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[ "McDonnell Douglas" ]	easy	Who did Douglas Engelbart work for from 1984 to 1986?	/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart#P108#3	Douglas Engelbart Douglas Carl Engelbart ( January 30 , 1925 – July 2 , 2013 ) was an American engineer and inventor , and an early computer and Internet pioneer . He is best known for his work on founding the field of human–computer interaction , particularly while at his Augmentation Research Center Lab in SRI International , which resulted in creation of the computer mouse , and the development of hypertext , networked computers , and precursors to graphical user interfaces . These were demonstrated at The Mother of All Demos in 1968 . Engelbarts law , the observation that the intrinsic rate of human performance is exponential , is named after him . NLS , the oN-Line System , developed by the Augmentation Research Center under Engelbarts guidance with funding primarily from ARPA ( as DARPA was then known ) , demonstrated numerous technologies , most of which are now in widespread use ; it included the computer mouse , bitmapped screens , hypertext ; all of which were displayed at The Mother of All Demos in 1968 . The lab was transferred from SRI to Tymshare in the late 1970s , which was acquired by McDonnell Douglas in 1984 , and NLS was renamed Augment ( now the Doug Engelbart Institute ) . At both Tymshare and McDonnell Douglas , Engelbart was limited by a lack of interest in his ideas and funding to pursue them , and retired in 1986 . In 1988 , Engelbart and his daughter Christina launched the Bootstrap Institute – later known as The Doug Engelbart Institute – to promote his vision , especially at Stanford University ; this effort did result in some DARPA funding to modernize the user interface of Augment . In December 2000 , United States President Bill Clinton awarded Engelbart the National Medal of Technology , the U.S.s highest technology award . In December 2008 , Engelbart was honored by SRI at the 40th anniversary of the Mother of All Demos . Early life and education . Engelbart was born in Portland , Oregon , on January 30 , 1925 , to Carl Louis Engelbart and Gladys Charlotte Amelia Munson Engelbart . His ancestors were of German , Swedish and Norwegian descent . He was the middle of three children , with a sister Dorianne ( three years older ) , and a brother David ( 14 months younger ) . The family lived in Portland , Oregon , in his early years , and moved to the surrounding countryside along Johnson Creek when he was 8 . His father died one year later . He graduated from Portlands Franklin High School in 1942 . Midway through his undergraduate years at Oregon State University , he served two years in the United States Navy as a radio and radar technician in the Philippines . It was there on a small island , in a tiny hut on stilts , he read Vannevar Bushs article As We May Think , which greatly inspired him . He returned to Oregon State and completed his bachelors degree in electrical engineering in 1948 . While at Oregon State , he was a member of Sigma Phi Epsilon social fraternity . He was hired by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics at the Ames Research Center , where he worked in wind tunnel maintenance . In his off hours he enjoyed hiking , camping , and folk dancing . It was there he met Ballard Fish ( August 18 , 1928 – June 18 , 1997 ) , who was just completing her training to become an occupational therapist . They were married in Portola State Park on May 5 , 1951 . Soon after , Engelbart left Ames to pursue graduate studies at the University of California , Berkeley . There , he received an M.S . in electrical engineering in 1953 and a Ph.D . in the discipline in 1955 . Career and accomplishments . Guiding philosophy . Engelbarts career was inspired in December 1950 when he was engaged to be married and realized he had no career goals other than a steady job , getting married and living happily ever after . Over several months he reasoned that : 1 . he would focus his career on making the world a better place 2 . any serious effort to make the world better would require some kind of organized effort that harnessed the collective human intellect of all people to contribute to effective solutions . 3 . if you could dramatically improve how we do that , youd be boosting every effort on the planet to solve important problems – the sooner the better 4 . computers could be the vehicle for dramatically improving this capability . In 1945 , Engelbart had read with interest Vannevar Bushs article As We May Think , a call to action for making knowledge widely available as a national peacetime grand challenge . He had also read something about the recent phenomenon of computers , and from his experience as a radar technician , he knew that information could be analyzed and displayed on a screen . He envisioned intellectual workers sitting at display working stations , flying through information space , harnessing their collective intellectual capacity to solve important problems together in much more powerful ways . Harnessing collective intellect , facilitated by interactive computers , became his lifes mission at a time when computers were viewed as number crunching tools . As a graduate student at Berkeley , he assisted in the construction of CALDIC . His graduate work led to eight patents . After completing his doctorate , Engelbart stayed on at Berkeley as an assistant professor for a year before departing when it became clear that he could not pursue his vision there . Engelbart then formed a startup company , Digital Techniques , to commercialize some of his doctoral research on storage devices , but after a year decided instead to pursue the research he had been dreaming of since 1951 . SRI and the Augmentation Research Center . Engelbart took a position at SRI International ( known then as Stanford Research Institute ) in Menlo Park , California in 1957 . He worked for Hewitt Crane on magnetic devices and miniaturization of electronics ; Engelbart and Crane became close friends . At SRI , Engelbart soon obtained a dozen patents , and by 1962 produced a report about his vision and proposed research agenda titled Augmenting Human Intellect : A Conceptual Framework . Among other highlights , this paper introduced Building Information Modelling , which architectural and engineering practice eventually adopted ( first as parametric design ) in the 1990s and after . This led to funding from ARPA to launch his work . Engelbart recruited a research team in his new Augmentation Research Center ( ARC , the lab he founded at SRI ) . Engelbart embedded a set of organizing principles in his lab , which he termed bootstrapping strategy . He designed the strategy to accelerate the rate of innovation of his lab . The ARC became the driving force behind the design and development of the oN-Line System ( NLS ) . He and his team developed computer interface elements such as bitmapped screens , the mouse , hypertext , collaborative tools , and precursors to the graphical user interface . He conceived and developed many of his user interface ideas in the mid-1960s , long before the personal computer revolution , at a time when most computers were inaccessible to individuals who could only use computers through intermediaries ( see batch processing ) , and when software tended to be written for vertical applications in proprietary systems . Engelbart applied for a patent in 1967 and received it in 1970 , for the wooden shell with two metal wheels ( computer mouse – ) , which he had developed with Bill English , his lead engineer , sometime before 1965 . In the patent application it is described as an X-Y position indicator for a display system . Engelbart later revealed that it was nicknamed the mouse because the tail came out the end . His group also called the on-screen cursor a bug , but this term was not widely adopted . He never received any royalties for the invention of the mouse . During an interview , he said SRI patented the mouse , but they really had no idea of its value . Some years later it was learned that they had licensed it to Apple Computer for something like $40,000 . Engelbart showcased the chorded keyboard and many more of his and ARCs inventions in 1968 at The Mother of All Demos . Tymshare and McDonnell Douglas . Engelbart slipped into relative obscurity by the mid-1970s . As early as 1970 , several of his researchers became alienated from him and left his organization for Xerox PARC , in part due to frustration , and in part due to differing views of the future of computing . Engelbart saw the future in collaborative , networked , timeshare ( client-server ) computers , which younger programmers rejected in favor of the personal computer . The conflict was both technical and ideological : the younger programmers came from an era where centralized power was highly suspect , and personal computing was just barely on the horizon . Beginning in 1972 , several key ARC personnel were involved in Erhard Seminars Training ( EST ) , with Engelbart ultimately serving on the corporations board of directors for many years . Although EST had been recommended by other researchers , the controversial nature of EST and other social experiments reduced the morale and social cohesion of the ARC community . The 1969 Mansfield Amendment , which ended military funding of non-military research , the end of the Vietnam War , and the end of the Apollo program gradually reduced ARCs funding from ARPA and NASA throughout the early 1970s . SRIs management , which disapproved of Engelbarts approach to running the center , placed the remains of ARC under the control of artificial intelligence researcher Bertram Raphael , who negotiated the transfer of the laboratory to a company called Tymshare in 1976 . Engelbarts house in Atherton , California burned down during this period , causing him and his family further problems . Tymshare took over NLS and the lab that Engelbart had founded , hired most of the labs staff ( including its creator as a Senior Scientist ) , renamed the software Augment , and offered it as a commercial service via its new Office Automation Division . Tymshare was already somewhat familiar with NLS ; when ARC was still operational , it had experimented with its own local copy of the NLS software on a minicomputer called OFFICE-1 , as part of a joint project with ARC . At Tymshare , Engelbart soon found himself further marginalized . Operational concerns at Tymshare overrode Engelbarts desire to conduct ongoing research . Various executives , first at Tymshare and later at McDonnell Douglas , which acquired Tymshare in 1984 , expressed interest in his ideas , but never committed the funds or the people to further develop them . His interest inside of McDonnell Douglas was focused on the enormous knowledge management and IT requirements involved in the life cycle of an aerospace program , which served to strengthen Engelbarts resolve to motivate the information technology arena toward global interoperability and an open hyperdocument system . Engelbart retired from McDonnell Douglas in 1986 , determined to pursue his work free from commercial pressure . Bootstrap and the Doug Engelbart Institute . Teaming with his daughter , Christina Engelbart , he founded the Bootstrap Institute in 1988 to coalesce his ideas into a series of three-day and half-day management seminars offered at Stanford University from 1989 to 2000 . By the early 1990s there was sufficient interest among his seminar graduates to launch a collaborative implementation of his work , and the Bootstrap Alliance was formed as a non-profit home base for this effort . Although the invasion of Iraq and subsequent recession spawned a rash of belt-tightening reorganizations which drastically redirected the efforts of their alliance partners , they continued with the management seminars , consulting , and small-scale collaborations . In the mid-1990s they were awarded some DARPA funding to develop a modern user interface to Augment , called Visual AugTerm ( VAT ) , while participating in a larger program addressing the IT requirements of the Joint Task Force . Engelbart was Founder Emeritus of the Doug Engelbart Institute , which he founded in 1988 with his daughter Christina Engelbart , who is Executive Director . The Institute promotes Engelbarts philosophy for boosting Collective IQ—the concept of dramatically improving how we can solve important problems together—using a strategic bootstrapping approach for accelerating our progress toward that goal . In 2005 , Engelbart received a National Science Foundation grant to fund the open source HyperScope project . The Hyperscope team built a browser component using Ajax and Dynamic HTML designed to replicate Augments multiple viewing and jumping capabilities ( linking within and across various documents ) . Later years and death . Engelbart attended the Program for the Future 2010 Conference where hundreds of people convened at The Tech Museum in San Jose and online to engage in dialog about how to pursue his vision to augment collective intelligence . The most complete coverage of Engelbarts bootstrapping ideas can be found in Boosting Our Collective IQ , by Douglas C . Engelbart , 1995 . This includes three of Engelbarts key papers , edited into book form by Yuri Rubinsky and Christina Engelbart to commemorate the presentation of the 1995 SoftQuad Web Award to Doug Engelbart at the World Wide Web conference in Boston in December 1995 . Only 2,000 softcover copies were printed , and 100 hardcover , numbered and signed by Engelbart and Tim Berners-Lee . Engelbarts book is now being republished by the Doug Engelbart Institute . Two comprehensive histories of Engelbarts laboratory and work are in What the Dormouse Said : How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry by John Markoff and A Heritage of Innovation : SRIs First Half Century by Donald Neilson . Other books on Engelbart and his laboratory include Bootstrapping : Douglas Engelbart , Coevolution , and the Origins of Personal Computing by Thierry Bardini and The Engelbart Hypothesis : Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart , by Valerie Landau and Eileen Clegg in conversation with Douglas Engelbart . All four of these books are based on interviews with Engelbart as well as other contributors in his laboratory . Engelbart served on the Advisory Boards of the University of Santa Clara Center for Science , Technology , and Society , Foresight Institute , Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility , The Technology Center of Silicon Valley , and The Liquid Information Company . Engelbart had four children , Gerda , Diana , Christina and Norman with his first wife Ballard , who died in 1997 after 47 years of marriage . He remarried on January 26 , 2008 to writer and producer Karen OLeary Engelbart . An 85th birthday celebration was held at the Tech Museum of Innovation . Engelbart died at his home in Atherton , California on July 2 , 2013 , due to kidney failure . His close friend and fellow internet pioneer , Ted Nelson , gave a speech paying tribute to Engelbart . According to the Doug Engelbart Institute , his death came after a long battle with Alzheimers disease , which he was diagnosed with in 2007 . Engelbart was 88 and was survived by his second wife , the four children from his first marriage , and nine grandchildren . Anecdotal notes . Historian of science Thierry Bardini argues that Engelbarts complex personal philosophy ( which drove all his research ) foreshadowed the modern application of the concept of coevolution to the philosophy and use of technology . Bardini points out that Engelbart was strongly influenced by the principle of linguistic relativity developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf . Where Whorf reasoned that the sophistication of a language controls the sophistication of the thoughts that can be expressed by a speaker of that language , Engelbart reasoned that the state of our current technology controls our ability to manipulate information , and that fact in turn will control our ability to develop new , improved technologies . He thus set himself to the revolutionary task of developing computer-based technologies for manipulating information directly , and also to improve individual and group processes for knowledge-work . Honors . Since the late 1980s , prominent individuals and organizations have recognized the seminal importance of Engelbarts contributions . In December 1995 , at the Fourth WWW Conference in Boston , he was the first recipient of what would later become the Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award . In 1997 he was awarded the Lemelson-MIT Prize of $500,000 , the worlds largest single prize for invention and innovation , and the ACM Turing Award . To mark the 30th anniversary of Engelbarts 1968 demo , in 1998 the Stanford Silicon Valley Archives and the Institute for the Future hosted Engelbarts Unfinished Revolution , a symposium at Stanford Universitys Memorial Auditorium , to honor Engelbart and his ideas . He was inducted into National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1998 . Also in 1998 , Association for Computing Machinery ( ACM ) SIGCHI awarded Engelbart the CHI Lifetime Achievement Award . ACM SIGCHI later inducted Engelbart into the CHI Academy in 2002 . Engelbart was awarded The Franklin Institutes Certificate of Merit in 1996 and the Benjamin Franklin Medal in 1999 in Computer and Cognitive Science . In early 2000 Engelbart produced , with volunteers and sponsors , what was called The Unfinished Revolution – II , also known as the Engelbart Colloquium at Stanford University , to document and publicize his work and ideas to a larger audience ( live , and online ) . In December 2000 , U.S . President Bill Clinton awarded Engelbart the National Medal of Technology , the countrys highest technology award . In 2001 he was awarded the British Computer Societys Lovelace Medal . In 2005 , he was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum for advancing the study of human–computer interaction , developing the mouse input device , and for the application of computers to improving organizational efficiency . He was honored with the Norbert Wiener Award , which is given annually by Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility . Robert X . Cringely did an hour-long interview with Engelbart on December 9 , 2005 in his NerdTV video podcast series . On December 9 , 2008 , Engelbart was honored at the 40th Anniversary celebration of the 1968 Mother of All Demos . This event , produced by SRI International , was held at Memorial Auditorium at Stanford University . Speakers included several members of Engelbarts original Augmentation Research Center ( ARC ) team including Don Andrews , Bill Paxton , Bill English , and Jeff Rulifson , Engelbarts chief government sponsor Bob Taylor , and other pioneers of interactive computing , including Andy van Dam and Alan Kay . In addition , Christina Engelbart spoke about her fathers early influences and the ongoing work of the Doug Engelbart Institute . In June 2009 , the New Media Consortium recognized Engelbart as an NMC Fellow for his lifetime of achievements . In 2011 , Engelbart was inducted into IEEE Intelligent Systems AIs Hall of Fame . Engelbart received the first honorary Doctor of Engineering and Technology degree from Yale University in May 2011 .
[ "Sembilan FA" ]	easy	Which team did Mohd Zaquan Adha Abdul Radzak play for from 2004 to 2006?	/wiki/Mohd_Zaquan_Adha_Abdul_Radzak#P54#0	Mohd Zaquan Adha Abdul Radzak Mohamad Zaquan Adha bin Abd . Radzak ( born 3 August 1987 ) is a Malaysian professional footballer who plays as a forward for the Malaysia Premier League team Negeri Sembilan and the Malaysia national team . He is the younger of a set of twins ; his brother , Aidil Zafuan , is also a footballer . Club career . Negeri Sembilan FA . Zaquan started representing the Negeri Sembilan FA football team in the 2004 SUKMA Games . He , with his twin brother , helped the team to win a gold medal in the 2004 SUKMA Games . In the 2005–06 season , he and his brother were promoted into the senior team , and Negeri Sembilan also won their first Malaysia Super League title . His contract with Negeri Sembilan was scheduled to end at the end of the 2008 season . Zaquan and his brother had been attracting interest from several Slovakian top league clubs . He had confirmed that he and his brother would sign a contract with an unnamed Slovak Corgoň Liga team after the 2008 AFF Suzuki Cup . However , he and Aidil remained with Negeri Sembilan . Malaysian Armed Forces . In December 2011 , it was announced that Zaquan signed a contract with the Malaysia Premier League team , Malaysian Armed Forces FA . He has helped the club win the 2012 Malaysia Premier League title and reach the 2012 Malaysia Cup final before losing to Kelantan 3–2 . Johor Darul Tazim . For the 2013 season , Zaquan joined the rebranded club Johor Darul Tazim F.C . along with his twin brother . Johor Darul Tazim II . On 9 November 2013 , it was announced that Zaquan was demoted to Johor Darul Tazim II in the Malaysia Premier League after one season playing for Johor Darul Tazim for the 2013 season . Perak TBG . On 21 December 2016 , Zaquan signed a one-year contract with Malaysia Super League club Perak . He scored his first goal for his new club in a 2–2 draw against Felda United . He then converted a penalty against Selangor FA in a 1–0 victory against the Red Giants . Kuala Lumpur FA . On 5 December 2017 , Zaquan signed a contract with newly promoted side Kuala Lumpur . He made his debut and scored his first goal for the club in a dramatic 4–3 victory against Kedah FA . He scored his second goal for the club in a dramatic Klang Valley Derby during the 2018 Malaysia FA Cup quarter finals . Despite KL winning 3–0 , they eventually lost on penalties ( 8–7 ) . Negeri Sembilan FC . It was reported by the Malaysian news site Utusan Malaysia that Zaquan has signed for Negeri Sembilan FC on December 2020 . Negeri Sembilan FC is a rebrand of Negeri Sembilan FA football team , the team which he played his first professional football for . In 2021 , he appeared as the model on the advertisement for the Negeri Sembilan FCs jerseys for the 2021 Malaysian league season . International career . Youth . Zaquan has been representing Malaysia since he was 14 years old , with his twin brother Mohd Aidil Zafuan Abdul Radzak . He was part of the Malaysia youth squad for 2004 AFC Youth Championship . He was then called up by coach K . Rajagopal in the 2006 AFC Youth Championship qualifier against Myanmar . He scored 2 goals in the qualifier to take Malaysia into their second appearance in a row to the 2006 AFC Youth Championship held in India . However , he didnt make it into the tournament , after he received an injury . Malaysia U23 . Zaquan was called up by Malaysia U23 national coach B . Sathianathan during the 2008 Olympic games qualifier fourth group match against Hong Kong , after he recovered from an injury . During the 2007 Merdeka Tournament , Zaquan scored 3 goals , one of them in the final against Myanmar . Malaysia beat Myanmar 3–1 and took the trophy for the first time since last winning it in 1993 . He was then chosen for the 2007 Southeast Asian Games . Malaysia however failed to advanced after a draw against rivals Singapore . Senior . Zaquan made his senior debut against Bahrain in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier . Malaysia lost their first match of the qualifier 4–1 before drawing 0–0 at Shah Alam . Zaquan also represented the Malaysia XI ( also known as the Malaysia B team that represents Malaysia for B matches ) squad against Chelsea at Shah Alam Stadium on 29 July 2008 . He was one of Malaysia impressive players on the match . He had the chances to score but was denied by Petr Čech . The Malaysia XI eventually lost 0–2 . On 24 March 2018 , he was called up again and was named captain for the match against Lebanon in the 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers , where Malaysia lost 2–1 . He was again named in the squad and captain for the friendly against Bhutan , where he captained and scored 4 goals in the 7–0 victory , ending Malaysias 2 years and 12 games winless run . Zaquan was chosen as captain again for the Malaysian team in their AFF Suzuki Cup 2018 campaign by coach Tan Cheng Hoe . Career statistics . International goals . Not FIFA A International match . Honours . Club . Negeri Sembilan - Sukma Games : 2004 - Malaysia Super League : 2005-06 - Malaysia Cup : 2009 , 2011 - Fa Cup : 2010 - Malaysia Premier League : 2012 - Kedah - Malaysia FA Cup : 2019 International . - Merdeka Tournament : 2007 - Southeast Asian Games : 2009 Individual . - FAM Football Awards Best Young Players : 2006-07 External links . - Mohd Zaquan Adha Abdul Radzaks Profile at F.A.M . website
[ "Malaysia youth squad" ]	easy	Mohd Zaquan Adha Abdul Radzak played for which team from 2006 to 2008?	/wiki/Mohd_Zaquan_Adha_Abdul_Radzak#P54#1	Mohd Zaquan Adha Abdul Radzak Mohamad Zaquan Adha bin Abd . Radzak ( born 3 August 1987 ) is a Malaysian professional footballer who plays as a forward for the Malaysia Premier League team Negeri Sembilan and the Malaysia national team . He is the younger of a set of twins ; his brother , Aidil Zafuan , is also a footballer . Club career . Negeri Sembilan FA . Zaquan started representing the Negeri Sembilan FA football team in the 2004 SUKMA Games . He , with his twin brother , helped the team to win a gold medal in the 2004 SUKMA Games . In the 2005–06 season , he and his brother were promoted into the senior team , and Negeri Sembilan also won their first Malaysia Super League title . His contract with Negeri Sembilan was scheduled to end at the end of the 2008 season . Zaquan and his brother had been attracting interest from several Slovakian top league clubs . He had confirmed that he and his brother would sign a contract with an unnamed Slovak Corgoň Liga team after the 2008 AFF Suzuki Cup . However , he and Aidil remained with Negeri Sembilan . Malaysian Armed Forces . In December 2011 , it was announced that Zaquan signed a contract with the Malaysia Premier League team , Malaysian Armed Forces FA . He has helped the club win the 2012 Malaysia Premier League title and reach the 2012 Malaysia Cup final before losing to Kelantan 3–2 . Johor Darul Tazim . For the 2013 season , Zaquan joined the rebranded club Johor Darul Tazim F.C . along with his twin brother . Johor Darul Tazim II . On 9 November 2013 , it was announced that Zaquan was demoted to Johor Darul Tazim II in the Malaysia Premier League after one season playing for Johor Darul Tazim for the 2013 season . Perak TBG . On 21 December 2016 , Zaquan signed a one-year contract with Malaysia Super League club Perak . He scored his first goal for his new club in a 2–2 draw against Felda United . He then converted a penalty against Selangor FA in a 1–0 victory against the Red Giants . Kuala Lumpur FA . On 5 December 2017 , Zaquan signed a contract with newly promoted side Kuala Lumpur . He made his debut and scored his first goal for the club in a dramatic 4–3 victory against Kedah FA . He scored his second goal for the club in a dramatic Klang Valley Derby during the 2018 Malaysia FA Cup quarter finals . Despite KL winning 3–0 , they eventually lost on penalties ( 8–7 ) . Negeri Sembilan FC . It was reported by the Malaysian news site Utusan Malaysia that Zaquan has signed for Negeri Sembilan FC on December 2020 . Negeri Sembilan FC is a rebrand of Negeri Sembilan FA football team , the team which he played his first professional football for . In 2021 , he appeared as the model on the advertisement for the Negeri Sembilan FCs jerseys for the 2021 Malaysian league season . International career . Youth . Zaquan has been representing Malaysia since he was 14 years old , with his twin brother Mohd Aidil Zafuan Abdul Radzak . He was part of the Malaysia youth squad for 2004 AFC Youth Championship . He was then called up by coach K . Rajagopal in the 2006 AFC Youth Championship qualifier against Myanmar . He scored 2 goals in the qualifier to take Malaysia into their second appearance in a row to the 2006 AFC Youth Championship held in India . However , he didnt make it into the tournament , after he received an injury . Malaysia U23 . Zaquan was called up by Malaysia U23 national coach B . Sathianathan during the 2008 Olympic games qualifier fourth group match against Hong Kong , after he recovered from an injury . During the 2007 Merdeka Tournament , Zaquan scored 3 goals , one of them in the final against Myanmar . Malaysia beat Myanmar 3–1 and took the trophy for the first time since last winning it in 1993 . He was then chosen for the 2007 Southeast Asian Games . Malaysia however failed to advanced after a draw against rivals Singapore . Senior . Zaquan made his senior debut against Bahrain in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier . Malaysia lost their first match of the qualifier 4–1 before drawing 0–0 at Shah Alam . Zaquan also represented the Malaysia XI ( also known as the Malaysia B team that represents Malaysia for B matches ) squad against Chelsea at Shah Alam Stadium on 29 July 2008 . He was one of Malaysia impressive players on the match . He had the chances to score but was denied by Petr Čech . The Malaysia XI eventually lost 0–2 . On 24 March 2018 , he was called up again and was named captain for the match against Lebanon in the 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers , where Malaysia lost 2–1 . He was again named in the squad and captain for the friendly against Bhutan , where he captained and scored 4 goals in the 7–0 victory , ending Malaysias 2 years and 12 games winless run . Zaquan was chosen as captain again for the Malaysian team in their AFF Suzuki Cup 2018 campaign by coach Tan Cheng Hoe . Career statistics . International goals . Not FIFA A International match . Honours . Club . Negeri Sembilan - Sukma Games : 2004 - Malaysia Super League : 2005-06 - Malaysia Cup : 2009 , 2011 - Fa Cup : 2010 - Malaysia Premier League : 2012 - Kedah - Malaysia FA Cup : 2019 International . - Merdeka Tournament : 2007 - Southeast Asian Games : 2009 Individual . - FAM Football Awards Best Young Players : 2006-07 External links . - Mohd Zaquan Adha Abdul Radzaks Profile at F.A.M . website
[ "Malaysia U23" ]	easy	Which team did Mohd Zaquan Adha Abdul Radzak play for from 2008 to 2014?	/wiki/Mohd_Zaquan_Adha_Abdul_Radzak#P54#2	Mohd Zaquan Adha Abdul Radzak Mohamad Zaquan Adha bin Abd . Radzak ( born 3 August 1987 ) is a Malaysian professional footballer who plays as a forward for the Malaysia Premier League team Negeri Sembilan and the Malaysia national team . He is the younger of a set of twins ; his brother , Aidil Zafuan , is also a footballer . Club career . Negeri Sembilan FA . Zaquan started representing the Negeri Sembilan FA football team in the 2004 SUKMA Games . He , with his twin brother , helped the team to win a gold medal in the 2004 SUKMA Games . In the 2005–06 season , he and his brother were promoted into the senior team , and Negeri Sembilan also won their first Malaysia Super League title . His contract with Negeri Sembilan was scheduled to end at the end of the 2008 season . Zaquan and his brother had been attracting interest from several Slovakian top league clubs . He had confirmed that he and his brother would sign a contract with an unnamed Slovak Corgoň Liga team after the 2008 AFF Suzuki Cup . However , he and Aidil remained with Negeri Sembilan . Malaysian Armed Forces . In December 2011 , it was announced that Zaquan signed a contract with the Malaysia Premier League team , Malaysian Armed Forces FA . He has helped the club win the 2012 Malaysia Premier League title and reach the 2012 Malaysia Cup final before losing to Kelantan 3–2 . Johor Darul Tazim . For the 2013 season , Zaquan joined the rebranded club Johor Darul Tazim F.C . along with his twin brother . Johor Darul Tazim II . On 9 November 2013 , it was announced that Zaquan was demoted to Johor Darul Tazim II in the Malaysia Premier League after one season playing for Johor Darul Tazim for the 2013 season . Perak TBG . On 21 December 2016 , Zaquan signed a one-year contract with Malaysia Super League club Perak . He scored his first goal for his new club in a 2–2 draw against Felda United . He then converted a penalty against Selangor FA in a 1–0 victory against the Red Giants . Kuala Lumpur FA . On 5 December 2017 , Zaquan signed a contract with newly promoted side Kuala Lumpur . He made his debut and scored his first goal for the club in a dramatic 4–3 victory against Kedah FA . He scored his second goal for the club in a dramatic Klang Valley Derby during the 2018 Malaysia FA Cup quarter finals . Despite KL winning 3–0 , they eventually lost on penalties ( 8–7 ) . Negeri Sembilan FC . It was reported by the Malaysian news site Utusan Malaysia that Zaquan has signed for Negeri Sembilan FC on December 2020 . Negeri Sembilan FC is a rebrand of Negeri Sembilan FA football team , the team which he played his first professional football for . In 2021 , he appeared as the model on the advertisement for the Negeri Sembilan FCs jerseys for the 2021 Malaysian league season . International career . Youth . Zaquan has been representing Malaysia since he was 14 years old , with his twin brother Mohd Aidil Zafuan Abdul Radzak . He was part of the Malaysia youth squad for 2004 AFC Youth Championship . He was then called up by coach K . Rajagopal in the 2006 AFC Youth Championship qualifier against Myanmar . He scored 2 goals in the qualifier to take Malaysia into their second appearance in a row to the 2006 AFC Youth Championship held in India . However , he didnt make it into the tournament , after he received an injury . Malaysia U23 . Zaquan was called up by Malaysia U23 national coach B . Sathianathan during the 2008 Olympic games qualifier fourth group match against Hong Kong , after he recovered from an injury . During the 2007 Merdeka Tournament , Zaquan scored 3 goals , one of them in the final against Myanmar . Malaysia beat Myanmar 3–1 and took the trophy for the first time since last winning it in 1993 . He was then chosen for the 2007 Southeast Asian Games . Malaysia however failed to advanced after a draw against rivals Singapore . Senior . Zaquan made his senior debut against Bahrain in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier . Malaysia lost their first match of the qualifier 4–1 before drawing 0–0 at Shah Alam . Zaquan also represented the Malaysia XI ( also known as the Malaysia B team that represents Malaysia for B matches ) squad against Chelsea at Shah Alam Stadium on 29 July 2008 . He was one of Malaysia impressive players on the match . He had the chances to score but was denied by Petr Čech . The Malaysia XI eventually lost 0–2 . On 24 March 2018 , he was called up again and was named captain for the match against Lebanon in the 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers , where Malaysia lost 2–1 . He was again named in the squad and captain for the friendly against Bhutan , where he captained and scored 4 goals in the 7–0 victory , ending Malaysias 2 years and 12 games winless run . Zaquan was chosen as captain again for the Malaysian team in their AFF Suzuki Cup 2018 campaign by coach Tan Cheng Hoe . Career statistics . International goals . Not FIFA A International match . Honours . Club . Negeri Sembilan - Sukma Games : 2004 - Malaysia Super League : 2005-06 - Malaysia Cup : 2009 , 2011 - Fa Cup : 2010 - Malaysia Premier League : 2012 - Kedah - Malaysia FA Cup : 2019 International . - Merdeka Tournament : 2007 - Southeast Asian Games : 2009 Individual . - FAM Football Awards Best Young Players : 2006-07 External links . - Mohd Zaquan Adha Abdul Radzaks Profile at F.A.M . website
[ "Malaysia" ]	easy	Which team did Mohd Zaquan Adha Abdul Radzak play for from 2014 to 2015?	/wiki/Mohd_Zaquan_Adha_Abdul_Radzak#P54#3	Mohd Zaquan Adha Abdul Radzak Mohamad Zaquan Adha bin Abd . Radzak ( born 3 August 1987 ) is a Malaysian professional footballer who plays as a forward for the Malaysia Premier League team Negeri Sembilan and the Malaysia national team . He is the younger of a set of twins ; his brother , Aidil Zafuan , is also a footballer . Club career . Negeri Sembilan FA . Zaquan started representing the Negeri Sembilan FA football team in the 2004 SUKMA Games . He , with his twin brother , helped the team to win a gold medal in the 2004 SUKMA Games . In the 2005–06 season , he and his brother were promoted into the senior team , and Negeri Sembilan also won their first Malaysia Super League title . His contract with Negeri Sembilan was scheduled to end at the end of the 2008 season . Zaquan and his brother had been attracting interest from several Slovakian top league clubs . He had confirmed that he and his brother would sign a contract with an unnamed Slovak Corgoň Liga team after the 2008 AFF Suzuki Cup . However , he and Aidil remained with Negeri Sembilan . Malaysian Armed Forces . In December 2011 , it was announced that Zaquan signed a contract with the Malaysia Premier League team , Malaysian Armed Forces FA . He has helped the club win the 2012 Malaysia Premier League title and reach the 2012 Malaysia Cup final before losing to Kelantan 3–2 . Johor Darul Tazim . For the 2013 season , Zaquan joined the rebranded club Johor Darul Tazim F.C . along with his twin brother . Johor Darul Tazim II . On 9 November 2013 , it was announced that Zaquan was demoted to Johor Darul Tazim II in the Malaysia Premier League after one season playing for Johor Darul Tazim for the 2013 season . Perak TBG . On 21 December 2016 , Zaquan signed a one-year contract with Malaysia Super League club Perak . He scored his first goal for his new club in a 2–2 draw against Felda United . He then converted a penalty against Selangor FA in a 1–0 victory against the Red Giants . Kuala Lumpur FA . On 5 December 2017 , Zaquan signed a contract with newly promoted side Kuala Lumpur . He made his debut and scored his first goal for the club in a dramatic 4–3 victory against Kedah FA . He scored his second goal for the club in a dramatic Klang Valley Derby during the 2018 Malaysia FA Cup quarter finals . Despite KL winning 3–0 , they eventually lost on penalties ( 8–7 ) . Negeri Sembilan FC . It was reported by the Malaysian news site Utusan Malaysia that Zaquan has signed for Negeri Sembilan FC on December 2020 . Negeri Sembilan FC is a rebrand of Negeri Sembilan FA football team , the team which he played his first professional football for . In 2021 , he appeared as the model on the advertisement for the Negeri Sembilan FCs jerseys for the 2021 Malaysian league season . International career . Youth . Zaquan has been representing Malaysia since he was 14 years old , with his twin brother Mohd Aidil Zafuan Abdul Radzak . He was part of the Malaysia youth squad for 2004 AFC Youth Championship . He was then called up by coach K . Rajagopal in the 2006 AFC Youth Championship qualifier against Myanmar . He scored 2 goals in the qualifier to take Malaysia into their second appearance in a row to the 2006 AFC Youth Championship held in India . However , he didnt make it into the tournament , after he received an injury . Malaysia U23 . Zaquan was called up by Malaysia U23 national coach B . Sathianathan during the 2008 Olympic games qualifier fourth group match against Hong Kong , after he recovered from an injury . During the 2007 Merdeka Tournament , Zaquan scored 3 goals , one of them in the final against Myanmar . Malaysia beat Myanmar 3–1 and took the trophy for the first time since last winning it in 1993 . He was then chosen for the 2007 Southeast Asian Games . Malaysia however failed to advanced after a draw against rivals Singapore . Senior . Zaquan made his senior debut against Bahrain in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier . Malaysia lost their first match of the qualifier 4–1 before drawing 0–0 at Shah Alam . Zaquan also represented the Malaysia XI ( also known as the Malaysia B team that represents Malaysia for B matches ) squad against Chelsea at Shah Alam Stadium on 29 July 2008 . He was one of Malaysia impressive players on the match . He had the chances to score but was denied by Petr Čech . The Malaysia XI eventually lost 0–2 . On 24 March 2018 , he was called up again and was named captain for the match against Lebanon in the 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers , where Malaysia lost 2–1 . He was again named in the squad and captain for the friendly against Bhutan , where he captained and scored 4 goals in the 7–0 victory , ending Malaysias 2 years and 12 games winless run . Zaquan was chosen as captain again for the Malaysian team in their AFF Suzuki Cup 2018 campaign by coach Tan Cheng Hoe . Career statistics . International goals . Not FIFA A International match . Honours . Club . Negeri Sembilan - Sukma Games : 2004 - Malaysia Super League : 2005-06 - Malaysia Cup : 2009 , 2011 - Fa Cup : 2010 - Malaysia Premier League : 2012 - Kedah - Malaysia FA Cup : 2019 International . - Merdeka Tournament : 2007 - Southeast Asian Games : 2009 Individual . - FAM Football Awards Best Young Players : 2006-07 External links . - Mohd Zaquan Adha Abdul Radzaks Profile at F.A.M . website
[ "Baltimore" ]	easy	Where did Bruce Price work from 1864 to 1868?	/wiki/Bruce_Price#P937#0	Bruce Price Bruce Price ( 12 December 1845 – 29 May 1903 ) was an American architect and an innovator in the Shingle Style . The stark geometry and compact massing of his cottages in Tuxedo Park , New York , influenced Modernist architects , including Frank Lloyd Wright and Robert Venturi . He also designed Richardsonian Romanesque institutional buildings , Beaux-Arts mansions , and Manhattan skyscrapers . In Canada , he designed Châteauesque railroad stations and grand hotels for the Canadian Pacific Railway , including Windsor Station in Montreal and Château Frontenac in Quebec City . Life and career . Price was born in Cumberland , Maryland , the son of William and Marian Bruce Price . He studied for a short time at Princeton University . After four years of internship in the office of the Baltimore architects Niernsee & Neilson ( 1864–68 ) , he began his professional work in Baltimore with Ephraim Francis Baldwin as a partner . Following a brief study trip to Europe , he opened an office in Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania , where he practiced from 1873 to 1876 . He settled in New York City in 1877 , where he worked on a series of domestic projects . These culminated in the design and layout of the exclusive 7,000-acre planned community of Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 ) , created by Pierre Lorillard IV . The striking buildings Price designed there , with their severe geometry , compact massing and axial plans , were highly influential in the architectural profession . Eight of Prices houses – including five from Tuxedo Park – were among the one hundred buildings selected for George William Sheldons landmark survey of American domestic architecture : Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . The most famous of these , the Pierre Lorillard V cottage ( Cottage G ) , though demolished and now known only through photographs , remains an icon of American architecture . Prices daughter wrote in 1911 : In beginning Tuxedo , the architects idea was to fit buildings with the surrounding woods , and the gate-lodge and keep were built of graystone with as much moss and lichen as possible . The shingled cottages were stained with the color of the woods—russets and grays and dull reds—ugly to the taste of a quarter century later , though this treatment did much to neutralize the newness of the buildings—Old World and tradition-haunted as it looks , it is new , incredibly new . Among the Manhattan office buildings he designed were the American Surety Building , the St . James Building , the Bank of the Metropolis and the International Bank . He also collaborated with sculptor Daniel Chester French on the Richard Morris Hunt Memorial ( 1898 ) in Central Park . He designed a lecture hall and a dormitory at Yale University . His grandest residential commission was Georgian Court , the neo-Georgian estate of George Jay Gould I in Lakewood , New Jersey . Price invented , patented , and built the parlor bay-window cars for the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Boston and Albany Railroad . This work prompted the Canadian Pacific Railways to consider his portfolio . He designed the Château Frontenac in Quebec City for the Canadian Pacific ( arguably the structure Price is most identified with ) , as well as the first Banff Springs Hotel in Alberta , and many other hotels and stations . He was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects ( 1890 ) and belonged to the Architectural League of New York . In 1900 , he entered into a partnership with French architect Jules Henri de Sibour , who had earlier worked in his office . The firm continued to use the name Bruce Price & de Sibour until 1908 , five years after Prices death . In 1871 , Price married Josephine Lee , the daughter of a Wilkes-Barre coal baron . They had two children : Emily Price Post , who became a novelist and the American authority on etiquette , and William , who died in infancy . Price is buried , along with his wife and son , in Hollenback Cemetery in Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania . Selected works . United States . - 10 East Chase Street , Baltimore , Maryland ( c . 1870 ) . - Coryell Apartment Building , 21 East 21st Street , Manhattan , New York ( 1878 ) . - James Alfred Roosevelt Estate , Cove Neck , New York ( 1881 ) . - Cleftstone ( Charles T . How cottage ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1881 ) . Now Cleftstone Manor Hotel . - Seacroft , Rumson , NJ ( 1881 ) - Far Niente ( William B . Rice cottage ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1882 , demolished 1943 ) . - J . M . Wayne Neff residence , Cincinnati , Ohio ( 1882 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Seaverge ( George F . Baker residence ) , Monmouth Beach , New Jersey ( c . 1884 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Cordelia Sterling residence , Stratford , Connecticut ( 1886 ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Osborn Hall , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut ( 1887–88 , demolished 1926 ) . - Welch Hall , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut ( 1891 ) . - Main Building , Hotchkiss School , Lakeville , Connecticut ( 1892 , demolished 1970 ) . - Hotchkiss Library of Sharon , Sharon , Connecticut ( 1893 ) - Elizabeth Train Station , Elizabeth , New Jersey ( 1893–94 ) . Built as Central Railroad of New Jersey Depot . - American Surety Building , 100 Broadway , Manhattan , New York ( 1894 , altered ) . Architect Herman Lee Meader widened the building and added additional stories in 1922 . - The Turrets ( John J . Emery house ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1895 ) . Now part of College of the Atlantic . - St . James Building , 1133 Broadway , Manhattan , New York ( 1896 ) . - Georgian Court ( George Jay Gould I mansion ) , Lakewood , New Jersey ( 1896 ) . Now Georgian Court University . - Richard Morris Hunt Memorial , Fifth Avenue between 70th & 71st Streets , Central Park , New York City ( 1898 ) , with sculptor Daniel Chester French . - Daniel B . Wesson residence , Springfield , Massachusetts ( 1898 , destroyed by fire 1966 ) . - Old Washington County Library , Hagerstown , Maryland ( 1900 ) . - Whittier Hall Dormitories , Teachers College , Columbia University , Manhattan , New York ( 1901 ) , with J . M . Darragh . - Audrain Building , 220-30 Bellevue Avenue , Newport , Rhode Island ( 1902 ) . - Bank of the Metropolis , 31 Union Square West , Manhattan , New York ( 1902–03 ) . - Northfield Chateau , Northfield , Massachusetts ( 1903 , demolished 1963 ) . Tuxedo Park , New York . - Tuxedo Park Post Office , Tuxedo Park ( 1885 ) . - Gate-Lodge and Keep , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 ) . - Erie Railroad Tuxedo Park Station , Tuxedo Park ( 1885 ) . - Cottage G ( Pierre Lorillard V Cottage ) , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - William Kent Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . Vincent Scully argues that Frank Lloyd Wright modeled his Oak Park house and studio after this and the Chanler cottage . - W . Chanler Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , altered ) . Scully identifies the client as W . Chandler , but it was likely Winthrop Astor Chanler . - The Tuxedo Club , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , demolished 1927 ) . - Pierre Lorillard IV Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , altered ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Henry I . Barbey Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Travis Van Buren Cottage , Tower Hill Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , altered beyond recognition ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Francis D . Carley Cottage , West Lake Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , moved from original site 1896 ) . - Tuxedo Park School ( first building ) , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1887 , demolished ) . - M . G . Barnwell Stable , Clubhouse Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1889–90 ) . - Meta K . Cruger Cottage , Tower Hill Road , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1890 ) . - Japanese Cottage , 16 Summit Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1891 ) . - Our Lady of Mount Carmel Roman Catholic Church , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1895 , burned 1897 ) . - Bruce Price Cottage , Pepperidge Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1897 ) . - Voss Cottage , Pepperidge Road , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1897 ) . One of four cottages Price built for rental . Samuel Clemens rented it in 1908 . - Emily Post cottage , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1897 ) . One of four cottages Price built for rental . His daughter Emily inherited it . - Addison Cammack House , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Price Collier House , West Lake Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Park Association Offices , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Stores ( Business Block ) , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Park Library , 227 Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1901 ) . - Methodist Episcopal Church , 7 Hospital Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1902 ) . Now Tuxedo Historical Society . - R . M . Gillespie House , Tuxedo Park ( 1903 ) . Canada . - Windsor Station , Montreal , Quebec ( 1887–89 ) . - Banff Springs Hotel , Banff National Park , Alberta ( 1888 , demolished 1925 ) . Prices wood-and-shingle hotel was replaced by one of stone and concrete . - James Ross House , Montreal , Quebec ( 1892 ) . Now known as Old Chancellor Day Hall at the McGill University Faculty of Law . - Château Frontenac , Quebec City , Quebec ( 1893 ) . - Place Viger , Montreal , Quebec ( 1897 ) . A combined railroad station and hotel .
[ "Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania", "New York City" ]	easy	What was the working location for Bruce Price from 1873 to 1877?	/wiki/Bruce_Price#P937#1	Bruce Price Bruce Price ( 12 December 1845 – 29 May 1903 ) was an American architect and an innovator in the Shingle Style . The stark geometry and compact massing of his cottages in Tuxedo Park , New York , influenced Modernist architects , including Frank Lloyd Wright and Robert Venturi . He also designed Richardsonian Romanesque institutional buildings , Beaux-Arts mansions , and Manhattan skyscrapers . In Canada , he designed Châteauesque railroad stations and grand hotels for the Canadian Pacific Railway , including Windsor Station in Montreal and Château Frontenac in Quebec City . Life and career . Price was born in Cumberland , Maryland , the son of William and Marian Bruce Price . He studied for a short time at Princeton University . After four years of internship in the office of the Baltimore architects Niernsee & Neilson ( 1864–68 ) , he began his professional work in Baltimore with Ephraim Francis Baldwin as a partner . Following a brief study trip to Europe , he opened an office in Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania , where he practiced from 1873 to 1876 . He settled in New York City in 1877 , where he worked on a series of domestic projects . These culminated in the design and layout of the exclusive 7,000-acre planned community of Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 ) , created by Pierre Lorillard IV . The striking buildings Price designed there , with their severe geometry , compact massing and axial plans , were highly influential in the architectural profession . Eight of Prices houses – including five from Tuxedo Park – were among the one hundred buildings selected for George William Sheldons landmark survey of American domestic architecture : Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . The most famous of these , the Pierre Lorillard V cottage ( Cottage G ) , though demolished and now known only through photographs , remains an icon of American architecture . Prices daughter wrote in 1911 : In beginning Tuxedo , the architects idea was to fit buildings with the surrounding woods , and the gate-lodge and keep were built of graystone with as much moss and lichen as possible . The shingled cottages were stained with the color of the woods—russets and grays and dull reds—ugly to the taste of a quarter century later , though this treatment did much to neutralize the newness of the buildings—Old World and tradition-haunted as it looks , it is new , incredibly new . Among the Manhattan office buildings he designed were the American Surety Building , the St . James Building , the Bank of the Metropolis and the International Bank . He also collaborated with sculptor Daniel Chester French on the Richard Morris Hunt Memorial ( 1898 ) in Central Park . He designed a lecture hall and a dormitory at Yale University . His grandest residential commission was Georgian Court , the neo-Georgian estate of George Jay Gould I in Lakewood , New Jersey . Price invented , patented , and built the parlor bay-window cars for the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Boston and Albany Railroad . This work prompted the Canadian Pacific Railways to consider his portfolio . He designed the Château Frontenac in Quebec City for the Canadian Pacific ( arguably the structure Price is most identified with ) , as well as the first Banff Springs Hotel in Alberta , and many other hotels and stations . He was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects ( 1890 ) and belonged to the Architectural League of New York . In 1900 , he entered into a partnership with French architect Jules Henri de Sibour , who had earlier worked in his office . The firm continued to use the name Bruce Price & de Sibour until 1908 , five years after Prices death . In 1871 , Price married Josephine Lee , the daughter of a Wilkes-Barre coal baron . They had two children : Emily Price Post , who became a novelist and the American authority on etiquette , and William , who died in infancy . Price is buried , along with his wife and son , in Hollenback Cemetery in Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania . Selected works . United States . - 10 East Chase Street , Baltimore , Maryland ( c . 1870 ) . - Coryell Apartment Building , 21 East 21st Street , Manhattan , New York ( 1878 ) . - James Alfred Roosevelt Estate , Cove Neck , New York ( 1881 ) . - Cleftstone ( Charles T . How cottage ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1881 ) . Now Cleftstone Manor Hotel . - Seacroft , Rumson , NJ ( 1881 ) - Far Niente ( William B . Rice cottage ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1882 , demolished 1943 ) . - J . M . Wayne Neff residence , Cincinnati , Ohio ( 1882 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Seaverge ( George F . Baker residence ) , Monmouth Beach , New Jersey ( c . 1884 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Cordelia Sterling residence , Stratford , Connecticut ( 1886 ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Osborn Hall , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut ( 1887–88 , demolished 1926 ) . - Welch Hall , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut ( 1891 ) . - Main Building , Hotchkiss School , Lakeville , Connecticut ( 1892 , demolished 1970 ) . - Hotchkiss Library of Sharon , Sharon , Connecticut ( 1893 ) - Elizabeth Train Station , Elizabeth , New Jersey ( 1893–94 ) . Built as Central Railroad of New Jersey Depot . - American Surety Building , 100 Broadway , Manhattan , New York ( 1894 , altered ) . Architect Herman Lee Meader widened the building and added additional stories in 1922 . - The Turrets ( John J . Emery house ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1895 ) . Now part of College of the Atlantic . - St . James Building , 1133 Broadway , Manhattan , New York ( 1896 ) . - Georgian Court ( George Jay Gould I mansion ) , Lakewood , New Jersey ( 1896 ) . Now Georgian Court University . - Richard Morris Hunt Memorial , Fifth Avenue between 70th & 71st Streets , Central Park , New York City ( 1898 ) , with sculptor Daniel Chester French . - Daniel B . Wesson residence , Springfield , Massachusetts ( 1898 , destroyed by fire 1966 ) . - Old Washington County Library , Hagerstown , Maryland ( 1900 ) . - Whittier Hall Dormitories , Teachers College , Columbia University , Manhattan , New York ( 1901 ) , with J . M . Darragh . - Audrain Building , 220-30 Bellevue Avenue , Newport , Rhode Island ( 1902 ) . - Bank of the Metropolis , 31 Union Square West , Manhattan , New York ( 1902–03 ) . - Northfield Chateau , Northfield , Massachusetts ( 1903 , demolished 1963 ) . Tuxedo Park , New York . - Tuxedo Park Post Office , Tuxedo Park ( 1885 ) . - Gate-Lodge and Keep , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 ) . - Erie Railroad Tuxedo Park Station , Tuxedo Park ( 1885 ) . - Cottage G ( Pierre Lorillard V Cottage ) , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - William Kent Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . Vincent Scully argues that Frank Lloyd Wright modeled his Oak Park house and studio after this and the Chanler cottage . - W . Chanler Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , altered ) . Scully identifies the client as W . Chandler , but it was likely Winthrop Astor Chanler . - The Tuxedo Club , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , demolished 1927 ) . - Pierre Lorillard IV Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , altered ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Henry I . Barbey Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Travis Van Buren Cottage , Tower Hill Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , altered beyond recognition ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Francis D . Carley Cottage , West Lake Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , moved from original site 1896 ) . - Tuxedo Park School ( first building ) , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1887 , demolished ) . - M . G . Barnwell Stable , Clubhouse Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1889–90 ) . - Meta K . Cruger Cottage , Tower Hill Road , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1890 ) . - Japanese Cottage , 16 Summit Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1891 ) . - Our Lady of Mount Carmel Roman Catholic Church , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1895 , burned 1897 ) . - Bruce Price Cottage , Pepperidge Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1897 ) . - Voss Cottage , Pepperidge Road , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1897 ) . One of four cottages Price built for rental . Samuel Clemens rented it in 1908 . - Emily Post cottage , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1897 ) . One of four cottages Price built for rental . His daughter Emily inherited it . - Addison Cammack House , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Price Collier House , West Lake Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Park Association Offices , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Stores ( Business Block ) , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Park Library , 227 Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1901 ) . - Methodist Episcopal Church , 7 Hospital Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1902 ) . Now Tuxedo Historical Society . - R . M . Gillespie House , Tuxedo Park ( 1903 ) . Canada . - Windsor Station , Montreal , Quebec ( 1887–89 ) . - Banff Springs Hotel , Banff National Park , Alberta ( 1888 , demolished 1925 ) . Prices wood-and-shingle hotel was replaced by one of stone and concrete . - James Ross House , Montreal , Quebec ( 1892 ) . Now known as Old Chancellor Day Hall at the McGill University Faculty of Law . - Château Frontenac , Quebec City , Quebec ( 1893 ) . - Place Viger , Montreal , Quebec ( 1897 ) . A combined railroad station and hotel .
[ "New York", "Bar Harbor , Maine", "New Jersey" ]	easy	Bruce Price worked in which location from 1877 to 1885?	/wiki/Bruce_Price#P937#2	Bruce Price Bruce Price ( 12 December 1845 – 29 May 1903 ) was an American architect and an innovator in the Shingle Style . The stark geometry and compact massing of his cottages in Tuxedo Park , New York , influenced Modernist architects , including Frank Lloyd Wright and Robert Venturi . He also designed Richardsonian Romanesque institutional buildings , Beaux-Arts mansions , and Manhattan skyscrapers . In Canada , he designed Châteauesque railroad stations and grand hotels for the Canadian Pacific Railway , including Windsor Station in Montreal and Château Frontenac in Quebec City . Life and career . Price was born in Cumberland , Maryland , the son of William and Marian Bruce Price . He studied for a short time at Princeton University . After four years of internship in the office of the Baltimore architects Niernsee & Neilson ( 1864–68 ) , he began his professional work in Baltimore with Ephraim Francis Baldwin as a partner . Following a brief study trip to Europe , he opened an office in Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania , where he practiced from 1873 to 1876 . He settled in New York City in 1877 , where he worked on a series of domestic projects . These culminated in the design and layout of the exclusive 7,000-acre planned community of Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 ) , created by Pierre Lorillard IV . The striking buildings Price designed there , with their severe geometry , compact massing and axial plans , were highly influential in the architectural profession . Eight of Prices houses – including five from Tuxedo Park – were among the one hundred buildings selected for George William Sheldons landmark survey of American domestic architecture : Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . The most famous of these , the Pierre Lorillard V cottage ( Cottage G ) , though demolished and now known only through photographs , remains an icon of American architecture . Prices daughter wrote in 1911 : In beginning Tuxedo , the architects idea was to fit buildings with the surrounding woods , and the gate-lodge and keep were built of graystone with as much moss and lichen as possible . The shingled cottages were stained with the color of the woods—russets and grays and dull reds—ugly to the taste of a quarter century later , though this treatment did much to neutralize the newness of the buildings—Old World and tradition-haunted as it looks , it is new , incredibly new . Among the Manhattan office buildings he designed were the American Surety Building , the St . James Building , the Bank of the Metropolis and the International Bank . He also collaborated with sculptor Daniel Chester French on the Richard Morris Hunt Memorial ( 1898 ) in Central Park . He designed a lecture hall and a dormitory at Yale University . His grandest residential commission was Georgian Court , the neo-Georgian estate of George Jay Gould I in Lakewood , New Jersey . Price invented , patented , and built the parlor bay-window cars for the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Boston and Albany Railroad . This work prompted the Canadian Pacific Railways to consider his portfolio . He designed the Château Frontenac in Quebec City for the Canadian Pacific ( arguably the structure Price is most identified with ) , as well as the first Banff Springs Hotel in Alberta , and many other hotels and stations . He was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects ( 1890 ) and belonged to the Architectural League of New York . In 1900 , he entered into a partnership with French architect Jules Henri de Sibour , who had earlier worked in his office . The firm continued to use the name Bruce Price & de Sibour until 1908 , five years after Prices death . In 1871 , Price married Josephine Lee , the daughter of a Wilkes-Barre coal baron . They had two children : Emily Price Post , who became a novelist and the American authority on etiquette , and William , who died in infancy . Price is buried , along with his wife and son , in Hollenback Cemetery in Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania . Selected works . United States . - 10 East Chase Street , Baltimore , Maryland ( c . 1870 ) . - Coryell Apartment Building , 21 East 21st Street , Manhattan , New York ( 1878 ) . - James Alfred Roosevelt Estate , Cove Neck , New York ( 1881 ) . - Cleftstone ( Charles T . How cottage ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1881 ) . Now Cleftstone Manor Hotel . - Seacroft , Rumson , NJ ( 1881 ) - Far Niente ( William B . Rice cottage ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1882 , demolished 1943 ) . - J . M . Wayne Neff residence , Cincinnati , Ohio ( 1882 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Seaverge ( George F . Baker residence ) , Monmouth Beach , New Jersey ( c . 1884 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Cordelia Sterling residence , Stratford , Connecticut ( 1886 ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Osborn Hall , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut ( 1887–88 , demolished 1926 ) . - Welch Hall , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut ( 1891 ) . - Main Building , Hotchkiss School , Lakeville , Connecticut ( 1892 , demolished 1970 ) . - Hotchkiss Library of Sharon , Sharon , Connecticut ( 1893 ) - Elizabeth Train Station , Elizabeth , New Jersey ( 1893–94 ) . Built as Central Railroad of New Jersey Depot . - American Surety Building , 100 Broadway , Manhattan , New York ( 1894 , altered ) . Architect Herman Lee Meader widened the building and added additional stories in 1922 . - The Turrets ( John J . Emery house ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1895 ) . Now part of College of the Atlantic . - St . James Building , 1133 Broadway , Manhattan , New York ( 1896 ) . - Georgian Court ( George Jay Gould I mansion ) , Lakewood , New Jersey ( 1896 ) . Now Georgian Court University . - Richard Morris Hunt Memorial , Fifth Avenue between 70th & 71st Streets , Central Park , New York City ( 1898 ) , with sculptor Daniel Chester French . - Daniel B . Wesson residence , Springfield , Massachusetts ( 1898 , destroyed by fire 1966 ) . - Old Washington County Library , Hagerstown , Maryland ( 1900 ) . - Whittier Hall Dormitories , Teachers College , Columbia University , Manhattan , New York ( 1901 ) , with J . M . Darragh . - Audrain Building , 220-30 Bellevue Avenue , Newport , Rhode Island ( 1902 ) . - Bank of the Metropolis , 31 Union Square West , Manhattan , New York ( 1902–03 ) . - Northfield Chateau , Northfield , Massachusetts ( 1903 , demolished 1963 ) . Tuxedo Park , New York . - Tuxedo Park Post Office , Tuxedo Park ( 1885 ) . - Gate-Lodge and Keep , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 ) . - Erie Railroad Tuxedo Park Station , Tuxedo Park ( 1885 ) . - Cottage G ( Pierre Lorillard V Cottage ) , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - William Kent Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . Vincent Scully argues that Frank Lloyd Wright modeled his Oak Park house and studio after this and the Chanler cottage . - W . Chanler Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , altered ) . Scully identifies the client as W . Chandler , but it was likely Winthrop Astor Chanler . - The Tuxedo Club , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , demolished 1927 ) . - Pierre Lorillard IV Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , altered ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Henry I . Barbey Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Travis Van Buren Cottage , Tower Hill Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , altered beyond recognition ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Francis D . Carley Cottage , West Lake Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , moved from original site 1896 ) . - Tuxedo Park School ( first building ) , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1887 , demolished ) . - M . G . Barnwell Stable , Clubhouse Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1889–90 ) . - Meta K . Cruger Cottage , Tower Hill Road , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1890 ) . - Japanese Cottage , 16 Summit Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1891 ) . - Our Lady of Mount Carmel Roman Catholic Church , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1895 , burned 1897 ) . - Bruce Price Cottage , Pepperidge Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1897 ) . - Voss Cottage , Pepperidge Road , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1897 ) . One of four cottages Price built for rental . Samuel Clemens rented it in 1908 . - Emily Post cottage , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1897 ) . One of four cottages Price built for rental . His daughter Emily inherited it . - Addison Cammack House , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Price Collier House , West Lake Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Park Association Offices , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Stores ( Business Block ) , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Park Library , 227 Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1901 ) . - Methodist Episcopal Church , 7 Hospital Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1902 ) . Now Tuxedo Historical Society . - R . M . Gillespie House , Tuxedo Park ( 1903 ) . Canada . - Windsor Station , Montreal , Quebec ( 1887–89 ) . - Banff Springs Hotel , Banff National Park , Alberta ( 1888 , demolished 1925 ) . Prices wood-and-shingle hotel was replaced by one of stone and concrete . - James Ross House , Montreal , Quebec ( 1892 ) . Now known as Old Chancellor Day Hall at the McGill University Faculty of Law . - Château Frontenac , Quebec City , Quebec ( 1893 ) . - Place Viger , Montreal , Quebec ( 1897 ) . A combined railroad station and hotel .
[ "Tuxedo Park" ]	easy	What was the working location for Bruce Price from 1885 to 1886?	/wiki/Bruce_Price#P937#3	Bruce Price Bruce Price ( 12 December 1845 – 29 May 1903 ) was an American architect and an innovator in the Shingle Style . The stark geometry and compact massing of his cottages in Tuxedo Park , New York , influenced Modernist architects , including Frank Lloyd Wright and Robert Venturi . He also designed Richardsonian Romanesque institutional buildings , Beaux-Arts mansions , and Manhattan skyscrapers . In Canada , he designed Châteauesque railroad stations and grand hotels for the Canadian Pacific Railway , including Windsor Station in Montreal and Château Frontenac in Quebec City . Life and career . Price was born in Cumberland , Maryland , the son of William and Marian Bruce Price . He studied for a short time at Princeton University . After four years of internship in the office of the Baltimore architects Niernsee & Neilson ( 1864–68 ) , he began his professional work in Baltimore with Ephraim Francis Baldwin as a partner . Following a brief study trip to Europe , he opened an office in Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania , where he practiced from 1873 to 1876 . He settled in New York City in 1877 , where he worked on a series of domestic projects . These culminated in the design and layout of the exclusive 7,000-acre planned community of Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 ) , created by Pierre Lorillard IV . The striking buildings Price designed there , with their severe geometry , compact massing and axial plans , were highly influential in the architectural profession . Eight of Prices houses – including five from Tuxedo Park – were among the one hundred buildings selected for George William Sheldons landmark survey of American domestic architecture : Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . The most famous of these , the Pierre Lorillard V cottage ( Cottage G ) , though demolished and now known only through photographs , remains an icon of American architecture . Prices daughter wrote in 1911 : In beginning Tuxedo , the architects idea was to fit buildings with the surrounding woods , and the gate-lodge and keep were built of graystone with as much moss and lichen as possible . The shingled cottages were stained with the color of the woods—russets and grays and dull reds—ugly to the taste of a quarter century later , though this treatment did much to neutralize the newness of the buildings—Old World and tradition-haunted as it looks , it is new , incredibly new . Among the Manhattan office buildings he designed were the American Surety Building , the St . James Building , the Bank of the Metropolis and the International Bank . He also collaborated with sculptor Daniel Chester French on the Richard Morris Hunt Memorial ( 1898 ) in Central Park . He designed a lecture hall and a dormitory at Yale University . His grandest residential commission was Georgian Court , the neo-Georgian estate of George Jay Gould I in Lakewood , New Jersey . Price invented , patented , and built the parlor bay-window cars for the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Boston and Albany Railroad . This work prompted the Canadian Pacific Railways to consider his portfolio . He designed the Château Frontenac in Quebec City for the Canadian Pacific ( arguably the structure Price is most identified with ) , as well as the first Banff Springs Hotel in Alberta , and many other hotels and stations . He was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects ( 1890 ) and belonged to the Architectural League of New York . In 1900 , he entered into a partnership with French architect Jules Henri de Sibour , who had earlier worked in his office . The firm continued to use the name Bruce Price & de Sibour until 1908 , five years after Prices death . In 1871 , Price married Josephine Lee , the daughter of a Wilkes-Barre coal baron . They had two children : Emily Price Post , who became a novelist and the American authority on etiquette , and William , who died in infancy . Price is buried , along with his wife and son , in Hollenback Cemetery in Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania . Selected works . United States . - 10 East Chase Street , Baltimore , Maryland ( c . 1870 ) . - Coryell Apartment Building , 21 East 21st Street , Manhattan , New York ( 1878 ) . - James Alfred Roosevelt Estate , Cove Neck , New York ( 1881 ) . - Cleftstone ( Charles T . How cottage ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1881 ) . Now Cleftstone Manor Hotel . - Seacroft , Rumson , NJ ( 1881 ) - Far Niente ( William B . Rice cottage ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1882 , demolished 1943 ) . - J . M . Wayne Neff residence , Cincinnati , Ohio ( 1882 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Seaverge ( George F . Baker residence ) , Monmouth Beach , New Jersey ( c . 1884 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Cordelia Sterling residence , Stratford , Connecticut ( 1886 ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Osborn Hall , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut ( 1887–88 , demolished 1926 ) . - Welch Hall , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut ( 1891 ) . - Main Building , Hotchkiss School , Lakeville , Connecticut ( 1892 , demolished 1970 ) . - Hotchkiss Library of Sharon , Sharon , Connecticut ( 1893 ) - Elizabeth Train Station , Elizabeth , New Jersey ( 1893–94 ) . Built as Central Railroad of New Jersey Depot . - American Surety Building , 100 Broadway , Manhattan , New York ( 1894 , altered ) . Architect Herman Lee Meader widened the building and added additional stories in 1922 . - The Turrets ( John J . Emery house ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1895 ) . Now part of College of the Atlantic . - St . James Building , 1133 Broadway , Manhattan , New York ( 1896 ) . - Georgian Court ( George Jay Gould I mansion ) , Lakewood , New Jersey ( 1896 ) . Now Georgian Court University . - Richard Morris Hunt Memorial , Fifth Avenue between 70th & 71st Streets , Central Park , New York City ( 1898 ) , with sculptor Daniel Chester French . - Daniel B . Wesson residence , Springfield , Massachusetts ( 1898 , destroyed by fire 1966 ) . - Old Washington County Library , Hagerstown , Maryland ( 1900 ) . - Whittier Hall Dormitories , Teachers College , Columbia University , Manhattan , New York ( 1901 ) , with J . M . Darragh . - Audrain Building , 220-30 Bellevue Avenue , Newport , Rhode Island ( 1902 ) . - Bank of the Metropolis , 31 Union Square West , Manhattan , New York ( 1902–03 ) . - Northfield Chateau , Northfield , Massachusetts ( 1903 , demolished 1963 ) . Tuxedo Park , New York . - Tuxedo Park Post Office , Tuxedo Park ( 1885 ) . - Gate-Lodge and Keep , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 ) . - Erie Railroad Tuxedo Park Station , Tuxedo Park ( 1885 ) . - Cottage G ( Pierre Lorillard V Cottage ) , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - William Kent Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . Vincent Scully argues that Frank Lloyd Wright modeled his Oak Park house and studio after this and the Chanler cottage . - W . Chanler Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , altered ) . Scully identifies the client as W . Chandler , but it was likely Winthrop Astor Chanler . - The Tuxedo Club , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , demolished 1927 ) . - Pierre Lorillard IV Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , altered ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Henry I . Barbey Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Travis Van Buren Cottage , Tower Hill Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , altered beyond recognition ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Francis D . Carley Cottage , West Lake Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , moved from original site 1896 ) . - Tuxedo Park School ( first building ) , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1887 , demolished ) . - M . G . Barnwell Stable , Clubhouse Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1889–90 ) . - Meta K . Cruger Cottage , Tower Hill Road , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1890 ) . - Japanese Cottage , 16 Summit Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1891 ) . - Our Lady of Mount Carmel Roman Catholic Church , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1895 , burned 1897 ) . - Bruce Price Cottage , Pepperidge Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1897 ) . - Voss Cottage , Pepperidge Road , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1897 ) . One of four cottages Price built for rental . Samuel Clemens rented it in 1908 . - Emily Post cottage , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1897 ) . One of four cottages Price built for rental . His daughter Emily inherited it . - Addison Cammack House , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Price Collier House , West Lake Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Park Association Offices , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Stores ( Business Block ) , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Park Library , 227 Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1901 ) . - Methodist Episcopal Church , 7 Hospital Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1902 ) . Now Tuxedo Historical Society . - R . M . Gillespie House , Tuxedo Park ( 1903 ) . Canada . - Windsor Station , Montreal , Quebec ( 1887–89 ) . - Banff Springs Hotel , Banff National Park , Alberta ( 1888 , demolished 1925 ) . Prices wood-and-shingle hotel was replaced by one of stone and concrete . - James Ross House , Montreal , Quebec ( 1892 ) . Now known as Old Chancellor Day Hall at the McGill University Faculty of Law . - Château Frontenac , Quebec City , Quebec ( 1893 ) . - Place Viger , Montreal , Quebec ( 1897 ) . A combined railroad station and hotel .
