croom Helm , 1980 , 1978 . - The German Family : Essays on the Social History of The Family in Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century Germany , London : C . Helm ; Totowa , N . J. : Barnes & Noble Books , 1981 . - The German Working Class , 1888–1933 : The Politics of Everyday Life , London : Croom Helm ; Totowa , N . J. : Barnes & Noble , 1982 . - The German Peasantry : Conflict And Community in Rural Society from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries edited by Richard J . Evans and W . R . Lee , London : Croom Helm , 1986 . - The German Unemployed : Experiences And Consequences of Mass Unemployment From The Weimar Republic to the Third Reich , London : C . Helm , 1987 . - Rethinking German History : Nineteenth-Century Germany and the Origins of the Third Reich , London : Allen and Unwin , 1987 . - Comrades And Sisters : Feminism , Socialism , And Pacifism in Europe , 1870–1945 , Brighton , Sussex : Wheatsheaf Books ; New York : St . Martins Press , 1987 . - Death in Hamburg : Society And Politics in the Cholera Years , 1830–1910 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1987 . - The German Underworld : Deviants And Outcasts in German history , London : Routledge , 1988 . - Proletarians And Politics : Socialism , Protest , And The Working Class in Germany Before The First World War , New York : Harvester Wheatsheaf , 1990 . - The German Bourgeoisie : Essays on the Social History of the German Middle Class From The Late Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century London : Routledge , 1991 . - Rituals of Retribution : Capital Punishment in Germany 1600–1987 , London : Oxford University Press , 1996 . - Rereading German History : From Unification To Reunification , 1800–1996 , London ; New York : Routledge , 1997 . - Tales From The German Underworld : Crime And Punishment in the Nineteenth Century , New Haven [ Conn. ] ; London : Yale University Press , 1998 . - In Defence of History , London : Granta Books , 1997 . - Lying About Hitler : History , Holocaust , And The David Irving Trial , New York : Basic Books , 2001 ; published in the United Kingdom as Telling Lies About Hitler : The Holocaust , History and the David Irving Trial , Verso Books , 2002 . - The Coming of the Third Reich , London : Allen Lane , 2003 . - The Third Reich in Power , 1933–1939 , London : Allen Lane , 2005 . - The Third Reich at War : How the Nazis Led Germany from Conquest to Disaster , London : Allen Lane , 2008 . - Cosmopolitan Islanders : British Historians and The European Continent , Cambridge University Press , 2009 . - Altered Pasts : Counterfactuals in History , Brandeis University Press , 2013 . - The Third Reich in History and Memory , Little , Brown , 2015 . - The Pursuit of Power : Europe 1815–1914 , Viking , 2016 . - Eric Hobsbawm : A Life in History , Little , Brown , 2019 . - The Hitler Conspiracies , Oxford University Press , 2020 |
[
"member of the House of Representatives"
] | easy | What was the position of Ank Bijleveld from Nov 1989 to 2001? | /wiki/Ank_Bijleveld#P39#0 | Ank Bijleveld Anna Theodora Bernardina Ank Bijleveld-Schouten ( born 17 March 1962 ) is a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) who has been serving as Minister of Defence in the third cabinet of Prime Minister Mark Rutte since 26 October 2017 . A civil servant by occupation , she served as a member of the House of Representatives from 16 November 1989 until 16 January 2001 , when she was appointed Mayor of Hof van Twente , serving from 1 January 2001 until 22 February 2007 . She resigned after she was appointed as State Secretary for the Interior and Kingdom Relations in the Fourth Balkenende cabinet , serving from 22 February 2007 until 14 October 2010 . After the election of 2010 , Bijleveld returned to the House of Representatives serving from 17 June 2010 until 1 January 2011 when she resigned after she was appointed as Kings Commissioner of Overijssel . Following the election of 2017 Bijleveld was asked to become Minister of Defence in the Third Rutte cabinet . Bijleveld accepted and resigned as Kings Commissioner of Overijssel the same day she took office as the new Minister of Defence on 26 October 2017 . Early life and education . Bijleveld was born in the Dutch province of Overijssel . Between 1980 and 1986 , she studied public administration at the University of Twente . Political career . In 1986 Bijleveld became a member of the Enschede municipal council for the Christian Democratic Appeal . She served as a Member of the House of Representatives from 16 November 1989 until 16 January 2001 . She was Mayor of Hof van Twente from 1 January 2001 until 22 February 2007 , when she resigned to become the State secretary for the Interior and Kingdom Relations in the Fourth Balkenende cabinet until 14 October 2010 . On 17 June 2010 she again became a member of the House of Representatives . She was an MP till 1 January 2011 when she became Kings Commissioner of Overijssel . Minister of Defence , 2017–present . Bijleveld left that position in 2017 as she was appointed to be Minister of Defence . Early in her tenure , Bijleveld oversaw Dutch efforts to disrupt a 2018 attempt by Russian intelligence agents to hack the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons ( OPCW ) . In October 2019 , journalists from NRC and NOS revealed that an air raid on the Iraqi city Hawija in early June 2015 had been carried out by Dutch F16s . This bombing of a weapons depot resulted in 70 civilian deaths . Bijlevelds predecessor , Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert , was aware of this , but had incorrectly informed the House of Representatives about this . Bijleveld was criticized , because she too could have informed the House of Representatives about this earlier . For this reason GroenLinks-parliamentarian Isabelle Diks filed a motion of no confidence on 5 November 2019 , which was supported by 71 parliamentarians . In this parliamentary debate Rutte and Bijleveld stated that the number of seventy civilian deaths was uncertain and that this was also not known to the United States Central Command . After inquiries from NRC and NOS , United States Central Command however confirmed that they have known this number of casualties for a while now . The fact that journalists could get this information led to a fourth debate about this bombing . In this debate , Bijleveld survived another vote of no confidence , which was supported by only 69 parliamentarians . Personal life . Bijleveld is married to Riekele Bijleveld since 1984 and has two daughters . She is a Roman Catholic . Decorations . - Order of Orange-Nassau - Knight External links . - Official - Drs . A.Th.B . ( Ank ) Bijleveld-Schouten Parlement & Politiek |
[
"MP"
] | easy | Ank Bijleveld took which position from Jun 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/Ank_Bijleveld#P39#1 | Ank Bijleveld Anna Theodora Bernardina Ank Bijleveld-Schouten ( born 17 March 1962 ) is a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) who has been serving as Minister of Defence in the third cabinet of Prime Minister Mark Rutte since 26 October 2017 . A civil servant by occupation , she served as a member of the House of Representatives from 16 November 1989 until 16 January 2001 , when she was appointed Mayor of Hof van Twente , serving from 1 January 2001 until 22 February 2007 . She resigned after she was appointed as State Secretary for the Interior and Kingdom Relations in the Fourth Balkenende cabinet , serving from 22 February 2007 until 14 October 2010 . After the election of 2010 , Bijleveld returned to the House of Representatives serving from 17 June 2010 until 1 January 2011 when she resigned after she was appointed as Kings Commissioner of Overijssel . Following the election of 2017 Bijleveld was asked to become Minister of Defence in the Third Rutte cabinet . Bijleveld accepted and resigned as Kings Commissioner of Overijssel the same day she took office as the new Minister of Defence on 26 October 2017 . Early life and education . Bijleveld was born in the Dutch province of Overijssel . Between 1980 and 1986 , she studied public administration at the University of Twente . Political career . In 1986 Bijleveld became a member of the Enschede municipal council for the Christian Democratic Appeal . She served as a Member of the House of Representatives from 16 November 1989 until 16 January 2001 . She was Mayor of Hof van Twente from 1 January 2001 until 22 February 2007 , when she resigned to become the State secretary for the Interior and Kingdom Relations in the Fourth Balkenende cabinet until 14 October 2010 . On 17 June 2010 she again became a member of the House of Representatives . She was an MP till 1 January 2011 when she became Kings Commissioner of Overijssel . Minister of Defence , 2017–present . Bijleveld left that position in 2017 as she was appointed to be Minister of Defence . Early in her tenure , Bijleveld oversaw Dutch efforts to disrupt a 2018 attempt by Russian intelligence agents to hack the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons ( OPCW ) . In October 2019 , journalists from NRC and NOS revealed that an air raid on the Iraqi city Hawija in early June 2015 had been carried out by Dutch F16s . This bombing of a weapons depot resulted in 70 civilian deaths . Bijlevelds predecessor , Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert , was aware of this , but had incorrectly informed the House of Representatives about this . Bijleveld was criticized , because she too could have informed the House of Representatives about this earlier . For this reason GroenLinks-parliamentarian Isabelle Diks filed a motion of no confidence on 5 November 2019 , which was supported by 71 parliamentarians . In this parliamentary debate Rutte and Bijleveld stated that the number of seventy civilian deaths was uncertain and that this was also not known to the United States Central Command . After inquiries from NRC and NOS , United States Central Command however confirmed that they have known this number of casualties for a while now . The fact that journalists could get this information led to a fourth debate about this bombing . In this debate , Bijleveld survived another vote of no confidence , which was supported by only 69 parliamentarians . Personal life . Bijleveld is married to Riekele Bijleveld since 1984 and has two daughters . She is a Roman Catholic . Decorations . - Order of Orange-Nassau - Knight External links . - Official - Drs . A.Th.B . ( Ank ) Bijleveld-Schouten Parlement & Politiek |
[
"Kings Commissioner of Overijssel"
] | easy | What was the position of Ank Bijleveld from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Ank_Bijleveld#P39#2 | Ank Bijleveld Anna Theodora Bernardina Ank Bijleveld-Schouten ( born 17 March 1962 ) is a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) who has been serving as Minister of Defence in the third cabinet of Prime Minister Mark Rutte since 26 October 2017 . A civil servant by occupation , she served as a member of the House of Representatives from 16 November 1989 until 16 January 2001 , when she was appointed Mayor of Hof van Twente , serving from 1 January 2001 until 22 February 2007 . She resigned after she was appointed as State Secretary for the Interior and Kingdom Relations in the Fourth Balkenende cabinet , serving from 22 February 2007 until 14 October 2010 . After the election of 2010 , Bijleveld returned to the House of Representatives serving from 17 June 2010 until 1 January 2011 when she resigned after she was appointed as Kings Commissioner of Overijssel . Following the election of 2017 Bijleveld was asked to become Minister of Defence in the Third Rutte cabinet . Bijleveld accepted and resigned as Kings Commissioner of Overijssel the same day she took office as the new Minister of Defence on 26 October 2017 . Early life and education . Bijleveld was born in the Dutch province of Overijssel . Between 1980 and 1986 , she studied public administration at the University of Twente . Political career . In 1986 Bijleveld became a member of the Enschede municipal council for the Christian Democratic Appeal . She served as a Member of the House of Representatives from 16 November 1989 until 16 January 2001 . She was Mayor of Hof van Twente from 1 January 2001 until 22 February 2007 , when she resigned to become the State secretary for the Interior and Kingdom Relations in the Fourth Balkenende cabinet until 14 October 2010 . On 17 June 2010 she again became a member of the House of Representatives . She was an MP till 1 January 2011 when she became Kings Commissioner of Overijssel . Minister of Defence , 2017–present . Bijleveld left that position in 2017 as she was appointed to be Minister of Defence . Early in her tenure , Bijleveld oversaw Dutch efforts to disrupt a 2018 attempt by Russian intelligence agents to hack the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons ( OPCW ) . In October 2019 , journalists from NRC and NOS revealed that an air raid on the Iraqi city Hawija in early June 2015 had been carried out by Dutch F16s . This bombing of a weapons depot resulted in 70 civilian deaths . Bijlevelds predecessor , Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert , was aware of this , but had incorrectly informed the House of Representatives about this . Bijleveld was criticized , because she too could have informed the House of Representatives about this earlier . For this reason GroenLinks-parliamentarian Isabelle Diks filed a motion of no confidence on 5 November 2019 , which was supported by 71 parliamentarians . In this parliamentary debate Rutte and Bijleveld stated that the number of seventy civilian deaths was uncertain and that this was also not known to the United States Central Command . After inquiries from NRC and NOS , United States Central Command however confirmed that they have known this number of casualties for a while now . The fact that journalists could get this information led to a fourth debate about this bombing . In this debate , Bijleveld survived another vote of no confidence , which was supported by only 69 parliamentarians . Personal life . Bijleveld is married to Riekele Bijleveld since 1984 and has two daughters . She is a Roman Catholic . Decorations . - Order of Orange-Nassau - Knight External links . - Official - Drs . A.Th.B . ( Ank ) Bijleveld-Schouten Parlement & Politiek |
[
"Ambassador of Estonia"
] | easy | What position did Marina Kaljurand take from 2011 to 2014? | /wiki/Marina_Kaljurand#P39#0 | Marina Kaljurand Marina Kaljurand ( née Rajevskaja ; born 6 September 1962 ) is an Estonian politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs in Taavi Rõivas second cabinet as an independent . Earlier , she served as the Ambassador of Estonia to the United States , Russia , Mexico , Canada , Kazakhstan , and Israel . Early life and education . Born in Tallinn , Kaljurand is of Latvian and Russian descent through her father and mother , respectively . After obtaining her high school diploma in Tallinn , she graduated in 1986 from the University of Tartu , where she earned a masters degree in law ( cum laude ) . She has also graduated from the Estonian School of Diplomacy and has acquired a masters degree in international law and diplomacy from Tufts Universitys Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy ( F95 ) on a Fulbright Scholarship in the United States . Career . Kaljurand formerly worked as the Undersecretary for Legal and Consular Affairs , Undersecretary for Political Affairs , Undersecretary for Foreign Economic Relations and Development Aid at the Foreign Affairs Ministry . Kaljurand was the Ambassador of Estonia to Israel in 2004–2006 , to the Russian Federation in 2005–2008 , to Kazakhstan in 2007–2011 , to Canada in 2011–2013 , and to the United States and Mexico in 2011–2014 . Minister of Foreign Affairs . In July 2015 , the Reform Party nominated Kaljurand as the new Minister of Foreign Affairs after Keit Pentus-Rosimannus had resigned . Her tenure began on 16 July 2015 . She has frequently emphasized the importance of an efficient Common Foreign and Security Policy ( CFSP ) as well as a European Security and Defence Policy ( ESDP ) . Relations with Russia . Incidents near border . One of the leading Estonian television broadcasts Pealtnägija reported that in 2015 alone , Russian military aircraft have flown with turned off transponders 266 times near Estonian borders . Marina Kaljurand then made a statement to the press saying Russia has given no explanations on these incidents . Each of the 266 incidents have caused NATO fighter jets to scramble from Ämari to intercept and identify the aircraft with switched off transponders . Kaljurand said this is a very serious problem and Estonia has repeatedly demanded answers from Russia . Every meeting I have had with the Russian ambassador we have talked about aircraft with switched off transponders being dangerous , they are a threat to all air traffic over the Baltic Sea , she said . Having their transponders switched off turns the aircraft invisible to most radars used by civil air traffic control . Kaljurand said the ambassador always replies that he will inform Moscow . He is yet to give a thorough , rational , logical answer , she added . Soviet reparations question . Justice Minister and former Defence Minister Urmas Reinsalu ( IRL ) signed a memorandum with the other two Baltic justice ministers on cooperation to submit reparation demands to Russia . Kaljurand then responded that «The foreign ministry and Estonian government are not intending to take actual practical steps regarding that.» Border treaty . As Foreign Minister , Kaljurand has continued the work of former ministers to sign a border treaty between Estonia and Russia . The governments bill includes two treaties and a separate agreement on the delimitation of maritime areas near Narva and the Gulf of Finland . The ratification of the bill , which would establish the state border between Estonia and Russia , requires a two-thirds majority in Parliament . Presidential election in 2016 . Ahead of the presidential election in 2016 , many polls indicated strong support for Kaljurand , even though she had not announced her candidacy . For example , according to a poll by TNS Emor in December 2015 , 20.3 percent of the respondents wanted to see her as president , with Edgar Savisaar ( 12.6 percent ) in second , followed by Siim Kallas ( 10.6 percent ) and Indrek Tarand ( 9.5 percent ) . Kaljurand was the most popular candidate among polled Estonians across all genders , ages , levels of education and income brackets , except for those making 300 or less euros per month . Eventually Kaljurand announced her interest in running , but as the Reform Party had multiple candidates to choose from , Kaljurand suggested that the party would support her in the electoral college while supporting former Prime Minister Siim Kallas in the election in parliament , in case the parliament was unable to make a decision . However , the Reform Party decided to support Kallas both in the parliament and in the electoral college . After the decision was made by the party , Kaljurand announced that she would step down from her position as Minister of Foreign Affairs and would run for presidency without the support of the Reform Party . Despite the Reform Party choosing to support former Prime Minister Siim Kallas , in a survey conducted by TNS Emor for daily Postimees at the beginning of September 2016 , 40% of Estonians said they wanted to see Marina Kaljurand become president , while only 18% supported the Reform Party’s official candidate , Siim Kallas . In the election , Kaljurand placed fourth with 75 votes and did not advance to the second round of voting . However , as the electoral college could not make a decision between Kallas and Allar Jõks , the election returned to the parliament for another round and the nomination procedure started over . After hearing the results , Kaljurand announced that she would not run again . After multiple unsuccessful rounds of voting , parliamentary groups decided to propose unaffiliated Kersti Kaljulaid to the position and she was elected unopposed on 30 September 2016 . After the election , Kaljurand returned to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as an adviser on cyber security-related matters . Member of European Parliament . In June 2018 , Kalurand announced that she had joined the Social Democratic Party and would take part in elections for Riigikogu and European Parliament in 2019 . Kaljurand was elected as a Member of the European Parliament in 2019 . She has since been serving on the Committee on Civil Liberties , Justice and Home Affairs . In addition to her committee assignments , she is part of the Parliament’s delegation to the EU-Armenia Parliamentary Partnership Committee , the EU-Azerbaijan Parliamentary Cooperation Committee and the EU-Georgia Parliamentary Association Committee as well as of the delegation to the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly . She is also a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights . Personal life . Kaljurand speaks three languages : Estonian , Russian and English . She is married with two children - daughter Kaisa ( born 1987 ) and son Kristjan ( born 1992 ) . Her hobbies are reading , taking long walks with her two dogs and badminton . She is a multiple Estonian national champion in badminton ( 1980-1991 ) . She is also a member of the Estonian Scottish Terrier Association . Topics of interest . Gender equality . Marina Kaljurand has been a vocal supporter of womens rights . At the Achieving Gender Equality conference in Tbilisi she said The political agreements and legal frameworks are in place – now the countries need to start implementing them more efficiently . Everyone benefits from a larger proportion of women in politics and the economy - equal participation will revitalize the economy and increase overall satisfaction . During her speech at the Sustainable Summit in New York City ( 2015 ) , Kaljurand pointed out her main concerns on gender equality . I would like to use my short minutes to touch upon one of the most important root causes of inequality related to gender aspects – lack of education and shortcomings in sexual and reproductive health and rights . It is a complex matter that cannot be fixed with one magic solution . The Beijing Platform of Action and related national and international norms will not fulfill their goals unless we stop the prevalence of stereotypical attitudes , social norms and practices that support and reproduce discrimination and violence against women . All people have the right to have control and decide freely and responsibly on matters related to their sexuality , free of coercion , discrimination and violence – as a matter of social justice . Sexual and reproductive rights are about bodily integrity , equality and freedom of choice . We cannot look away from the fact that these rights are violated every day , in all our countries . Cybersecurity . The e-GovernanceAcademy presented the National Cyber Security Index ( NCSI ) at the Tallinn e-Governance Conference on 31 May . According to Kaljurand , cyber security has become a security guarantee for countries in the 21st century . In the interests of international and national cyber security , we have to use every opportunity to increase the cyber security capacities of countries , said Kaljurand at the introduction of the index . It is in the interests of both governments and the public . The index is yet another contribution made by Estonia to increasing security in cyber space . In 2016 at the Conference on State Practice and the Future of International Law in Cyberspace Kaljurand talked about developing Estonian views on international law as it applies to State behavior in cyberspace . As a lawyer and as a diplomat I appreciate the interplay of law and politics in the international cyber security dialogue . I have personal experience of complicated diplomatic efforts to mitigate cyber-attacks against my country . It is essential to acknowledge that we perceive cyber threats and opportunities differently . Regardless of how clearly we can see and understand each other’s perspectives , it is essential that we remain mindful to each other’s views . This open and permissive attitude allows us to achieve stability and security , while taking full advantage of technological development and advances . In October 2016 , Kaljurand started working as an adviser on security-related questions at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Beginning on Oct . 24 , I will begin part-time work as an adviser on security-related questions at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , continued the former foreign minister . This means that I will remain a representative of Estonia in the UNs Group of Governmental Experts on Cybersecurity ; I have taken part in this work group since 2014 , irrespective of [ my ] positions . At the end of 2016 , Kaljurand was appointed chair of The Global Commission on the Stability of Cybersecurity , a commission which ran for three years , 2017-2019 . She stepped down as chair upon taking up her post in the European Parliament in 2019 , near the end of the Commissions tenure . Under her leadership , the Commission produced its landmark Norm to Protect the Public Core of the Internet , which built upon earlier work by the 2013 and 2015 United Nations Groups of Governmental Experts . Foreign Policy . What has been most important in Estonia is regaining its position globally , Kaljurand said , later calling Estonia the most integrated state in Northern Europe in terms of its involvement in international organizations . According to Kaljurand , this integration stems especially from Estonia’s membership in the European Union and NATO . Estonia is also becoming more involved on the global stage by running to become a nonpermanent member of the United Nations Security Council from 2020 to 2021 . She is also and avid supporter of NATO frequently pointing out the importance of it in her speeches . The political unity of our NATO allies and a common understanding of the risks and requirements the alliance faces has been and is very important for Estonia . We are pleased that in 2015 the security of Estonia was visibly strengthened with the support of our allies – they shared our assessment of threats and understood us . As is stated in the National Security Concept of Estonia , NATO , with its transatlantic nature and the principle of collective defence , serves as the cornerstone of European , and therefore also Estonian , national security and defence . With all due respect to those who claim that NATO is warmongering or provoking Russia with our exercises , this is the reality : NATO drills prepare for the defense of our territory , our allies and our people in case of attack . Russia’s drills are offensive , simulating the invasion of its neighbors , the destruction and seizure of critical military and economic infrastructure , and targeted nuclear strikes on NATO allies and partners . Integration . Coming from a bilingual upbringing Kaljurand has emphasized the importance of respecting the culture and language of the country you are living in . She has often spoken about the matter at Russian-Estonian schools . Professional involvement . - Chair of the Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace , March 2017- current - Member of the CSIS High-Level Advisory Council to the Lillan and Robert D . Stuart Jr Center in Euro-Atlantic and Northern European Studies , January 2017- current - Member of the Advisory Council of Global and International Studies at University of Salamanca , January 2017- current - Estonian Cyber Security Expert at the UN Group of Governmental Experts on Cyber Security , 2014-2015 , September 2016 – current - Chief Negotiator on Accession of Estonia to the OECD , 2008- 2011 - Member of the Governmental Delegation in accession negotiations to the European Union , Head of the Legal Working Group of the Accession Treaty , 2002-2004 - Member of the Governmental Delegation- negotiations on Land and Maritime Boundaries Agreements between Estonia and Russian Federation , 1995-2005 - Legal expert of the Governmental Delegation- Agreement on Troops Withdrawal between Estonia and Russian Federation , 1992-1994 - Founding member of the Estonian Branch of the International Law Association , since 1996 - Founding member of WIIS-EST – Estonian Branch of Women in International Security , since 2000 - Member of the Board of Trustees of Tallinn University , since 2010 Decorations . Decorated by the President of Estonia . - Order of the National Coat of Arms , III class ( 2008 ) - Order of White Star , III class ( 2004 ) Other . - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland ( 2016 ) - Estonian Association of Business and Professional Women Woman of the Year ( 2015 ) - Postimees Person of the Year ( 2007 ) |
[
"Minister of Foreign Affairs"
] | easy | What position did Marina Kaljurand take from Jul 2015 to Sep 2016? | /wiki/Marina_Kaljurand#P39#1 | Marina Kaljurand Marina Kaljurand ( née Rajevskaja ; born 6 September 1962 ) is an Estonian politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs in Taavi Rõivas second cabinet as an independent . Earlier , she served as the Ambassador of Estonia to the United States , Russia , Mexico , Canada , Kazakhstan , and Israel . Early life and education . Born in Tallinn , Kaljurand is of Latvian and Russian descent through her father and mother , respectively . After obtaining her high school diploma in Tallinn , she graduated in 1986 from the University of Tartu , where she earned a masters degree in law ( cum laude ) . She has also graduated from the Estonian School of Diplomacy and has acquired a masters degree in international law and diplomacy from Tufts Universitys Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy ( F95 ) on a Fulbright Scholarship in the United States . Career . Kaljurand formerly worked as the Undersecretary for Legal and Consular Affairs , Undersecretary for Political Affairs , Undersecretary for Foreign Economic Relations and Development Aid at the Foreign Affairs Ministry . Kaljurand was the Ambassador of Estonia to Israel in 2004–2006 , to the Russian Federation in 2005–2008 , to Kazakhstan in 2007–2011 , to Canada in 2011–2013 , and to the United States and Mexico in 2011–2014 . Minister of Foreign Affairs . In July 2015 , the Reform Party nominated Kaljurand as the new Minister of Foreign Affairs after Keit Pentus-Rosimannus had resigned . Her tenure began on 16 July 2015 . She has frequently emphasized the importance of an efficient Common Foreign and Security Policy ( CFSP ) as well as a European Security and Defence Policy ( ESDP ) . Relations with Russia . Incidents near border . One of the leading Estonian television broadcasts Pealtnägija reported that in 2015 alone , Russian military aircraft have flown with turned off transponders 266 times near Estonian borders . Marina Kaljurand then made a statement to the press saying Russia has given no explanations on these incidents . Each of the 266 incidents have caused NATO fighter jets to scramble from Ämari to intercept and identify the aircraft with switched off transponders . Kaljurand said this is a very serious problem and Estonia has repeatedly demanded answers from Russia . Every meeting I have had with the Russian ambassador we have talked about aircraft with switched off transponders being dangerous , they are a threat to all air traffic over the Baltic Sea , she said . Having their transponders switched off turns the aircraft invisible to most radars used by civil air traffic control . Kaljurand said the ambassador always replies that he will inform Moscow . He is yet to give a thorough , rational , logical answer , she added . Soviet reparations question . Justice Minister and former Defence Minister Urmas Reinsalu ( IRL ) signed a memorandum with the other two Baltic justice ministers on cooperation to submit reparation demands to Russia . Kaljurand then responded that «The foreign ministry and Estonian government are not intending to take actual practical steps regarding that.» Border treaty . As Foreign Minister , Kaljurand has continued the work of former ministers to sign a border treaty between Estonia and Russia . The governments bill includes two treaties and a separate agreement on the delimitation of maritime areas near Narva and the Gulf of Finland . The ratification of the bill , which would establish the state border between Estonia and Russia , requires a two-thirds majority in Parliament . Presidential election in 2016 . Ahead of the presidential election in 2016 , many polls indicated strong support for Kaljurand , even though she had not announced her candidacy . For example , according to a poll by TNS Emor in December 2015 , 20.3 percent of the respondents wanted to see her as president , with Edgar Savisaar ( 12.6 percent ) in second , followed by Siim Kallas ( 10.6 percent ) and Indrek Tarand ( 9.5 percent ) . Kaljurand was the most popular candidate among polled Estonians across all genders , ages , levels of education and income brackets , except for those making 300 or less euros per month . Eventually Kaljurand announced her interest in running , but as the Reform Party had multiple candidates to choose from , Kaljurand suggested that the party would support her in the electoral college while supporting former Prime Minister Siim Kallas in the election in parliament , in case the parliament was unable to make a decision . However , the Reform Party decided to support Kallas both in the parliament and in the electoral college . After the decision was made by the party , Kaljurand announced that she would step down from her position as Minister of Foreign Affairs and would run for presidency without the support of the Reform Party . Despite the Reform Party choosing to support former Prime Minister Siim Kallas , in a survey conducted by TNS Emor for daily Postimees at the beginning of September 2016 , 40% of Estonians said they wanted to see Marina Kaljurand become president , while only 18% supported the Reform Party’s official candidate , Siim Kallas . In the election , Kaljurand placed fourth with 75 votes and did not advance to the second round of voting . However , as the electoral college could not make a decision between Kallas and Allar Jõks , the election returned to the parliament for another round and the nomination procedure started over . After hearing the results , Kaljurand announced that she would not run again . After multiple unsuccessful rounds of voting , parliamentary groups decided to propose unaffiliated Kersti Kaljulaid to the position and she was elected unopposed on 30 September 2016 . After the election , Kaljurand returned to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as an adviser on cyber security-related matters . Member of European Parliament . In June 2018 , Kalurand announced that she had joined the Social Democratic Party and would take part in elections for Riigikogu and European Parliament in 2019 . Kaljurand was elected as a Member of the European Parliament in 2019 . She has since been serving on the Committee on Civil Liberties , Justice and Home Affairs . In addition to her committee assignments , she is part of the Parliament’s delegation to the EU-Armenia Parliamentary Partnership Committee , the EU-Azerbaijan Parliamentary Cooperation Committee and the EU-Georgia Parliamentary Association Committee as well as of the delegation to the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly . She is also a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights . Personal life . Kaljurand speaks three languages : Estonian , Russian and English . She is married with two children - daughter Kaisa ( born 1987 ) and son Kristjan ( born 1992 ) . Her hobbies are reading , taking long walks with her two dogs and badminton . She is a multiple Estonian national champion in badminton ( 1980-1991 ) . She is also a member of the Estonian Scottish Terrier Association . Topics of interest . Gender equality . Marina Kaljurand has been a vocal supporter of womens rights . At the Achieving Gender Equality conference in Tbilisi she said The political agreements and legal frameworks are in place – now the countries need to start implementing them more efficiently . Everyone benefits from a larger proportion of women in politics and the economy - equal participation will revitalize the economy and increase overall satisfaction . During her speech at the Sustainable Summit in New York City ( 2015 ) , Kaljurand pointed out her main concerns on gender equality . I would like to use my short minutes to touch upon one of the most important root causes of inequality related to gender aspects – lack of education and shortcomings in sexual and reproductive health and rights . It is a complex matter that cannot be fixed with one magic solution . The Beijing Platform of Action and related national and international norms will not fulfill their goals unless we stop the prevalence of stereotypical attitudes , social norms and practices that support and reproduce discrimination and violence against women . All people have the right to have control and decide freely and responsibly on matters related to their sexuality , free of coercion , discrimination and violence – as a matter of social justice . Sexual and reproductive rights are about bodily integrity , equality and freedom of choice . We cannot look away from the fact that these rights are violated every day , in all our countries . Cybersecurity . The e-GovernanceAcademy presented the National Cyber Security Index ( NCSI ) at the Tallinn e-Governance Conference on 31 May . According to Kaljurand , cyber security has become a security guarantee for countries in the 21st century . In the interests of international and national cyber security , we have to use every opportunity to increase the cyber security capacities of countries , said Kaljurand at the introduction of the index . It is in the interests of both governments and the public . The index is yet another contribution made by Estonia to increasing security in cyber space . In 2016 at the Conference on State Practice and the Future of International Law in Cyberspace Kaljurand talked about developing Estonian views on international law as it applies to State behavior in cyberspace . As a lawyer and as a diplomat I appreciate the interplay of law and politics in the international cyber security dialogue . I have personal experience of complicated diplomatic efforts to mitigate cyber-attacks against my country . It is essential to acknowledge that we perceive cyber threats and opportunities differently . Regardless of how clearly we can see and understand each other’s perspectives , it is essential that we remain mindful to each other’s views . This open and permissive attitude allows us to achieve stability and security , while taking full advantage of technological development and advances . In October 2016 , Kaljurand started working as an adviser on security-related questions at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Beginning on Oct . 24 , I will begin part-time work as an adviser on security-related questions at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , continued the former foreign minister . This means that I will remain a representative of Estonia in the UNs Group of Governmental Experts on Cybersecurity ; I have taken part in this work group since 2014 , irrespective of [ my ] positions . At the end of 2016 , Kaljurand was appointed chair of The Global Commission on the Stability of Cybersecurity , a commission which ran for three years , 2017-2019 . She stepped down as chair upon taking up her post in the European Parliament in 2019 , near the end of the Commissions tenure . Under her leadership , the Commission produced its landmark Norm to Protect the Public Core of the Internet , which built upon earlier work by the 2013 and 2015 United Nations Groups of Governmental Experts . Foreign Policy . What has been most important in Estonia is regaining its position globally , Kaljurand said , later calling Estonia the most integrated state in Northern Europe in terms of its involvement in international organizations . According to Kaljurand , this integration stems especially from Estonia’s membership in the European Union and NATO . Estonia is also becoming more involved on the global stage by running to become a nonpermanent member of the United Nations Security Council from 2020 to 2021 . She is also and avid supporter of NATO frequently pointing out the importance of it in her speeches . The political unity of our NATO allies and a common understanding of the risks and requirements the alliance faces has been and is very important for Estonia . We are pleased that in 2015 the security of Estonia was visibly strengthened with the support of our allies – they shared our assessment of threats and understood us . As is stated in the National Security Concept of Estonia , NATO , with its transatlantic nature and the principle of collective defence , serves as the cornerstone of European , and therefore also Estonian , national security and defence . With all due respect to those who claim that NATO is warmongering or provoking Russia with our exercises , this is the reality : NATO drills prepare for the defense of our territory , our allies and our people in case of attack . Russia’s drills are offensive , simulating the invasion of its neighbors , the destruction and seizure of critical military and economic infrastructure , and targeted nuclear strikes on NATO allies and partners . Integration . Coming from a bilingual upbringing Kaljurand has emphasized the importance of respecting the culture and language of the country you are living in . She has often spoken about the matter at Russian-Estonian schools . Professional involvement . - Chair of the Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace , March 2017- current - Member of the CSIS High-Level Advisory Council to the Lillan and Robert D . Stuart Jr Center in Euro-Atlantic and Northern European Studies , January 2017- current - Member of the Advisory Council of Global and International Studies at University of Salamanca , January 2017- current - Estonian Cyber Security Expert at the UN Group of Governmental Experts on Cyber Security , 2014-2015 , September 2016 – current - Chief Negotiator on Accession of Estonia to the OECD , 2008- 2011 - Member of the Governmental Delegation in accession negotiations to the European Union , Head of the Legal Working Group of the Accession Treaty , 2002-2004 - Member of the Governmental Delegation- negotiations on Land and Maritime Boundaries Agreements between Estonia and Russian Federation , 1995-2005 - Legal expert of the Governmental Delegation- Agreement on Troops Withdrawal between Estonia and Russian Federation , 1992-1994 - Founding member of the Estonian Branch of the International Law Association , since 1996 - Founding member of WIIS-EST – Estonian Branch of Women in International Security , since 2000 - Member of the Board of Trustees of Tallinn University , since 2010 Decorations . Decorated by the President of Estonia . - Order of the National Coat of Arms , III class ( 2008 ) - Order of White Star , III class ( 2004 ) Other . - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland ( 2016 ) - Estonian Association of Business and Professional Women Woman of the Year ( 2015 ) - Postimees Person of the Year ( 2007 ) |
[
""
] | easy | Marina Kaljurand took which position in Apr 2019? | /wiki/Marina_Kaljurand#P39#2 | Marina Kaljurand Marina Kaljurand ( née Rajevskaja ; born 6 September 1962 ) is an Estonian politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs in Taavi Rõivas second cabinet as an independent . Earlier , she served as the Ambassador of Estonia to the United States , Russia , Mexico , Canada , Kazakhstan , and Israel . Early life and education . Born in Tallinn , Kaljurand is of Latvian and Russian descent through her father and mother , respectively . After obtaining her high school diploma in Tallinn , she graduated in 1986 from the University of Tartu , where she earned a masters degree in law ( cum laude ) . She has also graduated from the Estonian School of Diplomacy and has acquired a masters degree in international law and diplomacy from Tufts Universitys Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy ( F95 ) on a Fulbright Scholarship in the United States . Career . Kaljurand formerly worked as the Undersecretary for Legal and Consular Affairs , Undersecretary for Political Affairs , Undersecretary for Foreign Economic Relations and Development Aid at the Foreign Affairs Ministry . Kaljurand was the Ambassador of Estonia to Israel in 2004–2006 , to the Russian Federation in 2005–2008 , to Kazakhstan in 2007–2011 , to Canada in 2011–2013 , and to the United States and Mexico in 2011–2014 . Minister of Foreign Affairs . In July 2015 , the Reform Party nominated Kaljurand as the new Minister of Foreign Affairs after Keit Pentus-Rosimannus had resigned . Her tenure began on 16 July 2015 . She has frequently emphasized the importance of an efficient Common Foreign and Security Policy ( CFSP ) as well as a European Security and Defence Policy ( ESDP ) . Relations with Russia . Incidents near border . One of the leading Estonian television broadcasts Pealtnägija reported that in 2015 alone , Russian military aircraft have flown with turned off transponders 266 times near Estonian borders . Marina Kaljurand then made a statement to the press saying Russia has given no explanations on these incidents . Each of the 266 incidents have caused NATO fighter jets to scramble from Ämari to intercept and identify the aircraft with switched off transponders . Kaljurand said this is a very serious problem and Estonia has repeatedly demanded answers from Russia . Every meeting I have had with the Russian ambassador we have talked about aircraft with switched off transponders being dangerous , they are a threat to all air traffic over the Baltic Sea , she said . Having their transponders switched off turns the aircraft invisible to most radars used by civil air traffic control . Kaljurand said the ambassador always replies that he will inform Moscow . He is yet to give a thorough , rational , logical answer , she added . Soviet reparations question . Justice Minister and former Defence Minister Urmas Reinsalu ( IRL ) signed a memorandum with the other two Baltic justice ministers on cooperation to submit reparation demands to Russia . Kaljurand then responded that «The foreign ministry and Estonian government are not intending to take actual practical steps regarding that.» Border treaty . As Foreign Minister , Kaljurand has continued the work of former ministers to sign a border treaty between Estonia and Russia . The governments bill includes two treaties and a separate agreement on the delimitation of maritime areas near Narva and the Gulf of Finland . The ratification of the bill , which would establish the state border between Estonia and Russia , requires a two-thirds majority in Parliament . Presidential election in 2016 . Ahead of the presidential election in 2016 , many polls indicated strong support for Kaljurand , even though she had not announced her candidacy . For example , according to a poll by TNS Emor in December 2015 , 20.3 percent of the respondents wanted to see her as president , with Edgar Savisaar ( 12.6 percent ) in second , followed by Siim Kallas ( 10.6 percent ) and Indrek Tarand ( 9.5 percent ) . Kaljurand was the most popular candidate among polled Estonians across all genders , ages , levels of education and income brackets , except for those making 300 or less euros per month . Eventually Kaljurand announced her interest in running , but as the Reform Party had multiple candidates to choose from , Kaljurand suggested that the party would support her in the electoral college while supporting former Prime Minister Siim Kallas in the election in parliament , in case the parliament was unable to make a decision . However , the Reform Party decided to support Kallas both in the parliament and in the electoral college . After the decision was made by the party , Kaljurand announced that she would step down from her position as Minister of Foreign Affairs and would run for presidency without the support of the Reform Party . Despite the Reform Party choosing to support former Prime Minister Siim Kallas , in a survey conducted by TNS Emor for daily Postimees at the beginning of September 2016 , 40% of Estonians said they wanted to see Marina Kaljurand become president , while only 18% supported the Reform Party’s official candidate , Siim Kallas . In the election , Kaljurand placed fourth with 75 votes and did not advance to the second round of voting . However , as the electoral college could not make a decision between Kallas and Allar Jõks , the election returned to the parliament for another round and the nomination procedure started over . After hearing the results , Kaljurand announced that she would not run again . After multiple unsuccessful rounds of voting , parliamentary groups decided to propose unaffiliated Kersti Kaljulaid to the position and she was elected unopposed on 30 September 2016 . After the election , Kaljurand returned to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as an adviser on cyber security-related matters . Member of European Parliament . In June 2018 , Kalurand announced that she had joined the Social Democratic Party and would take part in elections for Riigikogu and European Parliament in 2019 . Kaljurand was elected as a Member of the European Parliament in 2019 . She has since been serving on the Committee on Civil Liberties , Justice and Home Affairs . In addition to her committee assignments , she is part of the Parliament’s delegation to the EU-Armenia Parliamentary Partnership Committee , the EU-Azerbaijan Parliamentary Cooperation Committee and the EU-Georgia Parliamentary Association Committee as well as of the delegation to the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly . She is also a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights . Personal life . Kaljurand speaks three languages : Estonian , Russian and English . She is married with two children - daughter Kaisa ( born 1987 ) and son Kristjan ( born 1992 ) . Her hobbies are reading , taking long walks with her two dogs and badminton . She is a multiple Estonian national champion in badminton ( 1980-1991 ) . She is also a member of the Estonian Scottish Terrier Association . Topics of interest . Gender equality . Marina Kaljurand has been a vocal supporter of womens rights . At the Achieving Gender Equality conference in Tbilisi she said The political agreements and legal frameworks are in place – now the countries need to start implementing them more efficiently . Everyone benefits from a larger proportion of women in politics and the economy - equal participation will revitalize the economy and increase overall satisfaction . During her speech at the Sustainable Summit in New York City ( 2015 ) , Kaljurand pointed out her main concerns on gender equality . I would like to use my short minutes to touch upon one of the most important root causes of inequality related to gender aspects – lack of education and shortcomings in sexual and reproductive health and rights . It is a complex matter that cannot be fixed with one magic solution . The Beijing Platform of Action and related national and international norms will not fulfill their goals unless we stop the prevalence of stereotypical attitudes , social norms and practices that support and reproduce discrimination and violence against women . All people have the right to have control and decide freely and responsibly on matters related to their sexuality , free of coercion , discrimination and violence – as a matter of social justice . Sexual and reproductive rights are about bodily integrity , equality and freedom of choice . We cannot look away from the fact that these rights are violated every day , in all our countries . Cybersecurity . The e-GovernanceAcademy presented the National Cyber Security Index ( NCSI ) at the Tallinn e-Governance Conference on 31 May . According to Kaljurand , cyber security has become a security guarantee for countries in the 21st century . In the interests of international and national cyber security , we have to use every opportunity to increase the cyber security capacities of countries , said Kaljurand at the introduction of the index . It is in the interests of both governments and the public . The index is yet another contribution made by Estonia to increasing security in cyber space . In 2016 at the Conference on State Practice and the Future of International Law in Cyberspace Kaljurand talked about developing Estonian views on international law as it applies to State behavior in cyberspace . As a lawyer and as a diplomat I appreciate the interplay of law and politics in the international cyber security dialogue . I have personal experience of complicated diplomatic efforts to mitigate cyber-attacks against my country . It is essential to acknowledge that we perceive cyber threats and opportunities differently . Regardless of how clearly we can see and understand each other’s perspectives , it is essential that we remain mindful to each other’s views . This open and permissive attitude allows us to achieve stability and security , while taking full advantage of technological development and advances . In October 2016 , Kaljurand started working as an adviser on security-related questions at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Beginning on Oct . 24 , I will begin part-time work as an adviser on security-related questions at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , continued the former foreign minister . This means that I will remain a representative of Estonia in the UNs Group of Governmental Experts on Cybersecurity ; I have taken part in this work group since 2014 , irrespective of [ my ] positions . At the end of 2016 , Kaljurand was appointed chair of The Global Commission on the Stability of Cybersecurity , a commission which ran for three years , 2017-2019 . She stepped down as chair upon taking up her post in the European Parliament in 2019 , near the end of the Commissions tenure . Under her leadership , the Commission produced its landmark Norm to Protect the Public Core of the Internet , which built upon earlier work by the 2013 and 2015 United Nations Groups of Governmental Experts . Foreign Policy . What has been most important in Estonia is regaining its position globally , Kaljurand said , later calling Estonia the most integrated state in Northern Europe in terms of its involvement in international organizations . According to Kaljurand , this integration stems especially from Estonia’s membership in the European Union and NATO . Estonia is also becoming more involved on the global stage by running to become a nonpermanent member of the United Nations Security Council from 2020 to 2021 . She is also and avid supporter of NATO frequently pointing out the importance of it in her speeches . The political unity of our NATO allies and a common understanding of the risks and requirements the alliance faces has been and is very important for Estonia . We are pleased that in 2015 the security of Estonia was visibly strengthened with the support of our allies – they shared our assessment of threats and understood us . As is stated in the National Security Concept of Estonia , NATO , with its transatlantic nature and the principle of collective defence , serves as the cornerstone of European , and therefore also Estonian , national security and defence . With all due respect to those who claim that NATO is warmongering or provoking Russia with our exercises , this is the reality : NATO drills prepare for the defense of our territory , our allies and our people in case of attack . Russia’s drills are offensive , simulating the invasion of its neighbors , the destruction and seizure of critical military and economic infrastructure , and targeted nuclear strikes on NATO allies and partners . Integration . Coming from a bilingual upbringing Kaljurand has emphasized the importance of respecting the culture and language of the country you are living in . She has often spoken about the matter at Russian-Estonian schools . Professional involvement . - Chair of the Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace , March 2017- current - Member of the CSIS High-Level Advisory Council to the Lillan and Robert D . Stuart Jr Center in Euro-Atlantic and Northern European Studies , January 2017- current - Member of the Advisory Council of Global and International Studies at University of Salamanca , January 2017- current - Estonian Cyber Security Expert at the UN Group of Governmental Experts on Cyber Security , 2014-2015 , September 2016 – current - Chief Negotiator on Accession of Estonia to the OECD , 2008- 2011 - Member of the Governmental Delegation in accession negotiations to the European Union , Head of the Legal Working Group of the Accession Treaty , 2002-2004 - Member of the Governmental Delegation- negotiations on Land and Maritime Boundaries Agreements between Estonia and Russian Federation , 1995-2005 - Legal expert of the Governmental Delegation- Agreement on Troops Withdrawal between Estonia and Russian Federation , 1992-1994 - Founding member of the Estonian Branch of the International Law Association , since 1996 - Founding member of WIIS-EST – Estonian Branch of Women in International Security , since 2000 - Member of the Board of Trustees of Tallinn University , since 2010 Decorations . Decorated by the President of Estonia . - Order of the National Coat of Arms , III class ( 2008 ) - Order of White Star , III class ( 2004 ) Other . - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland ( 2016 ) - Estonian Association of Business and Professional Women Woman of the Year ( 2015 ) - Postimees Person of the Year ( 2007 ) |
[
""
] | easy | What was the position of Marina Kaljurand from Jul 2019 to Jul 2020? | /wiki/Marina_Kaljurand#P39#3 | Marina Kaljurand Marina Kaljurand ( née Rajevskaja ; born 6 September 1962 ) is an Estonian politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs in Taavi Rõivas second cabinet as an independent . Earlier , she served as the Ambassador of Estonia to the United States , Russia , Mexico , Canada , Kazakhstan , and Israel . Early life and education . Born in Tallinn , Kaljurand is of Latvian and Russian descent through her father and mother , respectively . After obtaining her high school diploma in Tallinn , she graduated in 1986 from the University of Tartu , where she earned a masters degree in law ( cum laude ) . She has also graduated from the Estonian School of Diplomacy and has acquired a masters degree in international law and diplomacy from Tufts Universitys Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy ( F95 ) on a Fulbright Scholarship in the United States . Career . Kaljurand formerly worked as the Undersecretary for Legal and Consular Affairs , Undersecretary for Political Affairs , Undersecretary for Foreign Economic Relations and Development Aid at the Foreign Affairs Ministry . Kaljurand was the Ambassador of Estonia to Israel in 2004–2006 , to the Russian Federation in 2005–2008 , to Kazakhstan in 2007–2011 , to Canada in 2011–2013 , and to the United States and Mexico in 2011–2014 . Minister of Foreign Affairs . In July 2015 , the Reform Party nominated Kaljurand as the new Minister of Foreign Affairs after Keit Pentus-Rosimannus had resigned . Her tenure began on 16 July 2015 . She has frequently emphasized the importance of an efficient Common Foreign and Security Policy ( CFSP ) as well as a European Security and Defence Policy ( ESDP ) . Relations with Russia . Incidents near border . One of the leading Estonian television broadcasts Pealtnägija reported that in 2015 alone , Russian military aircraft have flown with turned off transponders 266 times near Estonian borders . Marina Kaljurand then made a statement to the press saying Russia has given no explanations on these incidents . Each of the 266 incidents have caused NATO fighter jets to scramble from Ämari to intercept and identify the aircraft with switched off transponders . Kaljurand said this is a very serious problem and Estonia has repeatedly demanded answers from Russia . Every meeting I have had with the Russian ambassador we have talked about aircraft with switched off transponders being dangerous , they are a threat to all air traffic over the Baltic Sea , she said . Having their transponders switched off turns the aircraft invisible to most radars used by civil air traffic control . Kaljurand said the ambassador always replies that he will inform Moscow . He is yet to give a thorough , rational , logical answer , she added . Soviet reparations question . Justice Minister and former Defence Minister Urmas Reinsalu ( IRL ) signed a memorandum with the other two Baltic justice ministers on cooperation to submit reparation demands to Russia . Kaljurand then responded that «The foreign ministry and Estonian government are not intending to take actual practical steps regarding that.» Border treaty . As Foreign Minister , Kaljurand has continued the work of former ministers to sign a border treaty between Estonia and Russia . The governments bill includes two treaties and a separate agreement on the delimitation of maritime areas near Narva and the Gulf of Finland . The ratification of the bill , which would establish the state border between Estonia and Russia , requires a two-thirds majority in Parliament . Presidential election in 2016 . Ahead of the presidential election in 2016 , many polls indicated strong support for Kaljurand , even though she had not announced her candidacy . For example , according to a poll by TNS Emor in December 2015 , 20.3 percent of the respondents wanted to see her as president , with Edgar Savisaar ( 12.6 percent ) in second , followed by Siim Kallas ( 10.6 percent ) and Indrek Tarand ( 9.5 percent ) . Kaljurand was the most popular candidate among polled Estonians across all genders , ages , levels of education and income brackets , except for those making 300 or less euros per month . Eventually Kaljurand announced her interest in running , but as the Reform Party had multiple candidates to choose from , Kaljurand suggested that the party would support her in the electoral college while supporting former Prime Minister Siim Kallas in the election in parliament , in case the parliament was unable to make a decision . However , the Reform Party decided to support Kallas both in the parliament and in the electoral college . After the decision was made by the party , Kaljurand announced that she would step down from her position as Minister of Foreign Affairs and would run for presidency without the support of the Reform Party . Despite the Reform Party choosing to support former Prime Minister Siim Kallas , in a survey conducted by TNS Emor for daily Postimees at the beginning of September 2016 , 40% of Estonians said they wanted to see Marina Kaljurand become president , while only 18% supported the Reform Party’s official candidate , Siim Kallas . In the election , Kaljurand placed fourth with 75 votes and did not advance to the second round of voting . However , as the electoral college could not make a decision between Kallas and Allar Jõks , the election returned to the parliament for another round and the nomination procedure started over . After hearing the results , Kaljurand announced that she would not run again . After multiple unsuccessful rounds of voting , parliamentary groups decided to propose unaffiliated Kersti Kaljulaid to the position and she was elected unopposed on 30 September 2016 . After the election , Kaljurand returned to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as an adviser on cyber security-related matters . Member of European Parliament . In June 2018 , Kalurand announced that she had joined the Social Democratic Party and would take part in elections for Riigikogu and European Parliament in 2019 . Kaljurand was elected as a Member of the European Parliament in 2019 . She has since been serving on the Committee on Civil Liberties , Justice and Home Affairs . In addition to her committee assignments , she is part of the Parliament’s delegation to the EU-Armenia Parliamentary Partnership Committee , the EU-Azerbaijan Parliamentary Cooperation Committee and the EU-Georgia Parliamentary Association Committee as well as of the delegation to the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly . She is also a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights . Personal life . Kaljurand speaks three languages : Estonian , Russian and English . She is married with two children - daughter Kaisa ( born 1987 ) and son Kristjan ( born 1992 ) . Her hobbies are reading , taking long walks with her two dogs and badminton . She is a multiple Estonian national champion in badminton ( 1980-1991 ) . She is also a member of the Estonian Scottish Terrier Association . Topics of interest . Gender equality . Marina Kaljurand has been a vocal supporter of womens rights . At the Achieving Gender Equality conference in Tbilisi she said The political agreements and legal frameworks are in place – now the countries need to start implementing them more efficiently . Everyone benefits from a larger proportion of women in politics and the economy - equal participation will revitalize the economy and increase overall satisfaction . During her speech at the Sustainable Summit in New York City ( 2015 ) , Kaljurand pointed out her main concerns on gender equality . I would like to use my short minutes to touch upon one of the most important root causes of inequality related to gender aspects – lack of education and shortcomings in sexual and reproductive health and rights . It is a complex matter that cannot be fixed with one magic solution . The Beijing Platform of Action and related national and international norms will not fulfill their goals unless we stop the prevalence of stereotypical attitudes , social norms and practices that support and reproduce discrimination and violence against women . All people have the right to have control and decide freely and responsibly on matters related to their sexuality , free of coercion , discrimination and violence – as a matter of social justice . Sexual and reproductive rights are about bodily integrity , equality and freedom of choice . We cannot look away from the fact that these rights are violated every day , in all our countries . Cybersecurity . The e-GovernanceAcademy presented the National Cyber Security Index ( NCSI ) at the Tallinn e-Governance Conference on 31 May . According to Kaljurand , cyber security has become a security guarantee for countries in the 21st century . In the interests of international and national cyber security , we have to use every opportunity to increase the cyber security capacities of countries , said Kaljurand at the introduction of the index . It is in the interests of both governments and the public . The index is yet another contribution made by Estonia to increasing security in cyber space . In 2016 at the Conference on State Practice and the Future of International Law in Cyberspace Kaljurand talked about developing Estonian views on international law as it applies to State behavior in cyberspace . As a lawyer and as a diplomat I appreciate the interplay of law and politics in the international cyber security dialogue . I have personal experience of complicated diplomatic efforts to mitigate cyber-attacks against my country . It is essential to acknowledge that we perceive cyber threats and opportunities differently . Regardless of how clearly we can see and understand each other’s perspectives , it is essential that we remain mindful to each other’s views . This open and permissive attitude allows us to achieve stability and security , while taking full advantage of technological development and advances . In October 2016 , Kaljurand started working as an adviser on security-related questions at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Beginning on Oct . 24 , I will begin part-time work as an adviser on security-related questions at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , continued the former foreign minister . This means that I will remain a representative of Estonia in the UNs Group of Governmental Experts on Cybersecurity ; I have taken part in this work group since 2014 , irrespective of [ my ] positions . At the end of 2016 , Kaljurand was appointed chair of The Global Commission on the Stability of Cybersecurity , a commission which ran for three years , 2017-2019 . She stepped down as chair upon taking up her post in the European Parliament in 2019 , near the end of the Commissions tenure . Under her leadership , the Commission produced its landmark Norm to Protect the Public Core of the Internet , which built upon earlier work by the 2013 and 2015 United Nations Groups of Governmental Experts . Foreign Policy . What has been most important in Estonia is regaining its position globally , Kaljurand said , later calling Estonia the most integrated state in Northern Europe in terms of its involvement in international organizations . According to Kaljurand , this integration stems especially from Estonia’s membership in the European Union and NATO . Estonia is also becoming more involved on the global stage by running to become a nonpermanent member of the United Nations Security Council from 2020 to 2021 . She is also and avid supporter of NATO frequently pointing out the importance of it in her speeches . The political unity of our NATO allies and a common understanding of the risks and requirements the alliance faces has been and is very important for Estonia . We are pleased that in 2015 the security of Estonia was visibly strengthened with the support of our allies – they shared our assessment of threats and understood us . As is stated in the National Security Concept of Estonia , NATO , with its transatlantic nature and the principle of collective defence , serves as the cornerstone of European , and therefore also Estonian , national security and defence . With all due respect to those who claim that NATO is warmongering or provoking Russia with our exercises , this is the reality : NATO drills prepare for the defense of our territory , our allies and our people in case of attack . Russia’s drills are offensive , simulating the invasion of its neighbors , the destruction and seizure of critical military and economic infrastructure , and targeted nuclear strikes on NATO allies and partners . Integration . Coming from a bilingual upbringing Kaljurand has emphasized the importance of respecting the culture and language of the country you are living in . She has often spoken about the matter at Russian-Estonian schools . Professional involvement . - Chair of the Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace , March 2017- current - Member of the CSIS High-Level Advisory Council to the Lillan and Robert D . Stuart Jr Center in Euro-Atlantic and Northern European Studies , January 2017- current - Member of the Advisory Council of Global and International Studies at University of Salamanca , January 2017- current - Estonian Cyber Security Expert at the UN Group of Governmental Experts on Cyber Security , 2014-2015 , September 2016 – current - Chief Negotiator on Accession of Estonia to the OECD , 2008- 2011 - Member of the Governmental Delegation in accession negotiations to the European Union , Head of the Legal Working Group of the Accession Treaty , 2002-2004 - Member of the Governmental Delegation- negotiations on Land and Maritime Boundaries Agreements between Estonia and Russian Federation , 1995-2005 - Legal expert of the Governmental Delegation- Agreement on Troops Withdrawal between Estonia and Russian Federation , 1992-1994 - Founding member of the Estonian Branch of the International Law Association , since 1996 - Founding member of WIIS-EST – Estonian Branch of Women in International Security , since 2000 - Member of the Board of Trustees of Tallinn University , since 2010 Decorations . Decorated by the President of Estonia . - Order of the National Coat of Arms , III class ( 2008 ) - Order of White Star , III class ( 2004 ) Other . - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland ( 2016 ) - Estonian Association of Business and Professional Women Woman of the Year ( 2015 ) - Postimees Person of the Year ( 2007 ) |
[
"Maryland SoccerPlex"
] | easy | What was the home venue of Washington Spirit from 2012 to Aug 2018? | /wiki/Washington_Spirit#P115#0 | Washington Spirit The Washington Spirit is an American professional soccer club based in the Washington , D.C . metropolitan area that participates in the National Womens Soccer League ( NWSL ) . It is a continuation of the D.C . United Women of the W-League and continues to field both an amateur WPSL team and a youth team , both under the Spirit name . The Spirit is coached by Richie Burke . History . Establishment . The foundation of the National Womens Soccer League was announced on November 21 , 2012 , with Washington selected as a host for one of the eight teams selected for the inaugural season . In December 2012 , the teams name was announced as the Washington Spirit . D.C . United Women head coach Mike Jorden was kept on as well as assistant coach Cindi Harkes . Harkes is married to the former U.S . international and D.C . United star John Harkes . Bill Lynch , the original Washington Spirits owner when the National Womens Soccer League launched in 2013 , sold the majority of the team to tech executive Steve Baldwin in late 2018 . Several other minority investors have since been added to the ownership group—Jenna Bush Hager and Chelsea Clinton , daughters of U.S . presidents ; Olympic gold medal-winning gymnast Dominique Dawes ; and most recently ( May 2021 ) Washington Capitals star Alexander Ovechkin . Inaugural season . On January 11 , 2013 as part of the NWSL Player Allocation , goalkeeper Ashlyn Harris ( USA ) , defender Ali Krieger ( USA ) , midfielder Lori Lindsey ( USA ) , defender Robyn Gayle ( CAN ) , midfielder Diana Matheson ( CAN ) , defender Alina Garciamendez ( MEX ) and midfielder Teresa Worbis ( MEX ) were named to the team . During the February 7 , 2013 NWSL Supplemental Draft , the team selected Stephanie Ochs , Tori Huster , Jordan Angeli , Natasha Kai , Megan Mischler and Heather Cooke . The Spirit played their first competitive match on April 14 , 2013 , drawing Boston Breakers 1–1 with Tiffany McCarty scoring the teams first goal assisted by Stephanie Ochs . The inaugural season saw the Spirit stumble out of the gate under Mike Jorden , who was fired after the first eleven games having won only once in that time . Jorden was replaced by Mark Parsons , who finished the season in 8th ( last ) place registering only 2 more wins over the season . 2014–2016 successes . After a poor inaugural season , the Spirit would much improve in the 2014 making some key acquisitions including Jodie Taylor and Christine Nairn , both who would finish as the teams tops scorers with 11 and 8 goals , respectively . Finishing 4th , the Spirit made their first NWSL Playoff appearance . They would lose at Seattle Reign . The Spirit finished the 2015 season with a record of 8–6–6 and repeating their 4th place league position . The playoff result , again , ended in an away loss to Seattle in the semifinals . The season would be the breakout year for Crystal Dunn who was awarded the 2015 NWSL Golden Boot Award , scoring 15 goals during the campaign . At the conclusion of the season , Mark Parsons stepped down as head coach and general manager to take over as coach of the Portland Thorns FC . Building off the successes of the 2014 and 2015 seasons , the Spirit hired former Sky Blue FC manager , Jim Gabarra ahead of the 2016 season . The Spirit had their most successful season to date in 2016 , being league leaders in the standings throughout most of the season . Only in the final week would the Spirits loss finalize them as league runners-up . Earning their first post-season victory against Chicago Red Stars , the Spirit would lose the 2016 NWSL Final in penalties to Western New York Flash . 2017–present . In the aftermath of finishing 2016 runners-up , the Spirit saw a series of key departures including captain Ali Krieger ( traded to Orlando Pride ) , Christine Nairn and Diana Matheson ( both traded to Seattle Reign ) , and Crystal Dunn leaving for Chelsea , while retaining her contracting rights . Unable to adequately replace these players , the Spirit struggled to compete throughout the 2017 season ultimately finishing last ( 10th ) for the first time since the inaugural season . However , building for the future , Gabarra was able to recruit U.S . national team prospect , Mallory Pugh mid-season . Pugh would go on to lead the team in scoring , registering 6 goals in 16 games . The 2018 season continued the Spirits pursuit of young talent , but also continued the struggle for results . On August 21 , after eight straight losses and being eliminated from playoff contention , the Spirit fired head coach , Jim Gabarra , and appointed assistant coach , Tom Torres as interim head coach . Torres lead the Spirit through the final three matches of the season at home , including the Spirits debut at newly opened Audi Field against Portland Thorns on August 25 . The match set a new club record for home attendance with 7,976 fans . The season ended with the Spirit finishing in 8th place , just ahead of Sky Blue FC . During the offseason , the Spirit appointed Richie Burke as the new head coach while retaining Tom Torres on the technical staff . The announcement also noted local tech executive Steve Baldwin had become the Spirits new majority owner . The 2019 Washington Spirit season marked several changes for the Spirit organization . Owner Steve Baldwin outlined several improvements including an upgraded player experience , theme nights for fans , a gear store in the stadium , and a mascot . The 2019 season also featured major changes on the field ; fifteen new players were added to the Spirit roster including Australian national team members Chloe Logarzo and Amy Harrison . The Spirit surpassed their point total from the previous season on May 18 after the 5th game of the season against Portland Thorns FC . They would go on to surpass their past seasons point total the next week against the Chicago Red Stars . They ultimately finished 5th in the 2019 NWSL standings . Colors and badge . In January 2013 , the team unveiled its new colors and badge . The badge was designed to resemble a torch reflecting the notion of Burning with Spirit . It also contains a crown that holds 11 stars to represent the 11 players on the field and a ball with a single star to represent the 12th player ( the teams fans ) placed where the fuel for the torch would be representing how the fans fuel the spirit . All of the components of the badge are wrapped in the Banner of Spirit for a patriotic theme honoring our flag and all of those who have given their lives and sacrificed much so we can enjoy the freedoms we have . The logo was designed by freelance designer Pete Schwadel and incorporates the team colors of navy , red , and white , further reinforcing the patriotic theme woven throughout the teams imagery . It also features both Washington and DC to represent the teams connection with the District and the greater Washington metropolitan area . Stadium . The Maryland SoccerPlex , located in Germantown , Maryland , was home to the Washington Spirit beginning with the inaugural 2013 season . The facility was also home to the Washington Spirit Reserves in the WPSL . Starting during the 2018 season , the Spirit began coordinating with D.C . United to play home matches at Audi Field in Buzzard Point in Washington D.C . The Spirit played their first match on August 25 that season , hosting the Portland Thorns FC . The match registered the teams highest attended game and was viewed as a means to generate more interest in the team . During the 2019 season , the team announced it would host two home matches at Audi Field . On November 12 , 2019 , the team announced that in the 2020 season , the Spirit reached an agreement with D.C . United that will split the teams home games between three stadiums , the Maryland SoccerPlex , Audi Field and Segra Field in Leesburg , Virginia for four games each . Due to COVID restrictions , the Spirit played two home matches at Segra Field in 2020 . Starting in 2021 , the Spirit will play all its home regular-season games at Audi Field and Segra Field , although the club still planned to hold at least one preseason game a year at the SoccerPlex after 2020 . In addition , the team has relocated its training facilities to Segra Field and will occupy the new D.C . United training center in Leesburg once the facility is completed in the summer of 2021 . Supporters . The Spirit Squadron is the name of the supporters group for the Spirit . The group was started by friends Ashley Nichols , Megan Wesson and Tory Johnson . Of the groups founding , Nichols said , .. . with a new league we needed to show the team as much support as possible because we really want a womens pro league to stay here in the United States . So between that and wanting to also provide a fun experience for fans , we decided to create the Spirit Squadron . In February 2021 , The Washington Post reported that Chelsea Clinton , Jenna Bush Hager , Dominique Dawes and Brianna Scurry were part of an investment group investing in the team . Broadcasting . At the beginning of the 2019 season the Spirit announced a broadcast partnership with NBC Sports Washington and Monumental Sports Network . As of April 2017 , Washington Spirit games are streamed exclusively by Go90 for American audiences and via the NWSL website for international viewers . For the 2017 season , the Spirit will be featured in three nationally televised Lifetime NWSL Game of the Week broadcasts on April 22 , June 17 , and August 19 , 2017 . In 2016 , the Spirits NWSL Playoff game against the Chicago Red Stars was broadcast on Fox Sports 1 and was available for streaming on the companys online streaming platform , Fox Sports Go . |
[
"Audi Field"
] | easy | What was the home venue of Washington Spirit from Aug 2018 to 2020? | /wiki/Washington_Spirit#P115#1 | Washington Spirit The Washington Spirit is an American professional soccer club based in the Washington , D.C . metropolitan area that participates in the National Womens Soccer League ( NWSL ) . It is a continuation of the D.C . United Women of the W-League and continues to field both an amateur WPSL team and a youth team , both under the Spirit name . The Spirit is coached by Richie Burke . History . Establishment . The foundation of the National Womens Soccer League was announced on November 21 , 2012 , with Washington selected as a host for one of the eight teams selected for the inaugural season . In December 2012 , the teams name was announced as the Washington Spirit . D.C . United Women head coach Mike Jorden was kept on as well as assistant coach Cindi Harkes . Harkes is married to the former U.S . international and D.C . United star John Harkes . Bill Lynch , the original Washington Spirits owner when the National Womens Soccer League launched in 2013 , sold the majority of the team to tech executive Steve Baldwin in late 2018 . Several other minority investors have since been added to the ownership group—Jenna Bush Hager and Chelsea Clinton , daughters of U.S . presidents ; Olympic gold medal-winning gymnast Dominique Dawes ; and most recently ( May 2021 ) Washington Capitals star Alexander Ovechkin . Inaugural season . On January 11 , 2013 as part of the NWSL Player Allocation , goalkeeper Ashlyn Harris ( USA ) , defender Ali Krieger ( USA ) , midfielder Lori Lindsey ( USA ) , defender Robyn Gayle ( CAN ) , midfielder Diana Matheson ( CAN ) , defender Alina Garciamendez ( MEX ) and midfielder Teresa Worbis ( MEX ) were named to the team . During the February 7 , 2013 NWSL Supplemental Draft , the team selected Stephanie Ochs , Tori Huster , Jordan Angeli , Natasha Kai , Megan Mischler and Heather Cooke . The Spirit played their first competitive match on April 14 , 2013 , drawing Boston Breakers 1–1 with Tiffany McCarty scoring the teams first goal assisted by Stephanie Ochs . The inaugural season saw the Spirit stumble out of the gate under Mike Jorden , who was fired after the first eleven games having won only once in that time . Jorden was replaced by Mark Parsons , who finished the season in 8th ( last ) place registering only 2 more wins over the season . 2014–2016 successes . After a poor inaugural season , the Spirit would much improve in the 2014 making some key acquisitions including Jodie Taylor and Christine Nairn , both who would finish as the teams tops scorers with 11 and 8 goals , respectively . Finishing 4th , the Spirit made their first NWSL Playoff appearance . They would lose at Seattle Reign . The Spirit finished the 2015 season with a record of 8–6–6 and repeating their 4th place league position . The playoff result , again , ended in an away loss to Seattle in the semifinals . The season would be the breakout year for Crystal Dunn who was awarded the 2015 NWSL Golden Boot Award , scoring 15 goals during the campaign . At the conclusion of the season , Mark Parsons stepped down as head coach and general manager to take over as coach of the Portland Thorns FC . Building off the successes of the 2014 and 2015 seasons , the Spirit hired former Sky Blue FC manager , Jim Gabarra ahead of the 2016 season . The Spirit had their most successful season to date in 2016 , being league leaders in the standings throughout most of the season . Only in the final week would the Spirits loss finalize them as league runners-up . Earning their first post-season victory against Chicago Red Stars , the Spirit would lose the 2016 NWSL Final in penalties to Western New York Flash . 2017–present . In the aftermath of finishing 2016 runners-up , the Spirit saw a series of key departures including captain Ali Krieger ( traded to Orlando Pride ) , Christine Nairn and Diana Matheson ( both traded to Seattle Reign ) , and Crystal Dunn leaving for Chelsea , while retaining her contracting rights . Unable to adequately replace these players , the Spirit struggled to compete throughout the 2017 season ultimately finishing last ( 10th ) for the first time since the inaugural season . However , building for the future , Gabarra was able to recruit U.S . national team prospect , Mallory Pugh mid-season . Pugh would go on to lead the team in scoring , registering 6 goals in 16 games . The 2018 season continued the Spirits pursuit of young talent , but also continued the struggle for results . On August 21 , after eight straight losses and being eliminated from playoff contention , the Spirit fired head coach , Jim Gabarra , and appointed assistant coach , Tom Torres as interim head coach . Torres lead the Spirit through the final three matches of the season at home , including the Spirits debut at newly opened Audi Field against Portland Thorns on August 25 . The match set a new club record for home attendance with 7,976 fans . The season ended with the Spirit finishing in 8th place , just ahead of Sky Blue FC . During the offseason , the Spirit appointed Richie Burke as the new head coach while retaining Tom Torres on the technical staff . The announcement also noted local tech executive Steve Baldwin had become the Spirits new majority owner . The 2019 Washington Spirit season marked several changes for the Spirit organization . Owner Steve Baldwin outlined several improvements including an upgraded player experience , theme nights for fans , a gear store in the stadium , and a mascot . The 2019 season also featured major changes on the field ; fifteen new players were added to the Spirit roster including Australian national team members Chloe Logarzo and Amy Harrison . The Spirit surpassed their point total from the previous season on May 18 after the 5th game of the season against Portland Thorns FC . They would go on to surpass their past seasons point total the next week against the Chicago Red Stars . They ultimately finished 5th in the 2019 NWSL standings . Colors and badge . In January 2013 , the team unveiled its new colors and badge . The badge was designed to resemble a torch reflecting the notion of Burning with Spirit . It also contains a crown that holds 11 stars to represent the 11 players on the field and a ball with a single star to represent the 12th player ( the teams fans ) placed where the fuel for the torch would be representing how the fans fuel the spirit . All of the components of the badge are wrapped in the Banner of Spirit for a patriotic theme honoring our flag and all of those who have given their lives and sacrificed much so we can enjoy the freedoms we have . The logo was designed by freelance designer Pete Schwadel and incorporates the team colors of navy , red , and white , further reinforcing the patriotic theme woven throughout the teams imagery . It also features both Washington and DC to represent the teams connection with the District and the greater Washington metropolitan area . Stadium . The Maryland SoccerPlex , located in Germantown , Maryland , was home to the Washington Spirit beginning with the inaugural 2013 season . The facility was also home to the Washington Spirit Reserves in the WPSL . Starting during the 2018 season , the Spirit began coordinating with D.C . United to play home matches at Audi Field in Buzzard Point in Washington D.C . The Spirit played their first match on August 25 that season , hosting the Portland Thorns FC . The match registered the teams highest attended game and was viewed as a means to generate more interest in the team . During the 2019 season , the team announced it would host two home matches at Audi Field . On November 12 , 2019 , the team announced that in the 2020 season , the Spirit reached an agreement with D.C . United that will split the teams home games between three stadiums , the Maryland SoccerPlex , Audi Field and Segra Field in Leesburg , Virginia for four games each . Due to COVID restrictions , the Spirit played two home matches at Segra Field in 2020 . Starting in 2021 , the Spirit will play all its home regular-season games at Audi Field and Segra Field , although the club still planned to hold at least one preseason game a year at the SoccerPlex after 2020 . In addition , the team has relocated its training facilities to Segra Field and will occupy the new D.C . United training center in Leesburg once the facility is completed in the summer of 2021 . Supporters . The Spirit Squadron is the name of the supporters group for the Spirit . The group was started by friends Ashley Nichols , Megan Wesson and Tory Johnson . Of the groups founding , Nichols said , .. . with a new league we needed to show the team as much support as possible because we really want a womens pro league to stay here in the United States . So between that and wanting to also provide a fun experience for fans , we decided to create the Spirit Squadron . In February 2021 , The Washington Post reported that Chelsea Clinton , Jenna Bush Hager , Dominique Dawes and Brianna Scurry were part of an investment group investing in the team . Broadcasting . At the beginning of the 2019 season the Spirit announced a broadcast partnership with NBC Sports Washington and Monumental Sports Network . As of April 2017 , Washington Spirit games are streamed exclusively by Go90 for American audiences and via the NWSL website for international viewers . For the 2017 season , the Spirit will be featured in three nationally televised Lifetime NWSL Game of the Week broadcasts on April 22 , June 17 , and August 19 , 2017 . In 2016 , the Spirits NWSL Playoff game against the Chicago Red Stars was broadcast on Fox Sports 1 and was available for streaming on the companys online streaming platform , Fox Sports Go . |
[
"Segra Field"
] | easy | What was the home venue of Washington Spirit from 2020 to 2021? | /wiki/Washington_Spirit#P115#2 | Washington Spirit The Washington Spirit is an American professional soccer club based in the Washington , D.C . metropolitan area that participates in the National Womens Soccer League ( NWSL ) . It is a continuation of the D.C . United Women of the W-League and continues to field both an amateur WPSL team and a youth team , both under the Spirit name . The Spirit is coached by Richie Burke . History . Establishment . The foundation of the National Womens Soccer League was announced on November 21 , 2012 , with Washington selected as a host for one of the eight teams selected for the inaugural season . In December 2012 , the teams name was announced as the Washington Spirit . D.C . United Women head coach Mike Jorden was kept on as well as assistant coach Cindi Harkes . Harkes is married to the former U.S . international and D.C . United star John Harkes . Bill Lynch , the original Washington Spirits owner when the National Womens Soccer League launched in 2013 , sold the majority of the team to tech executive Steve Baldwin in late 2018 . Several other minority investors have since been added to the ownership group—Jenna Bush Hager and Chelsea Clinton , daughters of U.S . presidents ; Olympic gold medal-winning gymnast Dominique Dawes ; and most recently ( May 2021 ) Washington Capitals star Alexander Ovechkin . Inaugural season . On January 11 , 2013 as part of the NWSL Player Allocation , goalkeeper Ashlyn Harris ( USA ) , defender Ali Krieger ( USA ) , midfielder Lori Lindsey ( USA ) , defender Robyn Gayle ( CAN ) , midfielder Diana Matheson ( CAN ) , defender Alina Garciamendez ( MEX ) and midfielder Teresa Worbis ( MEX ) were named to the team . During the February 7 , 2013 NWSL Supplemental Draft , the team selected Stephanie Ochs , Tori Huster , Jordan Angeli , Natasha Kai , Megan Mischler and Heather Cooke . The Spirit played their first competitive match on April 14 , 2013 , drawing Boston Breakers 1–1 with Tiffany McCarty scoring the teams first goal assisted by Stephanie Ochs . The inaugural season saw the Spirit stumble out of the gate under Mike Jorden , who was fired after the first eleven games having won only once in that time . Jorden was replaced by Mark Parsons , who finished the season in 8th ( last ) place registering only 2 more wins over the season . 2014–2016 successes . After a poor inaugural season , the Spirit would much improve in the 2014 making some key acquisitions including Jodie Taylor and Christine Nairn , both who would finish as the teams tops scorers with 11 and 8 goals , respectively . Finishing 4th , the Spirit made their first NWSL Playoff appearance . They would lose at Seattle Reign . The Spirit finished the 2015 season with a record of 8–6–6 and repeating their 4th place league position . The playoff result , again , ended in an away loss to Seattle in the semifinals . The season would be the breakout year for Crystal Dunn who was awarded the 2015 NWSL Golden Boot Award , scoring 15 goals during the campaign . At the conclusion of the season , Mark Parsons stepped down as head coach and general manager to take over as coach of the Portland Thorns FC . Building off the successes of the 2014 and 2015 seasons , the Spirit hired former Sky Blue FC manager , Jim Gabarra ahead of the 2016 season . The Spirit had their most successful season to date in 2016 , being league leaders in the standings throughout most of the season . Only in the final week would the Spirits loss finalize them as league runners-up . Earning their first post-season victory against Chicago Red Stars , the Spirit would lose the 2016 NWSL Final in penalties to Western New York Flash . 2017–present . In the aftermath of finishing 2016 runners-up , the Spirit saw a series of key departures including captain Ali Krieger ( traded to Orlando Pride ) , Christine Nairn and Diana Matheson ( both traded to Seattle Reign ) , and Crystal Dunn leaving for Chelsea , while retaining her contracting rights . Unable to adequately replace these players , the Spirit struggled to compete throughout the 2017 season ultimately finishing last ( 10th ) for the first time since the inaugural season . However , building for the future , Gabarra was able to recruit U.S . national team prospect , Mallory Pugh mid-season . Pugh would go on to lead the team in scoring , registering 6 goals in 16 games . The 2018 season continued the Spirits pursuit of young talent , but also continued the struggle for results . On August 21 , after eight straight losses and being eliminated from playoff contention , the Spirit fired head coach , Jim Gabarra , and appointed assistant coach , Tom Torres as interim head coach . Torres lead the Spirit through the final three matches of the season at home , including the Spirits debut at newly opened Audi Field against Portland Thorns on August 25 . The match set a new club record for home attendance with 7,976 fans . The season ended with the Spirit finishing in 8th place , just ahead of Sky Blue FC . During the offseason , the Spirit appointed Richie Burke as the new head coach while retaining Tom Torres on the technical staff . The announcement also noted local tech executive Steve Baldwin had become the Spirits new majority owner . The 2019 Washington Spirit season marked several changes for the Spirit organization . Owner Steve Baldwin outlined several improvements including an upgraded player experience , theme nights for fans , a gear store in the stadium , and a mascot . The 2019 season also featured major changes on the field ; fifteen new players were added to the Spirit roster including Australian national team members Chloe Logarzo and Amy Harrison . The Spirit surpassed their point total from the previous season on May 18 after the 5th game of the season against Portland Thorns FC . They would go on to surpass their past seasons point total the next week against the Chicago Red Stars . They ultimately finished 5th in the 2019 NWSL standings . Colors and badge . In January 2013 , the team unveiled its new colors and badge . The badge was designed to resemble a torch reflecting the notion of Burning with Spirit . It also contains a crown that holds 11 stars to represent the 11 players on the field and a ball with a single star to represent the 12th player ( the teams fans ) placed where the fuel for the torch would be representing how the fans fuel the spirit . All of the components of the badge are wrapped in the Banner of Spirit for a patriotic theme honoring our flag and all of those who have given their lives and sacrificed much so we can enjoy the freedoms we have . The logo was designed by freelance designer Pete Schwadel and incorporates the team colors of navy , red , and white , further reinforcing the patriotic theme woven throughout the teams imagery . It also features both Washington and DC to represent the teams connection with the District and the greater Washington metropolitan area . Stadium . The Maryland SoccerPlex , located in Germantown , Maryland , was home to the Washington Spirit beginning with the inaugural 2013 season . The facility was also home to the Washington Spirit Reserves in the WPSL . Starting during the 2018 season , the Spirit began coordinating with D.C . United to play home matches at Audi Field in Buzzard Point in Washington D.C . The Spirit played their first match on August 25 that season , hosting the Portland Thorns FC . The match registered the teams highest attended game and was viewed as a means to generate more interest in the team . During the 2019 season , the team announced it would host two home matches at Audi Field . On November 12 , 2019 , the team announced that in the 2020 season , the Spirit reached an agreement with D.C . United that will split the teams home games between three stadiums , the Maryland SoccerPlex , Audi Field and Segra Field in Leesburg , Virginia for four games each . Due to COVID restrictions , the Spirit played two home matches at Segra Field in 2020 . Starting in 2021 , the Spirit will play all its home regular-season games at Audi Field and Segra Field , although the club still planned to hold at least one preseason game a year at the SoccerPlex after 2020 . In addition , the team has relocated its training facilities to Segra Field and will occupy the new D.C . United training center in Leesburg once the facility is completed in the summer of 2021 . Supporters . The Spirit Squadron is the name of the supporters group for the Spirit . The group was started by friends Ashley Nichols , Megan Wesson and Tory Johnson . Of the groups founding , Nichols said , .. . with a new league we needed to show the team as much support as possible because we really want a womens pro league to stay here in the United States . So between that and wanting to also provide a fun experience for fans , we decided to create the Spirit Squadron . In February 2021 , The Washington Post reported that Chelsea Clinton , Jenna Bush Hager , Dominique Dawes and Brianna Scurry were part of an investment group investing in the team . Broadcasting . At the beginning of the 2019 season the Spirit announced a broadcast partnership with NBC Sports Washington and Monumental Sports Network . As of April 2017 , Washington Spirit games are streamed exclusively by Go90 for American audiences and via the NWSL website for international viewers . For the 2017 season , the Spirit will be featured in three nationally televised Lifetime NWSL Game of the Week broadcasts on April 22 , June 17 , and August 19 , 2017 . In 2016 , the Spirits NWSL Playoff game against the Chicago Red Stars was broadcast on Fox Sports 1 and was available for streaming on the companys online streaming platform , Fox Sports Go . |
[
"Celtic"
] | easy | Which team did the player Stephen Crainey belong to from 1997 to 2004? | /wiki/Stephen_Crainey#P54#0 | Stephen Crainey Stephen Daniel Crainey ( born 22 June 1981 ) is a Scottish former professional footballer . A left back , he made 319 appearances in the Premier League and Football League , including 214 for Blackpool . In his 18-year-long playing career , Crainey has also previously played for Celtic , Southampton , Leeds United , and Wigan Athletic and Fleetwood Town . He joined AFC Fylde in December 2015 for a brief spell . He is currently Fleetwood Town U16 Academy Coach . He also played for the Scottish national team on 12 occasions . Club career . Early career . Born in Glasgow , Crainey started his professional career with Celtic in 1997 . He made a total of 58 appearances for the Hoops . He scored one goal when Celtic beat Hearts 5–2 in the quarter-final of the 2000–01 Scottish League Cup . On 18 March 2001 he helped Celtic win the League Cup at Hampden Park when they beat Kilmarnock 3–0 in the Final . He then made 15 appearances as Celtic won the 2001–02 Scottish Premier League championship . Crainey started the 2003–04 season with Celtic , but on 6 February 2004 he moved to England when he signed for Premier League side Southampton . He made his debut four days later as the Saints lost 2–0 away to Arsenal . However , he was to make a total of just five Premier League appearances for Southampton . Leeds United . On 6 August 2004 , he joined Football League Championship side Leeds United , initially on loan before the move was made permanent four days later for a fee of £200,000 . This was Leeds Uniteds first cash signing since relegation from the Premier League in May 2004 . He made his debut on 14 August in a 0–0 draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux . He made a total of 11 appearances in the 2004–05 season . The following season he played a total of 30 games as Leeds United reached the Play-offs . However , Crainey was sent off in the 68th minute in the second leg of the semi-final , as the Whites beat Preston North End to reach the final , which they then lost 3–0 to Watford . Crainey was a regular at the start of the 2006–07 campaign under former manager Kevin Blackwell , but played less following Blackwells departure on 20 September 2006 . Crainey featured in the heavy defeats that quickly ended John Carvers hopes of becoming the permanent Leeds manager . When new boss Dennis Wise took over , he dropped Crainey in favour of Eddie Lewis and , later , other options at left back . Crainey later regained his place , but then was dropped again before suffering an injury . Craineys recovery coincided with the return to fitness of loan player Robbie Elliott who was regarded as Dennis Wises first choice left-back . Elliott featured on the bench for the game against Leicester City on 13 March 2007 , in his first outing since returning from injury , but Crainey was not even included in the squad as Wise chose to start Armando Sá in that role . His last appearance was on 30 January 2007 , in a 2–1 win over Hull City . Crainey was eventually released at the end of his Leeds contract on 15 May 2007 as the Whites were relegated to League One . Blackpool . On 9 July 2007 , Crainey signed for Blackpool in a one-year deal with an option for a further year . On 13 August 2007 , he was named in the Press Associations Championship Team of the Week . Crainey scored his first-ever league goal on 19 September 2007 , in a 2–2 draw with Bryan Robsons Sheffield United at Bloomfield Road . On 3 December 2007 , he was again named in the Press Associations Championship Team of the Week . Crainey was also named in the Press Associations Championship Team of the Week on 4 February 2008 . He made a total of 43 appearances ( scoring one League goal ) in the 2007–08 season as the Seasiders finished nineteenth in the Championship , the clubs highest-place finish in the Football League in 27 years . In June 2008 newspaper reports linked Crainey with a £250,000 move to fellow Championship club Burnley , but he instead signed a new contract with Blackpool . He missed the start of the 2008–09 season with a groin injury and Blackpool brought in Mohammed Camara on loan to cover for him . On 9 September the club confirmed that Crainey had undergone an operation the day before which would keep him out of action for a further four to six weeks . He made his comeback on 24 January 2009 as an 87th-minute substitute in a 2–0 win over Birmingham City at Bloomfield Road . That season he made a total of 17 appearances . Crainey was named in the Championship Team of the Week , along with teammates Matthew Gilks and Marcel Seip , following his performance in Blackpools 0–0 draw with Swansea City on 24 October at the Liberty Stadium . On 22 January 2011 , in a home defeat to Sunderland , Crainey suffered an ankle injury that saw him miss part of Blackpools debut season in the Premier League . With Blackpool relegated back to the Championship , Crainey put pen to paper on a new two-year contract , Blackpool putting in a big offer to help Crainey snub the interest of Premier League side Wigan Athletic . On 26 November 2011 , Crainey scored his second League goal for Blackpool in a draw against Birmingham City at Bloomfield Road . On 11 February 2012 , Crainey scored his third League goal for Blackpool in a draw against Portsmouth with a free kick into the top right hand corner . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Crainey rejected a new contract from Blackpool . Later career . Crainey signed a one-year deal with Wigan Athletic in June 2013 . He left the club at the end of June 2014 when his contract expired . He then signed for Fleetwood Town . After leaving Fleetwood , Crainey trained with Barnsley before signing for National League North club AFC Fylde in December 2015 for a short spell . He is currently an academy coach at Fleetwood Town . International career . Crainey has been capped at under-21 and full level by Scotland . He made his full debut on 27 March 2002 as Scotland lost a friendly 5–0 to France at the Stade de France in Paris . He made a total of four appearances for Scotland in 2002 , playing in the 1–2 friendly defeat to Nigeria at Pittodrie Stadium , Aberdeen on 17 April and another friendly defeat on 21 August , 0–1 to Denmark at Hampden Park , Glasgow . He then made his competitive debut in the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying Group 5 2–2 draw with the Faroe Islands at Svangaskarð , Toftir on 7 September . His next international appearances came in 2004 in two more friendly defeats . On 31 March , 1–2 to Romania at Hampden Park and 0–1 to Denmark on 28 April at Parken Stadium , Copenhagen . On 16 November 2010 Crainey made a return to the Scotland set up under Craig Levein for a friendly against the Faroe Islands at Pittodrie to claim his seventh cap . Honours . Blackpool - Football League Championship play-offs : 2009–10 Individual - John Schofield Memorial Trophy Blackpool F.C . player of the season . External links . - Stephen Crainey profile at blackpoolfc.co.uk - Premier League profile - BBC Sport profile |
[
"Southampton"
] | easy | Stephen Crainey played for which team from 2004 to 2007? | /wiki/Stephen_Crainey#P54#1 | Stephen Crainey Stephen Daniel Crainey ( born 22 June 1981 ) is a Scottish former professional footballer . A left back , he made 319 appearances in the Premier League and Football League , including 214 for Blackpool . In his 18-year-long playing career , Crainey has also previously played for Celtic , Southampton , Leeds United , and Wigan Athletic and Fleetwood Town . He joined AFC Fylde in December 2015 for a brief spell . He is currently Fleetwood Town U16 Academy Coach . He also played for the Scottish national team on 12 occasions . Club career . Early career . Born in Glasgow , Crainey started his professional career with Celtic in 1997 . He made a total of 58 appearances for the Hoops . He scored one goal when Celtic beat Hearts 5–2 in the quarter-final of the 2000–01 Scottish League Cup . On 18 March 2001 he helped Celtic win the League Cup at Hampden Park when they beat Kilmarnock 3–0 in the Final . He then made 15 appearances as Celtic won the 2001–02 Scottish Premier League championship . Crainey started the 2003–04 season with Celtic , but on 6 February 2004 he moved to England when he signed for Premier League side Southampton . He made his debut four days later as the Saints lost 2–0 away to Arsenal . However , he was to make a total of just five Premier League appearances for Southampton . Leeds United . On 6 August 2004 , he joined Football League Championship side Leeds United , initially on loan before the move was made permanent four days later for a fee of £200,000 . This was Leeds Uniteds first cash signing since relegation from the Premier League in May 2004 . He made his debut on 14 August in a 0–0 draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux . He made a total of 11 appearances in the 2004–05 season . The following season he played a total of 30 games as Leeds United reached the Play-offs . However , Crainey was sent off in the 68th minute in the second leg of the semi-final , as the Whites beat Preston North End to reach the final , which they then lost 3–0 to Watford . Crainey was a regular at the start of the 2006–07 campaign under former manager Kevin Blackwell , but played less following Blackwells departure on 20 September 2006 . Crainey featured in the heavy defeats that quickly ended John Carvers hopes of becoming the permanent Leeds manager . When new boss Dennis Wise took over , he dropped Crainey in favour of Eddie Lewis and , later , other options at left back . Crainey later regained his place , but then was dropped again before suffering an injury . Craineys recovery coincided with the return to fitness of loan player Robbie Elliott who was regarded as Dennis Wises first choice left-back . Elliott featured on the bench for the game against Leicester City on 13 March 2007 , in his first outing since returning from injury , but Crainey was not even included in the squad as Wise chose to start Armando Sá in that role . His last appearance was on 30 January 2007 , in a 2–1 win over Hull City . Crainey was eventually released at the end of his Leeds contract on 15 May 2007 as the Whites were relegated to League One . Blackpool . On 9 July 2007 , Crainey signed for Blackpool in a one-year deal with an option for a further year . On 13 August 2007 , he was named in the Press Associations Championship Team of the Week . Crainey scored his first-ever league goal on 19 September 2007 , in a 2–2 draw with Bryan Robsons Sheffield United at Bloomfield Road . On 3 December 2007 , he was again named in the Press Associations Championship Team of the Week . Crainey was also named in the Press Associations Championship Team of the Week on 4 February 2008 . He made a total of 43 appearances ( scoring one League goal ) in the 2007–08 season as the Seasiders finished nineteenth in the Championship , the clubs highest-place finish in the Football League in 27 years . In June 2008 newspaper reports linked Crainey with a £250,000 move to fellow Championship club Burnley , but he instead signed a new contract with Blackpool . He missed the start of the 2008–09 season with a groin injury and Blackpool brought in Mohammed Camara on loan to cover for him . On 9 September the club confirmed that Crainey had undergone an operation the day before which would keep him out of action for a further four to six weeks . He made his comeback on 24 January 2009 as an 87th-minute substitute in a 2–0 win over Birmingham City at Bloomfield Road . That season he made a total of 17 appearances . Crainey was named in the Championship Team of the Week , along with teammates Matthew Gilks and Marcel Seip , following his performance in Blackpools 0–0 draw with Swansea City on 24 October at the Liberty Stadium . On 22 January 2011 , in a home defeat to Sunderland , Crainey suffered an ankle injury that saw him miss part of Blackpools debut season in the Premier League . With Blackpool relegated back to the Championship , Crainey put pen to paper on a new two-year contract , Blackpool putting in a big offer to help Crainey snub the interest of Premier League side Wigan Athletic . On 26 November 2011 , Crainey scored his second League goal for Blackpool in a draw against Birmingham City at Bloomfield Road . On 11 February 2012 , Crainey scored his third League goal for Blackpool in a draw against Portsmouth with a free kick into the top right hand corner . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Crainey rejected a new contract from Blackpool . Later career . Crainey signed a one-year deal with Wigan Athletic in June 2013 . He left the club at the end of June 2014 when his contract expired . He then signed for Fleetwood Town . After leaving Fleetwood , Crainey trained with Barnsley before signing for National League North club AFC Fylde in December 2015 for a short spell . He is currently an academy coach at Fleetwood Town . International career . Crainey has been capped at under-21 and full level by Scotland . He made his full debut on 27 March 2002 as Scotland lost a friendly 5–0 to France at the Stade de France in Paris . He made a total of four appearances for Scotland in 2002 , playing in the 1–2 friendly defeat to Nigeria at Pittodrie Stadium , Aberdeen on 17 April and another friendly defeat on 21 August , 0–1 to Denmark at Hampden Park , Glasgow . He then made his competitive debut in the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying Group 5 2–2 draw with the Faroe Islands at Svangaskarð , Toftir on 7 September . His next international appearances came in 2004 in two more friendly defeats . On 31 March , 1–2 to Romania at Hampden Park and 0–1 to Denmark on 28 April at Parken Stadium , Copenhagen . On 16 November 2010 Crainey made a return to the Scotland set up under Craig Levein for a friendly against the Faroe Islands at Pittodrie to claim his seventh cap . Honours . Blackpool - Football League Championship play-offs : 2009–10 Individual - John Schofield Memorial Trophy Blackpool F.C . player of the season . External links . - Stephen Crainey profile at blackpoolfc.co.uk - Premier League profile - BBC Sport profile |
[
"Leicester City"
] | easy | Stephen Crainey played for which team from 2007 to 2011? | /wiki/Stephen_Crainey#P54#2 | Stephen Crainey Stephen Daniel Crainey ( born 22 June 1981 ) is a Scottish former professional footballer . A left back , he made 319 appearances in the Premier League and Football League , including 214 for Blackpool . In his 18-year-long playing career , Crainey has also previously played for Celtic , Southampton , Leeds United , and Wigan Athletic and Fleetwood Town . He joined AFC Fylde in December 2015 for a brief spell . He is currently Fleetwood Town U16 Academy Coach . He also played for the Scottish national team on 12 occasions . Club career . Early career . Born in Glasgow , Crainey started his professional career with Celtic in 1997 . He made a total of 58 appearances for the Hoops . He scored one goal when Celtic beat Hearts 5–2 in the quarter-final of the 2000–01 Scottish League Cup . On 18 March 2001 he helped Celtic win the League Cup at Hampden Park when they beat Kilmarnock 3–0 in the Final . He then made 15 appearances as Celtic won the 2001–02 Scottish Premier League championship . Crainey started the 2003–04 season with Celtic , but on 6 February 2004 he moved to England when he signed for Premier League side Southampton . He made his debut four days later as the Saints lost 2–0 away to Arsenal . However , he was to make a total of just five Premier League appearances for Southampton . Leeds United . On 6 August 2004 , he joined Football League Championship side Leeds United , initially on loan before the move was made permanent four days later for a fee of £200,000 . This was Leeds Uniteds first cash signing since relegation from the Premier League in May 2004 . He made his debut on 14 August in a 0–0 draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux . He made a total of 11 appearances in the 2004–05 season . The following season he played a total of 30 games as Leeds United reached the Play-offs . However , Crainey was sent off in the 68th minute in the second leg of the semi-final , as the Whites beat Preston North End to reach the final , which they then lost 3–0 to Watford . Crainey was a regular at the start of the 2006–07 campaign under former manager Kevin Blackwell , but played less following Blackwells departure on 20 September 2006 . Crainey featured in the heavy defeats that quickly ended John Carvers hopes of becoming the permanent Leeds manager . When new boss Dennis Wise took over , he dropped Crainey in favour of Eddie Lewis and , later , other options at left back . Crainey later regained his place , but then was dropped again before suffering an injury . Craineys recovery coincided with the return to fitness of loan player Robbie Elliott who was regarded as Dennis Wises first choice left-back . Elliott featured on the bench for the game against Leicester City on 13 March 2007 , in his first outing since returning from injury , but Crainey was not even included in the squad as Wise chose to start Armando Sá in that role . His last appearance was on 30 January 2007 , in a 2–1 win over Hull City . Crainey was eventually released at the end of his Leeds contract on 15 May 2007 as the Whites were relegated to League One . Blackpool . On 9 July 2007 , Crainey signed for Blackpool in a one-year deal with an option for a further year . On 13 August 2007 , he was named in the Press Associations Championship Team of the Week . Crainey scored his first-ever league goal on 19 September 2007 , in a 2–2 draw with Bryan Robsons Sheffield United at Bloomfield Road . On 3 December 2007 , he was again named in the Press Associations Championship Team of the Week . Crainey was also named in the Press Associations Championship Team of the Week on 4 February 2008 . He made a total of 43 appearances ( scoring one League goal ) in the 2007–08 season as the Seasiders finished nineteenth in the Championship , the clubs highest-place finish in the Football League in 27 years . In June 2008 newspaper reports linked Crainey with a £250,000 move to fellow Championship club Burnley , but he instead signed a new contract with Blackpool . He missed the start of the 2008–09 season with a groin injury and Blackpool brought in Mohammed Camara on loan to cover for him . On 9 September the club confirmed that Crainey had undergone an operation the day before which would keep him out of action for a further four to six weeks . He made his comeback on 24 January 2009 as an 87th-minute substitute in a 2–0 win over Birmingham City at Bloomfield Road . That season he made a total of 17 appearances . Crainey was named in the Championship Team of the Week , along with teammates Matthew Gilks and Marcel Seip , following his performance in Blackpools 0–0 draw with Swansea City on 24 October at the Liberty Stadium . On 22 January 2011 , in a home defeat to Sunderland , Crainey suffered an ankle injury that saw him miss part of Blackpools debut season in the Premier League . With Blackpool relegated back to the Championship , Crainey put pen to paper on a new two-year contract , Blackpool putting in a big offer to help Crainey snub the interest of Premier League side Wigan Athletic . On 26 November 2011 , Crainey scored his second League goal for Blackpool in a draw against Birmingham City at Bloomfield Road . On 11 February 2012 , Crainey scored his third League goal for Blackpool in a draw against Portsmouth with a free kick into the top right hand corner . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Crainey rejected a new contract from Blackpool . Later career . Crainey signed a one-year deal with Wigan Athletic in June 2013 . He left the club at the end of June 2014 when his contract expired . He then signed for Fleetwood Town . After leaving Fleetwood , Crainey trained with Barnsley before signing for National League North club AFC Fylde in December 2015 for a short spell . He is currently an academy coach at Fleetwood Town . International career . Crainey has been capped at under-21 and full level by Scotland . He made his full debut on 27 March 2002 as Scotland lost a friendly 5–0 to France at the Stade de France in Paris . He made a total of four appearances for Scotland in 2002 , playing in the 1–2 friendly defeat to Nigeria at Pittodrie Stadium , Aberdeen on 17 April and another friendly defeat on 21 August , 0–1 to Denmark at Hampden Park , Glasgow . He then made his competitive debut in the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying Group 5 2–2 draw with the Faroe Islands at Svangaskarð , Toftir on 7 September . His next international appearances came in 2004 in two more friendly defeats . On 31 March , 1–2 to Romania at Hampden Park and 0–1 to Denmark on 28 April at Parken Stadium , Copenhagen . On 16 November 2010 Crainey made a return to the Scotland set up under Craig Levein for a friendly against the Faroe Islands at Pittodrie to claim his seventh cap . Honours . Blackpool - Football League Championship play-offs : 2009–10 Individual - John Schofield Memorial Trophy Blackpool F.C . player of the season . External links . - Stephen Crainey profile at blackpoolfc.co.uk - Premier League profile - BBC Sport profile |
[
"Wigan Athletic"
] | easy | Which team did the player Stephen Crainey belong to from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Stephen_Crainey#P54#3 | Stephen Crainey Stephen Daniel Crainey ( born 22 June 1981 ) is a Scottish former professional footballer . A left back , he made 319 appearances in the Premier League and Football League , including 214 for Blackpool . In his 18-year-long playing career , Crainey has also previously played for Celtic , Southampton , Leeds United , and Wigan Athletic and Fleetwood Town . He joined AFC Fylde in December 2015 for a brief spell . He is currently Fleetwood Town U16 Academy Coach . He also played for the Scottish national team on 12 occasions . Club career . Early career . Born in Glasgow , Crainey started his professional career with Celtic in 1997 . He made a total of 58 appearances for the Hoops . He scored one goal when Celtic beat Hearts 5–2 in the quarter-final of the 2000–01 Scottish League Cup . On 18 March 2001 he helped Celtic win the League Cup at Hampden Park when they beat Kilmarnock 3–0 in the Final . He then made 15 appearances as Celtic won the 2001–02 Scottish Premier League championship . Crainey started the 2003–04 season with Celtic , but on 6 February 2004 he moved to England when he signed for Premier League side Southampton . He made his debut four days later as the Saints lost 2–0 away to Arsenal . However , he was to make a total of just five Premier League appearances for Southampton . Leeds United . On 6 August 2004 , he joined Football League Championship side Leeds United , initially on loan before the move was made permanent four days later for a fee of £200,000 . This was Leeds Uniteds first cash signing since relegation from the Premier League in May 2004 . He made his debut on 14 August in a 0–0 draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux . He made a total of 11 appearances in the 2004–05 season . The following season he played a total of 30 games as Leeds United reached the Play-offs . However , Crainey was sent off in the 68th minute in the second leg of the semi-final , as the Whites beat Preston North End to reach the final , which they then lost 3–0 to Watford . Crainey was a regular at the start of the 2006–07 campaign under former manager Kevin Blackwell , but played less following Blackwells departure on 20 September 2006 . Crainey featured in the heavy defeats that quickly ended John Carvers hopes of becoming the permanent Leeds manager . When new boss Dennis Wise took over , he dropped Crainey in favour of Eddie Lewis and , later , other options at left back . Crainey later regained his place , but then was dropped again before suffering an injury . Craineys recovery coincided with the return to fitness of loan player Robbie Elliott who was regarded as Dennis Wises first choice left-back . Elliott featured on the bench for the game against Leicester City on 13 March 2007 , in his first outing since returning from injury , but Crainey was not even included in the squad as Wise chose to start Armando Sá in that role . His last appearance was on 30 January 2007 , in a 2–1 win over Hull City . Crainey was eventually released at the end of his Leeds contract on 15 May 2007 as the Whites were relegated to League One . Blackpool . On 9 July 2007 , Crainey signed for Blackpool in a one-year deal with an option for a further year . On 13 August 2007 , he was named in the Press Associations Championship Team of the Week . Crainey scored his first-ever league goal on 19 September 2007 , in a 2–2 draw with Bryan Robsons Sheffield United at Bloomfield Road . On 3 December 2007 , he was again named in the Press Associations Championship Team of the Week . Crainey was also named in the Press Associations Championship Team of the Week on 4 February 2008 . He made a total of 43 appearances ( scoring one League goal ) in the 2007–08 season as the Seasiders finished nineteenth in the Championship , the clubs highest-place finish in the Football League in 27 years . In June 2008 newspaper reports linked Crainey with a £250,000 move to fellow Championship club Burnley , but he instead signed a new contract with Blackpool . He missed the start of the 2008–09 season with a groin injury and Blackpool brought in Mohammed Camara on loan to cover for him . On 9 September the club confirmed that Crainey had undergone an operation the day before which would keep him out of action for a further four to six weeks . He made his comeback on 24 January 2009 as an 87th-minute substitute in a 2–0 win over Birmingham City at Bloomfield Road . That season he made a total of 17 appearances . Crainey was named in the Championship Team of the Week , along with teammates Matthew Gilks and Marcel Seip , following his performance in Blackpools 0–0 draw with Swansea City on 24 October at the Liberty Stadium . On 22 January 2011 , in a home defeat to Sunderland , Crainey suffered an ankle injury that saw him miss part of Blackpools debut season in the Premier League . With Blackpool relegated back to the Championship , Crainey put pen to paper on a new two-year contract , Blackpool putting in a big offer to help Crainey snub the interest of Premier League side Wigan Athletic . On 26 November 2011 , Crainey scored his second League goal for Blackpool in a draw against Birmingham City at Bloomfield Road . On 11 February 2012 , Crainey scored his third League goal for Blackpool in a draw against Portsmouth with a free kick into the top right hand corner . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Crainey rejected a new contract from Blackpool . Later career . Crainey signed a one-year deal with Wigan Athletic in June 2013 . He left the club at the end of June 2014 when his contract expired . He then signed for Fleetwood Town . After leaving Fleetwood , Crainey trained with Barnsley before signing for National League North club AFC Fylde in December 2015 for a short spell . He is currently an academy coach at Fleetwood Town . International career . Crainey has been capped at under-21 and full level by Scotland . He made his full debut on 27 March 2002 as Scotland lost a friendly 5–0 to France at the Stade de France in Paris . He made a total of four appearances for Scotland in 2002 , playing in the 1–2 friendly defeat to Nigeria at Pittodrie Stadium , Aberdeen on 17 April and another friendly defeat on 21 August , 0–1 to Denmark at Hampden Park , Glasgow . He then made his competitive debut in the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying Group 5 2–2 draw with the Faroe Islands at Svangaskarð , Toftir on 7 September . His next international appearances came in 2004 in two more friendly defeats . On 31 March , 1–2 to Romania at Hampden Park and 0–1 to Denmark on 28 April at Parken Stadium , Copenhagen . On 16 November 2010 Crainey made a return to the Scotland set up under Craig Levein for a friendly against the Faroe Islands at Pittodrie to claim his seventh cap . Honours . Blackpool - Football League Championship play-offs : 2009–10 Individual - John Schofield Memorial Trophy Blackpool F.C . player of the season . External links . - Stephen Crainey profile at blackpoolfc.co.uk - Premier League profile - BBC Sport profile |