[ "Connecticut" ]	easy	What was the working location for Bruce Price from 1886 to 1890?	/wiki/Bruce_Price#P937#4	Bruce Price Bruce Price ( 12 December 1845 – 29 May 1903 ) was an American architect and an innovator in the Shingle Style . The stark geometry and compact massing of his cottages in Tuxedo Park , New York , influenced Modernist architects , including Frank Lloyd Wright and Robert Venturi . He also designed Richardsonian Romanesque institutional buildings , Beaux-Arts mansions , and Manhattan skyscrapers . In Canada , he designed Châteauesque railroad stations and grand hotels for the Canadian Pacific Railway , including Windsor Station in Montreal and Château Frontenac in Quebec City . Life and career . Price was born in Cumberland , Maryland , the son of William and Marian Bruce Price . He studied for a short time at Princeton University . After four years of internship in the office of the Baltimore architects Niernsee & Neilson ( 1864–68 ) , he began his professional work in Baltimore with Ephraim Francis Baldwin as a partner . Following a brief study trip to Europe , he opened an office in Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania , where he practiced from 1873 to 1876 . He settled in New York City in 1877 , where he worked on a series of domestic projects . These culminated in the design and layout of the exclusive 7,000-acre planned community of Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 ) , created by Pierre Lorillard IV . The striking buildings Price designed there , with their severe geometry , compact massing and axial plans , were highly influential in the architectural profession . Eight of Prices houses – including five from Tuxedo Park – were among the one hundred buildings selected for George William Sheldons landmark survey of American domestic architecture : Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . The most famous of these , the Pierre Lorillard V cottage ( Cottage G ) , though demolished and now known only through photographs , remains an icon of American architecture . Prices daughter wrote in 1911 : In beginning Tuxedo , the architects idea was to fit buildings with the surrounding woods , and the gate-lodge and keep were built of graystone with as much moss and lichen as possible . The shingled cottages were stained with the color of the woods—russets and grays and dull reds—ugly to the taste of a quarter century later , though this treatment did much to neutralize the newness of the buildings—Old World and tradition-haunted as it looks , it is new , incredibly new . Among the Manhattan office buildings he designed were the American Surety Building , the St . James Building , the Bank of the Metropolis and the International Bank . He also collaborated with sculptor Daniel Chester French on the Richard Morris Hunt Memorial ( 1898 ) in Central Park . He designed a lecture hall and a dormitory at Yale University . His grandest residential commission was Georgian Court , the neo-Georgian estate of George Jay Gould I in Lakewood , New Jersey . Price invented , patented , and built the parlor bay-window cars for the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Boston and Albany Railroad . This work prompted the Canadian Pacific Railways to consider his portfolio . He designed the Château Frontenac in Quebec City for the Canadian Pacific ( arguably the structure Price is most identified with ) , as well as the first Banff Springs Hotel in Alberta , and many other hotels and stations . He was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects ( 1890 ) and belonged to the Architectural League of New York . In 1900 , he entered into a partnership with French architect Jules Henri de Sibour , who had earlier worked in his office . The firm continued to use the name Bruce Price & de Sibour until 1908 , five years after Prices death . In 1871 , Price married Josephine Lee , the daughter of a Wilkes-Barre coal baron . They had two children : Emily Price Post , who became a novelist and the American authority on etiquette , and William , who died in infancy . Price is buried , along with his wife and son , in Hollenback Cemetery in Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania . Selected works . United States . - 10 East Chase Street , Baltimore , Maryland ( c . 1870 ) . - Coryell Apartment Building , 21 East 21st Street , Manhattan , New York ( 1878 ) . - James Alfred Roosevelt Estate , Cove Neck , New York ( 1881 ) . - Cleftstone ( Charles T . How cottage ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1881 ) . Now Cleftstone Manor Hotel . - Seacroft , Rumson , NJ ( 1881 ) - Far Niente ( William B . Rice cottage ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1882 , demolished 1943 ) . - J . M . Wayne Neff residence , Cincinnati , Ohio ( 1882 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Seaverge ( George F . Baker residence ) , Monmouth Beach , New Jersey ( c . 1884 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Cordelia Sterling residence , Stratford , Connecticut ( 1886 ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Osborn Hall , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut ( 1887–88 , demolished 1926 ) . - Welch Hall , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut ( 1891 ) . - Main Building , Hotchkiss School , Lakeville , Connecticut ( 1892 , demolished 1970 ) . - Hotchkiss Library of Sharon , Sharon , Connecticut ( 1893 ) - Elizabeth Train Station , Elizabeth , New Jersey ( 1893–94 ) . Built as Central Railroad of New Jersey Depot . - American Surety Building , 100 Broadway , Manhattan , New York ( 1894 , altered ) . Architect Herman Lee Meader widened the building and added additional stories in 1922 . - The Turrets ( John J . Emery house ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1895 ) . Now part of College of the Atlantic . - St . James Building , 1133 Broadway , Manhattan , New York ( 1896 ) . - Georgian Court ( George Jay Gould I mansion ) , Lakewood , New Jersey ( 1896 ) . Now Georgian Court University . - Richard Morris Hunt Memorial , Fifth Avenue between 70th & 71st Streets , Central Park , New York City ( 1898 ) , with sculptor Daniel Chester French . - Daniel B . Wesson residence , Springfield , Massachusetts ( 1898 , destroyed by fire 1966 ) . - Old Washington County Library , Hagerstown , Maryland ( 1900 ) . - Whittier Hall Dormitories , Teachers College , Columbia University , Manhattan , New York ( 1901 ) , with J . M . Darragh . - Audrain Building , 220-30 Bellevue Avenue , Newport , Rhode Island ( 1902 ) . - Bank of the Metropolis , 31 Union Square West , Manhattan , New York ( 1902–03 ) . - Northfield Chateau , Northfield , Massachusetts ( 1903 , demolished 1963 ) . Tuxedo Park , New York . - Tuxedo Park Post Office , Tuxedo Park ( 1885 ) . - Gate-Lodge and Keep , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 ) . - Erie Railroad Tuxedo Park Station , Tuxedo Park ( 1885 ) . - Cottage G ( Pierre Lorillard V Cottage ) , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - William Kent Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . Vincent Scully argues that Frank Lloyd Wright modeled his Oak Park house and studio after this and the Chanler cottage . - W . Chanler Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , altered ) . Scully identifies the client as W . Chandler , but it was likely Winthrop Astor Chanler . - The Tuxedo Club , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , demolished 1927 ) . - Pierre Lorillard IV Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , altered ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Henry I . Barbey Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Travis Van Buren Cottage , Tower Hill Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , altered beyond recognition ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Francis D . Carley Cottage , West Lake Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , moved from original site 1896 ) . - Tuxedo Park School ( first building ) , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1887 , demolished ) . - M . G . Barnwell Stable , Clubhouse Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1889–90 ) . - Meta K . Cruger Cottage , Tower Hill Road , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1890 ) . - Japanese Cottage , 16 Summit Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1891 ) . - Our Lady of Mount Carmel Roman Catholic Church , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1895 , burned 1897 ) . - Bruce Price Cottage , Pepperidge Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1897 ) . - Voss Cottage , Pepperidge Road , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1897 ) . One of four cottages Price built for rental . Samuel Clemens rented it in 1908 . - Emily Post cottage , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1897 ) . One of four cottages Price built for rental . His daughter Emily inherited it . - Addison Cammack House , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Price Collier House , West Lake Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Park Association Offices , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Stores ( Business Block ) , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Park Library , 227 Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1901 ) . - Methodist Episcopal Church , 7 Hospital Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1902 ) . Now Tuxedo Historical Society . - R . M . Gillespie House , Tuxedo Park ( 1903 ) . Canada . - Windsor Station , Montreal , Quebec ( 1887–89 ) . - Banff Springs Hotel , Banff National Park , Alberta ( 1888 , demolished 1925 ) . Prices wood-and-shingle hotel was replaced by one of stone and concrete . - James Ross House , Montreal , Quebec ( 1892 ) . Now known as Old Chancellor Day Hall at the McGill University Faculty of Law . - Château Frontenac , Quebec City , Quebec ( 1893 ) . - Place Viger , Montreal , Quebec ( 1897 ) . A combined railroad station and hotel .
[ "Connecticut" ]	easy	Bruce Price worked in which location from 1892 to 1893?	/wiki/Bruce_Price#P937#5	Bruce Price Bruce Price ( 12 December 1845 – 29 May 1903 ) was an American architect and an innovator in the Shingle Style . The stark geometry and compact massing of his cottages in Tuxedo Park , New York , influenced Modernist architects , including Frank Lloyd Wright and Robert Venturi . He also designed Richardsonian Romanesque institutional buildings , Beaux-Arts mansions , and Manhattan skyscrapers . In Canada , he designed Châteauesque railroad stations and grand hotels for the Canadian Pacific Railway , including Windsor Station in Montreal and Château Frontenac in Quebec City . Life and career . Price was born in Cumberland , Maryland , the son of William and Marian Bruce Price . He studied for a short time at Princeton University . After four years of internship in the office of the Baltimore architects Niernsee & Neilson ( 1864–68 ) , he began his professional work in Baltimore with Ephraim Francis Baldwin as a partner . Following a brief study trip to Europe , he opened an office in Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania , where he practiced from 1873 to 1876 . He settled in New York City in 1877 , where he worked on a series of domestic projects . These culminated in the design and layout of the exclusive 7,000-acre planned community of Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 ) , created by Pierre Lorillard IV . The striking buildings Price designed there , with their severe geometry , compact massing and axial plans , were highly influential in the architectural profession . Eight of Prices houses – including five from Tuxedo Park – were among the one hundred buildings selected for George William Sheldons landmark survey of American domestic architecture : Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . The most famous of these , the Pierre Lorillard V cottage ( Cottage G ) , though demolished and now known only through photographs , remains an icon of American architecture . Prices daughter wrote in 1911 : In beginning Tuxedo , the architects idea was to fit buildings with the surrounding woods , and the gate-lodge and keep were built of graystone with as much moss and lichen as possible . The shingled cottages were stained with the color of the woods—russets and grays and dull reds—ugly to the taste of a quarter century later , though this treatment did much to neutralize the newness of the buildings—Old World and tradition-haunted as it looks , it is new , incredibly new . Among the Manhattan office buildings he designed were the American Surety Building , the St . James Building , the Bank of the Metropolis and the International Bank . He also collaborated with sculptor Daniel Chester French on the Richard Morris Hunt Memorial ( 1898 ) in Central Park . He designed a lecture hall and a dormitory at Yale University . His grandest residential commission was Georgian Court , the neo-Georgian estate of George Jay Gould I in Lakewood , New Jersey . Price invented , patented , and built the parlor bay-window cars for the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Boston and Albany Railroad . This work prompted the Canadian Pacific Railways to consider his portfolio . He designed the Château Frontenac in Quebec City for the Canadian Pacific ( arguably the structure Price is most identified with ) , as well as the first Banff Springs Hotel in Alberta , and many other hotels and stations . He was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects ( 1890 ) and belonged to the Architectural League of New York . In 1900 , he entered into a partnership with French architect Jules Henri de Sibour , who had earlier worked in his office . The firm continued to use the name Bruce Price & de Sibour until 1908 , five years after Prices death . In 1871 , Price married Josephine Lee , the daughter of a Wilkes-Barre coal baron . They had two children : Emily Price Post , who became a novelist and the American authority on etiquette , and William , who died in infancy . Price is buried , along with his wife and son , in Hollenback Cemetery in Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania . Selected works . United States . - 10 East Chase Street , Baltimore , Maryland ( c . 1870 ) . - Coryell Apartment Building , 21 East 21st Street , Manhattan , New York ( 1878 ) . - James Alfred Roosevelt Estate , Cove Neck , New York ( 1881 ) . - Cleftstone ( Charles T . How cottage ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1881 ) . Now Cleftstone Manor Hotel . - Seacroft , Rumson , NJ ( 1881 ) - Far Niente ( William B . Rice cottage ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1882 , demolished 1943 ) . - J . M . Wayne Neff residence , Cincinnati , Ohio ( 1882 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Seaverge ( George F . Baker residence ) , Monmouth Beach , New Jersey ( c . 1884 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Cordelia Sterling residence , Stratford , Connecticut ( 1886 ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Osborn Hall , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut ( 1887–88 , demolished 1926 ) . - Welch Hall , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut ( 1891 ) . - Main Building , Hotchkiss School , Lakeville , Connecticut ( 1892 , demolished 1970 ) . - Hotchkiss Library of Sharon , Sharon , Connecticut ( 1893 ) - Elizabeth Train Station , Elizabeth , New Jersey ( 1893–94 ) . Built as Central Railroad of New Jersey Depot . - American Surety Building , 100 Broadway , Manhattan , New York ( 1894 , altered ) . Architect Herman Lee Meader widened the building and added additional stories in 1922 . - The Turrets ( John J . Emery house ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1895 ) . Now part of College of the Atlantic . - St . James Building , 1133 Broadway , Manhattan , New York ( 1896 ) . - Georgian Court ( George Jay Gould I mansion ) , Lakewood , New Jersey ( 1896 ) . Now Georgian Court University . - Richard Morris Hunt Memorial , Fifth Avenue between 70th & 71st Streets , Central Park , New York City ( 1898 ) , with sculptor Daniel Chester French . - Daniel B . Wesson residence , Springfield , Massachusetts ( 1898 , destroyed by fire 1966 ) . - Old Washington County Library , Hagerstown , Maryland ( 1900 ) . - Whittier Hall Dormitories , Teachers College , Columbia University , Manhattan , New York ( 1901 ) , with J . M . Darragh . - Audrain Building , 220-30 Bellevue Avenue , Newport , Rhode Island ( 1902 ) . - Bank of the Metropolis , 31 Union Square West , Manhattan , New York ( 1902–03 ) . - Northfield Chateau , Northfield , Massachusetts ( 1903 , demolished 1963 ) . Tuxedo Park , New York . - Tuxedo Park Post Office , Tuxedo Park ( 1885 ) . - Gate-Lodge and Keep , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 ) . - Erie Railroad Tuxedo Park Station , Tuxedo Park ( 1885 ) . - Cottage G ( Pierre Lorillard V Cottage ) , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - William Kent Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . Vincent Scully argues that Frank Lloyd Wright modeled his Oak Park house and studio after this and the Chanler cottage . - W . Chanler Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , altered ) . Scully identifies the client as W . Chandler , but it was likely Winthrop Astor Chanler . - The Tuxedo Club , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , demolished 1927 ) . - Pierre Lorillard IV Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , altered ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Henry I . Barbey Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Travis Van Buren Cottage , Tower Hill Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , altered beyond recognition ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Francis D . Carley Cottage , West Lake Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , moved from original site 1896 ) . - Tuxedo Park School ( first building ) , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1887 , demolished ) . - M . G . Barnwell Stable , Clubhouse Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1889–90 ) . - Meta K . Cruger Cottage , Tower Hill Road , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1890 ) . - Japanese Cottage , 16 Summit Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1891 ) . - Our Lady of Mount Carmel Roman Catholic Church , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1895 , burned 1897 ) . - Bruce Price Cottage , Pepperidge Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1897 ) . - Voss Cottage , Pepperidge Road , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1897 ) . One of four cottages Price built for rental . Samuel Clemens rented it in 1908 . - Emily Post cottage , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1897 ) . One of four cottages Price built for rental . His daughter Emily inherited it . - Addison Cammack House , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Price Collier House , West Lake Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Park Association Offices , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Stores ( Business Block ) , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Park Library , 227 Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1901 ) . - Methodist Episcopal Church , 7 Hospital Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1902 ) . Now Tuxedo Historical Society . - R . M . Gillespie House , Tuxedo Park ( 1903 ) . Canada . - Windsor Station , Montreal , Quebec ( 1887–89 ) . - Banff Springs Hotel , Banff National Park , Alberta ( 1888 , demolished 1925 ) . Prices wood-and-shingle hotel was replaced by one of stone and concrete . - James Ross House , Montreal , Quebec ( 1892 ) . Now known as Old Chancellor Day Hall at the McGill University Faculty of Law . - Château Frontenac , Quebec City , Quebec ( 1893 ) . - Place Viger , Montreal , Quebec ( 1897 ) . A combined railroad station and hotel .
[ "Sharon , Connecticut", "Elizabeth , New Jersey", "Quebec City , Quebec" ]	easy	Where did Bruce Price work in 1893?	/wiki/Bruce_Price#P937#6	Bruce Price Bruce Price ( 12 December 1845 – 29 May 1903 ) was an American architect and an innovator in the Shingle Style . The stark geometry and compact massing of his cottages in Tuxedo Park , New York , influenced Modernist architects , including Frank Lloyd Wright and Robert Venturi . He also designed Richardsonian Romanesque institutional buildings , Beaux-Arts mansions , and Manhattan skyscrapers . In Canada , he designed Châteauesque railroad stations and grand hotels for the Canadian Pacific Railway , including Windsor Station in Montreal and Château Frontenac in Quebec City . Life and career . Price was born in Cumberland , Maryland , the son of William and Marian Bruce Price . He studied for a short time at Princeton University . After four years of internship in the office of the Baltimore architects Niernsee & Neilson ( 1864–68 ) , he began his professional work in Baltimore with Ephraim Francis Baldwin as a partner . Following a brief study trip to Europe , he opened an office in Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania , where he practiced from 1873 to 1876 . He settled in New York City in 1877 , where he worked on a series of domestic projects . These culminated in the design and layout of the exclusive 7,000-acre planned community of Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 ) , created by Pierre Lorillard IV . The striking buildings Price designed there , with their severe geometry , compact massing and axial plans , were highly influential in the architectural profession . Eight of Prices houses – including five from Tuxedo Park – were among the one hundred buildings selected for George William Sheldons landmark survey of American domestic architecture : Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . The most famous of these , the Pierre Lorillard V cottage ( Cottage G ) , though demolished and now known only through photographs , remains an icon of American architecture . Prices daughter wrote in 1911 : In beginning Tuxedo , the architects idea was to fit buildings with the surrounding woods , and the gate-lodge and keep were built of graystone with as much moss and lichen as possible . The shingled cottages were stained with the color of the woods—russets and grays and dull reds—ugly to the taste of a quarter century later , though this treatment did much to neutralize the newness of the buildings—Old World and tradition-haunted as it looks , it is new , incredibly new . Among the Manhattan office buildings he designed were the American Surety Building , the St . James Building , the Bank of the Metropolis and the International Bank . He also collaborated with sculptor Daniel Chester French on the Richard Morris Hunt Memorial ( 1898 ) in Central Park . He designed a lecture hall and a dormitory at Yale University . His grandest residential commission was Georgian Court , the neo-Georgian estate of George Jay Gould I in Lakewood , New Jersey . Price invented , patented , and built the parlor bay-window cars for the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Boston and Albany Railroad . This work prompted the Canadian Pacific Railways to consider his portfolio . He designed the Château Frontenac in Quebec City for the Canadian Pacific ( arguably the structure Price is most identified with ) , as well as the first Banff Springs Hotel in Alberta , and many other hotels and stations . He was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects ( 1890 ) and belonged to the Architectural League of New York . In 1900 , he entered into a partnership with French architect Jules Henri de Sibour , who had earlier worked in his office . The firm continued to use the name Bruce Price & de Sibour until 1908 , five years after Prices death . In 1871 , Price married Josephine Lee , the daughter of a Wilkes-Barre coal baron . They had two children : Emily Price Post , who became a novelist and the American authority on etiquette , and William , who died in infancy . Price is buried , along with his wife and son , in Hollenback Cemetery in Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania . Selected works . United States . - 10 East Chase Street , Baltimore , Maryland ( c . 1870 ) . - Coryell Apartment Building , 21 East 21st Street , Manhattan , New York ( 1878 ) . - James Alfred Roosevelt Estate , Cove Neck , New York ( 1881 ) . - Cleftstone ( Charles T . How cottage ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1881 ) . Now Cleftstone Manor Hotel . - Seacroft , Rumson , NJ ( 1881 ) - Far Niente ( William B . Rice cottage ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1882 , demolished 1943 ) . - J . M . Wayne Neff residence , Cincinnati , Ohio ( 1882 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Seaverge ( George F . Baker residence ) , Monmouth Beach , New Jersey ( c . 1884 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Cordelia Sterling residence , Stratford , Connecticut ( 1886 ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Osborn Hall , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut ( 1887–88 , demolished 1926 ) . - Welch Hall , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut ( 1891 ) . - Main Building , Hotchkiss School , Lakeville , Connecticut ( 1892 , demolished 1970 ) . - Hotchkiss Library of Sharon , Sharon , Connecticut ( 1893 ) - Elizabeth Train Station , Elizabeth , New Jersey ( 1893–94 ) . Built as Central Railroad of New Jersey Depot . - American Surety Building , 100 Broadway , Manhattan , New York ( 1894 , altered ) . Architect Herman Lee Meader widened the building and added additional stories in 1922 . - The Turrets ( John J . Emery house ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1895 ) . Now part of College of the Atlantic . - St . James Building , 1133 Broadway , Manhattan , New York ( 1896 ) . - Georgian Court ( George Jay Gould I mansion ) , Lakewood , New Jersey ( 1896 ) . Now Georgian Court University . - Richard Morris Hunt Memorial , Fifth Avenue between 70th & 71st Streets , Central Park , New York City ( 1898 ) , with sculptor Daniel Chester French . - Daniel B . Wesson residence , Springfield , Massachusetts ( 1898 , destroyed by fire 1966 ) . - Old Washington County Library , Hagerstown , Maryland ( 1900 ) . - Whittier Hall Dormitories , Teachers College , Columbia University , Manhattan , New York ( 1901 ) , with J . M . Darragh . - Audrain Building , 220-30 Bellevue Avenue , Newport , Rhode Island ( 1902 ) . - Bank of the Metropolis , 31 Union Square West , Manhattan , New York ( 1902–03 ) . - Northfield Chateau , Northfield , Massachusetts ( 1903 , demolished 1963 ) . Tuxedo Park , New York . - Tuxedo Park Post Office , Tuxedo Park ( 1885 ) . - Gate-Lodge and Keep , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 ) . - Erie Railroad Tuxedo Park Station , Tuxedo Park ( 1885 ) . - Cottage G ( Pierre Lorillard V Cottage ) , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - William Kent Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . Vincent Scully argues that Frank Lloyd Wright modeled his Oak Park house and studio after this and the Chanler cottage . - W . Chanler Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , altered ) . Scully identifies the client as W . Chandler , but it was likely Winthrop Astor Chanler . - The Tuxedo Club , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , demolished 1927 ) . - Pierre Lorillard IV Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , altered ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Henry I . Barbey Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Travis Van Buren Cottage , Tower Hill Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , altered beyond recognition ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Francis D . Carley Cottage , West Lake Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , moved from original site 1896 ) . - Tuxedo Park School ( first building ) , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1887 , demolished ) . - M . G . Barnwell Stable , Clubhouse Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1889–90 ) . - Meta K . Cruger Cottage , Tower Hill Road , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1890 ) . - Japanese Cottage , 16 Summit Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1891 ) . - Our Lady of Mount Carmel Roman Catholic Church , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1895 , burned 1897 ) . - Bruce Price Cottage , Pepperidge Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1897 ) . - Voss Cottage , Pepperidge Road , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1897 ) . One of four cottages Price built for rental . Samuel Clemens rented it in 1908 . - Emily Post cottage , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1897 ) . One of four cottages Price built for rental . His daughter Emily inherited it . - Addison Cammack House , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Price Collier House , West Lake Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Park Association Offices , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Stores ( Business Block ) , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Park Library , 227 Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1901 ) . - Methodist Episcopal Church , 7 Hospital Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1902 ) . Now Tuxedo Historical Society . - R . M . Gillespie House , Tuxedo Park ( 1903 ) . Canada . - Windsor Station , Montreal , Quebec ( 1887–89 ) . - Banff Springs Hotel , Banff National Park , Alberta ( 1888 , demolished 1925 ) . Prices wood-and-shingle hotel was replaced by one of stone and concrete . - James Ross House , Montreal , Quebec ( 1892 ) . Now known as Old Chancellor Day Hall at the McGill University Faculty of Law . - Château Frontenac , Quebec City , Quebec ( 1893 ) . - Place Viger , Montreal , Quebec ( 1897 ) . A combined railroad station and hotel .
[ "Bar Harbor , Maine", "Lakewood , New Jersey" ]	easy	Bruce Price worked in which location from 1895 to 1897?	/wiki/Bruce_Price#P937#7	Bruce Price Bruce Price ( 12 December 1845 – 29 May 1903 ) was an American architect and an innovator in the Shingle Style . The stark geometry and compact massing of his cottages in Tuxedo Park , New York , influenced Modernist architects , including Frank Lloyd Wright and Robert Venturi . He also designed Richardsonian Romanesque institutional buildings , Beaux-Arts mansions , and Manhattan skyscrapers . In Canada , he designed Châteauesque railroad stations and grand hotels for the Canadian Pacific Railway , including Windsor Station in Montreal and Château Frontenac in Quebec City . Life and career . Price was born in Cumberland , Maryland , the son of William and Marian Bruce Price . He studied for a short time at Princeton University . After four years of internship in the office of the Baltimore architects Niernsee & Neilson ( 1864–68 ) , he began his professional work in Baltimore with Ephraim Francis Baldwin as a partner . Following a brief study trip to Europe , he opened an office in Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania , where he practiced from 1873 to 1876 . He settled in New York City in 1877 , where he worked on a series of domestic projects . These culminated in the design and layout of the exclusive 7,000-acre planned community of Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 ) , created by Pierre Lorillard IV . The striking buildings Price designed there , with their severe geometry , compact massing and axial plans , were highly influential in the architectural profession . Eight of Prices houses – including five from Tuxedo Park – were among the one hundred buildings selected for George William Sheldons landmark survey of American domestic architecture : Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . The most famous of these , the Pierre Lorillard V cottage ( Cottage G ) , though demolished and now known only through photographs , remains an icon of American architecture . Prices daughter wrote in 1911 : In beginning Tuxedo , the architects idea was to fit buildings with the surrounding woods , and the gate-lodge and keep were built of graystone with as much moss and lichen as possible . The shingled cottages were stained with the color of the woods—russets and grays and dull reds—ugly to the taste of a quarter century later , though this treatment did much to neutralize the newness of the buildings—Old World and tradition-haunted as it looks , it is new , incredibly new . Among the Manhattan office buildings he designed were the American Surety Building , the St . James Building , the Bank of the Metropolis and the International Bank . He also collaborated with sculptor Daniel Chester French on the Richard Morris Hunt Memorial ( 1898 ) in Central Park . He designed a lecture hall and a dormitory at Yale University . His grandest residential commission was Georgian Court , the neo-Georgian estate of George Jay Gould I in Lakewood , New Jersey . Price invented , patented , and built the parlor bay-window cars for the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Boston and Albany Railroad . This work prompted the Canadian Pacific Railways to consider his portfolio . He designed the Château Frontenac in Quebec City for the Canadian Pacific ( arguably the structure Price is most identified with ) , as well as the first Banff Springs Hotel in Alberta , and many other hotels and stations . He was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects ( 1890 ) and belonged to the Architectural League of New York . In 1900 , he entered into a partnership with French architect Jules Henri de Sibour , who had earlier worked in his office . The firm continued to use the name Bruce Price & de Sibour until 1908 , five years after Prices death . In 1871 , Price married Josephine Lee , the daughter of a Wilkes-Barre coal baron . They had two children : Emily Price Post , who became a novelist and the American authority on etiquette , and William , who died in infancy . Price is buried , along with his wife and son , in Hollenback Cemetery in Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania . Selected works . United States . - 10 East Chase Street , Baltimore , Maryland ( c . 1870 ) . - Coryell Apartment Building , 21 East 21st Street , Manhattan , New York ( 1878 ) . - James Alfred Roosevelt Estate , Cove Neck , New York ( 1881 ) . - Cleftstone ( Charles T . How cottage ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1881 ) . Now Cleftstone Manor Hotel . - Seacroft , Rumson , NJ ( 1881 ) - Far Niente ( William B . Rice cottage ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1882 , demolished 1943 ) . - J . M . Wayne Neff residence , Cincinnati , Ohio ( 1882 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Seaverge ( George F . Baker residence ) , Monmouth Beach , New Jersey ( c . 1884 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Cordelia Sterling residence , Stratford , Connecticut ( 1886 ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Osborn Hall , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut ( 1887–88 , demolished 1926 ) . - Welch Hall , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut ( 1891 ) . - Main Building , Hotchkiss School , Lakeville , Connecticut ( 1892 , demolished 1970 ) . - Hotchkiss Library of Sharon , Sharon , Connecticut ( 1893 ) - Elizabeth Train Station , Elizabeth , New Jersey ( 1893–94 ) . Built as Central Railroad of New Jersey Depot . - American Surety Building , 100 Broadway , Manhattan , New York ( 1894 , altered ) . Architect Herman Lee Meader widened the building and added additional stories in 1922 . - The Turrets ( John J . Emery house ) , Bar Harbor , Maine ( 1895 ) . Now part of College of the Atlantic . - St . James Building , 1133 Broadway , Manhattan , New York ( 1896 ) . - Georgian Court ( George Jay Gould I mansion ) , Lakewood , New Jersey ( 1896 ) . Now Georgian Court University . - Richard Morris Hunt Memorial , Fifth Avenue between 70th & 71st Streets , Central Park , New York City ( 1898 ) , with sculptor Daniel Chester French . - Daniel B . Wesson residence , Springfield , Massachusetts ( 1898 , destroyed by fire 1966 ) . - Old Washington County Library , Hagerstown , Maryland ( 1900 ) . - Whittier Hall Dormitories , Teachers College , Columbia University , Manhattan , New York ( 1901 ) , with J . M . Darragh . - Audrain Building , 220-30 Bellevue Avenue , Newport , Rhode Island ( 1902 ) . - Bank of the Metropolis , 31 Union Square West , Manhattan , New York ( 1902–03 ) . - Northfield Chateau , Northfield , Massachusetts ( 1903 , demolished 1963 ) . Tuxedo Park , New York . - Tuxedo Park Post Office , Tuxedo Park ( 1885 ) . - Gate-Lodge and Keep , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 ) . - Erie Railroad Tuxedo Park Station , Tuxedo Park ( 1885 ) . - Cottage G ( Pierre Lorillard V Cottage ) , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - William Kent Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . Vincent Scully argues that Frank Lloyd Wright modeled his Oak Park house and studio after this and the Chanler cottage . - W . Chanler Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1885–86 , altered ) . Scully identifies the client as W . Chandler , but it was likely Winthrop Astor Chanler . - The Tuxedo Club , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , demolished 1927 ) . - Pierre Lorillard IV Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , altered ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Henry I . Barbey Cottage , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , demolished ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Travis Van Buren Cottage , Tower Hill Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , altered beyond recognition ) . Listed in Sheldons Artistic Country-Seats ( 1886–87 ) . - Francis D . Carley Cottage , West Lake Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1886 , moved from original site 1896 ) . - Tuxedo Park School ( first building ) , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1887 , demolished ) . - M . G . Barnwell Stable , Clubhouse Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1889–90 ) . - Meta K . Cruger Cottage , Tower Hill Road , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1890 ) . - Japanese Cottage , 16 Summit Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1891 ) . - Our Lady of Mount Carmel Roman Catholic Church , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1895 , burned 1897 ) . - Bruce Price Cottage , Pepperidge Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1897 ) . - Voss Cottage , Pepperidge Road , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1897 ) . One of four cottages Price built for rental . Samuel Clemens rented it in 1908 . - Emily Post cottage , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1897 ) . One of four cottages Price built for rental . His daughter Emily inherited it . - Addison Cammack House , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Price Collier House , West Lake Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Park Association Offices , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Stores ( Business Block ) , Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( c . 1900 ) . - Tuxedo Park Library , 227 Route 17 , Tuxedo Park ( 1901 ) . - Methodist Episcopal Church , 7 Hospital Road , Tuxedo Park ( 1902 ) . Now Tuxedo Historical Society . - R . M . Gillespie House , Tuxedo Park ( 1903 ) . Canada . - Windsor Station , Montreal , Quebec ( 1887–89 ) . - Banff Springs Hotel , Banff National Park , Alberta ( 1888 , demolished 1925 ) . Prices wood-and-shingle hotel was replaced by one of stone and concrete . - James Ross House , Montreal , Quebec ( 1892 ) . Now known as Old Chancellor Day Hall at the McGill University Faculty of Law . - Château Frontenac , Quebec City , Quebec ( 1893 ) . - Place Viger , Montreal , Quebec ( 1897 ) . A combined railroad station and hotel .
[ "Puerto Rico Soccer League" ]	easy	Which league did Sevilla FC Puerto Rico play for from 2006 to 2007?	/wiki/Sevilla_FC_Puerto_Rico#P118#0	Sevilla FC Puerto Rico Sevilla FC Puerto Rico was a Puerto Rican professional association football team based in Juncos , Puerto Rico . Founded in 2006 , the team used to play in the Puerto Rico Soccer League . The club was founded in 2006 as a farm team for the Puerto Rico Islanders of the North American Soccer League in Bayamón , but in 2008 partnered with the Spanish La Liga club Sevilla FC and moved a year later to Juncos . Sevilla won both the regular season and play-offs in the inaugural season of the Puerto Rico Soccer League in 2008 , and also won the regular season in 2011 before losing the play-off final on penalties to Leones . The team used to play its home games at Josué Elevadito González Stadium , and the teams colors are white , black , blue and gold . Their current head coach is Francis Muñoz . The team also has a secondary team called Atletico Sevilla that plays in Liga Nacional de Futbol de Puerto Rico , the other 1st division of football in Puerto Rico . History . The club was formed in 2006 as Puerto Rico Islanders B , a farm team for the United Soccer Leagues Puerto Rico Islanders , and played in the now defunct Liga Premier from 2006 to 2007 . The team were based in Bayamón , outside San Juan , with their parent club . In 2008 the club found a new affiliate in the shape of Sevilla FC of La Liga , one of the leading clubs of Spain . and changed their name to Sevilla Bayamón FC . The club became one of the eight founders of the Puerto Rico Soccer League , the first nationwide league in Puerto Rico . Before the 2009 season the club folded due to ownership problems , however the city of Juncos bought them in time for the 2009 season thus allowing Sevilla FC Puerto Rico defend its title . Sevilla FC debuted on 3 July 2008 , in a 1–0 victory over Huracán , and followed the victory by beating River Plate by the same score . On 20 July 2008 , Sevilla FC defeated Academia Quintana to go into first place in the league . The team solidified their position in the fourth game , where they defeated San Juan 1–0 , and then defeated Tornados de Humacao 11–1 . The run of five victories from the start of the season ended on 10 August 2008 , when they drew against Fluminense . This marked the end of the leagues first half , the teams would then compete against each other a second time . In the first two games of this stage , Sevilla FC defeated Gigantes de Carolina and Caguas Huracán . To close the regular season , the team won 3 , lost 2 and drew 1 game . On 2 October 2008 , Sevilla defeated the Carolina Giants 6–0 to clinch the first place of this stage . On Saturday 18 October 2008 Sevilla won the first Puerto Rico Soccer League Championship 2–1 against River Plate . In the 2009 season , the team moved to Juncos and were renamed Sevilla-FC Juncos . Sevilla-FC Juncos won their first game of the 2009 season against Bayamón ( 1–0 ) . Sevilla won their next game 5–1 against Caguas Huracan . The club ended their season in 3rd place and losing in the semifinals of the 2009 Puerto Rico Soccer League Playoffs to the eventual winners Bayamon FC . In 2011 Sevilla won the regular league championship but lost in a penalty shootout to Leones in the play-off final . Colors and badge . Up until 2007 they wore uniforms resembling that of their parent club , the Puerto Rico Islanders , using the same colors of orange , dark blue and white . In 2008 when they partnered with Sevilla FC of Spain they adopted this teams uniforms and colors of white , purple , red and black . The current home kit is a replica of one of Sevilla FCs old uniforms : it is all white with black and red paint strokes that run horizontally just below the arm from right to left . The away uniforms also use this strokes but instead of black it uses white . Stadium . - Juan Ramon Loubriel Stadium ; Bayamon , Puerto Rico ( 2006–2007 ) - Alfredo Papo Alejandro Stadium ; Juncos , Puerto Rico ( 2008–2010 ) - Josué Elevadito González Stadium ; Juncos , Puerto Rico ( 2011–present ) When Sevilla FC Juncos was called Sevilla Bayamon FC , it played its matches at the Juan Ramon Loubriel Stadium in Bayamon , but after it moved from Bayamon to Juncos due to financial problems , Sevilla-FC Juncos new stadium will be located in the town of Juncos . The new stadium is going to be named Sevilla FC Stadium . They currently play at the Josué Elevadito González Stadium in Juncos . Achievements . - Puerto Rico Soccer League : Atlético Sevilla PR . - Liga Premier de Fútbol de Puerto Rico : External links . - Sevilla FC-Juncos official site - Sevilla FCPR News
[ "Puerto Rico Soccer League" ]	easy	Which league did Sevilla FC Puerto Rico play for from 2008 to 2010?	/wiki/Sevilla_FC_Puerto_Rico#P118#1	Sevilla FC Puerto Rico Sevilla FC Puerto Rico was a Puerto Rican professional association football team based in Juncos , Puerto Rico . Founded in 2006 , the team used to play in the Puerto Rico Soccer League . The club was founded in 2006 as a farm team for the Puerto Rico Islanders of the North American Soccer League in Bayamón , but in 2008 partnered with the Spanish La Liga club Sevilla FC and moved a year later to Juncos . Sevilla won both the regular season and play-offs in the inaugural season of the Puerto Rico Soccer League in 2008 , and also won the regular season in 2011 before losing the play-off final on penalties to Leones . The team used to play its home games at Josué Elevadito González Stadium , and the teams colors are white , black , blue and gold . Their current head coach is Francis Muñoz . The team also has a secondary team called Atletico Sevilla that plays in Liga Nacional de Futbol de Puerto Rico , the other 1st division of football in Puerto Rico . History . The club was formed in 2006 as Puerto Rico Islanders B , a farm team for the United Soccer Leagues Puerto Rico Islanders , and played in the now defunct Liga Premier from 2006 to 2007 . The team were based in Bayamón , outside San Juan , with their parent club . In 2008 the club found a new affiliate in the shape of Sevilla FC of La Liga , one of the leading clubs of Spain . and changed their name to Sevilla Bayamón FC . The club became one of the eight founders of the Puerto Rico Soccer League , the first nationwide league in Puerto Rico . Before the 2009 season the club folded due to ownership problems , however the city of Juncos bought them in time for the 2009 season thus allowing Sevilla FC Puerto Rico defend its title . Sevilla FC debuted on 3 July 2008 , in a 1–0 victory over Huracán , and followed the victory by beating River Plate by the same score . On 20 July 2008 , Sevilla FC defeated Academia Quintana to go into first place in the league . The team solidified their position in the fourth game , where they defeated San Juan 1–0 , and then defeated Tornados de Humacao 11–1 . The run of five victories from the start of the season ended on 10 August 2008 , when they drew against Fluminense . This marked the end of the leagues first half , the teams would then compete against each other a second time . In the first two games of this stage , Sevilla FC defeated Gigantes de Carolina and Caguas Huracán . To close the regular season , the team won 3 , lost 2 and drew 1 game . On 2 October 2008 , Sevilla defeated the Carolina Giants 6–0 to clinch the first place of this stage . On Saturday 18 October 2008 Sevilla won the first Puerto Rico Soccer League Championship 2–1 against River Plate . In the 2009 season , the team moved to Juncos and were renamed Sevilla-FC Juncos . Sevilla-FC Juncos won their first game of the 2009 season against Bayamón ( 1–0 ) . Sevilla won their next game 5–1 against Caguas Huracan . The club ended their season in 3rd place and losing in the semifinals of the 2009 Puerto Rico Soccer League Playoffs to the eventual winners Bayamon FC . In 2011 Sevilla won the regular league championship but lost in a penalty shootout to Leones in the play-off final . Colors and badge . Up until 2007 they wore uniforms resembling that of their parent club , the Puerto Rico Islanders , using the same colors of orange , dark blue and white . In 2008 when they partnered with Sevilla FC of Spain they adopted this teams uniforms and colors of white , purple , red and black . The current home kit is a replica of one of Sevilla FCs old uniforms : it is all white with black and red paint strokes that run horizontally just below the arm from right to left . The away uniforms also use this strokes but instead of black it uses white . Stadium . - Juan Ramon Loubriel Stadium ; Bayamon , Puerto Rico ( 2006–2007 ) - Alfredo Papo Alejandro Stadium ; Juncos , Puerto Rico ( 2008–2010 ) - Josué Elevadito González Stadium ; Juncos , Puerto Rico ( 2011–present ) When Sevilla FC Juncos was called Sevilla Bayamon FC , it played its matches at the Juan Ramon Loubriel Stadium in Bayamon , but after it moved from Bayamon to Juncos due to financial problems , Sevilla-FC Juncos new stadium will be located in the town of Juncos . The new stadium is going to be named Sevilla FC Stadium . They currently play at the Josué Elevadito González Stadium in Juncos . Achievements . - Puerto Rico Soccer League : Atlético Sevilla PR . - Liga Premier de Fútbol de Puerto Rico : External links . - Sevilla FC-Juncos official site - Sevilla FCPR News
[ "" ]	easy	Which league did Sevilla FC Puerto Rico play for from 2012 to 2013?	/wiki/Sevilla_FC_Puerto_Rico#P118#2	Sevilla FC Puerto Rico Sevilla FC Puerto Rico was a Puerto Rican professional association football team based in Juncos , Puerto Rico . Founded in 2006 , the team used to play in the Puerto Rico Soccer League . The club was founded in 2006 as a farm team for the Puerto Rico Islanders of the North American Soccer League in Bayamón , but in 2008 partnered with the Spanish La Liga club Sevilla FC and moved a year later to Juncos . Sevilla won both the regular season and play-offs in the inaugural season of the Puerto Rico Soccer League in 2008 , and also won the regular season in 2011 before losing the play-off final on penalties to Leones . The team used to play its home games at Josué Elevadito González Stadium , and the teams colors are white , black , blue and gold . Their current head coach is Francis Muñoz . The team also has a secondary team called Atletico Sevilla that plays in Liga Nacional de Futbol de Puerto Rico , the other 1st division of football in Puerto Rico . History . The club was formed in 2006 as Puerto Rico Islanders B , a farm team for the United Soccer Leagues Puerto Rico Islanders , and played in the now defunct Liga Premier from 2006 to 2007 . The team were based in Bayamón , outside San Juan , with their parent club . In 2008 the club found a new affiliate in the shape of Sevilla FC of La Liga , one of the leading clubs of Spain . and changed their name to Sevilla Bayamón FC . The club became one of the eight founders of the Puerto Rico Soccer League , the first nationwide league in Puerto Rico . Before the 2009 season the club folded due to ownership problems , however the city of Juncos bought them in time for the 2009 season thus allowing Sevilla FC Puerto Rico defend its title . Sevilla FC debuted on 3 July 2008 , in a 1–0 victory over Huracán , and followed the victory by beating River Plate by the same score . On 20 July 2008 , Sevilla FC defeated Academia Quintana to go into first place in the league . The team solidified their position in the fourth game , where they defeated San Juan 1–0 , and then defeated Tornados de Humacao 11–1 . The run of five victories from the start of the season ended on 10 August 2008 , when they drew against Fluminense . This marked the end of the leagues first half , the teams would then compete against each other a second time . In the first two games of this stage , Sevilla FC defeated Gigantes de Carolina and Caguas Huracán . To close the regular season , the team won 3 , lost 2 and drew 1 game . On 2 October 2008 , Sevilla defeated the Carolina Giants 6–0 to clinch the first place of this stage . On Saturday 18 October 2008 Sevilla won the first Puerto Rico Soccer League Championship 2–1 against River Plate . In the 2009 season , the team moved to Juncos and were renamed Sevilla-FC Juncos . Sevilla-FC Juncos won their first game of the 2009 season against Bayamón ( 1–0 ) . Sevilla won their next game 5–1 against Caguas Huracan . The club ended their season in 3rd place and losing in the semifinals of the 2009 Puerto Rico Soccer League Playoffs to the eventual winners Bayamon FC . In 2011 Sevilla won the regular league championship but lost in a penalty shootout to Leones in the play-off final . Colors and badge . Up until 2007 they wore uniforms resembling that of their parent club , the Puerto Rico Islanders , using the same colors of orange , dark blue and white . In 2008 when they partnered with Sevilla FC of Spain they adopted this teams uniforms and colors of white , purple , red and black . The current home kit is a replica of one of Sevilla FCs old uniforms : it is all white with black and red paint strokes that run horizontally just below the arm from right to left . The away uniforms also use this strokes but instead of black it uses white . Stadium . - Juan Ramon Loubriel Stadium ; Bayamon , Puerto Rico ( 2006–2007 ) - Alfredo Papo Alejandro Stadium ; Juncos , Puerto Rico ( 2008–2010 ) - Josué Elevadito González Stadium ; Juncos , Puerto Rico ( 2011–present ) When Sevilla FC Juncos was called Sevilla Bayamon FC , it played its matches at the Juan Ramon Loubriel Stadium in Bayamon , but after it moved from Bayamon to Juncos due to financial problems , Sevilla-FC Juncos new stadium will be located in the town of Juncos . The new stadium is going to be named Sevilla FC Stadium . They currently play at the Josué Elevadito González Stadium in Juncos . Achievements . - Puerto Rico Soccer League : Atlético Sevilla PR . - Liga Premier de Fútbol de Puerto Rico : External links . - Sevilla FC-Juncos official site - Sevilla FCPR News
[ "United States Representative" ]	easy	Which position did Herbert Pell hold from Mar 1919 to Mar 1921?	/wiki/Herbert_Pell#P39#0	Herbert Pell Herbert Claiborne Pell Jr . ( February 16 , 1884 – July 17 , 1961 ) was a United States Representative from New York , U.S . Minister to Portugal , U.S . Minister to Hungary , and a creator and member of the United Nations War Crimes Commission . A native of New York City and a member of the prominent and wealthy Lorillard and Claiborne families , Pell was educated at Connecticuts Pomfret School and attended Harvard University , Columbia University , and New York University . Originally active in politics as a Progressive , he later became a Democrat . In 1918 , Pell was elected to Congress , and he served from 1919 to 1921 . He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1920 . Pell continued to remain active in politics , and was chairman of the New York State Democratic Committee from 1921 to 1926 and a delegate to the 1924 Democratic National Convention . He served as vice chairman of the Democratic National Campaign Committee for the 1936 elections . In 1937 , Pell was appointed as Minister to Portugal , where he served from May 27 , 1937 until February 11 , 1941 , when he was appointed Minister to Hungary . In December 1941 , Pell received Hungarys declaration of war against the United States , closed the embassy and returned to the United States . He formally resigned in November 1942 . From 1942 to 1945 , Pell was the United States representative on the United Nations War Crimes Commission . Pell was recognized as an internationalist on foreign policy and a progressive despite coming from the wealthy and conservative class , which tended to be isolationist . He was the leading American seeking to build awareness of the plight of European Jews in the 1930s and 1940s and prevent the Holocaust , and was able to aid in holding the perpetrators responsible as the principal U.S . sponsor of and U.S . representative of the War Crimes Commission . Pell died in Munich , West Germany on July 17 , 1961 . His remains were cremated and scattered in the Atlantic Ocean at Beavertail in Jamestown , Rhode Island . Early life . Pell was born in New York City on February 16 , 1884 . He was the eldest son of two children born to Katherine Lorillard ( née Kernochan ) Pell ( 1858–1917 ) and Herbert Claiborne Pell ( 1853–1926 ) . His younger brother was Clarence Cecil Pell ( 1885–1964 ) . He was a great-grandson of U.S . Representative John Francis Hamtramck Claiborne , and great-great-grandnephew of William Charles Cole Claiborne and Nathaniel Herbert Claiborne . Through his mother and maternal grandparents , James Powell Kernochan and Catherine ( née Lorillard ) Kernochan , the daughter of Pierre Lorillard III , he inherited a share of the Lorillard Tobacco fortune . He was also a direct descendant of Wampage I , a Siwanoy chieftain , as reflected in a Congressional Record entry relating to his son Claiborne Pell . Pell was educated at the Pomfret School , in Connecticut . He attended Harvard University , Columbia University , and New York University , but did not complete a degree . Career . Pells political career began as a member of the Progressive committee of Orange County , New York ( 1912 to 1914 ) . He was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-sixth Congress ( March 4 , 1919 – March 3 , 1921 ) and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1920 to the Sixty-seventh Congress . He was chairman of the Democratic State committee from 1921 to 1926 and a delegate to the 1924 Democratic National Convention . Pell was an occasional lecturer at Columbia University , Harvard University , and other colleges and universities . He also served on the advisory committee of Yenching University , later merged with Peking University . In 1936 was vice chairman of the Democratic National Campaign Committee . Pell was appointed as Minister to Portugal , where he served from May 27 , 1937 until February 11 , 1941 , when he was appointed Minister to Hungary . He was serving in Budapest on December 13 , 1941 when he received the Hungarian declaration of war against the United States . He closed the legation in Budapest , returned to the U.S . on January 16 , 1942 and submitted his resignation on November 30 , 1942 . He was United States representative on the United Nations War Crimes Commission from August 1943 to January 1945 . Personal life . In November 1915 , he married Matilda Bigelow ( 1895-1972 ) , daughter of Nelson Pendleton Bigelow . Before their divorce in March 1927 , they were the parents of : - Claiborne de Borda Pell ( 1918–2009 ) , a U.S . Senator from Rhode Island who served for 36 years from 1961 until 1997 . In June 1927 , Matilda married Hugo W . Koehler ( 1886-1941 ) , a commander in the United States Navy who served as a naval and State Department special agent in Russia during its civil war in 1920 . Two weeks later in Paris , Pell married Olive Bigelow Pell ( 1886-1980 ) , the portraitist . Olive Bigelow was the daughter of Poultney Bigelow ( 1855-1954 ) and granddaughter of John Bigelow ( 1817–1911 ) , the U.S . Ambassador to France under Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson . Pell died on July 17 , 1961 in Munich , West Germany at the age of 77 , while touring Europe with his grandson , Herbert Pell III . His funeral was held at Trinity Church in Newport , Rhode Island where there is a memorial plaque in his honor . His ashes were committed to the ocean off Beavertail in Jamestown , Rhode Island . Descendants . Pell was the great-grandfather of Herbert Claiborne Pell IV ( b . 1981 ) , a candidate for Governor of Rhode Island , who married two-time Olympic medalist Michelle Kwan ( b . 1980 ) . Honors and commemorations . The Herbert Pell Cup in yachting is named for Pell . References . - Notes - Sources - Herbert Claiborne Pell , Preparing for the Next War , American Mercury , v . 23 , no.92 ( August 1931 ) 455-463 . - Baker , Leonard . Brahmin in Revolt ; A Biography of Herbert C . Pell . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday , 1972 . - Blayney , Michael S . Diplomat and Humanist : The Diplomatic Career of Herbert Claiborne Pell . Ph.D . dissertation , Washington State University , 1973 . - Cox , Graham B . Seeking Justice for the Holocaust : Herbert C . Pell , Franklin D . Roosevelt , and the Limits of International Law . University of Oklahoma Press , 2019 .
[ "Minister to Portugal" ]	easy	Herbert Pell took which position from May 1937 to Feb 1941?	/wiki/Herbert_Pell#P39#1	Herbert Pell Herbert Claiborne Pell Jr . ( February 16 , 1884 – July 17 , 1961 ) was a United States Representative from New York , U.S . Minister to Portugal , U.S . Minister to Hungary , and a creator and member of the United Nations War Crimes Commission . A native of New York City and a member of the prominent and wealthy Lorillard and Claiborne families , Pell was educated at Connecticuts Pomfret School and attended Harvard University , Columbia University , and New York University . Originally active in politics as a Progressive , he later became a Democrat . In 1918 , Pell was elected to Congress , and he served from 1919 to 1921 . He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1920 . Pell continued to remain active in politics , and was chairman of the New York State Democratic Committee from 1921 to 1926 and a delegate to the 1924 Democratic National Convention . He served as vice chairman of the Democratic National Campaign Committee for the 1936 elections . In 1937 , Pell was appointed as Minister to Portugal , where he served from May 27 , 1937 until February 11 , 1941 , when he was appointed Minister to Hungary . In December 1941 , Pell received Hungarys declaration of war against the United States , closed the embassy and returned to the United States . He formally resigned in November 1942 . From 1942 to 1945 , Pell was the United States representative on the United Nations War Crimes Commission . Pell was recognized as an internationalist on foreign policy and a progressive despite coming from the wealthy and conservative class , which tended to be isolationist . He was the leading American seeking to build awareness of the plight of European Jews in the 1930s and 1940s and prevent the Holocaust , and was able to aid in holding the perpetrators responsible as the principal U.S . sponsor of and U.S . representative of the War Crimes Commission . Pell died in Munich , West Germany on July 17 , 1961 . His remains were cremated and scattered in the Atlantic Ocean at Beavertail in Jamestown , Rhode Island . Early life . Pell was born in New York City on February 16 , 1884 . He was the eldest son of two children born to Katherine Lorillard ( née Kernochan ) Pell ( 1858–1917 ) and Herbert Claiborne Pell ( 1853–1926 ) . His younger brother was Clarence Cecil Pell ( 1885–1964 ) . He was a great-grandson of U.S . Representative John Francis Hamtramck Claiborne , and great-great-grandnephew of William Charles Cole Claiborne and Nathaniel Herbert Claiborne . Through his mother and maternal grandparents , James Powell Kernochan and Catherine ( née Lorillard ) Kernochan , the daughter of Pierre Lorillard III , he inherited a share of the Lorillard Tobacco fortune . He was also a direct descendant of Wampage I , a Siwanoy chieftain , as reflected in a Congressional Record entry relating to his son Claiborne Pell . Pell was educated at the Pomfret School , in Connecticut . He attended Harvard University , Columbia University , and New York University , but did not complete a degree . Career . Pells political career began as a member of the Progressive committee of Orange County , New York ( 1912 to 1914 ) . He was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-sixth Congress ( March 4 , 1919 – March 3 , 1921 ) and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1920 to the Sixty-seventh Congress . He was chairman of the Democratic State committee from 1921 to 1926 and a delegate to the 1924 Democratic National Convention . Pell was an occasional lecturer at Columbia University , Harvard University , and other colleges and universities . He also served on the advisory committee of Yenching University , later merged with Peking University . In 1936 was vice chairman of the Democratic National Campaign Committee . Pell was appointed as Minister to Portugal , where he served from May 27 , 1937 until February 11 , 1941 , when he was appointed Minister to Hungary . He was serving in Budapest on December 13 , 1941 when he received the Hungarian declaration of war against the United States . He closed the legation in Budapest , returned to the U.S . on January 16 , 1942 and submitted his resignation on November 30 , 1942 . He was United States representative on the United Nations War Crimes Commission from August 1943 to January 1945 . Personal life . In November 1915 , he married Matilda Bigelow ( 1895-1972 ) , daughter of Nelson Pendleton Bigelow . Before their divorce in March 1927 , they were the parents of : - Claiborne de Borda Pell ( 1918–2009 ) , a U.S . Senator from Rhode Island who served for 36 years from 1961 until 1997 . In June 1927 , Matilda married Hugo W . Koehler ( 1886-1941 ) , a commander in the United States Navy who served as a naval and State Department special agent in Russia during its civil war in 1920 . Two weeks later in Paris , Pell married Olive Bigelow Pell ( 1886-1980 ) , the portraitist . Olive Bigelow was the daughter of Poultney Bigelow ( 1855-1954 ) and granddaughter of John Bigelow ( 1817–1911 ) , the U.S . Ambassador to France under Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson . Pell died on July 17 , 1961 in Munich , West Germany at the age of 77 , while touring Europe with his grandson , Herbert Pell III . His funeral was held at Trinity Church in Newport , Rhode Island where there is a memorial plaque in his honor . His ashes were committed to the ocean off Beavertail in Jamestown , Rhode Island . Descendants . Pell was the great-grandfather of Herbert Claiborne Pell IV ( b . 1981 ) , a candidate for Governor of Rhode Island , who married two-time Olympic medalist Michelle Kwan ( b . 1980 ) . Honors and commemorations . The Herbert Pell Cup in yachting is named for Pell . References . - Notes - Sources - Herbert Claiborne Pell , Preparing for the Next War , American Mercury , v . 23 , no.92 ( August 1931 ) 455-463 . - Baker , Leonard . Brahmin in Revolt ; A Biography of Herbert C . Pell . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday , 1972 . - Blayney , Michael S . Diplomat and Humanist : The Diplomatic Career of Herbert Claiborne Pell . Ph.D . dissertation , Washington State University , 1973 . - Cox , Graham B . Seeking Justice for the Holocaust : Herbert C . Pell , Franklin D . Roosevelt , and the Limits of International Law . University of Oklahoma Press , 2019 .
[ "Minister to Hungary" ]	easy	What position did Herbert Pell take from Feb 1941 to Nov 1942?	/wiki/Herbert_Pell#P39#2	Herbert Pell Herbert Claiborne Pell Jr . ( February 16 , 1884 – July 17 , 1961 ) was a United States Representative from New York , U.S . Minister to Portugal , U.S . Minister to Hungary , and a creator and member of the United Nations War Crimes Commission . A native of New York City and a member of the prominent and wealthy Lorillard and Claiborne families , Pell was educated at Connecticuts Pomfret School and attended Harvard University , Columbia University , and New York University . Originally active in politics as a Progressive , he later became a Democrat . In 1918 , Pell was elected to Congress , and he served from 1919 to 1921 . He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1920 . Pell continued to remain active in politics , and was chairman of the New York State Democratic Committee from 1921 to 1926 and a delegate to the 1924 Democratic National Convention . He served as vice chairman of the Democratic National Campaign Committee for the 1936 elections . In 1937 , Pell was appointed as Minister to Portugal , where he served from May 27 , 1937 until February 11 , 1941 , when he was appointed Minister to Hungary . In December 1941 , Pell received Hungarys declaration of war against the United States , closed the embassy and returned to the United States . He formally resigned in November 1942 . From 1942 to 1945 , Pell was the United States representative on the United Nations War Crimes Commission . Pell was recognized as an internationalist on foreign policy and a progressive despite coming from the wealthy and conservative class , which tended to be isolationist . He was the leading American seeking to build awareness of the plight of European Jews in the 1930s and 1940s and prevent the Holocaust , and was able to aid in holding the perpetrators responsible as the principal U.S . sponsor of and U.S . representative of the War Crimes Commission . Pell died in Munich , West Germany on July 17 , 1961 . His remains were cremated and scattered in the Atlantic Ocean at Beavertail in Jamestown , Rhode Island . Early life . Pell was born in New York City on February 16 , 1884 . He was the eldest son of two children born to Katherine Lorillard ( née Kernochan ) Pell ( 1858–1917 ) and Herbert Claiborne Pell ( 1853–1926 ) . His younger brother was Clarence Cecil Pell ( 1885–1964 ) . He was a great-grandson of U.S . Representative John Francis Hamtramck Claiborne , and great-great-grandnephew of William Charles Cole Claiborne and Nathaniel Herbert Claiborne . Through his mother and maternal grandparents , James Powell Kernochan and Catherine ( née Lorillard ) Kernochan , the daughter of Pierre Lorillard III , he inherited a share of the Lorillard Tobacco fortune . He was also a direct descendant of Wampage I , a Siwanoy chieftain , as reflected in a Congressional Record entry relating to his son Claiborne Pell . Pell was educated at the Pomfret School , in Connecticut . He attended Harvard University , Columbia University , and New York University , but did not complete a degree . Career . Pells political career began as a member of the Progressive committee of Orange County , New York ( 1912 to 1914 ) . He was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-sixth Congress ( March 4 , 1919 – March 3 , 1921 ) and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1920 to the Sixty-seventh Congress . He was chairman of the Democratic State committee from 1921 to 1926 and a delegate to the 1924 Democratic National Convention . Pell was an occasional lecturer at Columbia University , Harvard University , and other colleges and universities . He also served on the advisory committee of Yenching University , later merged with Peking University . In 1936 was vice chairman of the Democratic National Campaign Committee . Pell was appointed as Minister to Portugal , where he served from May 27 , 1937 until February 11 , 1941 , when he was appointed Minister to Hungary . He was serving in Budapest on December 13 , 1941 when he received the Hungarian declaration of war against the United States . He closed the legation in Budapest , returned to the U.S . on January 16 , 1942 and submitted his resignation on November 30 , 1942 . He was United States representative on the United Nations War Crimes Commission from August 1943 to January 1945 . Personal life . In November 1915 , he married Matilda Bigelow ( 1895-1972 ) , daughter of Nelson Pendleton Bigelow . Before their divorce in March 1927 , they were the parents of : - Claiborne de Borda Pell ( 1918–2009 ) , a U.S . Senator from Rhode Island who served for 36 years from 1961 until 1997 . In June 1927 , Matilda married Hugo W . Koehler ( 1886-1941 ) , a commander in the United States Navy who served as a naval and State Department special agent in Russia during its civil war in 1920 . Two weeks later in Paris , Pell married Olive Bigelow Pell ( 1886-1980 ) , the portraitist . Olive Bigelow was the daughter of Poultney Bigelow ( 1855-1954 ) and granddaughter of John Bigelow ( 1817–1911 ) , the U.S . Ambassador to France under Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson . Pell died on July 17 , 1961 in Munich , West Germany at the age of 77 , while touring Europe with his grandson , Herbert Pell III . His funeral was held at Trinity Church in Newport , Rhode Island where there is a memorial plaque in his honor . His ashes were committed to the ocean off Beavertail in Jamestown , Rhode Island . Descendants . Pell was the great-grandfather of Herbert Claiborne Pell IV ( b . 1981 ) , a candidate for Governor of Rhode Island , who married two-time Olympic medalist Michelle Kwan ( b . 1980 ) . Honors and commemorations . The Herbert Pell Cup in yachting is named for Pell . References . - Notes - Sources - Herbert Claiborne Pell , Preparing for the Next War , American Mercury , v . 23 , no.92 ( August 1931 ) 455-463 . - Baker , Leonard . Brahmin in Revolt ; A Biography of Herbert C . Pell . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday , 1972 . - Blayney , Michael S . Diplomat and Humanist : The Diplomatic Career of Herbert Claiborne Pell . Ph.D . dissertation , Washington State University , 1973 . - Cox , Graham B . Seeking Justice for the Holocaust : Herbert C . Pell , Franklin D . Roosevelt , and the Limits of International Law . University of Oklahoma Press , 2019 .