[
"Fleetwood Town"
] | easy | Which team did Stephen Crainey play for from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/Stephen_Crainey#P54#4 | Stephen Crainey Stephen Daniel Crainey ( born 22 June 1981 ) is a Scottish former professional footballer . A left back , he made 319 appearances in the Premier League and Football League , including 214 for Blackpool . In his 18-year-long playing career , Crainey has also previously played for Celtic , Southampton , Leeds United , and Wigan Athletic and Fleetwood Town . He joined AFC Fylde in December 2015 for a brief spell . He is currently Fleetwood Town U16 Academy Coach . He also played for the Scottish national team on 12 occasions . Club career . Early career . Born in Glasgow , Crainey started his professional career with Celtic in 1997 . He made a total of 58 appearances for the Hoops . He scored one goal when Celtic beat Hearts 5–2 in the quarter-final of the 2000–01 Scottish League Cup . On 18 March 2001 he helped Celtic win the League Cup at Hampden Park when they beat Kilmarnock 3–0 in the Final . He then made 15 appearances as Celtic won the 2001–02 Scottish Premier League championship . Crainey started the 2003–04 season with Celtic , but on 6 February 2004 he moved to England when he signed for Premier League side Southampton . He made his debut four days later as the Saints lost 2–0 away to Arsenal . However , he was to make a total of just five Premier League appearances for Southampton . Leeds United . On 6 August 2004 , he joined Football League Championship side Leeds United , initially on loan before the move was made permanent four days later for a fee of £200,000 . This was Leeds Uniteds first cash signing since relegation from the Premier League in May 2004 . He made his debut on 14 August in a 0–0 draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux . He made a total of 11 appearances in the 2004–05 season . The following season he played a total of 30 games as Leeds United reached the Play-offs . However , Crainey was sent off in the 68th minute in the second leg of the semi-final , as the Whites beat Preston North End to reach the final , which they then lost 3–0 to Watford . Crainey was a regular at the start of the 2006–07 campaign under former manager Kevin Blackwell , but played less following Blackwells departure on 20 September 2006 . Crainey featured in the heavy defeats that quickly ended John Carvers hopes of becoming the permanent Leeds manager . When new boss Dennis Wise took over , he dropped Crainey in favour of Eddie Lewis and , later , other options at left back . Crainey later regained his place , but then was dropped again before suffering an injury . Craineys recovery coincided with the return to fitness of loan player Robbie Elliott who was regarded as Dennis Wises first choice left-back . Elliott featured on the bench for the game against Leicester City on 13 March 2007 , in his first outing since returning from injury , but Crainey was not even included in the squad as Wise chose to start Armando Sá in that role . His last appearance was on 30 January 2007 , in a 2–1 win over Hull City . Crainey was eventually released at the end of his Leeds contract on 15 May 2007 as the Whites were relegated to League One . Blackpool . On 9 July 2007 , Crainey signed for Blackpool in a one-year deal with an option for a further year . On 13 August 2007 , he was named in the Press Associations Championship Team of the Week . Crainey scored his first-ever league goal on 19 September 2007 , in a 2–2 draw with Bryan Robsons Sheffield United at Bloomfield Road . On 3 December 2007 , he was again named in the Press Associations Championship Team of the Week . Crainey was also named in the Press Associations Championship Team of the Week on 4 February 2008 . He made a total of 43 appearances ( scoring one League goal ) in the 2007–08 season as the Seasiders finished nineteenth in the Championship , the clubs highest-place finish in the Football League in 27 years . In June 2008 newspaper reports linked Crainey with a £250,000 move to fellow Championship club Burnley , but he instead signed a new contract with Blackpool . He missed the start of the 2008–09 season with a groin injury and Blackpool brought in Mohammed Camara on loan to cover for him . On 9 September the club confirmed that Crainey had undergone an operation the day before which would keep him out of action for a further four to six weeks . He made his comeback on 24 January 2009 as an 87th-minute substitute in a 2–0 win over Birmingham City at Bloomfield Road . That season he made a total of 17 appearances . Crainey was named in the Championship Team of the Week , along with teammates Matthew Gilks and Marcel Seip , following his performance in Blackpools 0–0 draw with Swansea City on 24 October at the Liberty Stadium . On 22 January 2011 , in a home defeat to Sunderland , Crainey suffered an ankle injury that saw him miss part of Blackpools debut season in the Premier League . With Blackpool relegated back to the Championship , Crainey put pen to paper on a new two-year contract , Blackpool putting in a big offer to help Crainey snub the interest of Premier League side Wigan Athletic . On 26 November 2011 , Crainey scored his second League goal for Blackpool in a draw against Birmingham City at Bloomfield Road . On 11 February 2012 , Crainey scored his third League goal for Blackpool in a draw against Portsmouth with a free kick into the top right hand corner . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Crainey rejected a new contract from Blackpool . Later career . Crainey signed a one-year deal with Wigan Athletic in June 2013 . He left the club at the end of June 2014 when his contract expired . He then signed for Fleetwood Town . After leaving Fleetwood , Crainey trained with Barnsley before signing for National League North club AFC Fylde in December 2015 for a short spell . He is currently an academy coach at Fleetwood Town . International career . Crainey has been capped at under-21 and full level by Scotland . He made his full debut on 27 March 2002 as Scotland lost a friendly 5–0 to France at the Stade de France in Paris . He made a total of four appearances for Scotland in 2002 , playing in the 1–2 friendly defeat to Nigeria at Pittodrie Stadium , Aberdeen on 17 April and another friendly defeat on 21 August , 0–1 to Denmark at Hampden Park , Glasgow . He then made his competitive debut in the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying Group 5 2–2 draw with the Faroe Islands at Svangaskarð , Toftir on 7 September . His next international appearances came in 2004 in two more friendly defeats . On 31 March , 1–2 to Romania at Hampden Park and 0–1 to Denmark on 28 April at Parken Stadium , Copenhagen . On 16 November 2010 Crainey made a return to the Scotland set up under Craig Levein for a friendly against the Faroe Islands at Pittodrie to claim his seventh cap . Honours . Blackpool - Football League Championship play-offs : 2009–10 Individual - John Schofield Memorial Trophy Blackpool F.C . player of the season . External links . - Stephen Crainey profile at blackpoolfc.co.uk - Premier League profile - BBC Sport profile |
[
"Barcelona Atlètic"
] | easy | Which team was coached by Luis Enrique from Jul 2008 to Jun 2011? | /wiki/Luis_Enrique#P6087#0 | Luis Enrique Luis Enrique Martínez García ( ; born 8 May 1970 ) , known as Luis Enrique , is a Spanish professional football manager and former player . He is the current head coach of the Spain national team . A versatile player with good technique , he was capable of playing in several different positions , but usually played as a midfielder or forward , and was also noted for his temperament and stamina . Starting in 1991 and ending in 2004 , he represented both Real Madrid and Barcelona with equal individual and team success , appearing in more than 500 official games and scoring more than 100 goals . He appeared with the Spain national team in three World Cups and one European Championship . Luis Enrique started working as a manager in 2008 with Barcelona B , before moving to Roma three years later . In the 2013–14 season he managed Celta , before returning to Barcelona and winning the treble in his first year and the double in his second ; in 2018 , he was appointed Spain head coach for the first time before resigning for family reasons . Playing career . Club . Luis Enrique was born in Gijón , Asturias , and began his career with local Sporting de Gijón , where he gained the nickname Lucho after Luis Flores , a Mexican forward in the team . He then spent most of his playing days with the two biggest Spanish clubs : first Real Madrid for five seasons and , in 1996 , after seeing out his contract and notably scoring in a 5–0 home win against FC Barcelona in January 1995 , stating later he rarely felt appreciated by the Real Madrid supporters and didnt have good memories there , he moved to precisely the fierce rivals at the Camp Nou on a free transfer . The Catalans supporters were at first hesitant about their new acquisition , but he soon won the hearts of the cules , staying eight years , eventually becoming team captain and scoring several times in El Clásico against his former employers ; he passionately celebrated at the Santiago Bernabéu , where he grabbed his jersey after a 25-yard strike that beat the opposing goalkeeper . Luis Enrique netted 46 La Liga goals in his first three seasons with Barcelona , with the side finishing runner-up in 1996–97 and subsequently winning back-to-back domestic championship accolades . Furthermore , he was named Spanish Player of the Year by El País in the following campaign . He also scored the opening goal in the 1997 UEFA Super Cup , a 3–1 aggregate triumph against Borussia Dortmund . During his final years in Barcelona , Luis Enrique was often injured , and did not want to renew his contract . He had been offered a deal by his first club Sporting , which he , however , declined , stating that he wouldnt be able to reach the level he demanded of himself and that he wouldnt be doing Sporting much of a favour by going there . His concerns about his level and fitness made him retire on 10 August 2004 at the age of 34 , and he finished his professional career with league totals of 400 games and 102 goals , being named by Pelé as one of the top 125 greatest living footballers in March . International . Luis Enrique played for Spain in three FIFA World Cups : 1994 , 1998 and 2002 ( as well as UEFA Euro 1996 ) , and scored 12 goals while gaining 62 caps . He was also a member of the gold-winning squad at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , and made his debut for the main side on 17 April 1991 , featuring for 22 minutes in a 0–2 friendly loss to Romania in Cáceres . In the 1994 World Cup , held in the United States , Luis Enrique scored his first international goal , in the round-of-16 3–0 win over Switzerland in Washington , D.C . In the 1–2 quarter-final defeat against Italy at Foxboro Stadium , Mauro Tassottis elbow made contact with his face to bloody effect , the action being of such impact that he reportedly lost a pint of blood as a result , but during the match the incident went unpunished – Tassotti was banned for eight games afterwards , and never played internationally again ; when Spain met Italy at Euro 2008 on 22 June , to battle for a place in the semi-finals , Luis Enrique reportedly called for the team to take revenge on Italy for the 1994 World Cup incident . Tassotti , an assistant coach with A.C . Milan at the time , told the newspaper Marca that he was tired of always being reminded of this incident , and that he had never intended to hurt the Spaniard . At the 1998 World Cup , Luis Enrique played a major role in a 6–1 routing of Bulgaria in the last game of the group , scoring and assisting once and also winning a penalty , but the Spaniards were eliminated nonetheless . On 5 June of the following year he netted a hat-trick , in a 9–0 win in Villarreal over San Marino in the Euro 2000 qualifiers . On 23 June 2002 , Luis Enrique retired from international football , in order to give the younger players more playing time and focus only on his club . Coaching career . Barcelona B . On 26 May 2008 , Luis Enrique returned to Barcelona , taking over the reins of the B-team , renamed Barcelona Atlètic for that season . As he succeeded long-time Barcelona teammate Pep Guardiola , he stated : I have come home , and I finished playing here and now I will start coaching here. ; in his second season he found success , helping the club return to Segunda División after an absence of 11 years . In mid-March 2011 , Luis Enrique announced he would leave Barcelona B at the end of the campaign , despite still having two years left on his contract . He led the side to the playoffs , but they were ineligible for promotion . Roma . On 8 June 2011 , Luis Enrique reached an agreement with Italian Serie A club A.S . Roma to become the Giallorossis new head coach . He signed a two-year contract , being joined by a staff of four members , including Iván de la Peña who played two years for crosstown rivals S.S . Lazio , as technical collaborator . Roma was eliminated from the UEFA Europa League by ŠK Slovan Bratislava , amid great discussion of the substitution of legendary Francesco Totti for Stefano Okaka Chuka . The capital-based side also lost their first game in the domestic league against Cagliari Calcio , making it just the third time that they lost the opener in 18 years . Even though he still had two years remaining on his contract , Luis Enrique decided to leave Roma at the end of the season after failure to qualify for any European competition . Celta . On 8 June 2013 , Luis Enrique became RC Celta de Vigos new manager , replacing former national teammate Abel Resino . He led the Galicians to the ninth position in his first and only season , highlights including a 2–0 home win against Real Madrid that ended the oppositions possibilities of winning the league title . On 16 May 2014 , Luis Enrique announced that he would be leaving Celta . Barcelona . On 19 May 2014 , it was announced that Luis Enrique would return to Barcelona as a manager , after he agreed to a three-year deal . He was recommended by sporting director Andoni Zubizarreta , his former national teammate . His first competitive match was a 3–0 home league win over Elche CF , where he handed debuts to new signings Claudio Bravo , Jérémy Mathieu and Ivan Rakitić , and gave youth products Munir El Haddadi , Rafinha and Sandro their maiden league appearances for the club , while summer signing Luis Suárez was unavailable for selection due to suspension . Luis Enrique suffered his first defeat in the competition on 25 October 2014 , away against Real Madrid , and although Barcelona had a successful run in the year , his management came under scrutiny because of his tactics involving several lineup changes in consecutive games . Moreover , a quarrel with Lionel Messi and other members of the team further accentuated the teams poor form . After an away loss to Real Sociedad , there was a significant upturn in Barcelonas form as a result of Luis Enrique deciding on a settled lineup . He equaled Guardiolas record of 11 consecutive victories , while the team went on to beat Atlético Madrid and Villarreal CF convincingly in the Copa del Rey to advance to the final . In the domestic league , after eight wins in nine matches , the team returned to the top of the table after 15 weeks . On 21 April 2015 , Luis Enrique recorded his 42nd win after 50 games in charge of Barcelona with a 2–0 victory over Paris Saint-Germain FC , the best record of any manager . He went on to lead the side to the final of the UEFA Champions League and , on 17 May , led it to its 23rd national championship with one match to spare following a 1–0 win at the Vicente Calderón Stadium against Atlético Madrid . On 6 June , having earlier won the domestic cup against Athletic Bilbao by the same score , Barcelona sealed a treble with a 3–1 win over Juventus F.C . in the Champions League Final in Berlin , and three days later he signed a new contract until 2017 . On 11 August 2015 , Barcelona won the 2015 UEFA Super Cup 5–4 against Sevilla FC . On 2 December , against CF Villanovense in the Copa del Rey Round of 32 , Luis Enrique decided against bringing on a new player following Mathieus injury with 12 minutes to go even though two replacements could still be made , as the score was at 6–1 at that time and the manager said he did not want to risk further setbacks . In his first two seasons , Luis Enrique rotated his goalkeepers , with Bravo playing league games and Marc-André ter Stegen playing cup and European matches . Both players , however , expressed opposition to this policy . A second double was achieved on 22 May 2016 , following a 2–0 Copa del Rey win over Sevilla FC after extra time in which the team played more than 50 minutes with one player less , following the dismissal of Javier Mascherano . On 1 March 2017 , Luis Enrique announced that he would not continue as team manager after 30 June on expiration of his contract . Spain . Luis Enrique was named coach of the Spanish national team on 9 July 2018 , replacing former club and country teammate Fernando Hierro . His first match in charge occurred on 8 September , and he led the side to a 2–1 win against England in the UEFA Nations League at Wembley Stadium . In June 2019 , Luis Enrique quit his post for personal reasons . On 19 November , he returned to the same bench . Style of play . Having occupied several different positions , Luis Enrique was most noted for his exceptional versatility and consistency . He was capable of playing anywhere in midfield or along the front line , and was fielded in all positions on the pitch throughout his career , except those of central defender and goalkeeper . A strong , courageous , energetic and hard-working team player , with good technical skills , flair and notable stamina , his usual position was as an attacking midfielder in the centre of the pitch , due to his ability to link-up the forwards and the midfield , or as a right winger , but he was capable of playing anywhere along the right flank , and was often deployed as an attacking full back or wing-back , or even as a left winger on occasion . Due to his keen eye for goal and ability to make attacking runs into the box , Luis Enrique frequently played as a forward , either in a withdrawn role as a second striker behind the teams main goalscorer , or even as an out-and-out striker or centre forward – he was also used in deeper midfield roles . In addition to his playing abilities , he also stood out for his commitment , temperament , determination and leadership . Endorsements . Luis Enrique was sponsored by sportswear company Nike , and appeared in commercials for the brand . In a global advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan , he starred in a Secret Tournament commercial ( branded Scorpion KO ) directed by Terry Gilliam , appearing alongside footballers such as Luís Figo , Thierry Henry , Hidetoshi Nakata , Roberto Carlos , Ronaldinho , Ronaldo and Totti , with former player Eric Cantona the tournament referee . Personal life . After retiring from football , Luis Enrique lived for a while in Australia to practise surfing . He took part in the 2005 edition of the New York City Marathon , finished the Amsterdam Marathon in 2006 , the Firenze Marathon in 2007 and the Marathon des Sables in 2008 , while also entering and finishing Frankfurt Ironman in 2007 . He was due to take part in the Klagenfurt Ironman competition in July 2008 , but eventually declined due to his engagement as manager of Barcelona B . Luis Enrique married his longtime partner Elena Cullell on 27 December 1997 . Their daughter , Xana , died of bone cancer at age 9 on 29 August 2019 . Career statistics . Club . - Notes International goals . Scores and results list Spains goal tally first Honours . Player . Real Madrid - La Liga : 1994–95 - Copa del Rey : 1992–93 - Supercopa de España : 1993 Barcelona - La Liga : 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Copa del Rey : 1996–97 , 1997–98 - Supercopa de España : 1996 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1996–97 - UEFA Super Cup : 1997 Spain U23 - Summer Olympic Games : 1992 Individual - La Liga Breakthrough Player : 1990–91 - ESM Team of the Year : 1996–97 - FIFA 100 Manager . Barcelona - La Liga : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Copa del Rey : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 - Supercopa de España : 2016 - UEFA Champions League : 2014–15 - UEFA Super Cup : 2015 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2015 Individual - La Liga Coach of the Year : 2015 - FIFA World Coach of the Year : 2015 - IFFHS Worlds Best Club Coach : 2015 - World Soccer Manager of the Year : 2015 - European Coach of the Year – Alf Ramsey Award : 2015 - European Coach of the Season : 2014–15 - La Liga Manager of the Month : May 2016 External links . - FC Barcelona official profile |
[
"A.S . Roma"
] | easy | Luis Enrique was the coach of which team from Jul 2011 to May 2012? | /wiki/Luis_Enrique#P6087#1 | Luis Enrique Luis Enrique Martínez García ( ; born 8 May 1970 ) , known as Luis Enrique , is a Spanish professional football manager and former player . He is the current head coach of the Spain national team . A versatile player with good technique , he was capable of playing in several different positions , but usually played as a midfielder or forward , and was also noted for his temperament and stamina . Starting in 1991 and ending in 2004 , he represented both Real Madrid and Barcelona with equal individual and team success , appearing in more than 500 official games and scoring more than 100 goals . He appeared with the Spain national team in three World Cups and one European Championship . Luis Enrique started working as a manager in 2008 with Barcelona B , before moving to Roma three years later . In the 2013–14 season he managed Celta , before returning to Barcelona and winning the treble in his first year and the double in his second ; in 2018 , he was appointed Spain head coach for the first time before resigning for family reasons . Playing career . Club . Luis Enrique was born in Gijón , Asturias , and began his career with local Sporting de Gijón , where he gained the nickname Lucho after Luis Flores , a Mexican forward in the team . He then spent most of his playing days with the two biggest Spanish clubs : first Real Madrid for five seasons and , in 1996 , after seeing out his contract and notably scoring in a 5–0 home win against FC Barcelona in January 1995 , stating later he rarely felt appreciated by the Real Madrid supporters and didnt have good memories there , he moved to precisely the fierce rivals at the Camp Nou on a free transfer . The Catalans supporters were at first hesitant about their new acquisition , but he soon won the hearts of the cules , staying eight years , eventually becoming team captain and scoring several times in El Clásico against his former employers ; he passionately celebrated at the Santiago Bernabéu , where he grabbed his jersey after a 25-yard strike that beat the opposing goalkeeper . Luis Enrique netted 46 La Liga goals in his first three seasons with Barcelona , with the side finishing runner-up in 1996–97 and subsequently winning back-to-back domestic championship accolades . Furthermore , he was named Spanish Player of the Year by El País in the following campaign . He also scored the opening goal in the 1997 UEFA Super Cup , a 3–1 aggregate triumph against Borussia Dortmund . During his final years in Barcelona , Luis Enrique was often injured , and did not want to renew his contract . He had been offered a deal by his first club Sporting , which he , however , declined , stating that he wouldnt be able to reach the level he demanded of himself and that he wouldnt be doing Sporting much of a favour by going there . His concerns about his level and fitness made him retire on 10 August 2004 at the age of 34 , and he finished his professional career with league totals of 400 games and 102 goals , being named by Pelé as one of the top 125 greatest living footballers in March . International . Luis Enrique played for Spain in three FIFA World Cups : 1994 , 1998 and 2002 ( as well as UEFA Euro 1996 ) , and scored 12 goals while gaining 62 caps . He was also a member of the gold-winning squad at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , and made his debut for the main side on 17 April 1991 , featuring for 22 minutes in a 0–2 friendly loss to Romania in Cáceres . In the 1994 World Cup , held in the United States , Luis Enrique scored his first international goal , in the round-of-16 3–0 win over Switzerland in Washington , D.C . In the 1–2 quarter-final defeat against Italy at Foxboro Stadium , Mauro Tassottis elbow made contact with his face to bloody effect , the action being of such impact that he reportedly lost a pint of blood as a result , but during the match the incident went unpunished – Tassotti was banned for eight games afterwards , and never played internationally again ; when Spain met Italy at Euro 2008 on 22 June , to battle for a place in the semi-finals , Luis Enrique reportedly called for the team to take revenge on Italy for the 1994 World Cup incident . Tassotti , an assistant coach with A.C . Milan at the time , told the newspaper Marca that he was tired of always being reminded of this incident , and that he had never intended to hurt the Spaniard . At the 1998 World Cup , Luis Enrique played a major role in a 6–1 routing of Bulgaria in the last game of the group , scoring and assisting once and also winning a penalty , but the Spaniards were eliminated nonetheless . On 5 June of the following year he netted a hat-trick , in a 9–0 win in Villarreal over San Marino in the Euro 2000 qualifiers . On 23 June 2002 , Luis Enrique retired from international football , in order to give the younger players more playing time and focus only on his club . Coaching career . Barcelona B . On 26 May 2008 , Luis Enrique returned to Barcelona , taking over the reins of the B-team , renamed Barcelona Atlètic for that season . As he succeeded long-time Barcelona teammate Pep Guardiola , he stated : I have come home , and I finished playing here and now I will start coaching here. ; in his second season he found success , helping the club return to Segunda División after an absence of 11 years . In mid-March 2011 , Luis Enrique announced he would leave Barcelona B at the end of the campaign , despite still having two years left on his contract . He led the side to the playoffs , but they were ineligible for promotion . Roma . On 8 June 2011 , Luis Enrique reached an agreement with Italian Serie A club A.S . Roma to become the Giallorossis new head coach . He signed a two-year contract , being joined by a staff of four members , including Iván de la Peña who played two years for crosstown rivals S.S . Lazio , as technical collaborator . Roma was eliminated from the UEFA Europa League by ŠK Slovan Bratislava , amid great discussion of the substitution of legendary Francesco Totti for Stefano Okaka Chuka . The capital-based side also lost their first game in the domestic league against Cagliari Calcio , making it just the third time that they lost the opener in 18 years . Even though he still had two years remaining on his contract , Luis Enrique decided to leave Roma at the end of the season after failure to qualify for any European competition . Celta . On 8 June 2013 , Luis Enrique became RC Celta de Vigos new manager , replacing former national teammate Abel Resino . He led the Galicians to the ninth position in his first and only season , highlights including a 2–0 home win against Real Madrid that ended the oppositions possibilities of winning the league title . On 16 May 2014 , Luis Enrique announced that he would be leaving Celta . Barcelona . On 19 May 2014 , it was announced that Luis Enrique would return to Barcelona as a manager , after he agreed to a three-year deal . He was recommended by sporting director Andoni Zubizarreta , his former national teammate . His first competitive match was a 3–0 home league win over Elche CF , where he handed debuts to new signings Claudio Bravo , Jérémy Mathieu and Ivan Rakitić , and gave youth products Munir El Haddadi , Rafinha and Sandro their maiden league appearances for the club , while summer signing Luis Suárez was unavailable for selection due to suspension . Luis Enrique suffered his first defeat in the competition on 25 October 2014 , away against Real Madrid , and although Barcelona had a successful run in the year , his management came under scrutiny because of his tactics involving several lineup changes in consecutive games . Moreover , a quarrel with Lionel Messi and other members of the team further accentuated the teams poor form . After an away loss to Real Sociedad , there was a significant upturn in Barcelonas form as a result of Luis Enrique deciding on a settled lineup . He equaled Guardiolas record of 11 consecutive victories , while the team went on to beat Atlético Madrid and Villarreal CF convincingly in the Copa del Rey to advance to the final . In the domestic league , after eight wins in nine matches , the team returned to the top of the table after 15 weeks . On 21 April 2015 , Luis Enrique recorded his 42nd win after 50 games in charge of Barcelona with a 2–0 victory over Paris Saint-Germain FC , the best record of any manager . He went on to lead the side to the final of the UEFA Champions League and , on 17 May , led it to its 23rd national championship with one match to spare following a 1–0 win at the Vicente Calderón Stadium against Atlético Madrid . On 6 June , having earlier won the domestic cup against Athletic Bilbao by the same score , Barcelona sealed a treble with a 3–1 win over Juventus F.C . in the Champions League Final in Berlin , and three days later he signed a new contract until 2017 . On 11 August 2015 , Barcelona won the 2015 UEFA Super Cup 5–4 against Sevilla FC . On 2 December , against CF Villanovense in the Copa del Rey Round of 32 , Luis Enrique decided against bringing on a new player following Mathieus injury with 12 minutes to go even though two replacements could still be made , as the score was at 6–1 at that time and the manager said he did not want to risk further setbacks . In his first two seasons , Luis Enrique rotated his goalkeepers , with Bravo playing league games and Marc-André ter Stegen playing cup and European matches . Both players , however , expressed opposition to this policy . A second double was achieved on 22 May 2016 , following a 2–0 Copa del Rey win over Sevilla FC after extra time in which the team played more than 50 minutes with one player less , following the dismissal of Javier Mascherano . On 1 March 2017 , Luis Enrique announced that he would not continue as team manager after 30 June on expiration of his contract . Spain . Luis Enrique was named coach of the Spanish national team on 9 July 2018 , replacing former club and country teammate Fernando Hierro . His first match in charge occurred on 8 September , and he led the side to a 2–1 win against England in the UEFA Nations League at Wembley Stadium . In June 2019 , Luis Enrique quit his post for personal reasons . On 19 November , he returned to the same bench . Style of play . Having occupied several different positions , Luis Enrique was most noted for his exceptional versatility and consistency . He was capable of playing anywhere in midfield or along the front line , and was fielded in all positions on the pitch throughout his career , except those of central defender and goalkeeper . A strong , courageous , energetic and hard-working team player , with good technical skills , flair and notable stamina , his usual position was as an attacking midfielder in the centre of the pitch , due to his ability to link-up the forwards and the midfield , or as a right winger , but he was capable of playing anywhere along the right flank , and was often deployed as an attacking full back or wing-back , or even as a left winger on occasion . Due to his keen eye for goal and ability to make attacking runs into the box , Luis Enrique frequently played as a forward , either in a withdrawn role as a second striker behind the teams main goalscorer , or even as an out-and-out striker or centre forward – he was also used in deeper midfield roles . In addition to his playing abilities , he also stood out for his commitment , temperament , determination and leadership . Endorsements . Luis Enrique was sponsored by sportswear company Nike , and appeared in commercials for the brand . In a global advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan , he starred in a Secret Tournament commercial ( branded Scorpion KO ) directed by Terry Gilliam , appearing alongside footballers such as Luís Figo , Thierry Henry , Hidetoshi Nakata , Roberto Carlos , Ronaldinho , Ronaldo and Totti , with former player Eric Cantona the tournament referee . Personal life . After retiring from football , Luis Enrique lived for a while in Australia to practise surfing . He took part in the 2005 edition of the New York City Marathon , finished the Amsterdam Marathon in 2006 , the Firenze Marathon in 2007 and the Marathon des Sables in 2008 , while also entering and finishing Frankfurt Ironman in 2007 . He was due to take part in the Klagenfurt Ironman competition in July 2008 , but eventually declined due to his engagement as manager of Barcelona B . Luis Enrique married his longtime partner Elena Cullell on 27 December 1997 . Their daughter , Xana , died of bone cancer at age 9 on 29 August 2019 . Career statistics . Club . - Notes International goals . Scores and results list Spains goal tally first Honours . Player . Real Madrid - La Liga : 1994–95 - Copa del Rey : 1992–93 - Supercopa de España : 1993 Barcelona - La Liga : 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Copa del Rey : 1996–97 , 1997–98 - Supercopa de España : 1996 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1996–97 - UEFA Super Cup : 1997 Spain U23 - Summer Olympic Games : 1992 Individual - La Liga Breakthrough Player : 1990–91 - ESM Team of the Year : 1996–97 - FIFA 100 Manager . Barcelona - La Liga : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Copa del Rey : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 - Supercopa de España : 2016 - UEFA Champions League : 2014–15 - UEFA Super Cup : 2015 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2015 Individual - La Liga Coach of the Year : 2015 - FIFA World Coach of the Year : 2015 - IFFHS Worlds Best Club Coach : 2015 - World Soccer Manager of the Year : 2015 - European Coach of the Year – Alf Ramsey Award : 2015 - European Coach of the Season : 2014–15 - La Liga Manager of the Month : May 2016 External links . - FC Barcelona official profile |
[
"RC Celta de Vigos"
] | easy | Luis Enrique was the coach of which team from Jul 2013 to Jun 2014? | /wiki/Luis_Enrique#P6087#2 | Luis Enrique Luis Enrique Martínez García ( ; born 8 May 1970 ) , known as Luis Enrique , is a Spanish professional football manager and former player . He is the current head coach of the Spain national team . A versatile player with good technique , he was capable of playing in several different positions , but usually played as a midfielder or forward , and was also noted for his temperament and stamina . Starting in 1991 and ending in 2004 , he represented both Real Madrid and Barcelona with equal individual and team success , appearing in more than 500 official games and scoring more than 100 goals . He appeared with the Spain national team in three World Cups and one European Championship . Luis Enrique started working as a manager in 2008 with Barcelona B , before moving to Roma three years later . In the 2013–14 season he managed Celta , before returning to Barcelona and winning the treble in his first year and the double in his second ; in 2018 , he was appointed Spain head coach for the first time before resigning for family reasons . Playing career . Club . Luis Enrique was born in Gijón , Asturias , and began his career with local Sporting de Gijón , where he gained the nickname Lucho after Luis Flores , a Mexican forward in the team . He then spent most of his playing days with the two biggest Spanish clubs : first Real Madrid for five seasons and , in 1996 , after seeing out his contract and notably scoring in a 5–0 home win against FC Barcelona in January 1995 , stating later he rarely felt appreciated by the Real Madrid supporters and didnt have good memories there , he moved to precisely the fierce rivals at the Camp Nou on a free transfer . The Catalans supporters were at first hesitant about their new acquisition , but he soon won the hearts of the cules , staying eight years , eventually becoming team captain and scoring several times in El Clásico against his former employers ; he passionately celebrated at the Santiago Bernabéu , where he grabbed his jersey after a 25-yard strike that beat the opposing goalkeeper . Luis Enrique netted 46 La Liga goals in his first three seasons with Barcelona , with the side finishing runner-up in 1996–97 and subsequently winning back-to-back domestic championship accolades . Furthermore , he was named Spanish Player of the Year by El País in the following campaign . He also scored the opening goal in the 1997 UEFA Super Cup , a 3–1 aggregate triumph against Borussia Dortmund . During his final years in Barcelona , Luis Enrique was often injured , and did not want to renew his contract . He had been offered a deal by his first club Sporting , which he , however , declined , stating that he wouldnt be able to reach the level he demanded of himself and that he wouldnt be doing Sporting much of a favour by going there . His concerns about his level and fitness made him retire on 10 August 2004 at the age of 34 , and he finished his professional career with league totals of 400 games and 102 goals , being named by Pelé as one of the top 125 greatest living footballers in March . International . Luis Enrique played for Spain in three FIFA World Cups : 1994 , 1998 and 2002 ( as well as UEFA Euro 1996 ) , and scored 12 goals while gaining 62 caps . He was also a member of the gold-winning squad at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , and made his debut for the main side on 17 April 1991 , featuring for 22 minutes in a 0–2 friendly loss to Romania in Cáceres . In the 1994 World Cup , held in the United States , Luis Enrique scored his first international goal , in the round-of-16 3–0 win over Switzerland in Washington , D.C . In the 1–2 quarter-final defeat against Italy at Foxboro Stadium , Mauro Tassottis elbow made contact with his face to bloody effect , the action being of such impact that he reportedly lost a pint of blood as a result , but during the match the incident went unpunished – Tassotti was banned for eight games afterwards , and never played internationally again ; when Spain met Italy at Euro 2008 on 22 June , to battle for a place in the semi-finals , Luis Enrique reportedly called for the team to take revenge on Italy for the 1994 World Cup incident . Tassotti , an assistant coach with A.C . Milan at the time , told the newspaper Marca that he was tired of always being reminded of this incident , and that he had never intended to hurt the Spaniard . At the 1998 World Cup , Luis Enrique played a major role in a 6–1 routing of Bulgaria in the last game of the group , scoring and assisting once and also winning a penalty , but the Spaniards were eliminated nonetheless . On 5 June of the following year he netted a hat-trick , in a 9–0 win in Villarreal over San Marino in the Euro 2000 qualifiers . On 23 June 2002 , Luis Enrique retired from international football , in order to give the younger players more playing time and focus only on his club . Coaching career . Barcelona B . On 26 May 2008 , Luis Enrique returned to Barcelona , taking over the reins of the B-team , renamed Barcelona Atlètic for that season . As he succeeded long-time Barcelona teammate Pep Guardiola , he stated : I have come home , and I finished playing here and now I will start coaching here. ; in his second season he found success , helping the club return to Segunda División after an absence of 11 years . In mid-March 2011 , Luis Enrique announced he would leave Barcelona B at the end of the campaign , despite still having two years left on his contract . He led the side to the playoffs , but they were ineligible for promotion . Roma . On 8 June 2011 , Luis Enrique reached an agreement with Italian Serie A club A.S . Roma to become the Giallorossis new head coach . He signed a two-year contract , being joined by a staff of four members , including Iván de la Peña who played two years for crosstown rivals S.S . Lazio , as technical collaborator . Roma was eliminated from the UEFA Europa League by ŠK Slovan Bratislava , amid great discussion of the substitution of legendary Francesco Totti for Stefano Okaka Chuka . The capital-based side also lost their first game in the domestic league against Cagliari Calcio , making it just the third time that they lost the opener in 18 years . Even though he still had two years remaining on his contract , Luis Enrique decided to leave Roma at the end of the season after failure to qualify for any European competition . Celta . On 8 June 2013 , Luis Enrique became RC Celta de Vigos new manager , replacing former national teammate Abel Resino . He led the Galicians to the ninth position in his first and only season , highlights including a 2–0 home win against Real Madrid that ended the oppositions possibilities of winning the league title . On 16 May 2014 , Luis Enrique announced that he would be leaving Celta . Barcelona . On 19 May 2014 , it was announced that Luis Enrique would return to Barcelona as a manager , after he agreed to a three-year deal . He was recommended by sporting director Andoni Zubizarreta , his former national teammate . His first competitive match was a 3–0 home league win over Elche CF , where he handed debuts to new signings Claudio Bravo , Jérémy Mathieu and Ivan Rakitić , and gave youth products Munir El Haddadi , Rafinha and Sandro their maiden league appearances for the club , while summer signing Luis Suárez was unavailable for selection due to suspension . Luis Enrique suffered his first defeat in the competition on 25 October 2014 , away against Real Madrid , and although Barcelona had a successful run in the year , his management came under scrutiny because of his tactics involving several lineup changes in consecutive games . Moreover , a quarrel with Lionel Messi and other members of the team further accentuated the teams poor form . After an away loss to Real Sociedad , there was a significant upturn in Barcelonas form as a result of Luis Enrique deciding on a settled lineup . He equaled Guardiolas record of 11 consecutive victories , while the team went on to beat Atlético Madrid and Villarreal CF convincingly in the Copa del Rey to advance to the final . In the domestic league , after eight wins in nine matches , the team returned to the top of the table after 15 weeks . On 21 April 2015 , Luis Enrique recorded his 42nd win after 50 games in charge of Barcelona with a 2–0 victory over Paris Saint-Germain FC , the best record of any manager . He went on to lead the side to the final of the UEFA Champions League and , on 17 May , led it to its 23rd national championship with one match to spare following a 1–0 win at the Vicente Calderón Stadium against Atlético Madrid . On 6 June , having earlier won the domestic cup against Athletic Bilbao by the same score , Barcelona sealed a treble with a 3–1 win over Juventus F.C . in the Champions League Final in Berlin , and three days later he signed a new contract until 2017 . On 11 August 2015 , Barcelona won the 2015 UEFA Super Cup 5–4 against Sevilla FC . On 2 December , against CF Villanovense in the Copa del Rey Round of 32 , Luis Enrique decided against bringing on a new player following Mathieus injury with 12 minutes to go even though two replacements could still be made , as the score was at 6–1 at that time and the manager said he did not want to risk further setbacks . In his first two seasons , Luis Enrique rotated his goalkeepers , with Bravo playing league games and Marc-André ter Stegen playing cup and European matches . Both players , however , expressed opposition to this policy . A second double was achieved on 22 May 2016 , following a 2–0 Copa del Rey win over Sevilla FC after extra time in which the team played more than 50 minutes with one player less , following the dismissal of Javier Mascherano . On 1 March 2017 , Luis Enrique announced that he would not continue as team manager after 30 June on expiration of his contract . Spain . Luis Enrique was named coach of the Spanish national team on 9 July 2018 , replacing former club and country teammate Fernando Hierro . His first match in charge occurred on 8 September , and he led the side to a 2–1 win against England in the UEFA Nations League at Wembley Stadium . In June 2019 , Luis Enrique quit his post for personal reasons . On 19 November , he returned to the same bench . Style of play . Having occupied several different positions , Luis Enrique was most noted for his exceptional versatility and consistency . He was capable of playing anywhere in midfield or along the front line , and was fielded in all positions on the pitch throughout his career , except those of central defender and goalkeeper . A strong , courageous , energetic and hard-working team player , with good technical skills , flair and notable stamina , his usual position was as an attacking midfielder in the centre of the pitch , due to his ability to link-up the forwards and the midfield , or as a right winger , but he was capable of playing anywhere along the right flank , and was often deployed as an attacking full back or wing-back , or even as a left winger on occasion . Due to his keen eye for goal and ability to make attacking runs into the box , Luis Enrique frequently played as a forward , either in a withdrawn role as a second striker behind the teams main goalscorer , or even as an out-and-out striker or centre forward – he was also used in deeper midfield roles . In addition to his playing abilities , he also stood out for his commitment , temperament , determination and leadership . Endorsements . Luis Enrique was sponsored by sportswear company Nike , and appeared in commercials for the brand . In a global advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan , he starred in a Secret Tournament commercial ( branded Scorpion KO ) directed by Terry Gilliam , appearing alongside footballers such as Luís Figo , Thierry Henry , Hidetoshi Nakata , Roberto Carlos , Ronaldinho , Ronaldo and Totti , with former player Eric Cantona the tournament referee . Personal life . After retiring from football , Luis Enrique lived for a while in Australia to practise surfing . He took part in the 2005 edition of the New York City Marathon , finished the Amsterdam Marathon in 2006 , the Firenze Marathon in 2007 and the Marathon des Sables in 2008 , while also entering and finishing Frankfurt Ironman in 2007 . He was due to take part in the Klagenfurt Ironman competition in July 2008 , but eventually declined due to his engagement as manager of Barcelona B . Luis Enrique married his longtime partner Elena Cullell on 27 December 1997 . Their daughter , Xana , died of bone cancer at age 9 on 29 August 2019 . Career statistics . Club . - Notes International goals . Scores and results list Spains goal tally first Honours . Player . Real Madrid - La Liga : 1994–95 - Copa del Rey : 1992–93 - Supercopa de España : 1993 Barcelona - La Liga : 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Copa del Rey : 1996–97 , 1997–98 - Supercopa de España : 1996 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1996–97 - UEFA Super Cup : 1997 Spain U23 - Summer Olympic Games : 1992 Individual - La Liga Breakthrough Player : 1990–91 - ESM Team of the Year : 1996–97 - FIFA 100 Manager . Barcelona - La Liga : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Copa del Rey : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 - Supercopa de España : 2016 - UEFA Champions League : 2014–15 - UEFA Super Cup : 2015 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2015 Individual - La Liga Coach of the Year : 2015 - FIFA World Coach of the Year : 2015 - IFFHS Worlds Best Club Coach : 2015 - World Soccer Manager of the Year : 2015 - European Coach of the Year – Alf Ramsey Award : 2015 - European Coach of the Season : 2014–15 - La Liga Manager of the Month : May 2016 External links . - FC Barcelona official profile |
[
"Barcelona"
] | easy | Which team was coached by Luis Enrique from Jul 2014 to Jun 2017? | /wiki/Luis_Enrique#P6087#3 | Luis Enrique Luis Enrique Martínez García ( ; born 8 May 1970 ) , known as Luis Enrique , is a Spanish professional football manager and former player . He is the current head coach of the Spain national team . A versatile player with good technique , he was capable of playing in several different positions , but usually played as a midfielder or forward , and was also noted for his temperament and stamina . Starting in 1991 and ending in 2004 , he represented both Real Madrid and Barcelona with equal individual and team success , appearing in more than 500 official games and scoring more than 100 goals . He appeared with the Spain national team in three World Cups and one European Championship . Luis Enrique started working as a manager in 2008 with Barcelona B , before moving to Roma three years later . In the 2013–14 season he managed Celta , before returning to Barcelona and winning the treble in his first year and the double in his second ; in 2018 , he was appointed Spain head coach for the first time before resigning for family reasons . Playing career . Club . Luis Enrique was born in Gijón , Asturias , and began his career with local Sporting de Gijón , where he gained the nickname Lucho after Luis Flores , a Mexican forward in the team . He then spent most of his playing days with the two biggest Spanish clubs : first Real Madrid for five seasons and , in 1996 , after seeing out his contract and notably scoring in a 5–0 home win against FC Barcelona in January 1995 , stating later he rarely felt appreciated by the Real Madrid supporters and didnt have good memories there , he moved to precisely the fierce rivals at the Camp Nou on a free transfer . The Catalans supporters were at first hesitant about their new acquisition , but he soon won the hearts of the cules , staying eight years , eventually becoming team captain and scoring several times in El Clásico against his former employers ; he passionately celebrated at the Santiago Bernabéu , where he grabbed his jersey after a 25-yard strike that beat the opposing goalkeeper . Luis Enrique netted 46 La Liga goals in his first three seasons with Barcelona , with the side finishing runner-up in 1996–97 and subsequently winning back-to-back domestic championship accolades . Furthermore , he was named Spanish Player of the Year by El País in the following campaign . He also scored the opening goal in the 1997 UEFA Super Cup , a 3–1 aggregate triumph against Borussia Dortmund . During his final years in Barcelona , Luis Enrique was often injured , and did not want to renew his contract . He had been offered a deal by his first club Sporting , which he , however , declined , stating that he wouldnt be able to reach the level he demanded of himself and that he wouldnt be doing Sporting much of a favour by going there . His concerns about his level and fitness made him retire on 10 August 2004 at the age of 34 , and he finished his professional career with league totals of 400 games and 102 goals , being named by Pelé as one of the top 125 greatest living footballers in March . International . Luis Enrique played for Spain in three FIFA World Cups : 1994 , 1998 and 2002 ( as well as UEFA Euro 1996 ) , and scored 12 goals while gaining 62 caps . He was also a member of the gold-winning squad at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , and made his debut for the main side on 17 April 1991 , featuring for 22 minutes in a 0–2 friendly loss to Romania in Cáceres . In the 1994 World Cup , held in the United States , Luis Enrique scored his first international goal , in the round-of-16 3–0 win over Switzerland in Washington , D.C . In the 1–2 quarter-final defeat against Italy at Foxboro Stadium , Mauro Tassottis elbow made contact with his face to bloody effect , the action being of such impact that he reportedly lost a pint of blood as a result , but during the match the incident went unpunished – Tassotti was banned for eight games afterwards , and never played internationally again ; when Spain met Italy at Euro 2008 on 22 June , to battle for a place in the semi-finals , Luis Enrique reportedly called for the team to take revenge on Italy for the 1994 World Cup incident . Tassotti , an assistant coach with A.C . Milan at the time , told the newspaper Marca that he was tired of always being reminded of this incident , and that he had never intended to hurt the Spaniard . At the 1998 World Cup , Luis Enrique played a major role in a 6–1 routing of Bulgaria in the last game of the group , scoring and assisting once and also winning a penalty , but the Spaniards were eliminated nonetheless . On 5 June of the following year he netted a hat-trick , in a 9–0 win in Villarreal over San Marino in the Euro 2000 qualifiers . On 23 June 2002 , Luis Enrique retired from international football , in order to give the younger players more playing time and focus only on his club . Coaching career . Barcelona B . On 26 May 2008 , Luis Enrique returned to Barcelona , taking over the reins of the B-team , renamed Barcelona Atlètic for that season . As he succeeded long-time Barcelona teammate Pep Guardiola , he stated : I have come home , and I finished playing here and now I will start coaching here. ; in his second season he found success , helping the club return to Segunda División after an absence of 11 years . In mid-March 2011 , Luis Enrique announced he would leave Barcelona B at the end of the campaign , despite still having two years left on his contract . He led the side to the playoffs , but they were ineligible for promotion . Roma . On 8 June 2011 , Luis Enrique reached an agreement with Italian Serie A club A.S . Roma to become the Giallorossis new head coach . He signed a two-year contract , being joined by a staff of four members , including Iván de la Peña who played two years for crosstown rivals S.S . Lazio , as technical collaborator . Roma was eliminated from the UEFA Europa League by ŠK Slovan Bratislava , amid great discussion of the substitution of legendary Francesco Totti for Stefano Okaka Chuka . The capital-based side also lost their first game in the domestic league against Cagliari Calcio , making it just the third time that they lost the opener in 18 years . Even though he still had two years remaining on his contract , Luis Enrique decided to leave Roma at the end of the season after failure to qualify for any European competition . Celta . On 8 June 2013 , Luis Enrique became RC Celta de Vigos new manager , replacing former national teammate Abel Resino . He led the Galicians to the ninth position in his first and only season , highlights including a 2–0 home win against Real Madrid that ended the oppositions possibilities of winning the league title . On 16 May 2014 , Luis Enrique announced that he would be leaving Celta . Barcelona . On 19 May 2014 , it was announced that Luis Enrique would return to Barcelona as a manager , after he agreed to a three-year deal . He was recommended by sporting director Andoni Zubizarreta , his former national teammate . His first competitive match was a 3–0 home league win over Elche CF , where he handed debuts to new signings Claudio Bravo , Jérémy Mathieu and Ivan Rakitić , and gave youth products Munir El Haddadi , Rafinha and Sandro their maiden league appearances for the club , while summer signing Luis Suárez was unavailable for selection due to suspension . Luis Enrique suffered his first defeat in the competition on 25 October 2014 , away against Real Madrid , and although Barcelona had a successful run in the year , his management came under scrutiny because of his tactics involving several lineup changes in consecutive games . Moreover , a quarrel with Lionel Messi and other members of the team further accentuated the teams poor form . After an away loss to Real Sociedad , there was a significant upturn in Barcelonas form as a result of Luis Enrique deciding on a settled lineup . He equaled Guardiolas record of 11 consecutive victories , while the team went on to beat Atlético Madrid and Villarreal CF convincingly in the Copa del Rey to advance to the final . In the domestic league , after eight wins in nine matches , the team returned to the top of the table after 15 weeks . On 21 April 2015 , Luis Enrique recorded his 42nd win after 50 games in charge of Barcelona with a 2–0 victory over Paris Saint-Germain FC , the best record of any manager . He went on to lead the side to the final of the UEFA Champions League and , on 17 May , led it to its 23rd national championship with one match to spare following a 1–0 win at the Vicente Calderón Stadium against Atlético Madrid . On 6 June , having earlier won the domestic cup against Athletic Bilbao by the same score , Barcelona sealed a treble with a 3–1 win over Juventus F.C . in the Champions League Final in Berlin , and three days later he signed a new contract until 2017 . On 11 August 2015 , Barcelona won the 2015 UEFA Super Cup 5–4 against Sevilla FC . On 2 December , against CF Villanovense in the Copa del Rey Round of 32 , Luis Enrique decided against bringing on a new player following Mathieus injury with 12 minutes to go even though two replacements could still be made , as the score was at 6–1 at that time and the manager said he did not want to risk further setbacks . In his first two seasons , Luis Enrique rotated his goalkeepers , with Bravo playing league games and Marc-André ter Stegen playing cup and European matches . Both players , however , expressed opposition to this policy . A second double was achieved on 22 May 2016 , following a 2–0 Copa del Rey win over Sevilla FC after extra time in which the team played more than 50 minutes with one player less , following the dismissal of Javier Mascherano . On 1 March 2017 , Luis Enrique announced that he would not continue as team manager after 30 June on expiration of his contract . Spain . Luis Enrique was named coach of the Spanish national team on 9 July 2018 , replacing former club and country teammate Fernando Hierro . His first match in charge occurred on 8 September , and he led the side to a 2–1 win against England in the UEFA Nations League at Wembley Stadium . In June 2019 , Luis Enrique quit his post for personal reasons . On 19 November , he returned to the same bench . Style of play . Having occupied several different positions , Luis Enrique was most noted for his exceptional versatility and consistency . He was capable of playing anywhere in midfield or along the front line , and was fielded in all positions on the pitch throughout his career , except those of central defender and goalkeeper . A strong , courageous , energetic and hard-working team player , with good technical skills , flair and notable stamina , his usual position was as an attacking midfielder in the centre of the pitch , due to his ability to link-up the forwards and the midfield , or as a right winger , but he was capable of playing anywhere along the right flank , and was often deployed as an attacking full back or wing-back , or even as a left winger on occasion . Due to his keen eye for goal and ability to make attacking runs into the box , Luis Enrique frequently played as a forward , either in a withdrawn role as a second striker behind the teams main goalscorer , or even as an out-and-out striker or centre forward – he was also used in deeper midfield roles . In addition to his playing abilities , he also stood out for his commitment , temperament , determination and leadership . Endorsements . Luis Enrique was sponsored by sportswear company Nike , and appeared in commercials for the brand . In a global advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan , he starred in a Secret Tournament commercial ( branded Scorpion KO ) directed by Terry Gilliam , appearing alongside footballers such as Luís Figo , Thierry Henry , Hidetoshi Nakata , Roberto Carlos , Ronaldinho , Ronaldo and Totti , with former player Eric Cantona the tournament referee . Personal life . After retiring from football , Luis Enrique lived for a while in Australia to practise surfing . He took part in the 2005 edition of the New York City Marathon , finished the Amsterdam Marathon in 2006 , the Firenze Marathon in 2007 and the Marathon des Sables in 2008 , while also entering and finishing Frankfurt Ironman in 2007 . He was due to take part in the Klagenfurt Ironman competition in July 2008 , but eventually declined due to his engagement as manager of Barcelona B . Luis Enrique married his longtime partner Elena Cullell on 27 December 1997 . Their daughter , Xana , died of bone cancer at age 9 on 29 August 2019 . Career statistics . Club . - Notes International goals . Scores and results list Spains goal tally first Honours . Player . Real Madrid - La Liga : 1994–95 - Copa del Rey : 1992–93 - Supercopa de España : 1993 Barcelona - La Liga : 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Copa del Rey : 1996–97 , 1997–98 - Supercopa de España : 1996 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1996–97 - UEFA Super Cup : 1997 Spain U23 - Summer Olympic Games : 1992 Individual - La Liga Breakthrough Player : 1990–91 - ESM Team of the Year : 1996–97 - FIFA 100 Manager . Barcelona - La Liga : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Copa del Rey : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 - Supercopa de España : 2016 - UEFA Champions League : 2014–15 - UEFA Super Cup : 2015 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2015 Individual - La Liga Coach of the Year : 2015 - FIFA World Coach of the Year : 2015 - IFFHS Worlds Best Club Coach : 2015 - World Soccer Manager of the Year : 2015 - European Coach of the Year – Alf Ramsey Award : 2015 - European Coach of the Season : 2014–15 - La Liga Manager of the Month : May 2016 External links . - FC Barcelona official profile |