[ "International Hotel" ]	easy	What was the official name of Westgate Las Vegas from 1969 to 1971?	/wiki/Westgate_Las_Vegas#P1448#0	Westgate Las Vegas The Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino is a hotel , casino , and timeshare resort in Winchester , Nevada . Located near the northern end of the Las Vegas Strip , it is owned by Westgate Resorts and operated by Paragon Gaming . It opened in 1969 as the International Hotel , and was known for many years as the Las Vegas Hilton , then briefly as the LVH – Las Vegas Hotel and Casino , until taking its current name in 2014 . From 1981 to 1990 , it was the largest hotel in the world . Facilities . The Westgate is located on a site on the east side of Paradise Road , approximately east of Las Vegas Boulevard . It is adjacent to the Las Vegas Convention Center to the south and Las Vegas Country Club to the east . The hotel has 2,956 rooms . The hotel tower is tall , with 30 floors . The top floor consists of three Sky Villas geared towards high roller customers , each with a private swimming pool and at least of space . The casino has of gaming space as of 2017 , with 576 slot machines , 38 table games , 10 poker tables , and a race and sports book . The casinos sportsbook , the SuperBook , is billed as the largest in the world . The Westgate has various eateries , including fine dining restaurants , a buffet , and a food court . Benihana Village , opened in 1974 , is a Japanese-themed area with streams and gardens , with several restaurants centered around its namesake teppanyaki grill . The Westgates convention center has of event space , including the Paradise Event Center ( formerly the Hilton Center ) and the Pavilion ( formerly the Hilton Pavilion ) . Recreation amenities at the Westgate include a pool deck , a fitness center , a spa , and six tennis courts . The hotel also has several retail shops , a wedding chapel , and a business center . The Westgate station of the Las Vegas Monorail is located at the front of the property . History . International Hotel ( 1969–1971 ) . The hotel site was previously part of the grounds of Las Vegas Park , a defunct racetrack . In 1965 , the track site was purchased by National Equities , a real estate development firm chaired by Marvin Kratter . Kratter announced development plans for the site to include a 40-floor , 1,500-room hotel , as well as a golf course and private homes . Meanwhile , Kirk Kerkorian , the chairman of Trans International Airlines and landlord of Caesars Palace , began formulating plans to build a 1,000-room casino hotel in Las Vegas . After considering several potential locations , he selected the racetrack site , reasoning that it was natural to put a hotel next to the Convention Center . Kratter had decided not to build a hotel himself , and in 1967 , National Equities sold a portion of the site to Kerkorian for $5 million . Kerkorian announced that he would build a 30-story hotel with 1,510 rooms , at a cost of $50 million . Some believed it was very risky to build such a property away from the Strip , but Kerkorian believed that it would spark the development of a second Strip along Paradise Road . Kerkorians hotel would be named the International Hotel , matching the name of Kratters International Country Club ( now the Las Vegas Country Club ) . He hired airline executive Fred Benninger to oversee the development , and Martin Stern , Jr. , who had designed several noted Las Vegas high-rises , as the hotels architect . The general contractor selected to build the hotel was Taylor Construction Co . Construction began with an elaborate groundbreaking ceremony in February 1968 . With planning for the hotel underway , Kerkorian purchased the Flamingo casino , to serve as a training ground for the Internationals staff . Later , during the Internationals construction , Kerkorian formed the publicly traded company International Leisure to own the two casinos . Howard Hughes , the eccentric billionaire who had purchased several Las Vegas casinos , saw Kerkorian as a rival and the International as unwelcome competition . He attempted to deter Kerkorian from building the project , first by making a sham announcement of a major planned expansion of his Sands Hotel , and then by conveying false claims to Kerkorian about damage to buildings from nearby nuclear tests . When these ruses failed , Hughes schemed to buy the project from Kerkorian and halt its construction , but this plan came to nothing . Ultimately , Hughes decided to compete head-on with the International by purchasing the unfinished Landmark Hotel and Casino , located across the street . Hughes completed construction of the Landmark and opened it one day before Kerkorians hotel . The International Hotel opened on July 2 , 1969 . At the time , it was Nevadas tallest building and largest hotel . Entertainment director Bill Miller signed Barbra Streisand to open in the showroom , along with Peggy Lee performing in the hotels lounge . In keeping with the hotels name , rooms were furnished with different international decors , with each floor featuring either a Spanish , Italian , or French theme . There was also a complex of international restaurants , offering Bavarian , Italian , Japanese and Mexican cuisines . Employees were outfitted in costumes from different cultures , such as Scottish kilts , Slavic shirts , and French gendarme uniforms . On July 31 , 1969 , immediately following Streisands engagement , Elvis Presley performed the first show of what would become a seven-year run at the hotel , encompassing 636 consecutive sold-out shows . Presleys appearances became a major part of the hotels identity , and an iconic chapter in the history of Las Vegas entertainment . Late in 1969 , Kerkorian made plans to raise $29 million through a secondary offering of International Leisure stock . He needed the money to help pay off loans that he had taken out to purchase major stakes in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Western Airlines . The offering was rejected , however , by the Securities and Exchange Commission , because the company was unable to provide five years of financial history for the Flamingo . Short on cash , Kerkorian was forced to put International Leisure up for sale . Las Vegas Hilton ( 1971–2012 ) . In 1970 and 1971 , Kerkorian sold his shares of International Leisure to Hilton Hotels . The International was renamed in July 1971 as the Las Vegas Hilton . Hilton took complete ownership in 1972 , acquiring all outstanding shares of International Leisure . The hotel had performed unevenly in its early years as the International , but as the Hilton , it soon came to be regarded as the most successful hotel in Las Vegas . An east tower extension with 620 rooms was completed in 1975 at a cost of $20 million . In 1977 , the hotel opened the Hilton Pavilion , a $7.5-million venue for sports and entertainment events , with a seating capacity of up to 5,000 people . A $23-million expansion added another 644 rooms to the north tower . The general contractor selected to build the expansion was Del E . Webb Corporation . Ground was broken in 1977 and it was completed in 1979 . 1981 fire . On the night of February 10 , 1981 , a major fire occurred at the Hilton . Philip Bruce Cline , a hotel busboy who was under the influence of drugs , set fire to a curtain in an elevator lobby on the eighth floor of the east tower . The fire spread to the exterior of the tower and then traveled up to the top of the building within 25 minutes . Eight people were killed , and approximately 350 were injured , including 48 firefighters . Among the victims treated for smoke inhalation was singer Natalie Cole . The casino and hotel reopened nine days after the fire with 1,000 available rooms . The rest of the rooms were repaired over the following three months , at an estimated cost of $10 million . Cline was convicted in 1982 of arson and murder , and sentenced to life in prison without parole . Hilton and other companies involved in the hotel paid a $23 million settlement to victims . The tragedy , in combination with the MGM Grand fire that had occurred months earlier , inspired major changes to Nevadas fire safety regulations . 1981–2012 . Around the end of 1981 , another extension to the north tower was completed , adding 391 rooms at a cost of $21 million . This made the Las Vegas Hilton the largest hotel in the world , with a total of 3,174 rooms . ( The Rossiya Hotel in Moscow had more rooms , but was not deemed to be a larger hotel by the Guinness Book of World Records because many of its rooms were used as dormitories. ) It held this title until 1990 , when it was surpassed by the Flamingo . In 1984 , the hotel completed construction of the $10-million Hilton Center , a convention and event space at the southwest corner of the property , west of the Hilton Pavilion . In 1986 , amid growing popularity of sports betting in Nevada , the Hilton opened its race and sports book , the Superbook , at a cost of $17 million . In 1991 , the Hilton was at the center of the Tailhook scandal , in which numerous United States Navy officers were accused of acts of sexual assault during a convention at the hotel . One of the victims , Paula Coughlin , sued the Hilton for providing inadequate security for the convention , and eventually was paid a $5.2 million judgment . The lawsuit led Hilton to successfully lobby for the so-called Tailhook bill , a state law shielding hotels from liability for injuries to patrons caused by third parties . The hotel completed a new , $4-million marquee sign in 1994 . Later that year , however , it was partially destroyed by a windstorm . The sign was reconstructed in 1997 for $9 million with a reduced height of , making it the worlds tallest free-standing advertising sign . In 1994 , the hotel entered an arrangement with the Sahara Country Club , which was renamed as the Las Vegas Hilton Country Club . This lasted until 1997 , when the course became the Las Vegas National Golf Club . Hilton attempted to buy the neighboring Las Vegas Country Club the following year , but its $60-million offer was rejected . In 1995 , the Hilton completed a $40-million renovation of its penthouse floor to construct the Sky Villas . The hotel also spent $12 million on a new room for baccarat , a favorite game of Asian high rollers . The Hilton at the time was one of only four Las Vegas casinos able to compete for the business of the whales , the top tier of high rollers . In 1998 , Hilton spun off its casino properties , including the Las Vegas Hilton , as Park Place Entertainment . Hiltons timeshare arm , Hilton Grand Vacations , began construction of a complex at the northeast corner of the property in 1998 . It opened in 1999 with 230 suites . Around 1999 , Park Place began seeking a buyer for the Las Vegas Hilton , because the company hoped to concentrate on its properties on the Las Vegas Strip , especially the newly acquired Caesars Palace . In 2000 , Park Place agreed to sell the Hilton to Edward Roski Jr . for $365 million . Roski planned to transform the Hilton to shift its focus away from high rollers and toward convention attendees . The deal fell through , however , and the property was locked up in litigation between Park Place and Roski until 2003 , when they settled their claims against each other . The Las Vegas Monorail opened in 2004 , with one of its stations located at the Hilton . The system had been under construction since 2001 . Hilton had led the group of hotels that had promulgated the proposal for the monorail as early as 1996 . In June 2004 , Caesars Entertainment ( formerly Park Place ) sold the Las Vegas Hilton to Colony Capital for $280 million . Colony partnered in the purchase with Goldman Sachs , which also lent $200 million of the purchase price . In 2005 , the Hilton was placed under the banner of Colonys newly formed casino affiliate , Resorts International Holdings , which was headquartered at the property . The Hilton prospered in its first few years under Colonys management , but began losing money in the face of the Great Recession and an oversupply of hotel rooms in Las Vegas . In June 2011 , the Hilton began defaulting on payments to Goldman Sachs on the loan . The same month , Hilton Worldwide opted to terminate its franchise agreement with the property , effective at the end of the year , because the facilities had fallen below the standards of the Hilton brand . Goldman Sachs issued a foreclosure notice in September 2011 . At Goldmans request , a court appointed a receiver to take control of the property . LVH ( 2012–2014 ) . On January 3 , 2012 , the Las Vegas Hilton became the LVH – Las Vegas Hotel and Casino , as the contract to use the Hilton brand ended . Colony Capital initially tried to fight against foreclosure of the property , but ultimately concluded that its equity in the LVH was worthless , and agreed to let the foreclosure proceed . Goldman Sachs formed a joint venture with Gramercy Capital to acquire the property . They bought the property at its foreclosure auction in October 2012 , where they were the only bidder . The Navegante Group was retained to manage the LVH on their behalf . In 2013 , the LVH affiliated with the Leo Hotel Collection , a network of independent hotels newly created by Red Lion Hotels . Westgate Las Vegas ( 2014–present ) . On June 30 , 2014 , timeshare developer Westgate Resorts bought the LVH from Goldman and Gramercy for a price between $150 and $170 million . Westgate CEO David Siegel was hoisted to the top of the hotels sign the following day to begin removing the letters LVH to make way for the propertys new name , Westgate Las Vegas . Siegel stated that the company would spend at least $160 million on renovations , and that it would begin converting hotel rooms into timeshare units . According to Siegel , the timeshare conversion would take 15 to 20 years , and , even after its completion , at least 30 percent of the units would remain available as hotel rooms at any given time . Westgate retained Paragon Gaming to replace Navegante as the propertys manager in 2015 . Architecture . Martin Stern designed the hotel in the International Style of architecture . Architect Stefan Al described the buildings aesthetics as a milestone in the corporatization of Las Vegas : Characterized by its rectilinear forms and bare surfaces , stripped of ornamentation , this elite form of architecture stood miles away from the Mafia-tainted neon of existing casinos . Architecture critic Alan Hess also noted the simplicity of the International ( and the nearby Landmark Hotel ) in comparison to older casinos : As singular , self-contained forms , they showed none of the complexity of the different pieces and sequential additions that made the original Strip visually and urbanistically richer . The Y-shaped plan for the hotel tower was inspired by the UNESCO Headquarters building ; it was chosen to maximize the number of rooms that could be fit into a square plot while allowing each room to have a satisfactory view . This design was imitated by later Las Vegas hotels such as the Mirage , Mandalay Bay , and Venetian . The International has been cited as the first Las Vegas megaresort ( though that distinction is often instead credited to the Mirage , opened in 1989 ) . It was the first to house all of the hotels functions in a single large structure , whereas earlier casinos had housed them in separate buildings . The design of the property , along with the next Kerkorian/Stern project , the original MGM Grand Hotel and Casino , had a major influence on the development of the modern casino resort . As gaming historian David G . Schwartz describes it : Entertainment . International Theater . The propertys main entertainment venue is the 1,607-seat International Theater . Since 2018 , the theater hosts Barry Manilows residency show , The Hits Come Home . From the opening of the hotel in 1969 , the main showroom was a star policy venue , meaning that popular musical artists and comedians were booked to perform for two to four weeks at a time . The typical schedule comprised two shows per night : a dinner show at 8pm and a cocktail show at midnight . One of the most famous engagements at the hotel was that of singer and pianist Liberace . A longtime mainstay of Las Vegas showrooms , Liberace debuted at the Hilton in 1972 , and began appearing regularly in 1973 . He performed in the showroom for as many as 17 weeks out of the year , earning as much as $175,000 per week . Liberaces shows were known for his flamboyant costumes and for his being driven onstage in a Rolls Royce limousine . He appeared at the Hilton as late as 1982 . Hilton chairman Barron Hilton remembered Liberace as one of the most popular entertainers ever to grace the stage of the Las Vegas Hilton showroom . In 1982 , the production show Bal du Moulin Rouge opened in the theater , featuring a cast of acrobats , dancers , and variety acts . The show centered around a 45-minute slot for a headline performer , which was filled at times by Suzanne Somers , Charo , and others . Shifting to a production show was intended to reduce the Hiltons entertainment costs by avoiding the need to book bigger stars , whose salaries had been spiraling ever higher . The show closed in 1986 , and the theater returned to star policy . Singer Wayne Newton , another longtime Las Vegas star , headlined the Hilton showroom from 1987 to 1993 . By the end of his run , he was performing there twenty weeks out of the year , and was described as the highest-paid entertainer on the Las Vegas Strip . Newtons shows were known for beginning with him descending onto the stage in a spaceship amid a laser show . He made over 950 performances in total . In 1993 , the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Starlight Express opened in the main theater . The Hilton Showroom was renamed as the Hilton Theatre , and underwent a $12-million renovation to add bridges and embankments to accommodate the show , which features performers on roller skates . The opening of the show was cited as part of a trend in Las Vegas toward family-friendly attractions and away from individual headliner acts . The show was signed to a five-year contract , but closed early in 1997 amid lagging ticket sales . The hotel then adopted a limited star policy for the theater , booking headline acts for runs of less than a week at a time . In the early 2000s , the theater kept a rotating stable of headliners who each performed for ten weeks out of the year , including at times The Commodores , The Righteous Brothers , Sheena Easton , The Fab Four , Engelbert Humperdinck , and The Smothers Brothers . Manilow began an extended run at the Hilton in 2005 . His engagement was an early example of the trend of major recording artists establishing residency shows in Las Vegas , which was begun by Celine Dion at Caesars Palace in 2003 . His show began as Manilow : Music and Passion , and was then revamped in 2008 as Ultimate Manilow : The Hits . The show ended in 2009 . During the summer of 2006 , Reba McEntire performed her residency show , Reba : Key to the Heart , which ran for five non-consecutive weeks . The $250,000 Game Show Spectacular ran from October 2007 to April 2008 . The show rotated through three hosts : creator Bob Eubanks , Chuck Woolery , and Jamie Farr . A temporary American TV Game Show Hall of Fame opened and closed on site in conjunction with the show , inducting Peter Marshall , Hugh Downs , Wink Martindale , and Monty Hall . The concept was originated by entertainment publicist Jerry Digney . The logo was designed by Dan Acree . Recent long-running shows in the theater include the classic rock tribute show Raiding the Rock Vault , from 2013 to 2014 , and the Prince tribute show Purple Reign , from 2016 to 2017 . Westgate Cabaret . Smaller shows are hosted in the 400-seat Westgate Cabaret . This venue hosts the adult revue Sexxy , running since 2015 , and , since 2018 , comedian George Wallace and magician Jen Kramer . Starting in the 1990s , the venue was known as The NightClub . Combining elements of a dance club and a traditional Las Vegas lounge , it helped pave the way for dance clubs to open in many Las Vegas casinos . The NightClub was renamed as the Shimmer Cabaret in 2004 when the Hilton came under the ownership of Colony Capital . Long-running acts at the Shimmer Cabaret included comedian David Brenner ( 2004–05 ) , musical comedies Menopause the Musical ( 2006–09 ) and Nunsense ( 2010–13 ) , show band The Scintas ( 2007–09 ) , singer Lani Misalucha ( 2009–10 ) , topless revue Sin City Bad Girls ( 2009–10 ) , impressionists Greg London ( 2011–12 ) and Rich Little ( 2012–13 ) , a Rat Pack tribute show led by Sandy Hackett ( 2011–13 ) , Purple Reign ( 2014–16 ) , and the Icons of Comedy series ( 2011–12 ) , featuring comedians such as Gilbert Gottfried and Hal Sparks . In 2015 , after the hotel was purchased by Westgate , the room was given its current name . Previous headliners at the Westgate Cabaret include funk band Cameo and comedian Vinnie Favorito , both from 2016 to 2017 . Star Trek : The Experience . In January 1998 , Star Trek : The Experience opened , featuring a motion simulator ride , a museum , and Quarks Bar . A portion of the casino floor was transformed into the SpaceQuest Casino , a space-themed casino complete with high-tech table games , which served as the gateway to the Experience . In March 2004 , a new Borg Invasion 4D ride was added . The attraction closed in September 2008 , after the operator , Cedar Fair , could not agree on terms for a renewed lease with the Hilton . Elvis performances and legacy . Elvis Presley was signed for a four-week engagement in 1969 as the second performer to appear in the Internationals showroom , following Barbra Streisand . It would be his first public stage appearance in eight years . Presleys first show proved so popular that the hotel immediately signed him to a five-year contract for two month-long engagements per year . He would go on to perform a total of 636 shows at the hotel from 1969 to 1976 , with every show sold out . Presleys run of performances at the Hilton was cut short by his death in August 1977 . During his engagements at the hotel , Presley famously resided in the Imperial Suite on the 30th floor . Years after his death , the suite was renamed as the Elvis Presley Suite . It was demolished in 1994 to make way for the Sky Villas . Presleys manager , Colonel Tom Parker , lived at the Hilton for several years after Presleys death , and was a fixture at the hotel as an entertainment consultant for much of the remainder of his life . The hotel has recognized and capitalized on Presleys legacy in assorted ways through the years . A year after his death , a bronze statute of Presley was unveiled at the hotel ; it has since occupied various spots around the property . Various festivals and conventions for Elvis fans and impersonators have been held at the hotel . Elvis : An American Musical , a multimedia production incorporating archival footage with live songs and re-enactments , premiered at the Hilton showroom in 1988 , where it ran for two months before going on a national tour . Elvis impersonator Trent Carlini performed at the Hilton in various runs , both on the main stage and in the cabaret , from 2000 to 2004 and again from 2010 to 2015 . Elvis : The Exhibition opened at the Westgate in April 2015 in the former Star Trek attraction space . The exhibit , developed in association with Elvis Presley Enterprises , featured of artifacts and memorabilia from the singers life . In conjunction with the opening of the exhibit , the hotels theater was renamed as the Elvis Presley International Showroom , and was set to feature rotating shows inspired by Presley , starting with The Elvis Experience . The show fared poorly in its two-month run , however , and the plans for further shows did not materialize . The exhibition closed suddenly in February 2016 , leading to a protracted legal dispute . In 2016 , the Westgate successfully petitioned to rename the street leading from the hotel to Las Vegas Boulevard as Elvis Presley Boulevard . Popular culture . Television . - Ann-Margret – When Youre Smiling , a 1973 NBC television special starring actress and singer Ann-Margret , was recorded mainly in the Hilton showroom . - Perry Como , Las Vegas Style , a 1976 NBC special starring singer Perry Como , was recorded at the Hilton . - The game show Lets Make a Deal filmed its 1976–77 season in the Hilton showroom . - The Mrs . America Pageant was televised from the hotel annually from 1977 to 1983 , in 1986 , 1987 , 1996 , and 1997 , and from 2015 to 2018 . - Liberace recorded parts of two CBS specials , 1978s Leapin Lizards , Its Liberace and 1979s Liberace – A Valentines Special , and the 1980 Showtime special , Liberace in Las Vegas , at the Hilton . - The CBS New Years Eve special , Happy New Year , America , was anchored at the Hiltons Grand Ballroom in 1979 and 1980 , and included segments at the Hilton in 1981 and 1982 . - In 1980 , singer Lou Rawls starred in two specials recorded at the Hilton , An Evening with Lou Rawls on HBO and The Lou Rawls Parade of Stars on CBS . - On May 2 , 1982 the National Cable Television Association held its annual convention in the ballroom of the Hilton for the inaugural telecast of The Weather Channel . - Wayne Newton Live in Concert , a 1989 pay-per-view special , was aired live from the Hilton showroom . - Two episodes of Roseanne were taped here in 1991 . - Prime Time Country , a nightly talk show on The Nashville Network , came to the Hilton theater four times between 1997 and 1999 , recording a weeks worth of episodes on each occasion . - The Oak Ridge Boys Live , a variety show starring country music group The Oak Ridge Boys that ran for one season on the Nashville Network , was taped over the span of two weeks in the Hilton Theatre in 1998 . - Penn & Tellers Sin City Spectacular , an FX variety show that ran for one season starting in 1998 , recorded some of its episodes at the Hilton theater . - Two live pay-per-view concert specials were televised from the Hilton theater under the name For the Record in 1998 and 1999 , starring , respectively , Alabama and Merle Haggard . - The syndicated game show Wheel of Fortune came to the Hilton four times , taping two or three weeks of episodes on each occasion . The show was aired from the Hilton Center in 1998 , and from the theater in 1999 , 2002 , and 2005 . - The Mrs . World pageant was recorded at the Hilton in 2000 , 2001 , and 2003 , to be aired on Pax TV . - In 2001 , the game show Jeopardy ! taped two weeks of episodes in the Hilton theater , comprising one week of Celebrity Jeopardy ! and one week of International Jeopardy ! - The Entertainer , a 2005 reality competition series on the E ! network starring Wayne Newton , was set primarily at the Hilton , with contestants living in the Sky Villas . - The 2006 PBS special Barry Manilow : Music and Passion was filmed during one of the singers shows at the Hilton . - World Series of Blackjack , a Game Show Network series , recorded its 2006 and 2007 seasons at the Hilton . - , a 2007 BBC documentary , was filmed mainly at the Hilton , where it follows several of the casinos regulars and employees . - The 37th and 38th Daytime Emmy Awards ceremonies were held in the Hiltons theater in 2010 and 2011 . Film . - The 1970 documentary primarily covers several of Presleys concerts at the hotel . - In the 1971 James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever , the hotels exterior is depicted as the Whyte House casino . - Over the Top , a 1987 Sylvester Stallone drama , depicts an arm wrestling tournament at the Hilton , incorporating footage from an actual tournament that was held there . - The Hilton appears in the 1993 film Indecent Proposal as the hotel where Robert Redford stays and makes the titular proposition to Demi Moore . Sporting events . Boxing . The hotel has a history as a prominent professional boxing venue . In 1969 , the showroom hosted the first major boxing match held at a Las Vegas hotel , Sonny Liston vs . Leotis Martin ( previous fights had been held at the Convention Center ) . The Hilton Pavilion was the site in 1978 of Leon Spinkss victory over Muhammad Ali for the world heavyweight championship , which is remembered as one of the biggest upsets in the sports history . The hotel then took a seven-year hiatus from hosting boxing matches . In 1985 , Donald Curry defeated Milton McCrory at the Hilton Center to unify and become the undisputed welterweight champion . The success of the Curry–McCrory fight led the Hilton to begin pursuing more major matches , to challenge Caesars Palace as the premier boxing venue in Las Vegas . The hotel struck a deal to host several fights in the heavyweight unification series , a tournament to establish an undisputed heavyweight champion . A 14,600-seat outdoor arena was temporarily erected in the Hiltons parking lot for some of the fights . The series culminated in Mike Tysons defeat of Tony Tucker at the Hilton Center in 1987 to unify and become the undisputed champion . By 1995 , the Hilton had reportedly backed away from seeking to host the biggest fights , because of escalating costs . The hotel hosted no boxing matches between 2002 and 2008 ; since then , it has occasionally hosted minor fights . Other sports . The Hilton Pavilion hosted two nationally televised tennis events in 1978 : the WCT Tournament of Champions and the World Team Tennis All-Star Match . The hotel was the venue for Evo 2014 , a major competitive video gaming tournament .
[ "Las Vegas Hilton" ]	easy	Westgate Las Vegas was officially named what from 1971 to 2012?	/wiki/Westgate_Las_Vegas#P1448#1	Westgate Las Vegas The Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino is a hotel , casino , and timeshare resort in Winchester , Nevada . Located near the northern end of the Las Vegas Strip , it is owned by Westgate Resorts and operated by Paragon Gaming . It opened in 1969 as the International Hotel , and was known for many years as the Las Vegas Hilton , then briefly as the LVH – Las Vegas Hotel and Casino , until taking its current name in 2014 . From 1981 to 1990 , it was the largest hotel in the world . Facilities . The Westgate is located on a site on the east side of Paradise Road , approximately east of Las Vegas Boulevard . It is adjacent to the Las Vegas Convention Center to the south and Las Vegas Country Club to the east . The hotel has 2,956 rooms . The hotel tower is tall , with 30 floors . The top floor consists of three Sky Villas geared towards high roller customers , each with a private swimming pool and at least of space . The casino has of gaming space as of 2017 , with 576 slot machines , 38 table games , 10 poker tables , and a race and sports book . The casinos sportsbook , the SuperBook , is billed as the largest in the world . The Westgate has various eateries , including fine dining restaurants , a buffet , and a food court . Benihana Village , opened in 1974 , is a Japanese-themed area with streams and gardens , with several restaurants centered around its namesake teppanyaki grill . The Westgates convention center has of event space , including the Paradise Event Center ( formerly the Hilton Center ) and the Pavilion ( formerly the Hilton Pavilion ) . Recreation amenities at the Westgate include a pool deck , a fitness center , a spa , and six tennis courts . The hotel also has several retail shops , a wedding chapel , and a business center . The Westgate station of the Las Vegas Monorail is located at the front of the property . History . International Hotel ( 1969–1971 ) . The hotel site was previously part of the grounds of Las Vegas Park , a defunct racetrack . In 1965 , the track site was purchased by National Equities , a real estate development firm chaired by Marvin Kratter . Kratter announced development plans for the site to include a 40-floor , 1,500-room hotel , as well as a golf course and private homes . Meanwhile , Kirk Kerkorian , the chairman of Trans International Airlines and landlord of Caesars Palace , began formulating plans to build a 1,000-room casino hotel in Las Vegas . After considering several potential locations , he selected the racetrack site , reasoning that it was natural to put a hotel next to the Convention Center . Kratter had decided not to build a hotel himself , and in 1967 , National Equities sold a portion of the site to Kerkorian for $5 million . Kerkorian announced that he would build a 30-story hotel with 1,510 rooms , at a cost of $50 million . Some believed it was very risky to build such a property away from the Strip , but Kerkorian believed that it would spark the development of a second Strip along Paradise Road . Kerkorians hotel would be named the International Hotel , matching the name of Kratters International Country Club ( now the Las Vegas Country Club ) . He hired airline executive Fred Benninger to oversee the development , and Martin Stern , Jr. , who had designed several noted Las Vegas high-rises , as the hotels architect . The general contractor selected to build the hotel was Taylor Construction Co . Construction began with an elaborate groundbreaking ceremony in February 1968 . With planning for the hotel underway , Kerkorian purchased the Flamingo casino , to serve as a training ground for the Internationals staff . Later , during the Internationals construction , Kerkorian formed the publicly traded company International Leisure to own the two casinos . Howard Hughes , the eccentric billionaire who had purchased several Las Vegas casinos , saw Kerkorian as a rival and the International as unwelcome competition . He attempted to deter Kerkorian from building the project , first by making a sham announcement of a major planned expansion of his Sands Hotel , and then by conveying false claims to Kerkorian about damage to buildings from nearby nuclear tests . When these ruses failed , Hughes schemed to buy the project from Kerkorian and halt its construction , but this plan came to nothing . Ultimately , Hughes decided to compete head-on with the International by purchasing the unfinished Landmark Hotel and Casino , located across the street . Hughes completed construction of the Landmark and opened it one day before Kerkorians hotel . The International Hotel opened on July 2 , 1969 . At the time , it was Nevadas tallest building and largest hotel . Entertainment director Bill Miller signed Barbra Streisand to open in the showroom , along with Peggy Lee performing in the hotels lounge . In keeping with the hotels name , rooms were furnished with different international decors , with each floor featuring either a Spanish , Italian , or French theme . There was also a complex of international restaurants , offering Bavarian , Italian , Japanese and Mexican cuisines . Employees were outfitted in costumes from different cultures , such as Scottish kilts , Slavic shirts , and French gendarme uniforms . On July 31 , 1969 , immediately following Streisands engagement , Elvis Presley performed the first show of what would become a seven-year run at the hotel , encompassing 636 consecutive sold-out shows . Presleys appearances became a major part of the hotels identity , and an iconic chapter in the history of Las Vegas entertainment . Late in 1969 , Kerkorian made plans to raise $29 million through a secondary offering of International Leisure stock . He needed the money to help pay off loans that he had taken out to purchase major stakes in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Western Airlines . The offering was rejected , however , by the Securities and Exchange Commission , because the company was unable to provide five years of financial history for the Flamingo . Short on cash , Kerkorian was forced to put International Leisure up for sale . Las Vegas Hilton ( 1971–2012 ) . In 1970 and 1971 , Kerkorian sold his shares of International Leisure to Hilton Hotels . The International was renamed in July 1971 as the Las Vegas Hilton . Hilton took complete ownership in 1972 , acquiring all outstanding shares of International Leisure . The hotel had performed unevenly in its early years as the International , but as the Hilton , it soon came to be regarded as the most successful hotel in Las Vegas . An east tower extension with 620 rooms was completed in 1975 at a cost of $20 million . In 1977 , the hotel opened the Hilton Pavilion , a $7.5-million venue for sports and entertainment events , with a seating capacity of up to 5,000 people . A $23-million expansion added another 644 rooms to the north tower . The general contractor selected to build the expansion was Del E . Webb Corporation . Ground was broken in 1977 and it was completed in 1979 . 1981 fire . On the night of February 10 , 1981 , a major fire occurred at the Hilton . Philip Bruce Cline , a hotel busboy who was under the influence of drugs , set fire to a curtain in an elevator lobby on the eighth floor of the east tower . The fire spread to the exterior of the tower and then traveled up to the top of the building within 25 minutes . Eight people were killed , and approximately 350 were injured , including 48 firefighters . Among the victims treated for smoke inhalation was singer Natalie Cole . The casino and hotel reopened nine days after the fire with 1,000 available rooms . The rest of the rooms were repaired over the following three months , at an estimated cost of $10 million . Cline was convicted in 1982 of arson and murder , and sentenced to life in prison without parole . Hilton and other companies involved in the hotel paid a $23 million settlement to victims . The tragedy , in combination with the MGM Grand fire that had occurred months earlier , inspired major changes to Nevadas fire safety regulations . 1981–2012 . Around the end of 1981 , another extension to the north tower was completed , adding 391 rooms at a cost of $21 million . This made the Las Vegas Hilton the largest hotel in the world , with a total of 3,174 rooms . ( The Rossiya Hotel in Moscow had more rooms , but was not deemed to be a larger hotel by the Guinness Book of World Records because many of its rooms were used as dormitories. ) It held this title until 1990 , when it was surpassed by the Flamingo . In 1984 , the hotel completed construction of the $10-million Hilton Center , a convention and event space at the southwest corner of the property , west of the Hilton Pavilion . In 1986 , amid growing popularity of sports betting in Nevada , the Hilton opened its race and sports book , the Superbook , at a cost of $17 million . In 1991 , the Hilton was at the center of the Tailhook scandal , in which numerous United States Navy officers were accused of acts of sexual assault during a convention at the hotel . One of the victims , Paula Coughlin , sued the Hilton for providing inadequate security for the convention , and eventually was paid a $5.2 million judgment . The lawsuit led Hilton to successfully lobby for the so-called Tailhook bill , a state law shielding hotels from liability for injuries to patrons caused by third parties . The hotel completed a new , $4-million marquee sign in 1994 . Later that year , however , it was partially destroyed by a windstorm . The sign was reconstructed in 1997 for $9 million with a reduced height of , making it the worlds tallest free-standing advertising sign . In 1994 , the hotel entered an arrangement with the Sahara Country Club , which was renamed as the Las Vegas Hilton Country Club . This lasted until 1997 , when the course became the Las Vegas National Golf Club . Hilton attempted to buy the neighboring Las Vegas Country Club the following year , but its $60-million offer was rejected . In 1995 , the Hilton completed a $40-million renovation of its penthouse floor to construct the Sky Villas . The hotel also spent $12 million on a new room for baccarat , a favorite game of Asian high rollers . The Hilton at the time was one of only four Las Vegas casinos able to compete for the business of the whales , the top tier of high rollers . In 1998 , Hilton spun off its casino properties , including the Las Vegas Hilton , as Park Place Entertainment . Hiltons timeshare arm , Hilton Grand Vacations , began construction of a complex at the northeast corner of the property in 1998 . It opened in 1999 with 230 suites . Around 1999 , Park Place began seeking a buyer for the Las Vegas Hilton , because the company hoped to concentrate on its properties on the Las Vegas Strip , especially the newly acquired Caesars Palace . In 2000 , Park Place agreed to sell the Hilton to Edward Roski Jr . for $365 million . Roski planned to transform the Hilton to shift its focus away from high rollers and toward convention attendees . The deal fell through , however , and the property was locked up in litigation between Park Place and Roski until 2003 , when they settled their claims against each other . The Las Vegas Monorail opened in 2004 , with one of its stations located at the Hilton . The system had been under construction since 2001 . Hilton had led the group of hotels that had promulgated the proposal for the monorail as early as 1996 . In June 2004 , Caesars Entertainment ( formerly Park Place ) sold the Las Vegas Hilton to Colony Capital for $280 million . Colony partnered in the purchase with Goldman Sachs , which also lent $200 million of the purchase price . In 2005 , the Hilton was placed under the banner of Colonys newly formed casino affiliate , Resorts International Holdings , which was headquartered at the property . The Hilton prospered in its first few years under Colonys management , but began losing money in the face of the Great Recession and an oversupply of hotel rooms in Las Vegas . In June 2011 , the Hilton began defaulting on payments to Goldman Sachs on the loan . The same month , Hilton Worldwide opted to terminate its franchise agreement with the property , effective at the end of the year , because the facilities had fallen below the standards of the Hilton brand . Goldman Sachs issued a foreclosure notice in September 2011 . At Goldmans request , a court appointed a receiver to take control of the property . LVH ( 2012–2014 ) . On January 3 , 2012 , the Las Vegas Hilton became the LVH – Las Vegas Hotel and Casino , as the contract to use the Hilton brand ended . Colony Capital initially tried to fight against foreclosure of the property , but ultimately concluded that its equity in the LVH was worthless , and agreed to let the foreclosure proceed . Goldman Sachs formed a joint venture with Gramercy Capital to acquire the property . They bought the property at its foreclosure auction in October 2012 , where they were the only bidder . The Navegante Group was retained to manage the LVH on their behalf . In 2013 , the LVH affiliated with the Leo Hotel Collection , a network of independent hotels newly created by Red Lion Hotels . Westgate Las Vegas ( 2014–present ) . On June 30 , 2014 , timeshare developer Westgate Resorts bought the LVH from Goldman and Gramercy for a price between $150 and $170 million . Westgate CEO David Siegel was hoisted to the top of the hotels sign the following day to begin removing the letters LVH to make way for the propertys new name , Westgate Las Vegas . Siegel stated that the company would spend at least $160 million on renovations , and that it would begin converting hotel rooms into timeshare units . According to Siegel , the timeshare conversion would take 15 to 20 years , and , even after its completion , at least 30 percent of the units would remain available as hotel rooms at any given time . Westgate retained Paragon Gaming to replace Navegante as the propertys manager in 2015 . Architecture . Martin Stern designed the hotel in the International Style of architecture . Architect Stefan Al described the buildings aesthetics as a milestone in the corporatization of Las Vegas : Characterized by its rectilinear forms and bare surfaces , stripped of ornamentation , this elite form of architecture stood miles away from the Mafia-tainted neon of existing casinos . Architecture critic Alan Hess also noted the simplicity of the International ( and the nearby Landmark Hotel ) in comparison to older casinos : As singular , self-contained forms , they showed none of the complexity of the different pieces and sequential additions that made the original Strip visually and urbanistically richer . The Y-shaped plan for the hotel tower was inspired by the UNESCO Headquarters building ; it was chosen to maximize the number of rooms that could be fit into a square plot while allowing each room to have a satisfactory view . This design was imitated by later Las Vegas hotels such as the Mirage , Mandalay Bay , and Venetian . The International has been cited as the first Las Vegas megaresort ( though that distinction is often instead credited to the Mirage , opened in 1989 ) . It was the first to house all of the hotels functions in a single large structure , whereas earlier casinos had housed them in separate buildings . The design of the property , along with the next Kerkorian/Stern project , the original MGM Grand Hotel and Casino , had a major influence on the development of the modern casino resort . As gaming historian David G . Schwartz describes it : Entertainment . International Theater . The propertys main entertainment venue is the 1,607-seat International Theater . Since 2018 , the theater hosts Barry Manilows residency show , The Hits Come Home . From the opening of the hotel in 1969 , the main showroom was a star policy venue , meaning that popular musical artists and comedians were booked to perform for two to four weeks at a time . The typical schedule comprised two shows per night : a dinner show at 8pm and a cocktail show at midnight . One of the most famous engagements at the hotel was that of singer and pianist Liberace . A longtime mainstay of Las Vegas showrooms , Liberace debuted at the Hilton in 1972 , and began appearing regularly in 1973 . He performed in the showroom for as many as 17 weeks out of the year , earning as much as $175,000 per week . Liberaces shows were known for his flamboyant costumes and for his being driven onstage in a Rolls Royce limousine . He appeared at the Hilton as late as 1982 . Hilton chairman Barron Hilton remembered Liberace as one of the most popular entertainers ever to grace the stage of the Las Vegas Hilton showroom . In 1982 , the production show Bal du Moulin Rouge opened in the theater , featuring a cast of acrobats , dancers , and variety acts . The show centered around a 45-minute slot for a headline performer , which was filled at times by Suzanne Somers , Charo , and others . Shifting to a production show was intended to reduce the Hiltons entertainment costs by avoiding the need to book bigger stars , whose salaries had been spiraling ever higher . The show closed in 1986 , and the theater returned to star policy . Singer Wayne Newton , another longtime Las Vegas star , headlined the Hilton showroom from 1987 to 1993 . By the end of his run , he was performing there twenty weeks out of the year , and was described as the highest-paid entertainer on the Las Vegas Strip . Newtons shows were known for beginning with him descending onto the stage in a spaceship amid a laser show . He made over 950 performances in total . In 1993 , the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Starlight Express opened in the main theater . The Hilton Showroom was renamed as the Hilton Theatre , and underwent a $12-million renovation to add bridges and embankments to accommodate the show , which features performers on roller skates . The opening of the show was cited as part of a trend in Las Vegas toward family-friendly attractions and away from individual headliner acts . The show was signed to a five-year contract , but closed early in 1997 amid lagging ticket sales . The hotel then adopted a limited star policy for the theater , booking headline acts for runs of less than a week at a time . In the early 2000s , the theater kept a rotating stable of headliners who each performed for ten weeks out of the year , including at times The Commodores , The Righteous Brothers , Sheena Easton , The Fab Four , Engelbert Humperdinck , and The Smothers Brothers . Manilow began an extended run at the Hilton in 2005 . His engagement was an early example of the trend of major recording artists establishing residency shows in Las Vegas , which was begun by Celine Dion at Caesars Palace in 2003 . His show began as Manilow : Music and Passion , and was then revamped in 2008 as Ultimate Manilow : The Hits . The show ended in 2009 . During the summer of 2006 , Reba McEntire performed her residency show , Reba : Key to the Heart , which ran for five non-consecutive weeks . The $250,000 Game Show Spectacular ran from October 2007 to April 2008 . The show rotated through three hosts : creator Bob Eubanks , Chuck Woolery , and Jamie Farr . A temporary American TV Game Show Hall of Fame opened and closed on site in conjunction with the show , inducting Peter Marshall , Hugh Downs , Wink Martindale , and Monty Hall . The concept was originated by entertainment publicist Jerry Digney . The logo was designed by Dan Acree . Recent long-running shows in the theater include the classic rock tribute show Raiding the Rock Vault , from 2013 to 2014 , and the Prince tribute show Purple Reign , from 2016 to 2017 . Westgate Cabaret . Smaller shows are hosted in the 400-seat Westgate Cabaret . This venue hosts the adult revue Sexxy , running since 2015 , and , since 2018 , comedian George Wallace and magician Jen Kramer . Starting in the 1990s , the venue was known as The NightClub . Combining elements of a dance club and a traditional Las Vegas lounge , it helped pave the way for dance clubs to open in many Las Vegas casinos . The NightClub was renamed as the Shimmer Cabaret in 2004 when the Hilton came under the ownership of Colony Capital . Long-running acts at the Shimmer Cabaret included comedian David Brenner ( 2004–05 ) , musical comedies Menopause the Musical ( 2006–09 ) and Nunsense ( 2010–13 ) , show band The Scintas ( 2007–09 ) , singer Lani Misalucha ( 2009–10 ) , topless revue Sin City Bad Girls ( 2009–10 ) , impressionists Greg London ( 2011–12 ) and Rich Little ( 2012–13 ) , a Rat Pack tribute show led by Sandy Hackett ( 2011–13 ) , Purple Reign ( 2014–16 ) , and the Icons of Comedy series ( 2011–12 ) , featuring comedians such as Gilbert Gottfried and Hal Sparks . In 2015 , after the hotel was purchased by Westgate , the room was given its current name . Previous headliners at the Westgate Cabaret include funk band Cameo and comedian Vinnie Favorito , both from 2016 to 2017 . Star Trek : The Experience . In January 1998 , Star Trek : The Experience opened , featuring a motion simulator ride , a museum , and Quarks Bar . A portion of the casino floor was transformed into the SpaceQuest Casino , a space-themed casino complete with high-tech table games , which served as the gateway to the Experience . In March 2004 , a new Borg Invasion 4D ride was added . The attraction closed in September 2008 , after the operator , Cedar Fair , could not agree on terms for a renewed lease with the Hilton . Elvis performances and legacy . Elvis Presley was signed for a four-week engagement in 1969 as the second performer to appear in the Internationals showroom , following Barbra Streisand . It would be his first public stage appearance in eight years . Presleys first show proved so popular that the hotel immediately signed him to a five-year contract for two month-long engagements per year . He would go on to perform a total of 636 shows at the hotel from 1969 to 1976 , with every show sold out . Presleys run of performances at the Hilton was cut short by his death in August 1977 . During his engagements at the hotel , Presley famously resided in the Imperial Suite on the 30th floor . Years after his death , the suite was renamed as the Elvis Presley Suite . It was demolished in 1994 to make way for the Sky Villas . Presleys manager , Colonel Tom Parker , lived at the Hilton for several years after Presleys death , and was a fixture at the hotel as an entertainment consultant for much of the remainder of his life . The hotel has recognized and capitalized on Presleys legacy in assorted ways through the years . A year after his death , a bronze statute of Presley was unveiled at the hotel ; it has since occupied various spots around the property . Various festivals and conventions for Elvis fans and impersonators have been held at the hotel . Elvis : An American Musical , a multimedia production incorporating archival footage with live songs and re-enactments , premiered at the Hilton showroom in 1988 , where it ran for two months before going on a national tour . Elvis impersonator Trent Carlini performed at the Hilton in various runs , both on the main stage and in the cabaret , from 2000 to 2004 and again from 2010 to 2015 . Elvis : The Exhibition opened at the Westgate in April 2015 in the former Star Trek attraction space . The exhibit , developed in association with Elvis Presley Enterprises , featured of artifacts and memorabilia from the singers life . In conjunction with the opening of the exhibit , the hotels theater was renamed as the Elvis Presley International Showroom , and was set to feature rotating shows inspired by Presley , starting with The Elvis Experience . The show fared poorly in its two-month run , however , and the plans for further shows did not materialize . The exhibition closed suddenly in February 2016 , leading to a protracted legal dispute . In 2016 , the Westgate successfully petitioned to rename the street leading from the hotel to Las Vegas Boulevard as Elvis Presley Boulevard . Popular culture . Television . - Ann-Margret – When Youre Smiling , a 1973 NBC television special starring actress and singer Ann-Margret , was recorded mainly in the Hilton showroom . - Perry Como , Las Vegas Style , a 1976 NBC special starring singer Perry Como , was recorded at the Hilton . - The game show Lets Make a Deal filmed its 1976–77 season in the Hilton showroom . - The Mrs . America Pageant was televised from the hotel annually from 1977 to 1983 , in 1986 , 1987 , 1996 , and 1997 , and from 2015 to 2018 . - Liberace recorded parts of two CBS specials , 1978s Leapin Lizards , Its Liberace and 1979s Liberace – A Valentines Special , and the 1980 Showtime special , Liberace in Las Vegas , at the Hilton . - The CBS New Years Eve special , Happy New Year , America , was anchored at the Hiltons Grand Ballroom in 1979 and 1980 , and included segments at the Hilton in 1981 and 1982 . - In 1980 , singer Lou Rawls starred in two specials recorded at the Hilton , An Evening with Lou Rawls on HBO and The Lou Rawls Parade of Stars on CBS . - On May 2 , 1982 the National Cable Television Association held its annual convention in the ballroom of the Hilton for the inaugural telecast of The Weather Channel . - Wayne Newton Live in Concert , a 1989 pay-per-view special , was aired live from the Hilton showroom . - Two episodes of Roseanne were taped here in 1991 . - Prime Time Country , a nightly talk show on The Nashville Network , came to the Hilton theater four times between 1997 and 1999 , recording a weeks worth of episodes on each occasion . - The Oak Ridge Boys Live , a variety show starring country music group The Oak Ridge Boys that ran for one season on the Nashville Network , was taped over the span of two weeks in the Hilton Theatre in 1998 . - Penn & Tellers Sin City Spectacular , an FX variety show that ran for one season starting in 1998 , recorded some of its episodes at the Hilton theater . - Two live pay-per-view concert specials were televised from the Hilton theater under the name For the Record in 1998 and 1999 , starring , respectively , Alabama and Merle Haggard . - The syndicated game show Wheel of Fortune came to the Hilton four times , taping two or three weeks of episodes on each occasion . The show was aired from the Hilton Center in 1998 , and from the theater in 1999 , 2002 , and 2005 . - The Mrs . World pageant was recorded at the Hilton in 2000 , 2001 , and 2003 , to be aired on Pax TV . - In 2001 , the game show Jeopardy ! taped two weeks of episodes in the Hilton theater , comprising one week of Celebrity Jeopardy ! and one week of International Jeopardy ! - The Entertainer , a 2005 reality competition series on the E ! network starring Wayne Newton , was set primarily at the Hilton , with contestants living in the Sky Villas . - The 2006 PBS special Barry Manilow : Music and Passion was filmed during one of the singers shows at the Hilton . - World Series of Blackjack , a Game Show Network series , recorded its 2006 and 2007 seasons at the Hilton . - , a 2007 BBC documentary , was filmed mainly at the Hilton , where it follows several of the casinos regulars and employees . - The 37th and 38th Daytime Emmy Awards ceremonies were held in the Hiltons theater in 2010 and 2011 . Film . - The 1970 documentary primarily covers several of Presleys concerts at the hotel . - In the 1971 James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever , the hotels exterior is depicted as the Whyte House casino . - Over the Top , a 1987 Sylvester Stallone drama , depicts an arm wrestling tournament at the Hilton , incorporating footage from an actual tournament that was held there . - The Hilton appears in the 1993 film Indecent Proposal as the hotel where Robert Redford stays and makes the titular proposition to Demi Moore . Sporting events . Boxing . The hotel has a history as a prominent professional boxing venue . In 1969 , the showroom hosted the first major boxing match held at a Las Vegas hotel , Sonny Liston vs . Leotis Martin ( previous fights had been held at the Convention Center ) . The Hilton Pavilion was the site in 1978 of Leon Spinkss victory over Muhammad Ali for the world heavyweight championship , which is remembered as one of the biggest upsets in the sports history . The hotel then took a seven-year hiatus from hosting boxing matches . In 1985 , Donald Curry defeated Milton McCrory at the Hilton Center to unify and become the undisputed welterweight champion . The success of the Curry–McCrory fight led the Hilton to begin pursuing more major matches , to challenge Caesars Palace as the premier boxing venue in Las Vegas . The hotel struck a deal to host several fights in the heavyweight unification series , a tournament to establish an undisputed heavyweight champion . A 14,600-seat outdoor arena was temporarily erected in the Hiltons parking lot for some of the fights . The series culminated in Mike Tysons defeat of Tony Tucker at the Hilton Center in 1987 to unify and become the undisputed champion . By 1995 , the Hilton had reportedly backed away from seeking to host the biggest fights , because of escalating costs . The hotel hosted no boxing matches between 2002 and 2008 ; since then , it has occasionally hosted minor fights . Other sports . The Hilton Pavilion hosted two nationally televised tennis events in 1978 : the WCT Tournament of Champions and the World Team Tennis All-Star Match . The hotel was the venue for Evo 2014 , a major competitive video gaming tournament .
[ "LVH – Las Vegas Hotel and Casino" ]	easy	Westgate Las Vegas was officially named what from 2012 to 2014?	/wiki/Westgate_Las_Vegas#P1448#2	Westgate Las Vegas The Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino is a hotel , casino , and timeshare resort in Winchester , Nevada . Located near the northern end of the Las Vegas Strip , it is owned by Westgate Resorts and operated by Paragon Gaming . It opened in 1969 as the International Hotel , and was known for many years as the Las Vegas Hilton , then briefly as the LVH – Las Vegas Hotel and Casino , until taking its current name in 2014 . From 1981 to 1990 , it was the largest hotel in the world . Facilities . The Westgate is located on a site on the east side of Paradise Road , approximately east of Las Vegas Boulevard . It is adjacent to the Las Vegas Convention Center to the south and Las Vegas Country Club to the east . The hotel has 2,956 rooms . The hotel tower is tall , with 30 floors . The top floor consists of three Sky Villas geared towards high roller customers , each with a private swimming pool and at least of space . The casino has of gaming space as of 2017 , with 576 slot machines , 38 table games , 10 poker tables , and a race and sports book . The casinos sportsbook , the SuperBook , is billed as the largest in the world . The Westgate has various eateries , including fine dining restaurants , a buffet , and a food court . Benihana Village , opened in 1974 , is a Japanese-themed area with streams and gardens , with several restaurants centered around its namesake teppanyaki grill . The Westgates convention center has of event space , including the Paradise Event Center ( formerly the Hilton Center ) and the Pavilion ( formerly the Hilton Pavilion ) . Recreation amenities at the Westgate include a pool deck , a fitness center , a spa , and six tennis courts . The hotel also has several retail shops , a wedding chapel , and a business center . The Westgate station of the Las Vegas Monorail is located at the front of the property . History . International Hotel ( 1969–1971 ) . The hotel site was previously part of the grounds of Las Vegas Park , a defunct racetrack . In 1965 , the track site was purchased by National Equities , a real estate development firm chaired by Marvin Kratter . Kratter announced development plans for the site to include a 40-floor , 1,500-room hotel , as well as a golf course and private homes . Meanwhile , Kirk Kerkorian , the chairman of Trans International Airlines and landlord of Caesars Palace , began formulating plans to build a 1,000-room casino hotel in Las Vegas . After considering several potential locations , he selected the racetrack site , reasoning that it was natural to put a hotel next to the Convention Center . Kratter had decided not to build a hotel himself , and in 1967 , National Equities sold a portion of the site to Kerkorian for $5 million . Kerkorian announced that he would build a 30-story hotel with 1,510 rooms , at a cost of $50 million . Some believed it was very risky to build such a property away from the Strip , but Kerkorian believed that it would spark the development of a second Strip along Paradise Road . Kerkorians hotel would be named the International Hotel , matching the name of Kratters International Country Club ( now the Las Vegas Country Club ) . He hired airline executive Fred Benninger to oversee the development , and Martin Stern , Jr. , who had designed several noted Las Vegas high-rises , as the hotels architect . The general contractor selected to build the hotel was Taylor Construction Co . Construction began with an elaborate groundbreaking ceremony in February 1968 . With planning for the hotel underway , Kerkorian purchased the Flamingo casino , to serve as a training ground for the Internationals staff . Later , during the Internationals construction , Kerkorian formed the publicly traded company International Leisure to own the two casinos . Howard Hughes , the eccentric billionaire who had purchased several Las Vegas casinos , saw Kerkorian as a rival and the International as unwelcome competition . He attempted to deter Kerkorian from building the project , first by making a sham announcement of a major planned expansion of his Sands Hotel , and then by conveying false claims to Kerkorian about damage to buildings from nearby nuclear tests . When these ruses failed , Hughes schemed to buy the project from Kerkorian and halt its construction , but this plan came to nothing . Ultimately , Hughes decided to compete head-on with the International by purchasing the unfinished Landmark Hotel and Casino , located across the street . Hughes completed construction of the Landmark and opened it one day before Kerkorians hotel . The International Hotel opened on July 2 , 1969 . At the time , it was Nevadas tallest building and largest hotel . Entertainment director Bill Miller signed Barbra Streisand to open in the showroom , along with Peggy Lee performing in the hotels lounge . In keeping with the hotels name , rooms were furnished with different international decors , with each floor featuring either a Spanish , Italian , or French theme . There was also a complex of international restaurants , offering Bavarian , Italian , Japanese and Mexican cuisines . Employees were outfitted in costumes from different cultures , such as Scottish kilts , Slavic shirts , and French gendarme uniforms . On July 31 , 1969 , immediately following Streisands engagement , Elvis Presley performed the first show of what would become a seven-year run at the hotel , encompassing 636 consecutive sold-out shows . Presleys appearances became a major part of the hotels identity , and an iconic chapter in the history of Las Vegas entertainment . Late in 1969 , Kerkorian made plans to raise $29 million through a secondary offering of International Leisure stock . He needed the money to help pay off loans that he had taken out to purchase major stakes in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Western Airlines . The offering was rejected , however , by the Securities and Exchange Commission , because the company was unable to provide five years of financial history for the Flamingo . Short on cash , Kerkorian was forced to put International Leisure up for sale . Las Vegas Hilton ( 1971–2012 ) . In 1970 and 1971 , Kerkorian sold his shares of International Leisure to Hilton Hotels . The International was renamed in July 1971 as the Las Vegas Hilton . Hilton took complete ownership in 1972 , acquiring all outstanding shares of International Leisure . The hotel had performed unevenly in its early years as the International , but as the Hilton , it soon came to be regarded as the most successful hotel in Las Vegas . An east tower extension with 620 rooms was completed in 1975 at a cost of $20 million . In 1977 , the hotel opened the Hilton Pavilion , a $7.5-million venue for sports and entertainment events , with a seating capacity of up to 5,000 people . A $23-million expansion added another 644 rooms to the north tower . The general contractor selected to build the expansion was Del E . Webb Corporation . Ground was broken in 1977 and it was completed in 1979 . 1981 fire . On the night of February 10 , 1981 , a major fire occurred at the Hilton . Philip Bruce Cline , a hotel busboy who was under the influence of drugs , set fire to a curtain in an elevator lobby on the eighth floor of the east tower . The fire spread to the exterior of the tower and then traveled up to the top of the building within 25 minutes . Eight people were killed , and approximately 350 were injured , including 48 firefighters . Among the victims treated for smoke inhalation was singer Natalie Cole . The casino and hotel reopened nine days after the fire with 1,000 available rooms . The rest of the rooms were repaired over the following three months , at an estimated cost of $10 million . Cline was convicted in 1982 of arson and murder , and sentenced to life in prison without parole . Hilton and other companies involved in the hotel paid a $23 million settlement to victims . The tragedy , in combination with the MGM Grand fire that had occurred months earlier , inspired major changes to Nevadas fire safety regulations . 1981–2012 . Around the end of 1981 , another extension to the north tower was completed , adding 391 rooms at a cost of $21 million . This made the Las Vegas Hilton the largest hotel in the world , with a total of 3,174 rooms . ( The Rossiya Hotel in Moscow had more rooms , but was not deemed to be a larger hotel by the Guinness Book of World Records because many of its rooms were used as dormitories. ) It held this title until 1990 , when it was surpassed by the Flamingo . In 1984 , the hotel completed construction of the $10-million Hilton Center , a convention and event space at the southwest corner of the property , west of the Hilton Pavilion . In 1986 , amid growing popularity of sports betting in Nevada , the Hilton opened its race and sports book , the Superbook , at a cost of $17 million . In 1991 , the Hilton was at the center of the Tailhook scandal , in which numerous United States Navy officers were accused of acts of sexual assault during a convention at the hotel . One of the victims , Paula Coughlin , sued the Hilton for providing inadequate security for the convention , and eventually was paid a $5.2 million judgment . The lawsuit led Hilton to successfully lobby for the so-called Tailhook bill , a state law shielding hotels from liability for injuries to patrons caused by third parties . The hotel completed a new , $4-million marquee sign in 1994 . Later that year , however , it was partially destroyed by a windstorm . The sign was reconstructed in 1997 for $9 million with a reduced height of , making it the worlds tallest free-standing advertising sign . In 1994 , the hotel entered an arrangement with the Sahara Country Club , which was renamed as the Las Vegas Hilton Country Club . This lasted until 1997 , when the course became the Las Vegas National Golf Club . Hilton attempted to buy the neighboring Las Vegas Country Club the following year , but its $60-million offer was rejected . In 1995 , the Hilton completed a $40-million renovation of its penthouse floor to construct the Sky Villas . The hotel also spent $12 million on a new room for baccarat , a favorite game of Asian high rollers . The Hilton at the time was one of only four Las Vegas casinos able to compete for the business of the whales , the top tier of high rollers . In 1998 , Hilton spun off its casino properties , including the Las Vegas Hilton , as Park Place Entertainment . Hiltons timeshare arm , Hilton Grand Vacations , began construction of a complex at the northeast corner of the property in 1998 . It opened in 1999 with 230 suites . Around 1999 , Park Place began seeking a buyer for the Las Vegas Hilton , because the company hoped to concentrate on its properties on the Las Vegas Strip , especially the newly acquired Caesars Palace . In 2000 , Park Place agreed to sell the Hilton to Edward Roski Jr . for $365 million . Roski planned to transform the Hilton to shift its focus away from high rollers and toward convention attendees . The deal fell through , however , and the property was locked up in litigation between Park Place and Roski until 2003 , when they settled their claims against each other . The Las Vegas Monorail opened in 2004 , with one of its stations located at the Hilton . The system had been under construction since 2001 . Hilton had led the group of hotels that had promulgated the proposal for the monorail as early as 1996 . In June 2004 , Caesars Entertainment ( formerly Park Place ) sold the Las Vegas Hilton to Colony Capital for $280 million . Colony partnered in the purchase with Goldman Sachs , which also lent $200 million of the purchase price . In 2005 , the Hilton was placed under the banner of Colonys newly formed casino affiliate , Resorts International Holdings , which was headquartered at the property . The Hilton prospered in its first few years under Colonys management , but began losing money in the face of the Great Recession and an oversupply of hotel rooms in Las Vegas . In June 2011 , the Hilton began defaulting on payments to Goldman Sachs on the loan . The same month , Hilton Worldwide opted to terminate its franchise agreement with the property , effective at the end of the year , because the facilities had fallen below the standards of the Hilton brand . Goldman Sachs issued a foreclosure notice in September 2011 . At Goldmans request , a court appointed a receiver to take control of the property . LVH ( 2012–2014 ) . On January 3 , 2012 , the Las Vegas Hilton became the LVH – Las Vegas Hotel and Casino , as the contract to use the Hilton brand ended . Colony Capital initially tried to fight against foreclosure of the property , but ultimately concluded that its equity in the LVH was worthless , and agreed to let the foreclosure proceed . Goldman Sachs formed a joint venture with Gramercy Capital to acquire the property . They bought the property at its foreclosure auction in October 2012 , where they were the only bidder . The Navegante Group was retained to manage the LVH on their behalf . In 2013 , the LVH affiliated with the Leo Hotel Collection , a network of independent hotels newly created by Red Lion Hotels . Westgate Las Vegas ( 2014–present ) . On June 30 , 2014 , timeshare developer Westgate Resorts bought the LVH from Goldman and Gramercy for a price between $150 and $170 million . Westgate CEO David Siegel was hoisted to the top of the hotels sign the following day to begin removing the letters LVH to make way for the propertys new name , Westgate Las Vegas . Siegel stated that the company would spend at least $160 million on renovations , and that it would begin converting hotel rooms into timeshare units . According to Siegel , the timeshare conversion would take 15 to 20 years , and , even after its completion , at least 30 percent of the units would remain available as hotel rooms at any given time . Westgate retained Paragon Gaming to replace Navegante as the propertys manager in 2015 . Architecture . Martin Stern designed the hotel in the International Style of architecture . Architect Stefan Al described the buildings aesthetics as a milestone in the corporatization of Las Vegas : Characterized by its rectilinear forms and bare surfaces , stripped of ornamentation , this elite form of architecture stood miles away from the Mafia-tainted neon of existing casinos . Architecture critic Alan Hess also noted the simplicity of the International ( and the nearby Landmark Hotel ) in comparison to older casinos : As singular , self-contained forms , they showed none of the complexity of the different pieces and sequential additions that made the original Strip visually and urbanistically richer . The Y-shaped plan for the hotel tower was inspired by the UNESCO Headquarters building ; it was chosen to maximize the number of rooms that could be fit into a square plot while allowing each room to have a satisfactory view . This design was imitated by later Las Vegas hotels such as the Mirage , Mandalay Bay , and Venetian . The International has been cited as the first Las Vegas megaresort ( though that distinction is often instead credited to the Mirage , opened in 1989 ) . It was the first to house all of the hotels functions in a single large structure , whereas earlier casinos had housed them in separate buildings . The design of the property , along with the next Kerkorian/Stern project , the original MGM Grand Hotel and Casino , had a major influence on the development of the modern casino resort . As gaming historian David G . Schwartz describes it : Entertainment . International Theater . The propertys main entertainment venue is the 1,607-seat International Theater . Since 2018 , the theater hosts Barry Manilows residency show , The Hits Come Home . From the opening of the hotel in 1969 , the main showroom was a star policy venue , meaning that popular musical artists and comedians were booked to perform for two to four weeks at a time . The typical schedule comprised two shows per night : a dinner show at 8pm and a cocktail show at midnight . One of the most famous engagements at the hotel was that of singer and pianist Liberace . A longtime mainstay of Las Vegas showrooms , Liberace debuted at the Hilton in 1972 , and began appearing regularly in 1973 . He performed in the showroom for as many as 17 weeks out of the year , earning as much as $175,000 per week . Liberaces shows were known for his flamboyant costumes and for his being driven onstage in a Rolls Royce limousine . He appeared at the Hilton as late as 1982 . Hilton chairman Barron Hilton remembered Liberace as one of the most popular entertainers ever to grace the stage of the Las Vegas Hilton showroom . In 1982 , the production show Bal du Moulin Rouge opened in the theater , featuring a cast of acrobats , dancers , and variety acts . The show centered around a 45-minute slot for a headline performer , which was filled at times by Suzanne Somers , Charo , and others . Shifting to a production show was intended to reduce the Hiltons entertainment costs by avoiding the need to book bigger stars , whose salaries had been spiraling ever higher . The show closed in 1986 , and the theater returned to star policy . Singer Wayne Newton , another longtime Las Vegas star , headlined the Hilton showroom from 1987 to 1993 . By the end of his run , he was performing there twenty weeks out of the year , and was described as the highest-paid entertainer on the Las Vegas Strip . Newtons shows were known for beginning with him descending onto the stage in a spaceship amid a laser show . He made over 950 performances in total . In 1993 , the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Starlight Express opened in the main theater . The Hilton Showroom was renamed as the Hilton Theatre , and underwent a $12-million renovation to add bridges and embankments to accommodate the show , which features performers on roller skates . The opening of the show was cited as part of a trend in Las Vegas toward family-friendly attractions and away from individual headliner acts . The show was signed to a five-year contract , but closed early in 1997 amid lagging ticket sales . The hotel then adopted a limited star policy for the theater , booking headline acts for runs of less than a week at a time . In the early 2000s , the theater kept a rotating stable of headliners who each performed for ten weeks out of the year , including at times The Commodores , The Righteous Brothers , Sheena Easton , The Fab Four , Engelbert Humperdinck , and The Smothers Brothers . Manilow began an extended run at the Hilton in 2005 . His engagement was an early example of the trend of major recording artists establishing residency shows in Las Vegas , which was begun by Celine Dion at Caesars Palace in 2003 . His show began as Manilow : Music and Passion , and was then revamped in 2008 as Ultimate Manilow : The Hits . The show ended in 2009 . During the summer of 2006 , Reba McEntire performed her residency show , Reba : Key to the Heart , which ran for five non-consecutive weeks . The $250,000 Game Show Spectacular ran from October 2007 to April 2008 . The show rotated through three hosts : creator Bob Eubanks , Chuck Woolery , and Jamie Farr . A temporary American TV Game Show Hall of Fame opened and closed on site in conjunction with the show , inducting Peter Marshall , Hugh Downs , Wink Martindale , and Monty Hall . The concept was originated by entertainment publicist Jerry Digney . The logo was designed by Dan Acree . Recent long-running shows in the theater include the classic rock tribute show Raiding the Rock Vault , from 2013 to 2014 , and the Prince tribute show Purple Reign , from 2016 to 2017 . Westgate Cabaret . Smaller shows are hosted in the 400-seat Westgate Cabaret . This venue hosts the adult revue Sexxy , running since 2015 , and , since 2018 , comedian George Wallace and magician Jen Kramer . Starting in the 1990s , the venue was known as The NightClub . Combining elements of a dance club and a traditional Las Vegas lounge , it helped pave the way for dance clubs to open in many Las Vegas casinos . The NightClub was renamed as the Shimmer Cabaret in 2004 when the Hilton came under the ownership of Colony Capital . Long-running acts at the Shimmer Cabaret included comedian David Brenner ( 2004–05 ) , musical comedies Menopause the Musical ( 2006–09 ) and Nunsense ( 2010–13 ) , show band The Scintas ( 2007–09 ) , singer Lani Misalucha ( 2009–10 ) , topless revue Sin City Bad Girls ( 2009–10 ) , impressionists Greg London ( 2011–12 ) and Rich Little ( 2012–13 ) , a Rat Pack tribute show led by Sandy Hackett ( 2011–13 ) , Purple Reign ( 2014–16 ) , and the Icons of Comedy series ( 2011–12 ) , featuring comedians such as Gilbert Gottfried and Hal Sparks . In 2015 , after the hotel was purchased by Westgate , the room was given its current name . Previous headliners at the Westgate Cabaret include funk band Cameo and comedian Vinnie Favorito , both from 2016 to 2017 . Star Trek : The Experience . In January 1998 , Star Trek : The Experience opened , featuring a motion simulator ride , a museum , and Quarks Bar . A portion of the casino floor was transformed into the SpaceQuest Casino , a space-themed casino complete with high-tech table games , which served as the gateway to the Experience . In March 2004 , a new Borg Invasion 4D ride was added . The attraction closed in September 2008 , after the operator , Cedar Fair , could not agree on terms for a renewed lease with the Hilton . Elvis performances and legacy . Elvis Presley was signed for a four-week engagement in 1969 as the second performer to appear in the Internationals showroom , following Barbra Streisand . It would be his first public stage appearance in eight years . Presleys first show proved so popular that the hotel immediately signed him to a five-year contract for two month-long engagements per year . He would go on to perform a total of 636 shows at the hotel from 1969 to 1976 , with every show sold out . Presleys run of performances at the Hilton was cut short by his death in August 1977 . During his engagements at the hotel , Presley famously resided in the Imperial Suite on the 30th floor . Years after his death , the suite was renamed as the Elvis Presley Suite . It was demolished in 1994 to make way for the Sky Villas . Presleys manager , Colonel Tom Parker , lived at the Hilton for several years after Presleys death , and was a fixture at the hotel as an entertainment consultant for much of the remainder of his life . The hotel has recognized and capitalized on Presleys legacy in assorted ways through the years . A year after his death , a bronze statute of Presley was unveiled at the hotel ; it has since occupied various spots around the property . Various festivals and conventions for Elvis fans and impersonators have been held at the hotel . Elvis : An American Musical , a multimedia production incorporating archival footage with live songs and re-enactments , premiered at the Hilton showroom in 1988 , where it ran for two months before going on a national tour . Elvis impersonator Trent Carlini performed at the Hilton in various runs , both on the main stage and in the cabaret , from 2000 to 2004 and again from 2010 to 2015 . Elvis : The Exhibition opened at the Westgate in April 2015 in the former Star Trek attraction space . The exhibit , developed in association with Elvis Presley Enterprises , featured of artifacts and memorabilia from the singers life . In conjunction with the opening of the exhibit , the hotels theater was renamed as the Elvis Presley International Showroom , and was set to feature rotating shows inspired by Presley , starting with The Elvis Experience . The show fared poorly in its two-month run , however , and the plans for further shows did not materialize . The exhibition closed suddenly in February 2016 , leading to a protracted legal dispute . In 2016 , the Westgate successfully petitioned to rename the street leading from the hotel to Las Vegas Boulevard as Elvis Presley Boulevard . Popular culture . Television . - Ann-Margret – When Youre Smiling , a 1973 NBC television special starring actress and singer Ann-Margret , was recorded mainly in the Hilton showroom . - Perry Como , Las Vegas Style , a 1976 NBC special starring singer Perry Como , was recorded at the Hilton . - The game show Lets Make a Deal filmed its 1976–77 season in the Hilton showroom . - The Mrs . America Pageant was televised from the hotel annually from 1977 to 1983 , in 1986 , 1987 , 1996 , and 1997 , and from 2015 to 2018 . - Liberace recorded parts of two CBS specials , 1978s Leapin Lizards , Its Liberace and 1979s Liberace – A Valentines Special , and the 1980 Showtime special , Liberace in Las Vegas , at the Hilton . - The CBS New Years Eve special , Happy New Year , America , was anchored at the Hiltons Grand Ballroom in 1979 and 1980 , and included segments at the Hilton in 1981 and 1982 . - In 1980 , singer Lou Rawls starred in two specials recorded at the Hilton , An Evening with Lou Rawls on HBO and The Lou Rawls Parade of Stars on CBS . - On May 2 , 1982 the National Cable Television Association held its annual convention in the ballroom of the Hilton for the inaugural telecast of The Weather Channel . - Wayne Newton Live in Concert , a 1989 pay-per-view special , was aired live from the Hilton showroom . - Two episodes of Roseanne were taped here in 1991 . - Prime Time Country , a nightly talk show on The Nashville Network , came to the Hilton theater four times between 1997 and 1999 , recording a weeks worth of episodes on each occasion . - The Oak Ridge Boys Live , a variety show starring country music group The Oak Ridge Boys that ran for one season on the Nashville Network , was taped over the span of two weeks in the Hilton Theatre in 1998 . - Penn & Tellers Sin City Spectacular , an FX variety show that ran for one season starting in 1998 , recorded some of its episodes at the Hilton theater . - Two live pay-per-view concert specials were televised from the Hilton theater under the name For the Record in 1998 and 1999 , starring , respectively , Alabama and Merle Haggard . - The syndicated game show Wheel of Fortune came to the Hilton four times , taping two or three weeks of episodes on each occasion . The show was aired from the Hilton Center in 1998 , and from the theater in 1999 , 2002 , and 2005 . - The Mrs . World pageant was recorded at the Hilton in 2000 , 2001 , and 2003 , to be aired on Pax TV . - In 2001 , the game show Jeopardy ! taped two weeks of episodes in the Hilton theater , comprising one week of Celebrity Jeopardy ! and one week of International Jeopardy ! - The Entertainer , a 2005 reality competition series on the E ! network starring Wayne Newton , was set primarily at the Hilton , with contestants living in the Sky Villas . - The 2006 PBS special Barry Manilow : Music and Passion was filmed during one of the singers shows at the Hilton . - World Series of Blackjack , a Game Show Network series , recorded its 2006 and 2007 seasons at the Hilton . - , a 2007 BBC documentary , was filmed mainly at the Hilton , where it follows several of the casinos regulars and employees . - The 37th and 38th Daytime Emmy Awards ceremonies were held in the Hiltons theater in 2010 and 2011 . Film . - The 1970 documentary primarily covers several of Presleys concerts at the hotel . - In the 1971 James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever , the hotels exterior is depicted as the Whyte House casino . - Over the Top , a 1987 Sylvester Stallone drama , depicts an arm wrestling tournament at the Hilton , incorporating footage from an actual tournament that was held there . - The Hilton appears in the 1993 film Indecent Proposal as the hotel where Robert Redford stays and makes the titular proposition to Demi Moore . Sporting events . Boxing . The hotel has a history as a prominent professional boxing venue . In 1969 , the showroom hosted the first major boxing match held at a Las Vegas hotel , Sonny Liston vs . Leotis Martin ( previous fights had been held at the Convention Center ) . The Hilton Pavilion was the site in 1978 of Leon Spinkss victory over Muhammad Ali for the world heavyweight championship , which is remembered as one of the biggest upsets in the sports history . The hotel then took a seven-year hiatus from hosting boxing matches . In 1985 , Donald Curry defeated Milton McCrory at the Hilton Center to unify and become the undisputed welterweight champion . The success of the Curry–McCrory fight led the Hilton to begin pursuing more major matches , to challenge Caesars Palace as the premier boxing venue in Las Vegas . The hotel struck a deal to host several fights in the heavyweight unification series , a tournament to establish an undisputed heavyweight champion . A 14,600-seat outdoor arena was temporarily erected in the Hiltons parking lot for some of the fights . The series culminated in Mike Tysons defeat of Tony Tucker at the Hilton Center in 1987 to unify and become the undisputed champion . By 1995 , the Hilton had reportedly backed away from seeking to host the biggest fights , because of escalating costs . The hotel hosted no boxing matches between 2002 and 2008 ; since then , it has occasionally hosted minor fights . Other sports . The Hilton Pavilion hosted two nationally televised tennis events in 1978 : the WCT Tournament of Champions and the World Team Tennis All-Star Match . The hotel was the venue for Evo 2014 , a major competitive video gaming tournament .