[
"Spanish national team"
] | easy | Luis Enrique was the coach of which team from Jul 2018 to Jun 2019? | /wiki/Luis_Enrique#P6087#4 | Luis Enrique Luis Enrique Martínez García ( ; born 8 May 1970 ) , known as Luis Enrique , is a Spanish professional football manager and former player . He is the current head coach of the Spain national team . A versatile player with good technique , he was capable of playing in several different positions , but usually played as a midfielder or forward , and was also noted for his temperament and stamina . Starting in 1991 and ending in 2004 , he represented both Real Madrid and Barcelona with equal individual and team success , appearing in more than 500 official games and scoring more than 100 goals . He appeared with the Spain national team in three World Cups and one European Championship . Luis Enrique started working as a manager in 2008 with Barcelona B , before moving to Roma three years later . In the 2013–14 season he managed Celta , before returning to Barcelona and winning the treble in his first year and the double in his second ; in 2018 , he was appointed Spain head coach for the first time before resigning for family reasons . Playing career . Club . Luis Enrique was born in Gijón , Asturias , and began his career with local Sporting de Gijón , where he gained the nickname Lucho after Luis Flores , a Mexican forward in the team . He then spent most of his playing days with the two biggest Spanish clubs : first Real Madrid for five seasons and , in 1996 , after seeing out his contract and notably scoring in a 5–0 home win against FC Barcelona in January 1995 , stating later he rarely felt appreciated by the Real Madrid supporters and didnt have good memories there , he moved to precisely the fierce rivals at the Camp Nou on a free transfer . The Catalans supporters were at first hesitant about their new acquisition , but he soon won the hearts of the cules , staying eight years , eventually becoming team captain and scoring several times in El Clásico against his former employers ; he passionately celebrated at the Santiago Bernabéu , where he grabbed his jersey after a 25-yard strike that beat the opposing goalkeeper . Luis Enrique netted 46 La Liga goals in his first three seasons with Barcelona , with the side finishing runner-up in 1996–97 and subsequently winning back-to-back domestic championship accolades . Furthermore , he was named Spanish Player of the Year by El País in the following campaign . He also scored the opening goal in the 1997 UEFA Super Cup , a 3–1 aggregate triumph against Borussia Dortmund . During his final years in Barcelona , Luis Enrique was often injured , and did not want to renew his contract . He had been offered a deal by his first club Sporting , which he , however , declined , stating that he wouldnt be able to reach the level he demanded of himself and that he wouldnt be doing Sporting much of a favour by going there . His concerns about his level and fitness made him retire on 10 August 2004 at the age of 34 , and he finished his professional career with league totals of 400 games and 102 goals , being named by Pelé as one of the top 125 greatest living footballers in March . International . Luis Enrique played for Spain in three FIFA World Cups : 1994 , 1998 and 2002 ( as well as UEFA Euro 1996 ) , and scored 12 goals while gaining 62 caps . He was also a member of the gold-winning squad at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , and made his debut for the main side on 17 April 1991 , featuring for 22 minutes in a 0–2 friendly loss to Romania in Cáceres . In the 1994 World Cup , held in the United States , Luis Enrique scored his first international goal , in the round-of-16 3–0 win over Switzerland in Washington , D.C . In the 1–2 quarter-final defeat against Italy at Foxboro Stadium , Mauro Tassottis elbow made contact with his face to bloody effect , the action being of such impact that he reportedly lost a pint of blood as a result , but during the match the incident went unpunished – Tassotti was banned for eight games afterwards , and never played internationally again ; when Spain met Italy at Euro 2008 on 22 June , to battle for a place in the semi-finals , Luis Enrique reportedly called for the team to take revenge on Italy for the 1994 World Cup incident . Tassotti , an assistant coach with A.C . Milan at the time , told the newspaper Marca that he was tired of always being reminded of this incident , and that he had never intended to hurt the Spaniard . At the 1998 World Cup , Luis Enrique played a major role in a 6–1 routing of Bulgaria in the last game of the group , scoring and assisting once and also winning a penalty , but the Spaniards were eliminated nonetheless . On 5 June of the following year he netted a hat-trick , in a 9–0 win in Villarreal over San Marino in the Euro 2000 qualifiers . On 23 June 2002 , Luis Enrique retired from international football , in order to give the younger players more playing time and focus only on his club . Coaching career . Barcelona B . On 26 May 2008 , Luis Enrique returned to Barcelona , taking over the reins of the B-team , renamed Barcelona Atlètic for that season . As he succeeded long-time Barcelona teammate Pep Guardiola , he stated : I have come home , and I finished playing here and now I will start coaching here. ; in his second season he found success , helping the club return to Segunda División after an absence of 11 years . In mid-March 2011 , Luis Enrique announced he would leave Barcelona B at the end of the campaign , despite still having two years left on his contract . He led the side to the playoffs , but they were ineligible for promotion . Roma . On 8 June 2011 , Luis Enrique reached an agreement with Italian Serie A club A.S . Roma to become the Giallorossis new head coach . He signed a two-year contract , being joined by a staff of four members , including Iván de la Peña who played two years for crosstown rivals S.S . Lazio , as technical collaborator . Roma was eliminated from the UEFA Europa League by ŠK Slovan Bratislava , amid great discussion of the substitution of legendary Francesco Totti for Stefano Okaka Chuka . The capital-based side also lost their first game in the domestic league against Cagliari Calcio , making it just the third time that they lost the opener in 18 years . Even though he still had two years remaining on his contract , Luis Enrique decided to leave Roma at the end of the season after failure to qualify for any European competition . Celta . On 8 June 2013 , Luis Enrique became RC Celta de Vigos new manager , replacing former national teammate Abel Resino . He led the Galicians to the ninth position in his first and only season , highlights including a 2–0 home win against Real Madrid that ended the oppositions possibilities of winning the league title . On 16 May 2014 , Luis Enrique announced that he would be leaving Celta . Barcelona . On 19 May 2014 , it was announced that Luis Enrique would return to Barcelona as a manager , after he agreed to a three-year deal . He was recommended by sporting director Andoni Zubizarreta , his former national teammate . His first competitive match was a 3–0 home league win over Elche CF , where he handed debuts to new signings Claudio Bravo , Jérémy Mathieu and Ivan Rakitić , and gave youth products Munir El Haddadi , Rafinha and Sandro their maiden league appearances for the club , while summer signing Luis Suárez was unavailable for selection due to suspension . Luis Enrique suffered his first defeat in the competition on 25 October 2014 , away against Real Madrid , and although Barcelona had a successful run in the year , his management came under scrutiny because of his tactics involving several lineup changes in consecutive games . Moreover , a quarrel with Lionel Messi and other members of the team further accentuated the teams poor form . After an away loss to Real Sociedad , there was a significant upturn in Barcelonas form as a result of Luis Enrique deciding on a settled lineup . He equaled Guardiolas record of 11 consecutive victories , while the team went on to beat Atlético Madrid and Villarreal CF convincingly in the Copa del Rey to advance to the final . In the domestic league , after eight wins in nine matches , the team returned to the top of the table after 15 weeks . On 21 April 2015 , Luis Enrique recorded his 42nd win after 50 games in charge of Barcelona with a 2–0 victory over Paris Saint-Germain FC , the best record of any manager . He went on to lead the side to the final of the UEFA Champions League and , on 17 May , led it to its 23rd national championship with one match to spare following a 1–0 win at the Vicente Calderón Stadium against Atlético Madrid . On 6 June , having earlier won the domestic cup against Athletic Bilbao by the same score , Barcelona sealed a treble with a 3–1 win over Juventus F.C . in the Champions League Final in Berlin , and three days later he signed a new contract until 2017 . On 11 August 2015 , Barcelona won the 2015 UEFA Super Cup 5–4 against Sevilla FC . On 2 December , against CF Villanovense in the Copa del Rey Round of 32 , Luis Enrique decided against bringing on a new player following Mathieus injury with 12 minutes to go even though two replacements could still be made , as the score was at 6–1 at that time and the manager said he did not want to risk further setbacks . In his first two seasons , Luis Enrique rotated his goalkeepers , with Bravo playing league games and Marc-André ter Stegen playing cup and European matches . Both players , however , expressed opposition to this policy . A second double was achieved on 22 May 2016 , following a 2–0 Copa del Rey win over Sevilla FC after extra time in which the team played more than 50 minutes with one player less , following the dismissal of Javier Mascherano . On 1 March 2017 , Luis Enrique announced that he would not continue as team manager after 30 June on expiration of his contract . Spain . Luis Enrique was named coach of the Spanish national team on 9 July 2018 , replacing former club and country teammate Fernando Hierro . His first match in charge occurred on 8 September , and he led the side to a 2–1 win against England in the UEFA Nations League at Wembley Stadium . In June 2019 , Luis Enrique quit his post for personal reasons . On 19 November , he returned to the same bench . Style of play . Having occupied several different positions , Luis Enrique was most noted for his exceptional versatility and consistency . He was capable of playing anywhere in midfield or along the front line , and was fielded in all positions on the pitch throughout his career , except those of central defender and goalkeeper . A strong , courageous , energetic and hard-working team player , with good technical skills , flair and notable stamina , his usual position was as an attacking midfielder in the centre of the pitch , due to his ability to link-up the forwards and the midfield , or as a right winger , but he was capable of playing anywhere along the right flank , and was often deployed as an attacking full back or wing-back , or even as a left winger on occasion . Due to his keen eye for goal and ability to make attacking runs into the box , Luis Enrique frequently played as a forward , either in a withdrawn role as a second striker behind the teams main goalscorer , or even as an out-and-out striker or centre forward – he was also used in deeper midfield roles . In addition to his playing abilities , he also stood out for his commitment , temperament , determination and leadership . Endorsements . Luis Enrique was sponsored by sportswear company Nike , and appeared in commercials for the brand . In a global advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan , he starred in a Secret Tournament commercial ( branded Scorpion KO ) directed by Terry Gilliam , appearing alongside footballers such as Luís Figo , Thierry Henry , Hidetoshi Nakata , Roberto Carlos , Ronaldinho , Ronaldo and Totti , with former player Eric Cantona the tournament referee . Personal life . After retiring from football , Luis Enrique lived for a while in Australia to practise surfing . He took part in the 2005 edition of the New York City Marathon , finished the Amsterdam Marathon in 2006 , the Firenze Marathon in 2007 and the Marathon des Sables in 2008 , while also entering and finishing Frankfurt Ironman in 2007 . He was due to take part in the Klagenfurt Ironman competition in July 2008 , but eventually declined due to his engagement as manager of Barcelona B . Luis Enrique married his longtime partner Elena Cullell on 27 December 1997 . Their daughter , Xana , died of bone cancer at age 9 on 29 August 2019 . Career statistics . Club . - Notes International goals . Scores and results list Spains goal tally first Honours . Player . Real Madrid - La Liga : 1994–95 - Copa del Rey : 1992–93 - Supercopa de España : 1993 Barcelona - La Liga : 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Copa del Rey : 1996–97 , 1997–98 - Supercopa de España : 1996 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1996–97 - UEFA Super Cup : 1997 Spain U23 - Summer Olympic Games : 1992 Individual - La Liga Breakthrough Player : 1990–91 - ESM Team of the Year : 1996–97 - FIFA 100 Manager . Barcelona - La Liga : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Copa del Rey : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 - Supercopa de España : 2016 - UEFA Champions League : 2014–15 - UEFA Super Cup : 2015 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2015 Individual - La Liga Coach of the Year : 2015 - FIFA World Coach of the Year : 2015 - IFFHS Worlds Best Club Coach : 2015 - World Soccer Manager of the Year : 2015 - European Coach of the Year – Alf Ramsey Award : 2015 - European Coach of the Season : 2014–15 - La Liga Manager of the Month : May 2016 External links . - FC Barcelona official profile |
[
"Flora youth academy"
] | easy | Siim Luts played for which team from 2006 to 2008? | /wiki/Siim_Luts#P54#0 | Siim Luts Siim Luts ( born 12 March 1989 ) is an Estonian professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Paide Linnameeskond and the Estonia national team . Club career . Flora . Luts began playing football at Flora youth academy in Paide . He made his Flora – and Meistriliiga – debut on 4 October 2008 , coming on as a 72nd-minute substitute for Sergei Mošnikov in a 1–1 draw against Tallinna Kalev at A . Le Coq Arena . Luts scored his first Meistriliiga goal on 1 November 2008 , in a 4–2 home win over TVMK . In July 2009 , he joined Tulevik on loan until the end of the season . Luts became a regular starter for Flora in the 2010 season , in which he scored 6 goals in 31 games and won his first Meistriliiga title . He won his second Meistriliiga title in the 2011 season . IFK Norrköping . On 22 January 2013 , Luts signed a two-year contract with Allsvenskan club IFK Norrköping . On 4 April 2013 , his missed penalty in the shoout-out against Djurgårdens IF saw IFK Norrköping eliminated in the quarter-finals of the 2012–13 Svenska Cupen . Luts made his debut in the Allsvenskan on 8 April 2013 , in a 2–1 home victory over Gefle IF . He made 13 league appearances in the 2013 season . After missing first half of the season due to injury , Luts was released by the club in June 2014 . Levadia . On 16 January 2015 , Luts signed a one-year contract with Meistriliiga club Levadia . He made his debut for Levadia on 3 March 2015 , against Santos in the Estonian Supercup , winning the match 5–0 . Bohemians 1905 . On 25 July 2016 , Luts signed a two-year contract with Czech First League club Bohemians 1905 . He made his debut in the Czech First League on 31 July 2016 , in a 0–3 home loss to Hradec Králové . Teplice . On 23 May 2018 , it was announced that Luts would join Czech First League club Teplice after the 2017–18 season on a two-year deal . Paide Linnameeskond . On 19 July 2019 , Luts signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Paide Linnameeskond . International career . Luts began his youth career in 2007 with the Estonia under-19 team . He also represented the under-21 , and under-23 national sides . Luts made his senior international debut for Estonia on 17 November 2010 , replacing Tarmo Kink in the 76th minute of a 1–1 home draw against Liechtenstein in a friendly . His first goal for Estonia on 7 June 2014 , in a 2–1 friendly victory over Tajikistan , brought him the Estonian Silverball award for the best goal scored for the national team in 2014 . On 28 March 2017 , Luts scored his second international goal after just 58 seconds in a 3–0 friendly victory over Croatia . Honours . Club . - Flora - Meistriliiga : 2010 , 2011 - Estonian Cup : 2010–11 - Estonian Supercup : 2009 , 2011 , 2012 - Levadia - Estonian Supercup : 2015 Individual . - Estonian Silverball : 2014 , 2018 |
[
"Flora"
] | easy | Siim Luts played for which team from 2008 to 2010? | /wiki/Siim_Luts#P54#1 | Siim Luts Siim Luts ( born 12 March 1989 ) is an Estonian professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Paide Linnameeskond and the Estonia national team . Club career . Flora . Luts began playing football at Flora youth academy in Paide . He made his Flora – and Meistriliiga – debut on 4 October 2008 , coming on as a 72nd-minute substitute for Sergei Mošnikov in a 1–1 draw against Tallinna Kalev at A . Le Coq Arena . Luts scored his first Meistriliiga goal on 1 November 2008 , in a 4–2 home win over TVMK . In July 2009 , he joined Tulevik on loan until the end of the season . Luts became a regular starter for Flora in the 2010 season , in which he scored 6 goals in 31 games and won his first Meistriliiga title . He won his second Meistriliiga title in the 2011 season . IFK Norrköping . On 22 January 2013 , Luts signed a two-year contract with Allsvenskan club IFK Norrköping . On 4 April 2013 , his missed penalty in the shoout-out against Djurgårdens IF saw IFK Norrköping eliminated in the quarter-finals of the 2012–13 Svenska Cupen . Luts made his debut in the Allsvenskan on 8 April 2013 , in a 2–1 home victory over Gefle IF . He made 13 league appearances in the 2013 season . After missing first half of the season due to injury , Luts was released by the club in June 2014 . Levadia . On 16 January 2015 , Luts signed a one-year contract with Meistriliiga club Levadia . He made his debut for Levadia on 3 March 2015 , against Santos in the Estonian Supercup , winning the match 5–0 . Bohemians 1905 . On 25 July 2016 , Luts signed a two-year contract with Czech First League club Bohemians 1905 . He made his debut in the Czech First League on 31 July 2016 , in a 0–3 home loss to Hradec Králové . Teplice . On 23 May 2018 , it was announced that Luts would join Czech First League club Teplice after the 2017–18 season on a two-year deal . Paide Linnameeskond . On 19 July 2019 , Luts signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Paide Linnameeskond . International career . Luts began his youth career in 2007 with the Estonia under-19 team . He also represented the under-21 , and under-23 national sides . Luts made his senior international debut for Estonia on 17 November 2010 , replacing Tarmo Kink in the 76th minute of a 1–1 home draw against Liechtenstein in a friendly . His first goal for Estonia on 7 June 2014 , in a 2–1 friendly victory over Tajikistan , brought him the Estonian Silverball award for the best goal scored for the national team in 2014 . On 28 March 2017 , Luts scored his second international goal after just 58 seconds in a 3–0 friendly victory over Croatia . Honours . Club . - Flora - Meistriliiga : 2010 , 2011 - Estonian Cup : 2010–11 - Estonian Supercup : 2009 , 2011 , 2012 - Levadia - Estonian Supercup : 2015 Individual . - Estonian Silverball : 2014 , 2018 |
[
"Flora"
] | easy | Which team did the player Siim Luts belong to from 2010 to 2012? | /wiki/Siim_Luts#P54#2 | Siim Luts Siim Luts ( born 12 March 1989 ) is an Estonian professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Paide Linnameeskond and the Estonia national team . Club career . Flora . Luts began playing football at Flora youth academy in Paide . He made his Flora – and Meistriliiga – debut on 4 October 2008 , coming on as a 72nd-minute substitute for Sergei Mošnikov in a 1–1 draw against Tallinna Kalev at A . Le Coq Arena . Luts scored his first Meistriliiga goal on 1 November 2008 , in a 4–2 home win over TVMK . In July 2009 , he joined Tulevik on loan until the end of the season . Luts became a regular starter for Flora in the 2010 season , in which he scored 6 goals in 31 games and won his first Meistriliiga title . He won his second Meistriliiga title in the 2011 season . IFK Norrköping . On 22 January 2013 , Luts signed a two-year contract with Allsvenskan club IFK Norrköping . On 4 April 2013 , his missed penalty in the shoout-out against Djurgårdens IF saw IFK Norrköping eliminated in the quarter-finals of the 2012–13 Svenska Cupen . Luts made his debut in the Allsvenskan on 8 April 2013 , in a 2–1 home victory over Gefle IF . He made 13 league appearances in the 2013 season . After missing first half of the season due to injury , Luts was released by the club in June 2014 . Levadia . On 16 January 2015 , Luts signed a one-year contract with Meistriliiga club Levadia . He made his debut for Levadia on 3 March 2015 , against Santos in the Estonian Supercup , winning the match 5–0 . Bohemians 1905 . On 25 July 2016 , Luts signed a two-year contract with Czech First League club Bohemians 1905 . He made his debut in the Czech First League on 31 July 2016 , in a 0–3 home loss to Hradec Králové . Teplice . On 23 May 2018 , it was announced that Luts would join Czech First League club Teplice after the 2017–18 season on a two-year deal . Paide Linnameeskond . On 19 July 2019 , Luts signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Paide Linnameeskond . International career . Luts began his youth career in 2007 with the Estonia under-19 team . He also represented the under-21 , and under-23 national sides . Luts made his senior international debut for Estonia on 17 November 2010 , replacing Tarmo Kink in the 76th minute of a 1–1 home draw against Liechtenstein in a friendly . His first goal for Estonia on 7 June 2014 , in a 2–1 friendly victory over Tajikistan , brought him the Estonian Silverball award for the best goal scored for the national team in 2014 . On 28 March 2017 , Luts scored his second international goal after just 58 seconds in a 3–0 friendly victory over Croatia . Honours . Club . - Flora - Meistriliiga : 2010 , 2011 - Estonian Cup : 2010–11 - Estonian Supercup : 2009 , 2011 , 2012 - Levadia - Estonian Supercup : 2015 Individual . - Estonian Silverball : 2014 , 2018 |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did the player Siim Luts belong to from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Siim_Luts#P54#3 | Siim Luts Siim Luts ( born 12 March 1989 ) is an Estonian professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Paide Linnameeskond and the Estonia national team . Club career . Flora . Luts began playing football at Flora youth academy in Paide . He made his Flora – and Meistriliiga – debut on 4 October 2008 , coming on as a 72nd-minute substitute for Sergei Mošnikov in a 1–1 draw against Tallinna Kalev at A . Le Coq Arena . Luts scored his first Meistriliiga goal on 1 November 2008 , in a 4–2 home win over TVMK . In July 2009 , he joined Tulevik on loan until the end of the season . Luts became a regular starter for Flora in the 2010 season , in which he scored 6 goals in 31 games and won his first Meistriliiga title . He won his second Meistriliiga title in the 2011 season . IFK Norrköping . On 22 January 2013 , Luts signed a two-year contract with Allsvenskan club IFK Norrköping . On 4 April 2013 , his missed penalty in the shoout-out against Djurgårdens IF saw IFK Norrköping eliminated in the quarter-finals of the 2012–13 Svenska Cupen . Luts made his debut in the Allsvenskan on 8 April 2013 , in a 2–1 home victory over Gefle IF . He made 13 league appearances in the 2013 season . After missing first half of the season due to injury , Luts was released by the club in June 2014 . Levadia . On 16 January 2015 , Luts signed a one-year contract with Meistriliiga club Levadia . He made his debut for Levadia on 3 March 2015 , against Santos in the Estonian Supercup , winning the match 5–0 . Bohemians 1905 . On 25 July 2016 , Luts signed a two-year contract with Czech First League club Bohemians 1905 . He made his debut in the Czech First League on 31 July 2016 , in a 0–3 home loss to Hradec Králové . Teplice . On 23 May 2018 , it was announced that Luts would join Czech First League club Teplice after the 2017–18 season on a two-year deal . Paide Linnameeskond . On 19 July 2019 , Luts signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Paide Linnameeskond . International career . Luts began his youth career in 2007 with the Estonia under-19 team . He also represented the under-21 , and under-23 national sides . Luts made his senior international debut for Estonia on 17 November 2010 , replacing Tarmo Kink in the 76th minute of a 1–1 home draw against Liechtenstein in a friendly . His first goal for Estonia on 7 June 2014 , in a 2–1 friendly victory over Tajikistan , brought him the Estonian Silverball award for the best goal scored for the national team in 2014 . On 28 March 2017 , Luts scored his second international goal after just 58 seconds in a 3–0 friendly victory over Croatia . Honours . Club . - Flora - Meistriliiga : 2010 , 2011 - Estonian Cup : 2010–11 - Estonian Supercup : 2009 , 2011 , 2012 - Levadia - Estonian Supercup : 2015 Individual . - Estonian Silverball : 2014 , 2018 |
[
"IFK Norrköping"
] | easy | Which team did Siim Luts play for from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Siim_Luts#P54#4 | Siim Luts Siim Luts ( born 12 March 1989 ) is an Estonian professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Paide Linnameeskond and the Estonia national team . Club career . Flora . Luts began playing football at Flora youth academy in Paide . He made his Flora – and Meistriliiga – debut on 4 October 2008 , coming on as a 72nd-minute substitute for Sergei Mošnikov in a 1–1 draw against Tallinna Kalev at A . Le Coq Arena . Luts scored his first Meistriliiga goal on 1 November 2008 , in a 4–2 home win over TVMK . In July 2009 , he joined Tulevik on loan until the end of the season . Luts became a regular starter for Flora in the 2010 season , in which he scored 6 goals in 31 games and won his first Meistriliiga title . He won his second Meistriliiga title in the 2011 season . IFK Norrköping . On 22 January 2013 , Luts signed a two-year contract with Allsvenskan club IFK Norrköping . On 4 April 2013 , his missed penalty in the shoout-out against Djurgårdens IF saw IFK Norrköping eliminated in the quarter-finals of the 2012–13 Svenska Cupen . Luts made his debut in the Allsvenskan on 8 April 2013 , in a 2–1 home victory over Gefle IF . He made 13 league appearances in the 2013 season . After missing first half of the season due to injury , Luts was released by the club in June 2014 . Levadia . On 16 January 2015 , Luts signed a one-year contract with Meistriliiga club Levadia . He made his debut for Levadia on 3 March 2015 , against Santos in the Estonian Supercup , winning the match 5–0 . Bohemians 1905 . On 25 July 2016 , Luts signed a two-year contract with Czech First League club Bohemians 1905 . He made his debut in the Czech First League on 31 July 2016 , in a 0–3 home loss to Hradec Králové . Teplice . On 23 May 2018 , it was announced that Luts would join Czech First League club Teplice after the 2017–18 season on a two-year deal . Paide Linnameeskond . On 19 July 2019 , Luts signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Paide Linnameeskond . International career . Luts began his youth career in 2007 with the Estonia under-19 team . He also represented the under-21 , and under-23 national sides . Luts made his senior international debut for Estonia on 17 November 2010 , replacing Tarmo Kink in the 76th minute of a 1–1 home draw against Liechtenstein in a friendly . His first goal for Estonia on 7 June 2014 , in a 2–1 friendly victory over Tajikistan , brought him the Estonian Silverball award for the best goal scored for the national team in 2014 . On 28 March 2017 , Luts scored his second international goal after just 58 seconds in a 3–0 friendly victory over Croatia . Honours . Club . - Flora - Meistriliiga : 2010 , 2011 - Estonian Cup : 2010–11 - Estonian Supercup : 2009 , 2011 , 2012 - Levadia - Estonian Supercup : 2015 Individual . - Estonian Silverball : 2014 , 2018 |
[
""
] | easy | Siim Luts played for which team from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/Siim_Luts#P54#5 | Siim Luts Siim Luts ( born 12 March 1989 ) is an Estonian professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Paide Linnameeskond and the Estonia national team . Club career . Flora . Luts began playing football at Flora youth academy in Paide . He made his Flora – and Meistriliiga – debut on 4 October 2008 , coming on as a 72nd-minute substitute for Sergei Mošnikov in a 1–1 draw against Tallinna Kalev at A . Le Coq Arena . Luts scored his first Meistriliiga goal on 1 November 2008 , in a 4–2 home win over TVMK . In July 2009 , he joined Tulevik on loan until the end of the season . Luts became a regular starter for Flora in the 2010 season , in which he scored 6 goals in 31 games and won his first Meistriliiga title . He won his second Meistriliiga title in the 2011 season . IFK Norrköping . On 22 January 2013 , Luts signed a two-year contract with Allsvenskan club IFK Norrköping . On 4 April 2013 , his missed penalty in the shoout-out against Djurgårdens IF saw IFK Norrköping eliminated in the quarter-finals of the 2012–13 Svenska Cupen . Luts made his debut in the Allsvenskan on 8 April 2013 , in a 2–1 home victory over Gefle IF . He made 13 league appearances in the 2013 season . After missing first half of the season due to injury , Luts was released by the club in June 2014 . Levadia . On 16 January 2015 , Luts signed a one-year contract with Meistriliiga club Levadia . He made his debut for Levadia on 3 March 2015 , against Santos in the Estonian Supercup , winning the match 5–0 . Bohemians 1905 . On 25 July 2016 , Luts signed a two-year contract with Czech First League club Bohemians 1905 . He made his debut in the Czech First League on 31 July 2016 , in a 0–3 home loss to Hradec Králové . Teplice . On 23 May 2018 , it was announced that Luts would join Czech First League club Teplice after the 2017–18 season on a two-year deal . Paide Linnameeskond . On 19 July 2019 , Luts signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Paide Linnameeskond . International career . Luts began his youth career in 2007 with the Estonia under-19 team . He also represented the under-21 , and under-23 national sides . Luts made his senior international debut for Estonia on 17 November 2010 , replacing Tarmo Kink in the 76th minute of a 1–1 home draw against Liechtenstein in a friendly . His first goal for Estonia on 7 June 2014 , in a 2–1 friendly victory over Tajikistan , brought him the Estonian Silverball award for the best goal scored for the national team in 2014 . On 28 March 2017 , Luts scored his second international goal after just 58 seconds in a 3–0 friendly victory over Croatia . Honours . Club . - Flora - Meistriliiga : 2010 , 2011 - Estonian Cup : 2010–11 - Estonian Supercup : 2009 , 2011 , 2012 - Levadia - Estonian Supercup : 2015 Individual . - Estonian Silverball : 2014 , 2018 |
[
"Levadia"
] | easy | Which team did the player Siim Luts belong to from 2015 to 2016? | /wiki/Siim_Luts#P54#6 | Siim Luts Siim Luts ( born 12 March 1989 ) is an Estonian professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Paide Linnameeskond and the Estonia national team . Club career . Flora . Luts began playing football at Flora youth academy in Paide . He made his Flora – and Meistriliiga – debut on 4 October 2008 , coming on as a 72nd-minute substitute for Sergei Mošnikov in a 1–1 draw against Tallinna Kalev at A . Le Coq Arena . Luts scored his first Meistriliiga goal on 1 November 2008 , in a 4–2 home win over TVMK . In July 2009 , he joined Tulevik on loan until the end of the season . Luts became a regular starter for Flora in the 2010 season , in which he scored 6 goals in 31 games and won his first Meistriliiga title . He won his second Meistriliiga title in the 2011 season . IFK Norrköping . On 22 January 2013 , Luts signed a two-year contract with Allsvenskan club IFK Norrköping . On 4 April 2013 , his missed penalty in the shoout-out against Djurgårdens IF saw IFK Norrköping eliminated in the quarter-finals of the 2012–13 Svenska Cupen . Luts made his debut in the Allsvenskan on 8 April 2013 , in a 2–1 home victory over Gefle IF . He made 13 league appearances in the 2013 season . After missing first half of the season due to injury , Luts was released by the club in June 2014 . Levadia . On 16 January 2015 , Luts signed a one-year contract with Meistriliiga club Levadia . He made his debut for Levadia on 3 March 2015 , against Santos in the Estonian Supercup , winning the match 5–0 . Bohemians 1905 . On 25 July 2016 , Luts signed a two-year contract with Czech First League club Bohemians 1905 . He made his debut in the Czech First League on 31 July 2016 , in a 0–3 home loss to Hradec Králové . Teplice . On 23 May 2018 , it was announced that Luts would join Czech First League club Teplice after the 2017–18 season on a two-year deal . Paide Linnameeskond . On 19 July 2019 , Luts signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Paide Linnameeskond . International career . Luts began his youth career in 2007 with the Estonia under-19 team . He also represented the under-21 , and under-23 national sides . Luts made his senior international debut for Estonia on 17 November 2010 , replacing Tarmo Kink in the 76th minute of a 1–1 home draw against Liechtenstein in a friendly . His first goal for Estonia on 7 June 2014 , in a 2–1 friendly victory over Tajikistan , brought him the Estonian Silverball award for the best goal scored for the national team in 2014 . On 28 March 2017 , Luts scored his second international goal after just 58 seconds in a 3–0 friendly victory over Croatia . Honours . Club . - Flora - Meistriliiga : 2010 , 2011 - Estonian Cup : 2010–11 - Estonian Supercup : 2009 , 2011 , 2012 - Levadia - Estonian Supercup : 2015 Individual . - Estonian Silverball : 2014 , 2018 |
[
"Minister of Finance"
] | easy | Dalia Grybauskaitė took which position from 2001 to 2004? | /wiki/Dalia_Grybauskaitė#P39#0 | Dalia Grybauskaitė Dalia Grybauskaitė ( ; born 1 March 1956 ) is a Lithuanian politician who served as the eighth President of Lithuania from 2009 until 2019 . She is the first woman to hold the position and became in 2014 the first President of Lithuania to be reelected for a second consecutive term . Grybauskaitė has served as Minister of Finance , as well as European Commissioner for Financial Programming and the Budget from 2004 to 2009 . She is often referred to as the Iron Lady or the Steel Magnolia . Early years . Grybauskaitė was born on 1 March 1956 to a working-class family in Vilnius . Her mother , Vitalija Korsakaitė ( 1922–1989 ) , was born in the Biržai region and worked as a saleswoman . Her father , Polikarpas Grybauskas ( 1928–2008 ) , was an electrician and driver . He also was a NKVD serviceman during the Second World War . Grybauskaitė attended Salomėja Nėris High School . She has two brothers , one living in Lithuania , and the other living in Colorado Springs , in the United States . She has described herself as not among the best students , receiving mostly fours in a system where five was the highest grade . Her favourite subjects were history , geography and physics . Grybauskaitė began participating in sports at the age of eleven , and became a passionate basketball player . At the age of nineteen , she worked for a year at the Lithuanian National Philharmonic Society as a staff inspector . She then enrolled in Saint Petersburg State University , then known as Leningrad A.A . Zhdanov State University , as a student of political economy . At the same time , she began working in a local factory in Saint Petersburg . In 1983 , Grybauskaitė graduated with a citation and returned to Vilnius , taking a secretarial position at the Academy of Sciences . Work in the Academy was scarce and so she moved to the Vilnius Communist Party High School , where she lectured in political economics and global finance . From 1983 to December 1989 , she was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and after the Communist Party of Lithuania broke away from the CPSU in December 1989 , she was member of the CPL until June 1990 . In 1988 , she defended her PhD thesis at Moscow ( Academy of Social Sciences ) . In 1990 , soon after Lithuania reestablished its independence from the Soviet Union , Grybauskaitė continued her studies at the Edmund A . Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University , Washington D.C. , in the Special Programme for senior executives . Early career . Between 1991 and 1993 , Grybauskaitė worked as Director of the European Department at the Ministry of International Economic Relations of the Republic of Lithuania . During 1993 , she was employed in the Foreign Ministry as director of the Economic Relations Department , and represented Lithuania when it entered the European Union free trade agreements . She also chaired the Aid Coordination Committee ( Phare and the G24 ) . Soon afterwards , she was named Extraordinary Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister at the Lithuanian Mission to the EU . There , she worked as the deputy chief negotiator for the EU Europe Agreement and as a representative of the National Aid Co-ordination in Brussels . In 1996 , Grybauskaitė was appointed Plenipotentiary Minister in the United States Lithuanian embassy . She held this position until 1999 , when she was appointed deputy Minister of Finance . As part of this role , she led Lithuanian negotiations with the World Bank and International Monetary Fund . In 2000 , Grybauskaitė became Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs , going on in 2001 to become Minister of Finance in the Algirdas Brazauskas government . Lithuania joined the European Union on 1 May 2004 , and Grybauskaitė was named a European Commissioner on the same day . European Commission . Grybauskaitė initially served as European Commissioner for Education , Culture , Multilingualism and Youth . She held this position until 11 November 2004 , when she was named European Commissioner for Financial Programming and the Budget within the José Manuel Barroso-led Commission . In November 2005 , Grybauskaitė was named Commissioner of the Year in the European Voice Europeans of the Year poll . She was nominated for her unrelenting efforts to shift EU spending towards areas that would enhance competitiveness such as research and development . She commented : As Financial and Budget Commissioner , she strongly criticized the EU budget , stating it was ...not a budget for the 21st century . The majority of the EU budget was spent on agricultural programmes . Grybauskaitė presented a 2008 EU budget in which , for the first time in its history , spending on growth and employment constituted the highest share of the budget , exceeding that of agriculture and natural resources . She frequently criticised the Lithuanian Government , headed by Prime Minister Gediminas Kirkilas , for its lack of response to the approaching financial crisis . 2009 presidential election . On 26 February 2009 , Grybauskaitė officially announced her candidacy for the 2009 presidential election . In her declaration speech , she said : There were three women and four men as presidential candidates . Opinion polls taken in February 2009 showed that Grybauskaitė was the undisputed leader in the race . She ran as an independent , although she was supported by the dominant Conservative Party as well as by NGOs , including Sąjūdis . Her campaign was primarily focused on domestic issues . After years of strong economic growth , Lithuania faced a deep recession , with double-digit declines in economic indicators . The unemployment rate rose to 15.5% in March 2009 , and a January street protest against the governments response to the recession turned violent . During the campaign , Grybauskaitė stressed the need to combat the financial troubles by protecting those with the lowest incomes , simplifying the Lithuanian bureaucratic apparatus , and reviewing the governments investment programme . She also promised a more balanced approach in conducting foreign policy , the primary constitutional role of the Lithuanian presidency . The election was held on 17 May 2009 . Grybauskaitė won in a landslide , receiving 69.1% of the valid vote . The 51.6% turnout was just above the threshold needed to avoid a runoff election . In winning the election , Grybauskaitė became not only the first female president of Lithuania , but won by the largest margin recorded for a free election in Lithuania . Political analysts attributed the easy victory to Grybauskaitės financial competence and her ability to avoid domestic scandals . The international press was quick to dub her the Lithuanian Iron Lady for her outspoken speech and her black belt in karate . Grybauskaitė , who speaks Lithuanian , English , Russian , French and Polish , has mentioned Margaret Thatcher and Mahatma Gandhi as her political role models . Presidency ( 2009–2019 ) . Grybauskaitė assumed presidential duties on 12 July 2009 , and accepted half of her presidential salary ( 312,000 litas ) . Her first presidential visits abroad were made to Sweden and Latvia ; in April 2011 , she made a state visit to Norway . Grybauskaitė supported the NATO-led military intervention in Libya . On 19 December 2013 , Grybauskaitė decided to boycott the Sochi Winter Olympics together with other Western leaders , including German president Joachim Gauck , French president François Hollande , and the US president Barack Obama , due to Russias human rights violations , attitudes and behaviour with Eastern partners and Lithuania . In 2014 , Grybauskaitė was reelected President . She received 46% of the vote in the first round , and defeated Zigmantas Balčytis of the Social Democratic Party in the run-off with 58% of the vote . Foreign policy . Relations with Russia . At the beginning of her first term , Grybauskaitė tried to reset relations with Russia and check whether pragmatic relations with Russia were possible . In 2010 , Grybauskaitė even met with Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in Helsinki . However , after this meeting , relations between Lithuania and Russia began to cool down . Relations with Russia markedly deteriorated during the second Grybauskaitės term in office , due in part to her hard line stance against Russian influence in Europe and the Baltics , especially after the Russian invasion of Ukraine . In May 2014 , Grybauskaitė called the dependence on Russian gas an existential threat to Lithuania . Following her reelection in May 2014 , she said Dignity , self-respect and mutual benefit , these are the principles that should set the basis for relations between countries and no doubt , knowing that this is our neighbor , we wish this country to democratize and cope with the arising economic challenges . In June 2014 , Grybauskaitė told the German news magazine Focus : [ Putin ] uses nationality as a pretext to conquer territory with military means . Thats exactly what Stalin and Hitler did . She also claimed that Russia and Putin were characterised by aggressiveness , violence , and a willingness to overstep boundaries . On 20 November 2014 , Grybauskaitė , commenting on the conflict in Ukraine , characterized Russia as a terrorist state which carries out an open aggression against its neighbors . In June 2018 , Grybauskaitė said that Lithuania should be ready for Russian invasion . She also said that Western states will wake up only when they have been attacked by Russia . In December 2018 , Grybauskaitė told Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko that Lithuania would increase military assistance to Ukraine : We will additionally supply more ammunition , send more military instructors and cyber security experts to help repel hybrid attacks , especially during the elections . Relations with the EU and United States . In December 2014 , Grybauskaitė said that Lithuania will have to take the responsibility for the secret CIA-operated prison in Lithuania . Regarding British Prime Minister Theresa Mays comments on acting as a bridge between the European Union and the United States , Grybauskaitė said that I dont think there is a necessity for a bridge . We communicate with the Americans on Twitter . In March 2017 , Grybauskaitė criticized the government of Poland and Prime Minister Beata Szydło for not endorsing Donald Tusk again for the President of the European Council . Brexit . In January 2019 Grybauskaitė said a no-deal Brexit would be better than delaying Brexit . She said the EU would negotiate mini or sectoral arrangements to mitigate a no-deal scenario . Personal life . Grybauskaitė is unmarried and has no children . In addition to her native Lithuanian , she is fluent in English , Russian and Polish , and also speaks French . Grybauskaitė has a black belt in karate . Awards . Grybauskaitė has received the following national and international awards : Further reading . - Tomas Janeliūnas . 2020 . Foreign Policy Analysis of a Baltic State : Lithuania and Grybauskaitė Doctrine . Routledge . External links . - Official website of the President of the Republic of Lithuania - Lithuania set for energy rethink -interview with BBC . BBC World News - Lunch with the FT : Dalia Grybauskaite . Financial Times - Grybauskaitė run for the President ( video ) |
[
"European Commissioner"
] | easy | What was the position of Dalia Grybauskaitė from May 2004 to Nov 2004? | /wiki/Dalia_Grybauskaitė#P39#1 | Dalia Grybauskaitė Dalia Grybauskaitė ( ; born 1 March 1956 ) is a Lithuanian politician who served as the eighth President of Lithuania from 2009 until 2019 . She is the first woman to hold the position and became in 2014 the first President of Lithuania to be reelected for a second consecutive term . Grybauskaitė has served as Minister of Finance , as well as European Commissioner for Financial Programming and the Budget from 2004 to 2009 . She is often referred to as the Iron Lady or the Steel Magnolia . Early years . Grybauskaitė was born on 1 March 1956 to a working-class family in Vilnius . Her mother , Vitalija Korsakaitė ( 1922–1989 ) , was born in the Biržai region and worked as a saleswoman . Her father , Polikarpas Grybauskas ( 1928–2008 ) , was an electrician and driver . He also was a NKVD serviceman during the Second World War . Grybauskaitė attended Salomėja Nėris High School . She has two brothers , one living in Lithuania , and the other living in Colorado Springs , in the United States . She has described herself as not among the best students , receiving mostly fours in a system where five was the highest grade . Her favourite subjects were history , geography and physics . Grybauskaitė began participating in sports at the age of eleven , and became a passionate basketball player . At the age of nineteen , she worked for a year at the Lithuanian National Philharmonic Society as a staff inspector . She then enrolled in Saint Petersburg State University , then known as Leningrad A.A . Zhdanov State University , as a student of political economy . At the same time , she began working in a local factory in Saint Petersburg . In 1983 , Grybauskaitė graduated with a citation and returned to Vilnius , taking a secretarial position at the Academy of Sciences . Work in the Academy was scarce and so she moved to the Vilnius Communist Party High School , where she lectured in political economics and global finance . From 1983 to December 1989 , she was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and after the Communist Party of Lithuania broke away from the CPSU in December 1989 , she was member of the CPL until June 1990 . In 1988 , she defended her PhD thesis at Moscow ( Academy of Social Sciences ) . In 1990 , soon after Lithuania reestablished its independence from the Soviet Union , Grybauskaitė continued her studies at the Edmund A . Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University , Washington D.C. , in the Special Programme for senior executives . Early career . Between 1991 and 1993 , Grybauskaitė worked as Director of the European Department at the Ministry of International Economic Relations of the Republic of Lithuania . During 1993 , she was employed in the Foreign Ministry as director of the Economic Relations Department , and represented Lithuania when it entered the European Union free trade agreements . She also chaired the Aid Coordination Committee ( Phare and the G24 ) . Soon afterwards , she was named Extraordinary Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister at the Lithuanian Mission to the EU . There , she worked as the deputy chief negotiator for the EU Europe Agreement and as a representative of the National Aid Co-ordination in Brussels . In 1996 , Grybauskaitė was appointed Plenipotentiary Minister in the United States Lithuanian embassy . She held this position until 1999 , when she was appointed deputy Minister of Finance . As part of this role , she led Lithuanian negotiations with the World Bank and International Monetary Fund . In 2000 , Grybauskaitė became Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs , going on in 2001 to become Minister of Finance in the Algirdas Brazauskas government . Lithuania joined the European Union on 1 May 2004 , and Grybauskaitė was named a European Commissioner on the same day . European Commission . Grybauskaitė initially served as European Commissioner for Education , Culture , Multilingualism and Youth . She held this position until 11 November 2004 , when she was named European Commissioner for Financial Programming and the Budget within the José Manuel Barroso-led Commission . In November 2005 , Grybauskaitė was named Commissioner of the Year in the European Voice Europeans of the Year poll . She was nominated for her unrelenting efforts to shift EU spending towards areas that would enhance competitiveness such as research and development . She commented : As Financial and Budget Commissioner , she strongly criticized the EU budget , stating it was ...not a budget for the 21st century . The majority of the EU budget was spent on agricultural programmes . Grybauskaitė presented a 2008 EU budget in which , for the first time in its history , spending on growth and employment constituted the highest share of the budget , exceeding that of agriculture and natural resources . She frequently criticised the Lithuanian Government , headed by Prime Minister Gediminas Kirkilas , for its lack of response to the approaching financial crisis . 2009 presidential election . On 26 February 2009 , Grybauskaitė officially announced her candidacy for the 2009 presidential election . In her declaration speech , she said : There were three women and four men as presidential candidates . Opinion polls taken in February 2009 showed that Grybauskaitė was the undisputed leader in the race . She ran as an independent , although she was supported by the dominant Conservative Party as well as by NGOs , including Sąjūdis . Her campaign was primarily focused on domestic issues . After years of strong economic growth , Lithuania faced a deep recession , with double-digit declines in economic indicators . The unemployment rate rose to 15.5% in March 2009 , and a January street protest against the governments response to the recession turned violent . During the campaign , Grybauskaitė stressed the need to combat the financial troubles by protecting those with the lowest incomes , simplifying the Lithuanian bureaucratic apparatus , and reviewing the governments investment programme . She also promised a more balanced approach in conducting foreign policy , the primary constitutional role of the Lithuanian presidency . The election was held on 17 May 2009 . Grybauskaitė won in a landslide , receiving 69.1% of the valid vote . The 51.6% turnout was just above the threshold needed to avoid a runoff election . In winning the election , Grybauskaitė became not only the first female president of Lithuania , but won by the largest margin recorded for a free election in Lithuania . Political analysts attributed the easy victory to Grybauskaitės financial competence and her ability to avoid domestic scandals . The international press was quick to dub her the Lithuanian Iron Lady for her outspoken speech and her black belt in karate . Grybauskaitė , who speaks Lithuanian , English , Russian , French and Polish , has mentioned Margaret Thatcher and Mahatma Gandhi as her political role models . Presidency ( 2009–2019 ) . Grybauskaitė assumed presidential duties on 12 July 2009 , and accepted half of her presidential salary ( 312,000 litas ) . Her first presidential visits abroad were made to Sweden and Latvia ; in April 2011 , she made a state visit to Norway . Grybauskaitė supported the NATO-led military intervention in Libya . On 19 December 2013 , Grybauskaitė decided to boycott the Sochi Winter Olympics together with other Western leaders , including German president Joachim Gauck , French president François Hollande , and the US president Barack Obama , due to Russias human rights violations , attitudes and behaviour with Eastern partners and Lithuania . In 2014 , Grybauskaitė was reelected President . She received 46% of the vote in the first round , and defeated Zigmantas Balčytis of the Social Democratic Party in the run-off with 58% of the vote . Foreign policy . Relations with Russia . At the beginning of her first term , Grybauskaitė tried to reset relations with Russia and check whether pragmatic relations with Russia were possible . In 2010 , Grybauskaitė even met with Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in Helsinki . However , after this meeting , relations between Lithuania and Russia began to cool down . Relations with Russia markedly deteriorated during the second Grybauskaitės term in office , due in part to her hard line stance against Russian influence in Europe and the Baltics , especially after the Russian invasion of Ukraine . In May 2014 , Grybauskaitė called the dependence on Russian gas an existential threat to Lithuania . Following her reelection in May 2014 , she said Dignity , self-respect and mutual benefit , these are the principles that should set the basis for relations between countries and no doubt , knowing that this is our neighbor , we wish this country to democratize and cope with the arising economic challenges . In June 2014 , Grybauskaitė told the German news magazine Focus : [ Putin ] uses nationality as a pretext to conquer territory with military means . Thats exactly what Stalin and Hitler did . She also claimed that Russia and Putin were characterised by aggressiveness , violence , and a willingness to overstep boundaries . On 20 November 2014 , Grybauskaitė , commenting on the conflict in Ukraine , characterized Russia as a terrorist state which carries out an open aggression against its neighbors . In June 2018 , Grybauskaitė said that Lithuania should be ready for Russian invasion . She also said that Western states will wake up only when they have been attacked by Russia . In December 2018 , Grybauskaitė told Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko that Lithuania would increase military assistance to Ukraine : We will additionally supply more ammunition , send more military instructors and cyber security experts to help repel hybrid attacks , especially during the elections . Relations with the EU and United States . In December 2014 , Grybauskaitė said that Lithuania will have to take the responsibility for the secret CIA-operated prison in Lithuania . Regarding British Prime Minister Theresa Mays comments on acting as a bridge between the European Union and the United States , Grybauskaitė said that I dont think there is a necessity for a bridge . We communicate with the Americans on Twitter . In March 2017 , Grybauskaitė criticized the government of Poland and Prime Minister Beata Szydło for not endorsing Donald Tusk again for the President of the European Council . Brexit . In January 2019 Grybauskaitė said a no-deal Brexit would be better than delaying Brexit . She said the EU would negotiate mini or sectoral arrangements to mitigate a no-deal scenario . Personal life . Grybauskaitė is unmarried and has no children . In addition to her native Lithuanian , she is fluent in English , Russian and Polish , and also speaks French . Grybauskaitė has a black belt in karate . Awards . Grybauskaitė has received the following national and international awards : Further reading . - Tomas Janeliūnas . 2020 . Foreign Policy Analysis of a Baltic State : Lithuania and Grybauskaitė Doctrine . Routledge . External links . - Official website of the President of the Republic of Lithuania - Lithuania set for energy rethink -interview with BBC . BBC World News - Lunch with the FT : Dalia Grybauskaite . Financial Times - Grybauskaitė run for the President ( video ) |
[
"European Commissioner for Education , Culture , Multilingualism and Youth"