[ "Westgate Las Vegas" ]	easy	Westgate Las Vegas was officially named what from 2014 to 2015?	/wiki/Westgate_Las_Vegas#P1448#3	Westgate Las Vegas The Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino is a hotel , casino , and timeshare resort in Winchester , Nevada . Located near the northern end of the Las Vegas Strip , it is owned by Westgate Resorts and operated by Paragon Gaming . It opened in 1969 as the International Hotel , and was known for many years as the Las Vegas Hilton , then briefly as the LVH – Las Vegas Hotel and Casino , until taking its current name in 2014 . From 1981 to 1990 , it was the largest hotel in the world . Facilities . The Westgate is located on a site on the east side of Paradise Road , approximately east of Las Vegas Boulevard . It is adjacent to the Las Vegas Convention Center to the south and Las Vegas Country Club to the east . The hotel has 2,956 rooms . The hotel tower is tall , with 30 floors . The top floor consists of three Sky Villas geared towards high roller customers , each with a private swimming pool and at least of space . The casino has of gaming space as of 2017 , with 576 slot machines , 38 table games , 10 poker tables , and a race and sports book . The casinos sportsbook , the SuperBook , is billed as the largest in the world . The Westgate has various eateries , including fine dining restaurants , a buffet , and a food court . Benihana Village , opened in 1974 , is a Japanese-themed area with streams and gardens , with several restaurants centered around its namesake teppanyaki grill . The Westgates convention center has of event space , including the Paradise Event Center ( formerly the Hilton Center ) and the Pavilion ( formerly the Hilton Pavilion ) . Recreation amenities at the Westgate include a pool deck , a fitness center , a spa , and six tennis courts . The hotel also has several retail shops , a wedding chapel , and a business center . The Westgate station of the Las Vegas Monorail is located at the front of the property . History . International Hotel ( 1969–1971 ) . The hotel site was previously part of the grounds of Las Vegas Park , a defunct racetrack . In 1965 , the track site was purchased by National Equities , a real estate development firm chaired by Marvin Kratter . Kratter announced development plans for the site to include a 40-floor , 1,500-room hotel , as well as a golf course and private homes . Meanwhile , Kirk Kerkorian , the chairman of Trans International Airlines and landlord of Caesars Palace , began formulating plans to build a 1,000-room casino hotel in Las Vegas . After considering several potential locations , he selected the racetrack site , reasoning that it was natural to put a hotel next to the Convention Center . Kratter had decided not to build a hotel himself , and in 1967 , National Equities sold a portion of the site to Kerkorian for $5 million . Kerkorian announced that he would build a 30-story hotel with 1,510 rooms , at a cost of $50 million . Some believed it was very risky to build such a property away from the Strip , but Kerkorian believed that it would spark the development of a second Strip along Paradise Road . Kerkorians hotel would be named the International Hotel , matching the name of Kratters International Country Club ( now the Las Vegas Country Club ) . He hired airline executive Fred Benninger to oversee the development , and Martin Stern , Jr. , who had designed several noted Las Vegas high-rises , as the hotels architect . The general contractor selected to build the hotel was Taylor Construction Co . Construction began with an elaborate groundbreaking ceremony in February 1968 . With planning for the hotel underway , Kerkorian purchased the Flamingo casino , to serve as a training ground for the Internationals staff . Later , during the Internationals construction , Kerkorian formed the publicly traded company International Leisure to own the two casinos . Howard Hughes , the eccentric billionaire who had purchased several Las Vegas casinos , saw Kerkorian as a rival and the International as unwelcome competition . He attempted to deter Kerkorian from building the project , first by making a sham announcement of a major planned expansion of his Sands Hotel , and then by conveying false claims to Kerkorian about damage to buildings from nearby nuclear tests . When these ruses failed , Hughes schemed to buy the project from Kerkorian and halt its construction , but this plan came to nothing . Ultimately , Hughes decided to compete head-on with the International by purchasing the unfinished Landmark Hotel and Casino , located across the street . Hughes completed construction of the Landmark and opened it one day before Kerkorians hotel . The International Hotel opened on July 2 , 1969 . At the time , it was Nevadas tallest building and largest hotel . Entertainment director Bill Miller signed Barbra Streisand to open in the showroom , along with Peggy Lee performing in the hotels lounge . In keeping with the hotels name , rooms were furnished with different international decors , with each floor featuring either a Spanish , Italian , or French theme . There was also a complex of international restaurants , offering Bavarian , Italian , Japanese and Mexican cuisines . Employees were outfitted in costumes from different cultures , such as Scottish kilts , Slavic shirts , and French gendarme uniforms . On July 31 , 1969 , immediately following Streisands engagement , Elvis Presley performed the first show of what would become a seven-year run at the hotel , encompassing 636 consecutive sold-out shows . Presleys appearances became a major part of the hotels identity , and an iconic chapter in the history of Las Vegas entertainment . Late in 1969 , Kerkorian made plans to raise $29 million through a secondary offering of International Leisure stock . He needed the money to help pay off loans that he had taken out to purchase major stakes in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Western Airlines . The offering was rejected , however , by the Securities and Exchange Commission , because the company was unable to provide five years of financial history for the Flamingo . Short on cash , Kerkorian was forced to put International Leisure up for sale . Las Vegas Hilton ( 1971–2012 ) . In 1970 and 1971 , Kerkorian sold his shares of International Leisure to Hilton Hotels . The International was renamed in July 1971 as the Las Vegas Hilton . Hilton took complete ownership in 1972 , acquiring all outstanding shares of International Leisure . The hotel had performed unevenly in its early years as the International , but as the Hilton , it soon came to be regarded as the most successful hotel in Las Vegas . An east tower extension with 620 rooms was completed in 1975 at a cost of $20 million . In 1977 , the hotel opened the Hilton Pavilion , a $7.5-million venue for sports and entertainment events , with a seating capacity of up to 5,000 people . A $23-million expansion added another 644 rooms to the north tower . The general contractor selected to build the expansion was Del E . Webb Corporation . Ground was broken in 1977 and it was completed in 1979 . 1981 fire . On the night of February 10 , 1981 , a major fire occurred at the Hilton . Philip Bruce Cline , a hotel busboy who was under the influence of drugs , set fire to a curtain in an elevator lobby on the eighth floor of the east tower . The fire spread to the exterior of the tower and then traveled up to the top of the building within 25 minutes . Eight people were killed , and approximately 350 were injured , including 48 firefighters . Among the victims treated for smoke inhalation was singer Natalie Cole . The casino and hotel reopened nine days after the fire with 1,000 available rooms . The rest of the rooms were repaired over the following three months , at an estimated cost of $10 million . Cline was convicted in 1982 of arson and murder , and sentenced to life in prison without parole . Hilton and other companies involved in the hotel paid a $23 million settlement to victims . The tragedy , in combination with the MGM Grand fire that had occurred months earlier , inspired major changes to Nevadas fire safety regulations . 1981–2012 . Around the end of 1981 , another extension to the north tower was completed , adding 391 rooms at a cost of $21 million . This made the Las Vegas Hilton the largest hotel in the world , with a total of 3,174 rooms . ( The Rossiya Hotel in Moscow had more rooms , but was not deemed to be a larger hotel by the Guinness Book of World Records because many of its rooms were used as dormitories. ) It held this title until 1990 , when it was surpassed by the Flamingo . In 1984 , the hotel completed construction of the $10-million Hilton Center , a convention and event space at the southwest corner of the property , west of the Hilton Pavilion . In 1986 , amid growing popularity of sports betting in Nevada , the Hilton opened its race and sports book , the Superbook , at a cost of $17 million . In 1991 , the Hilton was at the center of the Tailhook scandal , in which numerous United States Navy officers were accused of acts of sexual assault during a convention at the hotel . One of the victims , Paula Coughlin , sued the Hilton for providing inadequate security for the convention , and eventually was paid a $5.2 million judgment . The lawsuit led Hilton to successfully lobby for the so-called Tailhook bill , a state law shielding hotels from liability for injuries to patrons caused by third parties . The hotel completed a new , $4-million marquee sign in 1994 . Later that year , however , it was partially destroyed by a windstorm . The sign was reconstructed in 1997 for $9 million with a reduced height of , making it the worlds tallest free-standing advertising sign . In 1994 , the hotel entered an arrangement with the Sahara Country Club , which was renamed as the Las Vegas Hilton Country Club . This lasted until 1997 , when the course became the Las Vegas National Golf Club . Hilton attempted to buy the neighboring Las Vegas Country Club the following year , but its $60-million offer was rejected . In 1995 , the Hilton completed a $40-million renovation of its penthouse floor to construct the Sky Villas . The hotel also spent $12 million on a new room for baccarat , a favorite game of Asian high rollers . The Hilton at the time was one of only four Las Vegas casinos able to compete for the business of the whales , the top tier of high rollers . In 1998 , Hilton spun off its casino properties , including the Las Vegas Hilton , as Park Place Entertainment . Hiltons timeshare arm , Hilton Grand Vacations , began construction of a complex at the northeast corner of the property in 1998 . It opened in 1999 with 230 suites . Around 1999 , Park Place began seeking a buyer for the Las Vegas Hilton , because the company hoped to concentrate on its properties on the Las Vegas Strip , especially the newly acquired Caesars Palace . In 2000 , Park Place agreed to sell the Hilton to Edward Roski Jr . for $365 million . Roski planned to transform the Hilton to shift its focus away from high rollers and toward convention attendees . The deal fell through , however , and the property was locked up in litigation between Park Place and Roski until 2003 , when they settled their claims against each other . The Las Vegas Monorail opened in 2004 , with one of its stations located at the Hilton . The system had been under construction since 2001 . Hilton had led the group of hotels that had promulgated the proposal for the monorail as early as 1996 . In June 2004 , Caesars Entertainment ( formerly Park Place ) sold the Las Vegas Hilton to Colony Capital for $280 million . Colony partnered in the purchase with Goldman Sachs , which also lent $200 million of the purchase price . In 2005 , the Hilton was placed under the banner of Colonys newly formed casino affiliate , Resorts International Holdings , which was headquartered at the property . The Hilton prospered in its first few years under Colonys management , but began losing money in the face of the Great Recession and an oversupply of hotel rooms in Las Vegas . In June 2011 , the Hilton began defaulting on payments to Goldman Sachs on the loan . The same month , Hilton Worldwide opted to terminate its franchise agreement with the property , effective at the end of the year , because the facilities had fallen below the standards of the Hilton brand . Goldman Sachs issued a foreclosure notice in September 2011 . At Goldmans request , a court appointed a receiver to take control of the property . LVH ( 2012–2014 ) . On January 3 , 2012 , the Las Vegas Hilton became the LVH – Las Vegas Hotel and Casino , as the contract to use the Hilton brand ended . Colony Capital initially tried to fight against foreclosure of the property , but ultimately concluded that its equity in the LVH was worthless , and agreed to let the foreclosure proceed . Goldman Sachs formed a joint venture with Gramercy Capital to acquire the property . They bought the property at its foreclosure auction in October 2012 , where they were the only bidder . The Navegante Group was retained to manage the LVH on their behalf . In 2013 , the LVH affiliated with the Leo Hotel Collection , a network of independent hotels newly created by Red Lion Hotels . Westgate Las Vegas ( 2014–present ) . On June 30 , 2014 , timeshare developer Westgate Resorts bought the LVH from Goldman and Gramercy for a price between $150 and $170 million . Westgate CEO David Siegel was hoisted to the top of the hotels sign the following day to begin removing the letters LVH to make way for the propertys new name , Westgate Las Vegas . Siegel stated that the company would spend at least $160 million on renovations , and that it would begin converting hotel rooms into timeshare units . According to Siegel , the timeshare conversion would take 15 to 20 years , and , even after its completion , at least 30 percent of the units would remain available as hotel rooms at any given time . Westgate retained Paragon Gaming to replace Navegante as the propertys manager in 2015 . Architecture . Martin Stern designed the hotel in the International Style of architecture . Architect Stefan Al described the buildings aesthetics as a milestone in the corporatization of Las Vegas : Characterized by its rectilinear forms and bare surfaces , stripped of ornamentation , this elite form of architecture stood miles away from the Mafia-tainted neon of existing casinos . Architecture critic Alan Hess also noted the simplicity of the International ( and the nearby Landmark Hotel ) in comparison to older casinos : As singular , self-contained forms , they showed none of the complexity of the different pieces and sequential additions that made the original Strip visually and urbanistically richer . The Y-shaped plan for the hotel tower was inspired by the UNESCO Headquarters building ; it was chosen to maximize the number of rooms that could be fit into a square plot while allowing each room to have a satisfactory view . This design was imitated by later Las Vegas hotels such as the Mirage , Mandalay Bay , and Venetian . The International has been cited as the first Las Vegas megaresort ( though that distinction is often instead credited to the Mirage , opened in 1989 ) . It was the first to house all of the hotels functions in a single large structure , whereas earlier casinos had housed them in separate buildings . The design of the property , along with the next Kerkorian/Stern project , the original MGM Grand Hotel and Casino , had a major influence on the development of the modern casino resort . As gaming historian David G . Schwartz describes it : Entertainment . International Theater . The propertys main entertainment venue is the 1,607-seat International Theater . Since 2018 , the theater hosts Barry Manilows residency show , The Hits Come Home . From the opening of the hotel in 1969 , the main showroom was a star policy venue , meaning that popular musical artists and comedians were booked to perform for two to four weeks at a time . The typical schedule comprised two shows per night : a dinner show at 8pm and a cocktail show at midnight . One of the most famous engagements at the hotel was that of singer and pianist Liberace . A longtime mainstay of Las Vegas showrooms , Liberace debuted at the Hilton in 1972 , and began appearing regularly in 1973 . He performed in the showroom for as many as 17 weeks out of the year , earning as much as $175,000 per week . Liberaces shows were known for his flamboyant costumes and for his being driven onstage in a Rolls Royce limousine . He appeared at the Hilton as late as 1982 . Hilton chairman Barron Hilton remembered Liberace as one of the most popular entertainers ever to grace the stage of the Las Vegas Hilton showroom . In 1982 , the production show Bal du Moulin Rouge opened in the theater , featuring a cast of acrobats , dancers , and variety acts . The show centered around a 45-minute slot for a headline performer , which was filled at times by Suzanne Somers , Charo , and others . Shifting to a production show was intended to reduce the Hiltons entertainment costs by avoiding the need to book bigger stars , whose salaries had been spiraling ever higher . The show closed in 1986 , and the theater returned to star policy . Singer Wayne Newton , another longtime Las Vegas star , headlined the Hilton showroom from 1987 to 1993 . By the end of his run , he was performing there twenty weeks out of the year , and was described as the highest-paid entertainer on the Las Vegas Strip . Newtons shows were known for beginning with him descending onto the stage in a spaceship amid a laser show . He made over 950 performances in total . In 1993 , the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Starlight Express opened in the main theater . The Hilton Showroom was renamed as the Hilton Theatre , and underwent a $12-million renovation to add bridges and embankments to accommodate the show , which features performers on roller skates . The opening of the show was cited as part of a trend in Las Vegas toward family-friendly attractions and away from individual headliner acts . The show was signed to a five-year contract , but closed early in 1997 amid lagging ticket sales . The hotel then adopted a limited star policy for the theater , booking headline acts for runs of less than a week at a time . In the early 2000s , the theater kept a rotating stable of headliners who each performed for ten weeks out of the year , including at times The Commodores , The Righteous Brothers , Sheena Easton , The Fab Four , Engelbert Humperdinck , and The Smothers Brothers . Manilow began an extended run at the Hilton in 2005 . His engagement was an early example of the trend of major recording artists establishing residency shows in Las Vegas , which was begun by Celine Dion at Caesars Palace in 2003 . His show began as Manilow : Music and Passion , and was then revamped in 2008 as Ultimate Manilow : The Hits . The show ended in 2009 . During the summer of 2006 , Reba McEntire performed her residency show , Reba : Key to the Heart , which ran for five non-consecutive weeks . The $250,000 Game Show Spectacular ran from October 2007 to April 2008 . The show rotated through three hosts : creator Bob Eubanks , Chuck Woolery , and Jamie Farr . A temporary American TV Game Show Hall of Fame opened and closed on site in conjunction with the show , inducting Peter Marshall , Hugh Downs , Wink Martindale , and Monty Hall . The concept was originated by entertainment publicist Jerry Digney . The logo was designed by Dan Acree . Recent long-running shows in the theater include the classic rock tribute show Raiding the Rock Vault , from 2013 to 2014 , and the Prince tribute show Purple Reign , from 2016 to 2017 . Westgate Cabaret . Smaller shows are hosted in the 400-seat Westgate Cabaret . This venue hosts the adult revue Sexxy , running since 2015 , and , since 2018 , comedian George Wallace and magician Jen Kramer . Starting in the 1990s , the venue was known as The NightClub . Combining elements of a dance club and a traditional Las Vegas lounge , it helped pave the way for dance clubs to open in many Las Vegas casinos . The NightClub was renamed as the Shimmer Cabaret in 2004 when the Hilton came under the ownership of Colony Capital . Long-running acts at the Shimmer Cabaret included comedian David Brenner ( 2004–05 ) , musical comedies Menopause the Musical ( 2006–09 ) and Nunsense ( 2010–13 ) , show band The Scintas ( 2007–09 ) , singer Lani Misalucha ( 2009–10 ) , topless revue Sin City Bad Girls ( 2009–10 ) , impressionists Greg London ( 2011–12 ) and Rich Little ( 2012–13 ) , a Rat Pack tribute show led by Sandy Hackett ( 2011–13 ) , Purple Reign ( 2014–16 ) , and the Icons of Comedy series ( 2011–12 ) , featuring comedians such as Gilbert Gottfried and Hal Sparks . In 2015 , after the hotel was purchased by Westgate , the room was given its current name . Previous headliners at the Westgate Cabaret include funk band Cameo and comedian Vinnie Favorito , both from 2016 to 2017 . Star Trek : The Experience . In January 1998 , Star Trek : The Experience opened , featuring a motion simulator ride , a museum , and Quarks Bar . A portion of the casino floor was transformed into the SpaceQuest Casino , a space-themed casino complete with high-tech table games , which served as the gateway to the Experience . In March 2004 , a new Borg Invasion 4D ride was added . The attraction closed in September 2008 , after the operator , Cedar Fair , could not agree on terms for a renewed lease with the Hilton . Elvis performances and legacy . Elvis Presley was signed for a four-week engagement in 1969 as the second performer to appear in the Internationals showroom , following Barbra Streisand . It would be his first public stage appearance in eight years . Presleys first show proved so popular that the hotel immediately signed him to a five-year contract for two month-long engagements per year . He would go on to perform a total of 636 shows at the hotel from 1969 to 1976 , with every show sold out . Presleys run of performances at the Hilton was cut short by his death in August 1977 . During his engagements at the hotel , Presley famously resided in the Imperial Suite on the 30th floor . Years after his death , the suite was renamed as the Elvis Presley Suite . It was demolished in 1994 to make way for the Sky Villas . Presleys manager , Colonel Tom Parker , lived at the Hilton for several years after Presleys death , and was a fixture at the hotel as an entertainment consultant for much of the remainder of his life . The hotel has recognized and capitalized on Presleys legacy in assorted ways through the years . A year after his death , a bronze statute of Presley was unveiled at the hotel ; it has since occupied various spots around the property . Various festivals and conventions for Elvis fans and impersonators have been held at the hotel . Elvis : An American Musical , a multimedia production incorporating archival footage with live songs and re-enactments , premiered at the Hilton showroom in 1988 , where it ran for two months before going on a national tour . Elvis impersonator Trent Carlini performed at the Hilton in various runs , both on the main stage and in the cabaret , from 2000 to 2004 and again from 2010 to 2015 . Elvis : The Exhibition opened at the Westgate in April 2015 in the former Star Trek attraction space . The exhibit , developed in association with Elvis Presley Enterprises , featured of artifacts and memorabilia from the singers life . In conjunction with the opening of the exhibit , the hotels theater was renamed as the Elvis Presley International Showroom , and was set to feature rotating shows inspired by Presley , starting with The Elvis Experience . The show fared poorly in its two-month run , however , and the plans for further shows did not materialize . The exhibition closed suddenly in February 2016 , leading to a protracted legal dispute . In 2016 , the Westgate successfully petitioned to rename the street leading from the hotel to Las Vegas Boulevard as Elvis Presley Boulevard . Popular culture . Television . - Ann-Margret – When Youre Smiling , a 1973 NBC television special starring actress and singer Ann-Margret , was recorded mainly in the Hilton showroom . - Perry Como , Las Vegas Style , a 1976 NBC special starring singer Perry Como , was recorded at the Hilton . - The game show Lets Make a Deal filmed its 1976–77 season in the Hilton showroom . - The Mrs . America Pageant was televised from the hotel annually from 1977 to 1983 , in 1986 , 1987 , 1996 , and 1997 , and from 2015 to 2018 . - Liberace recorded parts of two CBS specials , 1978s Leapin Lizards , Its Liberace and 1979s Liberace – A Valentines Special , and the 1980 Showtime special , Liberace in Las Vegas , at the Hilton . - The CBS New Years Eve special , Happy New Year , America , was anchored at the Hiltons Grand Ballroom in 1979 and 1980 , and included segments at the Hilton in 1981 and 1982 . - In 1980 , singer Lou Rawls starred in two specials recorded at the Hilton , An Evening with Lou Rawls on HBO and The Lou Rawls Parade of Stars on CBS . - On May 2 , 1982 the National Cable Television Association held its annual convention in the ballroom of the Hilton for the inaugural telecast of The Weather Channel . - Wayne Newton Live in Concert , a 1989 pay-per-view special , was aired live from the Hilton showroom . - Two episodes of Roseanne were taped here in 1991 . - Prime Time Country , a nightly talk show on The Nashville Network , came to the Hilton theater four times between 1997 and 1999 , recording a weeks worth of episodes on each occasion . - The Oak Ridge Boys Live , a variety show starring country music group The Oak Ridge Boys that ran for one season on the Nashville Network , was taped over the span of two weeks in the Hilton Theatre in 1998 . - Penn & Tellers Sin City Spectacular , an FX variety show that ran for one season starting in 1998 , recorded some of its episodes at the Hilton theater . - Two live pay-per-view concert specials were televised from the Hilton theater under the name For the Record in 1998 and 1999 , starring , respectively , Alabama and Merle Haggard . - The syndicated game show Wheel of Fortune came to the Hilton four times , taping two or three weeks of episodes on each occasion . The show was aired from the Hilton Center in 1998 , and from the theater in 1999 , 2002 , and 2005 . - The Mrs . World pageant was recorded at the Hilton in 2000 , 2001 , and 2003 , to be aired on Pax TV . - In 2001 , the game show Jeopardy ! taped two weeks of episodes in the Hilton theater , comprising one week of Celebrity Jeopardy ! and one week of International Jeopardy ! - The Entertainer , a 2005 reality competition series on the E ! network starring Wayne Newton , was set primarily at the Hilton , with contestants living in the Sky Villas . - The 2006 PBS special Barry Manilow : Music and Passion was filmed during one of the singers shows at the Hilton . - World Series of Blackjack , a Game Show Network series , recorded its 2006 and 2007 seasons at the Hilton . - , a 2007 BBC documentary , was filmed mainly at the Hilton , where it follows several of the casinos regulars and employees . - The 37th and 38th Daytime Emmy Awards ceremonies were held in the Hiltons theater in 2010 and 2011 . Film . - The 1970 documentary primarily covers several of Presleys concerts at the hotel . - In the 1971 James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever , the hotels exterior is depicted as the Whyte House casino . - Over the Top , a 1987 Sylvester Stallone drama , depicts an arm wrestling tournament at the Hilton , incorporating footage from an actual tournament that was held there . - The Hilton appears in the 1993 film Indecent Proposal as the hotel where Robert Redford stays and makes the titular proposition to Demi Moore . Sporting events . Boxing . The hotel has a history as a prominent professional boxing venue . In 1969 , the showroom hosted the first major boxing match held at a Las Vegas hotel , Sonny Liston vs . Leotis Martin ( previous fights had been held at the Convention Center ) . The Hilton Pavilion was the site in 1978 of Leon Spinkss victory over Muhammad Ali for the world heavyweight championship , which is remembered as one of the biggest upsets in the sports history . The hotel then took a seven-year hiatus from hosting boxing matches . In 1985 , Donald Curry defeated Milton McCrory at the Hilton Center to unify and become the undisputed welterweight champion . The success of the Curry–McCrory fight led the Hilton to begin pursuing more major matches , to challenge Caesars Palace as the premier boxing venue in Las Vegas . The hotel struck a deal to host several fights in the heavyweight unification series , a tournament to establish an undisputed heavyweight champion . A 14,600-seat outdoor arena was temporarily erected in the Hiltons parking lot for some of the fights . The series culminated in Mike Tysons defeat of Tony Tucker at the Hilton Center in 1987 to unify and become the undisputed champion . By 1995 , the Hilton had reportedly backed away from seeking to host the biggest fights , because of escalating costs . The hotel hosted no boxing matches between 2002 and 2008 ; since then , it has occasionally hosted minor fights . Other sports . The Hilton Pavilion hosted two nationally televised tennis events in 1978 : the WCT Tournament of Champions and the World Team Tennis All-Star Match . The hotel was the venue for Evo 2014 , a major competitive video gaming tournament .
[ "Debbie Reynolds" ]	easy	Who was Eddie Fisher (singer) 's spouse from 1955 to 1959?	/wiki/Eddie_Fisher_(singer)#P26#0	Eddie Fisher ( singer ) Edwin Jack Fisher ( August 10 , 1928 – September 22 , 2010 ) was an American singer and actor . He was one of the most popular artists during the first half of the 1950s , selling millions of records and hosting his own TV show . Fisher divorced his first wife , actress Debbie Reynolds , to marry Reynolds best friend , actress Elizabeth Taylor , after Taylors husband , film producer Mike Todd , was killed in a plane crash . The scandalous affair was widely reported , bringing unfavorable publicity to Fisher . He later married Connie Stevens . Fisher fathered Carrie Fisher and Todd Fisher with Reynolds , and Joely Fisher and Tricia Leigh Fisher with Stevens . Early life . Fisher was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , on August 10 , 1928 , the fourth of seven children born to Gitte Kathrine Kate Tisch ( née Minicker , later Stup ; b . 1901 ; d . 1991 ) and Joseph Fisher ( né Tisch ; 1900–1972 ) , both Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire . His fathers surname was originally Tisch , but was changed to Fisher by the time of the 1940 census . To his family , Fisher was always called Sonny Boy , a nickname derived from the song of the same name in Al Jolsons film The Singing Fool ( 1928 ) . His siblings were Sidney , Nettie , Miriam , Janet , Alvin , and Eileen . Kate and Joseph divorced when Fisher was an adult , after 33 years of marriage , and Kate married Max Stup . Fisher attended Thomas Junior High School , South Philadelphia High School , and Simon Gratz High School . It was known at an early age that he had talent as a vocalist , and he started singing in numerous amateur contests , which he usually won . He made his radio debut on WFIL , a local Philadelphia radio station . He also performed on Arthur Godfreys Talent Scouts , a popular radio show that later moved to television . Because he became a local star , Fisher dropped out of high school in the middle of his senior year to pursue his career . Career . By 1946 , Fisher was crooning with the bands of Buddy Morrow and Charlie Ventura . He was heard in 1949 by Eddie Cantor at Grossingers Catskill Resort Hotel in the Borscht Belt . Cantors so-called discovery of Fisher was later described as a totally contrived , manipulated arrangement by Milton Blackstone , Grossingers publicity director . After performing on Cantors radio show he was an instant hit and gained nationwide exposure . He then signed a recording contract with RCA Victor . Fisher was drafted into the U.S . Army in 1951 , sent to Fort Hood , Texas , for basic training , and served a year in Korea . From 1952 to 1953 , he was the official vocal soloist for The United States Army Band ( Pershings Own ) and a tenor section member in the United States Army Band Chorus ( an element of Pershings Own ) assigned at Fort Myer in the Washington , D.C . Military District . During his active duty period , he also made occasional guest television appearances , in uniform , introduced as PFC Eddie Fisher . After his discharge , he began to sing in top nightclubs and had a variety television series , Coke Time with Eddie Fisher on NBC ( 1953–1957 ) . Fisher also appeared on The Perry Como Show , Club Oasis , The Martha Raye Show , The Gisele MacKenzie Show , The Chesterfield Supper Club and The George Gobel Show , and starred in another series , The Eddie Fisher Show ( NBC ) ( 1957–1959 , alternating with Gobels series ) . Fishers good looks and strong and melodious tenor voice made him a teen idol and one of the most popular singers of the early 1950s . He had 17 songs in the Top 10 on the music charts between 1950 and 1956 and 35 in the Top 40 . In 1957 he signed a then record $1 million deal with the newly opened Tropicana Las Vegas to appear there a minimum of 4 weeks a year for 5 years . In 1956 , Fisher costarred with then-wife Debbie Reynolds in the musical comedy Bundle of Joy . He played a dramatic role in the 1960 drama Butterfield 8 with second wife Elizabeth Taylor . His best friend was showman and producer Mike Todd , who died in a plane crash in 1958 . Fishers affair , divorce from Reynolds , and subsequent marriage to Taylor , Todds widow , caused a show business scandal . Due to the unfavorable publicity surrounding the affair and divorce , NBC canceled Fishers television series in March 1959 . Beginning in fall 1959 , he established two scholarships at Brandeis University , one for classical and one for popular music , in the name of Eddie Cantor . In 1960 , he was dropped by RCA Victor and briefly recorded on his own label , Ramrod Records . He later recorded for Dot Records . During this time , he had the first commercial recording of Sunrise , Sunset from Fiddler on the Roof . This technically counts as the biggest standard Fisher can claim credit for introducing , although it is rarely associated with him . He also recorded the albums Eddie Fisher Today and Young and Foolish ( both 1965 ) . The Dot contract was not successful in record sales terms , and he returned to RCA Victor and had a minor single hit in 1966 with the song Games That Lovers Play with Nelson Riddle , which became the title of his best selling album . When Fisher was at the height of his popularity , in the mid-1950s , singles , rather than albums , were the primary medium for issuing recordings . His last album for RCA Victor was an Al Jolson tribute , You Aint Heard Nothin Yet , released in 1968 . In 1983 he attempted a comeback tour but this was not a success . Eddie Fishers last released album was recorded around 1984 on the Bainbridge record label . Fisher tried to stop the album from being released , but it turned up as After All . The album was produced by William J . OMalley and arranged by Angelo DiPippo . DiPippo , a world-renowned arranger , worked with Eddie countless hours to better his vocals but it became useless . His final recordings ( never released ) were made in 1995 with the London Philharmonic Orchestra . According to arranger-conductor Vincent Falcone in his 2005 autobiography , Frankly : Just Between Us , these tracks were the best singing of his life . Fisher performed in top concert halls all over the United States and headlined in major Las Vegas showrooms . He headlined at the Palace Theater in New York City as well as Londons Palladium . In the culmination of his return to the concert stage in 1962 , Fisher headlined a five-week Broadway show at Winter Garden , calling it a dream of his since youth to perform in the venue Al Jolson had made famous . Fisher created interest as a pop culture icon . Betty Johnsons I Want Eddie Fisher For Christmas , containing references to a number of hit songs , reached No . 28 in the Music Vendor national survey during an 11-week chart run in late 1954 . Fisher has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , one for recording , at 6241 Hollywood Boulevard , and one for television , at 1724 Vine Street . Personal life . Fisher had five marriages and four children : - Debbie Reynolds ( m . 1955–div . 1959 ) - Carrie Fisher ( b . 1956–d . 2016 ) - Todd Fisher ( b . 1958 ) - Elizabeth Taylor ( m . 1959–div . 1964 ) - Connie Stevens ( m . 1967–div . 1969 ) - Joely Fisher ( b . 1967 ) - Tricia Leigh Fisher ( b . 1968 ) - Terry Richard ( m . 1975–div . 1976 ) - Betty Lin ( m . 1993 – April 15 , 2001 ; her death ) In 1981 , Fisher wrote an autobiography , Eddie : My Life , My Loves ( ) . He wrote another autobiography in 1999 titled Been There , Done That ( ) . The later book devotes little space to Fishers singing career , but recycled the material of his first book and added many new sexual details that were too strong to publish before . Upon the books publication , his daughter Carrie declared : Im thinking of having my DNA fumigated . While performing at The Tropicana Hotel in 1957 , Fisher had numerous affairs with women which he contributed to his turbulent marriage to Debbie Reynolds . One of his notable affairs was with model Pat Sheehan . They eventually parted ways after Fisher refused to divorce Reynolds . He would divorce Reynolds two years later and marry Elizabeth Taylor . When she was interviewed , Debbie Reynolds said that she could understand being dumped for the worlds most beautiful woman , referring to Taylor , who was previously a close friend . Taylor and Reynolds later resumed their friendship and mocked Fisher in a TV movie written by Carrie Fisher , These Old Broads , in which their characters ridiculed the ex-husband they shared , named Freddie Hunter . In his memoirs , Fisher admitted to addictions to drugs and gambling , which aggravated his career problems . Death . Fisher suffered from knee , back , hearing , and eyesight problems in his later years , the last of which were worsened by complications stemming from cataract removal surgery , and he rarely appeared in public . According to friends , he remained mentally vigorous and kept himself busy watching television , following news and politics , and singing his old songs while friend George Michalski played the piano . Michalski had worked on several occasions over the years to help Fisher get his name back on the music charts . He said The 60s passed Eddie by ; he missed that entire era of music . Id play a Beatles song like Something for him and hed think I wrote it . Fisher fell and broke his hip on September 9 , 2010 , and died 13 days later on September 22 , 2010 , at his home in Berkeley , California , from complications from hip surgery . He was 82 years old . Discography . Albums . - Eddie Fisher Sings ( 10-inch album ) ( RCA Victor 1952 ) - Im in the Mood for Love ( RCA Victor 1952/55 ) - Christmas with Eddie Fisher ( 10-inch album ) ( RCA Victor 1952 ) - Eddie Fisher Sings Irving Berlin Favorites ( 10-inch album ) ( RCA Victor 1954 ) - May I Sing to You ? ( RCA Victor 1954/55 ) - I Love You ( RCA Victor 1955 ) - Eddie Fisher Sings Academy Award Winning Songs ( RCA Victor 1955 ) - Bundle of Joy ( film soundtrack ) ( RCA Victor 1956 ) - As Long as Theres Music ( RCA Victor 1958 ) - Scent of Mystery ( film soundtrack ) ( Ramrod 1960 ) - Eddie Fisher at the Winter Garden ( Ramrod 1963 ) - Eddie Fisher Today ! ( Dot 1965 ) - When I Was Young ( Dot 1965 ) ( re-recordings of his RCA Victor hits ) - Mary Christmas ( Dot 1965 ) - Games That Lovers Play ( RCA Victor 1966 ) - People Like You ( RCA Victor 1967 ) - You Aint Heard Nothing Yet ( RCA Victor 1968 ) - After All ( Bainbridge Records 1984 ) Compilations . - Thinking of You ( RCA Victor 1957 ) - Eddie Fishers Greatest Hits ( RCA Victor 1962 ) - The Very Best of Eddie Fisher ( MCA 1988 ) - All Time Greatest Hits Vol.1 ( RCA 1990 ) - Eddie Fisher – Greatest Hits ( RCA 2001 ) Books . - Fisher , Eddie ( 1984 ) . Eddie : My Life , My Loves . Harper Collins . . External links . - Thinking Of You : Eddie Fisher on The Interlude Era site - Obituary , The New York Times - Eddie Fisher : Life and Times – slideshow by Life magazine
[ "Elizabeth Taylor" ]	easy	Who was the spouse of Eddie Fisher (singer) from 1959 to 1964?	/wiki/Eddie_Fisher_(singer)#P26#1	Eddie Fisher ( singer ) Edwin Jack Fisher ( August 10 , 1928 – September 22 , 2010 ) was an American singer and actor . He was one of the most popular artists during the first half of the 1950s , selling millions of records and hosting his own TV show . Fisher divorced his first wife , actress Debbie Reynolds , to marry Reynolds best friend , actress Elizabeth Taylor , after Taylors husband , film producer Mike Todd , was killed in a plane crash . The scandalous affair was widely reported , bringing unfavorable publicity to Fisher . He later married Connie Stevens . Fisher fathered Carrie Fisher and Todd Fisher with Reynolds , and Joely Fisher and Tricia Leigh Fisher with Stevens . Early life . Fisher was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , on August 10 , 1928 , the fourth of seven children born to Gitte Kathrine Kate Tisch ( née Minicker , later Stup ; b . 1901 ; d . 1991 ) and Joseph Fisher ( né Tisch ; 1900–1972 ) , both Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire . His fathers surname was originally Tisch , but was changed to Fisher by the time of the 1940 census . To his family , Fisher was always called Sonny Boy , a nickname derived from the song of the same name in Al Jolsons film The Singing Fool ( 1928 ) . His siblings were Sidney , Nettie , Miriam , Janet , Alvin , and Eileen . Kate and Joseph divorced when Fisher was an adult , after 33 years of marriage , and Kate married Max Stup . Fisher attended Thomas Junior High School , South Philadelphia High School , and Simon Gratz High School . It was known at an early age that he had talent as a vocalist , and he started singing in numerous amateur contests , which he usually won . He made his radio debut on WFIL , a local Philadelphia radio station . He also performed on Arthur Godfreys Talent Scouts , a popular radio show that later moved to television . Because he became a local star , Fisher dropped out of high school in the middle of his senior year to pursue his career . Career . By 1946 , Fisher was crooning with the bands of Buddy Morrow and Charlie Ventura . He was heard in 1949 by Eddie Cantor at Grossingers Catskill Resort Hotel in the Borscht Belt . Cantors so-called discovery of Fisher was later described as a totally contrived , manipulated arrangement by Milton Blackstone , Grossingers publicity director . After performing on Cantors radio show he was an instant hit and gained nationwide exposure . He then signed a recording contract with RCA Victor . Fisher was drafted into the U.S . Army in 1951 , sent to Fort Hood , Texas , for basic training , and served a year in Korea . From 1952 to 1953 , he was the official vocal soloist for The United States Army Band ( Pershings Own ) and a tenor section member in the United States Army Band Chorus ( an element of Pershings Own ) assigned at Fort Myer in the Washington , D.C . Military District . During his active duty period , he also made occasional guest television appearances , in uniform , introduced as PFC Eddie Fisher . After his discharge , he began to sing in top nightclubs and had a variety television series , Coke Time with Eddie Fisher on NBC ( 1953–1957 ) . Fisher also appeared on The Perry Como Show , Club Oasis , The Martha Raye Show , The Gisele MacKenzie Show , The Chesterfield Supper Club and The George Gobel Show , and starred in another series , The Eddie Fisher Show ( NBC ) ( 1957–1959 , alternating with Gobels series ) . Fishers good looks and strong and melodious tenor voice made him a teen idol and one of the most popular singers of the early 1950s . He had 17 songs in the Top 10 on the music charts between 1950 and 1956 and 35 in the Top 40 . In 1957 he signed a then record $1 million deal with the newly opened Tropicana Las Vegas to appear there a minimum of 4 weeks a year for 5 years . In 1956 , Fisher costarred with then-wife Debbie Reynolds in the musical comedy Bundle of Joy . He played a dramatic role in the 1960 drama Butterfield 8 with second wife Elizabeth Taylor . His best friend was showman and producer Mike Todd , who died in a plane crash in 1958 . Fishers affair , divorce from Reynolds , and subsequent marriage to Taylor , Todds widow , caused a show business scandal . Due to the unfavorable publicity surrounding the affair and divorce , NBC canceled Fishers television series in March 1959 . Beginning in fall 1959 , he established two scholarships at Brandeis University , one for classical and one for popular music , in the name of Eddie Cantor . In 1960 , he was dropped by RCA Victor and briefly recorded on his own label , Ramrod Records . He later recorded for Dot Records . During this time , he had the first commercial recording of Sunrise , Sunset from Fiddler on the Roof . This technically counts as the biggest standard Fisher can claim credit for introducing , although it is rarely associated with him . He also recorded the albums Eddie Fisher Today and Young and Foolish ( both 1965 ) . The Dot contract was not successful in record sales terms , and he returned to RCA Victor and had a minor single hit in 1966 with the song Games That Lovers Play with Nelson Riddle , which became the title of his best selling album . When Fisher was at the height of his popularity , in the mid-1950s , singles , rather than albums , were the primary medium for issuing recordings . His last album for RCA Victor was an Al Jolson tribute , You Aint Heard Nothin Yet , released in 1968 . In 1983 he attempted a comeback tour but this was not a success . Eddie Fishers last released album was recorded around 1984 on the Bainbridge record label . Fisher tried to stop the album from being released , but it turned up as After All . The album was produced by William J . OMalley and arranged by Angelo DiPippo . DiPippo , a world-renowned arranger , worked with Eddie countless hours to better his vocals but it became useless . His final recordings ( never released ) were made in 1995 with the London Philharmonic Orchestra . According to arranger-conductor Vincent Falcone in his 2005 autobiography , Frankly : Just Between Us , these tracks were the best singing of his life . Fisher performed in top concert halls all over the United States and headlined in major Las Vegas showrooms . He headlined at the Palace Theater in New York City as well as Londons Palladium . In the culmination of his return to the concert stage in 1962 , Fisher headlined a five-week Broadway show at Winter Garden , calling it a dream of his since youth to perform in the venue Al Jolson had made famous . Fisher created interest as a pop culture icon . Betty Johnsons I Want Eddie Fisher For Christmas , containing references to a number of hit songs , reached No . 28 in the Music Vendor national survey during an 11-week chart run in late 1954 . Fisher has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , one for recording , at 6241 Hollywood Boulevard , and one for television , at 1724 Vine Street . Personal life . Fisher had five marriages and four children : - Debbie Reynolds ( m . 1955–div . 1959 ) - Carrie Fisher ( b . 1956–d . 2016 ) - Todd Fisher ( b . 1958 ) - Elizabeth Taylor ( m . 1959–div . 1964 ) - Connie Stevens ( m . 1967–div . 1969 ) - Joely Fisher ( b . 1967 ) - Tricia Leigh Fisher ( b . 1968 ) - Terry Richard ( m . 1975–div . 1976 ) - Betty Lin ( m . 1993 – April 15 , 2001 ; her death ) In 1981 , Fisher wrote an autobiography , Eddie : My Life , My Loves ( ) . He wrote another autobiography in 1999 titled Been There , Done That ( ) . The later book devotes little space to Fishers singing career , but recycled the material of his first book and added many new sexual details that were too strong to publish before . Upon the books publication , his daughter Carrie declared : Im thinking of having my DNA fumigated . While performing at The Tropicana Hotel in 1957 , Fisher had numerous affairs with women which he contributed to his turbulent marriage to Debbie Reynolds . One of his notable affairs was with model Pat Sheehan . They eventually parted ways after Fisher refused to divorce Reynolds . He would divorce Reynolds two years later and marry Elizabeth Taylor . When she was interviewed , Debbie Reynolds said that she could understand being dumped for the worlds most beautiful woman , referring to Taylor , who was previously a close friend . Taylor and Reynolds later resumed their friendship and mocked Fisher in a TV movie written by Carrie Fisher , These Old Broads , in which their characters ridiculed the ex-husband they shared , named Freddie Hunter . In his memoirs , Fisher admitted to addictions to drugs and gambling , which aggravated his career problems . Death . Fisher suffered from knee , back , hearing , and eyesight problems in his later years , the last of which were worsened by complications stemming from cataract removal surgery , and he rarely appeared in public . According to friends , he remained mentally vigorous and kept himself busy watching television , following news and politics , and singing his old songs while friend George Michalski played the piano . Michalski had worked on several occasions over the years to help Fisher get his name back on the music charts . He said The 60s passed Eddie by ; he missed that entire era of music . Id play a Beatles song like Something for him and hed think I wrote it . Fisher fell and broke his hip on September 9 , 2010 , and died 13 days later on September 22 , 2010 , at his home in Berkeley , California , from complications from hip surgery . He was 82 years old . Discography . Albums . - Eddie Fisher Sings ( 10-inch album ) ( RCA Victor 1952 ) - Im in the Mood for Love ( RCA Victor 1952/55 ) - Christmas with Eddie Fisher ( 10-inch album ) ( RCA Victor 1952 ) - Eddie Fisher Sings Irving Berlin Favorites ( 10-inch album ) ( RCA Victor 1954 ) - May I Sing to You ? ( RCA Victor 1954/55 ) - I Love You ( RCA Victor 1955 ) - Eddie Fisher Sings Academy Award Winning Songs ( RCA Victor 1955 ) - Bundle of Joy ( film soundtrack ) ( RCA Victor 1956 ) - As Long as Theres Music ( RCA Victor 1958 ) - Scent of Mystery ( film soundtrack ) ( Ramrod 1960 ) - Eddie Fisher at the Winter Garden ( Ramrod 1963 ) - Eddie Fisher Today ! ( Dot 1965 ) - When I Was Young ( Dot 1965 ) ( re-recordings of his RCA Victor hits ) - Mary Christmas ( Dot 1965 ) - Games That Lovers Play ( RCA Victor 1966 ) - People Like You ( RCA Victor 1967 ) - You Aint Heard Nothing Yet ( RCA Victor 1968 ) - After All ( Bainbridge Records 1984 ) Compilations . - Thinking of You ( RCA Victor 1957 ) - Eddie Fishers Greatest Hits ( RCA Victor 1962 ) - The Very Best of Eddie Fisher ( MCA 1988 ) - All Time Greatest Hits Vol.1 ( RCA 1990 ) - Eddie Fisher – Greatest Hits ( RCA 2001 ) Books . - Fisher , Eddie ( 1984 ) . Eddie : My Life , My Loves . Harper Collins . . External links . - Thinking Of You : Eddie Fisher on The Interlude Era site - Obituary , The New York Times - Eddie Fisher : Life and Times – slideshow by Life magazine