] | easy | What position did Dalia Grybauskaitė take from Nov 2004 to Jul 2009? | /wiki/Dalia_Grybauskaitė#P39#2 | Dalia Grybauskaitė Dalia Grybauskaitė ( ; born 1 March 1956 ) is a Lithuanian politician who served as the eighth President of Lithuania from 2009 until 2019 . She is the first woman to hold the position and became in 2014 the first President of Lithuania to be reelected for a second consecutive term . Grybauskaitė has served as Minister of Finance , as well as European Commissioner for Financial Programming and the Budget from 2004 to 2009 . She is often referred to as the Iron Lady or the Steel Magnolia . Early years . Grybauskaitė was born on 1 March 1956 to a working-class family in Vilnius . Her mother , Vitalija Korsakaitė ( 1922–1989 ) , was born in the Biržai region and worked as a saleswoman . Her father , Polikarpas Grybauskas ( 1928–2008 ) , was an electrician and driver . He also was a NKVD serviceman during the Second World War . Grybauskaitė attended Salomėja Nėris High School . She has two brothers , one living in Lithuania , and the other living in Colorado Springs , in the United States . She has described herself as not among the best students , receiving mostly fours in a system where five was the highest grade . Her favourite subjects were history , geography and physics . Grybauskaitė began participating in sports at the age of eleven , and became a passionate basketball player . At the age of nineteen , she worked for a year at the Lithuanian National Philharmonic Society as a staff inspector . She then enrolled in Saint Petersburg State University , then known as Leningrad A.A . Zhdanov State University , as a student of political economy . At the same time , she began working in a local factory in Saint Petersburg . In 1983 , Grybauskaitė graduated with a citation and returned to Vilnius , taking a secretarial position at the Academy of Sciences . Work in the Academy was scarce and so she moved to the Vilnius Communist Party High School , where she lectured in political economics and global finance . From 1983 to December 1989 , she was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and after the Communist Party of Lithuania broke away from the CPSU in December 1989 , she was member of the CPL until June 1990 . In 1988 , she defended her PhD thesis at Moscow ( Academy of Social Sciences ) . In 1990 , soon after Lithuania reestablished its independence from the Soviet Union , Grybauskaitė continued her studies at the Edmund A . Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University , Washington D.C. , in the Special Programme for senior executives . Early career . Between 1991 and 1993 , Grybauskaitė worked as Director of the European Department at the Ministry of International Economic Relations of the Republic of Lithuania . During 1993 , she was employed in the Foreign Ministry as director of the Economic Relations Department , and represented Lithuania when it entered the European Union free trade agreements . She also chaired the Aid Coordination Committee ( Phare and the G24 ) . Soon afterwards , she was named Extraordinary Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister at the Lithuanian Mission to the EU . There , she worked as the deputy chief negotiator for the EU Europe Agreement and as a representative of the National Aid Co-ordination in Brussels . In 1996 , Grybauskaitė was appointed Plenipotentiary Minister in the United States Lithuanian embassy . She held this position until 1999 , when she was appointed deputy Minister of Finance . As part of this role , she led Lithuanian negotiations with the World Bank and International Monetary Fund . In 2000 , Grybauskaitė became Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs , going on in 2001 to become Minister of Finance in the Algirdas Brazauskas government . Lithuania joined the European Union on 1 May 2004 , and Grybauskaitė was named a European Commissioner on the same day . European Commission . Grybauskaitė initially served as European Commissioner for Education , Culture , Multilingualism and Youth . She held this position until 11 November 2004 , when she was named European Commissioner for Financial Programming and the Budget within the José Manuel Barroso-led Commission . In November 2005 , Grybauskaitė was named Commissioner of the Year in the European Voice Europeans of the Year poll . She was nominated for her unrelenting efforts to shift EU spending towards areas that would enhance competitiveness such as research and development . She commented : As Financial and Budget Commissioner , she strongly criticized the EU budget , stating it was ...not a budget for the 21st century . The majority of the EU budget was spent on agricultural programmes . Grybauskaitė presented a 2008 EU budget in which , for the first time in its history , spending on growth and employment constituted the highest share of the budget , exceeding that of agriculture and natural resources . She frequently criticised the Lithuanian Government , headed by Prime Minister Gediminas Kirkilas , for its lack of response to the approaching financial crisis . 2009 presidential election . On 26 February 2009 , Grybauskaitė officially announced her candidacy for the 2009 presidential election . In her declaration speech , she said : There were three women and four men as presidential candidates . Opinion polls taken in February 2009 showed that Grybauskaitė was the undisputed leader in the race . She ran as an independent , although she was supported by the dominant Conservative Party as well as by NGOs , including Sąjūdis . Her campaign was primarily focused on domestic issues . After years of strong economic growth , Lithuania faced a deep recession , with double-digit declines in economic indicators . The unemployment rate rose to 15.5% in March 2009 , and a January street protest against the governments response to the recession turned violent . During the campaign , Grybauskaitė stressed the need to combat the financial troubles by protecting those with the lowest incomes , simplifying the Lithuanian bureaucratic apparatus , and reviewing the governments investment programme . She also promised a more balanced approach in conducting foreign policy , the primary constitutional role of the Lithuanian presidency . The election was held on 17 May 2009 . Grybauskaitė won in a landslide , receiving 69.1% of the valid vote . The 51.6% turnout was just above the threshold needed to avoid a runoff election . In winning the election , Grybauskaitė became not only the first female president of Lithuania , but won by the largest margin recorded for a free election in Lithuania . Political analysts attributed the easy victory to Grybauskaitės financial competence and her ability to avoid domestic scandals . The international press was quick to dub her the Lithuanian Iron Lady for her outspoken speech and her black belt in karate . Grybauskaitė , who speaks Lithuanian , English , Russian , French and Polish , has mentioned Margaret Thatcher and Mahatma Gandhi as her political role models . Presidency ( 2009–2019 ) . Grybauskaitė assumed presidential duties on 12 July 2009 , and accepted half of her presidential salary ( 312,000 litas ) . Her first presidential visits abroad were made to Sweden and Latvia ; in April 2011 , she made a state visit to Norway . Grybauskaitė supported the NATO-led military intervention in Libya . On 19 December 2013 , Grybauskaitė decided to boycott the Sochi Winter Olympics together with other Western leaders , including German president Joachim Gauck , French president François Hollande , and the US president Barack Obama , due to Russias human rights violations , attitudes and behaviour with Eastern partners and Lithuania . In 2014 , Grybauskaitė was reelected President . She received 46% of the vote in the first round , and defeated Zigmantas Balčytis of the Social Democratic Party in the run-off with 58% of the vote . Foreign policy . Relations with Russia . At the beginning of her first term , Grybauskaitė tried to reset relations with Russia and check whether pragmatic relations with Russia were possible . In 2010 , Grybauskaitė even met with Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in Helsinki . However , after this meeting , relations between Lithuania and Russia began to cool down . Relations with Russia markedly deteriorated during the second Grybauskaitės term in office , due in part to her hard line stance against Russian influence in Europe and the Baltics , especially after the Russian invasion of Ukraine . In May 2014 , Grybauskaitė called the dependence on Russian gas an existential threat to Lithuania . Following her reelection in May 2014 , she said Dignity , self-respect and mutual benefit , these are the principles that should set the basis for relations between countries and no doubt , knowing that this is our neighbor , we wish this country to democratize and cope with the arising economic challenges . In June 2014 , Grybauskaitė told the German news magazine Focus : [ Putin ] uses nationality as a pretext to conquer territory with military means . Thats exactly what Stalin and Hitler did . She also claimed that Russia and Putin were characterised by aggressiveness , violence , and a willingness to overstep boundaries . On 20 November 2014 , Grybauskaitė , commenting on the conflict in Ukraine , characterized Russia as a terrorist state which carries out an open aggression against its neighbors . In June 2018 , Grybauskaitė said that Lithuania should be ready for Russian invasion . She also said that Western states will wake up only when they have been attacked by Russia . In December 2018 , Grybauskaitė told Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko that Lithuania would increase military assistance to Ukraine : We will additionally supply more ammunition , send more military instructors and cyber security experts to help repel hybrid attacks , especially during the elections . Relations with the EU and United States . In December 2014 , Grybauskaitė said that Lithuania will have to take the responsibility for the secret CIA-operated prison in Lithuania . Regarding British Prime Minister Theresa Mays comments on acting as a bridge between the European Union and the United States , Grybauskaitė said that I dont think there is a necessity for a bridge . We communicate with the Americans on Twitter . In March 2017 , Grybauskaitė criticized the government of Poland and Prime Minister Beata Szydło for not endorsing Donald Tusk again for the President of the European Council . Brexit . In January 2019 Grybauskaitė said a no-deal Brexit would be better than delaying Brexit . She said the EU would negotiate mini or sectoral arrangements to mitigate a no-deal scenario . Personal life . Grybauskaitė is unmarried and has no children . In addition to her native Lithuanian , she is fluent in English , Russian and Polish , and also speaks French . Grybauskaitė has a black belt in karate . Awards . Grybauskaitė has received the following national and international awards : Further reading . - Tomas Janeliūnas . 2020 . Foreign Policy Analysis of a Baltic State : Lithuania and Grybauskaitė Doctrine . Routledge . External links . - Official website of the President of the Republic of Lithuania - Lithuania set for energy rethink -interview with BBC . BBC World News - Lunch with the FT : Dalia Grybauskaite . Financial Times - Grybauskaitė run for the President ( video ) |
[
"president of Lithuania"
] | easy | Which position did Dalia Grybauskaitė hold from Jul 2009 to Jul 2019? | /wiki/Dalia_Grybauskaitė#P39#3 | Dalia Grybauskaitė Dalia Grybauskaitė ( ; born 1 March 1956 ) is a Lithuanian politician who served as the eighth President of Lithuania from 2009 until 2019 . She is the first woman to hold the position and became in 2014 the first President of Lithuania to be reelected for a second consecutive term . Grybauskaitė has served as Minister of Finance , as well as European Commissioner for Financial Programming and the Budget from 2004 to 2009 . She is often referred to as the Iron Lady or the Steel Magnolia . Early years . Grybauskaitė was born on 1 March 1956 to a working-class family in Vilnius . Her mother , Vitalija Korsakaitė ( 1922–1989 ) , was born in the Biržai region and worked as a saleswoman . Her father , Polikarpas Grybauskas ( 1928–2008 ) , was an electrician and driver . He also was a NKVD serviceman during the Second World War . Grybauskaitė attended Salomėja Nėris High School . She has two brothers , one living in Lithuania , and the other living in Colorado Springs , in the United States . She has described herself as not among the best students , receiving mostly fours in a system where five was the highest grade . Her favourite subjects were history , geography and physics . Grybauskaitė began participating in sports at the age of eleven , and became a passionate basketball player . At the age of nineteen , she worked for a year at the Lithuanian National Philharmonic Society as a staff inspector . She then enrolled in Saint Petersburg State University , then known as Leningrad A.A . Zhdanov State University , as a student of political economy . At the same time , she began working in a local factory in Saint Petersburg . In 1983 , Grybauskaitė graduated with a citation and returned to Vilnius , taking a secretarial position at the Academy of Sciences . Work in the Academy was scarce and so she moved to the Vilnius Communist Party High School , where she lectured in political economics and global finance . From 1983 to December 1989 , she was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and after the Communist Party of Lithuania broke away from the CPSU in December 1989 , she was member of the CPL until June 1990 . In 1988 , she defended her PhD thesis at Moscow ( Academy of Social Sciences ) . In 1990 , soon after Lithuania reestablished its independence from the Soviet Union , Grybauskaitė continued her studies at the Edmund A . Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University , Washington D.C. , in the Special Programme for senior executives . Early career . Between 1991 and 1993 , Grybauskaitė worked as Director of the European Department at the Ministry of International Economic Relations of the Republic of Lithuania . During 1993 , she was employed in the Foreign Ministry as director of the Economic Relations Department , and represented Lithuania when it entered the European Union free trade agreements . She also chaired the Aid Coordination Committee ( Phare and the G24 ) . Soon afterwards , she was named Extraordinary Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister at the Lithuanian Mission to the EU . There , she worked as the deputy chief negotiator for the EU Europe Agreement and as a representative of the National Aid Co-ordination in Brussels . In 1996 , Grybauskaitė was appointed Plenipotentiary Minister in the United States Lithuanian embassy . She held this position until 1999 , when she was appointed deputy Minister of Finance . As part of this role , she led Lithuanian negotiations with the World Bank and International Monetary Fund . In 2000 , Grybauskaitė became Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs , going on in 2001 to become Minister of Finance in the Algirdas Brazauskas government . Lithuania joined the European Union on 1 May 2004 , and Grybauskaitė was named a European Commissioner on the same day . European Commission . Grybauskaitė initially served as European Commissioner for Education , Culture , Multilingualism and Youth . She held this position until 11 November 2004 , when she was named European Commissioner for Financial Programming and the Budget within the José Manuel Barroso-led Commission . In November 2005 , Grybauskaitė was named Commissioner of the Year in the European Voice Europeans of the Year poll . She was nominated for her unrelenting efforts to shift EU spending towards areas that would enhance competitiveness such as research and development . She commented : As Financial and Budget Commissioner , she strongly criticized the EU budget , stating it was ...not a budget for the 21st century . The majority of the EU budget was spent on agricultural programmes . Grybauskaitė presented a 2008 EU budget in which , for the first time in its history , spending on growth and employment constituted the highest share of the budget , exceeding that of agriculture and natural resources . She frequently criticised the Lithuanian Government , headed by Prime Minister Gediminas Kirkilas , for its lack of response to the approaching financial crisis . 2009 presidential election . On 26 February 2009 , Grybauskaitė officially announced her candidacy for the 2009 presidential election . In her declaration speech , she said : There were three women and four men as presidential candidates . Opinion polls taken in February 2009 showed that Grybauskaitė was the undisputed leader in the race . She ran as an independent , although she was supported by the dominant Conservative Party as well as by NGOs , including Sąjūdis . Her campaign was primarily focused on domestic issues . After years of strong economic growth , Lithuania faced a deep recession , with double-digit declines in economic indicators . The unemployment rate rose to 15.5% in March 2009 , and a January street protest against the governments response to the recession turned violent . During the campaign , Grybauskaitė stressed the need to combat the financial troubles by protecting those with the lowest incomes , simplifying the Lithuanian bureaucratic apparatus , and reviewing the governments investment programme . She also promised a more balanced approach in conducting foreign policy , the primary constitutional role of the Lithuanian presidency . The election was held on 17 May 2009 . Grybauskaitė won in a landslide , receiving 69.1% of the valid vote . The 51.6% turnout was just above the threshold needed to avoid a runoff election . In winning the election , Grybauskaitė became not only the first female president of Lithuania , but won by the largest margin recorded for a free election in Lithuania . Political analysts attributed the easy victory to Grybauskaitės financial competence and her ability to avoid domestic scandals . The international press was quick to dub her the Lithuanian Iron Lady for her outspoken speech and her black belt in karate . Grybauskaitė , who speaks Lithuanian , English , Russian , French and Polish , has mentioned Margaret Thatcher and Mahatma Gandhi as her political role models . Presidency ( 2009–2019 ) . Grybauskaitė assumed presidential duties on 12 July 2009 , and accepted half of her presidential salary ( 312,000 litas ) . Her first presidential visits abroad were made to Sweden and Latvia ; in April 2011 , she made a state visit to Norway . Grybauskaitė supported the NATO-led military intervention in Libya . On 19 December 2013 , Grybauskaitė decided to boycott the Sochi Winter Olympics together with other Western leaders , including German president Joachim Gauck , French president François Hollande , and the US president Barack Obama , due to Russias human rights violations , attitudes and behaviour with Eastern partners and Lithuania . In 2014 , Grybauskaitė was reelected President . She received 46% of the vote in the first round , and defeated Zigmantas Balčytis of the Social Democratic Party in the run-off with 58% of the vote . Foreign policy . Relations with Russia . At the beginning of her first term , Grybauskaitė tried to reset relations with Russia and check whether pragmatic relations with Russia were possible . In 2010 , Grybauskaitė even met with Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in Helsinki . However , after this meeting , relations between Lithuania and Russia began to cool down . Relations with Russia markedly deteriorated during the second Grybauskaitės term in office , due in part to her hard line stance against Russian influence in Europe and the Baltics , especially after the Russian invasion of Ukraine . In May 2014 , Grybauskaitė called the dependence on Russian gas an existential threat to Lithuania . Following her reelection in May 2014 , she said Dignity , self-respect and mutual benefit , these are the principles that should set the basis for relations between countries and no doubt , knowing that this is our neighbor , we wish this country to democratize and cope with the arising economic challenges . In June 2014 , Grybauskaitė told the German news magazine Focus : [ Putin ] uses nationality as a pretext to conquer territory with military means . Thats exactly what Stalin and Hitler did . She also claimed that Russia and Putin were characterised by aggressiveness , violence , and a willingness to overstep boundaries . On 20 November 2014 , Grybauskaitė , commenting on the conflict in Ukraine , characterized Russia as a terrorist state which carries out an open aggression against its neighbors . In June 2018 , Grybauskaitė said that Lithuania should be ready for Russian invasion . She also said that Western states will wake up only when they have been attacked by Russia . In December 2018 , Grybauskaitė told Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko that Lithuania would increase military assistance to Ukraine : We will additionally supply more ammunition , send more military instructors and cyber security experts to help repel hybrid attacks , especially during the elections . Relations with the EU and United States . In December 2014 , Grybauskaitė said that Lithuania will have to take the responsibility for the secret CIA-operated prison in Lithuania . Regarding British Prime Minister Theresa Mays comments on acting as a bridge between the European Union and the United States , Grybauskaitė said that I dont think there is a necessity for a bridge . We communicate with the Americans on Twitter . In March 2017 , Grybauskaitė criticized the government of Poland and Prime Minister Beata Szydło for not endorsing Donald Tusk again for the President of the European Council . Brexit . In January 2019 Grybauskaitė said a no-deal Brexit would be better than delaying Brexit . She said the EU would negotiate mini or sectoral arrangements to mitigate a no-deal scenario . Personal life . Grybauskaitė is unmarried and has no children . In addition to her native Lithuanian , she is fluent in English , Russian and Polish , and also speaks French . Grybauskaitė has a black belt in karate . Awards . Grybauskaitė has received the following national and international awards : Further reading . - Tomas Janeliūnas . 2020 . Foreign Policy Analysis of a Baltic State : Lithuania and Grybauskaitė Doctrine . Routledge . External links . - Official website of the President of the Republic of Lithuania - Lithuania set for energy rethink -interview with BBC . BBC World News - Lunch with the FT : Dalia Grybauskaite . Financial Times - Grybauskaitė run for the President ( video ) |
[
"United States"
] | easy | What was the country of registry for USS LCS(L)(3)-102 from Feb 1945 to Apr 1953? | /wiki/USS_LCS(L)(3)-102#P8047#0 | USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 is an LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -1 Class Landing Craft Support ship built for the United States Navy during World War II . The vessel was completed near the end of the war and saw brief service during the Battle of Okinawa . After the war , LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 served in China before being decommissioned in 1946 and then transferred to Japan in mid-1953 . Serving under the name JDS Himawari , the vessel remained in Japan until mid-1966 when she was transferred to Thailand , becoming the HTMS Nakha . In 2007 , after being retired , the ship was returned to the United States to become a museum ship . Now the sole remaining vessel of her class , she remains docked at the site of the former Mare Island Naval Shipyard , in Vallejo , CA . Design and construction . USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 was laid down 13 January 1945 at Commercial Iron Works in Portland , Oregon . The vessel was launched on 3 February 1945 and commissioned on 17 February . As built , the vessel displaced 250-tons without load , and 387 tons at full load . She was long , with a beam of and a draft of . With a crew of six officers and 65 enlisted personnel , at maximum endurance she had a range of 5,500 nautical miles at a cruising speed of 12 knots ; power was provided by two propellers that were driven by four General Motors 6-71 per-shaft 1,600 horse power diesel engines . Armament . She was armed with an array of weapons , including : a single 3-inch gun mounted on her bow ; two twin-mounted 40mm anti-aircraft guns ; four single-mounted 20mm anti-aircraft guns ; four .50 caliber machine-guns and ten rocket launchers . Armor included splinter shields which were placed on the gun mounts , the pilot house and the conning tower . Her ten Mk7 rocket launchers were removed sometime after decommissioning , presumably before transfer into the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force . Operational history . After commissioning , the LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 was assigned to the Asiatic-Pacific Theater under the command of Lt . Richard L . Jones . World War II was in its final stages at the time , but she arrived in time to participate in the Battle of Okinawa , participating in the Gunto operation between 18 and 30 June 1945 . She was pulled off line to perform mine removal in the Philippines , before doing the same in the Marshall Islands , Mariana Islands , and rivers in China . At the end the end of the war , USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 served as part of the occupation forces in Japan until December 1945 when it was moved to China before being deemed surplus and decommissioned in April 1946 and laid up in the Pacific Reserve Fleet , Columbia River Group , in Astoria , Oregon . Redesignated Landing Ship Support Large , USS LSSL-102 , on 28 February 1949 she was soon transferred to Japan , 30 April 1953 , and renamed JDS Himawari where she served until 18 April 1966 when she was brought to the US , re-transferred to Thailand and renamed HTMS Nakha ( LSSL-751 ) . She stayed in Thailand until 2007 . USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 earned one battle star for her service in World War II . Museum ship ( 2007-present ) . A transfer ceremony was held on May 22 , 2007 , to transfer custody of the ship from the Royal Thai Navy to the National Association of LCS ( L ) 1-130 . In September 2007 , she was loaded aboard a ship for transit from Thailand back to the United States to become a museum ship at Mare Island , California . The National Association of LCS ( L ) 1-130 is now officially known as the Landing Craft Support Museum , and continues to preserve and restore the 102 . She is now located on Mare Island , at the site of the former Mare Island Naval Shipyard . The museum is open to the public from 9 to 3 Tuesdays , Thursdays , and Saturdays , or by prior arrangements . The 102 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015 . External links . - The Landing Craft Support Museum Official Museum Website for the USS LCS ( L ) -102 - MightyMidgets.org Website of the National Association of LCS ( L ) 1-130 - Landing Craft Support LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -120 NavSource Amphibious Photo Archive - USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 Historic Naval Ships Association ( HNSA ) Listing |
[
"Japan"
] | easy | What was the country of registry for USS LCS(L)(3)-102 from Apr 1953 to 1966? | /wiki/USS_LCS(L)(3)-102#P8047#1 | USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 is an LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -1 Class Landing Craft Support ship built for the United States Navy during World War II . The vessel was completed near the end of the war and saw brief service during the Battle of Okinawa . After the war , LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 served in China before being decommissioned in 1946 and then transferred to Japan in mid-1953 . Serving under the name JDS Himawari , the vessel remained in Japan until mid-1966 when she was transferred to Thailand , becoming the HTMS Nakha . In 2007 , after being retired , the ship was returned to the United States to become a museum ship . Now the sole remaining vessel of her class , she remains docked at the site of the former Mare Island Naval Shipyard , in Vallejo , CA . Design and construction . USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 was laid down 13 January 1945 at Commercial Iron Works in Portland , Oregon . The vessel was launched on 3 February 1945 and commissioned on 17 February . As built , the vessel displaced 250-tons without load , and 387 tons at full load . She was long , with a beam of and a draft of . With a crew of six officers and 65 enlisted personnel , at maximum endurance she had a range of 5,500 nautical miles at a cruising speed of 12 knots ; power was provided by two propellers that were driven by four General Motors 6-71 per-shaft 1,600 horse power diesel engines . Armament . She was armed with an array of weapons , including : a single 3-inch gun mounted on her bow ; two twin-mounted 40mm anti-aircraft guns ; four single-mounted 20mm anti-aircraft guns ; four .50 caliber machine-guns and ten rocket launchers . Armor included splinter shields which were placed on the gun mounts , the pilot house and the conning tower . Her ten Mk7 rocket launchers were removed sometime after decommissioning , presumably before transfer into the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force . Operational history . After commissioning , the LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 was assigned to the Asiatic-Pacific Theater under the command of Lt . Richard L . Jones . World War II was in its final stages at the time , but she arrived in time to participate in the Battle of Okinawa , participating in the Gunto operation between 18 and 30 June 1945 . She was pulled off line to perform mine removal in the Philippines , before doing the same in the Marshall Islands , Mariana Islands , and rivers in China . At the end the end of the war , USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 served as part of the occupation forces in Japan until December 1945 when it was moved to China before being deemed surplus and decommissioned in April 1946 and laid up in the Pacific Reserve Fleet , Columbia River Group , in Astoria , Oregon . Redesignated Landing Ship Support Large , USS LSSL-102 , on 28 February 1949 she was soon transferred to Japan , 30 April 1953 , and renamed JDS Himawari where she served until 18 April 1966 when she was brought to the US , re-transferred to Thailand and renamed HTMS Nakha ( LSSL-751 ) . She stayed in Thailand until 2007 . USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 earned one battle star for her service in World War II . Museum ship ( 2007-present ) . A transfer ceremony was held on May 22 , 2007 , to transfer custody of the ship from the Royal Thai Navy to the National Association of LCS ( L ) 1-130 . In September 2007 , she was loaded aboard a ship for transit from Thailand back to the United States to become a museum ship at Mare Island , California . The National Association of LCS ( L ) 1-130 is now officially known as the Landing Craft Support Museum , and continues to preserve and restore the 102 . She is now located on Mare Island , at the site of the former Mare Island Naval Shipyard . The museum is open to the public from 9 to 3 Tuesdays , Thursdays , and Saturdays , or by prior arrangements . The 102 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015 . External links . - The Landing Craft Support Museum Official Museum Website for the USS LCS ( L ) -102 - MightyMidgets.org Website of the National Association of LCS ( L ) 1-130 - Landing Craft Support LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -120 NavSource Amphibious Photo Archive - USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 Historic Naval Ships Association ( HNSA ) Listing |
[
"Thailand"
] | easy | What was the country of registry for USS LCS(L)(3)-102 from 1966 to 2007? | /wiki/USS_LCS(L)(3)-102#P8047#2 | USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 is an LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -1 Class Landing Craft Support ship built for the United States Navy during World War II . The vessel was completed near the end of the war and saw brief service during the Battle of Okinawa . After the war , LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 served in China before being decommissioned in 1946 and then transferred to Japan in mid-1953 . Serving under the name JDS Himawari , the vessel remained in Japan until mid-1966 when she was transferred to Thailand , becoming the HTMS Nakha . In 2007 , after being retired , the ship was returned to the United States to become a museum ship . Now the sole remaining vessel of her class , she remains docked at the site of the former Mare Island Naval Shipyard , in Vallejo , CA . Design and construction . USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 was laid down 13 January 1945 at Commercial Iron Works in Portland , Oregon . The vessel was launched on 3 February 1945 and commissioned on 17 February . As built , the vessel displaced 250-tons without load , and 387 tons at full load . She was long , with a beam of and a draft of . With a crew of six officers and 65 enlisted personnel , at maximum endurance she had a range of 5,500 nautical miles at a cruising speed of 12 knots ; power was provided by two propellers that were driven by four General Motors 6-71 per-shaft 1,600 horse power diesel engines . Armament . She was armed with an array of weapons , including : a single 3-inch gun mounted on her bow ; two twin-mounted 40mm anti-aircraft guns ; four single-mounted 20mm anti-aircraft guns ; four .50 caliber machine-guns and ten rocket launchers . Armor included splinter shields which were placed on the gun mounts , the pilot house and the conning tower . Her ten Mk7 rocket launchers were removed sometime after decommissioning , presumably before transfer into the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force . Operational history . After commissioning , the LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 was assigned to the Asiatic-Pacific Theater under the command of Lt . Richard L . Jones . World War II was in its final stages at the time , but she arrived in time to participate in the Battle of Okinawa , participating in the Gunto operation between 18 and 30 June 1945 . She was pulled off line to perform mine removal in the Philippines , before doing the same in the Marshall Islands , Mariana Islands , and rivers in China . At the end the end of the war , USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 served as part of the occupation forces in Japan until December 1945 when it was moved to China before being deemed surplus and decommissioned in April 1946 and laid up in the Pacific Reserve Fleet , Columbia River Group , in Astoria , Oregon . Redesignated Landing Ship Support Large , USS LSSL-102 , on 28 February 1949 she was soon transferred to Japan , 30 April 1953 , and renamed JDS Himawari where she served until 18 April 1966 when she was brought to the US , re-transferred to Thailand and renamed HTMS Nakha ( LSSL-751 ) . She stayed in Thailand until 2007 . USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 earned one battle star for her service in World War II . Museum ship ( 2007-present ) . A transfer ceremony was held on May 22 , 2007 , to transfer custody of the ship from the Royal Thai Navy to the National Association of LCS ( L ) 1-130 . In September 2007 , she was loaded aboard a ship for transit from Thailand back to the United States to become a museum ship at Mare Island , California . The National Association of LCS ( L ) 1-130 is now officially known as the Landing Craft Support Museum , and continues to preserve and restore the 102 . She is now located on Mare Island , at the site of the former Mare Island Naval Shipyard . The museum is open to the public from 9 to 3 Tuesdays , Thursdays , and Saturdays , or by prior arrangements . The 102 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015 . External links . - The Landing Craft Support Museum Official Museum Website for the USS LCS ( L ) -102 - MightyMidgets.org Website of the National Association of LCS ( L ) 1-130 - Landing Craft Support LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -120 NavSource Amphibious Photo Archive - USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 Historic Naval Ships Association ( HNSA ) Listing |
[
"United States"
] | easy | What was the country of registry for USS LCS(L)(3)-102 from 2007 to 2008? | /wiki/USS_LCS(L)(3)-102#P8047#3 | USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 is an LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -1 Class Landing Craft Support ship built for the United States Navy during World War II . The vessel was completed near the end of the war and saw brief service during the Battle of Okinawa . After the war , LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 served in China before being decommissioned in 1946 and then transferred to Japan in mid-1953 . Serving under the name JDS Himawari , the vessel remained in Japan until mid-1966 when she was transferred to Thailand , becoming the HTMS Nakha . In 2007 , after being retired , the ship was returned to the United States to become a museum ship . Now the sole remaining vessel of her class , she remains docked at the site of the former Mare Island Naval Shipyard , in Vallejo , CA . Design and construction . USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 was laid down 13 January 1945 at Commercial Iron Works in Portland , Oregon . The vessel was launched on 3 February 1945 and commissioned on 17 February . As built , the vessel displaced 250-tons without load , and 387 tons at full load . She was long , with a beam of and a draft of . With a crew of six officers and 65 enlisted personnel , at maximum endurance she had a range of 5,500 nautical miles at a cruising speed of 12 knots ; power was provided by two propellers that were driven by four General Motors 6-71 per-shaft 1,600 horse power diesel engines . Armament . She was armed with an array of weapons , including : a single 3-inch gun mounted on her bow ; two twin-mounted 40mm anti-aircraft guns ; four single-mounted 20mm anti-aircraft guns ; four .50 caliber machine-guns and ten rocket launchers . Armor included splinter shields which were placed on the gun mounts , the pilot house and the conning tower . Her ten Mk7 rocket launchers were removed sometime after decommissioning , presumably before transfer into the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force . Operational history . After commissioning , the LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 was assigned to the Asiatic-Pacific Theater under the command of Lt . Richard L . Jones . World War II was in its final stages at the time , but she arrived in time to participate in the Battle of Okinawa , participating in the Gunto operation between 18 and 30 June 1945 . She was pulled off line to perform mine removal in the Philippines , before doing the same in the Marshall Islands , Mariana Islands , and rivers in China . At the end the end of the war , USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 served as part of the occupation forces in Japan until December 1945 when it was moved to China before being deemed surplus and decommissioned in April 1946 and laid up in the Pacific Reserve Fleet , Columbia River Group , in Astoria , Oregon . Redesignated Landing Ship Support Large , USS LSSL-102 , on 28 February 1949 she was soon transferred to Japan , 30 April 1953 , and renamed JDS Himawari where she served until 18 April 1966 when she was brought to the US , re-transferred to Thailand and renamed HTMS Nakha ( LSSL-751 ) . She stayed in Thailand until 2007 . USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 earned one battle star for her service in World War II . Museum ship ( 2007-present ) . A transfer ceremony was held on May 22 , 2007 , to transfer custody of the ship from the Royal Thai Navy to the National Association of LCS ( L ) 1-130 . In September 2007 , she was loaded aboard a ship for transit from Thailand back to the United States to become a museum ship at Mare Island , California . The National Association of LCS ( L ) 1-130 is now officially known as the Landing Craft Support Museum , and continues to preserve and restore the 102 . She is now located on Mare Island , at the site of the former Mare Island Naval Shipyard . The museum is open to the public from 9 to 3 Tuesdays , Thursdays , and Saturdays , or by prior arrangements . The 102 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015 . External links . - The Landing Craft Support Museum Official Museum Website for the USS LCS ( L ) -102 - MightyMidgets.org Website of the National Association of LCS ( L ) 1-130 - Landing Craft Support LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -120 NavSource Amphibious Photo Archive - USS LCS ( L ) ( 3 ) -102 Historic Naval Ships Association ( HNSA ) Listing |
[
"Porte Maillot",
"Porte de Vincennes"
] | easy | What was the terminus of Paris Métro Line 1 from Jul 1900 to Mar 1934? | /wiki/Paris_Métro_Line_1#P559#0 | Paris Métro Line 1 Paris Métro Line 1 ( French : Ligne 1 du métro de Paris ) is one of the sixteen lines of the Paris Métro . It connects La Défense–Grande Arche in the northwest and Château de Vincennes in the southeast . With a length of , it constitutes an important east–west transportation route within the City of Paris . Excluding RER ( ) commuter lines , it is the most utilised line on the network with 181.2 million travellers in 2017 or 496,000 people per day on average . The line was the networks first to open , with its inaugural section entering service in 1900 . It is also the networks first line to be converted from manually driven operation to fully automated operation . Conversion , which commenced in 2007 and was completed in 2011 , included new rolling stock ( MP 05 ) and laying of platform edge doors in all stations . The first eight MP 05 trains ( 501 through 508 ) went into passenger service on 3 November 2011 , allowing the accelerated transfer of the existing MP 89 CC stock to Line 4 ; however , as of 2019 , Line 4 is also being converted to automated operations . The conversion allowed Line 1 to operate as the systems second fully automated line , after Line 14 . A transition to fully automated services was done without major interruption to passenger traffic . The new MP 05 rolling stock was able to operate efficiently alongside the manually-driven MP 89 CC rolling stock until there were enough MP 05 to no longer facilitate the need of the MP 89 . Full automation was achieved for evening services in May 2012 , with an increase to weekend services by August 2012 . As of 15 December 2012 , Line 1 is fully automated . The remaining five MP 89 CC trains remained stored on Line 1 near the Fontenay workshops until a new garage for Line 4 was opened south of the new Mairie de Montrouge station in February 2013 . History . The Parisian metropolitan network has its origins in several decades of debate , more or less bizarre projects and tug of war between the State ( which was favourable to the interconnection of large rail networks with large undergrounds ) and the City Hall of Paris ( which wanted a small-scale network , serving only the inner city with very close stations , effectively prohibiting access to the equipment of the large railway companies ) . The deterioration of traffic conditions in Paris , the example of foreign capitals and the approach of the 1900 Universal Exhibition convinced the authorities to start construction of the metro . The solution proposed by the Mayor of Paris is finally adopted ; the State conceded the design and construction of the work to the City of Paris . After the adoption by the municipal council on 20 April 1896 of the network project of Fulgence Bienvenüe and Edmond Huet , the metropolitan railway was declared a public utility by a law that became effective 30 March 1898 . In November 1898 , the City of Paris decided to undertake preliminary work of the metro network with the construction of the first line of the Parisian subway system . Work lasted twenty months under the leadership of engineer Fulgence Bienvenüe and was financed by the municipality of Paris . The line was divided into eight parts distributed between several companies . On 19 July 1900 , the line was opened between Porte Maillot and Porte de Vincennes to connect the various sites of the World Fair . Only eight stations were finalised and opened with the inauguration ; ten more were gradually opened between 6 August and 1 September 1900 . The line followed the east–west monument axis in Paris . These eighteen stations were entirely built under the control of engineer Fulgence Bienvenüe , the majority of them 75 metres long and 4.10 metres wide . In March 1934 , the first extension into the suburbs brought service to Château of Vincennes towards the east . Chronology . - 20 April 1896 : the Paris City Council adopts the Fulgence Bienvenüe network project . - 30 March 1898 : declaration of public utility of the first six lines of the metropolitan railway . - 4 October 1898 : launch of works of Line 1 . - 19 July 1900 : Inauguration of Line 1 between Porte de Vincennes and Porte Maillot . Only 8 of the 18 planned stations were opened . - 6 August and 1 September 1900 : The other 10 stations of the line opened . - 24 March 1934 : The line was extended to the east from Porte de Vincennes to the castle of Vincennes . - 15 November 1936 : Porte Maillot station was rebuilt in order to allow a further extension of the line to the west . - 29 April 1937 : The line was extended to the west from Porte Maillot to Pont de Neuilly . - 1963 : The rails were converted in order to accommodate rubber-tyred trains ( the MP 59 ) . At the same time , stations were enlarged in order to accommodate 6-car trains instead of 5-car trains . - 1 April 1992 : The line was extended again to the west from Pont de Neuilly to La Défense business district . - 1997 : MP 89 CC rolling stock was introduced , replacing the older MP 59 stock . - 2007 : Automation project commenced . - 3 November 2011 : Cascading of MP 89CC to MP 05 stock began , as the automation project ( construction ) was completed . - May 2012 : Full automation is achieved for evening services . - July 2012 : Full automation is achieved for weekend services . - 15 December 2012 : Full automation reaches 100% status , allowing the MP 89CC to no longer be needed on Line 1 . Rolling stock . Line 1 has had five different types of rolling stock throughout the years : - M1 ( Westinghouse ) : 1900–1921 - Sprague-Thomson : 1913–1964 - MP 59 : 1963–1998 - MP 89CC : 1997–2012 - MP 05 : 2011–present Automation . After successfully opening Line 14 as a fully automated line , the RATP began to explore the possibility of automating existing lines on the system . The agency first focused on Line 1 , since it is the busiest of all of the Paris subway lines , and also the line most frequented by tourists . Automation not only allowed Paris to remain as a model for technological innovations in the railway industry but also increases the number of lines in normal service when RATP workers are striking ( MP 05 rolling stock ) . This was shown when the transport union engaged in industrial action in September 2019 without affecting service on Line 1 . Work began in 2007 and was largely carried out without interrupting passenger traffic . Preliminary work involved electrical and signaling upgrades throughout the entire line . Work also commenced on converting the original Porte Maillot station ( also known as Espace Maillot ) into a light maintenance facility for the MP 05 rolling stock . In 2009 , work commenced on installing platform screen doors ; with Bérault and Porte Maillot being the first stations to be equipped . Due to its curved platform , Bastille ( in 2011 ) was among the last stations to be equipped . During this time , individual stations were intermittently closed to allow platforms to be leveled with the height of the train floors ( from ) . Although most of the stations remain the same as they were prior to automation ( with the exception of the platform screen doors ) , many stations like St . Paul , received brand new signage . Franklin D . Roosevelt received a complete overhaul from its post World War II facade to a more contemporary & modern look . On 3 November 2011 , the first eight trains of the new MP 05 rolling stock were put into service on Line 1 . These trains ran alongside the MP 89 CC rolling stock until enough automated stock was available for passenger service . This cascading was achieved thanks to the SAET ( ) system , which is the first version of Siemens Transportation Systems Trainguard MT CBTC . The arrival of the new stock allowed the RATP to accelerate transfer of the MP 89 from Line 1 to Line 4 at a rate of about 2 to 3 trains per month between November 2011 and November 2012 . That rate increased to 4 trains per month during November and December 2012 . Major milestones were reached in May and July 2012 as full automation reached sufficient levels by which the MP 89 were no longer needed during late evenings and weekends respectively . For the Nuit Blanche during October 2012 , Line 1 also operated in full automation . The final milestone was reached on 15 December 2012 , as full automation of Line 1 approached 100% , allowing the remaining MP 89 trains to be pulled from regular service on 21 December 2012 . Due to insufficient storage space on Line 4 , the remaining 6 to 7 MP 89 trains remained stored on the Line 1 tracks near Fontenay until a new garage in the Montrouge area opened . That opening was tentatively set for February/March 2013 and will coincide with the opening of the new Mairie de Montrouge station opening on Line 4 . Future . A western extension of Line 1 from La Défense station to the center of Nanterre is being considered . Another proposal being investigated would have a new station constructed at Fontenay – Rigollots , just before the line climbs to the surface to enter Fontenay shops , and then continue eastward to Val de Fontenay to connect with RER lines A and E . Map and stations . This line has 25 stations . Renamed stations . - The Louvre station renamings were made after the entrance to the museum was moved following construction of the Louvre Pyramid . Tourism . Line 1 passes near several places of interest : - La Défense high-rise business district , where the most prominent landmark is the Grande Arche . The newly opened U Arena , future home of rugbys Racing 92 , is nearby . - The Arc de Triomphe at Charles de Gaulle-Étoile . A 289 step staircase is open to the public and leads to the top of the Arch . There is also a museum on the top floor . - LAvenue des Champs-Élysées . - The Place de la Concorde dominated by the Obelisk , Tuileries garden and Louvre museum . - The Louvre station has copies of works of art from the museum and has historical information . The stations benches are made of glass and the Western portal has Roman-inspired arches along the platform edge . - The Hôtel de Ville ( Paris City Hall ) and the Marais district . - Bastille and the nearby Opera . - Gare de Lyon train station . - The Place de la Nation . - The Bois de Vincennes ( Vincennes Wood ) and Paris Zoological Park ( Vincennes Zoo ) . - The Château de Vincennes . A medieval castle to the east of Paris . External links . - RATP official website - RATP english speaking website - Interactive Map of the RER ( from RATPs website ) - Interactive Map of the Paris métro ( from RATPs website ) - Metro-Pole website , dedicated to Paris public transports ( unofficial ) |
[
"Château de Vincennes",
"Porte Maillot"
] | easy | What was the terminus of Paris Métro Line 1 from Mar 1934 to Apr 1937? | /wiki/Paris_Métro_Line_1#P559#1 | Paris Métro Line 1 Paris Métro Line 1 ( French : Ligne 1 du métro de Paris ) is one of the sixteen lines of the Paris Métro . It connects La Défense–Grande Arche in the northwest and Château de Vincennes in the southeast . With a length of , it constitutes an important east–west transportation route within the City of Paris . Excluding RER ( ) commuter lines , it is the most utilised line on the network with 181.2 million travellers in 2017 or 496,000 people per day on average . The line was the networks first to open , with its inaugural section entering service in 1900 . It is also the networks first line to be converted from manually driven operation to fully automated operation . Conversion , which commenced in 2007 and was completed in 2011 , included new rolling stock ( MP 05 ) and laying of platform edge doors in all stations . The first eight MP 05 trains ( 501 through 508 ) went into passenger service on 3 November 2011 , allowing the accelerated transfer of the existing MP 89 CC stock to Line 4 ; however , as of 2019 , Line 4 is also being converted to automated operations . The conversion allowed Line 1 to operate as the systems second fully automated line , after Line 14 . A transition to fully automated services was done without major interruption to passenger traffic . The new MP 05 rolling stock was able to operate efficiently alongside the manually-driven MP 89 CC rolling stock until there were enough MP 05 to no longer facilitate the need of the MP 89 . Full automation was achieved for evening services in May 2012 , with an increase to weekend services by August 2012 . As of 15 December 2012 , Line 1 is fully automated . The remaining five MP 89 CC trains remained stored on Line 1 near the Fontenay workshops until a new garage for Line 4 was opened south of the new Mairie de Montrouge station in February 2013 . History . The Parisian metropolitan network has its origins in several decades of debate , more or less bizarre projects and tug of war between the State ( which was favourable to the interconnection of large rail networks with large undergrounds ) and the City Hall of Paris ( which wanted a small-scale network , serving only the inner city with very close stations , effectively prohibiting access to the equipment of the large railway companies ) . The deterioration of traffic conditions in Paris , the example of foreign capitals and the approach of the 1900 Universal Exhibition convinced the authorities to start construction of the metro . The solution proposed by the Mayor of Paris is finally adopted ; the State conceded the design and construction of the work to the City of Paris . After the adoption by the municipal council on 20 April 1896 of the network project of Fulgence Bienvenüe and Edmond Huet , the metropolitan railway was declared a public utility by a law that became effective 30 March 1898 . In November 1898 , the City of Paris decided to undertake preliminary work of the metro network with the construction of the first line of the Parisian subway system . Work lasted twenty months under the leadership of engineer Fulgence Bienvenüe and was financed by the municipality of Paris . The line was divided into eight parts distributed between several companies . On 19 July 1900 , the line was opened between Porte Maillot and Porte de Vincennes to connect the various sites of the World Fair . Only eight stations were finalised and opened with the inauguration ; ten more were gradually opened between 6 August and 1 September 1900 . The line followed the east–west monument axis in Paris . These eighteen stations were entirely built under the control of engineer Fulgence Bienvenüe , the majority of them 75 metres long and 4.10 metres wide . In March 1934 , the first extension into the suburbs brought service to Château of Vincennes towards the east . Chronology . - 20 April 1896 : the Paris City Council adopts the Fulgence Bienvenüe network project . - 30 March 1898 : declaration of public utility of the first six lines of the metropolitan railway . - 4 October 1898 : launch of works of Line 1 . - 19 July 1900 : Inauguration of Line 1 between Porte de Vincennes and Porte Maillot . Only 8 of the 18 planned stations were opened . - 6 August and 1 September 1900 : The other 10 stations of the line opened . - 24 March 1934 : The line was extended to the east from Porte de Vincennes to the castle of Vincennes . - 15 November 1936 : Porte Maillot station was rebuilt in order to allow a further extension of the line to the west . - 29 April 1937 : The line was extended to the west from Porte Maillot to Pont de Neuilly . - 1963 : The rails were converted in order to accommodate rubber-tyred trains ( the MP 59 ) . At the same time , stations were enlarged in order to accommodate 6-car trains instead of 5-car trains . - 1 April 1992 : The line was extended again to the west from Pont de Neuilly to La Défense business district . - 1997 : MP 89 CC rolling stock was introduced , replacing the older MP 59 stock . - 2007 : Automation project commenced . - 3 November 2011 : Cascading of MP 89CC to MP 05 stock began , as the automation project ( construction ) was completed . - May 2012 : Full automation is achieved for evening services . - July 2012 : Full automation is achieved for weekend services . - 15 December 2012 : Full automation reaches 100% status , allowing the MP 89CC to no longer be needed on Line 1 . Rolling stock . Line 1 has had five different types of rolling stock throughout the years : - M1 ( Westinghouse ) : 1900–1921 - Sprague-Thomson : 1913–1964 - MP 59 : 1963–1998 - MP 89CC : 1997–2012 - MP 05 : 2011–present Automation . After successfully opening Line 14 as a fully automated line , the RATP began to explore the possibility of automating existing lines on the system . The agency first focused on Line 1 , since it is the busiest of all of the Paris subway lines , and also the line most frequented by tourists . Automation not only allowed Paris to remain as a model for technological innovations in the railway industry but also increases the number of lines in normal service when RATP workers are striking ( MP 05 rolling stock ) . This was shown when the transport union engaged in industrial action in September 2019 without affecting service on Line 1 . Work began in 2007 and was largely carried out without interrupting passenger traffic . Preliminary work involved electrical and signaling upgrades throughout the entire line . Work also commenced on converting the original Porte Maillot station ( also known as Espace Maillot ) into a light maintenance facility for the MP 05 rolling stock . In 2009 , work commenced on installing platform screen doors ; with Bérault and Porte Maillot being the first stations to be equipped . Due to its curved platform , Bastille ( in 2011 ) was among the last stations to be equipped . During this time , individual stations were intermittently closed to allow platforms to be leveled with the height of the train floors ( from ) . Although most of the stations remain the same as they were prior to automation ( with the exception of the platform screen doors ) , many stations like St . Paul , received brand new signage . Franklin D . Roosevelt received a complete overhaul from its post World War II facade to a more contemporary & modern look . On 3 November 2011 , the first eight trains of the new MP 05 rolling stock were put into service on Line 1 . These trains ran alongside the MP 89 CC rolling stock until enough automated stock was available for passenger service . This cascading was achieved thanks to the SAET ( ) system , which is the first version of Siemens Transportation Systems Trainguard MT CBTC . The arrival of the new stock allowed the RATP to accelerate transfer of the MP 89 from Line 1 to Line 4 at a rate of about 2 to 3 trains per month between November 2011 and November 2012 . That rate increased to 4 trains per month during November and December 2012 . Major milestones were reached in May and July 2012 as full automation reached sufficient levels by which the MP 89 were no longer needed during late evenings and weekends respectively . For the Nuit Blanche during October 2012 , Line 1 also operated in full automation . The final milestone was reached on 15 December 2012 , as full automation of Line 1 approached 100% , allowing the remaining MP 89 trains to be pulled from regular service on 21 December 2012 . Due to insufficient storage space on Line 4 , the remaining 6 to 7 MP 89 trains remained stored on the Line 1 tracks near Fontenay until a new garage in the Montrouge area opened . That opening was tentatively set for February/March 2013 and will coincide with the opening of the new Mairie de Montrouge station opening on Line 4 . Future . A western extension of Line 1 from La Défense station to the center of Nanterre is being considered . Another proposal being investigated would have a new station constructed at Fontenay – Rigollots , just before the line climbs to the surface to enter Fontenay shops , and then continue eastward to Val de Fontenay to connect with RER lines A and E . Map and stations . This line has 25 stations . Renamed stations . - The Louvre station renamings were made after the entrance to the museum was moved following construction of the Louvre Pyramid . Tourism . Line 1 passes near several places of interest : - La Défense high-rise business district , where the most prominent landmark is the Grande Arche . The newly opened U Arena , future home of rugbys Racing 92 , is nearby . - The Arc de Triomphe at Charles de Gaulle-Étoile . A 289 step staircase is open to the public and leads to the top of the Arch . There is also a museum on the top floor . - LAvenue des Champs-Élysées . - The Place de la Concorde dominated by the Obelisk , Tuileries garden and Louvre museum . - The Louvre station has copies of works of art from the museum and has historical information . The stations benches are made of glass and the Western portal has Roman-inspired arches along the platform edge . - The Hôtel de Ville ( Paris City Hall ) and the Marais district . - Bastille and the nearby Opera . - Gare de Lyon train station . - The Place de la Nation . - The Bois de Vincennes ( Vincennes Wood ) and Paris Zoological Park ( Vincennes Zoo ) . - The Château de Vincennes . A medieval castle to the east of Paris . External links . - RATP official website - RATP english speaking website - Interactive Map of the RER ( from RATPs website ) - Interactive Map of the Paris métro ( from RATPs website ) - Metro-Pole website , dedicated to Paris public transports ( unofficial ) |
[
""
] | easy | What was the terminus of Paris Métro Line 1 from Apr 1937 to Mar 1992? | /wiki/Paris_Métro_Line_1#P559#2 | Paris Métro Line 1 Paris Métro Line 1 ( French : Ligne 1 du métro de Paris ) is one of the sixteen lines of the Paris Métro . It connects La Défense–Grande Arche in the northwest and Château de Vincennes in the southeast . With a length of , it constitutes an important east–west transportation route within the City of Paris . Excluding RER ( ) commuter lines , it is the most utilised line on the network with 181.2 million travellers in 2017 or 496,000 people per day on average . The line was the networks first to open , with its inaugural section entering service in 1900 . It is also the networks first line to be converted from manually driven operation to fully automated operation . Conversion , which commenced in 2007 and was completed in 2011 , included new rolling stock ( MP 05 ) and laying of platform edge doors in all stations . The first eight MP 05 trains ( 501 through 508 ) went into passenger service on 3 November 2011 , allowing the accelerated transfer of the existing MP 89 CC stock to Line 4 ; however , as of 2019 , Line 4 is also being converted to automated operations . The conversion allowed Line 1 to operate as the systems second fully automated line , after Line 14 . A transition to fully automated services was done without major interruption to passenger traffic . The new MP 05 rolling stock was able to operate efficiently alongside the manually-driven MP 89 CC rolling stock until there were enough MP 05 to no longer facilitate the need of the MP 89 . Full automation was achieved for evening services in May 2012 , with an increase to weekend services by August 2012 . As of 15 December 2012 , Line 1 is fully automated . The remaining five MP 89 CC trains remained stored on Line 1 near the Fontenay workshops until a new garage for Line 4 was opened south of the new Mairie de Montrouge station in February 2013 . History . The Parisian metropolitan network has its origins in several decades of debate , more or less bizarre projects and tug of war between the State ( which was favourable to the interconnection of large rail networks with large undergrounds ) and the City Hall of Paris ( which wanted a small-scale network , serving only the inner city with very close stations , effectively prohibiting access to the equipment of the large railway companies ) . The deterioration of traffic conditions in Paris , the example of foreign capitals and the approach of the 1900 Universal Exhibition convinced the authorities to start construction of the metro . The solution proposed by the Mayor of Paris is finally adopted ; the State conceded the design and construction of the work to the City of Paris . After the adoption by the municipal council on 20 April 1896 of the network project of Fulgence Bienvenüe and Edmond Huet , the metropolitan railway was declared a public utility by a law that became effective 30 March 1898 . In November 1898 , the City of Paris decided to undertake preliminary work of the metro network with the construction of the first line of the Parisian subway system . Work lasted twenty months under the leadership of engineer Fulgence Bienvenüe and was financed by the municipality of Paris . The line was divided into eight parts distributed between several companies . On 19 July 1900 , the line was opened between Porte Maillot and Porte de Vincennes to connect the various sites of the World Fair . Only eight stations were finalised and opened with the inauguration ; ten more were gradually opened between 6 August and 1 September 1900 . The line followed the east–west monument axis in Paris . These eighteen stations were entirely built under the control of engineer Fulgence Bienvenüe , the majority of them 75 metres long and 4.10 metres wide . In March 1934 , the first extension into the suburbs brought service to Château of Vincennes towards the east . Chronology . - 20 April 1896 : the Paris City Council adopts the Fulgence Bienvenüe network project . - 30 March 1898 : declaration of public utility of the first six lines of the metropolitan railway . - 4 October 1898 : launch of works of Line 1 . - 19 July 1900 : Inauguration of Line 1 between Porte de Vincennes and Porte Maillot . Only 8 of the 18 planned stations were opened . - 6 August and 1 September 1900 : The other 10 stations of the line opened . - 24 March 1934 : The line was extended to the east from Porte de Vincennes to the castle of Vincennes . - 15 November 1936 : Porte Maillot station was rebuilt in order to allow a further extension of the line to the west . - 29 April 1937 : The line was extended to the west from Porte Maillot to Pont de Neuilly . - 1963 : The rails were converted in order to accommodate rubber-tyred trains ( the MP 59 ) . At the same time , stations were enlarged in order to accommodate 6-car trains instead of 5-car trains . - 1 April 1992 : The line was extended again to the west from Pont de Neuilly to La Défense business district . - 1997 : MP 89 CC rolling stock was introduced , replacing the older MP 59 stock . - 2007 : Automation project commenced . - 3 November 2011 : Cascading of MP 89CC to MP 05 stock began , as the automation project ( construction ) was completed . - May 2012 : Full automation is achieved for evening services . - July 2012 : Full automation is achieved for weekend services . - 15 December 2012 : Full automation reaches 100% status , allowing the MP 89CC to no longer be needed on Line 1 . Rolling stock . Line 1 has had five different types of rolling stock throughout the years : - M1 ( Westinghouse ) : 1900–1921 - Sprague-Thomson : 1913–1964 - MP 59 : 1963–1998 - MP 89CC : 1997–2012 - MP 05 : 2011–present Automation . After successfully opening Line 14 as a fully automated line , the RATP began to explore the possibility of automating existing lines on the system . The agency first focused on Line 1 , since it is the busiest of all of the Paris subway lines , and also the line most frequented by tourists . Automation not only allowed Paris to remain as a model for technological innovations in the railway industry but also increases the number of lines in normal service when RATP workers are striking ( MP 05 rolling stock ) . This was shown when the transport union engaged in industrial action in September 2019 without affecting service on Line 1 . Work began in 2007 and was largely carried out without interrupting passenger traffic . Preliminary work involved electrical and signaling upgrades throughout the entire line . Work also commenced on converting the original Porte Maillot station ( also known as Espace Maillot ) into a light maintenance facility for the MP 05 rolling stock . In 2009 , work commenced on installing platform screen doors ; with Bérault and Porte Maillot being the first stations to be equipped . Due to its curved platform , Bastille ( in 2011 ) was among the last stations to be equipped . During this time , individual stations were intermittently closed to allow platforms to be leveled with the height of the train floors ( from ) . Although most of the stations remain the same as they were prior to automation ( with the exception of the platform screen doors ) , many stations like St . Paul , received brand new signage . Franklin D . Roosevelt received a complete overhaul from its post World War II facade to a more contemporary & modern look . On 3 November 2011 , the first eight trains of the new MP 05 rolling stock were put into service on Line 1 . These trains ran alongside the MP 89 CC rolling stock until enough automated stock was available for passenger service . This cascading was achieved thanks to the SAET ( ) system , which is the first version of Siemens Transportation Systems Trainguard MT CBTC . The arrival of the new stock allowed the RATP to accelerate transfer of the MP 89 from Line 1 to Line 4 at a rate of about 2 to 3 trains per month between November 2011 and November 2012 . That rate increased to 4 trains per month during November and December 2012 . Major milestones were reached in May and July 2012 as full automation reached sufficient levels by which the MP 89 were no longer needed during late evenings and weekends respectively . For the Nuit Blanche during October 2012 , Line 1 also operated in full automation . The final milestone was reached on 15 December 2012 , as full automation of Line 1 approached 100% , allowing the remaining MP 89 trains to be pulled from regular service on 21 December 2012 . Due to insufficient storage space on Line 4 , the remaining 6 to 7 MP 89 trains remained stored on the Line 1 tracks near Fontenay until a new garage in the Montrouge area opened . That opening was tentatively set for February/March 2013 and will coincide with the opening of the new Mairie de Montrouge station opening on Line 4 . Future . A western extension of Line 1 from La Défense station to the center of Nanterre is being considered . Another proposal being investigated would have a new station constructed at Fontenay – Rigollots , just before the line climbs to the surface to enter Fontenay shops , and then continue eastward to Val de Fontenay to connect with RER lines A and E . Map and stations . This line has 25 stations . Renamed stations . - The Louvre station renamings were made after the entrance to the museum was moved following construction of the Louvre Pyramid . Tourism . Line 1 passes near several places of interest : - La Défense high-rise business district , where the most prominent landmark is the Grande Arche . The newly opened U Arena , future home of rugbys Racing 92 , is nearby . - The Arc de Triomphe at Charles de Gaulle-Étoile . A 289 step staircase is open to the public and leads to the top of the Arch . There is also a museum on the top floor . - LAvenue des Champs-Élysées . - The Place de la Concorde dominated by the Obelisk , Tuileries garden and Louvre museum . - The Louvre station has copies of works of art from the museum and has historical information . The stations benches are made of glass and the Western portal has Roman-inspired arches along the platform edge . - The Hôtel de Ville ( Paris City Hall ) and the Marais district . - Bastille and the nearby Opera . - Gare de Lyon train station . - The Place de la Nation . - The Bois de Vincennes ( Vincennes Wood ) and Paris Zoological Park ( Vincennes Zoo ) . - The Château de Vincennes . A medieval castle to the east of Paris . External links . - RATP official website - RATP english speaking website - Interactive Map of the RER ( from RATPs website ) - Interactive Map of the Paris métro ( from RATPs website ) - Metro-Pole website , dedicated to Paris public transports ( unofficial ) |
[
"La Défense station"
] | easy | What was the terminus of Paris Métro Line 1 from Apr 1992 to Apr 1993? | /wiki/Paris_Métro_Line_1#P559#3 | Paris Métro Line 1 Paris Métro Line 1 ( French : Ligne 1 du métro de Paris ) is one of the sixteen lines of the Paris Métro . It connects La Défense–Grande Arche in the northwest and Château de Vincennes in the southeast . With a length of , it constitutes an important east–west transportation route within the City of Paris . Excluding RER ( ) commuter lines , it is the most utilised line on the network with 181.2 million travellers in 2017 or 496,000 people per day on average . The line was the networks first to open , with its inaugural section entering service in 1900 . It is also the networks first line to be converted from manually driven operation to fully automated operation . Conversion , which commenced in 2007 and was completed in 2011 , included new rolling stock ( MP 05 ) and laying of platform edge doors in all stations . The first eight MP 05 trains ( 501 through 508 ) went into passenger service on 3 November 2011 , allowing the accelerated transfer of the existing MP 89 CC stock to Line 4 ; however , as of 2019 , Line 4 is also being converted to automated operations . The conversion allowed Line 1 to operate as the systems second fully automated line , after Line 14 . A transition to fully automated services was done without major interruption to passenger traffic . The new MP 05 rolling stock was able to operate efficiently alongside the manually-driven MP 89 CC rolling stock until there were enough MP 05 to no longer facilitate the need of the MP 89 . Full automation was achieved for evening services in May 2012 , with an increase to weekend services by August 2012 . As of 15 December 2012 , Line 1 is fully automated . The remaining five MP 89 CC trains remained stored on Line 1 near the Fontenay workshops until a new garage for Line 4 was opened south of the new Mairie de Montrouge station in February 2013 . History . The Parisian metropolitan network has its origins in several decades of debate , more or less bizarre projects and tug of war between the State ( which was favourable to the interconnection of large rail networks with large undergrounds ) and the City Hall of Paris ( which wanted a small-scale network , serving only the inner city with very close stations , effectively prohibiting access to the equipment of the large railway companies ) . The deterioration of traffic conditions in Paris , the example of foreign capitals and the approach of the 1900 Universal Exhibition convinced the authorities to start construction of the metro . The solution proposed by the Mayor of Paris is finally adopted ; the State conceded the design and construction of the work to the City of Paris . After the adoption by the municipal council on 20 April 1896 of the network project of Fulgence Bienvenüe and Edmond Huet , the metropolitan railway was declared a public utility by a law that became effective 30 March 1898 . In November 1898 , the City of Paris decided to undertake preliminary work of the metro network with the construction of the first line of the Parisian subway system . Work lasted twenty months under the leadership of engineer Fulgence Bienvenüe and was financed by the municipality of Paris . The line was divided into eight parts distributed between several companies . On 19 July 1900 , the line was opened between Porte Maillot and Porte de Vincennes to connect the various sites of the World Fair . Only eight stations were finalised and opened with the inauguration ; ten more were gradually opened between 6 August and 1 September 1900 . The line followed the east–west monument axis in Paris . These eighteen stations were entirely built under the control of engineer Fulgence Bienvenüe , the majority of them 75 metres long and 4.10 metres wide . In March 1934 , the first extension into the suburbs brought service to Château of Vincennes towards the east . Chronology . - 20 April 1896 : the Paris City Council adopts the Fulgence Bienvenüe network project . - 30 March 1898 : declaration of public utility of the first six lines of the metropolitan railway . - 4 October 1898 : launch of works of Line 1 . - 19 July 1900 : Inauguration of Line 1 between Porte de Vincennes and Porte Maillot . Only 8 of the 18 planned stations were opened . - 6 August and 1 September 1900 : The other 10 stations of the line opened . - 24 March 1934 : The line was extended to the east from Porte de Vincennes to the castle of Vincennes . - 15 November 1936 : Porte Maillot station was rebuilt in order to allow a further extension of the line to the west . - 29 April 1937 : The line was extended to the west from Porte Maillot to Pont de Neuilly . - 1963 : The rails were converted in order to accommodate rubber-tyred trains ( the MP 59 ) . At the same time , stations were enlarged in order to accommodate 6-car trains instead of 5-car trains . - 1 April 1992 : The line was extended again to the west from Pont de Neuilly to La Défense business district . - 1997 : MP 89 CC rolling stock was introduced , replacing the older MP 59 stock . - 2007 : Automation project commenced . - 3 November 2011 : Cascading of MP 89CC to MP 05 stock began , as the automation project ( construction ) was completed . - May 2012 : Full automation is achieved for evening services . - July 2012 : Full automation is achieved for weekend services . - 15 December 2012 : Full automation reaches 100% status , allowing the MP 89CC to no longer be needed on Line 1 . Rolling stock . Line 1 has had five different types of rolling stock throughout the years : - M1 ( Westinghouse ) : 1900–1921 - Sprague-Thomson : 1913–1964 - MP 59 : 1963–1998 - MP 89CC : 1997–2012 - MP 05 : 2011–present Automation . After successfully opening Line 14 as a fully automated line , the RATP began to explore the possibility of automating existing lines on the system . The agency first focused on Line 1 , since it is the busiest of all of the Paris subway lines , and also the line most frequented by tourists . Automation not only allowed Paris to remain as a model for technological innovations in the railway industry but also increases the number of lines in normal service when RATP workers are striking ( MP 05 rolling stock ) . This was shown when the transport union engaged in industrial action in September 2019 without affecting service on Line 1 . Work began in 2007 and was largely carried out without interrupting passenger traffic . Preliminary work involved electrical and signaling upgrades throughout the entire line . Work also commenced on converting the original Porte Maillot station ( also known as Espace Maillot ) into a light maintenance facility for the MP 05 rolling stock . In 2009 , work commenced on installing platform screen doors ; with Bérault and Porte Maillot being the first stations to be equipped . Due to its curved platform , Bastille ( in 2011 ) was among the last stations to be equipped . During this time , individual stations were intermittently closed to allow platforms to be leveled with the height of the train floors ( from ) . Although most of the stations remain the same as they were prior to automation ( with the exception of the platform screen doors ) , many stations like St . Paul , received brand new signage . Franklin D . Roosevelt received a complete overhaul from its post World War II facade to a more contemporary & modern look . On 3 November 2011 , the first eight trains of the new MP 05 rolling stock were put into service on Line 1 . These trains ran alongside the MP 89 CC rolling stock until enough automated stock was available for passenger service . This cascading was achieved thanks to the SAET ( ) system , which is the first version of Siemens Transportation Systems Trainguard MT CBTC . The arrival of the new stock allowed the RATP to accelerate transfer of the MP 89 from Line 1 to Line 4 at a rate of about 2 to 3 trains per month between November 2011 and November 2012 . That rate increased to 4 trains per month during November and December 2012 . Major milestones were reached in May and July 2012 as full automation reached sufficient levels by which the MP 89 were no longer needed during late evenings and weekends respectively . For the Nuit Blanche during October 2012 , Line 1 also operated in full automation . The final milestone was reached on 15 December 2012 , as full automation of Line 1 approached 100% , allowing the remaining MP 89 trains to be pulled from regular service on 21 December 2012 . Due to insufficient storage space on Line 4 , the remaining 6 to 7 MP 89 trains remained stored on the Line 1 tracks near Fontenay until a new garage in the Montrouge area opened . That opening was tentatively set for February/March 2013 and will coincide with the opening of the new Mairie de Montrouge station opening on Line 4 . Future . A western extension of Line 1 from La Défense station to the center of Nanterre is being considered . Another proposal being investigated would have a new station constructed at Fontenay – Rigollots , just before the line climbs to the surface to enter Fontenay shops , and then continue eastward to Val de Fontenay to connect with RER lines A and E . Map and stations . This line has 25 stations . Renamed stations . - The Louvre station renamings were made after the entrance to the museum was moved following construction of the Louvre Pyramid . Tourism . Line 1 passes near several places of interest : - La Défense high-rise business district , where the most prominent landmark is the Grande Arche . The newly opened U Arena , future home of rugbys Racing 92 , is nearby . - The Arc de Triomphe at Charles de Gaulle-Étoile . A 289 step staircase is open to the public and leads to the top of the Arch . There is also a museum on the top floor . - LAvenue des Champs-Élysées . - The Place de la Concorde dominated by the Obelisk , Tuileries garden and Louvre museum . - The Louvre station has copies of works of art from the museum and has historical information . The stations benches are made of glass and the Western portal has Roman-inspired arches along the platform edge . - The Hôtel de Ville ( Paris City Hall ) and the Marais district . - Bastille and the nearby Opera . - Gare de Lyon train station . - The Place de la Nation . - The Bois de Vincennes ( Vincennes Wood ) and Paris Zoological Park ( Vincennes Zoo ) . - The Château de Vincennes . A medieval castle to the east of Paris . External links . - RATP official website - RATP english speaking website - Interactive Map of the RER ( from RATPs website ) - Interactive Map of the Paris métro ( from RATPs website ) - Metro-Pole website , dedicated to Paris public transports ( unofficial ) |
[
"Everton"
] | easy | Which team did the player Victor Anichebe belong to from 2006 to 2008? | /wiki/Victor_Anichebe#P54#0 | Victor Anichebe Victor Chinedu Anichebe ( born 23 April 1988 ) is a retired Nigerian professional footballer who played as a striker . Early life . Anichebe was born in Lagos , Lagos State , Nigeria but moved to Liverpool , Merseyside , England aged one . His family originally lived in Toxteth before settling in Crosby . He is the cousin of former professional football player Iffy Onuora , Olympian Anyika Onuora and professional basketball player Chiz Onuora . He is also an Olympic silver medallist , competing for Nigeria in the 2008 Olympics . In March 2009 , Anichebe received an apology from Cheshire Police when he was confronted for looking in a jewellers window in Knutsford and his friend Lee Peltier of Liverpool handcuffed . Anichebe was on crutches due to injury at the time , and believed that the police took action because the pair are black . Club career . Everton . Anichebe made his reserve-team debut for Everton as a 15-year-old and his first-team debut less than two years later on 27 February 2006 , as a substitute in the 89th minute of Evertons FA Cup fourth round tie against Chelsea , replacing Simon Davies . He signed his first professional contract with Everton , a two-year deal , in April 2006 . On 7 May 2006 , he scored his first Premier League goal , against West Bromwich Albion . He was awarded Evertons Reserve Player of the Season for the 2005–06 season . Anichebe scored his first two Premier League goals of the 2006–07 campaign in a 3–0 win against Newcastle United on 30 December 2006 . His contract was extended by four years towards the end of the season as Everton qualified for the UEFA Cup . In the UEFA Cup , Anichebe scored four times , against Metalist Kharkiv , AE Larissa , 1 . FC Nürnberg and Brann of Norway after coming on as a late second-half substitute in many of the matches . At the end of the season , he was voted by Everton fans as their Young Player of the Season . On 22 February 2009 , in a match against Newcastle United , a tackle from Kevin Nolan left Anichebe and unable to play for 11 months . Nolan , who received a straight red card for the foul , later settled out of court when Anichebe sued for loss of earnings . He returned to first team action in January 2010 in a 2–0 victory over Sunderland . His first goal on rejoining the squad came two months later in a 2–2 draw with Birmingham City . In January 2011 , he signed a new four-and-a-half-year contract with Everton , along with teammate Séamus Coleman . Anichebe suffered a groin injury while on international duty in September and did not play for the rest of 2011 . He made his return as a second-half substitute on 1 January 2012 , against West Bromwich Albion and scored in the 87th minute to give Everton a 1–0 away win . He continued his comeback by coming off the bench to score the equaliser in a 1–1 with Aston Villa on 14 January . Anichebe continued his goalscoring form by scoring his third goal of the season as a substitute in a 1–1 with Wigan Athletic on 4 February . His appearance also meant he became Evertons most used substitute in the history of the club , breaking Duncan Fergusons old record of 82 . In his first Premier League start of the 2012–13 season , Anichebe scored the opening goal in a 3–0 win over Swansea City with a left-footed effort from close in . He then missed a number of games due to an hamstring injury , but returned in December to score a header to level the match against West Ham United at 1–1 . Everton went on to win 2–1 . He provided two assists during the festive season before scoring the winner against Newcastle United on 2 January 2013 . In February , Anichebe scored his first goal in the FA Cup of his Everton career against Oldham Athletic in a match which ended 2–2 . In the second half of the season , he was used as Evertons main striker due to his impressive displays and the drop in form of Nikica Jelavić . In late March , Anichebe said he wanted to finish the season with a goal tally in double figures , but he finished with 8 goals from 32 matches , still the most he has scored in a single season in his career . West Bromwich Albion . On 2 September 2013 , Anichebe transferred to West Bromwich Albion in a deal which could rise to £6 million . On 2 February , Anichebe scored his second league goal against Liverpool to earn West Brom a point . On 11 February , he came on as a substitute and scored against Chelsea to earn West Brom a point . On 18 May 2016 , it was announced Anichebe and Stéphane Sessègnon would leave West Brom at the end of the 2015–16 season . Sunderland . On 2 September 2016 , Anichebe signed a one-year contract with Sunderland to play under manager David Moyes , the clubs ninth signing of the summer . His first goal for the club came on 5 November 2016 , when he scored in a 2–1 win against AFC Bournemouth , as Sunderland came from behind—with ten men—to secure their first win of the 2016–17 Premier League season . He followed that up in the next match , on 19 November 2016 , when he scored two goals in a 3–0 home win against Hull City . His performances in November earned him a nomination for the PFA Fans Player of the Month award . Beijing Enterprises . On 23 June 2017 , Anichebe joined Chinese club Beijing Enterprises after he was released by Sunderland . International career . Anichebe made his debut for Nigeria on 26 March 2008 in an Olympic games qualifying match against South Africa . Anichebe came off the substitutes bench to score the final goal in a 3–0 victory for Nigeria . He made his first start for Nigeria alongside fellow Everton player Yakubu in a friendly against Austria on 27 May 2008 being replaced at half-time . Anichebe was selected to represent Nigeria at the 2008 Summer Olympics . On 10 August 2008 , he scored Nigerias second goal in their match against Japan . Nigeria eventually reached the final , which they lost 1–0 to Argentina , with Anichebe receiving a silver medal . Anichebe was not selected on the final 23-man roster for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa despite a good performance during a friendly against Saudi Arabia . He scored his first senior team goal in the March 2011 friendly against Kenya . Anichebe suffered a groin injury during a 2012 African Cup of Nations qualifying match against Madagascar in September 2011 , with Nigeria head coach Samson Siasia blaming the poor pitch . The Super Eagles won the match 2–0 but would miss out on qualification for the tournament one month later , with the injured Anichebe unable to take part in the deciding group match against Guinea . In October 2012 , Anichebe announced he was focusing on his form for club side Everton , rather than on earning a return to the Nigerian team . He was subsequently omitted from the squad for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , a tournament which Nigeria won . In May 2013 , Anichebe temporarily retired from international football to concentrate on his club career . However , he said he would return to international football in the future . |
[
"Everton"
] | easy | Victor Anichebe played for which team from 2008 to 2013? | /wiki/Victor_Anichebe#P54#1 | Victor Anichebe Victor Chinedu Anichebe ( born 23 April 1988 ) is a retired Nigerian professional footballer who played as a striker . Early life . Anichebe was born in Lagos , Lagos State , Nigeria but moved to Liverpool , Merseyside , England aged one . His family originally lived in Toxteth before settling in Crosby . He is the cousin of former professional football player Iffy Onuora , Olympian Anyika Onuora and professional basketball player Chiz Onuora . He is also an Olympic silver medallist , competing for Nigeria in the 2008 Olympics . In March 2009 , Anichebe received an apology from Cheshire Police when he was confronted for looking in a jewellers window in Knutsford and his friend Lee Peltier of Liverpool handcuffed . Anichebe was on crutches due to injury at the time , and believed that the police took action because the pair are black . Club career . Everton . Anichebe made his reserve-team debut for Everton as a 15-year-old and his first-team debut less than two years later on 27 February 2006 , as a substitute in the 89th minute of Evertons FA Cup fourth round tie against Chelsea , replacing Simon Davies . He signed his first professional contract with Everton , a two-year deal , in April 2006 . On 7 May 2006 , he scored his first Premier League goal , against West Bromwich Albion . He was awarded Evertons Reserve Player of the Season for the 2005–06 season . Anichebe scored his first two Premier League goals of the 2006–07 campaign in a 3–0 win against Newcastle United on 30 December 2006 . His contract was extended by four years towards the end of the season as Everton qualified for the UEFA Cup . In the UEFA Cup , Anichebe scored four times , against Metalist Kharkiv , AE Larissa , 1 . FC Nürnberg and Brann of Norway after coming on as a late second-half substitute in many of the matches . At the end of the season , he was voted by Everton fans as their Young Player of the Season . On 22 February 2009 , in a match against Newcastle United , a tackle from Kevin Nolan left Anichebe and unable to play for 11 months . Nolan , who received a straight red card for the foul , later settled out of court when Anichebe sued for loss of earnings . He returned to first team action in January 2010 in a 2–0 victory over Sunderland . His first goal on rejoining the squad came two months later in a 2–2 draw with Birmingham City . In January 2011 , he signed a new four-and-a-half-year contract with Everton , along with teammate Séamus Coleman . Anichebe suffered a groin injury while on international duty in September and did not play for the rest of 2011 . He made his return as a second-half substitute on 1 January 2012 , against West Bromwich Albion and scored in the 87th minute to give Everton a 1–0 away win . He continued his comeback by coming off the bench to score the equaliser in a 1–1 with Aston Villa on 14 January . Anichebe continued his goalscoring form by scoring his third goal of the season as a substitute in a 1–1 with Wigan Athletic on 4 February . His appearance also meant he became Evertons most used substitute in the history of the club , breaking Duncan Fergusons old record of 82 . In his first Premier League start of the 2012–13 season , Anichebe scored the opening goal in a 3–0 win over Swansea City with a left-footed effort from close in . He then missed a number of games due to an hamstring injury , but returned in December to score a header to level the match against West Ham United at 1–1 . Everton went on to win 2–1 . He provided two assists during the festive season before scoring the winner against Newcastle United on 2 January 2013 . In February , Anichebe scored his first goal in the FA Cup of his Everton career against Oldham Athletic in a match which ended 2–2 . In the second half of the season , he was used as Evertons main striker due to his impressive displays and the drop in form of Nikica Jelavić . In late March , Anichebe said he wanted to finish the season with a goal tally in double figures , but he finished with 8 goals from 32 matches , still the most he has scored in a single season in his career . West Bromwich Albion . On 2 September 2013 , Anichebe transferred to West Bromwich Albion in a deal which could rise to £6 million . On 2 February , Anichebe scored his second league goal against Liverpool to earn West Brom a point . On 11 February , he came on as a substitute and scored against Chelsea to earn West Brom a point . On 18 May 2016 , it was announced Anichebe and Stéphane Sessègnon would leave West Brom at the end of the 2015–16 season . Sunderland . On 2 September 2016 , Anichebe signed a one-year contract with Sunderland to play under manager David Moyes , the clubs ninth signing of the summer . His first goal for the club came on 5 November 2016 , when he scored in a 2–1 win against AFC Bournemouth , as Sunderland came from behind—with ten men—to secure their first win of the 2016–17 Premier League season . He followed that up in the next match , on 19 November 2016 , when he scored two goals in a 3–0 home win against Hull City . His performances in November earned him a nomination for the PFA Fans Player of the Month award . Beijing Enterprises . On 23 June 2017 , Anichebe joined Chinese club Beijing Enterprises after he was released by Sunderland . International career . Anichebe made his debut for Nigeria on 26 March 2008 in an Olympic games qualifying match against South Africa . Anichebe came off the substitutes bench to score the final goal in a 3–0 victory for Nigeria . He made his first start for Nigeria alongside fellow Everton player Yakubu in a friendly against Austria on 27 May 2008 being replaced at half-time . Anichebe was selected to represent Nigeria at the 2008 Summer Olympics . On 10 August 2008 , he scored Nigerias second goal in their match against Japan . Nigeria eventually reached the final , which they lost 1–0 to Argentina , with Anichebe receiving a silver medal . Anichebe was not selected on the final 23-man roster for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa despite a good performance during a friendly against Saudi Arabia . He scored his first senior team goal in the March 2011 friendly against Kenya . Anichebe suffered a groin injury during a 2012 African Cup of Nations qualifying match against Madagascar in September 2011 , with Nigeria head coach Samson Siasia blaming the poor pitch . The Super Eagles won the match 2–0 but would miss out on qualification for the tournament one month later , with the injured Anichebe unable to take part in the deciding group match against Guinea . In October 2012 , Anichebe announced he was focusing on his form for club side Everton , rather than on earning a return to the Nigerian team . He was subsequently omitted from the squad for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , a tournament which Nigeria won . In May 2013 , Anichebe temporarily retired from international football to concentrate on his club career . However , he said he would return to international football in the future . |
[
"West Bromwich Albion"
] | easy | Which team did Victor Anichebe play for from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Victor_Anichebe#P54#2 | Victor Anichebe Victor Chinedu Anichebe ( born 23 April 1988 ) is a retired Nigerian professional footballer who played as a striker . Early life . Anichebe was born in Lagos , Lagos State , Nigeria but moved to Liverpool , Merseyside , England aged one . His family originally lived in Toxteth before settling in Crosby . He is the cousin of former professional football player Iffy Onuora , Olympian Anyika Onuora and professional basketball player Chiz Onuora . He is also an Olympic silver medallist , competing for Nigeria in the 2008 Olympics . In March 2009 , Anichebe received an apology from Cheshire Police when he was confronted for looking in a jewellers window in Knutsford and his friend Lee Peltier of Liverpool handcuffed . Anichebe was on crutches due to injury at the time , and believed that the police took action because the pair are black . Club career . Everton . Anichebe made his reserve-team debut for Everton as a 15-year-old and his first-team debut less than two years later on 27 February 2006 , as a substitute in the 89th minute of Evertons FA Cup fourth round tie against Chelsea , replacing Simon Davies . He signed his first professional contract with Everton , a two-year deal , in April 2006 . On 7 May 2006 , he scored his first Premier League goal , against West Bromwich Albion . He was awarded Evertons Reserve Player of the Season for the 2005–06 season . Anichebe scored his first two Premier League goals of the 2006–07 campaign in a 3–0 win against Newcastle United on 30 December 2006 . His contract was extended by four years towards the end of the season as Everton qualified for the UEFA Cup . In the UEFA Cup , Anichebe scored four times , against Metalist Kharkiv , AE Larissa , 1 . FC Nürnberg and Brann of Norway after coming on as a late second-half substitute in many of the matches . At the end of the season , he was voted by Everton fans as their Young Player of the Season . On 22 February 2009 , in a match against Newcastle United , a tackle from Kevin Nolan left Anichebe and unable to play for 11 months . Nolan , who received a straight red card for the foul , later settled out of court when Anichebe sued for loss of earnings . He returned to first team action in January 2010 in a 2–0 victory over Sunderland . His first goal on rejoining the squad came two months later in a 2–2 draw with Birmingham City . In January 2011 , he signed a new four-and-a-half-year contract with Everton , along with teammate Séamus Coleman . Anichebe suffered a groin injury while on international duty in September and did not play for the rest of 2011 . He made his return as a second-half substitute on 1 January 2012 , against West Bromwich Albion and scored in the 87th minute to give Everton a 1–0 away win . He continued his comeback by coming off the bench to score the equaliser in a 1–1 with Aston Villa on 14 January . Anichebe continued his goalscoring form by scoring his third goal of the season as a substitute in a 1–1 with Wigan Athletic on 4 February . His appearance also meant he became Evertons most used substitute in the history of the club , breaking Duncan Fergusons old record of 82 . In his first Premier League start of the 2012–13 season , Anichebe scored the opening goal in a 3–0 win over Swansea City with a left-footed effort from close in . He then missed a number of games due to an hamstring injury , but returned in December to score a header to level the match against West Ham United at 1–1 . Everton went on to win 2–1 . He provided two assists during the festive season before scoring the winner against Newcastle United on 2 January 2013 . In February , Anichebe scored his first goal in the FA Cup of his Everton career against Oldham Athletic in a match which ended 2–2 . In the second half of the season , he was used as Evertons main striker due to his impressive displays and the drop in form of Nikica Jelavić . In late March , Anichebe said he wanted to finish the season with a goal tally in double figures , but he finished with 8 goals from 32 matches , still the most he has scored in a single season in his career . West Bromwich Albion . On 2 September 2013 , Anichebe transferred to West Bromwich Albion in a deal which could rise to £6 million . On 2 February , Anichebe scored his second league goal against Liverpool to earn West Brom a point . On 11 February , he came on as a substitute and scored against Chelsea to earn West Brom a point . On 18 May 2016 , it was announced Anichebe and Stéphane Sessègnon would leave West Brom at the end of the 2015–16 season . Sunderland . On 2 September 2016 , Anichebe signed a one-year contract with Sunderland to play under manager David Moyes , the clubs ninth signing of the summer . His first goal for the club came on 5 November 2016 , when he scored in a 2–1 win against AFC Bournemouth , as Sunderland came from behind—with ten men—to secure their first win of the 2016–17 Premier League season . He followed that up in the next match , on 19 November 2016 , when he scored two goals in a 3–0 home win against Hull City . His performances in November earned him a nomination for the PFA Fans Player of the Month award . Beijing Enterprises . On 23 June 2017 , Anichebe joined Chinese club Beijing Enterprises after he was released by Sunderland . International career . Anichebe made his debut for Nigeria on 26 March 2008 in an Olympic games qualifying match against South Africa . Anichebe came off the substitutes bench to score the final goal in a 3–0 victory for Nigeria . He made his first start for Nigeria alongside fellow Everton player Yakubu in a friendly against Austria on 27 May 2008 being replaced at half-time . Anichebe was selected to represent Nigeria at the 2008 Summer Olympics . On 10 August 2008 , he scored Nigerias second goal in their match against Japan . Nigeria eventually reached the final , which they lost 1–0 to Argentina , with Anichebe receiving a silver medal . Anichebe was not selected on the final 23-man roster for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa despite a good performance during a friendly against Saudi Arabia . He scored his first senior team goal in the March 2011 friendly against Kenya . Anichebe suffered a groin injury during a 2012 African Cup of Nations qualifying match against Madagascar in September 2011 , with Nigeria head coach Samson Siasia blaming the poor pitch . The Super Eagles won the match 2–0 but would miss out on qualification for the tournament one month later , with the injured Anichebe unable to take part in the deciding group match against Guinea . In October 2012 , Anichebe announced he was focusing on his form for club side Everton , rather than on earning a return to the Nigerian team . He was subsequently omitted from the squad for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , a tournament which Nigeria won . In May 2013 , Anichebe temporarily retired from international football to concentrate on his club career . However , he said he would return to international football in the future . |
[
"Member , First Lok Sabha"
] | easy | What position did Hirendranath Mukherjee take from 1952 to 1957? | /wiki/Hirendranath_Mukherjee#P39#0 | Hirendranath Mukherjee Hirendranath Mukhopadhyay ( 23 November 1907 – 30 July 2004 ) , also known as Hiren Mukerjee , was an Indian politician , lawyer and academic . He was a member of the Communist Party of India having joined in 1936 when it was still illegal . He was elected to the Lok Sabha the lower house of the Indian Parliament from the Calcutta North East constituency in 1951 , 1957 , 1962 , 1967 and 1971 . He suffered an electoral reverse when he lost to Pratap Chandra Chunder in 1977 after the CPI supported Emergency . He was awarded the second highest civilian honour Padma Vibhushan by Government of India in 1991 , earlier he was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1990 . He was a profound and passionate orator in English and Bengali , and his natural eloquence was marked by a surpassing erudition and encyclopaedic memory . His speeches were also marked by a full-throated delivery , an impeccable Oxonian pronunciation in English and his Calcutta idiom and intonation in Bengali . He was one of the most remarkable parliamentary speakers in India for all time . Early life and education . Born in Calcutta ( now Kolkata ) to Sachindra Nath Mukerjee , he studied at Taltala High School and received B.A . and M.A . degrees in History from Presidency College , Calcutta , then affiliated with the University of Calcutta . Thereafter he completed his higher education with B . Litt . ( Oxon ) from St Catherines College , Oxford and Barrister-at-Law ( Comm. ) from Lincolns Inn , London . Career . Hiren Mukerjee started his career as an educator , eventually serving as a senior lecturer in History and Politics , Andhra University , 1934–35 , lecturer in History and Political Philosophy , Calcutta University , 1940—44 , and remained the Head of the Department of History , Surendranath College , Calcutta from 1936 to 1962 . He joined the Communist Party of India in 1936 . Conversion to communism came somewhat earlier , while studying at Oxford and training to be a Barrister at Law in the United Kingdom . He was Member , All India Congress Committee ( A.I.C.C. ) , 1938–39 ; Member of Executive Committee , Bengal Provincial Congress Committee , 1938–39 ; Joint Secretary , Bengal Committee , Congress Socialist Party , 1938 ; President , Bengal Provincial Students Conference , 1936 ; Founder Member , All India Progressive Writers Association , 1936 ; President , All India Students Conference , Nagpur , 1940 ; Editor Indo-Soviet Journal , Calcutta , 1941–45 ; Chairman , Indian Peoples Theatre Association ( IPTA ) Conference , Bombay , 1943 ; Founder Member , Friends of Soviet Union , and Joint Secretary , 1944–52 ; Joint Editor , Calcutta Weekly Notes ( Law Journal ) , 1945–52 ; Member , Bengal Committee , Communist Party of India , 1947–49 ; President , Bengal Motion Pictures Employees Union since 1946 ; Vice-President , Bengal Provincial Trade Union Congress , 1948–49 . Suffered imprisonment without trial twice – in 1948 and 1949 . He won five consecutive elections from the Calcutta North East constituency in 1952 , 1957 , 1962 , 1967 and 1971 . He was elected to the first elected Parliament of independent India ( 1952–57 ) from a Calcutta constituency which returned him five times repeatedly till 1977 ( Member , First Lok Sabha , 1952–57 ; Second Lok Sabha 1957–62 ; Third Lok Sabha , 1962–67 ; Fourth Lok Sabha , 1967–70 and Fifth Lok Sabha , 1971–77 ) . He was the leader of CPI group , 1964 – 67 . Deputy Leader , 1952 – 64 , 1967 – 71 . Member , Public Accounts Committee , 1969–70 and 1973–74 ; Chairman , Public Accounts Committee , 1975–76 and 1976–77 ; Member , Indian Delegation to the Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference ( 1959 ) in Australia , Inter-Parliamentary Union Conference ( 1972 ) in Italy , Yaounde , Cameroon ( W . Africa ) , April 1972 , and Rome , September 1972 . He was also the honorary Adviser , Parliament Library and Bureau of Parliamentary Studies and Training , 1978–82 ; and Honorary Advisor to the Speaker of Lok Sabha , 1978–82 . He was invited to International Teach-In by Toronto University , Canada ( 1966 ) ; invited to lecture at German Academy , Berlin , 1967 ; invited to take part in International Symposium on Lenin at Alma Ata , Kazakhstan , USSR in 1969 ; invited to deliver lectures at many universities in India and overseas . In spite of political preoccupation , he was known as an eminent academic . He received honorary degree of D.Litt . from Andhra University , Calcutta University , Kalyani University , North Bengal University and Rabindra Bharati University . He was awarded Soviet Land Nehru Prize in 1978 ; and was the recipient of Vidyasagar Award ( 1992 ) and Nazrul Award ( 2000 ) from the Government of West Bengal and Advaita Mallavarmana Award from the Government of Tripura ( 2002 ) , Maulana Azad Award by the Muslim Cultural Association and Muzaffar Ahmed Smriti Puraskar . He was awarded Padma Bhushan in 1990 and Padma Vibhushan in 1991 by the President of India for his lifelong services . He was a writer of numerous articles in both English and Bengali over seven decades ; author of nearly 50 published books . Hiren Mukerjee was a writer in two languages , English and Bengali , and commanded a distinctive and inimitable style in both . Despite the profundity of style and content he could introduce a charming lightheartedness and exuberance , his vocabulary ranging from the classical to the colloquial , and his references being wide , eclectic and polymathic . He was also an active epistoler , and replied to every correspondent , always writing in his own hand till his last days . Less known perhaps was his amazing command of Sanskrit , from which he quoted aptly and abundantly in his speeches and writings if the occasion demanded , his phenomenal memory coming to his aid . Some of his published books are – An Introduction to Socialism , Under Marxs Banner , Marx , Great October , India and the Future , Credo : Some Socialist Affirmations , India and Parliament , Indias Struggle for Freedom , Studies of Rabindranath Tagore , Gandhiji , Jawaharlal Nehru , Subhas Chandra Bose and Swami Vivekananda . Voluminous writings in Bengali include an impressive and significant book of reminiscences , Tari Hote Teer ( From the Boat to the Shore ) and collection of selected articles in two volumes . Notwithstanding his shining qualities and often fiery eloquence , in personal demeanour Hiren Mukerjee was a quiet and unassuming personality , even to the point of shyness . He died in Kolkata on 30 July 2004 at the age of 96 . Hailed as the Communist Rishi ( ref . Sri Gopal Gandhis obituary in The Hindu dated 1 August 2004 ) , Hirendra Nath Mukerjee left lasting impression on our national life . Appropriately , the Parliament of India instituted the Professor Hiren Mukerjee Memorial Parliamentary Lecture from 2008 ( Hiren Mukerjees birth centenary year ) . The lecture was the first of its kind in the history of Indian Parliament and indeed a tribute to one of the greatest parliamentarians India has produced . Held in the Central Hall of Parliament , the first four Memorial Lectures were delivered by Nobel-Laureate Professor Amartya Sen ( 2008 ) , Nobel Laureate economist/banker Md Yunus ( 2009 ) , eminent economist Prof . Jagdish Bhagwati ( 2010 ) and the Prime Minister of Bhutan , H . E . Lyonchen Jigmi Y . Thinley ( 2012 ) . The Lok Sabha Secretariat also produced a publication entitled Hiren Mukerjee in Parliament compiling some of his important speeches in the Lok Sabha spanning 25 years . External links . - Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website |
[
"Second Lok Sabha"
] | easy | What was the position of Hirendranath Mukherjee from 1957 to 1962? | /wiki/Hirendranath_Mukherjee#P39#1 | Hirendranath Mukherjee Hirendranath Mukhopadhyay ( 23 November 1907 – 30 July 2004 ) , also known as Hiren Mukerjee , was an Indian politician , lawyer and academic . He was a member of the Communist Party of India having joined in 1936 when it was still illegal . He was elected to the Lok Sabha the lower house of the Indian Parliament from the Calcutta North East constituency in 1951 , 1957 , 1962 , 1967 and 1971 . He suffered an electoral reverse when he lost to Pratap Chandra Chunder in 1977 after the CPI supported Emergency . He was awarded the second highest civilian honour Padma Vibhushan by Government of India in 1991 , earlier he was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1990 . He was a profound and passionate orator in English and Bengali , and his natural eloquence was marked by a surpassing erudition and encyclopaedic memory . His speeches were also marked by a full-throated delivery , an impeccable Oxonian pronunciation in English and his Calcutta idiom and intonation in Bengali . He was one of the most remarkable parliamentary speakers in India for all time . Early life and education . Born in Calcutta ( now Kolkata ) to Sachindra Nath Mukerjee , he studied at Taltala High School and received B.A . and M.A . degrees in History from Presidency College , Calcutta , then affiliated with the University of Calcutta . Thereafter he completed his higher education with B . Litt . ( Oxon ) from St Catherines College , Oxford and Barrister-at-Law ( Comm. ) from Lincolns Inn , London . Career . Hiren Mukerjee started his career as an educator , eventually serving as a senior lecturer in History and Politics , Andhra University , 1934–35 , lecturer in History and Political Philosophy , Calcutta University , 1940—44 , and remained the Head of the Department of History , Surendranath College , Calcutta from 1936 to 1962 . He joined the Communist Party of India in 1936 . Conversion to communism came somewhat earlier , while studying at Oxford and training to be a Barrister at Law in the United Kingdom . He was Member , All India Congress Committee ( A.I.C.C. ) , 1938–39 ; Member of Executive Committee , Bengal Provincial Congress Committee , 1938–39 ; Joint Secretary , Bengal Committee , Congress Socialist Party , 1938 ; President , Bengal Provincial Students Conference , 1936 ; Founder Member , All India Progressive Writers Association , 1936 ; President , All India Students Conference , Nagpur , 1940 ; Editor Indo-Soviet Journal , Calcutta , 1941–45 ; Chairman , Indian Peoples Theatre Association ( IPTA ) Conference , Bombay , 1943 ; Founder Member , Friends of Soviet Union , and Joint Secretary , 1944–52 ; Joint Editor , Calcutta Weekly Notes ( Law Journal ) , 1945–52 ; Member , Bengal Committee , Communist Party of India , 1947–49 ; President , Bengal Motion Pictures Employees Union since 1946 ; Vice-President , Bengal Provincial Trade Union Congress , 1948–49 . Suffered imprisonment without trial twice – in 1948 and 1949 . He won five consecutive elections from the Calcutta North East constituency in 1952 , 1957 , 1962 , 1967 and 1971 . He was elected to the first elected Parliament of independent India ( 1952–57 ) from a Calcutta constituency which returned him five times repeatedly till 1977 ( Member , First Lok Sabha , 1952–57 ; Second Lok Sabha 1957–62 ; Third Lok Sabha , 1962–67 ; Fourth Lok Sabha , 1967–70 and Fifth Lok Sabha , 1971–77 ) . He was the leader of CPI group , 1964 – 67 . Deputy Leader , 1952 – 64 , 1967 – 71 . Member , Public Accounts Committee , 1969–70 and 1973–74 ; Chairman , Public Accounts Committee , 1975–76 and 1976–77 ; Member , Indian Delegation to the Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference ( 1959 ) in Australia , Inter-Parliamentary Union Conference ( 1972 ) in Italy , Yaounde , Cameroon ( W . Africa ) , April 1972 , and Rome , September 1972 . He was also the honorary Adviser , Parliament Library and Bureau of Parliamentary Studies and Training , 1978–82 ; and Honorary Advisor to the Speaker of Lok Sabha , 1978–82 . He was invited to International Teach-In by Toronto University , Canada ( 1966 ) ; invited to lecture at German Academy , Berlin , 1967 ; invited to take part in International Symposium on Lenin at Alma Ata , Kazakhstan , USSR in 1969 ; invited to deliver lectures at many universities in India and overseas . In spite of political preoccupation , he was known as an eminent academic . He received honorary degree of D.Litt . from Andhra University , Calcutta University , Kalyani University , North Bengal University and Rabindra Bharati University . He was awarded Soviet Land Nehru Prize in 1978 ; and was the recipient of Vidyasagar Award ( 1992 ) and Nazrul Award ( 2000 ) from the Government of West Bengal and Advaita Mallavarmana Award from the Government of Tripura ( 2002 ) , Maulana Azad Award by the Muslim Cultural Association and Muzaffar Ahmed Smriti Puraskar . He was awarded Padma Bhushan in 1990 and Padma Vibhushan in 1991 by the President of India for his lifelong services . He was a writer of numerous articles in both English and Bengali over seven decades ; author of nearly 50 published books . Hiren Mukerjee was a writer in two languages , English and Bengali , and commanded a distinctive and inimitable style in both . Despite the profundity of style and content he could introduce a charming lightheartedness and exuberance , his vocabulary ranging from the classical to the colloquial , and his references being wide , eclectic and polymathic . He was also an active epistoler , and replied to every correspondent , always writing in his own hand till his last days . Less known perhaps was his amazing command of Sanskrit , from which he quoted aptly and abundantly in his speeches and writings if the occasion demanded , his phenomenal memory coming to his aid . Some of his published books are – An Introduction to Socialism , Under Marxs Banner , Marx , Great October , India and the Future , Credo : Some Socialist Affirmations , India and Parliament , Indias Struggle for Freedom , Studies of Rabindranath Tagore , Gandhiji , Jawaharlal Nehru , Subhas Chandra Bose and Swami Vivekananda . Voluminous writings in Bengali include an impressive and significant book of reminiscences , Tari Hote Teer ( From the Boat to the Shore ) and collection of selected articles in two volumes . Notwithstanding his shining qualities and often fiery eloquence , in personal demeanour Hiren Mukerjee was a quiet and unassuming personality , even to the point of shyness . He died in Kolkata on 30 July 2004 at the age of 96 . Hailed as the Communist Rishi ( ref . Sri Gopal Gandhis obituary in The Hindu dated 1 August 2004 ) , Hirendra Nath Mukerjee left lasting impression on our national life . Appropriately , the Parliament of India instituted the Professor Hiren Mukerjee Memorial Parliamentary Lecture from 2008 ( Hiren Mukerjees birth centenary year ) . The lecture was the first of its kind in the history of Indian Parliament and indeed a tribute to one of the greatest parliamentarians India has produced . Held in the Central Hall of Parliament , the first four Memorial Lectures were delivered by Nobel-Laureate Professor Amartya Sen ( 2008 ) , Nobel Laureate economist/banker Md Yunus ( 2009 ) , eminent economist Prof . Jagdish Bhagwati ( 2010 ) and the Prime Minister of Bhutan , H . E . Lyonchen Jigmi Y . Thinley ( 2012 ) . The Lok Sabha Secretariat also produced a publication entitled Hiren Mukerjee in Parliament compiling some of his important speeches in the Lok Sabha spanning 25 years . External links . - Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website |
[
"Third Lok Sabha"
] | easy | What was the position of Hirendranath Mukherjee from 1962 to 1967? | /wiki/Hirendranath_Mukherjee#P39#2 | Hirendranath Mukherjee Hirendranath Mukhopadhyay ( 23 November 1907 – 30 July 2004 ) , also known as Hiren Mukerjee , was an Indian politician , lawyer and academic . He was a member of the Communist Party of India having joined in 1936 when it was still illegal . He was elected to the Lok Sabha the lower house of the Indian Parliament from the Calcutta North East constituency in 1951 , 1957 , 1962 , 1967 and 1971 . He suffered an electoral reverse when he lost to Pratap Chandra Chunder in 1977 after the CPI supported Emergency . He was awarded the second highest civilian honour Padma Vibhushan by Government of India in 1991 , earlier he was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1990 . He was a profound and passionate orator in English and Bengali , and his natural eloquence was marked by a surpassing erudition and encyclopaedic memory . His speeches were also marked by a full-throated delivery , an impeccable Oxonian pronunciation in English and his Calcutta idiom and intonation in Bengali . He was one of the most remarkable parliamentary speakers in India for all time . Early life and education . Born in Calcutta ( now Kolkata ) to Sachindra Nath Mukerjee , he studied at Taltala High School and received B.A . and M.A . degrees in History from Presidency College , Calcutta , then affiliated with the University of Calcutta . Thereafter he completed his higher education with B . Litt . ( Oxon ) from St Catherines College , Oxford and Barrister-at-Law ( Comm. ) from Lincolns Inn , London . Career . Hiren Mukerjee started his career as an educator , eventually serving as a senior lecturer in History and Politics , Andhra University , 1934–35 , lecturer in History and Political Philosophy , Calcutta University , 1940—44 , and remained the Head of the Department of History , Surendranath College , Calcutta from 1936 to 1962 . He joined the Communist Party of India in 1936 . Conversion to communism came somewhat earlier , while studying at Oxford and training to be a Barrister at Law in the United Kingdom . He was Member , All India Congress Committee ( A.I.C.C. ) , 1938–39 ; Member of Executive Committee , Bengal Provincial Congress Committee , 1938–39 ; Joint Secretary , Bengal Committee , Congress Socialist Party , 1938 ; President , Bengal Provincial Students Conference , 1936 ; Founder Member , All India Progressive Writers Association , 1936 ; President , All India Students Conference , Nagpur , 1940 ; Editor Indo-Soviet Journal , Calcutta , 1941–45 ; Chairman , Indian Peoples Theatre Association ( IPTA ) Conference , Bombay , 1943 ; Founder Member , Friends of Soviet Union , and Joint Secretary , 1944–52 ; Joint Editor , Calcutta Weekly Notes ( Law Journal ) , 1945–52 ; Member , Bengal Committee , Communist Party of India , 1947–49 ; President , Bengal Motion Pictures Employees Union since 1946 ; Vice-President , Bengal Provincial Trade Union Congress , 1948–49 . Suffered imprisonment without trial twice – in 1948 and 1949 . He won five consecutive elections from the Calcutta North East constituency in 1952 , 1957 , 1962 , 1967 and 1971 . He was elected to the first elected Parliament of independent India ( 1952–57 ) from a Calcutta constituency which returned him five times repeatedly till 1977 ( Member , First Lok Sabha , 1952–57 ; Second Lok Sabha 1957–62 ; Third Lok Sabha , 1962–67 ; Fourth Lok Sabha , 1967–70 and Fifth Lok Sabha , 1971–77 ) . He was the leader of CPI group , 1964 – 67 . Deputy Leader , 1952 – 64 , 1967 – 71 . Member , Public Accounts Committee , 1969–70 and 1973–74 ; Chairman , Public Accounts Committee , 1975–76 and 1976–77 ; Member , Indian Delegation to the Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference ( 1959 ) in Australia , Inter-Parliamentary Union Conference ( 1972 ) in Italy , Yaounde , Cameroon ( W . Africa ) , April 1972 , and Rome , September 1972 . He was also the honorary Adviser , Parliament Library and Bureau of Parliamentary Studies and Training , 1978–82 ; and Honorary Advisor to the Speaker of Lok Sabha , 1978–82 . He was invited to International Teach-In by Toronto University , Canada ( 1966 ) ; invited to lecture at German Academy , Berlin , 1967 ; invited to take part in International Symposium on Lenin at Alma Ata , Kazakhstan , USSR in 1969 ; invited to deliver lectures at many universities in India and overseas . In spite of political preoccupation , he was known as an eminent academic . He received honorary degree of D.Litt . from Andhra University , Calcutta University , Kalyani University , North Bengal University and Rabindra Bharati University . He was awarded Soviet Land Nehru Prize in 1978 ; and was the recipient of Vidyasagar Award ( 1992 ) and Nazrul Award ( 2000 ) from the Government of West Bengal and Advaita Mallavarmana Award from the Government of Tripura ( 2002 ) , Maulana Azad Award by the Muslim Cultural Association and Muzaffar Ahmed Smriti Puraskar . He was awarded Padma Bhushan in 1990 and Padma Vibhushan in 1991 by the President of India for his lifelong services . He was a writer of numerous articles in both English and Bengali over seven decades ; author of nearly 50 published books . Hiren Mukerjee was a writer in two languages , English and Bengali , and commanded a distinctive and inimitable style in both . Despite the profundity of style and content he could introduce a charming lightheartedness and exuberance , his vocabulary ranging from the classical to the colloquial , and his references being wide , eclectic and polymathic . He was also an active epistoler , and replied to every correspondent , always writing in his own hand till his last days . Less known perhaps was his amazing command of Sanskrit , from which he quoted aptly and abundantly in his speeches and writings if the occasion demanded , his phenomenal memory coming to his aid . Some of his published books are – An Introduction to Socialism , Under Marxs Banner , Marx , Great October , India and the Future , Credo : Some Socialist Affirmations , India and Parliament , Indias Struggle for Freedom , Studies of Rabindranath Tagore , Gandhiji , Jawaharlal Nehru , Subhas Chandra Bose and Swami Vivekananda . Voluminous writings in Bengali include an impressive and significant book of reminiscences , Tari Hote Teer ( From the Boat to the Shore ) and collection of selected articles in two volumes . Notwithstanding his shining qualities and often fiery eloquence , in personal demeanour Hiren Mukerjee was a quiet and unassuming personality , even to the point of shyness . He died in Kolkata on 30 July 2004 at the age of 96 . Hailed as the Communist Rishi ( ref . Sri Gopal Gandhis obituary in The Hindu dated 1 August 2004 ) , Hirendra Nath Mukerjee left lasting impression on our national life . Appropriately , the Parliament of India instituted the Professor Hiren Mukerjee Memorial Parliamentary Lecture from 2008 ( Hiren Mukerjees birth centenary year ) . The lecture was the first of its kind in the history of Indian Parliament and indeed a tribute to one of the greatest parliamentarians India has produced . Held in the Central Hall of Parliament , the first four Memorial Lectures were delivered by Nobel-Laureate Professor Amartya Sen ( 2008 ) , Nobel Laureate economist/banker Md Yunus ( 2009 ) , eminent economist Prof . Jagdish Bhagwati ( 2010 ) and the Prime Minister of Bhutan , H . E . Lyonchen Jigmi Y . Thinley ( 2012 ) . The Lok Sabha Secretariat also produced a publication entitled Hiren Mukerjee in Parliament compiling some of his important speeches in the Lok Sabha spanning 25 years . External links . - Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website |
[
"Fourth Lok Sabha"
] | easy | Hirendranath Mukherjee took which position from 1967 to 1971? | /wiki/Hirendranath_Mukherjee#P39#3 | Hirendranath Mukherjee Hirendranath Mukhopadhyay ( 23 November 1907 – 30 July 2004 ) , also known as Hiren Mukerjee , was an Indian politician , lawyer and academic . He was a member of the Communist Party of India having joined in 1936 when it was still illegal . He was elected to the Lok Sabha the lower house of the Indian Parliament from the Calcutta North East constituency in 1951 , 1957 , 1962 , 1967 and 1971 . He suffered an electoral reverse when he lost to Pratap Chandra Chunder in 1977 after the CPI supported Emergency . He was awarded the second highest civilian honour Padma Vibhushan by Government of India in 1991 , earlier he was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1990 . He was a profound and passionate orator in English and Bengali , and his natural eloquence was marked by a surpassing erudition and encyclopaedic memory . His speeches were also marked by a full-throated delivery , an impeccable Oxonian pronunciation in English and his Calcutta idiom and intonation in Bengali . He was one of the most remarkable parliamentary speakers in India for all time . Early life and education . Born in Calcutta ( now Kolkata ) to Sachindra Nath Mukerjee , he studied at Taltala High School and received B.A . and M.A . degrees in History from Presidency College , Calcutta , then affiliated with the University of Calcutta . Thereafter he completed his higher education with B . Litt . ( Oxon ) from St Catherines College , Oxford and Barrister-at-Law ( Comm. ) from Lincolns Inn , London . Career . Hiren Mukerjee started his career as an educator , eventually serving as a senior lecturer in History and Politics , Andhra University , 1934–35 , lecturer in History and Political Philosophy , Calcutta University , 1940—44 , and remained the Head of the Department of History , Surendranath College , Calcutta from 1936 to 1962 . He joined the Communist Party of India in 1936 . Conversion to communism came somewhat earlier , while studying at Oxford and training to be a Barrister at Law in the United Kingdom . He was Member , All India Congress Committee ( A.I.C.C. ) , 1938–39 ; Member of Executive Committee , Bengal Provincial Congress Committee , 1938–39 ; Joint Secretary , Bengal Committee , Congress Socialist Party , 1938 ; President , Bengal Provincial Students Conference , 1936 ; Founder Member , All India Progressive Writers Association , 1936 ; President , All India Students Conference , Nagpur , 1940 ; Editor Indo-Soviet Journal , Calcutta , 1941–45 ; Chairman , Indian Peoples Theatre Association ( IPTA ) Conference , Bombay , 1943 ; Founder Member , Friends of Soviet Union , and Joint Secretary , 1944–52 ; Joint Editor , Calcutta Weekly Notes ( Law Journal ) , 1945–52 ; Member , Bengal Committee , Communist Party of India , 1947–49 ; President , Bengal Motion Pictures Employees Union since 1946 ; Vice-President , Bengal Provincial Trade Union Congress , 1948–49 . Suffered imprisonment without trial twice – in 1948 and 1949 . He won five consecutive elections from the Calcutta North East constituency in 1952 , 1957 , 1962 , 1967 and 1971 . He was elected to the first elected Parliament of independent India ( 1952–57 ) from a Calcutta constituency which returned him five times repeatedly till 1977 ( Member , First Lok Sabha , 1952–57 ; Second Lok Sabha 1957–62 ; Third Lok Sabha , 1962–67 ; Fourth Lok Sabha , 1967–70 and Fifth Lok Sabha , 1971–77 ) . He was the leader of CPI group , 1964 – 67 . Deputy Leader , 1952 – 64 , 1967 – 71 . Member , Public Accounts Committee , 1969–70 and 1973–74 ; Chairman , Public Accounts Committee , 1975–76 and 1976–77 ; Member , Indian Delegation to the Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference ( 1959 ) in Australia , Inter-Parliamentary Union Conference ( 1972 ) in Italy , Yaounde , Cameroon ( W . Africa ) , April 1972 , and Rome , September 1972 . He was also the honorary Adviser , Parliament Library and Bureau of Parliamentary Studies and Training , 1978–82 ; and Honorary Advisor to the Speaker of Lok Sabha , 1978–82 . He was invited to International Teach-In by Toronto University , Canada ( 1966 ) ; invited to lecture at German Academy , Berlin , 1967 ; invited to take part in International Symposium on Lenin at Alma Ata , Kazakhstan , USSR in 1969 ; invited to deliver lectures at many universities in India and overseas . In spite of political preoccupation , he was known as an eminent academic . He received honorary degree of D.Litt . from Andhra University , Calcutta University , Kalyani University , North Bengal University and Rabindra Bharati University . He was awarded Soviet Land Nehru Prize in 1978 ; and was the recipient of Vidyasagar Award ( 1992 ) and Nazrul Award ( 2000 ) from the Government of West Bengal and Advaita Mallavarmana Award from the Government of Tripura ( 2002 ) , Maulana Azad Award by the Muslim Cultural Association and Muzaffar Ahmed Smriti Puraskar . He was awarded Padma Bhushan in 1990 and Padma Vibhushan in 1991 by the President of India for his lifelong services . He was a writer of numerous articles in both English and Bengali over seven decades ; author of nearly 50 published books . Hiren Mukerjee was a writer in two languages , English and Bengali , and commanded a distinctive and inimitable style in both . Despite the profundity of style and content he could introduce a charming lightheartedness and exuberance , his vocabulary ranging from the classical to the colloquial , and his references being wide , eclectic and polymathic . He was also an active epistoler , and replied to every correspondent , always writing in his own hand till his last days . Less known perhaps was his amazing command of Sanskrit , from which he quoted aptly and abundantly in his speeches and writings if the occasion demanded , his phenomenal memory coming to his aid . Some of his published books are – An Introduction to Socialism , Under Marxs Banner , Marx , Great October , India and the Future , Credo : Some Socialist Affirmations , India and Parliament , Indias Struggle for Freedom , Studies of Rabindranath Tagore , Gandhiji , Jawaharlal Nehru , Subhas Chandra Bose and Swami Vivekananda . Voluminous writings in Bengali include an impressive and significant book of reminiscences , Tari Hote Teer ( From the Boat to the Shore ) and collection of selected articles in two volumes . Notwithstanding his shining qualities and often fiery eloquence , in personal demeanour Hiren Mukerjee was a quiet and unassuming personality , even to the point of shyness . He died in Kolkata on 30 July 2004 at the age of 96 . Hailed as the Communist Rishi ( ref . Sri Gopal Gandhis obituary in The Hindu dated 1 August 2004 ) , Hirendra Nath Mukerjee left lasting impression on our national life . Appropriately , the Parliament of India instituted the Professor Hiren Mukerjee Memorial Parliamentary Lecture from 2008 ( Hiren Mukerjees birth centenary year ) . The lecture was the first of its kind in the history of Indian Parliament and indeed a tribute to one of the greatest parliamentarians India has produced . Held in the Central Hall of Parliament , the first four Memorial Lectures were delivered by Nobel-Laureate Professor Amartya Sen ( 2008 ) , Nobel Laureate economist/banker Md Yunus ( 2009 ) , eminent economist Prof . Jagdish Bhagwati ( 2010 ) and the Prime Minister of Bhutan , H . E . Lyonchen Jigmi Y . Thinley ( 2012 ) . The Lok Sabha Secretariat also produced a publication entitled Hiren Mukerjee in Parliament compiling some of his important speeches in the Lok Sabha spanning 25 years . External links . - Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website |