[ "Connie Stevens" ]	easy	Who was Eddie Fisher (singer) 's spouse from 1967 to 1969?	/wiki/Eddie_Fisher_(singer)#P26#2	Eddie Fisher ( singer ) Edwin Jack Fisher ( August 10 , 1928 – September 22 , 2010 ) was an American singer and actor . He was one of the most popular artists during the first half of the 1950s , selling millions of records and hosting his own TV show . Fisher divorced his first wife , actress Debbie Reynolds , to marry Reynolds best friend , actress Elizabeth Taylor , after Taylors husband , film producer Mike Todd , was killed in a plane crash . The scandalous affair was widely reported , bringing unfavorable publicity to Fisher . He later married Connie Stevens . Fisher fathered Carrie Fisher and Todd Fisher with Reynolds , and Joely Fisher and Tricia Leigh Fisher with Stevens . Early life . Fisher was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , on August 10 , 1928 , the fourth of seven children born to Gitte Kathrine Kate Tisch ( née Minicker , later Stup ; b . 1901 ; d . 1991 ) and Joseph Fisher ( né Tisch ; 1900–1972 ) , both Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire . His fathers surname was originally Tisch , but was changed to Fisher by the time of the 1940 census . To his family , Fisher was always called Sonny Boy , a nickname derived from the song of the same name in Al Jolsons film The Singing Fool ( 1928 ) . His siblings were Sidney , Nettie , Miriam , Janet , Alvin , and Eileen . Kate and Joseph divorced when Fisher was an adult , after 33 years of marriage , and Kate married Max Stup . Fisher attended Thomas Junior High School , South Philadelphia High School , and Simon Gratz High School . It was known at an early age that he had talent as a vocalist , and he started singing in numerous amateur contests , which he usually won . He made his radio debut on WFIL , a local Philadelphia radio station . He also performed on Arthur Godfreys Talent Scouts , a popular radio show that later moved to television . Because he became a local star , Fisher dropped out of high school in the middle of his senior year to pursue his career . Career . By 1946 , Fisher was crooning with the bands of Buddy Morrow and Charlie Ventura . He was heard in 1949 by Eddie Cantor at Grossingers Catskill Resort Hotel in the Borscht Belt . Cantors so-called discovery of Fisher was later described as a totally contrived , manipulated arrangement by Milton Blackstone , Grossingers publicity director . After performing on Cantors radio show he was an instant hit and gained nationwide exposure . He then signed a recording contract with RCA Victor . Fisher was drafted into the U.S . Army in 1951 , sent to Fort Hood , Texas , for basic training , and served a year in Korea . From 1952 to 1953 , he was the official vocal soloist for The United States Army Band ( Pershings Own ) and a tenor section member in the United States Army Band Chorus ( an element of Pershings Own ) assigned at Fort Myer in the Washington , D.C . Military District . During his active duty period , he also made occasional guest television appearances , in uniform , introduced as PFC Eddie Fisher . After his discharge , he began to sing in top nightclubs and had a variety television series , Coke Time with Eddie Fisher on NBC ( 1953–1957 ) . Fisher also appeared on The Perry Como Show , Club Oasis , The Martha Raye Show , The Gisele MacKenzie Show , The Chesterfield Supper Club and The George Gobel Show , and starred in another series , The Eddie Fisher Show ( NBC ) ( 1957–1959 , alternating with Gobels series ) . Fishers good looks and strong and melodious tenor voice made him a teen idol and one of the most popular singers of the early 1950s . He had 17 songs in the Top 10 on the music charts between 1950 and 1956 and 35 in the Top 40 . In 1957 he signed a then record $1 million deal with the newly opened Tropicana Las Vegas to appear there a minimum of 4 weeks a year for 5 years . In 1956 , Fisher costarred with then-wife Debbie Reynolds in the musical comedy Bundle of Joy . He played a dramatic role in the 1960 drama Butterfield 8 with second wife Elizabeth Taylor . His best friend was showman and producer Mike Todd , who died in a plane crash in 1958 . Fishers affair , divorce from Reynolds , and subsequent marriage to Taylor , Todds widow , caused a show business scandal . Due to the unfavorable publicity surrounding the affair and divorce , NBC canceled Fishers television series in March 1959 . Beginning in fall 1959 , he established two scholarships at Brandeis University , one for classical and one for popular music , in the name of Eddie Cantor . In 1960 , he was dropped by RCA Victor and briefly recorded on his own label , Ramrod Records . He later recorded for Dot Records . During this time , he had the first commercial recording of Sunrise , Sunset from Fiddler on the Roof . This technically counts as the biggest standard Fisher can claim credit for introducing , although it is rarely associated with him . He also recorded the albums Eddie Fisher Today and Young and Foolish ( both 1965 ) . The Dot contract was not successful in record sales terms , and he returned to RCA Victor and had a minor single hit in 1966 with the song Games That Lovers Play with Nelson Riddle , which became the title of his best selling album . When Fisher was at the height of his popularity , in the mid-1950s , singles , rather than albums , were the primary medium for issuing recordings . His last album for RCA Victor was an Al Jolson tribute , You Aint Heard Nothin Yet , released in 1968 . In 1983 he attempted a comeback tour but this was not a success . Eddie Fishers last released album was recorded around 1984 on the Bainbridge record label . Fisher tried to stop the album from being released , but it turned up as After All . The album was produced by William J . OMalley and arranged by Angelo DiPippo . DiPippo , a world-renowned arranger , worked with Eddie countless hours to better his vocals but it became useless . His final recordings ( never released ) were made in 1995 with the London Philharmonic Orchestra . According to arranger-conductor Vincent Falcone in his 2005 autobiography , Frankly : Just Between Us , these tracks were the best singing of his life . Fisher performed in top concert halls all over the United States and headlined in major Las Vegas showrooms . He headlined at the Palace Theater in New York City as well as Londons Palladium . In the culmination of his return to the concert stage in 1962 , Fisher headlined a five-week Broadway show at Winter Garden , calling it a dream of his since youth to perform in the venue Al Jolson had made famous . Fisher created interest as a pop culture icon . Betty Johnsons I Want Eddie Fisher For Christmas , containing references to a number of hit songs , reached No . 28 in the Music Vendor national survey during an 11-week chart run in late 1954 . Fisher has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , one for recording , at 6241 Hollywood Boulevard , and one for television , at 1724 Vine Street . Personal life . Fisher had five marriages and four children : - Debbie Reynolds ( m . 1955–div . 1959 ) - Carrie Fisher ( b . 1956–d . 2016 ) - Todd Fisher ( b . 1958 ) - Elizabeth Taylor ( m . 1959–div . 1964 ) - Connie Stevens ( m . 1967–div . 1969 ) - Joely Fisher ( b . 1967 ) - Tricia Leigh Fisher ( b . 1968 ) - Terry Richard ( m . 1975–div . 1976 ) - Betty Lin ( m . 1993 – April 15 , 2001 ; her death ) In 1981 , Fisher wrote an autobiography , Eddie : My Life , My Loves ( ) . He wrote another autobiography in 1999 titled Been There , Done That ( ) . The later book devotes little space to Fishers singing career , but recycled the material of his first book and added many new sexual details that were too strong to publish before . Upon the books publication , his daughter Carrie declared : Im thinking of having my DNA fumigated . While performing at The Tropicana Hotel in 1957 , Fisher had numerous affairs with women which he contributed to his turbulent marriage to Debbie Reynolds . One of his notable affairs was with model Pat Sheehan . They eventually parted ways after Fisher refused to divorce Reynolds . He would divorce Reynolds two years later and marry Elizabeth Taylor . When she was interviewed , Debbie Reynolds said that she could understand being dumped for the worlds most beautiful woman , referring to Taylor , who was previously a close friend . Taylor and Reynolds later resumed their friendship and mocked Fisher in a TV movie written by Carrie Fisher , These Old Broads , in which their characters ridiculed the ex-husband they shared , named Freddie Hunter . In his memoirs , Fisher admitted to addictions to drugs and gambling , which aggravated his career problems . Death . Fisher suffered from knee , back , hearing , and eyesight problems in his later years , the last of which were worsened by complications stemming from cataract removal surgery , and he rarely appeared in public . According to friends , he remained mentally vigorous and kept himself busy watching television , following news and politics , and singing his old songs while friend George Michalski played the piano . Michalski had worked on several occasions over the years to help Fisher get his name back on the music charts . He said The 60s passed Eddie by ; he missed that entire era of music . Id play a Beatles song like Something for him and hed think I wrote it . Fisher fell and broke his hip on September 9 , 2010 , and died 13 days later on September 22 , 2010 , at his home in Berkeley , California , from complications from hip surgery . He was 82 years old . Discography . Albums . - Eddie Fisher Sings ( 10-inch album ) ( RCA Victor 1952 ) - Im in the Mood for Love ( RCA Victor 1952/55 ) - Christmas with Eddie Fisher ( 10-inch album ) ( RCA Victor 1952 ) - Eddie Fisher Sings Irving Berlin Favorites ( 10-inch album ) ( RCA Victor 1954 ) - May I Sing to You ? ( RCA Victor 1954/55 ) - I Love You ( RCA Victor 1955 ) - Eddie Fisher Sings Academy Award Winning Songs ( RCA Victor 1955 ) - Bundle of Joy ( film soundtrack ) ( RCA Victor 1956 ) - As Long as Theres Music ( RCA Victor 1958 ) - Scent of Mystery ( film soundtrack ) ( Ramrod 1960 ) - Eddie Fisher at the Winter Garden ( Ramrod 1963 ) - Eddie Fisher Today ! ( Dot 1965 ) - When I Was Young ( Dot 1965 ) ( re-recordings of his RCA Victor hits ) - Mary Christmas ( Dot 1965 ) - Games That Lovers Play ( RCA Victor 1966 ) - People Like You ( RCA Victor 1967 ) - You Aint Heard Nothing Yet ( RCA Victor 1968 ) - After All ( Bainbridge Records 1984 ) Compilations . - Thinking of You ( RCA Victor 1957 ) - Eddie Fishers Greatest Hits ( RCA Victor 1962 ) - The Very Best of Eddie Fisher ( MCA 1988 ) - All Time Greatest Hits Vol.1 ( RCA 1990 ) - Eddie Fisher – Greatest Hits ( RCA 2001 ) Books . - Fisher , Eddie ( 1984 ) . Eddie : My Life , My Loves . Harper Collins . . External links . - Thinking Of You : Eddie Fisher on The Interlude Era site - Obituary , The New York Times - Eddie Fisher : Life and Times – slideshow by Life magazine
[ "Lim Sung-nam" ]	easy	Who was the director or manager of Korea National Ballet from 1962 to 1992?	/wiki/Korea_National_Ballet#P1037#0	Korea National Ballet The Korea National Ballet is a South Korean ballet company . It was founded in 1962 in Seoul as the National Ballet Company . It was one of the affiliates of the National Theater of Korea until 1999 , when it separated to independently reestablish itself in the Seoul Arts Center in the following year . It has sixty-five dancers , chosen annually through open audition . There are currently 80 members in the company , including regular members , associate members , and trainees . Equipped with the nations top dancers and diverse repertoires , the Korea National Ballet has taken the lead in developing the field of performance . Welcoming artistic director Tae-ji Choi who was reappointed in 2011 , the Korea National Ballet reflects on its past achievements done under the slogan of Globalization , Refinement and Popularization of ballet for the past half century . Overseas tours have included performances in Egypt and Israel in 1997 , China in 2000 and 2001 , Japan in 2002 , and more recent trips to Russia . One of the prima ballerinas of the company , Joo-won Kim was the winner of the BENOIS de la DANSE prize 2006 . In 2007 , the company disciplined her for having appeared topless in a Korean fashion magazine . The company said she had engaged in employment outside her contract. , Artistic directors . - Lim Sung-nam ( 1962–1992 ) - Kim Hae-sik ( 1993–1995 ) - Choi Tae-ji ( 1996–2001 ) - Kim Geung-soo ( 2002–2004 ) - Park In-ja ( 2005–2007 ) - Choi Tae-ji ( 2008–2013 ) - Kang Sue-jin ( 2014– ) Structure . Korea National Ballet is composed of 5 ranks of dancers . Principal Dancers . Kim Joo-won , Ji-Young Kim , Yoon Hae-Jin , Lee Young-Cheol , Lee Dong-Hoon , Kim Li-Hoe , Park Seul-Ki , Lee Eun-Won , Lee Jae-Woo Grand Soloists . Jong-pil Lee , Young-jae , Jung Hae-Ran , Chong Nam-Yull , Lee Soo-Hee , Park Ki-hyun , Shin Seung-won , Song Jung-Bin , Bae Min-Soon , Shin Hye-jin , Kim Youn-Sik , Kim Ki-Wan Soloists . Ji-young Kim , Hae-ran Jung , Woo-youn Hong , Jun-bum Kim , Hyun-ok Jung , Jun-hee Kim , Soo-hee Lee , Jung-yoon Choi , Jun-yong Ha , Hyun-kyung Park , Woo-jung Jang , Hye-ju Go , Nan-hee Yoo , Ellis Jung Tiffany . Coryphées . Eun-jin Kim , Sun-hee Bang , Hyang-jo Lee , Sung-chul Lim , Ki-hyun Park , Jung-bin Song , Seung-won Shin , Hyun-ah Jung , Jae-min Seo and Jeon-il Yoon Corps de Ballet . Ju-hyun Jung , Chang-ik Kim , Salapsun Hwang , Hee-hyun Kim , Min-soon Bae , Hyo-jin Ahn , Seo-hee Chae , Hyo-hyung Kang , Jong-yeol Kim , Na-ri Park , Hae-jin Shin , Dae-sung Lee , Sang-ro Lee , Monica Lee , Ju-yeun Jang , Youn-sik Kim , Ho-hyun Sun , Eun-won Lee , Min-kyoung Kim , Ji-hee Kim , Ha-lim Byun , Seo-hee Lee , Seul-bi Lee , Jae-eun Jung , Ji-young Jung , Da-jeong Hur , Da-hae Kim , Ju-beam Kim , Tae-hwan Kim , Han-gil Kim , Ye-eun Park , Eugene Won , Ye-seul Lee , Sun-a Choi , Ho-jin Jung , Min-ji Jung , Kyung-sik Kim and Tiffany Ellis Jung . Performances . The Korea National Ballet has introduced the world artists masterpieces such as Boris Eifmans Musagète , Requiem , Bravo Figaro , , Yuri Grigorovichs Spartacus , Swan Lake , The Nutcracker , Romeo and Juliet , Raymonda , Jean-Christophe Maillots Romeo and Juliet , Cinderella , Do’ve La Luna , Mats Eks Carmen and Michel Fokines Chunhyang LEpreuve dAmour , Les Sylphides , George Balanchine’s Symphony in C , Tchaikovsky Pas de Deux , Fernand Naults Carmina Burana , Byung-nam Moon’s Prince Hodong , Marius Petipa’s Giselle , Le Corsaire , La Bayadère , Alexandre Gorskys Don Quixote , Philippe Alonso’s La Fille Mal Gardée , Rudolf Nureyevs Sleeping Beauty , etc . to Korea , and these performances were extremely well received . The Ballet with Commentary created by artistic director Tae-ji Choi was newly established in 1997 . It has broken many records among the numerous annual performances in the Korea dance world . It is the first ballet performance with commentary and the first permanent dance performance in the Korean dance world . The Korea National Ballet currently performs Visiting Ballet with Commentary for audiences who would not otherwise have an opportunity to see ballet , in areas , such as small villages and army bases , etc . Further in 2010 , the Korea National Ballet has performed for the first time the Full-length Ballet with Commentary , Coppelia . Reviews . - Ballet Magazine
[ "Tae-ji Choi" ]	easy	Who directed or managed Korea National Ballet from 1996 to 2001?	/wiki/Korea_National_Ballet#P1037#1	Korea National Ballet The Korea National Ballet is a South Korean ballet company . It was founded in 1962 in Seoul as the National Ballet Company . It was one of the affiliates of the National Theater of Korea until 1999 , when it separated to independently reestablish itself in the Seoul Arts Center in the following year . It has sixty-five dancers , chosen annually through open audition . There are currently 80 members in the company , including regular members , associate members , and trainees . Equipped with the nations top dancers and diverse repertoires , the Korea National Ballet has taken the lead in developing the field of performance . Welcoming artistic director Tae-ji Choi who was reappointed in 2011 , the Korea National Ballet reflects on its past achievements done under the slogan of Globalization , Refinement and Popularization of ballet for the past half century . Overseas tours have included performances in Egypt and Israel in 1997 , China in 2000 and 2001 , Japan in 2002 , and more recent trips to Russia . One of the prima ballerinas of the company , Joo-won Kim was the winner of the BENOIS de la DANSE prize 2006 . In 2007 , the company disciplined her for having appeared topless in a Korean fashion magazine . The company said she had engaged in employment outside her contract. , Artistic directors . - Lim Sung-nam ( 1962–1992 ) - Kim Hae-sik ( 1993–1995 ) - Choi Tae-ji ( 1996–2001 ) - Kim Geung-soo ( 2002–2004 ) - Park In-ja ( 2005–2007 ) - Choi Tae-ji ( 2008–2013 ) - Kang Sue-jin ( 2014– ) Structure . Korea National Ballet is composed of 5 ranks of dancers . Principal Dancers . Kim Joo-won , Ji-Young Kim , Yoon Hae-Jin , Lee Young-Cheol , Lee Dong-Hoon , Kim Li-Hoe , Park Seul-Ki , Lee Eun-Won , Lee Jae-Woo Grand Soloists . Jong-pil Lee , Young-jae , Jung Hae-Ran , Chong Nam-Yull , Lee Soo-Hee , Park Ki-hyun , Shin Seung-won , Song Jung-Bin , Bae Min-Soon , Shin Hye-jin , Kim Youn-Sik , Kim Ki-Wan Soloists . Ji-young Kim , Hae-ran Jung , Woo-youn Hong , Jun-bum Kim , Hyun-ok Jung , Jun-hee Kim , Soo-hee Lee , Jung-yoon Choi , Jun-yong Ha , Hyun-kyung Park , Woo-jung Jang , Hye-ju Go , Nan-hee Yoo , Ellis Jung Tiffany . Coryphées . Eun-jin Kim , Sun-hee Bang , Hyang-jo Lee , Sung-chul Lim , Ki-hyun Park , Jung-bin Song , Seung-won Shin , Hyun-ah Jung , Jae-min Seo and Jeon-il Yoon Corps de Ballet . Ju-hyun Jung , Chang-ik Kim , Salapsun Hwang , Hee-hyun Kim , Min-soon Bae , Hyo-jin Ahn , Seo-hee Chae , Hyo-hyung Kang , Jong-yeol Kim , Na-ri Park , Hae-jin Shin , Dae-sung Lee , Sang-ro Lee , Monica Lee , Ju-yeun Jang , Youn-sik Kim , Ho-hyun Sun , Eun-won Lee , Min-kyoung Kim , Ji-hee Kim , Ha-lim Byun , Seo-hee Lee , Seul-bi Lee , Jae-eun Jung , Ji-young Jung , Da-jeong Hur , Da-hae Kim , Ju-beam Kim , Tae-hwan Kim , Han-gil Kim , Ye-eun Park , Eugene Won , Ye-seul Lee , Sun-a Choi , Ho-jin Jung , Min-ji Jung , Kyung-sik Kim and Tiffany Ellis Jung . Performances . The Korea National Ballet has introduced the world artists masterpieces such as Boris Eifmans Musagète , Requiem , Bravo Figaro , , Yuri Grigorovichs Spartacus , Swan Lake , The Nutcracker , Romeo and Juliet , Raymonda , Jean-Christophe Maillots Romeo and Juliet , Cinderella , Do’ve La Luna , Mats Eks Carmen and Michel Fokines Chunhyang LEpreuve dAmour , Les Sylphides , George Balanchine’s Symphony in C , Tchaikovsky Pas de Deux , Fernand Naults Carmina Burana , Byung-nam Moon’s Prince Hodong , Marius Petipa’s Giselle , Le Corsaire , La Bayadère , Alexandre Gorskys Don Quixote , Philippe Alonso’s La Fille Mal Gardée , Rudolf Nureyevs Sleeping Beauty , etc . to Korea , and these performances were extremely well received . The Ballet with Commentary created by artistic director Tae-ji Choi was newly established in 1997 . It has broken many records among the numerous annual performances in the Korea dance world . It is the first ballet performance with commentary and the first permanent dance performance in the Korean dance world . The Korea National Ballet currently performs Visiting Ballet with Commentary for audiences who would not otherwise have an opportunity to see ballet , in areas , such as small villages and army bases , etc . Further in 2010 , the Korea National Ballet has performed for the first time the Full-length Ballet with Commentary , Coppelia . Reviews . - Ballet Magazine
[ "Tae-ji Choi" ]	easy	Korea National Ballet was managed or directed by whom from 2008 to 2013?	/wiki/Korea_National_Ballet#P1037#2	Korea National Ballet The Korea National Ballet is a South Korean ballet company . It was founded in 1962 in Seoul as the National Ballet Company . It was one of the affiliates of the National Theater of Korea until 1999 , when it separated to independently reestablish itself in the Seoul Arts Center in the following year . It has sixty-five dancers , chosen annually through open audition . There are currently 80 members in the company , including regular members , associate members , and trainees . Equipped with the nations top dancers and diverse repertoires , the Korea National Ballet has taken the lead in developing the field of performance . Welcoming artistic director Tae-ji Choi who was reappointed in 2011 , the Korea National Ballet reflects on its past achievements done under the slogan of Globalization , Refinement and Popularization of ballet for the past half century . Overseas tours have included performances in Egypt and Israel in 1997 , China in 2000 and 2001 , Japan in 2002 , and more recent trips to Russia . One of the prima ballerinas of the company , Joo-won Kim was the winner of the BENOIS de la DANSE prize 2006 . In 2007 , the company disciplined her for having appeared topless in a Korean fashion magazine . The company said she had engaged in employment outside her contract. , Artistic directors . - Lim Sung-nam ( 1962–1992 ) - Kim Hae-sik ( 1993–1995 ) - Choi Tae-ji ( 1996–2001 ) - Kim Geung-soo ( 2002–2004 ) - Park In-ja ( 2005–2007 ) - Choi Tae-ji ( 2008–2013 ) - Kang Sue-jin ( 2014– ) Structure . Korea National Ballet is composed of 5 ranks of dancers . Principal Dancers . Kim Joo-won , Ji-Young Kim , Yoon Hae-Jin , Lee Young-Cheol , Lee Dong-Hoon , Kim Li-Hoe , Park Seul-Ki , Lee Eun-Won , Lee Jae-Woo Grand Soloists . Jong-pil Lee , Young-jae , Jung Hae-Ran , Chong Nam-Yull , Lee Soo-Hee , Park Ki-hyun , Shin Seung-won , Song Jung-Bin , Bae Min-Soon , Shin Hye-jin , Kim Youn-Sik , Kim Ki-Wan Soloists . Ji-young Kim , Hae-ran Jung , Woo-youn Hong , Jun-bum Kim , Hyun-ok Jung , Jun-hee Kim , Soo-hee Lee , Jung-yoon Choi , Jun-yong Ha , Hyun-kyung Park , Woo-jung Jang , Hye-ju Go , Nan-hee Yoo , Ellis Jung Tiffany . Coryphées . Eun-jin Kim , Sun-hee Bang , Hyang-jo Lee , Sung-chul Lim , Ki-hyun Park , Jung-bin Song , Seung-won Shin , Hyun-ah Jung , Jae-min Seo and Jeon-il Yoon Corps de Ballet . Ju-hyun Jung , Chang-ik Kim , Salapsun Hwang , Hee-hyun Kim , Min-soon Bae , Hyo-jin Ahn , Seo-hee Chae , Hyo-hyung Kang , Jong-yeol Kim , Na-ri Park , Hae-jin Shin , Dae-sung Lee , Sang-ro Lee , Monica Lee , Ju-yeun Jang , Youn-sik Kim , Ho-hyun Sun , Eun-won Lee , Min-kyoung Kim , Ji-hee Kim , Ha-lim Byun , Seo-hee Lee , Seul-bi Lee , Jae-eun Jung , Ji-young Jung , Da-jeong Hur , Da-hae Kim , Ju-beam Kim , Tae-hwan Kim , Han-gil Kim , Ye-eun Park , Eugene Won , Ye-seul Lee , Sun-a Choi , Ho-jin Jung , Min-ji Jung , Kyung-sik Kim and Tiffany Ellis Jung . Performances . The Korea National Ballet has introduced the world artists masterpieces such as Boris Eifmans Musagète , Requiem , Bravo Figaro , , Yuri Grigorovichs Spartacus , Swan Lake , The Nutcracker , Romeo and Juliet , Raymonda , Jean-Christophe Maillots Romeo and Juliet , Cinderella , Do’ve La Luna , Mats Eks Carmen and Michel Fokines Chunhyang LEpreuve dAmour , Les Sylphides , George Balanchine’s Symphony in C , Tchaikovsky Pas de Deux , Fernand Naults Carmina Burana , Byung-nam Moon’s Prince Hodong , Marius Petipa’s Giselle , Le Corsaire , La Bayadère , Alexandre Gorskys Don Quixote , Philippe Alonso’s La Fille Mal Gardée , Rudolf Nureyevs Sleeping Beauty , etc . to Korea , and these performances were extremely well received . The Ballet with Commentary created by artistic director Tae-ji Choi was newly established in 1997 . It has broken many records among the numerous annual performances in the Korea dance world . It is the first ballet performance with commentary and the first permanent dance performance in the Korean dance world . The Korea National Ballet currently performs Visiting Ballet with Commentary for audiences who would not otherwise have an opportunity to see ballet , in areas , such as small villages and army bases , etc . Further in 2010 , the Korea National Ballet has performed for the first time the Full-length Ballet with Commentary , Coppelia . Reviews . - Ballet Magazine
[ "Kang Sue-jin" ]	easy	Who was the director or manager of Korea National Ballet from 2014 to 2015?	/wiki/Korea_National_Ballet#P1037#3	Korea National Ballet The Korea National Ballet is a South Korean ballet company . It was founded in 1962 in Seoul as the National Ballet Company . It was one of the affiliates of the National Theater of Korea until 1999 , when it separated to independently reestablish itself in the Seoul Arts Center in the following year . It has sixty-five dancers , chosen annually through open audition . There are currently 80 members in the company , including regular members , associate members , and trainees . Equipped with the nations top dancers and diverse repertoires , the Korea National Ballet has taken the lead in developing the field of performance . Welcoming artistic director Tae-ji Choi who was reappointed in 2011 , the Korea National Ballet reflects on its past achievements done under the slogan of Globalization , Refinement and Popularization of ballet for the past half century . Overseas tours have included performances in Egypt and Israel in 1997 , China in 2000 and 2001 , Japan in 2002 , and more recent trips to Russia . One of the prima ballerinas of the company , Joo-won Kim was the winner of the BENOIS de la DANSE prize 2006 . In 2007 , the company disciplined her for having appeared topless in a Korean fashion magazine . The company said she had engaged in employment outside her contract. , Artistic directors . - Lim Sung-nam ( 1962–1992 ) - Kim Hae-sik ( 1993–1995 ) - Choi Tae-ji ( 1996–2001 ) - Kim Geung-soo ( 2002–2004 ) - Park In-ja ( 2005–2007 ) - Choi Tae-ji ( 2008–2013 ) - Kang Sue-jin ( 2014– ) Structure . Korea National Ballet is composed of 5 ranks of dancers . Principal Dancers . Kim Joo-won , Ji-Young Kim , Yoon Hae-Jin , Lee Young-Cheol , Lee Dong-Hoon , Kim Li-Hoe , Park Seul-Ki , Lee Eun-Won , Lee Jae-Woo Grand Soloists . Jong-pil Lee , Young-jae , Jung Hae-Ran , Chong Nam-Yull , Lee Soo-Hee , Park Ki-hyun , Shin Seung-won , Song Jung-Bin , Bae Min-Soon , Shin Hye-jin , Kim Youn-Sik , Kim Ki-Wan Soloists . Ji-young Kim , Hae-ran Jung , Woo-youn Hong , Jun-bum Kim , Hyun-ok Jung , Jun-hee Kim , Soo-hee Lee , Jung-yoon Choi , Jun-yong Ha , Hyun-kyung Park , Woo-jung Jang , Hye-ju Go , Nan-hee Yoo , Ellis Jung Tiffany . Coryphées . Eun-jin Kim , Sun-hee Bang , Hyang-jo Lee , Sung-chul Lim , Ki-hyun Park , Jung-bin Song , Seung-won Shin , Hyun-ah Jung , Jae-min Seo and Jeon-il Yoon Corps de Ballet . Ju-hyun Jung , Chang-ik Kim , Salapsun Hwang , Hee-hyun Kim , Min-soon Bae , Hyo-jin Ahn , Seo-hee Chae , Hyo-hyung Kang , Jong-yeol Kim , Na-ri Park , Hae-jin Shin , Dae-sung Lee , Sang-ro Lee , Monica Lee , Ju-yeun Jang , Youn-sik Kim , Ho-hyun Sun , Eun-won Lee , Min-kyoung Kim , Ji-hee Kim , Ha-lim Byun , Seo-hee Lee , Seul-bi Lee , Jae-eun Jung , Ji-young Jung , Da-jeong Hur , Da-hae Kim , Ju-beam Kim , Tae-hwan Kim , Han-gil Kim , Ye-eun Park , Eugene Won , Ye-seul Lee , Sun-a Choi , Ho-jin Jung , Min-ji Jung , Kyung-sik Kim and Tiffany Ellis Jung . Performances . The Korea National Ballet has introduced the world artists masterpieces such as Boris Eifmans Musagète , Requiem , Bravo Figaro , , Yuri Grigorovichs Spartacus , Swan Lake , The Nutcracker , Romeo and Juliet , Raymonda , Jean-Christophe Maillots Romeo and Juliet , Cinderella , Do’ve La Luna , Mats Eks Carmen and Michel Fokines Chunhyang LEpreuve dAmour , Les Sylphides , George Balanchine’s Symphony in C , Tchaikovsky Pas de Deux , Fernand Naults Carmina Burana , Byung-nam Moon’s Prince Hodong , Marius Petipa’s Giselle , Le Corsaire , La Bayadère , Alexandre Gorskys Don Quixote , Philippe Alonso’s La Fille Mal Gardée , Rudolf Nureyevs Sleeping Beauty , etc . to Korea , and these performances were extremely well received . The Ballet with Commentary created by artistic director Tae-ji Choi was newly established in 1997 . It has broken many records among the numerous annual performances in the Korea dance world . It is the first ballet performance with commentary and the first permanent dance performance in the Korean dance world . The Korea National Ballet currently performs Visiting Ballet with Commentary for audiences who would not otherwise have an opportunity to see ballet , in areas , such as small villages and army bases , etc . Further in 2010 , the Korea National Ballet has performed for the first time the Full-length Ballet with Commentary , Coppelia . Reviews . - Ballet Magazine
[ "Ministry of Economic Cooperation with Abroad" ]	easy	Which employer did Janusz Janke work for from 1995 to 1996?	/wiki/Janusz_Janke#P108#0	Janusz Janke Janusz Janke ( born 19 September 1966 , Koszalin ) is a Polish civil servant who serves the Ambassador of the Republic of Poland to Qatar since 16 September 2018 . Life . Janusz Janke has graduated in 1995 from law at the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin and , year later , postgraduate studies for tax advisors . He started his career in 1995 at the Ministry of Economic Cooperation with Abroad , being responsible for adjusting Poland to the European Union customs law . Between 1997 and 2006 he worked for the Ministry of Economy where , among others , he was responsible for relations with the Committee of Customs Value of the World Trade Organization in Geneva . Simultaneously , he worked as a lecturer in customs law and international trade at the University of Commerce and Law and Higher Customs School ( 2000–2006 ) . Between 2007 and 2013 , he held the post of the Deputy Head of the Embassy in Amman . Next two years he spent at the Ministry of Economy as chief expert . Between 2015 and 2018 he was in charge of the supervision of projects implemented from EU funds at the Ministry of Energy . He was representing the Minister of Economy in the supervisory boards of the largest mining companies in Poland , e.g . Jastrzębska Spółka Węglowa . Since 16 September 2018 he serves as the Ambassador of Poland to Qatar . Eight days later , he presented his credentials . He publishes on foreign trade as well as customs law . In 2004 he was awarded by the Rector of Warsaw School of Economics in the category of best law books . Besides Polish , he speaks English and Italian .
[ "Ministry of Economy" ]	easy	Which employer did Janusz Janke work for from 1997 to 2006?	/wiki/Janusz_Janke#P108#1	Janusz Janke Janusz Janke ( born 19 September 1966 , Koszalin ) is a Polish civil servant who serves the Ambassador of the Republic of Poland to Qatar since 16 September 2018 . Life . Janusz Janke has graduated in 1995 from law at the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin and , year later , postgraduate studies for tax advisors . He started his career in 1995 at the Ministry of Economic Cooperation with Abroad , being responsible for adjusting Poland to the European Union customs law . Between 1997 and 2006 he worked for the Ministry of Economy where , among others , he was responsible for relations with the Committee of Customs Value of the World Trade Organization in Geneva . Simultaneously , he worked as a lecturer in customs law and international trade at the University of Commerce and Law and Higher Customs School ( 2000–2006 ) . Between 2007 and 2013 , he held the post of the Deputy Head of the Embassy in Amman . Next two years he spent at the Ministry of Economy as chief expert . Between 2015 and 2018 he was in charge of the supervision of projects implemented from EU funds at the Ministry of Energy . He was representing the Minister of Economy in the supervisory boards of the largest mining companies in Poland , e.g . Jastrzębska Spółka Węglowa . Since 16 September 2018 he serves as the Ambassador of Poland to Qatar . Eight days later , he presented his credentials . He publishes on foreign trade as well as customs law . In 2004 he was awarded by the Rector of Warsaw School of Economics in the category of best law books . Besides Polish , he speaks English and Italian .
[ "Ministry of Economy" ]	easy	Which employer did Janusz Janke work for from 2013 to 2015?	/wiki/Janusz_Janke#P108#2	Janusz Janke Janusz Janke ( born 19 September 1966 , Koszalin ) is a Polish civil servant who serves the Ambassador of the Republic of Poland to Qatar since 16 September 2018 . Life . Janusz Janke has graduated in 1995 from law at the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin and , year later , postgraduate studies for tax advisors . He started his career in 1995 at the Ministry of Economic Cooperation with Abroad , being responsible for adjusting Poland to the European Union customs law . Between 1997 and 2006 he worked for the Ministry of Economy where , among others , he was responsible for relations with the Committee of Customs Value of the World Trade Organization in Geneva . Simultaneously , he worked as a lecturer in customs law and international trade at the University of Commerce and Law and Higher Customs School ( 2000–2006 ) . Between 2007 and 2013 , he held the post of the Deputy Head of the Embassy in Amman . Next two years he spent at the Ministry of Economy as chief expert . Between 2015 and 2018 he was in charge of the supervision of projects implemented from EU funds at the Ministry of Energy . He was representing the Minister of Economy in the supervisory boards of the largest mining companies in Poland , e.g . Jastrzębska Spółka Węglowa . Since 16 September 2018 he serves as the Ambassador of Poland to Qatar . Eight days later , he presented his credentials . He publishes on foreign trade as well as customs law . In 2004 he was awarded by the Rector of Warsaw School of Economics in the category of best law books . Besides Polish , he speaks English and Italian .
[ "" ]	easy	Janusz Janke was an employee for whom from 2015 to 2018?	/wiki/Janusz_Janke#P108#3	Janusz Janke Janusz Janke ( born 19 September 1966 , Koszalin ) is a Polish civil servant who serves the Ambassador of the Republic of Poland to Qatar since 16 September 2018 . Life . Janusz Janke has graduated in 1995 from law at the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin and , year later , postgraduate studies for tax advisors . He started his career in 1995 at the Ministry of Economic Cooperation with Abroad , being responsible for adjusting Poland to the European Union customs law . Between 1997 and 2006 he worked for the Ministry of Economy where , among others , he was responsible for relations with the Committee of Customs Value of the World Trade Organization in Geneva . Simultaneously , he worked as a lecturer in customs law and international trade at the University of Commerce and Law and Higher Customs School ( 2000–2006 ) . Between 2007 and 2013 , he held the post of the Deputy Head of the Embassy in Amman . Next two years he spent at the Ministry of Economy as chief expert . Between 2015 and 2018 he was in charge of the supervision of projects implemented from EU funds at the Ministry of Energy . He was representing the Minister of Economy in the supervisory boards of the largest mining companies in Poland , e.g . Jastrzębska Spółka Węglowa . Since 16 September 2018 he serves as the Ambassador of Poland to Qatar . Eight days later , he presented his credentials . He publishes on foreign trade as well as customs law . In 2004 he was awarded by the Rector of Warsaw School of Economics in the category of best law books . Besides Polish , he speaks English and Italian .
[ "London County Council" ]	easy	County Hall, London was owned by whom from 1911 to Mar 1965?	/wiki/County_Hall,_London#P127#0	County Hall , London County Hall ( sometimes called London County Hall ) is a building in London that was the headquarters of London County Council ( LCC ) and later the Greater London Council ( GLC ) . The building is on the South Bank of the River Thames , with Westminster Bridge being next to it , to the south . It faces west toward the City of Westminster and is close to the Palace of Westminster . The nearest London Underground stations are and . It is a Grade II* listed building . History . The current building was commissioned to replace the mid 19th-century Spring Gardens headquarters inherited from the Metropolitan Board of Works . The site selected by civic leaders was previously occupied by four properties : Float Mead ( occupied by Simmonds flour mills ) , Pedlars Acre ( occupied by wharves and houses ) , Bishops Acre ( occupied by Crosse & Blackwells factory ) and the Four Acres ( occupied by workshops and stables ) . The main six storey building was designed by Ralph Knott . It is faced in Portland stone in an Edwardian Baroque style . The construction , which was undertaken by Holland , Hannen & Cubitts , started in 1911 and the building was opened by King George V in 1922 . The North and South blocks , which were built by Higgs and Hill , were added between 1936 and 1939 . The Island block was not completed until 1974 . For 64 years County Hall served as the headquarters of local government for London . During the 1980s the then powerful Labour-controlled GLC led by Ken Livingstone was locked in conflict with the Conservative national government of Margaret Thatcher . The façade of County Hall frequently served as a billboard for opposition slogans which could be seen from the Palace of Westminster . When the government of Margaret Thatcher abolished the GLC in 1986 , County Hall lost its role as the seat of Londons government . Talk soon became of what was to happen to the building , and there were plans to relocate the London School of Economics to the site which did not proceed . The building remained in use by the Inner London Education Authority ( ILEA ) until its abolition in 1990 when the building was transferred to the London Residuary Body and eventually sold to Shirayama Shokusan , a Japanese investor . On 21 October 2005 , the High Court of England and Wales upheld a bid by the owners of the building , Shirayama Shokusan , to have the Saatchi Gallery evicted on grounds of violating its contract , particularly using space outside of the rented area for exhibits . The Island block , an annex of the main building , was demolished in 2006 to make way for a hotel , the Park Plaza Westminster Bridge . The building , also known as No 1 Westminster Bridge Road , had been disused since 1986 and had become a derelict eyesore . A blue plaque commemorates the LCC , GLC and the Inner London Education Authority at County Hall . Attractions . County Hall is the site of businesses and attractions , including the Sea Life London Aquarium , Shreks Adventure London and the Namco Funscape amusement arcade . Hotel . They are two hotels located in the county hall : - budget Premier Inn , Premier Inn London County Hall hotel - 5 star Marriott hotel , London Marriott Hotel County Hall External links . - londoncountyhall.com - Survey of London entry - Blitzandblight ( archive )
[ "Greater London Council" ]	easy	County Hall, London was owned by whom from Apr 1965 to Mar 1986?	/wiki/County_Hall,_London#P127#1	County Hall , London County Hall ( sometimes called London County Hall ) is a building in London that was the headquarters of London County Council ( LCC ) and later the Greater London Council ( GLC ) . The building is on the South Bank of the River Thames , with Westminster Bridge being next to it , to the south . It faces west toward the City of Westminster and is close to the Palace of Westminster . The nearest London Underground stations are and . It is a Grade II* listed building . History . The current building was commissioned to replace the mid 19th-century Spring Gardens headquarters inherited from the Metropolitan Board of Works . The site selected by civic leaders was previously occupied by four properties : Float Mead ( occupied by Simmonds flour mills ) , Pedlars Acre ( occupied by wharves and houses ) , Bishops Acre ( occupied by Crosse & Blackwells factory ) and the Four Acres ( occupied by workshops and stables ) . The main six storey building was designed by Ralph Knott . It is faced in Portland stone in an Edwardian Baroque style . The construction , which was undertaken by Holland , Hannen & Cubitts , started in 1911 and the building was opened by King George V in 1922 . The North and South blocks , which were built by Higgs and Hill , were added between 1936 and 1939 . The Island block was not completed until 1974 . For 64 years County Hall served as the headquarters of local government for London . During the 1980s the then powerful Labour-controlled GLC led by Ken Livingstone was locked in conflict with the Conservative national government of Margaret Thatcher . The façade of County Hall frequently served as a billboard for opposition slogans which could be seen from the Palace of Westminster . When the government of Margaret Thatcher abolished the GLC in 1986 , County Hall lost its role as the seat of Londons government . Talk soon became of what was to happen to the building , and there were plans to relocate the London School of Economics to the site which did not proceed . The building remained in use by the Inner London Education Authority ( ILEA ) until its abolition in 1990 when the building was transferred to the London Residuary Body and eventually sold to Shirayama Shokusan , a Japanese investor . On 21 October 2005 , the High Court of England and Wales upheld a bid by the owners of the building , Shirayama Shokusan , to have the Saatchi Gallery evicted on grounds of violating its contract , particularly using space outside of the rented area for exhibits . The Island block , an annex of the main building , was demolished in 2006 to make way for a hotel , the Park Plaza Westminster Bridge . The building , also known as No 1 Westminster Bridge Road , had been disused since 1986 and had become a derelict eyesore . A blue plaque commemorates the LCC , GLC and the Inner London Education Authority at County Hall . Attractions . County Hall is the site of businesses and attractions , including the Sea Life London Aquarium , Shreks Adventure London and the Namco Funscape amusement arcade . Hotel . They are two hotels located in the county hall : - budget Premier Inn , Premier Inn London County Hall hotel - 5 star Marriott hotel , London Marriott Hotel County Hall External links . - londoncountyhall.com - Survey of London entry - Blitzandblight ( archive )
[ "London Residuary Body" ]	easy	Who was the owner of County Hall, London from Apr 1986 to 1990?	/wiki/County_Hall,_London#P127#2	County Hall , London County Hall ( sometimes called London County Hall ) is a building in London that was the headquarters of London County Council ( LCC ) and later the Greater London Council ( GLC ) . The building is on the South Bank of the River Thames , with Westminster Bridge being next to it , to the south . It faces west toward the City of Westminster and is close to the Palace of Westminster . The nearest London Underground stations are and . It is a Grade II* listed building . History . The current building was commissioned to replace the mid 19th-century Spring Gardens headquarters inherited from the Metropolitan Board of Works . The site selected by civic leaders was previously occupied by four properties : Float Mead ( occupied by Simmonds flour mills ) , Pedlars Acre ( occupied by wharves and houses ) , Bishops Acre ( occupied by Crosse & Blackwells factory ) and the Four Acres ( occupied by workshops and stables ) . The main six storey building was designed by Ralph Knott . It is faced in Portland stone in an Edwardian Baroque style . The construction , which was undertaken by Holland , Hannen & Cubitts , started in 1911 and the building was opened by King George V in 1922 . The North and South blocks , which were built by Higgs and Hill , were added between 1936 and 1939 . The Island block was not completed until 1974 . For 64 years County Hall served as the headquarters of local government for London . During the 1980s the then powerful Labour-controlled GLC led by Ken Livingstone was locked in conflict with the Conservative national government of Margaret Thatcher . The façade of County Hall frequently served as a billboard for opposition slogans which could be seen from the Palace of Westminster . When the government of Margaret Thatcher abolished the GLC in 1986 , County Hall lost its role as the seat of Londons government . Talk soon became of what was to happen to the building , and there were plans to relocate the London School of Economics to the site which did not proceed . The building remained in use by the Inner London Education Authority ( ILEA ) until its abolition in 1990 when the building was transferred to the London Residuary Body and eventually sold to Shirayama Shokusan , a Japanese investor . On 21 October 2005 , the High Court of England and Wales upheld a bid by the owners of the building , Shirayama Shokusan , to have the Saatchi Gallery evicted on grounds of violating its contract , particularly using space outside of the rented area for exhibits . The Island block , an annex of the main building , was demolished in 2006 to make way for a hotel , the Park Plaza Westminster Bridge . The building , also known as No 1 Westminster Bridge Road , had been disused since 1986 and had become a derelict eyesore . A blue plaque commemorates the LCC , GLC and the Inner London Education Authority at County Hall . Attractions . County Hall is the site of businesses and attractions , including the Sea Life London Aquarium , Shreks Adventure London and the Namco Funscape amusement arcade . Hotel . They are two hotels located in the county hall : - budget Premier Inn , Premier Inn London County Hall hotel - 5 star Marriott hotel , London Marriott Hotel County Hall External links . - londoncountyhall.com - Survey of London entry - Blitzandblight ( archive )
[ "Shirayama Shokusan" ]	easy	County Hall, London was owned by whom from 1990 to 1991?	/wiki/County_Hall,_London#P127#3	County Hall , London County Hall ( sometimes called London County Hall ) is a building in London that was the headquarters of London County Council ( LCC ) and later the Greater London Council ( GLC ) . The building is on the South Bank of the River Thames , with Westminster Bridge being next to it , to the south . It faces west toward the City of Westminster and is close to the Palace of Westminster . The nearest London Underground stations are and . It is a Grade II* listed building . History . The current building was commissioned to replace the mid 19th-century Spring Gardens headquarters inherited from the Metropolitan Board of Works . The site selected by civic leaders was previously occupied by four properties : Float Mead ( occupied by Simmonds flour mills ) , Pedlars Acre ( occupied by wharves and houses ) , Bishops Acre ( occupied by Crosse & Blackwells factory ) and the Four Acres ( occupied by workshops and stables ) . The main six storey building was designed by Ralph Knott . It is faced in Portland stone in an Edwardian Baroque style . The construction , which was undertaken by Holland , Hannen & Cubitts , started in 1911 and the building was opened by King George V in 1922 . The North and South blocks , which were built by Higgs and Hill , were added between 1936 and 1939 . The Island block was not completed until 1974 . For 64 years County Hall served as the headquarters of local government for London . During the 1980s the then powerful Labour-controlled GLC led by Ken Livingstone was locked in conflict with the Conservative national government of Margaret Thatcher . The façade of County Hall frequently served as a billboard for opposition slogans which could be seen from the Palace of Westminster . When the government of Margaret Thatcher abolished the GLC in 1986 , County Hall lost its role as the seat of Londons government . Talk soon became of what was to happen to the building , and there were plans to relocate the London School of Economics to the site which did not proceed . The building remained in use by the Inner London Education Authority ( ILEA ) until its abolition in 1990 when the building was transferred to the London Residuary Body and eventually sold to Shirayama Shokusan , a Japanese investor . On 21 October 2005 , the High Court of England and Wales upheld a bid by the owners of the building , Shirayama Shokusan , to have the Saatchi Gallery evicted on grounds of violating its contract , particularly using space outside of the rented area for exhibits . The Island block , an annex of the main building , was demolished in 2006 to make way for a hotel , the Park Plaza Westminster Bridge . The building , also known as No 1 Westminster Bridge Road , had been disused since 1986 and had become a derelict eyesore . A blue plaque commemorates the LCC , GLC and the Inner London Education Authority at County Hall . Attractions . County Hall is the site of businesses and attractions , including the Sea Life London Aquarium , Shreks Adventure London and the Namco Funscape amusement arcade . Hotel . They are two hotels located in the county hall : - budget Premier Inn , Premier Inn London County Hall hotel - 5 star Marriott hotel , London Marriott Hotel County Hall External links . - londoncountyhall.com - Survey of London entry - Blitzandblight ( archive )
[ "" ]	easy	Vladimir Drinfeld became a member of what organization or association in 1992?	/wiki/Vladimir_Drinfeld#P463#0	Vladimir Drinfeld Vladimir Gershonovich Drinfeld ( ; ; born February 14 , 1954 ) , surname also romanized as Drinfeld , is a renowned mathematician from the former USSR , who emigrated to the United States and is currently working at the University of Chicago . Drinfelds work connected algebraic geometry over finite fields with number theory , especially the theory of automorphic forms , through the notions of elliptic module and the theory of the geometric Langlands correspondence . Drinfeld introduced the notion of a quantum group ( independently discovered by Michio Jimbo at the same time ) and made important contributions to mathematical physics , including the ADHM construction of instantons , algebraic formalism of the quantum inverse scattering method , and the Drinfeld–Sokolov reduction in the theory of solitons . He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1990 . In 2016 , he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences . In 2018 he received the Wolf Prize in Mathematics . Biography . Drinfeld was born into a Jewish mathematical family , in Kharkiv , Ukrainian SSR , Soviet Union in 1954 . In 1969 , at the age of 15 , Drinfeld represented the Soviet Union at the International Mathematics Olympiad in Bucharest , Romania , and won a gold medal with the full score of 40 points . He was , at the time , the youngest participant to achieve a perfect score , a record that has since been surpassed by only three others including Sergei Konyagin and Noam Elkies . Drinfeld entered Moscow State University in the same year and graduated from it in 1974 . Drinfeld was awarded the Candidate of Sciences degree in 1978 and the Doctor of Sciences degree from the Steklov Institute of Mathematics in 1988 . He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1990 . From 1981 till 1999 he worked at the Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering ( Department of Mathematical Physics ) . Drinfeld moved to the United States in 1999 and has been working at the University of Chicago since January 1999 . Contributions to mathematics . In 1974 , at the age of twenty , Drinfeld announced a proof of the Langlands conjectures for GL over a global field of positive characteristic . In the course of proving the conjectures , Drinfeld introduced a new class of objects that he called elliptic modules ( now known as Drinfeld modules ) . Later , in 1983 , Drinfeld published a short article that expanded the scope of the Langlands conjectures . The Langlands conjectures , when published in 1967 , could be seen as a sort of non-abelian class field theory . It postulated the existence of a natural one-to-one correspondence between Galois representations and some automorphic forms . The naturalness is guaranteed by the essential coincidence of L-functions . However , this condition is purely arithmetic and cannot be considered for a general one-dimensional function field in a straightforward way . Drinfeld pointed out that instead of automorphic forms one can consider automorphic perverse sheaves or automorphic D-modules . Automorphicity of these modules and the Langlands correspondence could be then understood in terms of the action of Hecke operators . Drinfeld has also done much work in mathematical physics . In collaboration with his advisor Yuri Manin , he constructed the moduli space of Yang–Mills instantons , a result that was proved independently by Michael Atiyah and Nigel Hitchin . Drinfeld coined the term quantum group in reference to Hopf algebras that are deformations of simple Lie algebras , and connected them to the study of the Yang–Baxter equation , which is a necessary condition for the solvability of statistical mechanical models . He also generalized Hopf algebras to quasi-Hopf algebras and introduced the study of Drinfeld twists , which can be used to factorize the R-matrix corresponding to the solution of the Yang–Baxter equation associated with a quasitriangular Hopf algebra . Drinfeld has also collaborated with Alexander Beilinson to rebuild the theory of vertex algebras in a coordinate-free form , which have become increasingly important to two-dimensional conformal field theory , string theory , and the geometric Langlands program . Drinfeld and Beilinson published their work in 2004 in a book titled Chiral Algebras .
[ "" ]	easy	What organization did Vladimir Drinfeld join in 2008?	/wiki/Vladimir_Drinfeld#P463#1	Vladimir Drinfeld Vladimir Gershonovich Drinfeld ( ; ; born February 14 , 1954 ) , surname also romanized as Drinfeld , is a renowned mathematician from the former USSR , who emigrated to the United States and is currently working at the University of Chicago . Drinfelds work connected algebraic geometry over finite fields with number theory , especially the theory of automorphic forms , through the notions of elliptic module and the theory of the geometric Langlands correspondence . Drinfeld introduced the notion of a quantum group ( independently discovered by Michio Jimbo at the same time ) and made important contributions to mathematical physics , including the ADHM construction of instantons , algebraic formalism of the quantum inverse scattering method , and the Drinfeld–Sokolov reduction in the theory of solitons . He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1990 . In 2016 , he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences . In 2018 he received the Wolf Prize in Mathematics . Biography . Drinfeld was born into a Jewish mathematical family , in Kharkiv , Ukrainian SSR , Soviet Union in 1954 . In 1969 , at the age of 15 , Drinfeld represented the Soviet Union at the International Mathematics Olympiad in Bucharest , Romania , and won a gold medal with the full score of 40 points . He was , at the time , the youngest participant to achieve a perfect score , a record that has since been surpassed by only three others including Sergei Konyagin and Noam Elkies . Drinfeld entered Moscow State University in the same year and graduated from it in 1974 . Drinfeld was awarded the Candidate of Sciences degree in 1978 and the Doctor of Sciences degree from the Steklov Institute of Mathematics in 1988 . He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1990 . From 1981 till 1999 he worked at the Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering ( Department of Mathematical Physics ) . Drinfeld moved to the United States in 1999 and has been working at the University of Chicago since January 1999 . Contributions to mathematics . In 1974 , at the age of twenty , Drinfeld announced a proof of the Langlands conjectures for GL over a global field of positive characteristic . In the course of proving the conjectures , Drinfeld introduced a new class of objects that he called elliptic modules ( now known as Drinfeld modules ) . Later , in 1983 , Drinfeld published a short article that expanded the scope of the Langlands conjectures . The Langlands conjectures , when published in 1967 , could be seen as a sort of non-abelian class field theory . It postulated the existence of a natural one-to-one correspondence between Galois representations and some automorphic forms . The naturalness is guaranteed by the essential coincidence of L-functions . However , this condition is purely arithmetic and cannot be considered for a general one-dimensional function field in a straightforward way . Drinfeld pointed out that instead of automorphic forms one can consider automorphic perverse sheaves or automorphic D-modules . Automorphicity of these modules and the Langlands correspondence could be then understood in terms of the action of Hecke operators . Drinfeld has also done much work in mathematical physics . In collaboration with his advisor Yuri Manin , he constructed the moduli space of Yang–Mills instantons , a result that was proved independently by Michael Atiyah and Nigel Hitchin . Drinfeld coined the term quantum group in reference to Hopf algebras that are deformations of simple Lie algebras , and connected them to the study of the Yang–Baxter equation , which is a necessary condition for the solvability of statistical mechanical models . He also generalized Hopf algebras to quasi-Hopf algebras and introduced the study of Drinfeld twists , which can be used to factorize the R-matrix corresponding to the solution of the Yang–Baxter equation associated with a quasitriangular Hopf algebra . Drinfeld has also collaborated with Alexander Beilinson to rebuild the theory of vertex algebras in a coordinate-free form , which have become increasingly important to two-dimensional conformal field theory , string theory , and the geometric Langlands program . Drinfeld and Beilinson published their work in 2004 in a book titled Chiral Algebras .
[ "National Academy of Sciences" ]	easy	What organization did Vladimir Drinfeld join in 2016?	/wiki/Vladimir_Drinfeld#P463#2	Vladimir Drinfeld Vladimir Gershonovich Drinfeld ( ; ; born February 14 , 1954 ) , surname also romanized as Drinfeld , is a renowned mathematician from the former USSR , who emigrated to the United States and is currently working at the University of Chicago . Drinfelds work connected algebraic geometry over finite fields with number theory , especially the theory of automorphic forms , through the notions of elliptic module and the theory of the geometric Langlands correspondence . Drinfeld introduced the notion of a quantum group ( independently discovered by Michio Jimbo at the same time ) and made important contributions to mathematical physics , including the ADHM construction of instantons , algebraic formalism of the quantum inverse scattering method , and the Drinfeld–Sokolov reduction in the theory of solitons . He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1990 . In 2016 , he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences . In 2018 he received the Wolf Prize in Mathematics . Biography . Drinfeld was born into a Jewish mathematical family , in Kharkiv , Ukrainian SSR , Soviet Union in 1954 . In 1969 , at the age of 15 , Drinfeld represented the Soviet Union at the International Mathematics Olympiad in Bucharest , Romania , and won a gold medal with the full score of 40 points . He was , at the time , the youngest participant to achieve a perfect score , a record that has since been surpassed by only three others including Sergei Konyagin and Noam Elkies . Drinfeld entered Moscow State University in the same year and graduated from it in 1974 . Drinfeld was awarded the Candidate of Sciences degree in 1978 and the Doctor of Sciences degree from the Steklov Institute of Mathematics in 1988 . He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1990 . From 1981 till 1999 he worked at the Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering ( Department of Mathematical Physics ) . Drinfeld moved to the United States in 1999 and has been working at the University of Chicago since January 1999 . Contributions to mathematics . In 1974 , at the age of twenty , Drinfeld announced a proof of the Langlands conjectures for GL over a global field of positive characteristic . In the course of proving the conjectures , Drinfeld introduced a new class of objects that he called elliptic modules ( now known as Drinfeld modules ) . Later , in 1983 , Drinfeld published a short article that expanded the scope of the Langlands conjectures . The Langlands conjectures , when published in 1967 , could be seen as a sort of non-abelian class field theory . It postulated the existence of a natural one-to-one correspondence between Galois representations and some automorphic forms . The naturalness is guaranteed by the essential coincidence of L-functions . However , this condition is purely arithmetic and cannot be considered for a general one-dimensional function field in a straightforward way . Drinfeld pointed out that instead of automorphic forms one can consider automorphic perverse sheaves or automorphic D-modules . Automorphicity of these modules and the Langlands correspondence could be then understood in terms of the action of Hecke operators . Drinfeld has also done much work in mathematical physics . In collaboration with his advisor Yuri Manin , he constructed the moduli space of Yang–Mills instantons , a result that was proved independently by Michael Atiyah and Nigel Hitchin . Drinfeld coined the term quantum group in reference to Hopf algebras that are deformations of simple Lie algebras , and connected them to the study of the Yang–Baxter equation , which is a necessary condition for the solvability of statistical mechanical models . He also generalized Hopf algebras to quasi-Hopf algebras and introduced the study of Drinfeld twists , which can be used to factorize the R-matrix corresponding to the solution of the Yang–Baxter equation associated with a quasitriangular Hopf algebra . Drinfeld has also collaborated with Alexander Beilinson to rebuild the theory of vertex algebras in a coordinate-free form , which have become increasingly important to two-dimensional conformal field theory , string theory , and the geometric Langlands program . Drinfeld and Beilinson published their work in 2004 in a book titled Chiral Algebras .