[
"Fifth Lok Sabha"
] | easy | Hirendranath Mukherjee took which position from 1971 to 1977? | /wiki/Hirendranath_Mukherjee#P39#4 | Hirendranath Mukherjee Hirendranath Mukhopadhyay ( 23 November 1907 – 30 July 2004 ) , also known as Hiren Mukerjee , was an Indian politician , lawyer and academic . He was a member of the Communist Party of India having joined in 1936 when it was still illegal . He was elected to the Lok Sabha the lower house of the Indian Parliament from the Calcutta North East constituency in 1951 , 1957 , 1962 , 1967 and 1971 . He suffered an electoral reverse when he lost to Pratap Chandra Chunder in 1977 after the CPI supported Emergency . He was awarded the second highest civilian honour Padma Vibhushan by Government of India in 1991 , earlier he was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1990 . He was a profound and passionate orator in English and Bengali , and his natural eloquence was marked by a surpassing erudition and encyclopaedic memory . His speeches were also marked by a full-throated delivery , an impeccable Oxonian pronunciation in English and his Calcutta idiom and intonation in Bengali . He was one of the most remarkable parliamentary speakers in India for all time . Early life and education . Born in Calcutta ( now Kolkata ) to Sachindra Nath Mukerjee , he studied at Taltala High School and received B.A . and M.A . degrees in History from Presidency College , Calcutta , then affiliated with the University of Calcutta . Thereafter he completed his higher education with B . Litt . ( Oxon ) from St Catherines College , Oxford and Barrister-at-Law ( Comm. ) from Lincolns Inn , London . Career . Hiren Mukerjee started his career as an educator , eventually serving as a senior lecturer in History and Politics , Andhra University , 1934–35 , lecturer in History and Political Philosophy , Calcutta University , 1940—44 , and remained the Head of the Department of History , Surendranath College , Calcutta from 1936 to 1962 . He joined the Communist Party of India in 1936 . Conversion to communism came somewhat earlier , while studying at Oxford and training to be a Barrister at Law in the United Kingdom . He was Member , All India Congress Committee ( A.I.C.C. ) , 1938–39 ; Member of Executive Committee , Bengal Provincial Congress Committee , 1938–39 ; Joint Secretary , Bengal Committee , Congress Socialist Party , 1938 ; President , Bengal Provincial Students Conference , 1936 ; Founder Member , All India Progressive Writers Association , 1936 ; President , All India Students Conference , Nagpur , 1940 ; Editor Indo-Soviet Journal , Calcutta , 1941–45 ; Chairman , Indian Peoples Theatre Association ( IPTA ) Conference , Bombay , 1943 ; Founder Member , Friends of Soviet Union , and Joint Secretary , 1944–52 ; Joint Editor , Calcutta Weekly Notes ( Law Journal ) , 1945–52 ; Member , Bengal Committee , Communist Party of India , 1947–49 ; President , Bengal Motion Pictures Employees Union since 1946 ; Vice-President , Bengal Provincial Trade Union Congress , 1948–49 . Suffered imprisonment without trial twice – in 1948 and 1949 . He won five consecutive elections from the Calcutta North East constituency in 1952 , 1957 , 1962 , 1967 and 1971 . He was elected to the first elected Parliament of independent India ( 1952–57 ) from a Calcutta constituency which returned him five times repeatedly till 1977 ( Member , First Lok Sabha , 1952–57 ; Second Lok Sabha 1957–62 ; Third Lok Sabha , 1962–67 ; Fourth Lok Sabha , 1967–70 and Fifth Lok Sabha , 1971–77 ) . He was the leader of CPI group , 1964 – 67 . Deputy Leader , 1952 – 64 , 1967 – 71 . Member , Public Accounts Committee , 1969–70 and 1973–74 ; Chairman , Public Accounts Committee , 1975–76 and 1976–77 ; Member , Indian Delegation to the Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference ( 1959 ) in Australia , Inter-Parliamentary Union Conference ( 1972 ) in Italy , Yaounde , Cameroon ( W . Africa ) , April 1972 , and Rome , September 1972 . He was also the honorary Adviser , Parliament Library and Bureau of Parliamentary Studies and Training , 1978–82 ; and Honorary Advisor to the Speaker of Lok Sabha , 1978–82 . He was invited to International Teach-In by Toronto University , Canada ( 1966 ) ; invited to lecture at German Academy , Berlin , 1967 ; invited to take part in International Symposium on Lenin at Alma Ata , Kazakhstan , USSR in 1969 ; invited to deliver lectures at many universities in India and overseas . In spite of political preoccupation , he was known as an eminent academic . He received honorary degree of D.Litt . from Andhra University , Calcutta University , Kalyani University , North Bengal University and Rabindra Bharati University . He was awarded Soviet Land Nehru Prize in 1978 ; and was the recipient of Vidyasagar Award ( 1992 ) and Nazrul Award ( 2000 ) from the Government of West Bengal and Advaita Mallavarmana Award from the Government of Tripura ( 2002 ) , Maulana Azad Award by the Muslim Cultural Association and Muzaffar Ahmed Smriti Puraskar . He was awarded Padma Bhushan in 1990 and Padma Vibhushan in 1991 by the President of India for his lifelong services . He was a writer of numerous articles in both English and Bengali over seven decades ; author of nearly 50 published books . Hiren Mukerjee was a writer in two languages , English and Bengali , and commanded a distinctive and inimitable style in both . Despite the profundity of style and content he could introduce a charming lightheartedness and exuberance , his vocabulary ranging from the classical to the colloquial , and his references being wide , eclectic and polymathic . He was also an active epistoler , and replied to every correspondent , always writing in his own hand till his last days . Less known perhaps was his amazing command of Sanskrit , from which he quoted aptly and abundantly in his speeches and writings if the occasion demanded , his phenomenal memory coming to his aid . Some of his published books are – An Introduction to Socialism , Under Marxs Banner , Marx , Great October , India and the Future , Credo : Some Socialist Affirmations , India and Parliament , Indias Struggle for Freedom , Studies of Rabindranath Tagore , Gandhiji , Jawaharlal Nehru , Subhas Chandra Bose and Swami Vivekananda . Voluminous writings in Bengali include an impressive and significant book of reminiscences , Tari Hote Teer ( From the Boat to the Shore ) and collection of selected articles in two volumes . Notwithstanding his shining qualities and often fiery eloquence , in personal demeanour Hiren Mukerjee was a quiet and unassuming personality , even to the point of shyness . He died in Kolkata on 30 July 2004 at the age of 96 . Hailed as the Communist Rishi ( ref . Sri Gopal Gandhis obituary in The Hindu dated 1 August 2004 ) , Hirendra Nath Mukerjee left lasting impression on our national life . Appropriately , the Parliament of India instituted the Professor Hiren Mukerjee Memorial Parliamentary Lecture from 2008 ( Hiren Mukerjees birth centenary year ) . The lecture was the first of its kind in the history of Indian Parliament and indeed a tribute to one of the greatest parliamentarians India has produced . Held in the Central Hall of Parliament , the first four Memorial Lectures were delivered by Nobel-Laureate Professor Amartya Sen ( 2008 ) , Nobel Laureate economist/banker Md Yunus ( 2009 ) , eminent economist Prof . Jagdish Bhagwati ( 2010 ) and the Prime Minister of Bhutan , H . E . Lyonchen Jigmi Y . Thinley ( 2012 ) . The Lok Sabha Secretariat also produced a publication entitled Hiren Mukerjee in Parliament compiling some of his important speeches in the Lok Sabha spanning 25 years . External links . - Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website |
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP )"
] | easy | What position did Giles Radice take from Mar 1973 to Sep 1974? | /wiki/Giles_Radice#P39#0 | Giles Radice Giles Heneage Radice , Baron Radice , PC ( born 4 October 1936 ) is a Labour member of the House of Lords . He was previously a Member of Parliament ( MP ) from 1973 to 2001 . Early life . Radice was educated at Winchester College and Magdalen College , Oxford . He worked as a research officer for the General and Municipal Workers Union and was chair of the Young Fabians from 1967 to 1968 . Parliamentary career . Radice first stood for Parliament at Chippenham in 1964 and 1966 , but came third each time . He was elected Labour Member of Parliament for Chester-le-Street from a 1973 by-election to 1983 and then North Durham until his retirement in 2001 . Radice served as Education spokesman in the Labour Shadow Cabinet under Neil Kinnock in the 1980s . As chairman of the Treasury Select Committee , Radice helped make the monetary policy committee of the Bank of England accountable to both Parliament and the people for its decisions over interest rates . He was a member of the House of Lords European Union Sub-Committee on external affairs until March 2015 . A europhile , Radice was one of only five Labour MPs to vote for the Third Reading of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 , defying his party Whip , which was to abstain . He was made a life peer as Baron Radice , of Chester-le-Street in the County of Durham , on 16 July 2001 . Writing and political ideas . As an advocate of the need for Labour to ditch traditional dogmas , Radice was something of a precursor to Tony Blair . In his 1989 book Labours Path to Power : The New Revisionism , Radice set out his vision for a modernised Labour Party , which included abandoning Clause IV of the party constitution . His highly influential and widely quoted Southern Discomfort pamphlet in 1992 also argued the case for reform . Using focus group evidence , Radice found that voters in the south believed that Labour was out of touch , extremist and against aspiration . Philip Stephens later wrote in the Financial Times , At that time , Giles Radice , then an MP , wrote a brilliant essay on what he called Labours southern discomfort . The party would not win , he argued , unless and until it managed to connect its ambitions for social justice with the individualistic aspirations of the voters in southern England . Here was the template for Mr Blair . Radice returned to this theme following Labours 2010 defeat : his Southern Discomfort Again pamphlet ( with Patrick Diamond ) found that voters perceived that Labour had run out of steam , were out of touch ( particularly on immigration ) , unfair and poorly led . In this pamphlet and in Southern Discomfort : One Year On ( 2011 ) , Radice warned that the southern problem is more than geographical : social change means that Labour support collapsed in other areas , including the Midlands . A committed pro-European , Radice has for many years been a leading member both of the European Movement and Britain in Europe , and wrote a polemic called Offshore in 1992 , in which he put the case for Britain in Europe . After his retirement as an MP in 2001 Radice , wrote Friends and Rivals , an acclaimed triple biography of three modernisers from an earlier generation—Roy Jenkins , Denis Healey , and Anthony Crosland—arguing that their failure to work more closely together had harmed the modernising cause . This was followed by The Tortoise and the Hares , a comparative biography of Clement Attlee , Ernest Bevin , Stafford Cripps , Hugh Dalton and Herbert Morrison . Trio : Inside the Blair , Brown , Mandelson Project was published in 2010 . In a review of Trio , Andrew Blick wrote that , With his previous work Friends and Rivals ( 2002 ) and The Tortoise and the Hares ( 2008 ) , Radice developed a distinctive approach to contemporary history , using group biography ...Radice adds to his historical approach not only a readable writing style , but the judgements of an experienced Labour politician . Other positions . Lord Radice has been a member of the advisory board of the Centre for British Studies of Berlins Humboldt University since 1998 . He is a member of the Fabian Society . He is a former Chair of the British Association for Central and Eastern Europe ( BACEE ) , and was Chair of the European Movement , 1995–2001 . He is also a former Chairman of Policy Network , the international progressive thinktank based in London . Bibliography . - Divide and rule : the Industrial Relations Bill . ( with J.O.N . Vickers ) Fabian Society , London . 1971 - Community socialism . Fabian Society , London . 1979 - Equality and quality : a socialist plan for education . Fabian Society , London . 1986 - Labours Path to Power : The New Revisionism Palgrave Macmilan , 1989 , - Offshore : Britain and the European Idea I.B.Tauris , 1992 , - The New Germans Michael Joseph , 1995 , - Friends and Rivals Octagon Press , 2003 , - Diaries 1980-2001 : The Political Diaries of Giles Radice Orion , 2004 , - The Tortoise and the Hares : Attlee , Bevin , Cripps , Dalton , Morrison Politicos Publishing , 2008 , - Trio : Inside the Blair , Brown , Mandelson Project I.B.Tauris , 2010 , - Southern Discomfort Fabian Society , 1992 , 978-0716305552 - More Southern Discomfort : a year on - taxing and spending Fabian Society , 1993 - Southern Discomfort Again ( with Patrick Diamond ) Policy Network , 2010 - Southern Discomfort Again : One Year On ( with Patrick Diamond ) , Policy Network , 2011 |
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP )"
] | easy | What position did Giles Radice take from Oct 1974 to Apr 1979? | /wiki/Giles_Radice#P39#1 | Giles Radice Giles Heneage Radice , Baron Radice , PC ( born 4 October 1936 ) is a Labour member of the House of Lords . He was previously a Member of Parliament ( MP ) from 1973 to 2001 . Early life . Radice was educated at Winchester College and Magdalen College , Oxford . He worked as a research officer for the General and Municipal Workers Union and was chair of the Young Fabians from 1967 to 1968 . Parliamentary career . Radice first stood for Parliament at Chippenham in 1964 and 1966 , but came third each time . He was elected Labour Member of Parliament for Chester-le-Street from a 1973 by-election to 1983 and then North Durham until his retirement in 2001 . Radice served as Education spokesman in the Labour Shadow Cabinet under Neil Kinnock in the 1980s . As chairman of the Treasury Select Committee , Radice helped make the monetary policy committee of the Bank of England accountable to both Parliament and the people for its decisions over interest rates . He was a member of the House of Lords European Union Sub-Committee on external affairs until March 2015 . A europhile , Radice was one of only five Labour MPs to vote for the Third Reading of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 , defying his party Whip , which was to abstain . He was made a life peer as Baron Radice , of Chester-le-Street in the County of Durham , on 16 July 2001 . Writing and political ideas . As an advocate of the need for Labour to ditch traditional dogmas , Radice was something of a precursor to Tony Blair . In his 1989 book Labours Path to Power : The New Revisionism , Radice set out his vision for a modernised Labour Party , which included abandoning Clause IV of the party constitution . His highly influential and widely quoted Southern Discomfort pamphlet in 1992 also argued the case for reform . Using focus group evidence , Radice found that voters in the south believed that Labour was out of touch , extremist and against aspiration . Philip Stephens later wrote in the Financial Times , At that time , Giles Radice , then an MP , wrote a brilliant essay on what he called Labours southern discomfort . The party would not win , he argued , unless and until it managed to connect its ambitions for social justice with the individualistic aspirations of the voters in southern England . Here was the template for Mr Blair . Radice returned to this theme following Labours 2010 defeat : his Southern Discomfort Again pamphlet ( with Patrick Diamond ) found that voters perceived that Labour had run out of steam , were out of touch ( particularly on immigration ) , unfair and poorly led . In this pamphlet and in Southern Discomfort : One Year On ( 2011 ) , Radice warned that the southern problem is more than geographical : social change means that Labour support collapsed in other areas , including the Midlands . A committed pro-European , Radice has for many years been a leading member both of the European Movement and Britain in Europe , and wrote a polemic called Offshore in 1992 , in which he put the case for Britain in Europe . After his retirement as an MP in 2001 Radice , wrote Friends and Rivals , an acclaimed triple biography of three modernisers from an earlier generation—Roy Jenkins , Denis Healey , and Anthony Crosland—arguing that their failure to work more closely together had harmed the modernising cause . This was followed by The Tortoise and the Hares , a comparative biography of Clement Attlee , Ernest Bevin , Stafford Cripps , Hugh Dalton and Herbert Morrison . Trio : Inside the Blair , Brown , Mandelson Project was published in 2010 . In a review of Trio , Andrew Blick wrote that , With his previous work Friends and Rivals ( 2002 ) and The Tortoise and the Hares ( 2008 ) , Radice developed a distinctive approach to contemporary history , using group biography ...Radice adds to his historical approach not only a readable writing style , but the judgements of an experienced Labour politician . Other positions . Lord Radice has been a member of the advisory board of the Centre for British Studies of Berlins Humboldt University since 1998 . He is a member of the Fabian Society . He is a former Chair of the British Association for Central and Eastern Europe ( BACEE ) , and was Chair of the European Movement , 1995–2001 . He is also a former Chairman of Policy Network , the international progressive thinktank based in London . Bibliography . - Divide and rule : the Industrial Relations Bill . ( with J.O.N . Vickers ) Fabian Society , London . 1971 - Community socialism . Fabian Society , London . 1979 - Equality and quality : a socialist plan for education . Fabian Society , London . 1986 - Labours Path to Power : The New Revisionism Palgrave Macmilan , 1989 , - Offshore : Britain and the European Idea I.B.Tauris , 1992 , - The New Germans Michael Joseph , 1995 , - Friends and Rivals Octagon Press , 2003 , - Diaries 1980-2001 : The Political Diaries of Giles Radice Orion , 2004 , - The Tortoise and the Hares : Attlee , Bevin , Cripps , Dalton , Morrison Politicos Publishing , 2008 , - Trio : Inside the Blair , Brown , Mandelson Project I.B.Tauris , 2010 , - Southern Discomfort Fabian Society , 1992 , 978-0716305552 - More Southern Discomfort : a year on - taxing and spending Fabian Society , 1993 - Southern Discomfort Again ( with Patrick Diamond ) Policy Network , 2010 - Southern Discomfort Again : One Year On ( with Patrick Diamond ) , Policy Network , 2011 |
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP )"
] | easy | What position did Giles Radice take from May 1979 to May 1983? | /wiki/Giles_Radice#P39#2 | Giles Radice Giles Heneage Radice , Baron Radice , PC ( born 4 October 1936 ) is a Labour member of the House of Lords . He was previously a Member of Parliament ( MP ) from 1973 to 2001 . Early life . Radice was educated at Winchester College and Magdalen College , Oxford . He worked as a research officer for the General and Municipal Workers Union and was chair of the Young Fabians from 1967 to 1968 . Parliamentary career . Radice first stood for Parliament at Chippenham in 1964 and 1966 , but came third each time . He was elected Labour Member of Parliament for Chester-le-Street from a 1973 by-election to 1983 and then North Durham until his retirement in 2001 . Radice served as Education spokesman in the Labour Shadow Cabinet under Neil Kinnock in the 1980s . As chairman of the Treasury Select Committee , Radice helped make the monetary policy committee of the Bank of England accountable to both Parliament and the people for its decisions over interest rates . He was a member of the House of Lords European Union Sub-Committee on external affairs until March 2015 . A europhile , Radice was one of only five Labour MPs to vote for the Third Reading of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 , defying his party Whip , which was to abstain . He was made a life peer as Baron Radice , of Chester-le-Street in the County of Durham , on 16 July 2001 . Writing and political ideas . As an advocate of the need for Labour to ditch traditional dogmas , Radice was something of a precursor to Tony Blair . In his 1989 book Labours Path to Power : The New Revisionism , Radice set out his vision for a modernised Labour Party , which included abandoning Clause IV of the party constitution . His highly influential and widely quoted Southern Discomfort pamphlet in 1992 also argued the case for reform . Using focus group evidence , Radice found that voters in the south believed that Labour was out of touch , extremist and against aspiration . Philip Stephens later wrote in the Financial Times , At that time , Giles Radice , then an MP , wrote a brilliant essay on what he called Labours southern discomfort . The party would not win , he argued , unless and until it managed to connect its ambitions for social justice with the individualistic aspirations of the voters in southern England . Here was the template for Mr Blair . Radice returned to this theme following Labours 2010 defeat : his Southern Discomfort Again pamphlet ( with Patrick Diamond ) found that voters perceived that Labour had run out of steam , were out of touch ( particularly on immigration ) , unfair and poorly led . In this pamphlet and in Southern Discomfort : One Year On ( 2011 ) , Radice warned that the southern problem is more than geographical : social change means that Labour support collapsed in other areas , including the Midlands . A committed pro-European , Radice has for many years been a leading member both of the European Movement and Britain in Europe , and wrote a polemic called Offshore in 1992 , in which he put the case for Britain in Europe . After his retirement as an MP in 2001 Radice , wrote Friends and Rivals , an acclaimed triple biography of three modernisers from an earlier generation—Roy Jenkins , Denis Healey , and Anthony Crosland—arguing that their failure to work more closely together had harmed the modernising cause . This was followed by The Tortoise and the Hares , a comparative biography of Clement Attlee , Ernest Bevin , Stafford Cripps , Hugh Dalton and Herbert Morrison . Trio : Inside the Blair , Brown , Mandelson Project was published in 2010 . In a review of Trio , Andrew Blick wrote that , With his previous work Friends and Rivals ( 2002 ) and The Tortoise and the Hares ( 2008 ) , Radice developed a distinctive approach to contemporary history , using group biography ...Radice adds to his historical approach not only a readable writing style , but the judgements of an experienced Labour politician . Other positions . Lord Radice has been a member of the advisory board of the Centre for British Studies of Berlins Humboldt University since 1998 . He is a member of the Fabian Society . He is a former Chair of the British Association for Central and Eastern Europe ( BACEE ) , and was Chair of the European Movement , 1995–2001 . He is also a former Chairman of Policy Network , the international progressive thinktank based in London . Bibliography . - Divide and rule : the Industrial Relations Bill . ( with J.O.N . Vickers ) Fabian Society , London . 1971 - Community socialism . Fabian Society , London . 1979 - Equality and quality : a socialist plan for education . Fabian Society , London . 1986 - Labours Path to Power : The New Revisionism Palgrave Macmilan , 1989 , - Offshore : Britain and the European Idea I.B.Tauris , 1992 , - The New Germans Michael Joseph , 1995 , - Friends and Rivals Octagon Press , 2003 , - Diaries 1980-2001 : The Political Diaries of Giles Radice Orion , 2004 , - The Tortoise and the Hares : Attlee , Bevin , Cripps , Dalton , Morrison Politicos Publishing , 2008 , - Trio : Inside the Blair , Brown , Mandelson Project I.B.Tauris , 2010 , - Southern Discomfort Fabian Society , 1992 , 978-0716305552 - More Southern Discomfort : a year on - taxing and spending Fabian Society , 1993 - Southern Discomfort Again ( with Patrick Diamond ) Policy Network , 2010 - Southern Discomfort Again : One Year On ( with Patrick Diamond ) , Policy Network , 2011 |
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP )"
] | easy | Which position did Giles Radice hold from Jun 1983 to May 1987? | /wiki/Giles_Radice#P39#3 | Giles Radice Giles Heneage Radice , Baron Radice , PC ( born 4 October 1936 ) is a Labour member of the House of Lords . He was previously a Member of Parliament ( MP ) from 1973 to 2001 . Early life . Radice was educated at Winchester College and Magdalen College , Oxford . He worked as a research officer for the General and Municipal Workers Union and was chair of the Young Fabians from 1967 to 1968 . Parliamentary career . Radice first stood for Parliament at Chippenham in 1964 and 1966 , but came third each time . He was elected Labour Member of Parliament for Chester-le-Street from a 1973 by-election to 1983 and then North Durham until his retirement in 2001 . Radice served as Education spokesman in the Labour Shadow Cabinet under Neil Kinnock in the 1980s . As chairman of the Treasury Select Committee , Radice helped make the monetary policy committee of the Bank of England accountable to both Parliament and the people for its decisions over interest rates . He was a member of the House of Lords European Union Sub-Committee on external affairs until March 2015 . A europhile , Radice was one of only five Labour MPs to vote for the Third Reading of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 , defying his party Whip , which was to abstain . He was made a life peer as Baron Radice , of Chester-le-Street in the County of Durham , on 16 July 2001 . Writing and political ideas . As an advocate of the need for Labour to ditch traditional dogmas , Radice was something of a precursor to Tony Blair . In his 1989 book Labours Path to Power : The New Revisionism , Radice set out his vision for a modernised Labour Party , which included abandoning Clause IV of the party constitution . His highly influential and widely quoted Southern Discomfort pamphlet in 1992 also argued the case for reform . Using focus group evidence , Radice found that voters in the south believed that Labour was out of touch , extremist and against aspiration . Philip Stephens later wrote in the Financial Times , At that time , Giles Radice , then an MP , wrote a brilliant essay on what he called Labours southern discomfort . The party would not win , he argued , unless and until it managed to connect its ambitions for social justice with the individualistic aspirations of the voters in southern England . Here was the template for Mr Blair . Radice returned to this theme following Labours 2010 defeat : his Southern Discomfort Again pamphlet ( with Patrick Diamond ) found that voters perceived that Labour had run out of steam , were out of touch ( particularly on immigration ) , unfair and poorly led . In this pamphlet and in Southern Discomfort : One Year On ( 2011 ) , Radice warned that the southern problem is more than geographical : social change means that Labour support collapsed in other areas , including the Midlands . A committed pro-European , Radice has for many years been a leading member both of the European Movement and Britain in Europe , and wrote a polemic called Offshore in 1992 , in which he put the case for Britain in Europe . After his retirement as an MP in 2001 Radice , wrote Friends and Rivals , an acclaimed triple biography of three modernisers from an earlier generation—Roy Jenkins , Denis Healey , and Anthony Crosland—arguing that their failure to work more closely together had harmed the modernising cause . This was followed by The Tortoise and the Hares , a comparative biography of Clement Attlee , Ernest Bevin , Stafford Cripps , Hugh Dalton and Herbert Morrison . Trio : Inside the Blair , Brown , Mandelson Project was published in 2010 . In a review of Trio , Andrew Blick wrote that , With his previous work Friends and Rivals ( 2002 ) and The Tortoise and the Hares ( 2008 ) , Radice developed a distinctive approach to contemporary history , using group biography ...Radice adds to his historical approach not only a readable writing style , but the judgements of an experienced Labour politician . Other positions . Lord Radice has been a member of the advisory board of the Centre for British Studies of Berlins Humboldt University since 1998 . He is a member of the Fabian Society . He is a former Chair of the British Association for Central and Eastern Europe ( BACEE ) , and was Chair of the European Movement , 1995–2001 . He is also a former Chairman of Policy Network , the international progressive thinktank based in London . Bibliography . - Divide and rule : the Industrial Relations Bill . ( with J.O.N . Vickers ) Fabian Society , London . 1971 - Community socialism . Fabian Society , London . 1979 - Equality and quality : a socialist plan for education . Fabian Society , London . 1986 - Labours Path to Power : The New Revisionism Palgrave Macmilan , 1989 , - Offshore : Britain and the European Idea I.B.Tauris , 1992 , - The New Germans Michael Joseph , 1995 , - Friends and Rivals Octagon Press , 2003 , - Diaries 1980-2001 : The Political Diaries of Giles Radice Orion , 2004 , - The Tortoise and the Hares : Attlee , Bevin , Cripps , Dalton , Morrison Politicos Publishing , 2008 , - Trio : Inside the Blair , Brown , Mandelson Project I.B.Tauris , 2010 , - Southern Discomfort Fabian Society , 1992 , 978-0716305552 - More Southern Discomfort : a year on - taxing and spending Fabian Society , 1993 - Southern Discomfort Again ( with Patrick Diamond ) Policy Network , 2010 - Southern Discomfort Again : One Year On ( with Patrick Diamond ) , Policy Network , 2011 |
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP )"
] | easy | Giles Radice took which position from Jun 1987 to Mar 1992? | /wiki/Giles_Radice#P39#4 | Giles Radice Giles Heneage Radice , Baron Radice , PC ( born 4 October 1936 ) is a Labour member of the House of Lords . He was previously a Member of Parliament ( MP ) from 1973 to 2001 . Early life . Radice was educated at Winchester College and Magdalen College , Oxford . He worked as a research officer for the General and Municipal Workers Union and was chair of the Young Fabians from 1967 to 1968 . Parliamentary career . Radice first stood for Parliament at Chippenham in 1964 and 1966 , but came third each time . He was elected Labour Member of Parliament for Chester-le-Street from a 1973 by-election to 1983 and then North Durham until his retirement in 2001 . Radice served as Education spokesman in the Labour Shadow Cabinet under Neil Kinnock in the 1980s . As chairman of the Treasury Select Committee , Radice helped make the monetary policy committee of the Bank of England accountable to both Parliament and the people for its decisions over interest rates . He was a member of the House of Lords European Union Sub-Committee on external affairs until March 2015 . A europhile , Radice was one of only five Labour MPs to vote for the Third Reading of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 , defying his party Whip , which was to abstain . He was made a life peer as Baron Radice , of Chester-le-Street in the County of Durham , on 16 July 2001 . Writing and political ideas . As an advocate of the need for Labour to ditch traditional dogmas , Radice was something of a precursor to Tony Blair . In his 1989 book Labours Path to Power : The New Revisionism , Radice set out his vision for a modernised Labour Party , which included abandoning Clause IV of the party constitution . His highly influential and widely quoted Southern Discomfort pamphlet in 1992 also argued the case for reform . Using focus group evidence , Radice found that voters in the south believed that Labour was out of touch , extremist and against aspiration . Philip Stephens later wrote in the Financial Times , At that time , Giles Radice , then an MP , wrote a brilliant essay on what he called Labours southern discomfort . The party would not win , he argued , unless and until it managed to connect its ambitions for social justice with the individualistic aspirations of the voters in southern England . Here was the template for Mr Blair . Radice returned to this theme following Labours 2010 defeat : his Southern Discomfort Again pamphlet ( with Patrick Diamond ) found that voters perceived that Labour had run out of steam , were out of touch ( particularly on immigration ) , unfair and poorly led . In this pamphlet and in Southern Discomfort : One Year On ( 2011 ) , Radice warned that the southern problem is more than geographical : social change means that Labour support collapsed in other areas , including the Midlands . A committed pro-European , Radice has for many years been a leading member both of the European Movement and Britain in Europe , and wrote a polemic called Offshore in 1992 , in which he put the case for Britain in Europe . After his retirement as an MP in 2001 Radice , wrote Friends and Rivals , an acclaimed triple biography of three modernisers from an earlier generation—Roy Jenkins , Denis Healey , and Anthony Crosland—arguing that their failure to work more closely together had harmed the modernising cause . This was followed by The Tortoise and the Hares , a comparative biography of Clement Attlee , Ernest Bevin , Stafford Cripps , Hugh Dalton and Herbert Morrison . Trio : Inside the Blair , Brown , Mandelson Project was published in 2010 . In a review of Trio , Andrew Blick wrote that , With his previous work Friends and Rivals ( 2002 ) and The Tortoise and the Hares ( 2008 ) , Radice developed a distinctive approach to contemporary history , using group biography ...Radice adds to his historical approach not only a readable writing style , but the judgements of an experienced Labour politician . Other positions . Lord Radice has been a member of the advisory board of the Centre for British Studies of Berlins Humboldt University since 1998 . He is a member of the Fabian Society . He is a former Chair of the British Association for Central and Eastern Europe ( BACEE ) , and was Chair of the European Movement , 1995–2001 . He is also a former Chairman of Policy Network , the international progressive thinktank based in London . Bibliography . - Divide and rule : the Industrial Relations Bill . ( with J.O.N . Vickers ) Fabian Society , London . 1971 - Community socialism . Fabian Society , London . 1979 - Equality and quality : a socialist plan for education . Fabian Society , London . 1986 - Labours Path to Power : The New Revisionism Palgrave Macmilan , 1989 , - Offshore : Britain and the European Idea I.B.Tauris , 1992 , - The New Germans Michael Joseph , 1995 , - Friends and Rivals Octagon Press , 2003 , - Diaries 1980-2001 : The Political Diaries of Giles Radice Orion , 2004 , - The Tortoise and the Hares : Attlee , Bevin , Cripps , Dalton , Morrison Politicos Publishing , 2008 , - Trio : Inside the Blair , Brown , Mandelson Project I.B.Tauris , 2010 , - Southern Discomfort Fabian Society , 1992 , 978-0716305552 - More Southern Discomfort : a year on - taxing and spending Fabian Society , 1993 - Southern Discomfort Again ( with Patrick Diamond ) Policy Network , 2010 - Southern Discomfort Again : One Year On ( with Patrick Diamond ) , Policy Network , 2011 |
[
"titular archbishop"
] | easy | Which position did Pierluigi Carafa hold from Mar 1713 to 1737? | /wiki/Pierluigi_Carafa#P39#0 | Pierluigi Carafa Pierluigi Carafa , Junior ( 4 July 1677 – 15 December 1755 ) ( sometimes spelled as Caraffa ) was an Italian cardinal from the famous Neapolitan family of Italian nobles , clergy , and men of arts . He served the papacy as Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals and as Dean of same College . He is currently buried at SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome . Early Ecclesiastic Career . Born into an illustrious house of Naples , the family of Pierluigi was not unaccustomed to high-ranking prelates . Other cardinals in the family consisted of Filippo Carafa della Serra ; Oliviero Carafa ; Gianvincenzo Carafa ; Carlo Carafa ; Diomede Carafa ; Alfonso Carafa ; Antonio Carafa ; Giovanni Pietro Carafa ( later Pope Paul IV ) ; Pier Luigi Carafa , Senior ; Carlo Carafa della Spina ; Fortunato Ilario Carafa della Spina ; Francesco Carafa della Spina di Traetto ; Marino Carafa di Belvedere ; and Domenico Carafa della Spina di Traetto . Also a member of the family was Gregorio Carafa , Grand Master of the Order of St . John . Pierluigi was born on 4 July 1677 in Naples . He attended La Sapienza University in Rome where he was awarded a doctorate in both laws ( civil and canon ) on 19 October 1694 . He was then ordained a deacon on 22 January 1713 and a priest on 19 February 1713 . Episcopal career . Just over one month after his ordination to the priesthood , Pierluigi was elected titular archbishop of Larissa in Thessalia on 27 March 1713 and then made an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne on 16 April 1713 . He was appointed as Nuncio in Tuscany on 20 July 1713 , a position in which he served for just under four years . On 12 April 1717 Archbishop Carafa was appointed Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith and then , in 1724 , as Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops as well a Consultor of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition . Cardinalate career . Archbishop Carafa was created cardinal-priest in the consistory of 20 September 1728 and received the red galero and the title of San Lorenzo in Panisperna , where he was installed on 15 November 1728 . He was then made Abbot commendatario of Ferrara in 1729 . He participated in the conclave of 1730 , where Clement XII was elected pope . On 11 February 1737 Cardinal Carafa was named Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals . Upon the death of Pope Clement XII , Cardinal Carfa participated in the papal conclave of 1740 , where Benedict XIV was elected . He was appointed as a cardinal-bishop on 16 September 1740 and was named to the suburbicarian see of Albano . Then , on 15 November 1751 , he was appointed to the suburbicarian see of Porto-Santa Rufina . He was then named the Vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1751 and then named Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals on 9 April 1753 and appointed to the suburbicarian see of Ostia and Velletri , a position he held until his death on 15 December 1755 , at 78 years of age . Death and Entombment . Pierluigi Cardinal Carafa died on 15 December 1755 , at 8:30 p.m . in Rome . His remains were transferred the following day to the church of SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome where the capella paplis took place on 18 December 1755 , and he was buried in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales . On the funerary plaque of Cardinal Pierluigi Carafa in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales , the following in Latin is inscribed : SACELLUM • VBI • MORTALES • EXVVIAE • CARD . PETRI • ALOISII • CARAFA • PATRONI • CONDITAE • ASSERVANTVR • SQVALENTI • VETVSTATE • OBSITVM • DOMINICVS • IACOBINI • ARCHIEP • TYRIORVM • S . CONSILII • CHRISTIANO • NOMINI • PROPAGANDO • LAVREENTIVS • SALVATI • S . CONSESSVS • TRIDENT • CONCILIO • INTERPRETANDO • A . SECRETIS • HEREDITATIS • QVAM • ILLE • IN • PIOS • VSVS • RELIQVIT • CVRATORES • EX • TESTAMENTO • ANNO • MDCCCXCI • INSTAVRATVM • EXORNARVNT Burial Chapel . Pierluigi Cardinal Carafa is entombed in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales in the Church of SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome . The full name of the chapel is the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales and Jeanne de Valois . The chapel was granted to Cardinal Carafa in 1753 who dedicated it to Saint Charles Borromeo and Jeanne de Valois , queen of France . The Cardinal himself donated the altarpiece by Marcantonio Romoli . The artwork within the chapel includes : the altarpiece , Saint Francis of Paula Gives the Cordon of the Order to St . Francis de Sales and St . Jeanne de Valois by Marcantonio Romoli and on the left wall , Funeral Monument of Cardinal Carafa by Paolo Posi and Pietro Bracci . External links . - Francesco Raco , Carafa , Pier Luigi , Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani Volume 19 ( 1976 ) . Retrieved : 2016-10-23 , |
[
"Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals",
"titular archbishop"
] | easy | What position did Pierluigi Carafa take from 1737 to 1738? | /wiki/Pierluigi_Carafa#P39#1 | Pierluigi Carafa Pierluigi Carafa , Junior ( 4 July 1677 – 15 December 1755 ) ( sometimes spelled as Caraffa ) was an Italian cardinal from the famous Neapolitan family of Italian nobles , clergy , and men of arts . He served the papacy as Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals and as Dean of same College . He is currently buried at SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome . Early Ecclesiastic Career . Born into an illustrious house of Naples , the family of Pierluigi was not unaccustomed to high-ranking prelates . Other cardinals in the family consisted of Filippo Carafa della Serra ; Oliviero Carafa ; Gianvincenzo Carafa ; Carlo Carafa ; Diomede Carafa ; Alfonso Carafa ; Antonio Carafa ; Giovanni Pietro Carafa ( later Pope Paul IV ) ; Pier Luigi Carafa , Senior ; Carlo Carafa della Spina ; Fortunato Ilario Carafa della Spina ; Francesco Carafa della Spina di Traetto ; Marino Carafa di Belvedere ; and Domenico Carafa della Spina di Traetto . Also a member of the family was Gregorio Carafa , Grand Master of the Order of St . John . Pierluigi was born on 4 July 1677 in Naples . He attended La Sapienza University in Rome where he was awarded a doctorate in both laws ( civil and canon ) on 19 October 1694 . He was then ordained a deacon on 22 January 1713 and a priest on 19 February 1713 . Episcopal career . Just over one month after his ordination to the priesthood , Pierluigi was elected titular archbishop of Larissa in Thessalia on 27 March 1713 and then made an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne on 16 April 1713 . He was appointed as Nuncio in Tuscany on 20 July 1713 , a position in which he served for just under four years . On 12 April 1717 Archbishop Carafa was appointed Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith and then , in 1724 , as Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops as well a Consultor of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition . Cardinalate career . Archbishop Carafa was created cardinal-priest in the consistory of 20 September 1728 and received the red galero and the title of San Lorenzo in Panisperna , where he was installed on 15 November 1728 . He was then made Abbot commendatario of Ferrara in 1729 . He participated in the conclave of 1730 , where Clement XII was elected pope . On 11 February 1737 Cardinal Carafa was named Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals . Upon the death of Pope Clement XII , Cardinal Carfa participated in the papal conclave of 1740 , where Benedict XIV was elected . He was appointed as a cardinal-bishop on 16 September 1740 and was named to the suburbicarian see of Albano . Then , on 15 November 1751 , he was appointed to the suburbicarian see of Porto-Santa Rufina . He was then named the Vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1751 and then named Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals on 9 April 1753 and appointed to the suburbicarian see of Ostia and Velletri , a position he held until his death on 15 December 1755 , at 78 years of age . Death and Entombment . Pierluigi Cardinal Carafa died on 15 December 1755 , at 8:30 p.m . in Rome . His remains were transferred the following day to the church of SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome where the capella paplis took place on 18 December 1755 , and he was buried in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales . On the funerary plaque of Cardinal Pierluigi Carafa in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales , the following in Latin is inscribed : SACELLUM • VBI • MORTALES • EXVVIAE • CARD . PETRI • ALOISII • CARAFA • PATRONI • CONDITAE • ASSERVANTVR • SQVALENTI • VETVSTATE • OBSITVM • DOMINICVS • IACOBINI • ARCHIEP • TYRIORVM • S . CONSILII • CHRISTIANO • NOMINI • PROPAGANDO • LAVREENTIVS • SALVATI • S . CONSESSVS • TRIDENT • CONCILIO • INTERPRETANDO • A . SECRETIS • HEREDITATIS • QVAM • ILLE • IN • PIOS • VSVS • RELIQVIT • CVRATORES • EX • TESTAMENTO • ANNO • MDCCCXCI • INSTAVRATVM • EXORNARVNT Burial Chapel . Pierluigi Cardinal Carafa is entombed in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales in the Church of SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome . The full name of the chapel is the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales and Jeanne de Valois . The chapel was granted to Cardinal Carafa in 1753 who dedicated it to Saint Charles Borromeo and Jeanne de Valois , queen of France . The Cardinal himself donated the altarpiece by Marcantonio Romoli . The artwork within the chapel includes : the altarpiece , Saint Francis of Paula Gives the Cordon of the Order to St . Francis de Sales and St . Jeanne de Valois by Marcantonio Romoli and on the left wall , Funeral Monument of Cardinal Carafa by Paolo Posi and Pietro Bracci . External links . - Francesco Raco , Carafa , Pier Luigi , Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani Volume 19 ( 1976 ) . Retrieved : 2016-10-23 , |
[
"titular archbishop"
] | easy | Which position did Pierluigi Carafa hold from 1738 to Sep 1740? | /wiki/Pierluigi_Carafa#P39#2 | Pierluigi Carafa Pierluigi Carafa , Junior ( 4 July 1677 – 15 December 1755 ) ( sometimes spelled as Caraffa ) was an Italian cardinal from the famous Neapolitan family of Italian nobles , clergy , and men of arts . He served the papacy as Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals and as Dean of same College . He is currently buried at SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome . Early Ecclesiastic Career . Born into an illustrious house of Naples , the family of Pierluigi was not unaccustomed to high-ranking prelates . Other cardinals in the family consisted of Filippo Carafa della Serra ; Oliviero Carafa ; Gianvincenzo Carafa ; Carlo Carafa ; Diomede Carafa ; Alfonso Carafa ; Antonio Carafa ; Giovanni Pietro Carafa ( later Pope Paul IV ) ; Pier Luigi Carafa , Senior ; Carlo Carafa della Spina ; Fortunato Ilario Carafa della Spina ; Francesco Carafa della Spina di Traetto ; Marino Carafa di Belvedere ; and Domenico Carafa della Spina di Traetto . Also a member of the family was Gregorio Carafa , Grand Master of the Order of St . John . Pierluigi was born on 4 July 1677 in Naples . He attended La Sapienza University in Rome where he was awarded a doctorate in both laws ( civil and canon ) on 19 October 1694 . He was then ordained a deacon on 22 January 1713 and a priest on 19 February 1713 . Episcopal career . Just over one month after his ordination to the priesthood , Pierluigi was elected titular archbishop of Larissa in Thessalia on 27 March 1713 and then made an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne on 16 April 1713 . He was appointed as Nuncio in Tuscany on 20 July 1713 , a position in which he served for just under four years . On 12 April 1717 Archbishop Carafa was appointed Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith and then , in 1724 , as Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops as well a Consultor of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition . Cardinalate career . Archbishop Carafa was created cardinal-priest in the consistory of 20 September 1728 and received the red galero and the title of San Lorenzo in Panisperna , where he was installed on 15 November 1728 . He was then made Abbot commendatario of Ferrara in 1729 . He participated in the conclave of 1730 , where Clement XII was elected pope . On 11 February 1737 Cardinal Carafa was named Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals . Upon the death of Pope Clement XII , Cardinal Carfa participated in the papal conclave of 1740 , where Benedict XIV was elected . He was appointed as a cardinal-bishop on 16 September 1740 and was named to the suburbicarian see of Albano . Then , on 15 November 1751 , he was appointed to the suburbicarian see of Porto-Santa Rufina . He was then named the Vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1751 and then named Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals on 9 April 1753 and appointed to the suburbicarian see of Ostia and Velletri , a position he held until his death on 15 December 1755 , at 78 years of age . Death and Entombment . Pierluigi Cardinal Carafa died on 15 December 1755 , at 8:30 p.m . in Rome . His remains were transferred the following day to the church of SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome where the capella paplis took place on 18 December 1755 , and he was buried in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales . On the funerary plaque of Cardinal Pierluigi Carafa in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales , the following in Latin is inscribed : SACELLUM • VBI • MORTALES • EXVVIAE • CARD . PETRI • ALOISII • CARAFA • PATRONI • CONDITAE • ASSERVANTVR • SQVALENTI • VETVSTATE • OBSITVM • DOMINICVS • IACOBINI • ARCHIEP • TYRIORVM • S . CONSILII • CHRISTIANO • NOMINI • PROPAGANDO • LAVREENTIVS • SALVATI • S . CONSESSVS • TRIDENT • CONCILIO • INTERPRETANDO • A . SECRETIS • HEREDITATIS • QVAM • ILLE • IN • PIOS • VSVS • RELIQVIT • CVRATORES • EX • TESTAMENTO • ANNO • MDCCCXCI • INSTAVRATVM • EXORNARVNT Burial Chapel . Pierluigi Cardinal Carafa is entombed in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales in the Church of SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome . The full name of the chapel is the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales and Jeanne de Valois . The chapel was granted to Cardinal Carafa in 1753 who dedicated it to Saint Charles Borromeo and Jeanne de Valois , queen of France . The Cardinal himself donated the altarpiece by Marcantonio Romoli . The artwork within the chapel includes : the altarpiece , Saint Francis of Paula Gives the Cordon of the Order to St . Francis de Sales and St . Jeanne de Valois by Marcantonio Romoli and on the left wall , Funeral Monument of Cardinal Carafa by Paolo Posi and Pietro Bracci . External links . - Francesco Raco , Carafa , Pier Luigi , Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani Volume 19 ( 1976 ) . Retrieved : 2016-10-23 , |
[
"cardinal-bishop",
"titular archbishop"
] | easy | Which position did Pierluigi Carafa hold from Sep 1740 to Nov 1751? | /wiki/Pierluigi_Carafa#P39#3 | Pierluigi Carafa Pierluigi Carafa , Junior ( 4 July 1677 – 15 December 1755 ) ( sometimes spelled as Caraffa ) was an Italian cardinal from the famous Neapolitan family of Italian nobles , clergy , and men of arts . He served the papacy as Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals and as Dean of same College . He is currently buried at SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome . Early Ecclesiastic Career . Born into an illustrious house of Naples , the family of Pierluigi was not unaccustomed to high-ranking prelates . Other cardinals in the family consisted of Filippo Carafa della Serra ; Oliviero Carafa ; Gianvincenzo Carafa ; Carlo Carafa ; Diomede Carafa ; Alfonso Carafa ; Antonio Carafa ; Giovanni Pietro Carafa ( later Pope Paul IV ) ; Pier Luigi Carafa , Senior ; Carlo Carafa della Spina ; Fortunato Ilario Carafa della Spina ; Francesco Carafa della Spina di Traetto ; Marino Carafa di Belvedere ; and Domenico Carafa della Spina di Traetto . Also a member of the family was Gregorio Carafa , Grand Master of the Order of St . John . Pierluigi was born on 4 July 1677 in Naples . He attended La Sapienza University in Rome where he was awarded a doctorate in both laws ( civil and canon ) on 19 October 1694 . He was then ordained a deacon on 22 January 1713 and a priest on 19 February 1713 . Episcopal career . Just over one month after his ordination to the priesthood , Pierluigi was elected titular archbishop of Larissa in Thessalia on 27 March 1713 and then made an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne on 16 April 1713 . He was appointed as Nuncio in Tuscany on 20 July 1713 , a position in which he served for just under four years . On 12 April 1717 Archbishop Carafa was appointed Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith and then , in 1724 , as Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops as well a Consultor of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition . Cardinalate career . Archbishop Carafa was created cardinal-priest in the consistory of 20 September 1728 and received the red galero and the title of San Lorenzo in Panisperna , where he was installed on 15 November 1728 . He was then made Abbot commendatario of Ferrara in 1729 . He participated in the conclave of 1730 , where Clement XII was elected pope . On 11 February 1737 Cardinal Carafa was named Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals . Upon the death of Pope Clement XII , Cardinal Carfa participated in the papal conclave of 1740 , where Benedict XIV was elected . He was appointed as a cardinal-bishop on 16 September 1740 and was named to the suburbicarian see of Albano . Then , on 15 November 1751 , he was appointed to the suburbicarian see of Porto-Santa Rufina . He was then named the Vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1751 and then named Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals on 9 April 1753 and appointed to the suburbicarian see of Ostia and Velletri , a position he held until his death on 15 December 1755 , at 78 years of age . Death and Entombment . Pierluigi Cardinal Carafa died on 15 December 1755 , at 8:30 p.m . in Rome . His remains were transferred the following day to the church of SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome where the capella paplis took place on 18 December 1755 , and he was buried in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales . On the funerary plaque of Cardinal Pierluigi Carafa in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales , the following in Latin is inscribed : SACELLUM • VBI • MORTALES • EXVVIAE • CARD . PETRI • ALOISII • CARAFA • PATRONI • CONDITAE • ASSERVANTVR • SQVALENTI • VETVSTATE • OBSITVM • DOMINICVS • IACOBINI • ARCHIEP • TYRIORVM • S . CONSILII • CHRISTIANO • NOMINI • PROPAGANDO • LAVREENTIVS • SALVATI • S . CONSESSVS • TRIDENT • CONCILIO • INTERPRETANDO • A . SECRETIS • HEREDITATIS • QVAM • ILLE • IN • PIOS • VSVS • RELIQVIT • CVRATORES • EX • TESTAMENTO • ANNO • MDCCCXCI • INSTAVRATVM • EXORNARVNT Burial Chapel . Pierluigi Cardinal Carafa is entombed in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales in the Church of SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome . The full name of the chapel is the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales and Jeanne de Valois . The chapel was granted to Cardinal Carafa in 1753 who dedicated it to Saint Charles Borromeo and Jeanne de Valois , queen of France . The Cardinal himself donated the altarpiece by Marcantonio Romoli . The artwork within the chapel includes : the altarpiece , Saint Francis of Paula Gives the Cordon of the Order to St . Francis de Sales and St . Jeanne de Valois by Marcantonio Romoli and on the left wall , Funeral Monument of Cardinal Carafa by Paolo Posi and Pietro Bracci . External links . - Francesco Raco , Carafa , Pier Luigi , Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani Volume 19 ( 1976 ) . Retrieved : 2016-10-23 , |
[
"titular archbishop"
] | easy | What was the position of Pierluigi Carafa from Nov 1751 to 1753? | /wiki/Pierluigi_Carafa#P39#4 | Pierluigi Carafa Pierluigi Carafa , Junior ( 4 July 1677 – 15 December 1755 ) ( sometimes spelled as Caraffa ) was an Italian cardinal from the famous Neapolitan family of Italian nobles , clergy , and men of arts . He served the papacy as Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals and as Dean of same College . He is currently buried at SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome . Early Ecclesiastic Career . Born into an illustrious house of Naples , the family of Pierluigi was not unaccustomed to high-ranking prelates . Other cardinals in the family consisted of Filippo Carafa della Serra ; Oliviero Carafa ; Gianvincenzo Carafa ; Carlo Carafa ; Diomede Carafa ; Alfonso Carafa ; Antonio Carafa ; Giovanni Pietro Carafa ( later Pope Paul IV ) ; Pier Luigi Carafa , Senior ; Carlo Carafa della Spina ; Fortunato Ilario Carafa della Spina ; Francesco Carafa della Spina di Traetto ; Marino Carafa di Belvedere ; and Domenico Carafa della Spina di Traetto . Also a member of the family was Gregorio Carafa , Grand Master of the Order of St . John . Pierluigi was born on 4 July 1677 in Naples . He attended La Sapienza University in Rome where he was awarded a doctorate in both laws ( civil and canon ) on 19 October 1694 . He was then ordained a deacon on 22 January 1713 and a priest on 19 February 1713 . Episcopal career . Just over one month after his ordination to the priesthood , Pierluigi was elected titular archbishop of Larissa in Thessalia on 27 March 1713 and then made an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne on 16 April 1713 . He was appointed as Nuncio in Tuscany on 20 July 1713 , a position in which he served for just under four years . On 12 April 1717 Archbishop Carafa was appointed Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith and then , in 1724 , as Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops as well a Consultor of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition . Cardinalate career . Archbishop Carafa was created cardinal-priest in the consistory of 20 September 1728 and received the red galero and the title of San Lorenzo in Panisperna , where he was installed on 15 November 1728 . He was then made Abbot commendatario of Ferrara in 1729 . He participated in the conclave of 1730 , where Clement XII was elected pope . On 11 February 1737 Cardinal Carafa was named Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals . Upon the death of Pope Clement XII , Cardinal Carfa participated in the papal conclave of 1740 , where Benedict XIV was elected . He was appointed as a cardinal-bishop on 16 September 1740 and was named to the suburbicarian see of Albano . Then , on 15 November 1751 , he was appointed to the suburbicarian see of Porto-Santa Rufina . He was then named the Vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1751 and then named Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals on 9 April 1753 and appointed to the suburbicarian see of Ostia and Velletri , a position he held until his death on 15 December 1755 , at 78 years of age . Death and Entombment . Pierluigi Cardinal Carafa died on 15 December 1755 , at 8:30 p.m . in Rome . His remains were transferred the following day to the church of SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome where the capella paplis took place on 18 December 1755 , and he was buried in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales . On the funerary plaque of Cardinal Pierluigi Carafa in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales , the following in Latin is inscribed : SACELLUM • VBI • MORTALES • EXVVIAE • CARD . PETRI • ALOISII • CARAFA • PATRONI • CONDITAE • ASSERVANTVR • SQVALENTI • VETVSTATE • OBSITVM • DOMINICVS • IACOBINI • ARCHIEP • TYRIORVM • S . CONSILII • CHRISTIANO • NOMINI • PROPAGANDO • LAVREENTIVS • SALVATI • S . CONSESSVS • TRIDENT • CONCILIO • INTERPRETANDO • A . SECRETIS • HEREDITATIS • QVAM • ILLE • IN • PIOS • VSVS • RELIQVIT • CVRATORES • EX • TESTAMENTO • ANNO • MDCCCXCI • INSTAVRATVM • EXORNARVNT Burial Chapel . Pierluigi Cardinal Carafa is entombed in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales in the Church of SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome . The full name of the chapel is the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales and Jeanne de Valois . The chapel was granted to Cardinal Carafa in 1753 who dedicated it to Saint Charles Borromeo and Jeanne de Valois , queen of France . The Cardinal himself donated the altarpiece by Marcantonio Romoli . The artwork within the chapel includes : the altarpiece , Saint Francis of Paula Gives the Cordon of the Order to St . Francis de Sales and St . Jeanne de Valois by Marcantonio Romoli and on the left wall , Funeral Monument of Cardinal Carafa by Paolo Posi and Pietro Bracci . External links . - Francesco Raco , Carafa , Pier Luigi , Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani Volume 19 ( 1976 ) . Retrieved : 2016-10-23 , |