[ "Johanna van Gogh-Bonger" ]	easy	Rain (Van Gogh) was owned by whom from 1890 to 1903?	/wiki/Rain_(Van_Gogh)#P127#0	Rain ( Van Gogh ) Rain ( ; F650 , H565 , JH1839 ) is an oil-on-canvas painting by Vincent van Gogh , created in 1889 , while he was a voluntary patient at an asylum in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence . He repeatedly painted the view through the window of his room , depicting the colours and shades of the fields and hills around Saint-Rémy as they appeared at various times of day and in varying weather conditions . Rain measures and is held by the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the United States . Creation . Van Gogh was a voluntary patient from May 1889 to May 1890 in the hospital at the Asylum of Saint-Paul-de-Mausole , a former monastery at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence . One subject of particular interest of Van Gogh during his residence at the Saint-Paul-de-Mausole hospital was a field behind the hospital , enclosed by walls , which he depicted in a series of at least 14 paintings and just as many sketches . He captured the field at different times of the day and in changing seasons . Having painted The Reaper in June 1889 , which depicts a peasant cutting wheat with a sickle at the end of the summer , and then Enclosed Field with Peasant , around 12 October 1889 , with a peasant carrying a bundle of straw in a bare ploughed field , he repainted the field during a rain shower a few weeks later . The later scene reflected the subdued greens , grape blues , and soft violets of autumn . Rain was painted on an untreated cotton canvas in November 1889 , or during heavy rainfall on 31 October 1889 . Van Gogh represented the rain as slanted lines at a different angle to the lines in the wheat field in the background . In creating this effect , he drew inspiration from Japanese prints , like those of Hiroshige with which he was familiar . The painting is mentioned in two letters to his brother Theo van Gogh . In a letter , Vincent said that a painting of a rain effect was in progress and , in a letter dated 3 January 1890 that he sent to Theo along with several paintings , he gave it the simple title La Pluie ( The Rain ) . This rain effect was again used in Landscape at Auvers in the Rain , Sower in the Rain ( F1550 ) , and Sower in the Rain ( F1551r ) . Provenance . On Van Goghs death in 1890 , the painting was inherited by his sister-in-law , Johanna van Gogh-Bonger . In 1903 , it was exhibited at the Munich Secession exhibition where it was purchased by the collector Hugo von Tschudi . His wife Angela von Tschudi inherited it on his death in 1911 . She lent it to the Neue Pinakothek in Munich and , in 1928 , the painting was sold to the art dealer Paul Rosenberg , who in turn sold it to Henry Plumer McIlhenny in 1949 . McIlhenny was associated with the Philadelphia Museum of Art , serving as its chairman from 1976 until his death in 1986 . He bequeathed his art collection to the museum , in memory of his mother , Frances Plumer McIlhenny . Sources . Letters Books
[ "Hugo von Tschudi" ]	easy	Who owned Rain (Van Gogh) from 1903 to 1911?	/wiki/Rain_(Van_Gogh)#P127#1	Rain ( Van Gogh ) Rain ( ; F650 , H565 , JH1839 ) is an oil-on-canvas painting by Vincent van Gogh , created in 1889 , while he was a voluntary patient at an asylum in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence . He repeatedly painted the view through the window of his room , depicting the colours and shades of the fields and hills around Saint-Rémy as they appeared at various times of day and in varying weather conditions . Rain measures and is held by the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the United States . Creation . Van Gogh was a voluntary patient from May 1889 to May 1890 in the hospital at the Asylum of Saint-Paul-de-Mausole , a former monastery at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence . One subject of particular interest of Van Gogh during his residence at the Saint-Paul-de-Mausole hospital was a field behind the hospital , enclosed by walls , which he depicted in a series of at least 14 paintings and just as many sketches . He captured the field at different times of the day and in changing seasons . Having painted The Reaper in June 1889 , which depicts a peasant cutting wheat with a sickle at the end of the summer , and then Enclosed Field with Peasant , around 12 October 1889 , with a peasant carrying a bundle of straw in a bare ploughed field , he repainted the field during a rain shower a few weeks later . The later scene reflected the subdued greens , grape blues , and soft violets of autumn . Rain was painted on an untreated cotton canvas in November 1889 , or during heavy rainfall on 31 October 1889 . Van Gogh represented the rain as slanted lines at a different angle to the lines in the wheat field in the background . In creating this effect , he drew inspiration from Japanese prints , like those of Hiroshige with which he was familiar . The painting is mentioned in two letters to his brother Theo van Gogh . In a letter , Vincent said that a painting of a rain effect was in progress and , in a letter dated 3 January 1890 that he sent to Theo along with several paintings , he gave it the simple title La Pluie ( The Rain ) . This rain effect was again used in Landscape at Auvers in the Rain , Sower in the Rain ( F1550 ) , and Sower in the Rain ( F1551r ) . Provenance . On Van Goghs death in 1890 , the painting was inherited by his sister-in-law , Johanna van Gogh-Bonger . In 1903 , it was exhibited at the Munich Secession exhibition where it was purchased by the collector Hugo von Tschudi . His wife Angela von Tschudi inherited it on his death in 1911 . She lent it to the Neue Pinakothek in Munich and , in 1928 , the painting was sold to the art dealer Paul Rosenberg , who in turn sold it to Henry Plumer McIlhenny in 1949 . McIlhenny was associated with the Philadelphia Museum of Art , serving as its chairman from 1976 until his death in 1986 . He bequeathed his art collection to the museum , in memory of his mother , Frances Plumer McIlhenny . Sources . Letters Books
[ "Paul Rosenberg" ]	easy	Who owned Rain (Van Gogh) from 1928 to 1949?	/wiki/Rain_(Van_Gogh)#P127#2	Rain ( Van Gogh ) Rain ( ; F650 , H565 , JH1839 ) is an oil-on-canvas painting by Vincent van Gogh , created in 1889 , while he was a voluntary patient at an asylum in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence . He repeatedly painted the view through the window of his room , depicting the colours and shades of the fields and hills around Saint-Rémy as they appeared at various times of day and in varying weather conditions . Rain measures and is held by the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the United States . Creation . Van Gogh was a voluntary patient from May 1889 to May 1890 in the hospital at the Asylum of Saint-Paul-de-Mausole , a former monastery at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence . One subject of particular interest of Van Gogh during his residence at the Saint-Paul-de-Mausole hospital was a field behind the hospital , enclosed by walls , which he depicted in a series of at least 14 paintings and just as many sketches . He captured the field at different times of the day and in changing seasons . Having painted The Reaper in June 1889 , which depicts a peasant cutting wheat with a sickle at the end of the summer , and then Enclosed Field with Peasant , around 12 October 1889 , with a peasant carrying a bundle of straw in a bare ploughed field , he repainted the field during a rain shower a few weeks later . The later scene reflected the subdued greens , grape blues , and soft violets of autumn . Rain was painted on an untreated cotton canvas in November 1889 , or during heavy rainfall on 31 October 1889 . Van Gogh represented the rain as slanted lines at a different angle to the lines in the wheat field in the background . In creating this effect , he drew inspiration from Japanese prints , like those of Hiroshige with which he was familiar . The painting is mentioned in two letters to his brother Theo van Gogh . In a letter , Vincent said that a painting of a rain effect was in progress and , in a letter dated 3 January 1890 that he sent to Theo along with several paintings , he gave it the simple title La Pluie ( The Rain ) . This rain effect was again used in Landscape at Auvers in the Rain , Sower in the Rain ( F1550 ) , and Sower in the Rain ( F1551r ) . Provenance . On Van Goghs death in 1890 , the painting was inherited by his sister-in-law , Johanna van Gogh-Bonger . In 1903 , it was exhibited at the Munich Secession exhibition where it was purchased by the collector Hugo von Tschudi . His wife Angela von Tschudi inherited it on his death in 1911 . She lent it to the Neue Pinakothek in Munich and , in 1928 , the painting was sold to the art dealer Paul Rosenberg , who in turn sold it to Henry Plumer McIlhenny in 1949 . McIlhenny was associated with the Philadelphia Museum of Art , serving as its chairman from 1976 until his death in 1986 . He bequeathed his art collection to the museum , in memory of his mother , Frances Plumer McIlhenny . Sources . Letters Books
[ "Henry Plumer McIlhenny" ]	easy	Who was the owner of Rain (Van Gogh) from 1949 to 1986?	/wiki/Rain_(Van_Gogh)#P127#3	Rain ( Van Gogh ) Rain ( ; F650 , H565 , JH1839 ) is an oil-on-canvas painting by Vincent van Gogh , created in 1889 , while he was a voluntary patient at an asylum in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence . He repeatedly painted the view through the window of his room , depicting the colours and shades of the fields and hills around Saint-Rémy as they appeared at various times of day and in varying weather conditions . Rain measures and is held by the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the United States . Creation . Van Gogh was a voluntary patient from May 1889 to May 1890 in the hospital at the Asylum of Saint-Paul-de-Mausole , a former monastery at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence . One subject of particular interest of Van Gogh during his residence at the Saint-Paul-de-Mausole hospital was a field behind the hospital , enclosed by walls , which he depicted in a series of at least 14 paintings and just as many sketches . He captured the field at different times of the day and in changing seasons . Having painted The Reaper in June 1889 , which depicts a peasant cutting wheat with a sickle at the end of the summer , and then Enclosed Field with Peasant , around 12 October 1889 , with a peasant carrying a bundle of straw in a bare ploughed field , he repainted the field during a rain shower a few weeks later . The later scene reflected the subdued greens , grape blues , and soft violets of autumn . Rain was painted on an untreated cotton canvas in November 1889 , or during heavy rainfall on 31 October 1889 . Van Gogh represented the rain as slanted lines at a different angle to the lines in the wheat field in the background . In creating this effect , he drew inspiration from Japanese prints , like those of Hiroshige with which he was familiar . The painting is mentioned in two letters to his brother Theo van Gogh . In a letter , Vincent said that a painting of a rain effect was in progress and , in a letter dated 3 January 1890 that he sent to Theo along with several paintings , he gave it the simple title La Pluie ( The Rain ) . This rain effect was again used in Landscape at Auvers in the Rain , Sower in the Rain ( F1550 ) , and Sower in the Rain ( F1551r ) . Provenance . On Van Goghs death in 1890 , the painting was inherited by his sister-in-law , Johanna van Gogh-Bonger . In 1903 , it was exhibited at the Munich Secession exhibition where it was purchased by the collector Hugo von Tschudi . His wife Angela von Tschudi inherited it on his death in 1911 . She lent it to the Neue Pinakothek in Munich and , in 1928 , the painting was sold to the art dealer Paul Rosenberg , who in turn sold it to Henry Plumer McIlhenny in 1949 . McIlhenny was associated with the Philadelphia Museum of Art , serving as its chairman from 1976 until his death in 1986 . He bequeathed his art collection to the museum , in memory of his mother , Frances Plumer McIlhenny . Sources . Letters Books
[ "Philadelphia Museum of Art" ]	easy	Who owned Rain (Van Gogh) from 1986 to 1987?	/wiki/Rain_(Van_Gogh)#P127#4	Rain ( Van Gogh ) Rain ( ; F650 , H565 , JH1839 ) is an oil-on-canvas painting by Vincent van Gogh , created in 1889 , while he was a voluntary patient at an asylum in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence . He repeatedly painted the view through the window of his room , depicting the colours and shades of the fields and hills around Saint-Rémy as they appeared at various times of day and in varying weather conditions . Rain measures and is held by the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the United States . Creation . Van Gogh was a voluntary patient from May 1889 to May 1890 in the hospital at the Asylum of Saint-Paul-de-Mausole , a former monastery at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence . One subject of particular interest of Van Gogh during his residence at the Saint-Paul-de-Mausole hospital was a field behind the hospital , enclosed by walls , which he depicted in a series of at least 14 paintings and just as many sketches . He captured the field at different times of the day and in changing seasons . Having painted The Reaper in June 1889 , which depicts a peasant cutting wheat with a sickle at the end of the summer , and then Enclosed Field with Peasant , around 12 October 1889 , with a peasant carrying a bundle of straw in a bare ploughed field , he repainted the field during a rain shower a few weeks later . The later scene reflected the subdued greens , grape blues , and soft violets of autumn . Rain was painted on an untreated cotton canvas in November 1889 , or during heavy rainfall on 31 October 1889 . Van Gogh represented the rain as slanted lines at a different angle to the lines in the wheat field in the background . In creating this effect , he drew inspiration from Japanese prints , like those of Hiroshige with which he was familiar . The painting is mentioned in two letters to his brother Theo van Gogh . In a letter , Vincent said that a painting of a rain effect was in progress and , in a letter dated 3 January 1890 that he sent to Theo along with several paintings , he gave it the simple title La Pluie ( The Rain ) . This rain effect was again used in Landscape at Auvers in the Rain , Sower in the Rain ( F1550 ) , and Sower in the Rain ( F1551r ) . Provenance . On Van Goghs death in 1890 , the painting was inherited by his sister-in-law , Johanna van Gogh-Bonger . In 1903 , it was exhibited at the Munich Secession exhibition where it was purchased by the collector Hugo von Tschudi . His wife Angela von Tschudi inherited it on his death in 1911 . She lent it to the Neue Pinakothek in Munich and , in 1928 , the painting was sold to the art dealer Paul Rosenberg , who in turn sold it to Henry Plumer McIlhenny in 1949 . McIlhenny was associated with the Philadelphia Museum of Art , serving as its chairman from 1976 until his death in 1986 . He bequeathed his art collection to the museum , in memory of his mother , Frances Plumer McIlhenny . Sources . Letters Books
[ "Hapoel Haifa" ]	easy	Yochanan Vollach played for which team from 1965 to 1968?	/wiki/Yochanan_Vollach#P54#0	Yochanan Vollach Yochanan Vollach ( , also Jochanan Wallach or Yohanan Wallach , born May 14 , 1945 ) is an Israeli former footballer . He was a member of the Israeli national team that competed at the 1970 FIFA World Cup . He is a member of the Israeli Football Hall of Fame . Vollach is President of the Maccabi Haifa sports organization , and CEO of the Israeli Chamber of Shipping . Biography . Born in Kiryat Bialik , Vollach began his sports career with his local club , Maccabi Kiryat Bialik . In 1963 , he was drafted to the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) Nahal as an infantry soldier . One of only a handful of professional footballers to serve in active combat in the Nahal , Vollach missed an entire season of football . During his service , he won the IDF football championship in 1965 . In 1965 , at age 19 , his rights were sold for 5,000 Israeli lira to Hapoel Haifa . Vollach earned a Bachelors degree in History & Political Science from the University of Haifa , and a Masters degree in Business Administration from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . He is a retired Major in the IDF . Sports career . Originally a striker , because of his height advantage and large build , he was dubbed The Tank . He was unable to reach his full potential so he was moved to the defender position where he excelled and played til the end of his career . He won the Israeli Israel State Cup competition twice , in 1966 and 1974 , and was close several times to winning Liga Leumit ( then the top division ) . His major achievement was helping the Israel national football team qualify for their first World Cup in Mexico in 1970 . At the 1970 World Cup , Vollach played against Uruguay . At the following match , Vollach broke his leg in the second half in a brutal match against the Swedish ( 1–1 ) side , and so the dream of man marking Gigi Riva and Gianni Rivera , in the last match against Italy was over . Vollach was twice loaned out to other Israeli clubs to strengthen their rosters for in UI Cup games . The first time was in 1976 with Hapoel Beer Sheva , and the second in 1977 with Maccabi Tel Aviv , both Israeli title holders . In the summer of 1976 , Vollach was strengthening the rosters for the sole purpose of Intertoto Cup games with title holders Hapoel Beer Sheva . Before the game against Standard Liège in Belgium , the players were staying at the hotel room . Shalom Avitan , Beer Shevas player , fooled around with the .22 Short caliber that was in a box on the table and that belonged to the Shabak agent who was guarding the team ( after the Munich Massacre , Israel took no chances ) . Avitan thought the gun was unloaded and pointed it towards Vollach . His hand was moved in the last second and the bullet passed an inch away from Vollachs head . In 1977 , Vollach transferred from Hapoel Haifa , along with former international player and club captain Yitzhak Englander , to local city rivals Maccabi Haifa . Vollach is a member of the Education and Publicity Committee of the Israel Football Association and a management member of Maccabi World Union . Maccabi Haifa . Vollach served as a role model for young and inexperienced players at Maccabi Haifa . He was looked up to for having been a part of the national side that took part in the World Cup finals . His time at Maccabi was short , playing only two seasons and , in 1979 , he retired from professional football and began , fully voluntarily , to act as general manager of Maccabi Haifa . Under Vollachs management Maccabi went from being a mediocre football club to a successful top ranking team , winning their first championship in 1984 and retaining it in 1985 , which Maccabi Haifa also finished at the head of the house in the Intertoto home stage . During this time , he began to be known as the brains of Maccabi Haifa . Hong Kong F.C. . In 1985 , Vollach was promoted in his job at Zim Integrated Shipping Services , and was sent oversees to become the branch manager and representative of the companys operations in Hong Kong . It was then that he made a return to football , starring at Hong Kong FC . Managerial career . After five years in Hong Kong , in 1990 , Vollach returned to Israel , where former teammate and club captain , Yitzhak Englander was president of Hapoel Haifa . Englander offered him the position of President of Hapoel , but city rivals , Maccabi , were not eager to see Vollach go , so they appointed him as CFO and chief executive of the team . Over the span of three years ( 1990–93 ) , the club won the double ( league and cup ) during the 1990/91 season and the Israel State Cup at 1993 . Between 1990–94 , he volunteered in the management division of the Israel Football Association as well as acting as Maccabi Haifas representative at the Israel Football Association . After the football department was privatized , Vollach joined the Maccabi Haifa unions management , filling major positions such as CFO and second to the chairman of board . In 1999 , he was voted in unanimously as chairman of the board of the Maccabi Haifa union as well as president of the basketball division of Maccabi Haifa and as a member of the management of the Israel Basketball Association . Journalism and media career . Aside from his administrative and work roles , Vollach participated for many years as a sports commentator on the popular Israeli sports radio show , Shirim uShaarim and was a local journalist . Business career . He began working at Zim in 1970 after returning from the 1970 FIFA World Cup . At his first week he was assigned to go over employees attendance tickets . Vollach was global services manager of Zim , chairman of the directorate of Zims ownership companies , and vice president of Zim , and Zims M.Dizengoff President & CEO . Since 2005 , he has been the President & CEO of Newlog , which is a subsidiary of the Zim group , and handles logistic service relating to marine and overland transportation . Awards and recognition . - Best XI in Israel ( 3 times , determined by Hadashot haSport and Yedioth Ahronoth ) - Fair play award in Israel ( 3 times ) - Hapoel Haifa Best XI Alltime - Elected by official website poll as Hapoel Haifas greatest player all time - Israel Golden Jubilee Awards : Haifa Best XI - Israel Golden Jubilee Awards : Haifa Best Defender ( All Time ) - Honorary citizen of the City of Haifa ( 1993 ) - Lifetime contributions special award for the Israeli national team in the 1970 world cup , determined by Yedioth Ahronoth and the Israeli football player association ( 2007 ) - Member of the Israeli Football Hall of Fame ( 2009 ) In recognition of his extensive volunteering to the sporting community as well as business success , he was bestowed with honorary citizenship by the city of Haifa , in 1993 . Football trophies . Maccabi Haifa & Hapoel Haifa : - 4 x Israeli cup ( 1966 , 1974 , 1991 , 1993 ) , ( 1985 runners up ) - 3 x Israeli title ( 1984 , 1985 , 1991 ) , ( 1975 runners up ) - 1 x Israeli Championship of the Champions Cup ( 1985 ) - 1 x Lilian Cup ( 1984 ) - 1 x IDF title ( 1965 ) Maccabi Haifa youth team : - 4 x Israeli youth title ( 1979 , 1983 , 1984 , 1991 ) - 3 x Israeli youth cup ( 1980 , 1991 , 1993 ) , ( 1981 runners up ) - 1 x Israeli Championship of the Champions Cup ( 1984 ) Maccabi Haifa basketball team : - 2 x Israeli Final Four - 1 x Israeli Cup final ( 2008–2009 )
[ "" ]	easy	Yochanan Vollach played for which team from 1968 to 1971?	/wiki/Yochanan_Vollach#P54#1	Yochanan Vollach Yochanan Vollach ( , also Jochanan Wallach or Yohanan Wallach , born May 14 , 1945 ) is an Israeli former footballer . He was a member of the Israeli national team that competed at the 1970 FIFA World Cup . He is a member of the Israeli Football Hall of Fame . Vollach is President of the Maccabi Haifa sports organization , and CEO of the Israeli Chamber of Shipping . Biography . Born in Kiryat Bialik , Vollach began his sports career with his local club , Maccabi Kiryat Bialik . In 1963 , he was drafted to the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) Nahal as an infantry soldier . One of only a handful of professional footballers to serve in active combat in the Nahal , Vollach missed an entire season of football . During his service , he won the IDF football championship in 1965 . In 1965 , at age 19 , his rights were sold for 5,000 Israeli lira to Hapoel Haifa . Vollach earned a Bachelors degree in History & Political Science from the University of Haifa , and a Masters degree in Business Administration from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . He is a retired Major in the IDF . Sports career . Originally a striker , because of his height advantage and large build , he was dubbed The Tank . He was unable to reach his full potential so he was moved to the defender position where he excelled and played til the end of his career . He won the Israeli Israel State Cup competition twice , in 1966 and 1974 , and was close several times to winning Liga Leumit ( then the top division ) . His major achievement was helping the Israel national football team qualify for their first World Cup in Mexico in 1970 . At the 1970 World Cup , Vollach played against Uruguay . At the following match , Vollach broke his leg in the second half in a brutal match against the Swedish ( 1–1 ) side , and so the dream of man marking Gigi Riva and Gianni Rivera , in the last match against Italy was over . Vollach was twice loaned out to other Israeli clubs to strengthen their rosters for in UI Cup games . The first time was in 1976 with Hapoel Beer Sheva , and the second in 1977 with Maccabi Tel Aviv , both Israeli title holders . In the summer of 1976 , Vollach was strengthening the rosters for the sole purpose of Intertoto Cup games with title holders Hapoel Beer Sheva . Before the game against Standard Liège in Belgium , the players were staying at the hotel room . Shalom Avitan , Beer Shevas player , fooled around with the .22 Short caliber that was in a box on the table and that belonged to the Shabak agent who was guarding the team ( after the Munich Massacre , Israel took no chances ) . Avitan thought the gun was unloaded and pointed it towards Vollach . His hand was moved in the last second and the bullet passed an inch away from Vollachs head . In 1977 , Vollach transferred from Hapoel Haifa , along with former international player and club captain Yitzhak Englander , to local city rivals Maccabi Haifa . Vollach is a member of the Education and Publicity Committee of the Israel Football Association and a management member of Maccabi World Union . Maccabi Haifa . Vollach served as a role model for young and inexperienced players at Maccabi Haifa . He was looked up to for having been a part of the national side that took part in the World Cup finals . His time at Maccabi was short , playing only two seasons and , in 1979 , he retired from professional football and began , fully voluntarily , to act as general manager of Maccabi Haifa . Under Vollachs management Maccabi went from being a mediocre football club to a successful top ranking team , winning their first championship in 1984 and retaining it in 1985 , which Maccabi Haifa also finished at the head of the house in the Intertoto home stage . During this time , he began to be known as the brains of Maccabi Haifa . Hong Kong F.C. . In 1985 , Vollach was promoted in his job at Zim Integrated Shipping Services , and was sent oversees to become the branch manager and representative of the companys operations in Hong Kong . It was then that he made a return to football , starring at Hong Kong FC . Managerial career . After five years in Hong Kong , in 1990 , Vollach returned to Israel , where former teammate and club captain , Yitzhak Englander was president of Hapoel Haifa . Englander offered him the position of President of Hapoel , but city rivals , Maccabi , were not eager to see Vollach go , so they appointed him as CFO and chief executive of the team . Over the span of three years ( 1990–93 ) , the club won the double ( league and cup ) during the 1990/91 season and the Israel State Cup at 1993 . Between 1990–94 , he volunteered in the management division of the Israel Football Association as well as acting as Maccabi Haifas representative at the Israel Football Association . After the football department was privatized , Vollach joined the Maccabi Haifa unions management , filling major positions such as CFO and second to the chairman of board . In 1999 , he was voted in unanimously as chairman of the board of the Maccabi Haifa union as well as president of the basketball division of Maccabi Haifa and as a member of the management of the Israel Basketball Association . Journalism and media career . Aside from his administrative and work roles , Vollach participated for many years as a sports commentator on the popular Israeli sports radio show , Shirim uShaarim and was a local journalist . Business career . He began working at Zim in 1970 after returning from the 1970 FIFA World Cup . At his first week he was assigned to go over employees attendance tickets . Vollach was global services manager of Zim , chairman of the directorate of Zims ownership companies , and vice president of Zim , and Zims M.Dizengoff President & CEO . Since 2005 , he has been the President & CEO of Newlog , which is a subsidiary of the Zim group , and handles logistic service relating to marine and overland transportation . Awards and recognition . - Best XI in Israel ( 3 times , determined by Hadashot haSport and Yedioth Ahronoth ) - Fair play award in Israel ( 3 times ) - Hapoel Haifa Best XI Alltime - Elected by official website poll as Hapoel Haifas greatest player all time - Israel Golden Jubilee Awards : Haifa Best XI - Israel Golden Jubilee Awards : Haifa Best Defender ( All Time ) - Honorary citizen of the City of Haifa ( 1993 ) - Lifetime contributions special award for the Israeli national team in the 1970 world cup , determined by Yedioth Ahronoth and the Israeli football player association ( 2007 ) - Member of the Israeli Football Hall of Fame ( 2009 ) In recognition of his extensive volunteering to the sporting community as well as business success , he was bestowed with honorary citizenship by the city of Haifa , in 1993 . Football trophies . Maccabi Haifa & Hapoel Haifa : - 4 x Israeli cup ( 1966 , 1974 , 1991 , 1993 ) , ( 1985 runners up ) - 3 x Israeli title ( 1984 , 1985 , 1991 ) , ( 1975 runners up ) - 1 x Israeli Championship of the Champions Cup ( 1985 ) - 1 x Lilian Cup ( 1984 ) - 1 x IDF title ( 1965 ) Maccabi Haifa youth team : - 4 x Israeli youth title ( 1979 , 1983 , 1984 , 1991 ) - 3 x Israeli youth cup ( 1980 , 1991 , 1993 ) , ( 1981 runners up ) - 1 x Israeli Championship of the Champions Cup ( 1984 ) Maccabi Haifa basketball team : - 2 x Israeli Final Four - 1 x Israeli Cup final ( 2008–2009 )
[ "Maccabi Haifa" ]	easy	Which team did Yochanan Vollach play for from 1977 to 1979?	/wiki/Yochanan_Vollach#P54#2	Yochanan Vollach Yochanan Vollach ( , also Jochanan Wallach or Yohanan Wallach , born May 14 , 1945 ) is an Israeli former footballer . He was a member of the Israeli national team that competed at the 1970 FIFA World Cup . He is a member of the Israeli Football Hall of Fame . Vollach is President of the Maccabi Haifa sports organization , and CEO of the Israeli Chamber of Shipping . Biography . Born in Kiryat Bialik , Vollach began his sports career with his local club , Maccabi Kiryat Bialik . In 1963 , he was drafted to the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) Nahal as an infantry soldier . One of only a handful of professional footballers to serve in active combat in the Nahal , Vollach missed an entire season of football . During his service , he won the IDF football championship in 1965 . In 1965 , at age 19 , his rights were sold for 5,000 Israeli lira to Hapoel Haifa . Vollach earned a Bachelors degree in History & Political Science from the University of Haifa , and a Masters degree in Business Administration from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . He is a retired Major in the IDF . Sports career . Originally a striker , because of his height advantage and large build , he was dubbed The Tank . He was unable to reach his full potential so he was moved to the defender position where he excelled and played til the end of his career . He won the Israeli Israel State Cup competition twice , in 1966 and 1974 , and was close several times to winning Liga Leumit ( then the top division ) . His major achievement was helping the Israel national football team qualify for their first World Cup in Mexico in 1970 . At the 1970 World Cup , Vollach played against Uruguay . At the following match , Vollach broke his leg in the second half in a brutal match against the Swedish ( 1–1 ) side , and so the dream of man marking Gigi Riva and Gianni Rivera , in the last match against Italy was over . Vollach was twice loaned out to other Israeli clubs to strengthen their rosters for in UI Cup games . The first time was in 1976 with Hapoel Beer Sheva , and the second in 1977 with Maccabi Tel Aviv , both Israeli title holders . In the summer of 1976 , Vollach was strengthening the rosters for the sole purpose of Intertoto Cup games with title holders Hapoel Beer Sheva . Before the game against Standard Liège in Belgium , the players were staying at the hotel room . Shalom Avitan , Beer Shevas player , fooled around with the .22 Short caliber that was in a box on the table and that belonged to the Shabak agent who was guarding the team ( after the Munich Massacre , Israel took no chances ) . Avitan thought the gun was unloaded and pointed it towards Vollach . His hand was moved in the last second and the bullet passed an inch away from Vollachs head . In 1977 , Vollach transferred from Hapoel Haifa , along with former international player and club captain Yitzhak Englander , to local city rivals Maccabi Haifa . Vollach is a member of the Education and Publicity Committee of the Israel Football Association and a management member of Maccabi World Union . Maccabi Haifa . Vollach served as a role model for young and inexperienced players at Maccabi Haifa . He was looked up to for having been a part of the national side that took part in the World Cup finals . His time at Maccabi was short , playing only two seasons and , in 1979 , he retired from professional football and began , fully voluntarily , to act as general manager of Maccabi Haifa . Under Vollachs management Maccabi went from being a mediocre football club to a successful top ranking team , winning their first championship in 1984 and retaining it in 1985 , which Maccabi Haifa also finished at the head of the house in the Intertoto home stage . During this time , he began to be known as the brains of Maccabi Haifa . Hong Kong F.C. . In 1985 , Vollach was promoted in his job at Zim Integrated Shipping Services , and was sent oversees to become the branch manager and representative of the companys operations in Hong Kong . It was then that he made a return to football , starring at Hong Kong FC . Managerial career . After five years in Hong Kong , in 1990 , Vollach returned to Israel , where former teammate and club captain , Yitzhak Englander was president of Hapoel Haifa . Englander offered him the position of President of Hapoel , but city rivals , Maccabi , were not eager to see Vollach go , so they appointed him as CFO and chief executive of the team . Over the span of three years ( 1990–93 ) , the club won the double ( league and cup ) during the 1990/91 season and the Israel State Cup at 1993 . Between 1990–94 , he volunteered in the management division of the Israel Football Association as well as acting as Maccabi Haifas representative at the Israel Football Association . After the football department was privatized , Vollach joined the Maccabi Haifa unions management , filling major positions such as CFO and second to the chairman of board . In 1999 , he was voted in unanimously as chairman of the board of the Maccabi Haifa union as well as president of the basketball division of Maccabi Haifa and as a member of the management of the Israel Basketball Association . Journalism and media career . Aside from his administrative and work roles , Vollach participated for many years as a sports commentator on the popular Israeli sports radio show , Shirim uShaarim and was a local journalist . Business career . He began working at Zim in 1970 after returning from the 1970 FIFA World Cup . At his first week he was assigned to go over employees attendance tickets . Vollach was global services manager of Zim , chairman of the directorate of Zims ownership companies , and vice president of Zim , and Zims M.Dizengoff President & CEO . Since 2005 , he has been the President & CEO of Newlog , which is a subsidiary of the Zim group , and handles logistic service relating to marine and overland transportation . Awards and recognition . - Best XI in Israel ( 3 times , determined by Hadashot haSport and Yedioth Ahronoth ) - Fair play award in Israel ( 3 times ) - Hapoel Haifa Best XI Alltime - Elected by official website poll as Hapoel Haifas greatest player all time - Israel Golden Jubilee Awards : Haifa Best XI - Israel Golden Jubilee Awards : Haifa Best Defender ( All Time ) - Honorary citizen of the City of Haifa ( 1993 ) - Lifetime contributions special award for the Israeli national team in the 1970 world cup , determined by Yedioth Ahronoth and the Israeli football player association ( 2007 ) - Member of the Israeli Football Hall of Fame ( 2009 ) In recognition of his extensive volunteering to the sporting community as well as business success , he was bestowed with honorary citizenship by the city of Haifa , in 1993 . Football trophies . Maccabi Haifa & Hapoel Haifa : - 4 x Israeli cup ( 1966 , 1974 , 1991 , 1993 ) , ( 1985 runners up ) - 3 x Israeli title ( 1984 , 1985 , 1991 ) , ( 1975 runners up ) - 1 x Israeli Championship of the Champions Cup ( 1985 ) - 1 x Lilian Cup ( 1984 ) - 1 x IDF title ( 1965 ) Maccabi Haifa youth team : - 4 x Israeli youth title ( 1979 , 1983 , 1984 , 1991 ) - 3 x Israeli youth cup ( 1980 , 1991 , 1993 ) , ( 1981 runners up ) - 1 x Israeli Championship of the Champions Cup ( 1984 ) Maccabi Haifa basketball team : - 2 x Israeli Final Four - 1 x Israeli Cup final ( 2008–2009 )
[ "Hong Kong F.C" ]	easy	Which team did the player Yochanan Vollach belong to from 1985 to 1990?	/wiki/Yochanan_Vollach#P54#3	Yochanan Vollach Yochanan Vollach ( , also Jochanan Wallach or Yohanan Wallach , born May 14 , 1945 ) is an Israeli former footballer . He was a member of the Israeli national team that competed at the 1970 FIFA World Cup . He is a member of the Israeli Football Hall of Fame . Vollach is President of the Maccabi Haifa sports organization , and CEO of the Israeli Chamber of Shipping . Biography . Born in Kiryat Bialik , Vollach began his sports career with his local club , Maccabi Kiryat Bialik . In 1963 , he was drafted to the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) Nahal as an infantry soldier . One of only a handful of professional footballers to serve in active combat in the Nahal , Vollach missed an entire season of football . During his service , he won the IDF football championship in 1965 . In 1965 , at age 19 , his rights were sold for 5,000 Israeli lira to Hapoel Haifa . Vollach earned a Bachelors degree in History & Political Science from the University of Haifa , and a Masters degree in Business Administration from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . He is a retired Major in the IDF . Sports career . Originally a striker , because of his height advantage and large build , he was dubbed The Tank . He was unable to reach his full potential so he was moved to the defender position where he excelled and played til the end of his career . He won the Israeli Israel State Cup competition twice , in 1966 and 1974 , and was close several times to winning Liga Leumit ( then the top division ) . His major achievement was helping the Israel national football team qualify for their first World Cup in Mexico in 1970 . At the 1970 World Cup , Vollach played against Uruguay . At the following match , Vollach broke his leg in the second half in a brutal match against the Swedish ( 1–1 ) side , and so the dream of man marking Gigi Riva and Gianni Rivera , in the last match against Italy was over . Vollach was twice loaned out to other Israeli clubs to strengthen their rosters for in UI Cup games . The first time was in 1976 with Hapoel Beer Sheva , and the second in 1977 with Maccabi Tel Aviv , both Israeli title holders . In the summer of 1976 , Vollach was strengthening the rosters for the sole purpose of Intertoto Cup games with title holders Hapoel Beer Sheva . Before the game against Standard Liège in Belgium , the players were staying at the hotel room . Shalom Avitan , Beer Shevas player , fooled around with the .22 Short caliber that was in a box on the table and that belonged to the Shabak agent who was guarding the team ( after the Munich Massacre , Israel took no chances ) . Avitan thought the gun was unloaded and pointed it towards Vollach . His hand was moved in the last second and the bullet passed an inch away from Vollachs head . In 1977 , Vollach transferred from Hapoel Haifa , along with former international player and club captain Yitzhak Englander , to local city rivals Maccabi Haifa . Vollach is a member of the Education and Publicity Committee of the Israel Football Association and a management member of Maccabi World Union . Maccabi Haifa . Vollach served as a role model for young and inexperienced players at Maccabi Haifa . He was looked up to for having been a part of the national side that took part in the World Cup finals . His time at Maccabi was short , playing only two seasons and , in 1979 , he retired from professional football and began , fully voluntarily , to act as general manager of Maccabi Haifa . Under Vollachs management Maccabi went from being a mediocre football club to a successful top ranking team , winning their first championship in 1984 and retaining it in 1985 , which Maccabi Haifa also finished at the head of the house in the Intertoto home stage . During this time , he began to be known as the brains of Maccabi Haifa . Hong Kong F.C. . In 1985 , Vollach was promoted in his job at Zim Integrated Shipping Services , and was sent oversees to become the branch manager and representative of the companys operations in Hong Kong . It was then that he made a return to football , starring at Hong Kong FC . Managerial career . After five years in Hong Kong , in 1990 , Vollach returned to Israel , where former teammate and club captain , Yitzhak Englander was president of Hapoel Haifa . Englander offered him the position of President of Hapoel , but city rivals , Maccabi , were not eager to see Vollach go , so they appointed him as CFO and chief executive of the team . Over the span of three years ( 1990–93 ) , the club won the double ( league and cup ) during the 1990/91 season and the Israel State Cup at 1993 . Between 1990–94 , he volunteered in the management division of the Israel Football Association as well as acting as Maccabi Haifas representative at the Israel Football Association . After the football department was privatized , Vollach joined the Maccabi Haifa unions management , filling major positions such as CFO and second to the chairman of board . In 1999 , he was voted in unanimously as chairman of the board of the Maccabi Haifa union as well as president of the basketball division of Maccabi Haifa and as a member of the management of the Israel Basketball Association . Journalism and media career . Aside from his administrative and work roles , Vollach participated for many years as a sports commentator on the popular Israeli sports radio show , Shirim uShaarim and was a local journalist . Business career . He began working at Zim in 1970 after returning from the 1970 FIFA World Cup . At his first week he was assigned to go over employees attendance tickets . Vollach was global services manager of Zim , chairman of the directorate of Zims ownership companies , and vice president of Zim , and Zims M.Dizengoff President & CEO . Since 2005 , he has been the President & CEO of Newlog , which is a subsidiary of the Zim group , and handles logistic service relating to marine and overland transportation . Awards and recognition . - Best XI in Israel ( 3 times , determined by Hadashot haSport and Yedioth Ahronoth ) - Fair play award in Israel ( 3 times ) - Hapoel Haifa Best XI Alltime - Elected by official website poll as Hapoel Haifas greatest player all time - Israel Golden Jubilee Awards : Haifa Best XI - Israel Golden Jubilee Awards : Haifa Best Defender ( All Time ) - Honorary citizen of the City of Haifa ( 1993 ) - Lifetime contributions special award for the Israeli national team in the 1970 world cup , determined by Yedioth Ahronoth and the Israeli football player association ( 2007 ) - Member of the Israeli Football Hall of Fame ( 2009 ) In recognition of his extensive volunteering to the sporting community as well as business success , he was bestowed with honorary citizenship by the city of Haifa , in 1993 . Football trophies . Maccabi Haifa & Hapoel Haifa : - 4 x Israeli cup ( 1966 , 1974 , 1991 , 1993 ) , ( 1985 runners up ) - 3 x Israeli title ( 1984 , 1985 , 1991 ) , ( 1975 runners up ) - 1 x Israeli Championship of the Champions Cup ( 1985 ) - 1 x Lilian Cup ( 1984 ) - 1 x IDF title ( 1965 ) Maccabi Haifa youth team : - 4 x Israeli youth title ( 1979 , 1983 , 1984 , 1991 ) - 3 x Israeli youth cup ( 1980 , 1991 , 1993 ) , ( 1981 runners up ) - 1 x Israeli Championship of the Champions Cup ( 1984 ) Maccabi Haifa basketball team : - 2 x Israeli Final Four - 1 x Israeli Cup final ( 2008–2009 )
[ "California State University , Northridge" ]	easy	Where was C. Richard Tracy educated from 1965 to 1966?	/wiki/C._Richard_Tracy#P69#0	C . Richard Tracy C . Richard ( Dick ) Tracy is an American biologist , a professor of biology at the University of Nevada , Reno . Tracy earned bachelors and masters degrees in biology at California State University , Northridge in 1966 and 1968 , and then moved to the University of Wisconsin–Madison , where he earned a Ph.D . in zoology in 1972 . After postdoctoral studies in Madison , he held a faculty position at Colorado State University from 1974 to 1995 , when he moved to the University of Nevada , Reno . In 1980 , Tracy visited the University of Washington in Seattle as a Guggenheim Fellow . Tracys research includes physiological ecology and biophysical ecology , as well as population biology and conservation biology , largely of reptiles and amphibians . His modeling research on the biophysical ecology of amphibians is considered foundational to our understanding of the ways in which amphibians interact with their physical environments . He has also conducted research on reptilian herbivores including Galapagos Land Iguana , Chuckwallas , and the federally listed desert tortoise . He has served on the desert tortoise recovery team , and chaired the assessment committee for the U.S . governments desert tortoise recovery plan . Education . He received a B.A . in 1966 in biology from the California State University , Northridge . He received an M.S . in 1968 in biology from California State University , Northridge . He received a Ph.D . in 1972 in zoology from the University of Wisconsin-Madison From 1974 to 1995 Tracy was a member of the faculty at Colorado State University . He has taught at the University of Wisconsin , the University of Washington , the University of Puerto Rico , and Pepperdine University . Tracy has also taught at the biological stations administered by the University of Nebraska , Colorado State University , and the University of Michigan . He has served as major professor for 45 graduate students and 13 postdocs . Twenty-four of his Ph.D . students and postdocs have become professors at colleges and universities all over the world , and seven are scientists in the U.S . Geological Service . He maintains a diverse research program including pure and applied projects in physiology , ecology , and conservation biology that has resulted in more than 170 publications . Several projects incorporate principles , data , and analyses into strategies for preserving sensitive biological resources and for conservation planning . Tracy has been honored as Best Graduate Advisor with three separate awards : - Vada Trimble Outstanding Mentor Award 1999 - UNR Graduate Advisor of the Year 2008 - Nevada System of Higher Education Most Outstanding Graduate Advisor in the university system 2008 Honors . - Fellow , John Simon Guggenheim Foundation - Fellow , American Association for the Advancement of Science - Distinguished Scholar , Pepperdine University - University Fellow , University of Wisconsin - Fellow , Association of Western Universities - Service Award , American Society of Zoologists - Keynote Speaker , Southwest Association of Animal Biologists - Conservation Award , Desert Tortoise Council - Service Award , U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service - Top Director of Graduate Studies Award , UNR Graduate Students’ Association , 1998 - Vada Trimble Outstanding Mentor Award , UNR Graduate Students’ Association , 1999 - Honored Commencement Speaker , California State University , Northridge , 2003 - Best Graduate Mentor , University of Nevada , Reno , 2008 - Best Graduate Mentor , Nevada System of Higher Education , Nevada , 2008 Patronyms . - Scientific Name : Liolaemus dicktracyi - Species Authority : Espinoza & Lobo , 2003 ~ R.E . Espinoza and F . Lobo . 2003 . Two new species of Liolaemus lizards from northwestern Argentina : speciation within the northern subclade of the elongates group Iguania:Liolaemidae ) . Herpetologica 59 ( 1 ) : 89-105 . - The Argentinian lizard species Liolaemus dicktracyi was named after C . Richard Tracy . *Liolaemus dicktracyi is known only from the immediate vicinity of the type locality , Portezuelo Blanco , 26.5 km west of Famatina on road to Cueva de Perez , Sierra de Famatina , Departamento Famatina , La Rioja , Argentina and a site 8.4 km southeast of the type locality . The area in which this species is distributed is approximately 596 km² . It occurs between 2,600 and 2,800 m above sea level . Liolaemus dicktracyi is found in rocky areas of steep cliffs and hillsides in pre-puna habitat , which is characterized by grasses and small shrubs . Professional society memberships . - American Association for the Advancement of Science [ Fellow ] - American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists - American Society of Naturalists - Desert Tortoise Council - Ecological Society of America - Herpetologists’ League - International Iguana Society - Order of Sigma Xi - Society of Conservation Biologists - Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology - Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Public service roles . Tracys public service roles include : - Advisor on the original Desert Tortoise Recovery Team for the US Fish and Wildlife Service - Chair of the Houston Toad Recovery Team - Advisor to the Coachella Valley Multiple Species Habitat Conservation Plan - Chair of the Science Assessment Committee for the Desert Tortoise Recovery Plan - Chief Science Advisor for Clark County , Nevada - Science Advisor to the Fish and Wildlife Service on desert tortoise conservation - Science Advisor for The Nature Conservancy and the Great Basin Bird Observatory in Nevada In 2004 , Tracy was elected as a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . External links . - Personal web site
[ "California State University , Northridge" ]	easy	Where was C. Richard Tracy educated in 1968?	/wiki/C._Richard_Tracy#P69#1	C . Richard Tracy C . Richard ( Dick ) Tracy is an American biologist , a professor of biology at the University of Nevada , Reno . Tracy earned bachelors and masters degrees in biology at California State University , Northridge in 1966 and 1968 , and then moved to the University of Wisconsin–Madison , where he earned a Ph.D . in zoology in 1972 . After postdoctoral studies in Madison , he held a faculty position at Colorado State University from 1974 to 1995 , when he moved to the University of Nevada , Reno . In 1980 , Tracy visited the University of Washington in Seattle as a Guggenheim Fellow . Tracys research includes physiological ecology and biophysical ecology , as well as population biology and conservation biology , largely of reptiles and amphibians . His modeling research on the biophysical ecology of amphibians is considered foundational to our understanding of the ways in which amphibians interact with their physical environments . He has also conducted research on reptilian herbivores including Galapagos Land Iguana , Chuckwallas , and the federally listed desert tortoise . He has served on the desert tortoise recovery team , and chaired the assessment committee for the U.S . governments desert tortoise recovery plan . Education . He received a B.A . in 1966 in biology from the California State University , Northridge . He received an M.S . in 1968 in biology from California State University , Northridge . He received a Ph.D . in 1972 in zoology from the University of Wisconsin-Madison From 1974 to 1995 Tracy was a member of the faculty at Colorado State University . He has taught at the University of Wisconsin , the University of Washington , the University of Puerto Rico , and Pepperdine University . Tracy has also taught at the biological stations administered by the University of Nebraska , Colorado State University , and the University of Michigan . He has served as major professor for 45 graduate students and 13 postdocs . Twenty-four of his Ph.D . students and postdocs have become professors at colleges and universities all over the world , and seven are scientists in the U.S . Geological Service . He maintains a diverse research program including pure and applied projects in physiology , ecology , and conservation biology that has resulted in more than 170 publications . Several projects incorporate principles , data , and analyses into strategies for preserving sensitive biological resources and for conservation planning . Tracy has been honored as Best Graduate Advisor with three separate awards : - Vada Trimble Outstanding Mentor Award 1999 - UNR Graduate Advisor of the Year 2008 - Nevada System of Higher Education Most Outstanding Graduate Advisor in the university system 2008 Honors . - Fellow , John Simon Guggenheim Foundation - Fellow , American Association for the Advancement of Science - Distinguished Scholar , Pepperdine University - University Fellow , University of Wisconsin - Fellow , Association of Western Universities - Service Award , American Society of Zoologists - Keynote Speaker , Southwest Association of Animal Biologists - Conservation Award , Desert Tortoise Council - Service Award , U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service - Top Director of Graduate Studies Award , UNR Graduate Students’ Association , 1998 - Vada Trimble Outstanding Mentor Award , UNR Graduate Students’ Association , 1999 - Honored Commencement Speaker , California State University , Northridge , 2003 - Best Graduate Mentor , University of Nevada , Reno , 2008 - Best Graduate Mentor , Nevada System of Higher Education , Nevada , 2008 Patronyms . - Scientific Name : Liolaemus dicktracyi - Species Authority : Espinoza & Lobo , 2003 ~ R.E . Espinoza and F . Lobo . 2003 . Two new species of Liolaemus lizards from northwestern Argentina : speciation within the northern subclade of the elongates group Iguania:Liolaemidae ) . Herpetologica 59 ( 1 ) : 89-105 . - The Argentinian lizard species Liolaemus dicktracyi was named after C . Richard Tracy . *Liolaemus dicktracyi is known only from the immediate vicinity of the type locality , Portezuelo Blanco , 26.5 km west of Famatina on road to Cueva de Perez , Sierra de Famatina , Departamento Famatina , La Rioja , Argentina and a site 8.4 km southeast of the type locality . The area in which this species is distributed is approximately 596 km² . It occurs between 2,600 and 2,800 m above sea level . Liolaemus dicktracyi is found in rocky areas of steep cliffs and hillsides in pre-puna habitat , which is characterized by grasses and small shrubs . Professional society memberships . - American Association for the Advancement of Science [ Fellow ] - American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists - American Society of Naturalists - Desert Tortoise Council - Ecological Society of America - Herpetologists’ League - International Iguana Society - Order of Sigma Xi - Society of Conservation Biologists - Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology - Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Public service roles . Tracys public service roles include : - Advisor on the original Desert Tortoise Recovery Team for the US Fish and Wildlife Service - Chair of the Houston Toad Recovery Team - Advisor to the Coachella Valley Multiple Species Habitat Conservation Plan - Chair of the Science Assessment Committee for the Desert Tortoise Recovery Plan - Chief Science Advisor for Clark County , Nevada - Science Advisor to the Fish and Wildlife Service on desert tortoise conservation - Science Advisor for The Nature Conservancy and the Great Basin Bird Observatory in Nevada In 2004 , Tracy was elected as a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . External links . - Personal web site
[ "Internacional" ]	easy	Dunga played for which team from 1980 to 1984?	/wiki/Dunga#P54#0	Dunga Carlos Caetano Bledorn Verri ( born October 31 , 1963 ) , commonly known as Dunga ( ) , is a Brazilian football manager and former professional player who played as a defensive midfielder . Under his captaincy , Brazil won the 1994 FIFA World Cup and he lifted the World Cup trophy . Along with Xavi , he is one of only two men to have played in a World Cup final , an Olympic final , a Confederations Cup final and a continental championship final . He was head coach of Brazil twice . In his first spell from 2006 to 2010 , he led them to victory in the 2007 Copa América and the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup , and to the quarter-finals of the 2010 FIFA World Cup , after which he was dismissed by the Brazilian Football Confederation . He was appointed in 2014 for a second time , but Brazils early exit from the Copa América Centenario led to his dismissal in June 2016 . He was also head coach of Internacional in 2013 . His nickname is derived from the Portuguese translation of Dopey , a dwarf from the Disney version of Snow White , and was given to him by his uncle due to his short height during childhood . It was believed that he would be a short adult and the nickname remained in use even after he grew up and became taller . He is of Italian and German descent . Playing career . Club career . At the club level , Dunga played for Internacional ( 1980–84 , 1999–2000 ) , Corinthians ( 1984–85 ) , Santos ( 1985–87 ) , Vasco da Gama ( 1987 ) , Pisa ( 1987–88 ) , Fiorentina ( 1988–92 ) , Pescara ( 1992–93 ) , VfB Stuttgart ( 1993–95 ) , and Jubilo Iwata ( 1995–98 ) . International career . Internationally , Dunga played 91 times for Brazil , scoring six goals . His international career began in 1983 at the FIFA U-20 World Cup . Dunga captained the young Brazilian squad , winning the tournament against Argentina in the final . A year later , he helped Brazil to win a silver medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California . Dunga then began reaching call-ups to Brazils senior squad , winning the 1989 Copa América by defeating Uruguay at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro . Dunga was a starter for Brazil at the 1990 FIFA World Cup , during which he was held responsible more so than his teammates for the teams worst campaign at a World Cup since 1966 , after a lackluster tournament and the squads subsequent elimination in the second round by arch rivals Argentina . In the following years , he would be consistently targeted by Brazilian press due to his supposedly thuggish style of playing . This period in Brazils football history was called Era Dunga , as according to fans and journalists , he symbolized the less-than-thrilling , slow , gritty , direct , and defensive style that the team had adopted in favour of a more exciting attacking style . Dunga played the anchor role in midfield extremely effectively , due to his ability to break down play and subsequently start attacks with his passing . Many other players in this position lunged into tackles and put themselves about , but Dunga rarely went to ground to make a tackle , instead using his anticipation and timing to win challenges and retrieve the ball . Despite his infamous reputation , Brazils new coach Carlos Alberto Parreira kept Dunga as one of the starting XI throughout the 1994 World Cup Qualifiers and finals . Raí initially started the 1994 World Cup in the United States as the Brazilian teams captain , but after allegedly being held responsible for Brazils poor performances early on in the tournament , he was eventually dropped altogether in favour of Mazinho . Dunga took over the captaincy and went on to lift the trophy . Dunga scored the third penalty kick in the shoot-out victory against Italy in the final , following a 0–0 draw after extra-time . According to FIFA.com , the lack of attacking play in the final of the tournament against Italy was in part down to strong holding midfield play by Dino Baggio for Italy , and Dunga and Mauro Silva for Brazil . Dunga retained the role of the Brazil national teams captain for the next four years until the 1998 FIFA World Cup , in which he participated , despite playing in the Japanese J . League , in what was considered to be a lower standard of competitive football at the time . The 1998 edition of the tournament was notable for the tensions and lack of teamwork within the Brazilian side . It was often visible on the pitch as demonstrated by the fact that Dunga got into a fight with teammate Bebeto in the first round match against Morocco , forcing the rest of the team to break them up . Despite these difficulties , Brazil went on to reach the final of the tournament , where they lost 3–0 to hosts France . En route to the final , Dunga scored his teams fourth penalty kick in the shootout victory against the Netherlands in the semi-finals . Management . Brazil . On 24 July 2006 , Dunga was named as the new national coach of the Brazil national team as a replacement for Carlos Alberto Parreira , despite the fact that he had no prior coaching experience at the professional level . Nonetheless , he made an impressive start with Brazil , winning four of his first five matches . Dungas first match in charge was against Norway which was played in Oslo on 16 August 2006 ; the game ended in a 1–1 draw . His second match was held against archrivals Argentina on 3 September at Arsenals new Emirates Stadium in London ; Brazil won 3–0 . On 5 September , Brazil then defeated Wales 2–0 at Tottenham Hotspurs White Hart Lane ground . They later defeated Kuwaiti club Al-Kuwait 4–0 , Ecuador 2–1 and Switzerland 2–1 . Dunga did not just look for players at large clubs , but looked at the whole scope of Europe , finding individual talents such as Daniel Carvalho , Vágner Love , Dudu Cearense of Russian club CSKA Moscow and from local Brazilian clubs such as Corinthians , Flamengo and São Paulo . In 2007 , Dunga managed Brazil to their second-straight Copa América title by beating Argentina in the final 3–0 , who were heavily favored to win against a weaker Brazil squad . Dungas squad also won the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa on 28 June 2009 . The team came back from a 2–0 deficit against the United States to emerge victorious from a Lúcio header in the 84th minute that made the score 3–2 . At the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Brazil made it to the quarter-finals , where they suffered a 2–1 loss to the Netherlands after having led the game 1–0 . After Brazils exit from the competition , Dunga announced he would stand down as coach , but was first dismissed by CBF on 24 July 2010 . Dungas 2010 World Cup selections were criticized by many , including famous Brazilian footballer Pelé . Pelé believed Alexandre Pato and Neymar should have been selected to the squad . It was announced on 29 August 2011 that Dunga had signed a contract with Qatari club Al-Rayyan as a replacement for Paulo Autuori , but Al Rayyan opted to sign another coach after Dunga stated he was not sure about the position . Internacional . On 12 December 2012 , Dunga was confirmed as new coach of Internacional , where he started and finished his career as a player . On 3 October 2013 , he was fired after a series of losses left the gaúcho team in disarray . Dunga served as a commentator for IRIB during the 2014 World Cup . Brazil . On 22 July 2014 , Dunga was announced as the new manager of Brazil , replacing Luiz Felipe Scolari . He returned to the position for the first time since Brazils exit in the 2010 World Cup . Dungas first match in his second reign as Brazils manager was a friendly match against 2014 World Cup quarter-finalists Colombia at Sun Life Stadium in Miami on 5 September 2014 , with Brazil winning the match 1–0 through an 83rd-minute Neymar free-kick goal . Dunga followed this up with wins against Ecuador ( 1–0 ) , in the 2014 Superclásico de las Américas against Argentina ( 2–0 ) , against Japan ( 4–0 ) , against Turkey ( 0–4 ) , and against Austria ( 1–2 ) . Dunga continued Brazils winning streak in 2015 by defeating France 3–1 in another friendly . They followed this with wins against Chile ( 1–0 ) , Mexico ( 2–0 ) and Honduras ( 1–0 ) . 2015 Copa América . Brazil started the tournament with a tight victory against Peru after coming from behind by 2–1 ( with Douglas Costa scoring in the dying moments ) , followed by a 1–0 defeat against Colombia and a 2–1 victory against Venezuela . In the knockout stage , Brazil faced Paraguay and was eliminated after drawing 1–1 in normal time and losing 4–3 in the penalty shootout . As such , Brazil was unable to qualify for a FIFA Confederations Cup ( in this case , the 2017 edition ) for the first time in almost 20 years . Copa América Centenario . Brazil began the tournament with a scoreless draw against Ecuador , with Ecuador having a goal controversially disallowed in the second half . This was followed by an emphatic 7–1 victory over Haiti , with Philippe Coutinho scoring a hat-trick . Needing only a draw to progress to the knockout stage of the tournament , Brazil suffered a controversial 1–0 loss to Peru , with Raúl Ruidíaz scoring by guiding the ball into the net with his arm . This loss , Brazils first loss to Peru since 1985 , saw Brazil eliminated from the tournament in the group stage for the first time since 1987 . On 14 June 2016 , he was fired by the CBF . Queens Park Rangers dispute . Dunga has an ongoing financial dispute with English club Queens Park Rangers . He claims he loaned £750,000 to QPR as an investor in the club when it was under previous owners , but that the new owners are refusing to give it back . QPR have commented on this issue by saying the cheque he paid to the club bounced , and that he is aware of this fact . Style of play . As a player , Dunga was a strong , hard-tackling , ball-winning defensive midfielder with good technique , tactical versatility and an ability to read the game well and organise his teammates ; he was highly regarded for his anticipation and ability to time his challenges , only going in for tackles or sliding challenges when he deemed it necessary . He was also capable of contributing creatively and offensively to his teams ; he usually positioned himself in front of the defence , which allowed him to break down the opposing teams plays , and start attacking plays with his passing once he won back possession . Dunga was also known for his powerful striking ability from distance and from set-pieces , as well as his vision and passing range , which also saw him function as a deep-lying playmaker ; he often played long balls to forwards using the outside of his right foot . Considered to be one of the greatest holding midfielders of all time , Dunga was seen as an atypical Brazilian footballer , however , who was more similar to European midfielders in terms of his composed , efficient , tenacious and physical style of play . Although he lacked the refined quality of traditional , more skilful Brazilian midfielders in the mold of Zico , he stood out for his leadership , work-rate and his determination throughout his career . However , he also drew at criticism at time from Brazilian fans and pundits alike , due to his more physical and direct playing style , which also reflected the defensive style of play that the Brazil national team had adopted throughout his international career , in favour of the more exciting attacking style that had often characterised their previous teams ; as such , this period during the 1990s came to be known as the Dunga Era in the media . Honours . Player . Internacional - Rio Grande do Sul State League : 1982 , 1983 , 1984 Vasco da Gama - Rio de Janeiro State League : 1987 Júbilo Iwata - J . League : 1997 Brazil U-20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 1983 - South American Youth Championship : 1983 Brazil - FIFA World Cup : 1994 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 1997 - Copa América : 1989 , 1997 - Olympic Silver Medal : 1984 - South American Pre-Olympic Tournament : 1984 Individual - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1994 , 1998 - J . League Most Valuable Player : 1997 - J . League Best Eleven : 1997 , 1998 - FIFA XI : 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 - Golden Foot : 2010 , as a football legend - Fiorentina All-time XI Manager . Internacional - Rio Grande do Sul State League : 2013 Brazil - Copa América : 2007 - Olympic Bronze Medal : 2008 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 2009 - Superclásico de las Américas : 2014 Individual - IFFHS Worlds Best National Coach : 2007
[ "Corinthians" ]	easy	Which team did Dunga play for from 1984 to 1985?	/wiki/Dunga#P54#1	Dunga Carlos Caetano Bledorn Verri ( born October 31 , 1963 ) , commonly known as Dunga ( ) , is a Brazilian football manager and former professional player who played as a defensive midfielder . Under his captaincy , Brazil won the 1994 FIFA World Cup and he lifted the World Cup trophy . Along with Xavi , he is one of only two men to have played in a World Cup final , an Olympic final , a Confederations Cup final and a continental championship final . He was head coach of Brazil twice . In his first spell from 2006 to 2010 , he led them to victory in the 2007 Copa América and the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup , and to the quarter-finals of the 2010 FIFA World Cup , after which he was dismissed by the Brazilian Football Confederation . He was appointed in 2014 for a second time , but Brazils early exit from the Copa América Centenario led to his dismissal in June 2016 . He was also head coach of Internacional in 2013 . His nickname is derived from the Portuguese translation of Dopey , a dwarf from the Disney version of Snow White , and was given to him by his uncle due to his short height during childhood . It was believed that he would be a short adult and the nickname remained in use even after he grew up and became taller . He is of Italian and German descent . Playing career . Club career . At the club level , Dunga played for Internacional ( 1980–84 , 1999–2000 ) , Corinthians ( 1984–85 ) , Santos ( 1985–87 ) , Vasco da Gama ( 1987 ) , Pisa ( 1987–88 ) , Fiorentina ( 1988–92 ) , Pescara ( 1992–93 ) , VfB Stuttgart ( 1993–95 ) , and Jubilo Iwata ( 1995–98 ) . International career . Internationally , Dunga played 91 times for Brazil , scoring six goals . His international career began in 1983 at the FIFA U-20 World Cup . Dunga captained the young Brazilian squad , winning the tournament against Argentina in the final . A year later , he helped Brazil to win a silver medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California . Dunga then began reaching call-ups to Brazils senior squad , winning the 1989 Copa América by defeating Uruguay at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro . Dunga was a starter for Brazil at the 1990 FIFA World Cup , during which he was held responsible more so than his teammates for the teams worst campaign at a World Cup since 1966 , after a lackluster tournament and the squads subsequent elimination in the second round by arch rivals Argentina . In the following years , he would be consistently targeted by Brazilian press due to his supposedly thuggish style of playing . This period in Brazils football history was called Era Dunga , as according to fans and journalists , he symbolized the less-than-thrilling , slow , gritty , direct , and defensive style that the team had adopted in favour of a more exciting attacking style . Dunga played the anchor role in midfield extremely effectively , due to his ability to break down play and subsequently start attacks with his passing . Many other players in this position lunged into tackles and put themselves about , but Dunga rarely went to ground to make a tackle , instead using his anticipation and timing to win challenges and retrieve the ball . Despite his infamous reputation , Brazils new coach Carlos Alberto Parreira kept Dunga as one of the starting XI throughout the 1994 World Cup Qualifiers and finals . Raí initially started the 1994 World Cup in the United States as the Brazilian teams captain , but after allegedly being held responsible for Brazils poor performances early on in the tournament , he was eventually dropped altogether in favour of Mazinho . Dunga took over the captaincy and went on to lift the trophy . Dunga scored the third penalty kick in the shoot-out victory against Italy in the final , following a 0–0 draw after extra-time . According to FIFA.com , the lack of attacking play in the final of the tournament against Italy was in part down to strong holding midfield play by Dino Baggio for Italy , and Dunga and Mauro Silva for Brazil . Dunga retained the role of the Brazil national teams captain for the next four years until the 1998 FIFA World Cup , in which he participated , despite playing in the Japanese J . League , in what was considered to be a lower standard of competitive football at the time . The 1998 edition of the tournament was notable for the tensions and lack of teamwork within the Brazilian side . It was often visible on the pitch as demonstrated by the fact that Dunga got into a fight with teammate Bebeto in the first round match against Morocco , forcing the rest of the team to break them up . Despite these difficulties , Brazil went on to reach the final of the tournament , where they lost 3–0 to hosts France . En route to the final , Dunga scored his teams fourth penalty kick in the shootout victory against the Netherlands in the semi-finals . Management . Brazil . On 24 July 2006 , Dunga was named as the new national coach of the Brazil national team as a replacement for Carlos Alberto Parreira , despite the fact that he had no prior coaching experience at the professional level . Nonetheless , he made an impressive start with Brazil , winning four of his first five matches . Dungas first match in charge was against Norway which was played in Oslo on 16 August 2006 ; the game ended in a 1–1 draw . His second match was held against archrivals Argentina on 3 September at Arsenals new Emirates Stadium in London ; Brazil won 3–0 . On 5 September , Brazil then defeated Wales 2–0 at Tottenham Hotspurs White Hart Lane ground . They later defeated Kuwaiti club Al-Kuwait 4–0 , Ecuador 2–1 and Switzerland 2–1 . Dunga did not just look for players at large clubs , but looked at the whole scope of Europe , finding individual talents such as Daniel Carvalho , Vágner Love , Dudu Cearense of Russian club CSKA Moscow and from local Brazilian clubs such as Corinthians , Flamengo and São Paulo . In 2007 , Dunga managed Brazil to their second-straight Copa América title by beating Argentina in the final 3–0 , who were heavily favored to win against a weaker Brazil squad . Dungas squad also won the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa on 28 June 2009 . The team came back from a 2–0 deficit against the United States to emerge victorious from a Lúcio header in the 84th minute that made the score 3–2 . At the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Brazil made it to the quarter-finals , where they suffered a 2–1 loss to the Netherlands after having led the game 1–0 . After Brazils exit from the competition , Dunga announced he would stand down as coach , but was first dismissed by CBF on 24 July 2010 . Dungas 2010 World Cup selections were criticized by many , including famous Brazilian footballer Pelé . Pelé believed Alexandre Pato and Neymar should have been selected to the squad . It was announced on 29 August 2011 that Dunga had signed a contract with Qatari club Al-Rayyan as a replacement for Paulo Autuori , but Al Rayyan opted to sign another coach after Dunga stated he was not sure about the position . Internacional . On 12 December 2012 , Dunga was confirmed as new coach of Internacional , where he started and finished his career as a player . On 3 October 2013 , he was fired after a series of losses left the gaúcho team in disarray . Dunga served as a commentator for IRIB during the 2014 World Cup . Brazil . On 22 July 2014 , Dunga was announced as the new manager of Brazil , replacing Luiz Felipe Scolari . He returned to the position for the first time since Brazils exit in the 2010 World Cup . Dungas first match in his second reign as Brazils manager was a friendly match against 2014 World Cup quarter-finalists Colombia at Sun Life Stadium in Miami on 5 September 2014 , with Brazil winning the match 1–0 through an 83rd-minute Neymar free-kick goal . Dunga followed this up with wins against Ecuador ( 1–0 ) , in the 2014 Superclásico de las Américas against Argentina ( 2–0 ) , against Japan ( 4–0 ) , against Turkey ( 0–4 ) , and against Austria ( 1–2 ) . Dunga continued Brazils winning streak in 2015 by defeating France 3–1 in another friendly . They followed this with wins against Chile ( 1–0 ) , Mexico ( 2–0 ) and Honduras ( 1–0 ) . 2015 Copa América . Brazil started the tournament with a tight victory against Peru after coming from behind by 2–1 ( with Douglas Costa scoring in the dying moments ) , followed by a 1–0 defeat against Colombia and a 2–1 victory against Venezuela . In the knockout stage , Brazil faced Paraguay and was eliminated after drawing 1–1 in normal time and losing 4–3 in the penalty shootout . As such , Brazil was unable to qualify for a FIFA Confederations Cup ( in this case , the 2017 edition ) for the first time in almost 20 years . Copa América Centenario . Brazil began the tournament with a scoreless draw against Ecuador , with Ecuador having a goal controversially disallowed in the second half . This was followed by an emphatic 7–1 victory over Haiti , with Philippe Coutinho scoring a hat-trick . Needing only a draw to progress to the knockout stage of the tournament , Brazil suffered a controversial 1–0 loss to Peru , with Raúl Ruidíaz scoring by guiding the ball into the net with his arm . This loss , Brazils first loss to Peru since 1985 , saw Brazil eliminated from the tournament in the group stage for the first time since 1987 . On 14 June 2016 , he was fired by the CBF . Queens Park Rangers dispute . Dunga has an ongoing financial dispute with English club Queens Park Rangers . He claims he loaned £750,000 to QPR as an investor in the club when it was under previous owners , but that the new owners are refusing to give it back . QPR have commented on this issue by saying the cheque he paid to the club bounced , and that he is aware of this fact . Style of play . As a player , Dunga was a strong , hard-tackling , ball-winning defensive midfielder with good technique , tactical versatility and an ability to read the game well and organise his teammates ; he was highly regarded for his anticipation and ability to time his challenges , only going in for tackles or sliding challenges when he deemed it necessary . He was also capable of contributing creatively and offensively to his teams ; he usually positioned himself in front of the defence , which allowed him to break down the opposing teams plays , and start attacking plays with his passing once he won back possession . Dunga was also known for his powerful striking ability from distance and from set-pieces , as well as his vision and passing range , which also saw him function as a deep-lying playmaker ; he often played long balls to forwards using the outside of his right foot . Considered to be one of the greatest holding midfielders of all time , Dunga was seen as an atypical Brazilian footballer , however , who was more similar to European midfielders in terms of his composed , efficient , tenacious and physical style of play . Although he lacked the refined quality of traditional , more skilful Brazilian midfielders in the mold of Zico , he stood out for his leadership , work-rate and his determination throughout his career . However , he also drew at criticism at time from Brazilian fans and pundits alike , due to his more physical and direct playing style , which also reflected the defensive style of play that the Brazil national team had adopted throughout his international career , in favour of the more exciting attacking style that had often characterised their previous teams ; as such , this period during the 1990s came to be known as the Dunga Era in the media . Honours . Player . Internacional - Rio Grande do Sul State League : 1982 , 1983 , 1984 Vasco da Gama - Rio de Janeiro State League : 1987 Júbilo Iwata - J . League : 1997 Brazil U-20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 1983 - South American Youth Championship : 1983 Brazil - FIFA World Cup : 1994 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 1997 - Copa América : 1989 , 1997 - Olympic Silver Medal : 1984 - South American Pre-Olympic Tournament : 1984 Individual - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1994 , 1998 - J . League Most Valuable Player : 1997 - J . League Best Eleven : 1997 , 1998 - FIFA XI : 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 - Golden Foot : 2010 , as a football legend - Fiorentina All-time XI Manager . Internacional - Rio Grande do Sul State League : 2013 Brazil - Copa América : 2007 - Olympic Bronze Medal : 2008 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 2009 - Superclásico de las Américas : 2014 Individual - IFFHS Worlds Best National Coach : 2007
[ "Santos" ]	easy	Dunga played for which team from 1985 to 1987?	/wiki/Dunga#P54#2	Dunga Carlos Caetano Bledorn Verri ( born October 31 , 1963 ) , commonly known as Dunga ( ) , is a Brazilian football manager and former professional player who played as a defensive midfielder . Under his captaincy , Brazil won the 1994 FIFA World Cup and he lifted the World Cup trophy . Along with Xavi , he is one of only two men to have played in a World Cup final , an Olympic final , a Confederations Cup final and a continental championship final . He was head coach of Brazil twice . In his first spell from 2006 to 2010 , he led them to victory in the 2007 Copa América and the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup , and to the quarter-finals of the 2010 FIFA World Cup , after which he was dismissed by the Brazilian Football Confederation . He was appointed in 2014 for a second time , but Brazils early exit from the Copa América Centenario led to his dismissal in June 2016 . He was also head coach of Internacional in 2013 . His nickname is derived from the Portuguese translation of Dopey , a dwarf from the Disney version of Snow White , and was given to him by his uncle due to his short height during childhood . It was believed that he would be a short adult and the nickname remained in use even after he grew up and became taller . He is of Italian and German descent . Playing career . Club career . At the club level , Dunga played for Internacional ( 1980–84 , 1999–2000 ) , Corinthians ( 1984–85 ) , Santos ( 1985–87 ) , Vasco da Gama ( 1987 ) , Pisa ( 1987–88 ) , Fiorentina ( 1988–92 ) , Pescara ( 1992–93 ) , VfB Stuttgart ( 1993–95 ) , and Jubilo Iwata ( 1995–98 ) . International career . Internationally , Dunga played 91 times for Brazil , scoring six goals . His international career began in 1983 at the FIFA U-20 World Cup . Dunga captained the young Brazilian squad , winning the tournament against Argentina in the final . A year later , he helped Brazil to win a silver medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California . Dunga then began reaching call-ups to Brazils senior squad , winning the 1989 Copa América by defeating Uruguay at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro . Dunga was a starter for Brazil at the 1990 FIFA World Cup , during which he was held responsible more so than his teammates for the teams worst campaign at a World Cup since 1966 , after a lackluster tournament and the squads subsequent elimination in the second round by arch rivals Argentina . In the following years , he would be consistently targeted by Brazilian press due to his supposedly thuggish style of playing . This period in Brazils football history was called Era Dunga , as according to fans and journalists , he symbolized the less-than-thrilling , slow , gritty , direct , and defensive style that the team had adopted in favour of a more exciting attacking style . Dunga played the anchor role in midfield extremely effectively , due to his ability to break down play and subsequently start attacks with his passing . Many other players in this position lunged into tackles and put themselves about , but Dunga rarely went to ground to make a tackle , instead using his anticipation and timing to win challenges and retrieve the ball . Despite his infamous reputation , Brazils new coach Carlos Alberto Parreira kept Dunga as one of the starting XI throughout the 1994 World Cup Qualifiers and finals . Raí initially started the 1994 World Cup in the United States as the Brazilian teams captain , but after allegedly being held responsible for Brazils poor performances early on in the tournament , he was eventually dropped altogether in favour of Mazinho . Dunga took over the captaincy and went on to lift the trophy . Dunga scored the third penalty kick in the shoot-out victory against Italy in the final , following a 0–0 draw after extra-time . According to FIFA.com , the lack of attacking play in the final of the tournament against Italy was in part down to strong holding midfield play by Dino Baggio for Italy , and Dunga and Mauro Silva for Brazil . Dunga retained the role of the Brazil national teams captain for the next four years until the 1998 FIFA World Cup , in which he participated , despite playing in the Japanese J . League , in what was considered to be a lower standard of competitive football at the time . The 1998 edition of the tournament was notable for the tensions and lack of teamwork within the Brazilian side . It was often visible on the pitch as demonstrated by the fact that Dunga got into a fight with teammate Bebeto in the first round match against Morocco , forcing the rest of the team to break them up . Despite these difficulties , Brazil went on to reach the final of the tournament , where they lost 3–0 to hosts France . En route to the final , Dunga scored his teams fourth penalty kick in the shootout victory against the Netherlands in the semi-finals . Management . Brazil . On 24 July 2006 , Dunga was named as the new national coach of the Brazil national team as a replacement for Carlos Alberto Parreira , despite the fact that he had no prior coaching experience at the professional level . Nonetheless , he made an impressive start with Brazil , winning four of his first five matches . Dungas first match in charge was against Norway which was played in Oslo on 16 August 2006 ; the game ended in a 1–1 draw . His second match was held against archrivals Argentina on 3 September at Arsenals new Emirates Stadium in London ; Brazil won 3–0 . On 5 September , Brazil then defeated Wales 2–0 at Tottenham Hotspurs White Hart Lane ground . They later defeated Kuwaiti club Al-Kuwait 4–0 , Ecuador 2–1 and Switzerland 2–1 . Dunga did not just look for players at large clubs , but looked at the whole scope of Europe , finding individual talents such as Daniel Carvalho , Vágner Love , Dudu Cearense of Russian club CSKA Moscow and from local Brazilian clubs such as Corinthians , Flamengo and São Paulo . In 2007 , Dunga managed Brazil to their second-straight Copa América title by beating Argentina in the final 3–0 , who were heavily favored to win against a weaker Brazil squad . Dungas squad also won the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa on 28 June 2009 . The team came back from a 2–0 deficit against the United States to emerge victorious from a Lúcio header in the 84th minute that made the score 3–2 . At the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Brazil made it to the quarter-finals , where they suffered a 2–1 loss to the Netherlands after having led the game 1–0 . After Brazils exit from the competition , Dunga announced he would stand down as coach , but was first dismissed by CBF on 24 July 2010 . Dungas 2010 World Cup selections were criticized by many , including famous Brazilian footballer Pelé . Pelé believed Alexandre Pato and Neymar should have been selected to the squad . It was announced on 29 August 2011 that Dunga had signed a contract with Qatari club Al-Rayyan as a replacement for Paulo Autuori , but Al Rayyan opted to sign another coach after Dunga stated he was not sure about the position . Internacional . On 12 December 2012 , Dunga was confirmed as new coach of Internacional , where he started and finished his career as a player . On 3 October 2013 , he was fired after a series of losses left the gaúcho team in disarray . Dunga served as a commentator for IRIB during the 2014 World Cup . Brazil . On 22 July 2014 , Dunga was announced as the new manager of Brazil , replacing Luiz Felipe Scolari . He returned to the position for the first time since Brazils exit in the 2010 World Cup . Dungas first match in his second reign as Brazils manager was a friendly match against 2014 World Cup quarter-finalists Colombia at Sun Life Stadium in Miami on 5 September 2014 , with Brazil winning the match 1–0 through an 83rd-minute Neymar free-kick goal . Dunga followed this up with wins against Ecuador ( 1–0 ) , in the 2014 Superclásico de las Américas against Argentina ( 2–0 ) , against Japan ( 4–0 ) , against Turkey ( 0–4 ) , and against Austria ( 1–2 ) . Dunga continued Brazils winning streak in 2015 by defeating France 3–1 in another friendly . They followed this with wins against Chile ( 1–0 ) , Mexico ( 2–0 ) and Honduras ( 1–0 ) . 2015 Copa América . Brazil started the tournament with a tight victory against Peru after coming from behind by 2–1 ( with Douglas Costa scoring in the dying moments ) , followed by a 1–0 defeat against Colombia and a 2–1 victory against Venezuela . In the knockout stage , Brazil faced Paraguay and was eliminated after drawing 1–1 in normal time and losing 4–3 in the penalty shootout . As such , Brazil was unable to qualify for a FIFA Confederations Cup ( in this case , the 2017 edition ) for the first time in almost 20 years . Copa América Centenario . Brazil began the tournament with a scoreless draw against Ecuador , with Ecuador having a goal controversially disallowed in the second half . This was followed by an emphatic 7–1 victory over Haiti , with Philippe Coutinho scoring a hat-trick . Needing only a draw to progress to the knockout stage of the tournament , Brazil suffered a controversial 1–0 loss to Peru , with Raúl Ruidíaz scoring by guiding the ball into the net with his arm . This loss , Brazils first loss to Peru since 1985 , saw Brazil eliminated from the tournament in the group stage for the first time since 1987 . On 14 June 2016 , he was fired by the CBF . Queens Park Rangers dispute . Dunga has an ongoing financial dispute with English club Queens Park Rangers . He claims he loaned £750,000 to QPR as an investor in the club when it was under previous owners , but that the new owners are refusing to give it back . QPR have commented on this issue by saying the cheque he paid to the club bounced , and that he is aware of this fact . Style of play . As a player , Dunga was a strong , hard-tackling , ball-winning defensive midfielder with good technique , tactical versatility and an ability to read the game well and organise his teammates ; he was highly regarded for his anticipation and ability to time his challenges , only going in for tackles or sliding challenges when he deemed it necessary . He was also capable of contributing creatively and offensively to his teams ; he usually positioned himself in front of the defence , which allowed him to break down the opposing teams plays , and start attacking plays with his passing once he won back possession . Dunga was also known for his powerful striking ability from distance and from set-pieces , as well as his vision and passing range , which also saw him function as a deep-lying playmaker ; he often played long balls to forwards using the outside of his right foot . Considered to be one of the greatest holding midfielders of all time , Dunga was seen as an atypical Brazilian footballer , however , who was more similar to European midfielders in terms of his composed , efficient , tenacious and physical style of play . Although he lacked the refined quality of traditional , more skilful Brazilian midfielders in the mold of Zico , he stood out for his leadership , work-rate and his determination throughout his career . However , he also drew at criticism at time from Brazilian fans and pundits alike , due to his more physical and direct playing style , which also reflected the defensive style of play that the Brazil national team had adopted throughout his international career , in favour of the more exciting attacking style that had often characterised their previous teams ; as such , this period during the 1990s came to be known as the Dunga Era in the media . Honours . Player . Internacional - Rio Grande do Sul State League : 1982 , 1983 , 1984 Vasco da Gama - Rio de Janeiro State League : 1987 Júbilo Iwata - J . League : 1997 Brazil U-20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 1983 - South American Youth Championship : 1983 Brazil - FIFA World Cup : 1994 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 1997 - Copa América : 1989 , 1997 - Olympic Silver Medal : 1984 - South American Pre-Olympic Tournament : 1984 Individual - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1994 , 1998 - J . League Most Valuable Player : 1997 - J . League Best Eleven : 1997 , 1998 - FIFA XI : 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 - Golden Foot : 2010 , as a football legend - Fiorentina All-time XI Manager . Internacional - Rio Grande do Sul State League : 2013 Brazil - Copa América : 2007 - Olympic Bronze Medal : 2008 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 2009 - Superclásico de las Américas : 2014 Individual - IFFHS Worlds Best National Coach : 2007
[ "Vasco da Gama", "Pisa" ]	easy	Which team did the player Dunga belong to from 1987 to 1988?	/wiki/Dunga#P54#3	Dunga Carlos Caetano Bledorn Verri ( born October 31 , 1963 ) , commonly known as Dunga ( ) , is a Brazilian football manager and former professional player who played as a defensive midfielder . Under his captaincy , Brazil won the 1994 FIFA World Cup and he lifted the World Cup trophy . Along with Xavi , he is one of only two men to have played in a World Cup final , an Olympic final , a Confederations Cup final and a continental championship final . He was head coach of Brazil twice . In his first spell from 2006 to 2010 , he led them to victory in the 2007 Copa América and the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup , and to the quarter-finals of the 2010 FIFA World Cup , after which he was dismissed by the Brazilian Football Confederation . He was appointed in 2014 for a second time , but Brazils early exit from the Copa América Centenario led to his dismissal in June 2016 . He was also head coach of Internacional in 2013 . His nickname is derived from the Portuguese translation of Dopey , a dwarf from the Disney version of Snow White , and was given to him by his uncle due to his short height during childhood . It was believed that he would be a short adult and the nickname remained in use even after he grew up and became taller . He is of Italian and German descent . Playing career . Club career . At the club level , Dunga played for Internacional ( 1980–84 , 1999–2000 ) , Corinthians ( 1984–85 ) , Santos ( 1985–87 ) , Vasco da Gama ( 1987 ) , Pisa ( 1987–88 ) , Fiorentina ( 1988–92 ) , Pescara ( 1992–93 ) , VfB Stuttgart ( 1993–95 ) , and Jubilo Iwata ( 1995–98 ) . International career . Internationally , Dunga played 91 times for Brazil , scoring six goals . His international career began in 1983 at the FIFA U-20 World Cup . Dunga captained the young Brazilian squad , winning the tournament against Argentina in the final . A year later , he helped Brazil to win a silver medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California . Dunga then began reaching call-ups to Brazils senior squad , winning the 1989 Copa América by defeating Uruguay at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro . Dunga was a starter for Brazil at the 1990 FIFA World Cup , during which he was held responsible more so than his teammates for the teams worst campaign at a World Cup since 1966 , after a lackluster tournament and the squads subsequent elimination in the second round by arch rivals Argentina . In the following years , he would be consistently targeted by Brazilian press due to his supposedly thuggish style of playing . This period in Brazils football history was called Era Dunga , as according to fans and journalists , he symbolized the less-than-thrilling , slow , gritty , direct , and defensive style that the team had adopted in favour of a more exciting attacking style . Dunga played the anchor role in midfield extremely effectively , due to his ability to break down play and subsequently start attacks with his passing . Many other players in this position lunged into tackles and put themselves about , but Dunga rarely went to ground to make a tackle , instead using his anticipation and timing to win challenges and retrieve the ball . Despite his infamous reputation , Brazils new coach Carlos Alberto Parreira kept Dunga as one of the starting XI throughout the 1994 World Cup Qualifiers and finals . Raí initially started the 1994 World Cup in the United States as the Brazilian teams captain , but after allegedly being held responsible for Brazils poor performances early on in the tournament , he was eventually dropped altogether in favour of Mazinho . Dunga took over the captaincy and went on to lift the trophy . Dunga scored the third penalty kick in the shoot-out victory against Italy in the final , following a 0–0 draw after extra-time . According to FIFA.com , the lack of attacking play in the final of the tournament against Italy was in part down to strong holding midfield play by Dino Baggio for Italy , and Dunga and Mauro Silva for Brazil . Dunga retained the role of the Brazil national teams captain for the next four years until the 1998 FIFA World Cup , in which he participated , despite playing in the Japanese J . League , in what was considered to be a lower standard of competitive football at the time . The 1998 edition of the tournament was notable for the tensions and lack of teamwork within the Brazilian side . It was often visible on the pitch as demonstrated by the fact that Dunga got into a fight with teammate Bebeto in the first round match against Morocco , forcing the rest of the team to break them up . Despite these difficulties , Brazil went on to reach the final of the tournament , where they lost 3–0 to hosts France . En route to the final , Dunga scored his teams fourth penalty kick in the shootout victory against the Netherlands in the semi-finals . Management . Brazil . On 24 July 2006 , Dunga was named as the new national coach of the Brazil national team as a replacement for Carlos Alberto Parreira , despite the fact that he had no prior coaching experience at the professional level . Nonetheless , he made an impressive start with Brazil , winning four of his first five matches . Dungas first match in charge was against Norway which was played in Oslo on 16 August 2006 ; the game ended in a 1–1 draw . His second match was held against archrivals Argentina on 3 September at Arsenals new Emirates Stadium in London ; Brazil won 3–0 . On 5 September , Brazil then defeated Wales 2–0 at Tottenham Hotspurs White Hart Lane ground . They later defeated Kuwaiti club Al-Kuwait 4–0 , Ecuador 2–1 and Switzerland 2–1 . Dunga did not just look for players at large clubs , but looked at the whole scope of Europe , finding individual talents such as Daniel Carvalho , Vágner Love , Dudu Cearense of Russian club CSKA Moscow and from local Brazilian clubs such as Corinthians , Flamengo and São Paulo . In 2007 , Dunga managed Brazil to their second-straight Copa América title by beating Argentina in the final 3–0 , who were heavily favored to win against a weaker Brazil squad . Dungas squad also won the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa on 28 June 2009 . The team came back from a 2–0 deficit against the United States to emerge victorious from a Lúcio header in the 84th minute that made the score 3–2 . At the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Brazil made it to the quarter-finals , where they suffered a 2–1 loss to the Netherlands after having led the game 1–0 . After Brazils exit from the competition , Dunga announced he would stand down as coach , but was first dismissed by CBF on 24 July 2010 . Dungas 2010 World Cup selections were criticized by many , including famous Brazilian footballer Pelé . Pelé believed Alexandre Pato and Neymar should have been selected to the squad . It was announced on 29 August 2011 that Dunga had signed a contract with Qatari club Al-Rayyan as a replacement for Paulo Autuori , but Al Rayyan opted to sign another coach after Dunga stated he was not sure about the position . Internacional . On 12 December 2012 , Dunga was confirmed as new coach of Internacional , where he started and finished his career as a player . On 3 October 2013 , he was fired after a series of losses left the gaúcho team in disarray . Dunga served as a commentator for IRIB during the 2014 World Cup . Brazil . On 22 July 2014 , Dunga was announced as the new manager of Brazil , replacing Luiz Felipe Scolari . He returned to the position for the first time since Brazils exit in the 2010 World Cup . Dungas first match in his second reign as Brazils manager was a friendly match against 2014 World Cup quarter-finalists Colombia at Sun Life Stadium in Miami on 5 September 2014 , with Brazil winning the match 1–0 through an 83rd-minute Neymar free-kick goal . Dunga followed this up with wins against Ecuador ( 1–0 ) , in the 2014 Superclásico de las Américas against Argentina ( 2–0 ) , against Japan ( 4–0 ) , against Turkey ( 0–4 ) , and against Austria ( 1–2 ) . Dunga continued Brazils winning streak in 2015 by defeating France 3–1 in another friendly . They followed this with wins against Chile ( 1–0 ) , Mexico ( 2–0 ) and Honduras ( 1–0 ) . 2015 Copa América . Brazil started the tournament with a tight victory against Peru after coming from behind by 2–1 ( with Douglas Costa scoring in the dying moments ) , followed by a 1–0 defeat against Colombia and a 2–1 victory against Venezuela . In the knockout stage , Brazil faced Paraguay and was eliminated after drawing 1–1 in normal time and losing 4–3 in the penalty shootout . As such , Brazil was unable to qualify for a FIFA Confederations Cup ( in this case , the 2017 edition ) for the first time in almost 20 years . Copa América Centenario . Brazil began the tournament with a scoreless draw against Ecuador , with Ecuador having a goal controversially disallowed in the second half . This was followed by an emphatic 7–1 victory over Haiti , with Philippe Coutinho scoring a hat-trick . Needing only a draw to progress to the knockout stage of the tournament , Brazil suffered a controversial 1–0 loss to Peru , with Raúl Ruidíaz scoring by guiding the ball into the net with his arm . This loss , Brazils first loss to Peru since 1985 , saw Brazil eliminated from the tournament in the group stage for the first time since 1987 . On 14 June 2016 , he was fired by the CBF . Queens Park Rangers dispute . Dunga has an ongoing financial dispute with English club Queens Park Rangers . He claims he loaned £750,000 to QPR as an investor in the club when it was under previous owners , but that the new owners are refusing to give it back . QPR have commented on this issue by saying the cheque he paid to the club bounced , and that he is aware of this fact . Style of play . As a player , Dunga was a strong , hard-tackling , ball-winning defensive midfielder with good technique , tactical versatility and an ability to read the game well and organise his teammates ; he was highly regarded for his anticipation and ability to time his challenges , only going in for tackles or sliding challenges when he deemed it necessary . He was also capable of contributing creatively and offensively to his teams ; he usually positioned himself in front of the defence , which allowed him to break down the opposing teams plays , and start attacking plays with his passing once he won back possession . Dunga was also known for his powerful striking ability from distance and from set-pieces , as well as his vision and passing range , which also saw him function as a deep-lying playmaker ; he often played long balls to forwards using the outside of his right foot . Considered to be one of the greatest holding midfielders of all time , Dunga was seen as an atypical Brazilian footballer , however , who was more similar to European midfielders in terms of his composed , efficient , tenacious and physical style of play . Although he lacked the refined quality of traditional , more skilful Brazilian midfielders in the mold of Zico , he stood out for his leadership , work-rate and his determination throughout his career . However , he also drew at criticism at time from Brazilian fans and pundits alike , due to his more physical and direct playing style , which also reflected the defensive style of play that the Brazil national team had adopted throughout his international career , in favour of the more exciting attacking style that had often characterised their previous teams ; as such , this period during the 1990s came to be known as the Dunga Era in the media . Honours . Player . Internacional - Rio Grande do Sul State League : 1982 , 1983 , 1984 Vasco da Gama - Rio de Janeiro State League : 1987 Júbilo Iwata - J . League : 1997 Brazil U-20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 1983 - South American Youth Championship : 1983 Brazil - FIFA World Cup : 1994 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 1997 - Copa América : 1989 , 1997 - Olympic Silver Medal : 1984 - South American Pre-Olympic Tournament : 1984 Individual - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1994 , 1998 - J . League Most Valuable Player : 1997 - J . League Best Eleven : 1997 , 1998 - FIFA XI : 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 - Golden Foot : 2010 , as a football legend - Fiorentina All-time XI Manager . Internacional - Rio Grande do Sul State League : 2013 Brazil - Copa América : 2007 - Olympic Bronze Medal : 2008 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 2009 - Superclásico de las Américas : 2014 Individual - IFFHS Worlds Best National Coach : 2007
[ "Fiorentina" ]	easy	Which team did Dunga play for from 1988 to 1992?	/wiki/Dunga#P54#4	Dunga Carlos Caetano Bledorn Verri ( born October 31 , 1963 ) , commonly known as Dunga ( ) , is a Brazilian football manager and former professional player who played as a defensive midfielder . Under his captaincy , Brazil won the 1994 FIFA World Cup and he lifted the World Cup trophy . Along with Xavi , he is one of only two men to have played in a World Cup final , an Olympic final , a Confederations Cup final and a continental championship final . He was head coach of Brazil twice . In his first spell from 2006 to 2010 , he led them to victory in the 2007 Copa América and the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup , and to the quarter-finals of the 2010 FIFA World Cup , after which he was dismissed by the Brazilian Football Confederation . He was appointed in 2014 for a second time , but Brazils early exit from the Copa América Centenario led to his dismissal in June 2016 . He was also head coach of Internacional in 2013 . His nickname is derived from the Portuguese translation of Dopey , a dwarf from the Disney version of Snow White , and was given to him by his uncle due to his short height during childhood . It was believed that he would be a short adult and the nickname remained in use even after he grew up and became taller . He is of Italian and German descent . Playing career . Club career . At the club level , Dunga played for Internacional ( 1980–84 , 1999–2000 ) , Corinthians ( 1984–85 ) , Santos ( 1985–87 ) , Vasco da Gama ( 1987 ) , Pisa ( 1987–88 ) , Fiorentina ( 1988–92 ) , Pescara ( 1992–93 ) , VfB Stuttgart ( 1993–95 ) , and Jubilo Iwata ( 1995–98 ) . International career . Internationally , Dunga played 91 times for Brazil , scoring six goals . His international career began in 1983 at the FIFA U-20 World Cup . Dunga captained the young Brazilian squad , winning the tournament against Argentina in the final . A year later , he helped Brazil to win a silver medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California . Dunga then began reaching call-ups to Brazils senior squad , winning the 1989 Copa América by defeating Uruguay at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro . Dunga was a starter for Brazil at the 1990 FIFA World Cup , during which he was held responsible more so than his teammates for the teams worst campaign at a World Cup since 1966 , after a lackluster tournament and the squads subsequent elimination in the second round by arch rivals Argentina . In the following years , he would be consistently targeted by Brazilian press due to his supposedly thuggish style of playing . This period in Brazils football history was called Era Dunga , as according to fans and journalists , he symbolized the less-than-thrilling , slow , gritty , direct , and defensive style that the team had adopted in favour of a more exciting attacking style . Dunga played the anchor role in midfield extremely effectively , due to his ability to break down play and subsequently start attacks with his passing . Many other players in this position lunged into tackles and put themselves about , but Dunga rarely went to ground to make a tackle , instead using his anticipation and timing to win challenges and retrieve the ball . Despite his infamous reputation , Brazils new coach Carlos Alberto Parreira kept Dunga as one of the starting XI throughout the 1994 World Cup Qualifiers and finals . Raí initially started the 1994 World Cup in the United States as the Brazilian teams captain , but after allegedly being held responsible for Brazils poor performances early on in the tournament , he was eventually dropped altogether in favour of Mazinho . Dunga took over the captaincy and went on to lift the trophy . Dunga scored the third penalty kick in the shoot-out victory against Italy in the final , following a 0–0 draw after extra-time . According to FIFA.com , the lack of attacking play in the final of the tournament against Italy was in part down to strong holding midfield play by Dino Baggio for Italy , and Dunga and Mauro Silva for Brazil . Dunga retained the role of the Brazil national teams captain for the next four years until the 1998 FIFA World Cup , in which he participated , despite playing in the Japanese J . League , in what was considered to be a lower standard of competitive football at the time . The 1998 edition of the tournament was notable for the tensions and lack of teamwork within the Brazilian side . It was often visible on the pitch as demonstrated by the fact that Dunga got into a fight with teammate Bebeto in the first round match against Morocco , forcing the rest of the team to break them up . Despite these difficulties , Brazil went on to reach the final of the tournament , where they lost 3–0 to hosts France . En route to the final , Dunga scored his teams fourth penalty kick in the shootout victory against the Netherlands in the semi-finals . Management . Brazil . On 24 July 2006 , Dunga was named as the new national coach of the Brazil national team as a replacement for Carlos Alberto Parreira , despite the fact that he had no prior coaching experience at the professional level . Nonetheless , he made an impressive start with Brazil , winning four of his first five matches . Dungas first match in charge was against Norway which was played in Oslo on 16 August 2006 ; the game ended in a 1–1 draw . His second match was held against archrivals Argentina on 3 September at Arsenals new Emirates Stadium in London ; Brazil won 3–0 . On 5 September , Brazil then defeated Wales 2–0 at Tottenham Hotspurs White Hart Lane ground . They later defeated Kuwaiti club Al-Kuwait 4–0 , Ecuador 2–1 and Switzerland 2–1 . Dunga did not just look for players at large clubs , but looked at the whole scope of Europe , finding individual talents such as Daniel Carvalho , Vágner Love , Dudu Cearense of Russian club CSKA Moscow and from local Brazilian clubs such as Corinthians , Flamengo and São Paulo . In 2007 , Dunga managed Brazil to their second-straight Copa América title by beating Argentina in the final 3–0 , who were heavily favored to win against a weaker Brazil squad . Dungas squad also won the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa on 28 June 2009 . The team came back from a 2–0 deficit against the United States to emerge victorious from a Lúcio header in the 84th minute that made the score 3–2 . At the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Brazil made it to the quarter-finals , where they suffered a 2–1 loss to the Netherlands after having led the game 1–0 . After Brazils exit from the competition , Dunga announced he would stand down as coach , but was first dismissed by CBF on 24 July 2010 . Dungas 2010 World Cup selections were criticized by many , including famous Brazilian footballer Pelé . Pelé believed Alexandre Pato and Neymar should have been selected to the squad . It was announced on 29 August 2011 that Dunga had signed a contract with Qatari club Al-Rayyan as a replacement for Paulo Autuori , but Al Rayyan opted to sign another coach after Dunga stated he was not sure about the position . Internacional . On 12 December 2012 , Dunga was confirmed as new coach of Internacional , where he started and finished his career as a player . On 3 October 2013 , he was fired after a series of losses left the gaúcho team in disarray . Dunga served as a commentator for IRIB during the 2014 World Cup . Brazil . On 22 July 2014 , Dunga was announced as the new manager of Brazil , replacing Luiz Felipe Scolari . He returned to the position for the first time since Brazils exit in the 2010 World Cup . Dungas first match in his second reign as Brazils manager was a friendly match against 2014 World Cup quarter-finalists Colombia at Sun Life Stadium in Miami on 5 September 2014 , with Brazil winning the match 1–0 through an 83rd-minute Neymar free-kick goal . Dunga followed this up with wins against Ecuador ( 1–0 ) , in the 2014 Superclásico de las Américas against Argentina ( 2–0 ) , against Japan ( 4–0 ) , against Turkey ( 0–4 ) , and against Austria ( 1–2 ) . Dunga continued Brazils winning streak in 2015 by defeating France 3–1 in another friendly . They followed this with wins against Chile ( 1–0 ) , Mexico ( 2–0 ) and Honduras ( 1–0 ) . 2015 Copa América . Brazil started the tournament with a tight victory against Peru after coming from behind by 2–1 ( with Douglas Costa scoring in the dying moments ) , followed by a 1–0 defeat against Colombia and a 2–1 victory against Venezuela . In the knockout stage , Brazil faced Paraguay and was eliminated after drawing 1–1 in normal time and losing 4–3 in the penalty shootout . As such , Brazil was unable to qualify for a FIFA Confederations Cup ( in this case , the 2017 edition ) for the first time in almost 20 years . Copa América Centenario . Brazil began the tournament with a scoreless draw against Ecuador , with Ecuador having a goal controversially disallowed in the second half . This was followed by an emphatic 7–1 victory over Haiti , with Philippe Coutinho scoring a hat-trick . Needing only a draw to progress to the knockout stage of the tournament , Brazil suffered a controversial 1–0 loss to Peru , with Raúl Ruidíaz scoring by guiding the ball into the net with his arm . This loss , Brazils first loss to Peru since 1985 , saw Brazil eliminated from the tournament in the group stage for the first time since 1987 . On 14 June 2016 , he was fired by the CBF . Queens Park Rangers dispute . Dunga has an ongoing financial dispute with English club Queens Park Rangers . He claims he loaned £750,000 to QPR as an investor in the club when it was under previous owners , but that the new owners are refusing to give it back . QPR have commented on this issue by saying the cheque he paid to the club bounced , and that he is aware of this fact . Style of play . As a player , Dunga was a strong , hard-tackling , ball-winning defensive midfielder with good technique , tactical versatility and an ability to read the game well and organise his teammates ; he was highly regarded for his anticipation and ability to time his challenges , only going in for tackles or sliding challenges when he deemed it necessary . He was also capable of contributing creatively and offensively to his teams ; he usually positioned himself in front of the defence , which allowed him to break down the opposing teams plays , and start attacking plays with his passing once he won back possession . Dunga was also known for his powerful striking ability from distance and from set-pieces , as well as his vision and passing range , which also saw him function as a deep-lying playmaker ; he often played long balls to forwards using the outside of his right foot . Considered to be one of the greatest holding midfielders of all time , Dunga was seen as an atypical Brazilian footballer , however , who was more similar to European midfielders in terms of his composed , efficient , tenacious and physical style of play . Although he lacked the refined quality of traditional , more skilful Brazilian midfielders in the mold of Zico , he stood out for his leadership , work-rate and his determination throughout his career . However , he also drew at criticism at time from Brazilian fans and pundits alike , due to his more physical and direct playing style , which also reflected the defensive style of play that the Brazil national team had adopted throughout his international career , in favour of the more exciting attacking style that had often characterised their previous teams ; as such , this period during the 1990s came to be known as the Dunga Era in the media . Honours . Player . Internacional - Rio Grande do Sul State League : 1982 , 1983 , 1984 Vasco da Gama - Rio de Janeiro State League : 1987 Júbilo Iwata - J . League : 1997 Brazil U-20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 1983 - South American Youth Championship : 1983 Brazil - FIFA World Cup : 1994 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 1997 - Copa América : 1989 , 1997 - Olympic Silver Medal : 1984 - South American Pre-Olympic Tournament : 1984 Individual - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1994 , 1998 - J . League Most Valuable Player : 1997 - J . League Best Eleven : 1997 , 1998 - FIFA XI : 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 - Golden Foot : 2010 , as a football legend - Fiorentina All-time XI Manager . Internacional - Rio Grande do Sul State League : 2013 Brazil - Copa América : 2007 - Olympic Bronze Medal : 2008 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 2009 - Superclásico de las Américas : 2014 Individual - IFFHS Worlds Best National Coach : 2007
[ "Pescara" ]	easy	Which team did the player Dunga belong to from 1992 to 1993?	/wiki/Dunga#P54#5	Dunga Carlos Caetano Bledorn Verri ( born October 31 , 1963 ) , commonly known as Dunga ( ) , is a Brazilian football manager and former professional player who played as a defensive midfielder . Under his captaincy , Brazil won the 1994 FIFA World Cup and he lifted the World Cup trophy . Along with Xavi , he is one of only two men to have played in a World Cup final , an Olympic final , a Confederations Cup final and a continental championship final . He was head coach of Brazil twice . In his first spell from 2006 to 2010 , he led them to victory in the 2007 Copa América and the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup , and to the quarter-finals of the 2010 FIFA World Cup , after which he was dismissed by the Brazilian Football Confederation . He was appointed in 2014 for a second time , but Brazils early exit from the Copa América Centenario led to his dismissal in June 2016 . He was also head coach of Internacional in 2013 . His nickname is derived from the Portuguese translation of Dopey , a dwarf from the Disney version of Snow White , and was given to him by his uncle due to his short height during childhood . It was believed that he would be a short adult and the nickname remained in use even after he grew up and became taller . He is of Italian and German descent . Playing career . Club career . At the club level , Dunga played for Internacional ( 1980–84 , 1999–2000 ) , Corinthians ( 1984–85 ) , Santos ( 1985–87 ) , Vasco da Gama ( 1987 ) , Pisa ( 1987–88 ) , Fiorentina ( 1988–92 ) , Pescara ( 1992–93 ) , VfB Stuttgart ( 1993–95 ) , and Jubilo Iwata ( 1995–98 ) . International career . Internationally , Dunga played 91 times for Brazil , scoring six goals . His international career began in 1983 at the FIFA U-20 World Cup . Dunga captained the young Brazilian squad , winning the tournament against Argentina in the final . A year later , he helped Brazil to win a silver medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California . Dunga then began reaching call-ups to Brazils senior squad , winning the 1989 Copa América by defeating Uruguay at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro . Dunga was a starter for Brazil at the 1990 FIFA World Cup , during which he was held responsible more so than his teammates for the teams worst campaign at a World Cup since 1966 , after a lackluster tournament and the squads subsequent elimination in the second round by arch rivals Argentina . In the following years , he would be consistently targeted by Brazilian press due to his supposedly thuggish style of playing . This period in Brazils football history was called Era Dunga , as according to fans and journalists , he symbolized the less-than-thrilling , slow , gritty , direct , and defensive style that the team had adopted in favour of a more exciting attacking style . Dunga played the anchor role in midfield extremely effectively , due to his ability to break down play and subsequently start attacks with his passing . Many other players in this position lunged into tackles and put themselves about , but Dunga rarely went to ground to make a tackle , instead using his anticipation and timing to win challenges and retrieve the ball . Despite his infamous reputation , Brazils new coach Carlos Alberto Parreira kept Dunga as one of the starting XI throughout the 1994 World Cup Qualifiers and finals . Raí initially started the 1994 World Cup in the United States as the Brazilian teams captain , but after allegedly being held responsible for Brazils poor performances early on in the tournament , he was eventually dropped altogether in favour of Mazinho . Dunga took over the captaincy and went on to lift the trophy . Dunga scored the third penalty kick in the shoot-out victory against Italy in the final , following a 0–0 draw after extra-time . According to FIFA.com , the lack of attacking play in the final of the tournament against Italy was in part down to strong holding midfield play by Dino Baggio for Italy , and Dunga and Mauro Silva for Brazil . Dunga retained the role of the Brazil national teams captain for the next four years until the 1998 FIFA World Cup , in which he participated , despite playing in the Japanese J . League , in what was considered to be a lower standard of competitive football at the time . The 1998 edition of the tournament was notable for the tensions and lack of teamwork within the Brazilian side . It was often visible on the pitch as demonstrated by the fact that Dunga got into a fight with teammate Bebeto in the first round match against Morocco , forcing the rest of the team to break them up . Despite these difficulties , Brazil went on to reach the final of the tournament , where they lost 3–0 to hosts France . En route to the final , Dunga scored his teams fourth penalty kick in the shootout victory against the Netherlands in the semi-finals . Management . Brazil . On 24 July 2006 , Dunga was named as the new national coach of the Brazil national team as a replacement for Carlos Alberto Parreira , despite the fact that he had no prior coaching experience at the professional level . Nonetheless , he made an impressive start with Brazil , winning four of his first five matches . Dungas first match in charge was against Norway which was played in Oslo on 16 August 2006 ; the game ended in a 1–1 draw . His second match was held against archrivals Argentina on 3 September at Arsenals new Emirates Stadium in London ; Brazil won 3–0 . On 5 September , Brazil then defeated Wales 2–0 at Tottenham Hotspurs White Hart Lane ground . They later defeated Kuwaiti club Al-Kuwait 4–0 , Ecuador 2–1 and Switzerland 2–1 . Dunga did not just look for players at large clubs , but looked at the whole scope of Europe , finding individual talents such as Daniel Carvalho , Vágner Love , Dudu Cearense of Russian club CSKA Moscow and from local Brazilian clubs such as Corinthians , Flamengo and São Paulo . In 2007 , Dunga managed Brazil to their second-straight Copa América title by beating Argentina in the final 3–0 , who were heavily favored to win against a weaker Brazil squad . Dungas squad also won the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa on 28 June 2009 . The team came back from a 2–0 deficit against the United States to emerge victorious from a Lúcio header in the 84th minute that made the score 3–2 . At the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Brazil made it to the quarter-finals , where they suffered a 2–1 loss to the Netherlands after having led the game 1–0 . After Brazils exit from the competition , Dunga announced he would stand down as coach , but was first dismissed by CBF on 24 July 2010 . Dungas 2010 World Cup selections were criticized by many , including famous Brazilian footballer Pelé . Pelé believed Alexandre Pato and Neymar should have been selected to the squad . It was announced on 29 August 2011 that Dunga had signed a contract with Qatari club Al-Rayyan as a replacement for Paulo Autuori , but Al Rayyan opted to sign another coach after Dunga stated he was not sure about the position . Internacional . On 12 December 2012 , Dunga was confirmed as new coach of Internacional , where he started and finished his career as a player . On 3 October 2013 , he was fired after a series of losses left the gaúcho team in disarray . Dunga served as a commentator for IRIB during the 2014 World Cup . Brazil . On 22 July 2014 , Dunga was announced as the new manager of Brazil , replacing Luiz Felipe Scolari . He returned to the position for the first time since Brazils exit in the 2010 World Cup . Dungas first match in his second reign as Brazils manager was a friendly match against 2014 World Cup quarter-finalists Colombia at Sun Life Stadium in Miami on 5 September 2014 , with Brazil winning the match 1–0 through an 83rd-minute Neymar free-kick goal . Dunga followed this up with wins against Ecuador ( 1–0 ) , in the 2014 Superclásico de las Américas against Argentina ( 2–0 ) , against Japan ( 4–0 ) , against Turkey ( 0–4 ) , and against Austria ( 1–2 ) . Dunga continued Brazils winning streak in 2015 by defeating France 3–1 in another friendly . They followed this with wins against Chile ( 1–0 ) , Mexico ( 2–0 ) and Honduras ( 1–0 ) . 2015 Copa América . Brazil started the tournament with a tight victory against Peru after coming from behind by 2–1 ( with Douglas Costa scoring in the dying moments ) , followed by a 1–0 defeat against Colombia and a 2–1 victory against Venezuela . In the knockout stage , Brazil faced Paraguay and was eliminated after drawing 1–1 in normal time and losing 4–3 in the penalty shootout . As such , Brazil was unable to qualify for a FIFA Confederations Cup ( in this case , the 2017 edition ) for the first time in almost 20 years . Copa América Centenario . Brazil began the tournament with a scoreless draw against Ecuador , with Ecuador having a goal controversially disallowed in the second half . This was followed by an emphatic 7–1 victory over Haiti , with Philippe Coutinho scoring a hat-trick . Needing only a draw to progress to the knockout stage of the tournament , Brazil suffered a controversial 1–0 loss to Peru , with Raúl Ruidíaz scoring by guiding the ball into the net with his arm . This loss , Brazils first loss to Peru since 1985 , saw Brazil eliminated from the tournament in the group stage for the first time since 1987 . On 14 June 2016 , he was fired by the CBF . Queens Park Rangers dispute . Dunga has an ongoing financial dispute with English club Queens Park Rangers . He claims he loaned £750,000 to QPR as an investor in the club when it was under previous owners , but that the new owners are refusing to give it back . QPR have commented on this issue by saying the cheque he paid to the club bounced , and that he is aware of this fact . Style of play . As a player , Dunga was a strong , hard-tackling , ball-winning defensive midfielder with good technique , tactical versatility and an ability to read the game well and organise his teammates ; he was highly regarded for his anticipation and ability to time his challenges , only going in for tackles or sliding challenges when he deemed it necessary . He was also capable of contributing creatively and offensively to his teams ; he usually positioned himself in front of the defence , which allowed him to break down the opposing teams plays , and start attacking plays with his passing once he won back possession . Dunga was also known for his powerful striking ability from distance and from set-pieces , as well as his vision and passing range , which also saw him function as a deep-lying playmaker ; he often played long balls to forwards using the outside of his right foot . Considered to be one of the greatest holding midfielders of all time , Dunga was seen as an atypical Brazilian footballer , however , who was more similar to European midfielders in terms of his composed , efficient , tenacious and physical style of play . Although he lacked the refined quality of traditional , more skilful Brazilian midfielders in the mold of Zico , he stood out for his leadership , work-rate and his determination throughout his career . However , he also drew at criticism at time from Brazilian fans and pundits alike , due to his more physical and direct playing style , which also reflected the defensive style of play that the Brazil national team had adopted throughout his international career , in favour of the more exciting attacking style that had often characterised their previous teams ; as such , this period during the 1990s came to be known as the Dunga Era in the media . Honours . Player . Internacional - Rio Grande do Sul State League : 1982 , 1983 , 1984 Vasco da Gama - Rio de Janeiro State League : 1987 Júbilo Iwata - J . League : 1997 Brazil U-20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 1983 - South American Youth Championship : 1983 Brazil - FIFA World Cup : 1994 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 1997 - Copa América : 1989 , 1997 - Olympic Silver Medal : 1984 - South American Pre-Olympic Tournament : 1984 Individual - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1994 , 1998 - J . League Most Valuable Player : 1997 - J . League Best Eleven : 1997 , 1998 - FIFA XI : 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 - Golden Foot : 2010 , as a football legend - Fiorentina All-time XI Manager . Internacional - Rio Grande do Sul State League : 2013 Brazil - Copa América : 2007 - Olympic Bronze Medal : 2008 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 2009 - Superclásico de las Américas : 2014 Individual - IFFHS Worlds Best National Coach : 2007
[ "VfB Stuttgart" ]	easy	Which team did the player Dunga belong to from 1993 to 1995?	/wiki/Dunga#P54#6	Dunga Carlos Caetano Bledorn Verri ( born October 31 , 1963 ) , commonly known as Dunga ( ) , is a Brazilian football manager and former professional player who played as a defensive midfielder . Under his captaincy , Brazil won the 1994 FIFA World Cup and he lifted the World Cup trophy . Along with Xavi , he is one of only two men to have played in a World Cup final , an Olympic final , a Confederations Cup final and a continental championship final . He was head coach of Brazil twice . In his first spell from 2006 to 2010 , he led them to victory in the 2007 Copa América and the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup , and to the quarter-finals of the 2010 FIFA World Cup , after which he was dismissed by the Brazilian Football Confederation . He was appointed in 2014 for a second time , but Brazils early exit from the Copa América Centenario led to his dismissal in June 2016 . He was also head coach of Internacional in 2013 . His nickname is derived from the Portuguese translation of Dopey , a dwarf from the Disney version of Snow White , and was given to him by his uncle due to his short height during childhood . It was believed that he would be a short adult and the nickname remained in use even after he grew up and became taller . He is of Italian and German descent . Playing career . Club career . At the club level , Dunga played for Internacional ( 1980–84 , 1999–2000 ) , Corinthians ( 1984–85 ) , Santos ( 1985–87 ) , Vasco da Gama ( 1987 ) , Pisa ( 1987–88 ) , Fiorentina ( 1988–92 ) , Pescara ( 1992–93 ) , VfB Stuttgart ( 1993–95 ) , and Jubilo Iwata ( 1995–98 ) . International career . Internationally , Dunga played 91 times for Brazil , scoring six goals . His international career began in 1983 at the FIFA U-20 World Cup . Dunga captained the young Brazilian squad , winning the tournament against Argentina in the final . A year later , he helped Brazil to win a silver medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California . Dunga then began reaching call-ups to Brazils senior squad , winning the 1989 Copa América by defeating Uruguay at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro . Dunga was a starter for Brazil at the 1990 FIFA World Cup , during which he was held responsible more so than his teammates for the teams worst campaign at a World Cup since 1966 , after a lackluster tournament and the squads subsequent elimination in the second round by arch rivals Argentina . In the following years , he would be consistently targeted by Brazilian press due to his supposedly thuggish style of playing . This period in Brazils football history was called Era Dunga , as according to fans and journalists , he symbolized the less-than-thrilling , slow , gritty , direct , and defensive style that the team had adopted in favour of a more exciting attacking style . Dunga played the anchor role in midfield extremely effectively , due to his ability to break down play and subsequently start attacks with his passing . Many other players in this position lunged into tackles and put themselves about , but Dunga rarely went to ground to make a tackle , instead using his anticipation and timing to win challenges and retrieve the ball . Despite his infamous reputation , Brazils new coach Carlos Alberto Parreira kept Dunga as one of the starting XI throughout the 1994 World Cup Qualifiers and finals . Raí initially started the 1994 World Cup in the United States as the Brazilian teams captain , but after allegedly being held responsible for Brazils poor performances early on in the tournament , he was eventually dropped altogether in favour of Mazinho . Dunga took over the captaincy and went on to lift the trophy . Dunga scored the third penalty kick in the shoot-out victory against Italy in the final , following a 0–0 draw after extra-time . According to FIFA.com , the lack of attacking play in the final of the tournament against Italy was in part down to strong holding midfield play by Dino Baggio for Italy , and Dunga and Mauro Silva for Brazil . Dunga retained the role of the Brazil national teams captain for the next four years until the 1998 FIFA World Cup , in which he participated , despite playing in the Japanese J . League , in what was considered to be a lower standard of competitive football at the time . The 1998 edition of the tournament was notable for the tensions and lack of teamwork within the Brazilian side . It was often visible on the pitch as demonstrated by the fact that Dunga got into a fight with teammate Bebeto in the first round match against Morocco , forcing the rest of the team to break them up . Despite these difficulties , Brazil went on to reach the final of the tournament , where they lost 3–0 to hosts France . En route to the final , Dunga scored his teams fourth penalty kick in the shootout victory against the Netherlands in the semi-finals . Management . Brazil . On 24 July 2006 , Dunga was named as the new national coach of the Brazil national team as a replacement for Carlos Alberto Parreira , despite the fact that he had no prior coaching experience at the professional level . Nonetheless , he made an impressive start with Brazil , winning four of his first five matches . Dungas first match in charge was against Norway which was played in Oslo on 16 August 2006 ; the game ended in a 1–1 draw . His second match was held against archrivals Argentina on 3 September at Arsenals new Emirates Stadium in London ; Brazil won 3–0 . On 5 September , Brazil then defeated Wales 2–0 at Tottenham Hotspurs White Hart Lane ground . They later defeated Kuwaiti club Al-Kuwait 4–0 , Ecuador 2–1 and Switzerland 2–1 . Dunga did not just look for players at large clubs , but looked at the whole scope of Europe , finding individual talents such as Daniel Carvalho , Vágner Love , Dudu Cearense of Russian club CSKA Moscow and from local Brazilian clubs such as Corinthians , Flamengo and São Paulo . In 2007 , Dunga managed Brazil to their second-straight Copa América title by beating Argentina in the final 3–0 , who were heavily favored to win against a weaker Brazil squad . Dungas squad also won the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa on 28 June 2009 . The team came back from a 2–0 deficit against the United States to emerge victorious from a Lúcio header in the 84th minute that made the score 3–2 . At the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Brazil made it to the quarter-finals , where they suffered a 2–1 loss to the Netherlands after having led the game 1–0 . After Brazils exit from the competition , Dunga announced he would stand down as coach , but was first dismissed by CBF on 24 July 2010 . Dungas 2010 World Cup selections were criticized by many , including famous Brazilian footballer Pelé . Pelé believed Alexandre Pato and Neymar should have been selected to the squad . It was announced on 29 August 2011 that Dunga had signed a contract with Qatari club Al-Rayyan as a replacement for Paulo Autuori , but Al Rayyan opted to sign another coach after Dunga stated he was not sure about the position . Internacional . On 12 December 2012 , Dunga was confirmed as new coach of Internacional , where he started and finished his career as a player . On 3 October 2013 , he was fired after a series of losses left the gaúcho team in disarray . Dunga served as a commentator for IRIB during the 2014 World Cup . Brazil . On 22 July 2014 , Dunga was announced as the new manager of Brazil , replacing Luiz Felipe Scolari . He returned to the position for the first time since Brazils exit in the 2010 World Cup . Dungas first match in his second reign as Brazils manager was a friendly match against 2014 World Cup quarter-finalists Colombia at Sun Life Stadium in Miami on 5 September 2014 , with Brazil winning the match 1–0 through an 83rd-minute Neymar free-kick goal . Dunga followed this up with wins against Ecuador ( 1–0 ) , in the 2014 Superclásico de las Américas against Argentina ( 2–0 ) , against Japan ( 4–0 ) , against Turkey ( 0–4 ) , and against Austria ( 1–2 ) . Dunga continued Brazils winning streak in 2015 by defeating France 3–1 in another friendly . They followed this with wins against Chile ( 1–0 ) , Mexico ( 2–0 ) and Honduras ( 1–0 ) . 2015 Copa América . Brazil started the tournament with a tight victory against Peru after coming from behind by 2–1 ( with Douglas Costa scoring in the dying moments ) , followed by a 1–0 defeat against Colombia and a 2–1 victory against Venezuela . In the knockout stage , Brazil faced Paraguay and was eliminated after drawing 1–1 in normal time and losing 4–3 in the penalty shootout . As such , Brazil was unable to qualify for a FIFA Confederations Cup ( in this case , the 2017 edition ) for the first time in almost 20 years . Copa América Centenario . Brazil began the tournament with a scoreless draw against Ecuador , with Ecuador having a goal controversially disallowed in the second half . This was followed by an emphatic 7–1 victory over Haiti , with Philippe Coutinho scoring a hat-trick . Needing only a draw to progress to the knockout stage of the tournament , Brazil suffered a controversial 1–0 loss to Peru , with Raúl Ruidíaz scoring by guiding the ball into the net with his arm . This loss , Brazils first loss to Peru since 1985 , saw Brazil eliminated from the tournament in the group stage for the first time since 1987 . On 14 June 2016 , he was fired by the CBF . Queens Park Rangers dispute . Dunga has an ongoing financial dispute with English club Queens Park Rangers . He claims he loaned £750,000 to QPR as an investor in the club when it was under previous owners , but that the new owners are refusing to give it back . QPR have commented on this issue by saying the cheque he paid to the club bounced , and that he is aware of this fact . Style of play . As a player , Dunga was a strong , hard-tackling , ball-winning defensive midfielder with good technique , tactical versatility and an ability to read the game well and organise his teammates ; he was highly regarded for his anticipation and ability to time his challenges , only going in for tackles or sliding challenges when he deemed it necessary . He was also capable of contributing creatively and offensively to his teams ; he usually positioned himself in front of the defence , which allowed him to break down the opposing teams plays , and start attacking plays with his passing once he won back possession . Dunga was also known for his powerful striking ability from distance and from set-pieces , as well as his vision and passing range , which also saw him function as a deep-lying playmaker ; he often played long balls to forwards using the outside of his right foot . Considered to be one of the greatest holding midfielders of all time , Dunga was seen as an atypical Brazilian footballer , however , who was more similar to European midfielders in terms of his composed , efficient , tenacious and physical style of play . Although he lacked the refined quality of traditional , more skilful Brazilian midfielders in the mold of Zico , he stood out for his leadership , work-rate and his determination throughout his career . However , he also drew at criticism at time from Brazilian fans and pundits alike , due to his more physical and direct playing style , which also reflected the defensive style of play that the Brazil national team had adopted throughout his international career , in favour of the more exciting attacking style that had often characterised their previous teams ; as such , this period during the 1990s came to be known as the Dunga Era in the media . Honours . Player . Internacional - Rio Grande do Sul State League : 1982 , 1983 , 1984 Vasco da Gama - Rio de Janeiro State League : 1987 Júbilo Iwata - J . League : 1997 Brazil U-20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 1983 - South American Youth Championship : 1983 Brazil - FIFA World Cup : 1994 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 1997 - Copa América : 1989 , 1997 - Olympic Silver Medal : 1984 - South American Pre-Olympic Tournament : 1984 Individual - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1994 , 1998 - J . League Most Valuable Player : 1997 - J . League Best Eleven : 1997 , 1998 - FIFA XI : 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 - Golden Foot : 2010 , as a football legend - Fiorentina All-time XI Manager . Internacional - Rio Grande do Sul State League : 2013 Brazil - Copa América : 2007 - Olympic Bronze Medal : 2008 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 2009 - Superclásico de las Américas : 2014 Individual - IFFHS Worlds Best National Coach : 2007
[ "Jubilo Iwata" ]	easy	Dunga played for which team from 1995 to 1998?	/wiki/Dunga#P54#7	Dunga Carlos Caetano Bledorn Verri ( born October 31 , 1963 ) , commonly known as Dunga ( ) , is a Brazilian football manager and former professional player who played as a defensive midfielder . Under his captaincy , Brazil won the 1994 FIFA World Cup and he lifted the World Cup trophy . Along with Xavi , he is one of only two men to have played in a World Cup final , an Olympic final , a Confederations Cup final and a continental championship final . He was head coach of Brazil twice . In his first spell from 2006 to 2010 , he led them to victory in the 2007 Copa América and the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup , and to the quarter-finals of the 2010 FIFA World Cup , after which he was dismissed by the Brazilian Football Confederation . He was appointed in 2014 for a second time , but Brazils early exit from the Copa América Centenario led to his dismissal in June 2016 . He was also head coach of Internacional in 2013 . His nickname is derived from the Portuguese translation of Dopey , a dwarf from the Disney version of Snow White , and was given to him by his uncle due to his short height during childhood . It was believed that he would be a short adult and the nickname remained in use even after he grew up and became taller . He is of Italian and German descent . Playing career . Club career . At the club level , Dunga played for Internacional ( 1980–84 , 1999–2000 ) , Corinthians ( 1984–85 ) , Santos ( 1985–87 ) , Vasco da Gama ( 1987 ) , Pisa ( 1987–88 ) , Fiorentina ( 1988–92 ) , Pescara ( 1992–93 ) , VfB Stuttgart ( 1993–95 ) , and Jubilo Iwata ( 1995–98 ) . International career . Internationally , Dunga played 91 times for Brazil , scoring six goals . His international career began in 1983 at the FIFA U-20 World Cup . Dunga captained the young Brazilian squad , winning the tournament against Argentina in the final . A year later , he helped Brazil to win a silver medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California . Dunga then began reaching call-ups to Brazils senior squad , winning the 1989 Copa América by defeating Uruguay at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro . Dunga was a starter for Brazil at the 1990 FIFA World Cup , during which he was held responsible more so than his teammates for the teams worst campaign at a World Cup since 1966 , after a lackluster tournament and the squads subsequent elimination in the second round by arch rivals Argentina . In the following years , he would be consistently targeted by Brazilian press due to his supposedly thuggish style of playing . This period in Brazils football history was called Era Dunga , as according to fans and journalists , he symbolized the less-than-thrilling , slow , gritty , direct , and defensive style that the team had adopted in favour of a more exciting attacking style . Dunga played the anchor role in midfield extremely effectively , due to his ability to break down play and subsequently start attacks with his passing . Many other players in this position lunged into tackles and put themselves about , but Dunga rarely went to ground to make a tackle , instead using his anticipation and timing to win challenges and retrieve the ball . Despite his infamous reputation , Brazils new coach Carlos Alberto Parreira kept Dunga as one of the starting XI throughout the 1994 World Cup Qualifiers and finals . Raí initially started the 1994 World Cup in the United States as the Brazilian teams captain , but after allegedly being held responsible for Brazils poor performances early on in the tournament , he was eventually dropped altogether in favour of Mazinho . Dunga took over the captaincy and went on to lift the trophy . Dunga scored the third penalty kick in the shoot-out victory against Italy in the final , following a 0–0 draw after extra-time . According to FIFA.com , the lack of attacking play in the final of the tournament against Italy was in part down to strong holding midfield play by Dino Baggio for Italy , and Dunga and Mauro Silva for Brazil . Dunga retained the role of the Brazil national teams captain for the next four years until the 1998 FIFA World Cup , in which he participated , despite playing in the Japanese J . League , in what was considered to be a lower standard of competitive football at the time . The 1998 edition of the tournament was notable for the tensions and lack of teamwork within the Brazilian side . It was often visible on the pitch as demonstrated by the fact that Dunga got into a fight with teammate Bebeto in the first round match against Morocco , forcing the rest of the team to break them up . Despite these difficulties , Brazil went on to reach the final of the tournament , where they lost 3–0 to hosts France . En route to the final , Dunga scored his teams fourth penalty kick in the shootout victory against the Netherlands in the semi-finals . Management . Brazil . On 24 July 2006 , Dunga was named as the new national coach of the Brazil national team as a replacement for Carlos Alberto Parreira , despite the fact that he had no prior coaching experience at the professional level . Nonetheless , he made an impressive start with Brazil , winning four of his first five matches . Dungas first match in charge was against Norway which was played in Oslo on 16 August 2006 ; the game ended in a 1–1 draw . His second match was held against archrivals Argentina on 3 September at Arsenals new Emirates Stadium in London ; Brazil won 3–0 . On 5 September , Brazil then defeated Wales 2–0 at Tottenham Hotspurs White Hart Lane ground . They later defeated Kuwaiti club Al-Kuwait 4–0 , Ecuador 2–1 and Switzerland 2–1 . Dunga did not just look for players at large clubs , but looked at the whole scope of Europe , finding individual talents such as Daniel Carvalho , Vágner Love , Dudu Cearense of Russian club CSKA Moscow and from local Brazilian clubs such as Corinthians , Flamengo and São Paulo . In 2007 , Dunga managed Brazil to their second-straight Copa América title by beating Argentina in the final 3–0 , who were heavily favored to win against a weaker Brazil squad . Dungas squad also won the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa on 28 June 2009 . The team came back from a 2–0 deficit against the United States to emerge victorious from a Lúcio header in the 84th minute that made the score 3–2 . At the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Brazil made it to the quarter-finals , where they suffered a 2–1 loss to the Netherlands after having led the game 1–0 . After Brazils exit from the competition , Dunga announced he would stand down as coach , but was first dismissed by CBF on 24 July 2010 . Dungas 2010 World Cup selections were criticized by many , including famous Brazilian footballer Pelé . Pelé believed Alexandre Pato and Neymar should have been selected to the squad . It was announced on 29 August 2011 that Dunga had signed a contract with Qatari club Al-Rayyan as a replacement for Paulo Autuori , but Al Rayyan opted to sign another coach after Dunga stated he was not sure about the position . Internacional . On 12 December 2012 , Dunga was confirmed as new coach of Internacional , where he started and finished his career as a player . On 3 October 2013 , he was fired after a series of losses left the gaúcho team in disarray . Dunga served as a commentator for IRIB during the 2014 World Cup . Brazil . On 22 July 2014 , Dunga was announced as the new manager of Brazil , replacing Luiz Felipe Scolari . He returned to the position for the first time since Brazils exit in the 2010 World Cup . Dungas first match in his second reign as Brazils manager was a friendly match against 2014 World Cup quarter-finalists Colombia at Sun Life Stadium in Miami on 5 September 2014 , with Brazil winning the match 1–0 through an 83rd-minute Neymar free-kick goal . Dunga followed this up with wins against Ecuador ( 1–0 ) , in the 2014 Superclásico de las Américas against Argentina ( 2–0 ) , against Japan ( 4–0 ) , against Turkey ( 0–4 ) , and against Austria ( 1–2 ) . Dunga continued Brazils winning streak in 2015 by defeating France 3–1 in another friendly . They followed this with wins against Chile ( 1–0 ) , Mexico ( 2–0 ) and Honduras ( 1–0 ) . 2015 Copa América . Brazil started the tournament with a tight victory against Peru after coming from behind by 2–1 ( with Douglas Costa scoring in the dying moments ) , followed by a 1–0 defeat against Colombia and a 2–1 victory against Venezuela . In the knockout stage , Brazil faced Paraguay and was eliminated after drawing 1–1 in normal time and losing 4–3 in the penalty shootout . As such , Brazil was unable to qualify for a FIFA Confederations Cup ( in this case , the 2017 edition ) for the first time in almost 20 years . Copa América Centenario . Brazil began the tournament with a scoreless draw against Ecuador , with Ecuador having a goal controversially disallowed in the second half . This was followed by an emphatic 7–1 victory over Haiti , with Philippe Coutinho scoring a hat-trick . Needing only a draw to progress to the knockout stage of the tournament , Brazil suffered a controversial 1–0 loss to Peru , with Raúl Ruidíaz scoring by guiding the ball into the net with his arm . This loss , Brazils first loss to Peru since 1985 , saw Brazil eliminated from the tournament in the group stage for the first time since 1987 . On 14 June 2016 , he was fired by the CBF . Queens Park Rangers dispute . Dunga has an ongoing financial dispute with English club Queens Park Rangers . He claims he loaned £750,000 to QPR as an investor in the club when it was under previous owners , but that the new owners are refusing to give it back . QPR have commented on this issue by saying the cheque he paid to the club bounced , and that he is aware of this fact . Style of play . As a player , Dunga was a strong , hard-tackling , ball-winning defensive midfielder with good technique , tactical versatility and an ability to read the game well and organise his teammates ; he was highly regarded for his anticipation and ability to time his challenges , only going in for tackles or sliding challenges when he deemed it necessary . He was also capable of contributing creatively and offensively to his teams ; he usually positioned himself in front of the defence , which allowed him to break down the opposing teams plays , and start attacking plays with his passing once he won back possession . Dunga was also known for his powerful striking ability from distance and from set-pieces , as well as his vision and passing range , which also saw him function as a deep-lying playmaker ; he often played long balls to forwards using the outside of his right foot . Considered to be one of the greatest holding midfielders of all time , Dunga was seen as an atypical Brazilian footballer , however , who was more similar to European midfielders in terms of his composed , efficient , tenacious and physical style of play . Although he lacked the refined quality of traditional , more skilful Brazilian midfielders in the mold of Zico , he stood out for his leadership , work-rate and his determination throughout his career . However , he also drew at criticism at time from Brazilian fans and pundits alike , due to his more physical and direct playing style , which also reflected the defensive style of play that the Brazil national team had adopted throughout his international career , in favour of the more exciting attacking style that had often characterised their previous teams ; as such , this period during the 1990s came to be known as the Dunga Era in the media . Honours . Player . Internacional - Rio Grande do Sul State League : 1982 , 1983 , 1984 Vasco da Gama - Rio de Janeiro State League : 1987 Júbilo Iwata - J . League : 1997 Brazil U-20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 1983 - South American Youth Championship : 1983 Brazil - FIFA World Cup : 1994 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 1997 - Copa América : 1989 , 1997 - Olympic Silver Medal : 1984 - South American Pre-Olympic Tournament : 1984 Individual - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1994 , 1998 - J . League Most Valuable Player : 1997 - J . League Best Eleven : 1997 , 1998 - FIFA XI : 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 - Golden Foot : 2010 , as a football legend - Fiorentina All-time XI Manager . Internacional - Rio Grande do Sul State League : 2013 Brazil - Copa América : 2007 - Olympic Bronze Medal : 2008 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 2009 - Superclásico de las Américas : 2014 Individual - IFFHS Worlds Best National Coach : 2007
[ "Yurii V . Kostenko" ]	easy	Who was the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Berlin from 1994 to Sep 1997?	/wiki/Embassy_of_Ukraine,_Berlin#P488#0	Embassy of Ukraine , Berlin The Embassy of Ukraine in Berlin is the diplomatic mission of Ukraine in Germany . Since 20 December 2014 , Andriy Melnyk is the Ukrainian Ambassador to Germany . History . Germany recognised the independence of Ukraine on December 26 , 1991 . Diplomatic relations were established on January 17 , 1992 . The main task of the Embassy of Ukraine in Berlin to represent the interests of Ukraine , promote the development of political , economic , cultural , scientific and other ties , as well as to protect the rights and interests of citizens and legal entities of Ukraine in Germany . The Embassy promotes the development of good-neighborly relations between Ukraine and the Federal Republic of Germany at all levels , in order to ensure the harmonious development of mutual relations , as well as cooperation on matters of mutual interest . The embassy also performs consular functions . Embassy building in Berlin . 1918–1923 . The Ukrainian Peoples Republic , which German empire recognized on February 9 , 1918 , as an independent , acquired the premises under the embassy in Berlin . On March 17 , 1918 , the UPR sent a temporary representative of the UPR to the German state . Firstly , this position was taken by Oleksandr Sevryuk , then Koziy Omelyan . On July 1 , 1918 , first ambassador of the Ukrainian state in the German Empire Teodor Shteingel arrived to Berlin . In 2019 , Mykola Porsh became an Ambassador . In 1921 , Roman Smal-Stocki replaced him . On February 6 , 1923 , the Embassy of the UPR in Berlin was closed . Embassy structure in 1918–1923 . - Diplomatic Department - Economic Department - Office - Consular Department - Information Department Since 1992 . The headquarters of the message is the former administrative building of the municipal gas works in Berlin-Mitte . It was in 1910 by Ludwig Hoffmann and erected by the Turning rebuilt the 1992nd . It is available as part of the ensemble Friedrich Wilhelm city listed . Embassy structure since 1992 . - Ambassador - Minister Counsellor - Counselor - First Secretary - Third Secretary - Attache - Branch of the Embassy of Ukraine in Bonn Trade and economic mission . - TEM Head , Minister Counsellor - Deputy TEM Head and Secretary - Expert TEM Military Atache . - Attache on defense issues - Military Atache - Airborne , Naval Attaché Consulates . - Consular Section of the Embassy of Ukraine in Berlin , ( Albrecht Strasse 26 , Berlin-Mitte ) - Branch of the Ukrainian Embassy in Bonn ( Rheinhöhenweg 101 , Remagen-Oberwinter ) - Consulate General of Ukraine in Hamburg ( Mundsburger Damm 1 , Hamburg ) - Consulate General of Ukraine in Frankfurt ( Vilbeler Strasse 29 , Frankfurt am Main ) - Consulate General of Ukraine in Munich ( Lessing Strasse 14 , Munich ) Previous Ambassadors . 1 . Teodor Shteingel ( 1918 ) 2 . Mykola Porsh ( 1918-1920 ) 3 . Roman Smal-Stocki ( 1920-1923 ) 4 . Mykola von Wassilko ( 1923 ) 5 . Ivan Piskowyi ( March 6 , 1992 to June 7 , 1994 ) 6 . Yurii V . Kostenko ( December 28 , 1994 to September 2 , 1997 ) 7 . Anatoly Ponomarenko ( 2 September 1997 to 26 November 2003 ) 8 . Serhiy Farenyk ( 28 November 2003 to 26 July 2005 ) 9 . Ihor Dolhov ( 9 December 2005 to 4 April 2008 ) 10 . Natalia Zarudna ( 4 September 2008 to 16 December 2011 ) 11 . Pavlo Klimkin ( 22 June 2012 to 19 June 2014 ) 12 . Andriy Melnyk ( 20 December 2014 - )