[
"dean of the Sacred College",
"titular archbishop"
] | easy | Which position did Pierluigi Carafa hold from 1753 to 1755? | /wiki/Pierluigi_Carafa#P39#5 | Pierluigi Carafa Pierluigi Carafa , Junior ( 4 July 1677 – 15 December 1755 ) ( sometimes spelled as Caraffa ) was an Italian cardinal from the famous Neapolitan family of Italian nobles , clergy , and men of arts . He served the papacy as Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals and as Dean of same College . He is currently buried at SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome . Early Ecclesiastic Career . Born into an illustrious house of Naples , the family of Pierluigi was not unaccustomed to high-ranking prelates . Other cardinals in the family consisted of Filippo Carafa della Serra ; Oliviero Carafa ; Gianvincenzo Carafa ; Carlo Carafa ; Diomede Carafa ; Alfonso Carafa ; Antonio Carafa ; Giovanni Pietro Carafa ( later Pope Paul IV ) ; Pier Luigi Carafa , Senior ; Carlo Carafa della Spina ; Fortunato Ilario Carafa della Spina ; Francesco Carafa della Spina di Traetto ; Marino Carafa di Belvedere ; and Domenico Carafa della Spina di Traetto . Also a member of the family was Gregorio Carafa , Grand Master of the Order of St . John . Pierluigi was born on 4 July 1677 in Naples . He attended La Sapienza University in Rome where he was awarded a doctorate in both laws ( civil and canon ) on 19 October 1694 . He was then ordained a deacon on 22 January 1713 and a priest on 19 February 1713 . Episcopal career . Just over one month after his ordination to the priesthood , Pierluigi was elected titular archbishop of Larissa in Thessalia on 27 March 1713 and then made an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne on 16 April 1713 . He was appointed as Nuncio in Tuscany on 20 July 1713 , a position in which he served for just under four years . On 12 April 1717 Archbishop Carafa was appointed Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith and then , in 1724 , as Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops as well a Consultor of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition . Cardinalate career . Archbishop Carafa was created cardinal-priest in the consistory of 20 September 1728 and received the red galero and the title of San Lorenzo in Panisperna , where he was installed on 15 November 1728 . He was then made Abbot commendatario of Ferrara in 1729 . He participated in the conclave of 1730 , where Clement XII was elected pope . On 11 February 1737 Cardinal Carafa was named Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals . Upon the death of Pope Clement XII , Cardinal Carfa participated in the papal conclave of 1740 , where Benedict XIV was elected . He was appointed as a cardinal-bishop on 16 September 1740 and was named to the suburbicarian see of Albano . Then , on 15 November 1751 , he was appointed to the suburbicarian see of Porto-Santa Rufina . He was then named the Vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1751 and then named Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals on 9 April 1753 and appointed to the suburbicarian see of Ostia and Velletri , a position he held until his death on 15 December 1755 , at 78 years of age . Death and Entombment . Pierluigi Cardinal Carafa died on 15 December 1755 , at 8:30 p.m . in Rome . His remains were transferred the following day to the church of SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome where the capella paplis took place on 18 December 1755 , and he was buried in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales . On the funerary plaque of Cardinal Pierluigi Carafa in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales , the following in Latin is inscribed : SACELLUM • VBI • MORTALES • EXVVIAE • CARD . PETRI • ALOISII • CARAFA • PATRONI • CONDITAE • ASSERVANTVR • SQVALENTI • VETVSTATE • OBSITVM • DOMINICVS • IACOBINI • ARCHIEP • TYRIORVM • S . CONSILII • CHRISTIANO • NOMINI • PROPAGANDO • LAVREENTIVS • SALVATI • S . CONSESSVS • TRIDENT • CONCILIO • INTERPRETANDO • A . SECRETIS • HEREDITATIS • QVAM • ILLE • IN • PIOS • VSVS • RELIQVIT • CVRATORES • EX • TESTAMENTO • ANNO • MDCCCXCI • INSTAVRATVM • EXORNARVNT Burial Chapel . Pierluigi Cardinal Carafa is entombed in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales in the Church of SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome . The full name of the chapel is the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales and Jeanne de Valois . The chapel was granted to Cardinal Carafa in 1753 who dedicated it to Saint Charles Borromeo and Jeanne de Valois , queen of France . The Cardinal himself donated the altarpiece by Marcantonio Romoli . The artwork within the chapel includes : the altarpiece , Saint Francis of Paula Gives the Cordon of the Order to St . Francis de Sales and St . Jeanne de Valois by Marcantonio Romoli and on the left wall , Funeral Monument of Cardinal Carafa by Paolo Posi and Pietro Bracci . External links . - Francesco Raco , Carafa , Pier Luigi , Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani Volume 19 ( 1976 ) . Retrieved : 2016-10-23 , |
[
"titular archbishop"
] | easy | What position did Pierluigi Carafa take from 1755 to 1756? | /wiki/Pierluigi_Carafa#P39#6 | Pierluigi Carafa Pierluigi Carafa , Junior ( 4 July 1677 – 15 December 1755 ) ( sometimes spelled as Caraffa ) was an Italian cardinal from the famous Neapolitan family of Italian nobles , clergy , and men of arts . He served the papacy as Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals and as Dean of same College . He is currently buried at SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome . Early Ecclesiastic Career . Born into an illustrious house of Naples , the family of Pierluigi was not unaccustomed to high-ranking prelates . Other cardinals in the family consisted of Filippo Carafa della Serra ; Oliviero Carafa ; Gianvincenzo Carafa ; Carlo Carafa ; Diomede Carafa ; Alfonso Carafa ; Antonio Carafa ; Giovanni Pietro Carafa ( later Pope Paul IV ) ; Pier Luigi Carafa , Senior ; Carlo Carafa della Spina ; Fortunato Ilario Carafa della Spina ; Francesco Carafa della Spina di Traetto ; Marino Carafa di Belvedere ; and Domenico Carafa della Spina di Traetto . Also a member of the family was Gregorio Carafa , Grand Master of the Order of St . John . Pierluigi was born on 4 July 1677 in Naples . He attended La Sapienza University in Rome where he was awarded a doctorate in both laws ( civil and canon ) on 19 October 1694 . He was then ordained a deacon on 22 January 1713 and a priest on 19 February 1713 . Episcopal career . Just over one month after his ordination to the priesthood , Pierluigi was elected titular archbishop of Larissa in Thessalia on 27 March 1713 and then made an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne on 16 April 1713 . He was appointed as Nuncio in Tuscany on 20 July 1713 , a position in which he served for just under four years . On 12 April 1717 Archbishop Carafa was appointed Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith and then , in 1724 , as Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops as well a Consultor of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition . Cardinalate career . Archbishop Carafa was created cardinal-priest in the consistory of 20 September 1728 and received the red galero and the title of San Lorenzo in Panisperna , where he was installed on 15 November 1728 . He was then made Abbot commendatario of Ferrara in 1729 . He participated in the conclave of 1730 , where Clement XII was elected pope . On 11 February 1737 Cardinal Carafa was named Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals . Upon the death of Pope Clement XII , Cardinal Carfa participated in the papal conclave of 1740 , where Benedict XIV was elected . He was appointed as a cardinal-bishop on 16 September 1740 and was named to the suburbicarian see of Albano . Then , on 15 November 1751 , he was appointed to the suburbicarian see of Porto-Santa Rufina . He was then named the Vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1751 and then named Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals on 9 April 1753 and appointed to the suburbicarian see of Ostia and Velletri , a position he held until his death on 15 December 1755 , at 78 years of age . Death and Entombment . Pierluigi Cardinal Carafa died on 15 December 1755 , at 8:30 p.m . in Rome . His remains were transferred the following day to the church of SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome where the capella paplis took place on 18 December 1755 , and he was buried in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales . On the funerary plaque of Cardinal Pierluigi Carafa in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales , the following in Latin is inscribed : SACELLUM • VBI • MORTALES • EXVVIAE • CARD . PETRI • ALOISII • CARAFA • PATRONI • CONDITAE • ASSERVANTVR • SQVALENTI • VETVSTATE • OBSITVM • DOMINICVS • IACOBINI • ARCHIEP • TYRIORVM • S . CONSILII • CHRISTIANO • NOMINI • PROPAGANDO • LAVREENTIVS • SALVATI • S . CONSESSVS • TRIDENT • CONCILIO • INTERPRETANDO • A . SECRETIS • HEREDITATIS • QVAM • ILLE • IN • PIOS • VSVS • RELIQVIT • CVRATORES • EX • TESTAMENTO • ANNO • MDCCCXCI • INSTAVRATVM • EXORNARVNT Burial Chapel . Pierluigi Cardinal Carafa is entombed in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales in the Church of SantAndrea delle Fratte in Rome . The full name of the chapel is the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales and Jeanne de Valois . The chapel was granted to Cardinal Carafa in 1753 who dedicated it to Saint Charles Borromeo and Jeanne de Valois , queen of France . The Cardinal himself donated the altarpiece by Marcantonio Romoli . The artwork within the chapel includes : the altarpiece , Saint Francis of Paula Gives the Cordon of the Order to St . Francis de Sales and St . Jeanne de Valois by Marcantonio Romoli and on the left wall , Funeral Monument of Cardinal Carafa by Paolo Posi and Pietro Bracci . External links . - Francesco Raco , Carafa , Pier Luigi , Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani Volume 19 ( 1976 ) . Retrieved : 2016-10-23 , |
[
"San Lorenzo"
] | easy | Which team did the player Mario Santana belong to from 1999 to 2001? | /wiki/Mario_Santana#P54#0 | Mario Santana Mario Alberto Santana ( born 23 December 1981 ) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a winger for Italian club Palermo . Club career . Early career . He started his career for Argentinian team San Lorenzo . After his contract with San Lorenzo expired , he decided to try his luck in European football , moving to Italy in January 2002 for Serie A team Venezia , then relegated at the end of the season . He then followed his chairman Maurizio Zamparini to Serie B team Palermo , where he showed high qualities in his role . In 2003 , he was then loaned to Serie A side A.C . ChievoVerona ( along with Stefano Morrone with Eugenio Corini moved to opposite direction ) , becoming one of the most interesting wingers in the Italian top division , and being first capped for the Argentina national football team in a friendly match against Japan on 18 August 2004 . He then came back to Palermo , that was just promoted in Serie A at the time , for the following season . Fiorentina . In May 2006 , he was signed by la viola for €6.5 million ( €5 million plus 50% of Parravicini ) to prepare for 2006–07 UEFA Champions League 3rd qualifying round . But due to 2006 Serie A scandal , Fiorentina finished 9th and did not qualified for any European competitions . In 2009–10 season , La Viola signed Marco Marchionni , made Santana at first became a backup player , likes the first group stage of 2009–10 UEFA Champions League match against Lyon , substituted Marchionni in the 72 minutes . He started the third group stage match , as Marchionni was rested . In the 4th match he lost his starting place again , to Marchionni . He substituted Juan Vargas in the 77th minutes in that match . In the last 2 match of the group stage , Santana played a new role , as attacking midfielder , as Adrian Mutu was rested . In the league Santana was moved to left midfield position ( rotated with Vargas ) , attacking midfielder , second striker ( when Mutu was unavailable and later the coach preferred Jovetić ) or right midfielder when Marchionni was rested . Santana initially had a better chance to play after Martin Jørgensen left in January 2010 . On 14 February 2010 , Santana was injured on the league match against Sampdoria , missed the Champions League match against Bayern Munich . In April 2010 , Santana was injured and expected to be out for 5 months after clash with opponent goalkeeper in a club friendly against San Miniato Basso . Napoli and loans to Cesena and Torino . On 12 July 2011 , Santana finally agreed to sign with Napoli over Cesena , leaving Fiorentina after 5 years . He moved on loan to A.C . Cesena on 31 January 2012 . On 12 July 2012 , Santana was loaned out to newly promoted Torino F.C . for the 2012–2013 Serie A campaign . Genoa , later years and return to Palermo . On 19 July 2013 , Santana completed a move from Napoli to Genoa . In the January 2014 transfer window , he left Italy after 12 years competing in Serie A , signing a loan deal with Olhanense in Portugal . He left Frosinone in January 2016 to sign a permanent deal with Lega Pro club Pro Patria , staying at the club also after the clubs relegation to Serie D the following season . On 22 June 2018 , after Pro Patria won the Serie D title , he signed a contract extension until 2019 . He left Pro Patria by the end of the 2018–19 season . In August 2019 , he became the first signing of the refounded Palermo , who will restart from Serie D , thus marking his personal return with the Rosanero after thirteen years . He was also named team captain for the clubs 2019–20 season . On 27 September 2020 , following his appearance in Palermos first game of the 2020–21 Serie C season against Teramo , Santana became the first player in the clubs history to have played in four different leagues ( from Serie A to Serie D ) . A month later , he was sidelined after having contracted COVID-19 . On 3 March 2021 , he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 away win at Catania in the Sicilian derby , which also was his first goal of the season ; with this goal , he also became the first player to have ever scored at least one goal in the top four Italian divisions for Palermo . International career . He also played for Argentina at the Confederations Cup 2005 and has been frequently capped for the 2006 World Cup qualification matches . Personal life . Santana acquired his Italian nationality by marriage to Italian wife . His nationality was granted in February 2008 . External links . - Profile at ACF Fiorentina official site - Guardian statistics |
[
"Palermo"
] | easy | Which team did Mario Santana play for from 2002 to 2003? | /wiki/Mario_Santana#P54#1 | Mario Santana Mario Alberto Santana ( born 23 December 1981 ) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a winger for Italian club Palermo . Club career . Early career . He started his career for Argentinian team San Lorenzo . After his contract with San Lorenzo expired , he decided to try his luck in European football , moving to Italy in January 2002 for Serie A team Venezia , then relegated at the end of the season . He then followed his chairman Maurizio Zamparini to Serie B team Palermo , where he showed high qualities in his role . In 2003 , he was then loaned to Serie A side A.C . ChievoVerona ( along with Stefano Morrone with Eugenio Corini moved to opposite direction ) , becoming one of the most interesting wingers in the Italian top division , and being first capped for the Argentina national football team in a friendly match against Japan on 18 August 2004 . He then came back to Palermo , that was just promoted in Serie A at the time , for the following season . Fiorentina . In May 2006 , he was signed by la viola for €6.5 million ( €5 million plus 50% of Parravicini ) to prepare for 2006–07 UEFA Champions League 3rd qualifying round . But due to 2006 Serie A scandal , Fiorentina finished 9th and did not qualified for any European competitions . In 2009–10 season , La Viola signed Marco Marchionni , made Santana at first became a backup player , likes the first group stage of 2009–10 UEFA Champions League match against Lyon , substituted Marchionni in the 72 minutes . He started the third group stage match , as Marchionni was rested . In the 4th match he lost his starting place again , to Marchionni . He substituted Juan Vargas in the 77th minutes in that match . In the last 2 match of the group stage , Santana played a new role , as attacking midfielder , as Adrian Mutu was rested . In the league Santana was moved to left midfield position ( rotated with Vargas ) , attacking midfielder , second striker ( when Mutu was unavailable and later the coach preferred Jovetić ) or right midfielder when Marchionni was rested . Santana initially had a better chance to play after Martin Jørgensen left in January 2010 . On 14 February 2010 , Santana was injured on the league match against Sampdoria , missed the Champions League match against Bayern Munich . In April 2010 , Santana was injured and expected to be out for 5 months after clash with opponent goalkeeper in a club friendly against San Miniato Basso . Napoli and loans to Cesena and Torino . On 12 July 2011 , Santana finally agreed to sign with Napoli over Cesena , leaving Fiorentina after 5 years . He moved on loan to A.C . Cesena on 31 January 2012 . On 12 July 2012 , Santana was loaned out to newly promoted Torino F.C . for the 2012–2013 Serie A campaign . Genoa , later years and return to Palermo . On 19 July 2013 , Santana completed a move from Napoli to Genoa . In the January 2014 transfer window , he left Italy after 12 years competing in Serie A , signing a loan deal with Olhanense in Portugal . He left Frosinone in January 2016 to sign a permanent deal with Lega Pro club Pro Patria , staying at the club also after the clubs relegation to Serie D the following season . On 22 June 2018 , after Pro Patria won the Serie D title , he signed a contract extension until 2019 . He left Pro Patria by the end of the 2018–19 season . In August 2019 , he became the first signing of the refounded Palermo , who will restart from Serie D , thus marking his personal return with the Rosanero after thirteen years . He was also named team captain for the clubs 2019–20 season . On 27 September 2020 , following his appearance in Palermos first game of the 2020–21 Serie C season against Teramo , Santana became the first player in the clubs history to have played in four different leagues ( from Serie A to Serie D ) . A month later , he was sidelined after having contracted COVID-19 . On 3 March 2021 , he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 away win at Catania in the Sicilian derby , which also was his first goal of the season ; with this goal , he also became the first player to have ever scored at least one goal in the top four Italian divisions for Palermo . International career . He also played for Argentina at the Confederations Cup 2005 and has been frequently capped for the 2006 World Cup qualification matches . Personal life . Santana acquired his Italian nationality by marriage to Italian wife . His nationality was granted in February 2008 . External links . - Profile at ACF Fiorentina official site - Guardian statistics |
[
"ChievoVerona"
] | easy | Which team did the player Mario Santana belong to from 2003 to 2004? | /wiki/Mario_Santana#P54#2 | Mario Santana Mario Alberto Santana ( born 23 December 1981 ) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a winger for Italian club Palermo . Club career . Early career . He started his career for Argentinian team San Lorenzo . After his contract with San Lorenzo expired , he decided to try his luck in European football , moving to Italy in January 2002 for Serie A team Venezia , then relegated at the end of the season . He then followed his chairman Maurizio Zamparini to Serie B team Palermo , where he showed high qualities in his role . In 2003 , he was then loaned to Serie A side A.C . ChievoVerona ( along with Stefano Morrone with Eugenio Corini moved to opposite direction ) , becoming one of the most interesting wingers in the Italian top division , and being first capped for the Argentina national football team in a friendly match against Japan on 18 August 2004 . He then came back to Palermo , that was just promoted in Serie A at the time , for the following season . Fiorentina . In May 2006 , he was signed by la viola for €6.5 million ( €5 million plus 50% of Parravicini ) to prepare for 2006–07 UEFA Champions League 3rd qualifying round . But due to 2006 Serie A scandal , Fiorentina finished 9th and did not qualified for any European competitions . In 2009–10 season , La Viola signed Marco Marchionni , made Santana at first became a backup player , likes the first group stage of 2009–10 UEFA Champions League match against Lyon , substituted Marchionni in the 72 minutes . He started the third group stage match , as Marchionni was rested . In the 4th match he lost his starting place again , to Marchionni . He substituted Juan Vargas in the 77th minutes in that match . In the last 2 match of the group stage , Santana played a new role , as attacking midfielder , as Adrian Mutu was rested . In the league Santana was moved to left midfield position ( rotated with Vargas ) , attacking midfielder , second striker ( when Mutu was unavailable and later the coach preferred Jovetić ) or right midfielder when Marchionni was rested . Santana initially had a better chance to play after Martin Jørgensen left in January 2010 . On 14 February 2010 , Santana was injured on the league match against Sampdoria , missed the Champions League match against Bayern Munich . In April 2010 , Santana was injured and expected to be out for 5 months after clash with opponent goalkeeper in a club friendly against San Miniato Basso . Napoli and loans to Cesena and Torino . On 12 July 2011 , Santana finally agreed to sign with Napoli over Cesena , leaving Fiorentina after 5 years . He moved on loan to A.C . Cesena on 31 January 2012 . On 12 July 2012 , Santana was loaned out to newly promoted Torino F.C . for the 2012–2013 Serie A campaign . Genoa , later years and return to Palermo . On 19 July 2013 , Santana completed a move from Napoli to Genoa . In the January 2014 transfer window , he left Italy after 12 years competing in Serie A , signing a loan deal with Olhanense in Portugal . He left Frosinone in January 2016 to sign a permanent deal with Lega Pro club Pro Patria , staying at the club also after the clubs relegation to Serie D the following season . On 22 June 2018 , after Pro Patria won the Serie D title , he signed a contract extension until 2019 . He left Pro Patria by the end of the 2018–19 season . In August 2019 , he became the first signing of the refounded Palermo , who will restart from Serie D , thus marking his personal return with the Rosanero after thirteen years . He was also named team captain for the clubs 2019–20 season . On 27 September 2020 , following his appearance in Palermos first game of the 2020–21 Serie C season against Teramo , Santana became the first player in the clubs history to have played in four different leagues ( from Serie A to Serie D ) . A month later , he was sidelined after having contracted COVID-19 . On 3 March 2021 , he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 away win at Catania in the Sicilian derby , which also was his first goal of the season ; with this goal , he also became the first player to have ever scored at least one goal in the top four Italian divisions for Palermo . International career . He also played for Argentina at the Confederations Cup 2005 and has been frequently capped for the 2006 World Cup qualification matches . Personal life . Santana acquired his Italian nationality by marriage to Italian wife . His nationality was granted in February 2008 . External links . - Profile at ACF Fiorentina official site - Guardian statistics |
[
"Fiorentina"
] | easy | Which team did Mario Santana play for from 2006 to 2011? | /wiki/Mario_Santana#P54#3 | Mario Santana Mario Alberto Santana ( born 23 December 1981 ) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a winger for Italian club Palermo . Club career . Early career . He started his career for Argentinian team San Lorenzo . After his contract with San Lorenzo expired , he decided to try his luck in European football , moving to Italy in January 2002 for Serie A team Venezia , then relegated at the end of the season . He then followed his chairman Maurizio Zamparini to Serie B team Palermo , where he showed high qualities in his role . In 2003 , he was then loaned to Serie A side A.C . ChievoVerona ( along with Stefano Morrone with Eugenio Corini moved to opposite direction ) , becoming one of the most interesting wingers in the Italian top division , and being first capped for the Argentina national football team in a friendly match against Japan on 18 August 2004 . He then came back to Palermo , that was just promoted in Serie A at the time , for the following season . Fiorentina . In May 2006 , he was signed by la viola for €6.5 million ( €5 million plus 50% of Parravicini ) to prepare for 2006–07 UEFA Champions League 3rd qualifying round . But due to 2006 Serie A scandal , Fiorentina finished 9th and did not qualified for any European competitions . In 2009–10 season , La Viola signed Marco Marchionni , made Santana at first became a backup player , likes the first group stage of 2009–10 UEFA Champions League match against Lyon , substituted Marchionni in the 72 minutes . He started the third group stage match , as Marchionni was rested . In the 4th match he lost his starting place again , to Marchionni . He substituted Juan Vargas in the 77th minutes in that match . In the last 2 match of the group stage , Santana played a new role , as attacking midfielder , as Adrian Mutu was rested . In the league Santana was moved to left midfield position ( rotated with Vargas ) , attacking midfielder , second striker ( when Mutu was unavailable and later the coach preferred Jovetić ) or right midfielder when Marchionni was rested . Santana initially had a better chance to play after Martin Jørgensen left in January 2010 . On 14 February 2010 , Santana was injured on the league match against Sampdoria , missed the Champions League match against Bayern Munich . In April 2010 , Santana was injured and expected to be out for 5 months after clash with opponent goalkeeper in a club friendly against San Miniato Basso . Napoli and loans to Cesena and Torino . On 12 July 2011 , Santana finally agreed to sign with Napoli over Cesena , leaving Fiorentina after 5 years . He moved on loan to A.C . Cesena on 31 January 2012 . On 12 July 2012 , Santana was loaned out to newly promoted Torino F.C . for the 2012–2013 Serie A campaign . Genoa , later years and return to Palermo . On 19 July 2013 , Santana completed a move from Napoli to Genoa . In the January 2014 transfer window , he left Italy after 12 years competing in Serie A , signing a loan deal with Olhanense in Portugal . He left Frosinone in January 2016 to sign a permanent deal with Lega Pro club Pro Patria , staying at the club also after the clubs relegation to Serie D the following season . On 22 June 2018 , after Pro Patria won the Serie D title , he signed a contract extension until 2019 . He left Pro Patria by the end of the 2018–19 season . In August 2019 , he became the first signing of the refounded Palermo , who will restart from Serie D , thus marking his personal return with the Rosanero after thirteen years . He was also named team captain for the clubs 2019–20 season . On 27 September 2020 , following his appearance in Palermos first game of the 2020–21 Serie C season against Teramo , Santana became the first player in the clubs history to have played in four different leagues ( from Serie A to Serie D ) . A month later , he was sidelined after having contracted COVID-19 . On 3 March 2021 , he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 away win at Catania in the Sicilian derby , which also was his first goal of the season ; with this goal , he also became the first player to have ever scored at least one goal in the top four Italian divisions for Palermo . International career . He also played for Argentina at the Confederations Cup 2005 and has been frequently capped for the 2006 World Cup qualification matches . Personal life . Santana acquired his Italian nationality by marriage to Italian wife . His nationality was granted in February 2008 . External links . - Profile at ACF Fiorentina official site - Guardian statistics |
[
"Napoli",
"Cesena"
] | easy | Which team did the player Mario Santana belong to from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Mario_Santana#P54#4 | Mario Santana Mario Alberto Santana ( born 23 December 1981 ) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a winger for Italian club Palermo . Club career . Early career . He started his career for Argentinian team San Lorenzo . After his contract with San Lorenzo expired , he decided to try his luck in European football , moving to Italy in January 2002 for Serie A team Venezia , then relegated at the end of the season . He then followed his chairman Maurizio Zamparini to Serie B team Palermo , where he showed high qualities in his role . In 2003 , he was then loaned to Serie A side A.C . ChievoVerona ( along with Stefano Morrone with Eugenio Corini moved to opposite direction ) , becoming one of the most interesting wingers in the Italian top division , and being first capped for the Argentina national football team in a friendly match against Japan on 18 August 2004 . He then came back to Palermo , that was just promoted in Serie A at the time , for the following season . Fiorentina . In May 2006 , he was signed by la viola for €6.5 million ( €5 million plus 50% of Parravicini ) to prepare for 2006–07 UEFA Champions League 3rd qualifying round . But due to 2006 Serie A scandal , Fiorentina finished 9th and did not qualified for any European competitions . In 2009–10 season , La Viola signed Marco Marchionni , made Santana at first became a backup player , likes the first group stage of 2009–10 UEFA Champions League match against Lyon , substituted Marchionni in the 72 minutes . He started the third group stage match , as Marchionni was rested . In the 4th match he lost his starting place again , to Marchionni . He substituted Juan Vargas in the 77th minutes in that match . In the last 2 match of the group stage , Santana played a new role , as attacking midfielder , as Adrian Mutu was rested . In the league Santana was moved to left midfield position ( rotated with Vargas ) , attacking midfielder , second striker ( when Mutu was unavailable and later the coach preferred Jovetić ) or right midfielder when Marchionni was rested . Santana initially had a better chance to play after Martin Jørgensen left in January 2010 . On 14 February 2010 , Santana was injured on the league match against Sampdoria , missed the Champions League match against Bayern Munich . In April 2010 , Santana was injured and expected to be out for 5 months after clash with opponent goalkeeper in a club friendly against San Miniato Basso . Napoli and loans to Cesena and Torino . On 12 July 2011 , Santana finally agreed to sign with Napoli over Cesena , leaving Fiorentina after 5 years . He moved on loan to A.C . Cesena on 31 January 2012 . On 12 July 2012 , Santana was loaned out to newly promoted Torino F.C . for the 2012–2013 Serie A campaign . Genoa , later years and return to Palermo . On 19 July 2013 , Santana completed a move from Napoli to Genoa . In the January 2014 transfer window , he left Italy after 12 years competing in Serie A , signing a loan deal with Olhanense in Portugal . He left Frosinone in January 2016 to sign a permanent deal with Lega Pro club Pro Patria , staying at the club also after the clubs relegation to Serie D the following season . On 22 June 2018 , after Pro Patria won the Serie D title , he signed a contract extension until 2019 . He left Pro Patria by the end of the 2018–19 season . In August 2019 , he became the first signing of the refounded Palermo , who will restart from Serie D , thus marking his personal return with the Rosanero after thirteen years . He was also named team captain for the clubs 2019–20 season . On 27 September 2020 , following his appearance in Palermos first game of the 2020–21 Serie C season against Teramo , Santana became the first player in the clubs history to have played in four different leagues ( from Serie A to Serie D ) . A month later , he was sidelined after having contracted COVID-19 . On 3 March 2021 , he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 away win at Catania in the Sicilian derby , which also was his first goal of the season ; with this goal , he also became the first player to have ever scored at least one goal in the top four Italian divisions for Palermo . International career . He also played for Argentina at the Confederations Cup 2005 and has been frequently capped for the 2006 World Cup qualification matches . Personal life . Santana acquired his Italian nationality by marriage to Italian wife . His nationality was granted in February 2008 . External links . - Profile at ACF Fiorentina official site - Guardian statistics |
[
"Torino F.C"
] | easy | Which team did Mario Santana play for from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Mario_Santana#P54#5 | Mario Santana Mario Alberto Santana ( born 23 December 1981 ) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a winger for Italian club Palermo . Club career . Early career . He started his career for Argentinian team San Lorenzo . After his contract with San Lorenzo expired , he decided to try his luck in European football , moving to Italy in January 2002 for Serie A team Venezia , then relegated at the end of the season . He then followed his chairman Maurizio Zamparini to Serie B team Palermo , where he showed high qualities in his role . In 2003 , he was then loaned to Serie A side A.C . ChievoVerona ( along with Stefano Morrone with Eugenio Corini moved to opposite direction ) , becoming one of the most interesting wingers in the Italian top division , and being first capped for the Argentina national football team in a friendly match against Japan on 18 August 2004 . He then came back to Palermo , that was just promoted in Serie A at the time , for the following season . Fiorentina . In May 2006 , he was signed by la viola for €6.5 million ( €5 million plus 50% of Parravicini ) to prepare for 2006–07 UEFA Champions League 3rd qualifying round . But due to 2006 Serie A scandal , Fiorentina finished 9th and did not qualified for any European competitions . In 2009–10 season , La Viola signed Marco Marchionni , made Santana at first became a backup player , likes the first group stage of 2009–10 UEFA Champions League match against Lyon , substituted Marchionni in the 72 minutes . He started the third group stage match , as Marchionni was rested . In the 4th match he lost his starting place again , to Marchionni . He substituted Juan Vargas in the 77th minutes in that match . In the last 2 match of the group stage , Santana played a new role , as attacking midfielder , as Adrian Mutu was rested . In the league Santana was moved to left midfield position ( rotated with Vargas ) , attacking midfielder , second striker ( when Mutu was unavailable and later the coach preferred Jovetić ) or right midfielder when Marchionni was rested . Santana initially had a better chance to play after Martin Jørgensen left in January 2010 . On 14 February 2010 , Santana was injured on the league match against Sampdoria , missed the Champions League match against Bayern Munich . In April 2010 , Santana was injured and expected to be out for 5 months after clash with opponent goalkeeper in a club friendly against San Miniato Basso . Napoli and loans to Cesena and Torino . On 12 July 2011 , Santana finally agreed to sign with Napoli over Cesena , leaving Fiorentina after 5 years . He moved on loan to A.C . Cesena on 31 January 2012 . On 12 July 2012 , Santana was loaned out to newly promoted Torino F.C . for the 2012–2013 Serie A campaign . Genoa , later years and return to Palermo . On 19 July 2013 , Santana completed a move from Napoli to Genoa . In the January 2014 transfer window , he left Italy after 12 years competing in Serie A , signing a loan deal with Olhanense in Portugal . He left Frosinone in January 2016 to sign a permanent deal with Lega Pro club Pro Patria , staying at the club also after the clubs relegation to Serie D the following season . On 22 June 2018 , after Pro Patria won the Serie D title , he signed a contract extension until 2019 . He left Pro Patria by the end of the 2018–19 season . In August 2019 , he became the first signing of the refounded Palermo , who will restart from Serie D , thus marking his personal return with the Rosanero after thirteen years . He was also named team captain for the clubs 2019–20 season . On 27 September 2020 , following his appearance in Palermos first game of the 2020–21 Serie C season against Teramo , Santana became the first player in the clubs history to have played in four different leagues ( from Serie A to Serie D ) . A month later , he was sidelined after having contracted COVID-19 . On 3 March 2021 , he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 away win at Catania in the Sicilian derby , which also was his first goal of the season ; with this goal , he also became the first player to have ever scored at least one goal in the top four Italian divisions for Palermo . International career . He also played for Argentina at the Confederations Cup 2005 and has been frequently capped for the 2006 World Cup qualification matches . Personal life . Santana acquired his Italian nationality by marriage to Italian wife . His nationality was granted in February 2008 . External links . - Profile at ACF Fiorentina official site - Guardian statistics |
[
"Napoli"
] | easy | Mario Santana played for which team from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Mario_Santana#P54#6 | Mario Santana Mario Alberto Santana ( born 23 December 1981 ) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a winger for Italian club Palermo . Club career . Early career . He started his career for Argentinian team San Lorenzo . After his contract with San Lorenzo expired , he decided to try his luck in European football , moving to Italy in January 2002 for Serie A team Venezia , then relegated at the end of the season . He then followed his chairman Maurizio Zamparini to Serie B team Palermo , where he showed high qualities in his role . In 2003 , he was then loaned to Serie A side A.C . ChievoVerona ( along with Stefano Morrone with Eugenio Corini moved to opposite direction ) , becoming one of the most interesting wingers in the Italian top division , and being first capped for the Argentina national football team in a friendly match against Japan on 18 August 2004 . He then came back to Palermo , that was just promoted in Serie A at the time , for the following season . Fiorentina . In May 2006 , he was signed by la viola for €6.5 million ( €5 million plus 50% of Parravicini ) to prepare for 2006–07 UEFA Champions League 3rd qualifying round . But due to 2006 Serie A scandal , Fiorentina finished 9th and did not qualified for any European competitions . In 2009–10 season , La Viola signed Marco Marchionni , made Santana at first became a backup player , likes the first group stage of 2009–10 UEFA Champions League match against Lyon , substituted Marchionni in the 72 minutes . He started the third group stage match , as Marchionni was rested . In the 4th match he lost his starting place again , to Marchionni . He substituted Juan Vargas in the 77th minutes in that match . In the last 2 match of the group stage , Santana played a new role , as attacking midfielder , as Adrian Mutu was rested . In the league Santana was moved to left midfield position ( rotated with Vargas ) , attacking midfielder , second striker ( when Mutu was unavailable and later the coach preferred Jovetić ) or right midfielder when Marchionni was rested . Santana initially had a better chance to play after Martin Jørgensen left in January 2010 . On 14 February 2010 , Santana was injured on the league match against Sampdoria , missed the Champions League match against Bayern Munich . In April 2010 , Santana was injured and expected to be out for 5 months after clash with opponent goalkeeper in a club friendly against San Miniato Basso . Napoli and loans to Cesena and Torino . On 12 July 2011 , Santana finally agreed to sign with Napoli over Cesena , leaving Fiorentina after 5 years . He moved on loan to A.C . Cesena on 31 January 2012 . On 12 July 2012 , Santana was loaned out to newly promoted Torino F.C . for the 2012–2013 Serie A campaign . Genoa , later years and return to Palermo . On 19 July 2013 , Santana completed a move from Napoli to Genoa . In the January 2014 transfer window , he left Italy after 12 years competing in Serie A , signing a loan deal with Olhanense in Portugal . He left Frosinone in January 2016 to sign a permanent deal with Lega Pro club Pro Patria , staying at the club also after the clubs relegation to Serie D the following season . On 22 June 2018 , after Pro Patria won the Serie D title , he signed a contract extension until 2019 . He left Pro Patria by the end of the 2018–19 season . In August 2019 , he became the first signing of the refounded Palermo , who will restart from Serie D , thus marking his personal return with the Rosanero after thirteen years . He was also named team captain for the clubs 2019–20 season . On 27 September 2020 , following his appearance in Palermos first game of the 2020–21 Serie C season against Teramo , Santana became the first player in the clubs history to have played in four different leagues ( from Serie A to Serie D ) . A month later , he was sidelined after having contracted COVID-19 . On 3 March 2021 , he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 away win at Catania in the Sicilian derby , which also was his first goal of the season ; with this goal , he also became the first player to have ever scored at least one goal in the top four Italian divisions for Palermo . International career . He also played for Argentina at the Confederations Cup 2005 and has been frequently capped for the 2006 World Cup qualification matches . Personal life . Santana acquired his Italian nationality by marriage to Italian wife . His nationality was granted in February 2008 . External links . - Profile at ACF Fiorentina official site - Guardian statistics |
[
"Budućnost"
] | easy | Which team did Anto Drobnjak play for from 1986 to 1992? | /wiki/Anto_Drobnjak#P54#0 | Anto Drobnjak Anto Drobnjak ( Cyrillic : Анто Дробњак ; born 21 September 1968 ) is a Montenegrin former professional footballer who played as a striker . He was one of two top scorers of the First League of Yugoslavia in 1993 when he played for Red Star Belgrade . Internationally , he played for Yugoslavias national football team in the qualification for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , although he was not selected to the countrys squad for the final tournament . Club career . Budućnost . Drobnjak joined Budućnost ahead of the 1987–88 season . He made his professional debut under coach Stanko Špaco Poklepović , during a time when Budućnost fielded their most accomplished generation at the time ; Drobnjaks teammates at Budućnost included Dragoje Leković , Branko Brnović , Željko Petrović , Predrag Mijatović , and Dejan Savićević . Drobnjak later attributed his early development to Špaco Poklepović : Red Star Belgrade . Drobnjak joined Red Star Belgrade ahead of the 1992–93 season , after which he was the leagues top scorer along with Vojvodinas Vesko Mihajlović . On 15 May 1993 , he scored the winning goal in the final of the 1993 Yugoslav Cup , in which Red Star beat Partizan 1–0 . He was Red Stars top scorer in the 1993–94 season along with teammate Ilija Ivić , and was fifth highest goal scorer in the league that season . Bastia . Amidst international sanctions against Yugoslavia , Drobnjak asked Red Stars sports director Dragan Džajić if there was any opportunity could leave both the club and country . Džajić got word of Bastias search for a classic center forward , and after negotiations through Džajić , Drobnjak signed a three-year contract with Bastia in 1994 . Under coach Frédéric Antonetti , he spent the following three seasons at the club , scoring 50 goals in 100 league games . On 3 May 1995 , Drobnjak scored a goal in the 1995 Coupe de la Ligue Final against Paris Saint-Germain , although it was denied by the referee . He signed a new three-year contract with Bastia in 1996 . At the end of the 1996–97 season , Drobnjak was the sixth highest goal scorer in the league and Bastia finished in seventh overall . As a result , he received offers from Olympique de Marseille and Lens , but he ultimately chose Lens due to Bastias bitter rivalry with Marseille . Lens . In 1997 , Drobnjak switched to fellow French club Lens , helping them win the league in his debut season under coach Daniel Leclercq . On 22 August 1997 , Leclercq gave Drobnjak the green light to start against Olympique de Marseille in spite of a lingering back injury ; Drobnjak went on to score a hat-trick in a 2–3 away win for Lens . On 15 November 1997 , he scored a hat-trick in a 5–4 win against AS Cannes . He was the fourth highest goal scorer in the league that season . Later career . He subsequently moved to Japan and played for Gamba Osaka . After a year , Drobnjak returned to France and joined Sochaux . He also spent one season at Martigues , before retiring in 2002 . International career . Between 1996 and 1998 , Drobnjak earned seven caps and scored three times for FR Yugoslavia . He made his debut on 6 October 1996 in a 1–8 away win against Faroe Islands under coach Slobodan Santrač during the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification . On 24 February 1998 , Drobnjak scored a goal in a 3–1 friendly loss against Argentina at Estadio José María Minella . However , he was not selected to Yugoslavias final squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup . Multiple newspapers at the time expressed surprise at Drobnjaks absence in Yugoslavias squad at the 1998 World Cup . His final international was an April 1998 friendly match against South Korea . Post-playing career . Drobnjak served as assistant manager to Branko Brnović at Montenegro from 2011 to 2015 . Honours . Club . Red Star Belgrade - FR Yugoslavia Cup : 1992–93 Lens - Championnat de France : 1997–98 Individual . - First League of FR Yugoslavia top scorer : 1992–93 |
[
"Red Star Belgrade"
] | easy | Which team did Anto Drobnjak play for from 1992 to 1994? | /wiki/Anto_Drobnjak#P54#1 | Anto Drobnjak Anto Drobnjak ( Cyrillic : Анто Дробњак ; born 21 September 1968 ) is a Montenegrin former professional footballer who played as a striker . He was one of two top scorers of the First League of Yugoslavia in 1993 when he played for Red Star Belgrade . Internationally , he played for Yugoslavias national football team in the qualification for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , although he was not selected to the countrys squad for the final tournament . Club career . Budućnost . Drobnjak joined Budućnost ahead of the 1987–88 season . He made his professional debut under coach Stanko Špaco Poklepović , during a time when Budućnost fielded their most accomplished generation at the time ; Drobnjaks teammates at Budućnost included Dragoje Leković , Branko Brnović , Željko Petrović , Predrag Mijatović , and Dejan Savićević . Drobnjak later attributed his early development to Špaco Poklepović : Red Star Belgrade . Drobnjak joined Red Star Belgrade ahead of the 1992–93 season , after which he was the leagues top scorer along with Vojvodinas Vesko Mihajlović . On 15 May 1993 , he scored the winning goal in the final of the 1993 Yugoslav Cup , in which Red Star beat Partizan 1–0 . He was Red Stars top scorer in the 1993–94 season along with teammate Ilija Ivić , and was fifth highest goal scorer in the league that season . Bastia . Amidst international sanctions against Yugoslavia , Drobnjak asked Red Stars sports director Dragan Džajić if there was any opportunity could leave both the club and country . Džajić got word of Bastias search for a classic center forward , and after negotiations through Džajić , Drobnjak signed a three-year contract with Bastia in 1994 . Under coach Frédéric Antonetti , he spent the following three seasons at the club , scoring 50 goals in 100 league games . On 3 May 1995 , Drobnjak scored a goal in the 1995 Coupe de la Ligue Final against Paris Saint-Germain , although it was denied by the referee . He signed a new three-year contract with Bastia in 1996 . At the end of the 1996–97 season , Drobnjak was the sixth highest goal scorer in the league and Bastia finished in seventh overall . As a result , he received offers from Olympique de Marseille and Lens , but he ultimately chose Lens due to Bastias bitter rivalry with Marseille . Lens . In 1997 , Drobnjak switched to fellow French club Lens , helping them win the league in his debut season under coach Daniel Leclercq . On 22 August 1997 , Leclercq gave Drobnjak the green light to start against Olympique de Marseille in spite of a lingering back injury ; Drobnjak went on to score a hat-trick in a 2–3 away win for Lens . On 15 November 1997 , he scored a hat-trick in a 5–4 win against AS Cannes . He was the fourth highest goal scorer in the league that season . Later career . He subsequently moved to Japan and played for Gamba Osaka . After a year , Drobnjak returned to France and joined Sochaux . He also spent one season at Martigues , before retiring in 2002 . International career . Between 1996 and 1998 , Drobnjak earned seven caps and scored three times for FR Yugoslavia . He made his debut on 6 October 1996 in a 1–8 away win against Faroe Islands under coach Slobodan Santrač during the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification . On 24 February 1998 , Drobnjak scored a goal in a 3–1 friendly loss against Argentina at Estadio José María Minella . However , he was not selected to Yugoslavias final squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup . Multiple newspapers at the time expressed surprise at Drobnjaks absence in Yugoslavias squad at the 1998 World Cup . His final international was an April 1998 friendly match against South Korea . Post-playing career . Drobnjak served as assistant manager to Branko Brnović at Montenegro from 2011 to 2015 . Honours . Club . Red Star Belgrade - FR Yugoslavia Cup : 1992–93 Lens - Championnat de France : 1997–98 Individual . - First League of FR Yugoslavia top scorer : 1992–93 |
[
"Bastia"
] | easy | Which team did Anto Drobnjak play for from 1994 to 1997? | /wiki/Anto_Drobnjak#P54#2 | Anto Drobnjak Anto Drobnjak ( Cyrillic : Анто Дробњак ; born 21 September 1968 ) is a Montenegrin former professional footballer who played as a striker . He was one of two top scorers of the First League of Yugoslavia in 1993 when he played for Red Star Belgrade . Internationally , he played for Yugoslavias national football team in the qualification for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , although he was not selected to the countrys squad for the final tournament . Club career . Budućnost . Drobnjak joined Budućnost ahead of the 1987–88 season . He made his professional debut under coach Stanko Špaco Poklepović , during a time when Budućnost fielded their most accomplished generation at the time ; Drobnjaks teammates at Budućnost included Dragoje Leković , Branko Brnović , Željko Petrović , Predrag Mijatović , and Dejan Savićević . Drobnjak later attributed his early development to Špaco Poklepović : Red Star Belgrade . Drobnjak joined Red Star Belgrade ahead of the 1992–93 season , after which he was the leagues top scorer along with Vojvodinas Vesko Mihajlović . On 15 May 1993 , he scored the winning goal in the final of the 1993 Yugoslav Cup , in which Red Star beat Partizan 1–0 . He was Red Stars top scorer in the 1993–94 season along with teammate Ilija Ivić , and was fifth highest goal scorer in the league that season . Bastia . Amidst international sanctions against Yugoslavia , Drobnjak asked Red Stars sports director Dragan Džajić if there was any opportunity could leave both the club and country . Džajić got word of Bastias search for a classic center forward , and after negotiations through Džajić , Drobnjak signed a three-year contract with Bastia in 1994 . Under coach Frédéric Antonetti , he spent the following three seasons at the club , scoring 50 goals in 100 league games . On 3 May 1995 , Drobnjak scored a goal in the 1995 Coupe de la Ligue Final against Paris Saint-Germain , although it was denied by the referee . He signed a new three-year contract with Bastia in 1996 . At the end of the 1996–97 season , Drobnjak was the sixth highest goal scorer in the league and Bastia finished in seventh overall . As a result , he received offers from Olympique de Marseille and Lens , but he ultimately chose Lens due to Bastias bitter rivalry with Marseille . Lens . In 1997 , Drobnjak switched to fellow French club Lens , helping them win the league in his debut season under coach Daniel Leclercq . On 22 August 1997 , Leclercq gave Drobnjak the green light to start against Olympique de Marseille in spite of a lingering back injury ; Drobnjak went on to score a hat-trick in a 2–3 away win for Lens . On 15 November 1997 , he scored a hat-trick in a 5–4 win against AS Cannes . He was the fourth highest goal scorer in the league that season . Later career . He subsequently moved to Japan and played for Gamba Osaka . After a year , Drobnjak returned to France and joined Sochaux . He also spent one season at Martigues , before retiring in 2002 . International career . Between 1996 and 1998 , Drobnjak earned seven caps and scored three times for FR Yugoslavia . He made his debut on 6 October 1996 in a 1–8 away win against Faroe Islands under coach Slobodan Santrač during the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification . On 24 February 1998 , Drobnjak scored a goal in a 3–1 friendly loss against Argentina at Estadio José María Minella . However , he was not selected to Yugoslavias final squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup . Multiple newspapers at the time expressed surprise at Drobnjaks absence in Yugoslavias squad at the 1998 World Cup . His final international was an April 1998 friendly match against South Korea . Post-playing career . Drobnjak served as assistant manager to Branko Brnović at Montenegro from 2011 to 2015 . Honours . Club . Red Star Belgrade - FR Yugoslavia Cup : 1992–93 Lens - Championnat de France : 1997–98 Individual . - First League of FR Yugoslavia top scorer : 1992–93 |
[
"Lens"
] | easy | Anto Drobnjak played for which team from 1997 to 1998? | /wiki/Anto_Drobnjak#P54#3 | Anto Drobnjak Anto Drobnjak ( Cyrillic : Анто Дробњак ; born 21 September 1968 ) is a Montenegrin former professional footballer who played as a striker . He was one of two top scorers of the First League of Yugoslavia in 1993 when he played for Red Star Belgrade . Internationally , he played for Yugoslavias national football team in the qualification for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , although he was not selected to the countrys squad for the final tournament . Club career . Budućnost . Drobnjak joined Budućnost ahead of the 1987–88 season . He made his professional debut under coach Stanko Špaco Poklepović , during a time when Budućnost fielded their most accomplished generation at the time ; Drobnjaks teammates at Budućnost included Dragoje Leković , Branko Brnović , Željko Petrović , Predrag Mijatović , and Dejan Savićević . Drobnjak later attributed his early development to Špaco Poklepović : Red Star Belgrade . Drobnjak joined Red Star Belgrade ahead of the 1992–93 season , after which he was the leagues top scorer along with Vojvodinas Vesko Mihajlović . On 15 May 1993 , he scored the winning goal in the final of the 1993 Yugoslav Cup , in which Red Star beat Partizan 1–0 . He was Red Stars top scorer in the 1993–94 season along with teammate Ilija Ivić , and was fifth highest goal scorer in the league that season . Bastia . Amidst international sanctions against Yugoslavia , Drobnjak asked Red Stars sports director Dragan Džajić if there was any opportunity could leave both the club and country . Džajić got word of Bastias search for a classic center forward , and after negotiations through Džajić , Drobnjak signed a three-year contract with Bastia in 1994 . Under coach Frédéric Antonetti , he spent the following three seasons at the club , scoring 50 goals in 100 league games . On 3 May 1995 , Drobnjak scored a goal in the 1995 Coupe de la Ligue Final against Paris Saint-Germain , although it was denied by the referee . He signed a new three-year contract with Bastia in 1996 . At the end of the 1996–97 season , Drobnjak was the sixth highest goal scorer in the league and Bastia finished in seventh overall . As a result , he received offers from Olympique de Marseille and Lens , but he ultimately chose Lens due to Bastias bitter rivalry with Marseille . Lens . In 1997 , Drobnjak switched to fellow French club Lens , helping them win the league in his debut season under coach Daniel Leclercq . On 22 August 1997 , Leclercq gave Drobnjak the green light to start against Olympique de Marseille in spite of a lingering back injury ; Drobnjak went on to score a hat-trick in a 2–3 away win for Lens . On 15 November 1997 , he scored a hat-trick in a 5–4 win against AS Cannes . He was the fourth highest goal scorer in the league that season . Later career . He subsequently moved to Japan and played for Gamba Osaka . After a year , Drobnjak returned to France and joined Sochaux . He also spent one season at Martigues , before retiring in 2002 . International career . Between 1996 and 1998 , Drobnjak earned seven caps and scored three times for FR Yugoslavia . He made his debut on 6 October 1996 in a 1–8 away win against Faroe Islands under coach Slobodan Santrač during the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification . On 24 February 1998 , Drobnjak scored a goal in a 3–1 friendly loss against Argentina at Estadio José María Minella . However , he was not selected to Yugoslavias final squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup . Multiple newspapers at the time expressed surprise at Drobnjaks absence in Yugoslavias squad at the 1998 World Cup . His final international was an April 1998 friendly match against South Korea . Post-playing career . Drobnjak served as assistant manager to Branko Brnović at Montenegro from 2011 to 2015 . Honours . Club . Red Star Belgrade - FR Yugoslavia Cup : 1992–93 Lens - Championnat de France : 1997–98 Individual . - First League of FR Yugoslavia top scorer : 1992–93 |
[
"Gamba Osaka"
] | easy | Anto Drobnjak played for which team from 1998 to 1999? | /wiki/Anto_Drobnjak#P54#4 | Anto Drobnjak Anto Drobnjak ( Cyrillic : Анто Дробњак ; born 21 September 1968 ) is a Montenegrin former professional footballer who played as a striker . He was one of two top scorers of the First League of Yugoslavia in 1993 when he played for Red Star Belgrade . Internationally , he played for Yugoslavias national football team in the qualification for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , although he was not selected to the countrys squad for the final tournament . Club career . Budućnost . Drobnjak joined Budućnost ahead of the 1987–88 season . He made his professional debut under coach Stanko Špaco Poklepović , during a time when Budućnost fielded their most accomplished generation at the time ; Drobnjaks teammates at Budućnost included Dragoje Leković , Branko Brnović , Željko Petrović , Predrag Mijatović , and Dejan Savićević . Drobnjak later attributed his early development to Špaco Poklepović : Red Star Belgrade . Drobnjak joined Red Star Belgrade ahead of the 1992–93 season , after which he was the leagues top scorer along with Vojvodinas Vesko Mihajlović . On 15 May 1993 , he scored the winning goal in the final of the 1993 Yugoslav Cup , in which Red Star beat Partizan 1–0 . He was Red Stars top scorer in the 1993–94 season along with teammate Ilija Ivić , and was fifth highest goal scorer in the league that season . Bastia . Amidst international sanctions against Yugoslavia , Drobnjak asked Red Stars sports director Dragan Džajić if there was any opportunity could leave both the club and country . Džajić got word of Bastias search for a classic center forward , and after negotiations through Džajić , Drobnjak signed a three-year contract with Bastia in 1994 . Under coach Frédéric Antonetti , he spent the following three seasons at the club , scoring 50 goals in 100 league games . On 3 May 1995 , Drobnjak scored a goal in the 1995 Coupe de la Ligue Final against Paris Saint-Germain , although it was denied by the referee . He signed a new three-year contract with Bastia in 1996 . At the end of the 1996–97 season , Drobnjak was the sixth highest goal scorer in the league and Bastia finished in seventh overall . As a result , he received offers from Olympique de Marseille and Lens , but he ultimately chose Lens due to Bastias bitter rivalry with Marseille . Lens . In 1997 , Drobnjak switched to fellow French club Lens , helping them win the league in his debut season under coach Daniel Leclercq . On 22 August 1997 , Leclercq gave Drobnjak the green light to start against Olympique de Marseille in spite of a lingering back injury ; Drobnjak went on to score a hat-trick in a 2–3 away win for Lens . On 15 November 1997 , he scored a hat-trick in a 5–4 win against AS Cannes . He was the fourth highest goal scorer in the league that season . Later career . He subsequently moved to Japan and played for Gamba Osaka . After a year , Drobnjak returned to France and joined Sochaux . He also spent one season at Martigues , before retiring in 2002 . International career . Between 1996 and 1998 , Drobnjak earned seven caps and scored three times for FR Yugoslavia . He made his debut on 6 October 1996 in a 1–8 away win against Faroe Islands under coach Slobodan Santrač during the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification . On 24 February 1998 , Drobnjak scored a goal in a 3–1 friendly loss against Argentina at Estadio José María Minella . However , he was not selected to Yugoslavias final squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup . Multiple newspapers at the time expressed surprise at Drobnjaks absence in Yugoslavias squad at the 1998 World Cup . His final international was an April 1998 friendly match against South Korea . Post-playing career . Drobnjak served as assistant manager to Branko Brnović at Montenegro from 2011 to 2015 . Honours . Club . Red Star Belgrade - FR Yugoslavia Cup : 1992–93 Lens - Championnat de France : 1997–98 Individual . - First League of FR Yugoslavia top scorer : 1992–93 |
Subsets and Splits