[ "Ihor Dolhov" ]	easy	Who was the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Berlin from Nov 2003 to Jul 2005?	/wiki/Embassy_of_Ukraine,_Berlin#P488#1	Embassy of Ukraine , Berlin The Embassy of Ukraine in Berlin is the diplomatic mission of Ukraine in Germany . Since 20 December 2014 , Andriy Melnyk is the Ukrainian Ambassador to Germany . History . Germany recognised the independence of Ukraine on December 26 , 1991 . Diplomatic relations were established on January 17 , 1992 . The main task of the Embassy of Ukraine in Berlin to represent the interests of Ukraine , promote the development of political , economic , cultural , scientific and other ties , as well as to protect the rights and interests of citizens and legal entities of Ukraine in Germany . The Embassy promotes the development of good-neighborly relations between Ukraine and the Federal Republic of Germany at all levels , in order to ensure the harmonious development of mutual relations , as well as cooperation on matters of mutual interest . The embassy also performs consular functions . Embassy building in Berlin . 1918–1923 . The Ukrainian Peoples Republic , which German empire recognized on February 9 , 1918 , as an independent , acquired the premises under the embassy in Berlin . On March 17 , 1918 , the UPR sent a temporary representative of the UPR to the German state . Firstly , this position was taken by Oleksandr Sevryuk , then Koziy Omelyan . On July 1 , 1918 , first ambassador of the Ukrainian state in the German Empire Teodor Shteingel arrived to Berlin . In 2019 , Mykola Porsh became an Ambassador . In 1921 , Roman Smal-Stocki replaced him . On February 6 , 1923 , the Embassy of the UPR in Berlin was closed . Embassy structure in 1918–1923 . - Diplomatic Department - Economic Department - Office - Consular Department - Information Department Since 1992 . The headquarters of the message is the former administrative building of the municipal gas works in Berlin-Mitte . It was in 1910 by Ludwig Hoffmann and erected by the Turning rebuilt the 1992nd . It is available as part of the ensemble Friedrich Wilhelm city listed . Embassy structure since 1992 . - Ambassador - Minister Counsellor - Counselor - First Secretary - Third Secretary - Attache - Branch of the Embassy of Ukraine in Bonn Trade and economic mission . - TEM Head , Minister Counsellor - Deputy TEM Head and Secretary - Expert TEM Military Atache . - Attache on defense issues - Military Atache - Airborne , Naval Attaché Consulates . - Consular Section of the Embassy of Ukraine in Berlin , ( Albrecht Strasse 26 , Berlin-Mitte ) - Branch of the Ukrainian Embassy in Bonn ( Rheinhöhenweg 101 , Remagen-Oberwinter ) - Consulate General of Ukraine in Hamburg ( Mundsburger Damm 1 , Hamburg ) - Consulate General of Ukraine in Frankfurt ( Vilbeler Strasse 29 , Frankfurt am Main ) - Consulate General of Ukraine in Munich ( Lessing Strasse 14 , Munich ) Previous Ambassadors . 1 . Teodor Shteingel ( 1918 ) 2 . Mykola Porsh ( 1918-1920 ) 3 . Roman Smal-Stocki ( 1920-1923 ) 4 . Mykola von Wassilko ( 1923 ) 5 . Ivan Piskowyi ( March 6 , 1992 to June 7 , 1994 ) 6 . Yurii V . Kostenko ( December 28 , 1994 to September 2 , 1997 ) 7 . Anatoly Ponomarenko ( 2 September 1997 to 26 November 2003 ) 8 . Serhiy Farenyk ( 28 November 2003 to 26 July 2005 ) 9 . Ihor Dolhov ( 9 December 2005 to 4 April 2008 ) 10 . Natalia Zarudna ( 4 September 2008 to 16 December 2011 ) 11 . Pavlo Klimkin ( 22 June 2012 to 19 June 2014 ) 12 . Andriy Melnyk ( 20 December 2014 - )
[ "Ihor Dolhov" ]	easy	Who was the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Berlin from Dec 2005 to Apr 2008?	/wiki/Embassy_of_Ukraine,_Berlin#P488#2	Embassy of Ukraine , Berlin The Embassy of Ukraine in Berlin is the diplomatic mission of Ukraine in Germany . Since 20 December 2014 , Andriy Melnyk is the Ukrainian Ambassador to Germany . History . Germany recognised the independence of Ukraine on December 26 , 1991 . Diplomatic relations were established on January 17 , 1992 . The main task of the Embassy of Ukraine in Berlin to represent the interests of Ukraine , promote the development of political , economic , cultural , scientific and other ties , as well as to protect the rights and interests of citizens and legal entities of Ukraine in Germany . The Embassy promotes the development of good-neighborly relations between Ukraine and the Federal Republic of Germany at all levels , in order to ensure the harmonious development of mutual relations , as well as cooperation on matters of mutual interest . The embassy also performs consular functions . Embassy building in Berlin . 1918–1923 . The Ukrainian Peoples Republic , which German empire recognized on February 9 , 1918 , as an independent , acquired the premises under the embassy in Berlin . On March 17 , 1918 , the UPR sent a temporary representative of the UPR to the German state . Firstly , this position was taken by Oleksandr Sevryuk , then Koziy Omelyan . On July 1 , 1918 , first ambassador of the Ukrainian state in the German Empire Teodor Shteingel arrived to Berlin . In 2019 , Mykola Porsh became an Ambassador . In 1921 , Roman Smal-Stocki replaced him . On February 6 , 1923 , the Embassy of the UPR in Berlin was closed . Embassy structure in 1918–1923 . - Diplomatic Department - Economic Department - Office - Consular Department - Information Department Since 1992 . The headquarters of the message is the former administrative building of the municipal gas works in Berlin-Mitte . It was in 1910 by Ludwig Hoffmann and erected by the Turning rebuilt the 1992nd . It is available as part of the ensemble Friedrich Wilhelm city listed . Embassy structure since 1992 . - Ambassador - Minister Counsellor - Counselor - First Secretary - Third Secretary - Attache - Branch of the Embassy of Ukraine in Bonn Trade and economic mission . - TEM Head , Minister Counsellor - Deputy TEM Head and Secretary - Expert TEM Military Atache . - Attache on defense issues - Military Atache - Airborne , Naval Attaché Consulates . - Consular Section of the Embassy of Ukraine in Berlin , ( Albrecht Strasse 26 , Berlin-Mitte ) - Branch of the Ukrainian Embassy in Bonn ( Rheinhöhenweg 101 , Remagen-Oberwinter ) - Consulate General of Ukraine in Hamburg ( Mundsburger Damm 1 , Hamburg ) - Consulate General of Ukraine in Frankfurt ( Vilbeler Strasse 29 , Frankfurt am Main ) - Consulate General of Ukraine in Munich ( Lessing Strasse 14 , Munich ) Previous Ambassadors . 1 . Teodor Shteingel ( 1918 ) 2 . Mykola Porsh ( 1918-1920 ) 3 . Roman Smal-Stocki ( 1920-1923 ) 4 . Mykola von Wassilko ( 1923 ) 5 . Ivan Piskowyi ( March 6 , 1992 to June 7 , 1994 ) 6 . Yurii V . Kostenko ( December 28 , 1994 to September 2 , 1997 ) 7 . Anatoly Ponomarenko ( 2 September 1997 to 26 November 2003 ) 8 . Serhiy Farenyk ( 28 November 2003 to 26 July 2005 ) 9 . Ihor Dolhov ( 9 December 2005 to 4 April 2008 ) 10 . Natalia Zarudna ( 4 September 2008 to 16 December 2011 ) 11 . Pavlo Klimkin ( 22 June 2012 to 19 June 2014 ) 12 . Andriy Melnyk ( 20 December 2014 - )
[ "Natalia Zarudna" ]	easy	Who was the head of Embassy of Ukraine, Berlin from Sep 2008 to Dec 2011?	/wiki/Embassy_of_Ukraine,_Berlin#P488#3	Embassy of Ukraine , Berlin The Embassy of Ukraine in Berlin is the diplomatic mission of Ukraine in Germany . Since 20 December 2014 , Andriy Melnyk is the Ukrainian Ambassador to Germany . History . Germany recognised the independence of Ukraine on December 26 , 1991 . Diplomatic relations were established on January 17 , 1992 . The main task of the Embassy of Ukraine in Berlin to represent the interests of Ukraine , promote the development of political , economic , cultural , scientific and other ties , as well as to protect the rights and interests of citizens and legal entities of Ukraine in Germany . The Embassy promotes the development of good-neighborly relations between Ukraine and the Federal Republic of Germany at all levels , in order to ensure the harmonious development of mutual relations , as well as cooperation on matters of mutual interest . The embassy also performs consular functions . Embassy building in Berlin . 1918–1923 . The Ukrainian Peoples Republic , which German empire recognized on February 9 , 1918 , as an independent , acquired the premises under the embassy in Berlin . On March 17 , 1918 , the UPR sent a temporary representative of the UPR to the German state . Firstly , this position was taken by Oleksandr Sevryuk , then Koziy Omelyan . On July 1 , 1918 , first ambassador of the Ukrainian state in the German Empire Teodor Shteingel arrived to Berlin . In 2019 , Mykola Porsh became an Ambassador . In 1921 , Roman Smal-Stocki replaced him . On February 6 , 1923 , the Embassy of the UPR in Berlin was closed . Embassy structure in 1918–1923 . - Diplomatic Department - Economic Department - Office - Consular Department - Information Department Since 1992 . The headquarters of the message is the former administrative building of the municipal gas works in Berlin-Mitte . It was in 1910 by Ludwig Hoffmann and erected by the Turning rebuilt the 1992nd . It is available as part of the ensemble Friedrich Wilhelm city listed . Embassy structure since 1992 . - Ambassador - Minister Counsellor - Counselor - First Secretary - Third Secretary - Attache - Branch of the Embassy of Ukraine in Bonn Trade and economic mission . - TEM Head , Minister Counsellor - Deputy TEM Head and Secretary - Expert TEM Military Atache . - Attache on defense issues - Military Atache - Airborne , Naval Attaché Consulates . - Consular Section of the Embassy of Ukraine in Berlin , ( Albrecht Strasse 26 , Berlin-Mitte ) - Branch of the Ukrainian Embassy in Bonn ( Rheinhöhenweg 101 , Remagen-Oberwinter ) - Consulate General of Ukraine in Hamburg ( Mundsburger Damm 1 , Hamburg ) - Consulate General of Ukraine in Frankfurt ( Vilbeler Strasse 29 , Frankfurt am Main ) - Consulate General of Ukraine in Munich ( Lessing Strasse 14 , Munich ) Previous Ambassadors . 1 . Teodor Shteingel ( 1918 ) 2 . Mykola Porsh ( 1918-1920 ) 3 . Roman Smal-Stocki ( 1920-1923 ) 4 . Mykola von Wassilko ( 1923 ) 5 . Ivan Piskowyi ( March 6 , 1992 to June 7 , 1994 ) 6 . Yurii V . Kostenko ( December 28 , 1994 to September 2 , 1997 ) 7 . Anatoly Ponomarenko ( 2 September 1997 to 26 November 2003 ) 8 . Serhiy Farenyk ( 28 November 2003 to 26 July 2005 ) 9 . Ihor Dolhov ( 9 December 2005 to 4 April 2008 ) 10 . Natalia Zarudna ( 4 September 2008 to 16 December 2011 ) 11 . Pavlo Klimkin ( 22 June 2012 to 19 June 2014 ) 12 . Andriy Melnyk ( 20 December 2014 - )
[ "Pavlo Klimkin" ]	easy	Who was the head of Embassy of Ukraine, Berlin from Jun 2012 to Jun 2014?	/wiki/Embassy_of_Ukraine,_Berlin#P488#4	Embassy of Ukraine , Berlin The Embassy of Ukraine in Berlin is the diplomatic mission of Ukraine in Germany . Since 20 December 2014 , Andriy Melnyk is the Ukrainian Ambassador to Germany . History . Germany recognised the independence of Ukraine on December 26 , 1991 . Diplomatic relations were established on January 17 , 1992 . The main task of the Embassy of Ukraine in Berlin to represent the interests of Ukraine , promote the development of political , economic , cultural , scientific and other ties , as well as to protect the rights and interests of citizens and legal entities of Ukraine in Germany . The Embassy promotes the development of good-neighborly relations between Ukraine and the Federal Republic of Germany at all levels , in order to ensure the harmonious development of mutual relations , as well as cooperation on matters of mutual interest . The embassy also performs consular functions . Embassy building in Berlin . 1918–1923 . The Ukrainian Peoples Republic , which German empire recognized on February 9 , 1918 , as an independent , acquired the premises under the embassy in Berlin . On March 17 , 1918 , the UPR sent a temporary representative of the UPR to the German state . Firstly , this position was taken by Oleksandr Sevryuk , then Koziy Omelyan . On July 1 , 1918 , first ambassador of the Ukrainian state in the German Empire Teodor Shteingel arrived to Berlin . In 2019 , Mykola Porsh became an Ambassador . In 1921 , Roman Smal-Stocki replaced him . On February 6 , 1923 , the Embassy of the UPR in Berlin was closed . Embassy structure in 1918–1923 . - Diplomatic Department - Economic Department - Office - Consular Department - Information Department Since 1992 . The headquarters of the message is the former administrative building of the municipal gas works in Berlin-Mitte . It was in 1910 by Ludwig Hoffmann and erected by the Turning rebuilt the 1992nd . It is available as part of the ensemble Friedrich Wilhelm city listed . Embassy structure since 1992 . - Ambassador - Minister Counsellor - Counselor - First Secretary - Third Secretary - Attache - Branch of the Embassy of Ukraine in Bonn Trade and economic mission . - TEM Head , Minister Counsellor - Deputy TEM Head and Secretary - Expert TEM Military Atache . - Attache on defense issues - Military Atache - Airborne , Naval Attaché Consulates . - Consular Section of the Embassy of Ukraine in Berlin , ( Albrecht Strasse 26 , Berlin-Mitte ) - Branch of the Ukrainian Embassy in Bonn ( Rheinhöhenweg 101 , Remagen-Oberwinter ) - Consulate General of Ukraine in Hamburg ( Mundsburger Damm 1 , Hamburg ) - Consulate General of Ukraine in Frankfurt ( Vilbeler Strasse 29 , Frankfurt am Main ) - Consulate General of Ukraine in Munich ( Lessing Strasse 14 , Munich ) Previous Ambassadors . 1 . Teodor Shteingel ( 1918 ) 2 . Mykola Porsh ( 1918-1920 ) 3 . Roman Smal-Stocki ( 1920-1923 ) 4 . Mykola von Wassilko ( 1923 ) 5 . Ivan Piskowyi ( March 6 , 1992 to June 7 , 1994 ) 6 . Yurii V . Kostenko ( December 28 , 1994 to September 2 , 1997 ) 7 . Anatoly Ponomarenko ( 2 September 1997 to 26 November 2003 ) 8 . Serhiy Farenyk ( 28 November 2003 to 26 July 2005 ) 9 . Ihor Dolhov ( 9 December 2005 to 4 April 2008 ) 10 . Natalia Zarudna ( 4 September 2008 to 16 December 2011 ) 11 . Pavlo Klimkin ( 22 June 2012 to 19 June 2014 ) 12 . Andriy Melnyk ( 20 December 2014 - )
[ "Andriy Melnyk" ]	easy	Who was the head of Embassy of Ukraine, Berlin from Dec 2014 to Dec 2015?	/wiki/Embassy_of_Ukraine,_Berlin#P488#5	Embassy of Ukraine , Berlin The Embassy of Ukraine in Berlin is the diplomatic mission of Ukraine in Germany . Since 20 December 2014 , Andriy Melnyk is the Ukrainian Ambassador to Germany . History . Germany recognised the independence of Ukraine on December 26 , 1991 . Diplomatic relations were established on January 17 , 1992 . The main task of the Embassy of Ukraine in Berlin to represent the interests of Ukraine , promote the development of political , economic , cultural , scientific and other ties , as well as to protect the rights and interests of citizens and legal entities of Ukraine in Germany . The Embassy promotes the development of good-neighborly relations between Ukraine and the Federal Republic of Germany at all levels , in order to ensure the harmonious development of mutual relations , as well as cooperation on matters of mutual interest . The embassy also performs consular functions . Embassy building in Berlin . 1918–1923 . The Ukrainian Peoples Republic , which German empire recognized on February 9 , 1918 , as an independent , acquired the premises under the embassy in Berlin . On March 17 , 1918 , the UPR sent a temporary representative of the UPR to the German state . Firstly , this position was taken by Oleksandr Sevryuk , then Koziy Omelyan . On July 1 , 1918 , first ambassador of the Ukrainian state in the German Empire Teodor Shteingel arrived to Berlin . In 2019 , Mykola Porsh became an Ambassador . In 1921 , Roman Smal-Stocki replaced him . On February 6 , 1923 , the Embassy of the UPR in Berlin was closed . Embassy structure in 1918–1923 . - Diplomatic Department - Economic Department - Office - Consular Department - Information Department Since 1992 . The headquarters of the message is the former administrative building of the municipal gas works in Berlin-Mitte . It was in 1910 by Ludwig Hoffmann and erected by the Turning rebuilt the 1992nd . It is available as part of the ensemble Friedrich Wilhelm city listed . Embassy structure since 1992 . - Ambassador - Minister Counsellor - Counselor - First Secretary - Third Secretary - Attache - Branch of the Embassy of Ukraine in Bonn Trade and economic mission . - TEM Head , Minister Counsellor - Deputy TEM Head and Secretary - Expert TEM Military Atache . - Attache on defense issues - Military Atache - Airborne , Naval Attaché Consulates . - Consular Section of the Embassy of Ukraine in Berlin , ( Albrecht Strasse 26 , Berlin-Mitte ) - Branch of the Ukrainian Embassy in Bonn ( Rheinhöhenweg 101 , Remagen-Oberwinter ) - Consulate General of Ukraine in Hamburg ( Mundsburger Damm 1 , Hamburg ) - Consulate General of Ukraine in Frankfurt ( Vilbeler Strasse 29 , Frankfurt am Main ) - Consulate General of Ukraine in Munich ( Lessing Strasse 14 , Munich ) Previous Ambassadors . 1 . Teodor Shteingel ( 1918 ) 2 . Mykola Porsh ( 1918-1920 ) 3 . Roman Smal-Stocki ( 1920-1923 ) 4 . Mykola von Wassilko ( 1923 ) 5 . Ivan Piskowyi ( March 6 , 1992 to June 7 , 1994 ) 6 . Yurii V . Kostenko ( December 28 , 1994 to September 2 , 1997 ) 7 . Anatoly Ponomarenko ( 2 September 1997 to 26 November 2003 ) 8 . Serhiy Farenyk ( 28 November 2003 to 26 July 2005 ) 9 . Ihor Dolhov ( 9 December 2005 to 4 April 2008 ) 10 . Natalia Zarudna ( 4 September 2008 to 16 December 2011 ) 11 . Pavlo Klimkin ( 22 June 2012 to 19 June 2014 ) 12 . Andriy Melnyk ( 20 December 2014 - )
[ "Russia national under-18 team" ]	easy	Which team was coached by Dmitri Alenichev from 2010 to 2011?	/wiki/Dmitri_Alenichev#P6087#0	Dmitri Alenichev Dmitri Anatolyevich Alenichev ( ; born 20 October 1972 ) is a Russian football coach , former player and politician . Club career . Despite being a Spartak Moscow fan , Alenichev debuted 1991 for Moscow rivals Lokomotiv Moscow , where he played four years before moving to Spartak , where in five years he won three Russian leagues and two cups , and was also elected Russian player of the year in 1997 . Won Malta International Football Tournament 1996 . He won a transfer to Italian Serie A side Roma , played 21 matches in the first season , but after only seven matches played in his second season , he moved to Perugia in December 1999 . His stint in Italy overall proved to be unsuccessful and he was eventually considered to be one of Italian footballs biggest foreign flops . In 2000 , he moved to Portuguese Primeira Liga side Porto , where he made a strong first impression , scored the equalizing goal against rivals Sporting CP in the first leg of the 2000 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira . He was also impressive overall in first season , as Porto captured the Taça de Portugal after winning the final 2–0 against Marítimo , Alenichev scoring the second goal . The following season , Alenichev suffered some animosity from new Porto head coach Octávio Machado ( similar to his compatriot Sergei Ovchinnikov ) and spent most of the first half of the season sidelined , under the shadow of Deco . When Octávio was sacked and replaced with José Mourinho , Alenichevs prospects changed . Although he was not a regular in the starting 11 , he was usually the first player substituted onto the pitch , particularly when Mourinho shifted from a 4–3–3 to a 4–4–2 formation . A starting player in the 2003 UEFA Cup Final and mid-match substitute in the 2004 UEFA Champions League Final , Alenichev scored in both contests . In the former , against Celtic , he scored the second goal , following a pass from Deco ; and in the latter , against Monaco , he closed the scoreline with a powerful volley shot following a deflected through cross from Derlei . This made him one of only three players to score goals in two consecutive cup finals of different European competitions , the others being Ronald Koeman and Ronaldo . During UEFA Euro 2004 , in which Alenichev played in all three of Russias matchups , he announced his desire to return to Spartak Moscow . In appreciation for the services done for the club , the FC Porto board made no objections to the transfer . On 8 April 2006 , Sport-Express published Alenichevs interview containing severe criticism of Aleksandrs Starkovs , Spartaks head coach at the time . Following that , Alenichev was fined , dismissed from the first team , transfer listed 14 April and on 10 September his contract was finally terminated by mutual agreement . This became the end of Alenichevs football career . Managerial career . In 2011 , he joined FC Arsenal Tula as a manager and led the club through three promotions in 3 seasons from fourth-level Russian Amateur Football League to the top-level Russian Premier League . Arsenal was relegated after just one season in the top tier , and Alenichev left Tula . In June 2015 , he became manager of his former club Spartak Moscow . He resigned as Spartak manager on 5 August 2016 following Spartaks elimination in the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League third qualifying round by AEK Larnaca . At the end of that season , Spartak won the Russian Premier League for the first time in 16 years under the management of former Alenichevs assistant Massimo Carrera . On 5 June 2017 , Alenichev signed a two-year contract with Russian second division club Yenisey Krasnoyarsk . In his first season , he led Yenisey to promotion to the Russian Premier League for the first time in clubs history . He was replaced as Yenisey coach after the club was relegated from the Premier League at the end of the 2018–19 season . Style of play . A technically gifted and offensive-minded midfielder , Alenichevs favoured role was as a number 10 behind the strikers ; he was also deployed as a central midfielder on occasion throughout his career , although he lacked both the physicality and tactical sense to excel in this position . Personal life . His older brother Andrei Alenichev also played football professionally . Alenichev joined the United Russia party . On 14 June 2007 , he was voted the representative of the Omsk Oblast in the Federation Council of Russia . He represented it until 2010 , when he accepted the position of head coach of the Russia national under-18 team . In 2009 , Alenichev was part of the Russia squad that won the 2009 Legends Cup . Career statistics . Managerial . Information correct as of match played 26 May 2019 . Only competitive matches are counted . - Notes : Honours . Spartak Moscow - Russian Premier League : 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 - Russian Cup : 1993–94 , 1997–98 - Commonwealth of Independent States Cup : 1994 , 1995 Porto - Primeira Liga : 2002–03 , 2003–04 - Taça de Portugal : 2000–01 , 2002–03 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2003 - UEFA Champions League : 2003–04 - UEFA Cup : 2002–03 Individual - Footballer of the Year in Russia ( Sport-Express ) : 1997 - Footballer of the Year in Russia ( Futbol ) : 1997 External links . - Dmitri Alenichev celebrates goal with Porto
[ "" ]	easy	Dmitri Alenichev was the coach of which team from 2011 to 2016?	/wiki/Dmitri_Alenichev#P6087#1	Dmitri Alenichev Dmitri Anatolyevich Alenichev ( ; born 20 October 1972 ) is a Russian football coach , former player and politician . Club career . Despite being a Spartak Moscow fan , Alenichev debuted 1991 for Moscow rivals Lokomotiv Moscow , where he played four years before moving to Spartak , where in five years he won three Russian leagues and two cups , and was also elected Russian player of the year in 1997 . Won Malta International Football Tournament 1996 . He won a transfer to Italian Serie A side Roma , played 21 matches in the first season , but after only seven matches played in his second season , he moved to Perugia in December 1999 . His stint in Italy overall proved to be unsuccessful and he was eventually considered to be one of Italian footballs biggest foreign flops . In 2000 , he moved to Portuguese Primeira Liga side Porto , where he made a strong first impression , scored the equalizing goal against rivals Sporting CP in the first leg of the 2000 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira . He was also impressive overall in first season , as Porto captured the Taça de Portugal after winning the final 2–0 against Marítimo , Alenichev scoring the second goal . The following season , Alenichev suffered some animosity from new Porto head coach Octávio Machado ( similar to his compatriot Sergei Ovchinnikov ) and spent most of the first half of the season sidelined , under the shadow of Deco . When Octávio was sacked and replaced with José Mourinho , Alenichevs prospects changed . Although he was not a regular in the starting 11 , he was usually the first player substituted onto the pitch , particularly when Mourinho shifted from a 4–3–3 to a 4–4–2 formation . A starting player in the 2003 UEFA Cup Final and mid-match substitute in the 2004 UEFA Champions League Final , Alenichev scored in both contests . In the former , against Celtic , he scored the second goal , following a pass from Deco ; and in the latter , against Monaco , he closed the scoreline with a powerful volley shot following a deflected through cross from Derlei . This made him one of only three players to score goals in two consecutive cup finals of different European competitions , the others being Ronald Koeman and Ronaldo . During UEFA Euro 2004 , in which Alenichev played in all three of Russias matchups , he announced his desire to return to Spartak Moscow . In appreciation for the services done for the club , the FC Porto board made no objections to the transfer . On 8 April 2006 , Sport-Express published Alenichevs interview containing severe criticism of Aleksandrs Starkovs , Spartaks head coach at the time . Following that , Alenichev was fined , dismissed from the first team , transfer listed 14 April and on 10 September his contract was finally terminated by mutual agreement . This became the end of Alenichevs football career . Managerial career . In 2011 , he joined FC Arsenal Tula as a manager and led the club through three promotions in 3 seasons from fourth-level Russian Amateur Football League to the top-level Russian Premier League . Arsenal was relegated after just one season in the top tier , and Alenichev left Tula . In June 2015 , he became manager of his former club Spartak Moscow . He resigned as Spartak manager on 5 August 2016 following Spartaks elimination in the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League third qualifying round by AEK Larnaca . At the end of that season , Spartak won the Russian Premier League for the first time in 16 years under the management of former Alenichevs assistant Massimo Carrera . On 5 June 2017 , Alenichev signed a two-year contract with Russian second division club Yenisey Krasnoyarsk . In his first season , he led Yenisey to promotion to the Russian Premier League for the first time in clubs history . He was replaced as Yenisey coach after the club was relegated from the Premier League at the end of the 2018–19 season . Style of play . A technically gifted and offensive-minded midfielder , Alenichevs favoured role was as a number 10 behind the strikers ; he was also deployed as a central midfielder on occasion throughout his career , although he lacked both the physicality and tactical sense to excel in this position . Personal life . His older brother Andrei Alenichev also played football professionally . Alenichev joined the United Russia party . On 14 June 2007 , he was voted the representative of the Omsk Oblast in the Federation Council of Russia . He represented it until 2010 , when he accepted the position of head coach of the Russia national under-18 team . In 2009 , Alenichev was part of the Russia squad that won the 2009 Legends Cup . Career statistics . Managerial . Information correct as of match played 26 May 2019 . Only competitive matches are counted . - Notes : Honours . Spartak Moscow - Russian Premier League : 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 - Russian Cup : 1993–94 , 1997–98 - Commonwealth of Independent States Cup : 1994 , 1995 Porto - Primeira Liga : 2002–03 , 2003–04 - Taça de Portugal : 2000–01 , 2002–03 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2003 - UEFA Champions League : 2003–04 - UEFA Cup : 2002–03 Individual - Footballer of the Year in Russia ( Sport-Express ) : 1997 - Footballer of the Year in Russia ( Futbol ) : 1997 External links . - Dmitri Alenichev celebrates goal with Porto
[ "" ]	easy	Dmitri Alenichev was the coach of which team from 2017 to 2018?	/wiki/Dmitri_Alenichev#P6087#2	Dmitri Alenichev Dmitri Anatolyevich Alenichev ( ; born 20 October 1972 ) is a Russian football coach , former player and politician . Club career . Despite being a Spartak Moscow fan , Alenichev debuted 1991 for Moscow rivals Lokomotiv Moscow , where he played four years before moving to Spartak , where in five years he won three Russian leagues and two cups , and was also elected Russian player of the year in 1997 . Won Malta International Football Tournament 1996 . He won a transfer to Italian Serie A side Roma , played 21 matches in the first season , but after only seven matches played in his second season , he moved to Perugia in December 1999 . His stint in Italy overall proved to be unsuccessful and he was eventually considered to be one of Italian footballs biggest foreign flops . In 2000 , he moved to Portuguese Primeira Liga side Porto , where he made a strong first impression , scored the equalizing goal against rivals Sporting CP in the first leg of the 2000 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira . He was also impressive overall in first season , as Porto captured the Taça de Portugal after winning the final 2–0 against Marítimo , Alenichev scoring the second goal . The following season , Alenichev suffered some animosity from new Porto head coach Octávio Machado ( similar to his compatriot Sergei Ovchinnikov ) and spent most of the first half of the season sidelined , under the shadow of Deco . When Octávio was sacked and replaced with José Mourinho , Alenichevs prospects changed . Although he was not a regular in the starting 11 , he was usually the first player substituted onto the pitch , particularly when Mourinho shifted from a 4–3–3 to a 4–4–2 formation . A starting player in the 2003 UEFA Cup Final and mid-match substitute in the 2004 UEFA Champions League Final , Alenichev scored in both contests . In the former , against Celtic , he scored the second goal , following a pass from Deco ; and in the latter , against Monaco , he closed the scoreline with a powerful volley shot following a deflected through cross from Derlei . This made him one of only three players to score goals in two consecutive cup finals of different European competitions , the others being Ronald Koeman and Ronaldo . During UEFA Euro 2004 , in which Alenichev played in all three of Russias matchups , he announced his desire to return to Spartak Moscow . In appreciation for the services done for the club , the FC Porto board made no objections to the transfer . On 8 April 2006 , Sport-Express published Alenichevs interview containing severe criticism of Aleksandrs Starkovs , Spartaks head coach at the time . Following that , Alenichev was fined , dismissed from the first team , transfer listed 14 April and on 10 September his contract was finally terminated by mutual agreement . This became the end of Alenichevs football career . Managerial career . In 2011 , he joined FC Arsenal Tula as a manager and led the club through three promotions in 3 seasons from fourth-level Russian Amateur Football League to the top-level Russian Premier League . Arsenal was relegated after just one season in the top tier , and Alenichev left Tula . In June 2015 , he became manager of his former club Spartak Moscow . He resigned as Spartak manager on 5 August 2016 following Spartaks elimination in the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League third qualifying round by AEK Larnaca . At the end of that season , Spartak won the Russian Premier League for the first time in 16 years under the management of former Alenichevs assistant Massimo Carrera . On 5 June 2017 , Alenichev signed a two-year contract with Russian second division club Yenisey Krasnoyarsk . In his first season , he led Yenisey to promotion to the Russian Premier League for the first time in clubs history . He was replaced as Yenisey coach after the club was relegated from the Premier League at the end of the 2018–19 season . Style of play . A technically gifted and offensive-minded midfielder , Alenichevs favoured role was as a number 10 behind the strikers ; he was also deployed as a central midfielder on occasion throughout his career , although he lacked both the physicality and tactical sense to excel in this position . Personal life . His older brother Andrei Alenichev also played football professionally . Alenichev joined the United Russia party . On 14 June 2007 , he was voted the representative of the Omsk Oblast in the Federation Council of Russia . He represented it until 2010 , when he accepted the position of head coach of the Russia national under-18 team . In 2009 , Alenichev was part of the Russia squad that won the 2009 Legends Cup . Career statistics . Managerial . Information correct as of match played 26 May 2019 . Only competitive matches are counted . - Notes : Honours . Spartak Moscow - Russian Premier League : 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 - Russian Cup : 1993–94 , 1997–98 - Commonwealth of Independent States Cup : 1994 , 1995 Porto - Primeira Liga : 2002–03 , 2003–04 - Taça de Portugal : 2000–01 , 2002–03 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2003 - UEFA Champions League : 2003–04 - UEFA Cup : 2002–03 Individual - Footballer of the Year in Russia ( Sport-Express ) : 1997 - Footballer of the Year in Russia ( Futbol ) : 1997 External links . - Dmitri Alenichev celebrates goal with Porto
[ "" ]	easy	Which employer did Daniel Benjamin work for from 1988 to 1992?	/wiki/Daniel_Benjamin#P108#0	Daniel Benjamin Daniel Benjamin ( born October 16 , 1961 ) is an American diplomat and journalist and was the Coordinator for Counterterrorism at the United States Department of State from 2009 to 2012 , appointed by Secretary Hillary Clinton . Benjamin was the director of the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding at Dartmouth College . In July 2020 , he became president of the American Academy in Berlin , a nonprofit , nonpartisan , independent transatlantic institution in the German capital . Early life . Benjamin grew up in Stamford , Conn. , one of three sons ( William Benjamin and Jonathan Benjamin ) born to Burton and Susan Benjamin . His father is an internist ; his late mother was a teacher , an administrator at the University of Connecticut and the head of marketing for a Manhattan law firm . They were a moderately observant Jewish family . Benjamin graduated from Harvard University magna cum laude , where he was a 1983 Marshall Scholar at New College , Oxford . After college , he worked as a journalist for Time and The Wall Street Journal . Government service . From 1994 to 1999 , as a member of President Clintons staff , Benjamin served as a foreign policy speech writer and special assistant . During that period , he also served on the National Security Council . From 2009 to 2012 , Benjamin was the US State Departments Coordinator for counter-terrorism , with the rank of Ambassador-at-Large . Academic work . Benjamin was a Senior Fellow in the International Security Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies . He was also named a 2004 Berlin prize fellow by the American Academy in Berlin . From December 2006 to May 2009 , Benjamin served as the Director for the Center on the United States and Europe , and Senior Fellow of Foreign Policy Studies at The Brookings Institution . In 2012 , he was appointed the Norman E . McCulloch Jr . Director of the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding at Dartmouth College . Writing . Together with Steven Simon , Benjamin wrote The Age of Sacred Terror ( Random House , 2002 ) , which documents the rise of al Qaeda and religiously motivated terrorism , as well as Americas efforts to combat that threat . They review the history of Islamist political thought from ibn Taymiyya in the 13th century , to al-Wahhab ( the 18th century founder of Wahabbism ) down to bin Laden . The danger , as they see it , is that al Qaedas belief system cannot be separated neatly from Islamic teachings , because it has -- selectively and perniciously -- built on fundamental Islamic ideas and principles . The second half of the book outlines the Wests response . Ellen Laipson , in her review of the book , praises the authors for their study and methodology . Benjamin and Simon would follow up The Age of Sacred Terror in 2005 with The Next Attack : The Globalization of Jihad ( Hodder & Soughton ( in Britain ) , 2005 ) , a book which received high-praise from Bill Clinton . In the April 30 , 2006 edition of Time , Benjamin wrote a favorable profile of Pervez Musharraf , with the headline , Why Pakistans Leader May Be The Wests Best Bet for Peace . External links . - Brookings page - American Academy in Berlin
[ "" ]	easy	What was the name of the employer Daniel Benjamin work for from 1993 to 1994?	/wiki/Daniel_Benjamin#P108#1	Daniel Benjamin Daniel Benjamin ( born October 16 , 1961 ) is an American diplomat and journalist and was the Coordinator for Counterterrorism at the United States Department of State from 2009 to 2012 , appointed by Secretary Hillary Clinton . Benjamin was the director of the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding at Dartmouth College . In July 2020 , he became president of the American Academy in Berlin , a nonprofit , nonpartisan , independent transatlantic institution in the German capital . Early life . Benjamin grew up in Stamford , Conn. , one of three sons ( William Benjamin and Jonathan Benjamin ) born to Burton and Susan Benjamin . His father is an internist ; his late mother was a teacher , an administrator at the University of Connecticut and the head of marketing for a Manhattan law firm . They were a moderately observant Jewish family . Benjamin graduated from Harvard University magna cum laude , where he was a 1983 Marshall Scholar at New College , Oxford . After college , he worked as a journalist for Time and The Wall Street Journal . Government service . From 1994 to 1999 , as a member of President Clintons staff , Benjamin served as a foreign policy speech writer and special assistant . During that period , he also served on the National Security Council . From 2009 to 2012 , Benjamin was the US State Departments Coordinator for counter-terrorism , with the rank of Ambassador-at-Large . Academic work . Benjamin was a Senior Fellow in the International Security Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies . He was also named a 2004 Berlin prize fellow by the American Academy in Berlin . From December 2006 to May 2009 , Benjamin served as the Director for the Center on the United States and Europe , and Senior Fellow of Foreign Policy Studies at The Brookings Institution . In 2012 , he was appointed the Norman E . McCulloch Jr . Director of the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding at Dartmouth College . Writing . Together with Steven Simon , Benjamin wrote The Age of Sacred Terror ( Random House , 2002 ) , which documents the rise of al Qaeda and religiously motivated terrorism , as well as Americas efforts to combat that threat . They review the history of Islamist political thought from ibn Taymiyya in the 13th century , to al-Wahhab ( the 18th century founder of Wahabbism ) down to bin Laden . The danger , as they see it , is that al Qaedas belief system cannot be separated neatly from Islamic teachings , because it has -- selectively and perniciously -- built on fundamental Islamic ideas and principles . The second half of the book outlines the Wests response . Ellen Laipson , in her review of the book , praises the authors for their study and methodology . Benjamin and Simon would follow up The Age of Sacred Terror in 2005 with The Next Attack : The Globalization of Jihad ( Hodder & Soughton ( in Britain ) , 2005 ) , a book which received high-praise from Bill Clinton . In the April 30 , 2006 edition of Time , Benjamin wrote a favorable profile of Pervez Musharraf , with the headline , Why Pakistans Leader May Be The Wests Best Bet for Peace . External links . - Brookings page - American Academy in Berlin
[ "Government" ]	easy	Daniel Benjamin was an employee for whom from 1994 to 1997?	/wiki/Daniel_Benjamin#P108#2	Daniel Benjamin Daniel Benjamin ( born October 16 , 1961 ) is an American diplomat and journalist and was the Coordinator for Counterterrorism at the United States Department of State from 2009 to 2012 , appointed by Secretary Hillary Clinton . Benjamin was the director of the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding at Dartmouth College . In July 2020 , he became president of the American Academy in Berlin , a nonprofit , nonpartisan , independent transatlantic institution in the German capital . Early life . Benjamin grew up in Stamford , Conn. , one of three sons ( William Benjamin and Jonathan Benjamin ) born to Burton and Susan Benjamin . His father is an internist ; his late mother was a teacher , an administrator at the University of Connecticut and the head of marketing for a Manhattan law firm . They were a moderately observant Jewish family . Benjamin graduated from Harvard University magna cum laude , where he was a 1983 Marshall Scholar at New College , Oxford . After college , he worked as a journalist for Time and The Wall Street Journal . Government service . From 1994 to 1999 , as a member of President Clintons staff , Benjamin served as a foreign policy speech writer and special assistant . During that period , he also served on the National Security Council . From 2009 to 2012 , Benjamin was the US State Departments Coordinator for counter-terrorism , with the rank of Ambassador-at-Large . Academic work . Benjamin was a Senior Fellow in the International Security Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies . He was also named a 2004 Berlin prize fellow by the American Academy in Berlin . From December 2006 to May 2009 , Benjamin served as the Director for the Center on the United States and Europe , and Senior Fellow of Foreign Policy Studies at The Brookings Institution . In 2012 , he was appointed the Norman E . McCulloch Jr . Director of the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding at Dartmouth College . Writing . Together with Steven Simon , Benjamin wrote The Age of Sacred Terror ( Random House , 2002 ) , which documents the rise of al Qaeda and religiously motivated terrorism , as well as Americas efforts to combat that threat . They review the history of Islamist political thought from ibn Taymiyya in the 13th century , to al-Wahhab ( the 18th century founder of Wahabbism ) down to bin Laden . The danger , as they see it , is that al Qaedas belief system cannot be separated neatly from Islamic teachings , because it has -- selectively and perniciously -- built on fundamental Islamic ideas and principles . The second half of the book outlines the Wests response . Ellen Laipson , in her review of the book , praises the authors for their study and methodology . Benjamin and Simon would follow up The Age of Sacred Terror in 2005 with The Next Attack : The Globalization of Jihad ( Hodder & Soughton ( in Britain ) , 2005 ) , a book which received high-praise from Bill Clinton . In the April 30 , 2006 edition of Time , Benjamin wrote a favorable profile of Pervez Musharraf , with the headline , Why Pakistans Leader May Be The Wests Best Bet for Peace . External links . - Brookings page - American Academy in Berlin
[ "National Security Council" ]	easy	Which employer did Daniel Benjamin work for from 1998 to 1999?	/wiki/Daniel_Benjamin#P108#3	Daniel Benjamin Daniel Benjamin ( born October 16 , 1961 ) is an American diplomat and journalist and was the Coordinator for Counterterrorism at the United States Department of State from 2009 to 2012 , appointed by Secretary Hillary Clinton . Benjamin was the director of the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding at Dartmouth College . In July 2020 , he became president of the American Academy in Berlin , a nonprofit , nonpartisan , independent transatlantic institution in the German capital . Early life . Benjamin grew up in Stamford , Conn. , one of three sons ( William Benjamin and Jonathan Benjamin ) born to Burton and Susan Benjamin . His father is an internist ; his late mother was a teacher , an administrator at the University of Connecticut and the head of marketing for a Manhattan law firm . They were a moderately observant Jewish family . Benjamin graduated from Harvard University magna cum laude , where he was a 1983 Marshall Scholar at New College , Oxford . After college , he worked as a journalist for Time and The Wall Street Journal . Government service . From 1994 to 1999 , as a member of President Clintons staff , Benjamin served as a foreign policy speech writer and special assistant . During that period , he also served on the National Security Council . From 2009 to 2012 , Benjamin was the US State Departments Coordinator for counter-terrorism , with the rank of Ambassador-at-Large . Academic work . Benjamin was a Senior Fellow in the International Security Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies . He was also named a 2004 Berlin prize fellow by the American Academy in Berlin . From December 2006 to May 2009 , Benjamin served as the Director for the Center on the United States and Europe , and Senior Fellow of Foreign Policy Studies at The Brookings Institution . In 2012 , he was appointed the Norman E . McCulloch Jr . Director of the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding at Dartmouth College . Writing . Together with Steven Simon , Benjamin wrote The Age of Sacred Terror ( Random House , 2002 ) , which documents the rise of al Qaeda and religiously motivated terrorism , as well as Americas efforts to combat that threat . They review the history of Islamist political thought from ibn Taymiyya in the 13th century , to al-Wahhab ( the 18th century founder of Wahabbism ) down to bin Laden . The danger , as they see it , is that al Qaedas belief system cannot be separated neatly from Islamic teachings , because it has -- selectively and perniciously -- built on fundamental Islamic ideas and principles . The second half of the book outlines the Wests response . Ellen Laipson , in her review of the book , praises the authors for their study and methodology . Benjamin and Simon would follow up The Age of Sacred Terror in 2005 with The Next Attack : The Globalization of Jihad ( Hodder & Soughton ( in Britain ) , 2005 ) , a book which received high-praise from Bill Clinton . In the April 30 , 2006 edition of Time , Benjamin wrote a favorable profile of Pervez Musharraf , with the headline , Why Pakistans Leader May Be The Wests Best Bet for Peace . External links . - Brookings page - American Academy in Berlin
[ "" ]	easy	Which employer did Daniel Benjamin work for from 2001 to 2006?	/wiki/Daniel_Benjamin#P108#4	Daniel Benjamin Daniel Benjamin ( born October 16 , 1961 ) is an American diplomat and journalist and was the Coordinator for Counterterrorism at the United States Department of State from 2009 to 2012 , appointed by Secretary Hillary Clinton . Benjamin was the director of the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding at Dartmouth College . In July 2020 , he became president of the American Academy in Berlin , a nonprofit , nonpartisan , independent transatlantic institution in the German capital . Early life . Benjamin grew up in Stamford , Conn. , one of three sons ( William Benjamin and Jonathan Benjamin ) born to Burton and Susan Benjamin . His father is an internist ; his late mother was a teacher , an administrator at the University of Connecticut and the head of marketing for a Manhattan law firm . They were a moderately observant Jewish family . Benjamin graduated from Harvard University magna cum laude , where he was a 1983 Marshall Scholar at New College , Oxford . After college , he worked as a journalist for Time and The Wall Street Journal . Government service . From 1994 to 1999 , as a member of President Clintons staff , Benjamin served as a foreign policy speech writer and special assistant . During that period , he also served on the National Security Council . From 2009 to 2012 , Benjamin was the US State Departments Coordinator for counter-terrorism , with the rank of Ambassador-at-Large . Academic work . Benjamin was a Senior Fellow in the International Security Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies . He was also named a 2004 Berlin prize fellow by the American Academy in Berlin . From December 2006 to May 2009 , Benjamin served as the Director for the Center on the United States and Europe , and Senior Fellow of Foreign Policy Studies at The Brookings Institution . In 2012 , he was appointed the Norman E . McCulloch Jr . Director of the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding at Dartmouth College . Writing . Together with Steven Simon , Benjamin wrote The Age of Sacred Terror ( Random House , 2002 ) , which documents the rise of al Qaeda and religiously motivated terrorism , as well as Americas efforts to combat that threat . They review the history of Islamist political thought from ibn Taymiyya in the 13th century , to al-Wahhab ( the 18th century founder of Wahabbism ) down to bin Laden . The danger , as they see it , is that al Qaedas belief system cannot be separated neatly from Islamic teachings , because it has -- selectively and perniciously -- built on fundamental Islamic ideas and principles . The second half of the book outlines the Wests response . Ellen Laipson , in her review of the book , praises the authors for their study and methodology . Benjamin and Simon would follow up The Age of Sacred Terror in 2005 with The Next Attack : The Globalization of Jihad ( Hodder & Soughton ( in Britain ) , 2005 ) , a book which received high-praise from Bill Clinton . In the April 30 , 2006 edition of Time , Benjamin wrote a favorable profile of Pervez Musharraf , with the headline , Why Pakistans Leader May Be The Wests Best Bet for Peace . External links . - Brookings page - American Academy in Berlin
[ "The Brookings Institution" ]	easy	Daniel Benjamin was an employee for whom from 2006 to 2009?	/wiki/Daniel_Benjamin#P108#5	Daniel Benjamin Daniel Benjamin ( born October 16 , 1961 ) is an American diplomat and journalist and was the Coordinator for Counterterrorism at the United States Department of State from 2009 to 2012 , appointed by Secretary Hillary Clinton . Benjamin was the director of the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding at Dartmouth College . In July 2020 , he became president of the American Academy in Berlin , a nonprofit , nonpartisan , independent transatlantic institution in the German capital . Early life . Benjamin grew up in Stamford , Conn. , one of three sons ( William Benjamin and Jonathan Benjamin ) born to Burton and Susan Benjamin . His father is an internist ; his late mother was a teacher , an administrator at the University of Connecticut and the head of marketing for a Manhattan law firm . They were a moderately observant Jewish family . Benjamin graduated from Harvard University magna cum laude , where he was a 1983 Marshall Scholar at New College , Oxford . After college , he worked as a journalist for Time and The Wall Street Journal . Government service . From 1994 to 1999 , as a member of President Clintons staff , Benjamin served as a foreign policy speech writer and special assistant . During that period , he also served on the National Security Council . From 2009 to 2012 , Benjamin was the US State Departments Coordinator for counter-terrorism , with the rank of Ambassador-at-Large . Academic work . Benjamin was a Senior Fellow in the International Security Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies . He was also named a 2004 Berlin prize fellow by the American Academy in Berlin . From December 2006 to May 2009 , Benjamin served as the Director for the Center on the United States and Europe , and Senior Fellow of Foreign Policy Studies at The Brookings Institution . In 2012 , he was appointed the Norman E . McCulloch Jr . Director of the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding at Dartmouth College . Writing . Together with Steven Simon , Benjamin wrote The Age of Sacred Terror ( Random House , 2002 ) , which documents the rise of al Qaeda and religiously motivated terrorism , as well as Americas efforts to combat that threat . They review the history of Islamist political thought from ibn Taymiyya in the 13th century , to al-Wahhab ( the 18th century founder of Wahabbism ) down to bin Laden . The danger , as they see it , is that al Qaedas belief system cannot be separated neatly from Islamic teachings , because it has -- selectively and perniciously -- built on fundamental Islamic ideas and principles . The second half of the book outlines the Wests response . Ellen Laipson , in her review of the book , praises the authors for their study and methodology . Benjamin and Simon would follow up The Age of Sacred Terror in 2005 with The Next Attack : The Globalization of Jihad ( Hodder & Soughton ( in Britain ) , 2005 ) , a book which received high-praise from Bill Clinton . In the April 30 , 2006 edition of Time , Benjamin wrote a favorable profile of Pervez Musharraf , with the headline , Why Pakistans Leader May Be The Wests Best Bet for Peace . External links . - Brookings page - American Academy in Berlin
[ "United States Department of State" ]	easy	Who did Daniel Benjamin work for from 2009 to 2012?	/wiki/Daniel_Benjamin#P108#6	Daniel Benjamin Daniel Benjamin ( born October 16 , 1961 ) is an American diplomat and journalist and was the Coordinator for Counterterrorism at the United States Department of State from 2009 to 2012 , appointed by Secretary Hillary Clinton . Benjamin was the director of the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding at Dartmouth College . In July 2020 , he became president of the American Academy in Berlin , a nonprofit , nonpartisan , independent transatlantic institution in the German capital . Early life . Benjamin grew up in Stamford , Conn. , one of three sons ( William Benjamin and Jonathan Benjamin ) born to Burton and Susan Benjamin . His father is an internist ; his late mother was a teacher , an administrator at the University of Connecticut and the head of marketing for a Manhattan law firm . They were a moderately observant Jewish family . Benjamin graduated from Harvard University magna cum laude , where he was a 1983 Marshall Scholar at New College , Oxford . After college , he worked as a journalist for Time and The Wall Street Journal . Government service . From 1994 to 1999 , as a member of President Clintons staff , Benjamin served as a foreign policy speech writer and special assistant . During that period , he also served on the National Security Council . From 2009 to 2012 , Benjamin was the US State Departments Coordinator for counter-terrorism , with the rank of Ambassador-at-Large . Academic work . Benjamin was a Senior Fellow in the International Security Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies . He was also named a 2004 Berlin prize fellow by the American Academy in Berlin . From December 2006 to May 2009 , Benjamin served as the Director for the Center on the United States and Europe , and Senior Fellow of Foreign Policy Studies at The Brookings Institution . In 2012 , he was appointed the Norman E . McCulloch Jr . Director of the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding at Dartmouth College . Writing . Together with Steven Simon , Benjamin wrote The Age of Sacred Terror ( Random House , 2002 ) , which documents the rise of al Qaeda and religiously motivated terrorism , as well as Americas efforts to combat that threat . They review the history of Islamist political thought from ibn Taymiyya in the 13th century , to al-Wahhab ( the 18th century founder of Wahabbism ) down to bin Laden . The danger , as they see it , is that al Qaedas belief system cannot be separated neatly from Islamic teachings , because it has -- selectively and perniciously -- built on fundamental Islamic ideas and principles . The second half of the book outlines the Wests response . Ellen Laipson , in her review of the book , praises the authors for their study and methodology . Benjamin and Simon would follow up The Age of Sacred Terror in 2005 with The Next Attack : The Globalization of Jihad ( Hodder & Soughton ( in Britain ) , 2005 ) , a book which received high-praise from Bill Clinton . In the April 30 , 2006 edition of Time , Benjamin wrote a favorable profile of Pervez Musharraf , with the headline , Why Pakistans Leader May Be The Wests Best Bet for Peace . External links . - Brookings page - American Academy in Berlin
[ "Hong Kong First Division League for Hong Kong 08" ]	easy	Which team did the player Au Yeung Yiu Chung belong to from 2005 to 2007?	/wiki/Au_Yeung_Yiu_Chung#P54#0	Au Yeung Yiu Chung Au Yeung Yiu Chung ( born 11 July 1989 in Hong Kong ) , commonly known as Au Chung , is a Hong Kong professional footballer who currently plays for J3 League club YSCC Yokohama . Club career . Au Yeung Yiu Chung studied at Yan Chai Hospital Tung Chi Ying Memorial Secondary School in Shatin and played for the schools football team in inter-school tournaments . Early career . Au Yeung Yiu Chung made his debut in the Hong Kong First Division League for Hong Kong 08 . After the team was disbanded at the end of the season , he turned down an offer from South China to join Workable for the 2007–08 season . After one season with Workable , which sees the team relegated for 2008–09 season , Au Yeung Yiu Chung finally joins South China and takes over the vacant no . 10 shirt . He was only 18 when he signed for South China . South China . At South China his playing opportunities are less regular , as he plays in a similar position as team captain Li Haiqiang . In 2010 , Au spent a week with Tottenham Hotspur , the club partner of South China AA , and trained with the first team and received personal training from the Hotspurs . In October 2011 , Au Yeung Yiu Chung and teammate Kwok Kin Pong were sent to Tottenham Hotspur for training with Spurs first team as part of the duos development . In the 2011 AFC Cup , Au Yeung Yiu Chung was sent on as a substitute against East Bengal . He played on the right wing and delivered a perfect cross for Mateja Kežman to head home and scored the winning goal for South China . Yokohama FC Hong Kong . On 10 June 2013 , Yokohama FC Hong Kong announced that they have recruited Au Yeung Yiu Chung and will send him , alongside Wong Wai , Leung Kwun Chung and Lee Kar Yiu to Yokohama FC on 16 June for a months training . Au Yeung Yiu Chung said he joined Yokohama FC Hong Kong because he wants more playing opportunities . He will wear number 19 for his new club . He scored his only goal in the season against Sunray Cave JC Sun Hei on 30 March 2014 . Atlético CP . On 22 August 2014 , Atlético CP announced through their official website that they have completed the transfer of Au Yeung Yiu Chung . He made his debut against S.C . Olhanense on 24 May 2015 . GS Loures . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was unable to establish a place in Atlético CP . He transferred to on 1 November 2015 . Also , he has played 90 minutes for the first match . Guizhou Zhicheng . On 26 December 2015 , Au Yeung Yiu Chung had signed by China League One club Guizhou Zhicheng with a 3 years contract . Dreams FC . On 2 March 2018 , Hong Kong Premier League club Dreams announced that they had signed Au Chung . On 3 July 2018 , the club announced that Au Yeungs services would not be retained . Tai Po . After an injury-shorted half season , Au Chung left Dreams . He signed a one-year contract with Tai Po on 31 July 2018 in order to work with head coach Lee Chi Kin . Even though he had experience in Chinese Super League and Chinese League One in the previous year , Au Yeung was unable to break into the first team , and his chances were limited in the reserve team . He was played 4 times in the entire season , including 2 league matches , 1 cup match and 1 AFC match . On 19 June 2019 , Au Chung announced that his contract with Tai Po had ended and would search for a new club abroad . Rangers . On 31 July 2019 , Au Chung signed a one-year contract with Rangers . He became a regular player in the first two league matches but failed to lead the team to victory . And he went on playing for the club in the first half of the 2019–20 season while a regular starting XI place was not guaranteed due to the arrival of several attacking players . He was released by the club after the club announced that they would withdraw from the remaining of the season . YSCC Yokohama . On 13 April 2021 , J3 League club YSCC Yokohama announced that they have signed a contract with Au Chung . He became the first Hong Kong player to play for a J.League club . International career . He was selected for the Hong Kong team in 2008 and made his international debut in the 9–1 thrashing of Macau in November of the same year , scoring one goal . On 14 January 2009 , he scored his second goal for Hong Kong with a freekick against India . On 30 September 2011 , Au Yeung Yiu Chung scored the equalising goal in the 3:3 draw with the Philippines in the 2011 Long Teng Cup . 2009 East Asian Games . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was appointed as captain by coach Kim Pan Gon for the Hong Kong national under-23 football team at the 2009 East Asian Games and led the side to the final against Japan national under-23 football team . The game ended 1–1 after extra time . Au Yeung missed his penalty in the penalty shoot-out and cried . Fortunately Hong Kong scored all the other penalties while Yapp Hung Fai made multiple saves and won the gold medal , which was the first international football tournament title that Hong Kong had obtained . 2010 Asian Games . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was a member of the Hong Kong national under-23 football team again for the 2010 Asian Games . In the final group game , Au Yeung Yiu Chung scored two goals against Bangladesh and helped Hong Kong win 4:1 and advance to the knock-out stage for the first time in 52 years . But Hong Kong was then eliminated by 0:3 by Oman . 2012 Olympic Games . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was a member of the Hong Kong national under-23 football team again for the 2012 London Olympics . The team won its first round tie against Maldives by 7:0 aggregate score but lost 0:3 on aggregate to Uzbekistan in the second round . He has been omitted from the national squad ever since due to his lack of form . Honours . Club . - South China - Hong Kong First Division : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - Hong Kong Senior Shield : 2009–10 - Hong Kong FA Cup : 2010–11 - Hong Kong League Cup : 2010–11 - Tai Po - Hong Kong Premier League : 2018–19 International . - East Asian Games : 2009 Career statistics . Club . As of 7 Oct 2015 International . Hong Kong U-23 . As of 29 February 2012 Hong Kong . As of 16 October 2012 External links . - Au Yeung Yiu Chung at HKFA - Au Yeung Yiu Chungs Facebook Page
[ "Workable" ]	easy	Au Yeung Yiu Chung played for which team from 2007 to 2008?	/wiki/Au_Yeung_Yiu_Chung#P54#1	Au Yeung Yiu Chung Au Yeung Yiu Chung ( born 11 July 1989 in Hong Kong ) , commonly known as Au Chung , is a Hong Kong professional footballer who currently plays for J3 League club YSCC Yokohama . Club career . Au Yeung Yiu Chung studied at Yan Chai Hospital Tung Chi Ying Memorial Secondary School in Shatin and played for the schools football team in inter-school tournaments . Early career . Au Yeung Yiu Chung made his debut in the Hong Kong First Division League for Hong Kong 08 . After the team was disbanded at the end of the season , he turned down an offer from South China to join Workable for the 2007–08 season . After one season with Workable , which sees the team relegated for 2008–09 season , Au Yeung Yiu Chung finally joins South China and takes over the vacant no . 10 shirt . He was only 18 when he signed for South China . South China . At South China his playing opportunities are less regular , as he plays in a similar position as team captain Li Haiqiang . In 2010 , Au spent a week with Tottenham Hotspur , the club partner of South China AA , and trained with the first team and received personal training from the Hotspurs . In October 2011 , Au Yeung Yiu Chung and teammate Kwok Kin Pong were sent to Tottenham Hotspur for training with Spurs first team as part of the duos development . In the 2011 AFC Cup , Au Yeung Yiu Chung was sent on as a substitute against East Bengal . He played on the right wing and delivered a perfect cross for Mateja Kežman to head home and scored the winning goal for South China . Yokohama FC Hong Kong . On 10 June 2013 , Yokohama FC Hong Kong announced that they have recruited Au Yeung Yiu Chung and will send him , alongside Wong Wai , Leung Kwun Chung and Lee Kar Yiu to Yokohama FC on 16 June for a months training . Au Yeung Yiu Chung said he joined Yokohama FC Hong Kong because he wants more playing opportunities . He will wear number 19 for his new club . He scored his only goal in the season against Sunray Cave JC Sun Hei on 30 March 2014 . Atlético CP . On 22 August 2014 , Atlético CP announced through their official website that they have completed the transfer of Au Yeung Yiu Chung . He made his debut against S.C . Olhanense on 24 May 2015 . GS Loures . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was unable to establish a place in Atlético CP . He transferred to on 1 November 2015 . Also , he has played 90 minutes for the first match . Guizhou Zhicheng . On 26 December 2015 , Au Yeung Yiu Chung had signed by China League One club Guizhou Zhicheng with a 3 years contract . Dreams FC . On 2 March 2018 , Hong Kong Premier League club Dreams announced that they had signed Au Chung . On 3 July 2018 , the club announced that Au Yeungs services would not be retained . Tai Po . After an injury-shorted half season , Au Chung left Dreams . He signed a one-year contract with Tai Po on 31 July 2018 in order to work with head coach Lee Chi Kin . Even though he had experience in Chinese Super League and Chinese League One in the previous year , Au Yeung was unable to break into the first team , and his chances were limited in the reserve team . He was played 4 times in the entire season , including 2 league matches , 1 cup match and 1 AFC match . On 19 June 2019 , Au Chung announced that his contract with Tai Po had ended and would search for a new club abroad . Rangers . On 31 July 2019 , Au Chung signed a one-year contract with Rangers . He became a regular player in the first two league matches but failed to lead the team to victory . And he went on playing for the club in the first half of the 2019–20 season while a regular starting XI place was not guaranteed due to the arrival of several attacking players . He was released by the club after the club announced that they would withdraw from the remaining of the season . YSCC Yokohama . On 13 April 2021 , J3 League club YSCC Yokohama announced that they have signed a contract with Au Chung . He became the first Hong Kong player to play for a J.League club . International career . He was selected for the Hong Kong team in 2008 and made his international debut in the 9–1 thrashing of Macau in November of the same year , scoring one goal . On 14 January 2009 , he scored his second goal for Hong Kong with a freekick against India . On 30 September 2011 , Au Yeung Yiu Chung scored the equalising goal in the 3:3 draw with the Philippines in the 2011 Long Teng Cup . 2009 East Asian Games . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was appointed as captain by coach Kim Pan Gon for the Hong Kong national under-23 football team at the 2009 East Asian Games and led the side to the final against Japan national under-23 football team . The game ended 1–1 after extra time . Au Yeung missed his penalty in the penalty shoot-out and cried . Fortunately Hong Kong scored all the other penalties while Yapp Hung Fai made multiple saves and won the gold medal , which was the first international football tournament title that Hong Kong had obtained . 2010 Asian Games . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was a member of the Hong Kong national under-23 football team again for the 2010 Asian Games . In the final group game , Au Yeung Yiu Chung scored two goals against Bangladesh and helped Hong Kong win 4:1 and advance to the knock-out stage for the first time in 52 years . But Hong Kong was then eliminated by 0:3 by Oman . 2012 Olympic Games . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was a member of the Hong Kong national under-23 football team again for the 2012 London Olympics . The team won its first round tie against Maldives by 7:0 aggregate score but lost 0:3 on aggregate to Uzbekistan in the second round . He has been omitted from the national squad ever since due to his lack of form . Honours . Club . - South China - Hong Kong First Division : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - Hong Kong Senior Shield : 2009–10 - Hong Kong FA Cup : 2010–11 - Hong Kong League Cup : 2010–11 - Tai Po - Hong Kong Premier League : 2018–19 International . - East Asian Games : 2009 Career statistics . Club . As of 7 Oct 2015 International . Hong Kong U-23 . As of 29 February 2012 Hong Kong . As of 16 October 2012 External links . - Au Yeung Yiu Chung at HKFA - Au Yeung Yiu Chungs Facebook Page
[ "South China" ]	easy	Which team did the player Au Yeung Yiu Chung belong to from 2008 to 2011?	/wiki/Au_Yeung_Yiu_Chung#P54#2	Au Yeung Yiu Chung Au Yeung Yiu Chung ( born 11 July 1989 in Hong Kong ) , commonly known as Au Chung , is a Hong Kong professional footballer who currently plays for J3 League club YSCC Yokohama . Club career . Au Yeung Yiu Chung studied at Yan Chai Hospital Tung Chi Ying Memorial Secondary School in Shatin and played for the schools football team in inter-school tournaments . Early career . Au Yeung Yiu Chung made his debut in the Hong Kong First Division League for Hong Kong 08 . After the team was disbanded at the end of the season , he turned down an offer from South China to join Workable for the 2007–08 season . After one season with Workable , which sees the team relegated for 2008–09 season , Au Yeung Yiu Chung finally joins South China and takes over the vacant no . 10 shirt . He was only 18 when he signed for South China . South China . At South China his playing opportunities are less regular , as he plays in a similar position as team captain Li Haiqiang . In 2010 , Au spent a week with Tottenham Hotspur , the club partner of South China AA , and trained with the first team and received personal training from the Hotspurs . In October 2011 , Au Yeung Yiu Chung and teammate Kwok Kin Pong were sent to Tottenham Hotspur for training with Spurs first team as part of the duos development . In the 2011 AFC Cup , Au Yeung Yiu Chung was sent on as a substitute against East Bengal . He played on the right wing and delivered a perfect cross for Mateja Kežman to head home and scored the winning goal for South China . Yokohama FC Hong Kong . On 10 June 2013 , Yokohama FC Hong Kong announced that they have recruited Au Yeung Yiu Chung and will send him , alongside Wong Wai , Leung Kwun Chung and Lee Kar Yiu to Yokohama FC on 16 June for a months training . Au Yeung Yiu Chung said he joined Yokohama FC Hong Kong because he wants more playing opportunities . He will wear number 19 for his new club . He scored his only goal in the season against Sunray Cave JC Sun Hei on 30 March 2014 . Atlético CP . On 22 August 2014 , Atlético CP announced through their official website that they have completed the transfer of Au Yeung Yiu Chung . He made his debut against S.C . Olhanense on 24 May 2015 . GS Loures . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was unable to establish a place in Atlético CP . He transferred to on 1 November 2015 . Also , he has played 90 minutes for the first match . Guizhou Zhicheng . On 26 December 2015 , Au Yeung Yiu Chung had signed by China League One club Guizhou Zhicheng with a 3 years contract . Dreams FC . On 2 March 2018 , Hong Kong Premier League club Dreams announced that they had signed Au Chung . On 3 July 2018 , the club announced that Au Yeungs services would not be retained . Tai Po . After an injury-shorted half season , Au Chung left Dreams . He signed a one-year contract with Tai Po on 31 July 2018 in order to work with head coach Lee Chi Kin . Even though he had experience in Chinese Super League and Chinese League One in the previous year , Au Yeung was unable to break into the first team , and his chances were limited in the reserve team . He was played 4 times in the entire season , including 2 league matches , 1 cup match and 1 AFC match . On 19 June 2019 , Au Chung announced that his contract with Tai Po had ended and would search for a new club abroad . Rangers . On 31 July 2019 , Au Chung signed a one-year contract with Rangers . He became a regular player in the first two league matches but failed to lead the team to victory . And he went on playing for the club in the first half of the 2019–20 season while a regular starting XI place was not guaranteed due to the arrival of several attacking players . He was released by the club after the club announced that they would withdraw from the remaining of the season . YSCC Yokohama . On 13 April 2021 , J3 League club YSCC Yokohama announced that they have signed a contract with Au Chung . He became the first Hong Kong player to play for a J.League club . International career . He was selected for the Hong Kong team in 2008 and made his international debut in the 9–1 thrashing of Macau in November of the same year , scoring one goal . On 14 January 2009 , he scored his second goal for Hong Kong with a freekick against India . On 30 September 2011 , Au Yeung Yiu Chung scored the equalising goal in the 3:3 draw with the Philippines in the 2011 Long Teng Cup . 2009 East Asian Games . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was appointed as captain by coach Kim Pan Gon for the Hong Kong national under-23 football team at the 2009 East Asian Games and led the side to the final against Japan national under-23 football team . The game ended 1–1 after extra time . Au Yeung missed his penalty in the penalty shoot-out and cried . Fortunately Hong Kong scored all the other penalties while Yapp Hung Fai made multiple saves and won the gold medal , which was the first international football tournament title that Hong Kong had obtained . 2010 Asian Games . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was a member of the Hong Kong national under-23 football team again for the 2010 Asian Games . In the final group game , Au Yeung Yiu Chung scored two goals against Bangladesh and helped Hong Kong win 4:1 and advance to the knock-out stage for the first time in 52 years . But Hong Kong was then eliminated by 0:3 by Oman . 2012 Olympic Games . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was a member of the Hong Kong national under-23 football team again for the 2012 London Olympics . The team won its first round tie against Maldives by 7:0 aggregate score but lost 0:3 on aggregate to Uzbekistan in the second round . He has been omitted from the national squad ever since due to his lack of form . Honours . Club . - South China - Hong Kong First Division : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - Hong Kong Senior Shield : 2009–10 - Hong Kong FA Cup : 2010–11 - Hong Kong League Cup : 2010–11 - Tai Po - Hong Kong Premier League : 2018–19 International . - East Asian Games : 2009 Career statistics . Club . As of 7 Oct 2015 International . Hong Kong U-23 . As of 29 February 2012 Hong Kong . As of 16 October 2012 External links . - Au Yeung Yiu Chung at HKFA - Au Yeung Yiu Chungs Facebook Page
[ "South China" ]	easy	Au Yeung Yiu Chung played for which team from 2011 to 2013?	/wiki/Au_Yeung_Yiu_Chung#P54#3	Au Yeung Yiu Chung Au Yeung Yiu Chung ( born 11 July 1989 in Hong Kong ) , commonly known as Au Chung , is a Hong Kong professional footballer who currently plays for J3 League club YSCC Yokohama . Club career . Au Yeung Yiu Chung studied at Yan Chai Hospital Tung Chi Ying Memorial Secondary School in Shatin and played for the schools football team in inter-school tournaments . Early career . Au Yeung Yiu Chung made his debut in the Hong Kong First Division League for Hong Kong 08 . After the team was disbanded at the end of the season , he turned down an offer from South China to join Workable for the 2007–08 season . After one season with Workable , which sees the team relegated for 2008–09 season , Au Yeung Yiu Chung finally joins South China and takes over the vacant no . 10 shirt . He was only 18 when he signed for South China . South China . At South China his playing opportunities are less regular , as he plays in a similar position as team captain Li Haiqiang . In 2010 , Au spent a week with Tottenham Hotspur , the club partner of South China AA , and trained with the first team and received personal training from the Hotspurs . In October 2011 , Au Yeung Yiu Chung and teammate Kwok Kin Pong were sent to Tottenham Hotspur for training with Spurs first team as part of the duos development . In the 2011 AFC Cup , Au Yeung Yiu Chung was sent on as a substitute against East Bengal . He played on the right wing and delivered a perfect cross for Mateja Kežman to head home and scored the winning goal for South China . Yokohama FC Hong Kong . On 10 June 2013 , Yokohama FC Hong Kong announced that they have recruited Au Yeung Yiu Chung and will send him , alongside Wong Wai , Leung Kwun Chung and Lee Kar Yiu to Yokohama FC on 16 June for a months training . Au Yeung Yiu Chung said he joined Yokohama FC Hong Kong because he wants more playing opportunities . He will wear number 19 for his new club . He scored his only goal in the season against Sunray Cave JC Sun Hei on 30 March 2014 . Atlético CP . On 22 August 2014 , Atlético CP announced through their official website that they have completed the transfer of Au Yeung Yiu Chung . He made his debut against S.C . Olhanense on 24 May 2015 . GS Loures . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was unable to establish a place in Atlético CP . He transferred to on 1 November 2015 . Also , he has played 90 minutes for the first match . Guizhou Zhicheng . On 26 December 2015 , Au Yeung Yiu Chung had signed by China League One club Guizhou Zhicheng with a 3 years contract . Dreams FC . On 2 March 2018 , Hong Kong Premier League club Dreams announced that they had signed Au Chung . On 3 July 2018 , the club announced that Au Yeungs services would not be retained . Tai Po . After an injury-shorted half season , Au Chung left Dreams . He signed a one-year contract with Tai Po on 31 July 2018 in order to work with head coach Lee Chi Kin . Even though he had experience in Chinese Super League and Chinese League One in the previous year , Au Yeung was unable to break into the first team , and his chances were limited in the reserve team . He was played 4 times in the entire season , including 2 league matches , 1 cup match and 1 AFC match . On 19 June 2019 , Au Chung announced that his contract with Tai Po had ended and would search for a new club abroad . Rangers . On 31 July 2019 , Au Chung signed a one-year contract with Rangers . He became a regular player in the first two league matches but failed to lead the team to victory . And he went on playing for the club in the first half of the 2019–20 season while a regular starting XI place was not guaranteed due to the arrival of several attacking players . He was released by the club after the club announced that they would withdraw from the remaining of the season . YSCC Yokohama . On 13 April 2021 , J3 League club YSCC Yokohama announced that they have signed a contract with Au Chung . He became the first Hong Kong player to play for a J.League club . International career . He was selected for the Hong Kong team in 2008 and made his international debut in the 9–1 thrashing of Macau in November of the same year , scoring one goal . On 14 January 2009 , he scored his second goal for Hong Kong with a freekick against India . On 30 September 2011 , Au Yeung Yiu Chung scored the equalising goal in the 3:3 draw with the Philippines in the 2011 Long Teng Cup . 2009 East Asian Games . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was appointed as captain by coach Kim Pan Gon for the Hong Kong national under-23 football team at the 2009 East Asian Games and led the side to the final against Japan national under-23 football team . The game ended 1–1 after extra time . Au Yeung missed his penalty in the penalty shoot-out and cried . Fortunately Hong Kong scored all the other penalties while Yapp Hung Fai made multiple saves and won the gold medal , which was the first international football tournament title that Hong Kong had obtained . 2010 Asian Games . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was a member of the Hong Kong national under-23 football team again for the 2010 Asian Games . In the final group game , Au Yeung Yiu Chung scored two goals against Bangladesh and helped Hong Kong win 4:1 and advance to the knock-out stage for the first time in 52 years . But Hong Kong was then eliminated by 0:3 by Oman . 2012 Olympic Games . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was a member of the Hong Kong national under-23 football team again for the 2012 London Olympics . The team won its first round tie against Maldives by 7:0 aggregate score but lost 0:3 on aggregate to Uzbekistan in the second round . He has been omitted from the national squad ever since due to his lack of form . Honours . Club . - South China - Hong Kong First Division : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - Hong Kong Senior Shield : 2009–10 - Hong Kong FA Cup : 2010–11 - Hong Kong League Cup : 2010–11 - Tai Po - Hong Kong Premier League : 2018–19 International . - East Asian Games : 2009 Career statistics . Club . As of 7 Oct 2015 International . Hong Kong U-23 . As of 29 February 2012 Hong Kong . As of 16 October 2012 External links . - Au Yeung Yiu Chung at HKFA - Au Yeung Yiu Chungs Facebook Page
[ "Yokohama FC Hong Kong" ]	easy	Which team did the player Au Yeung Yiu Chung belong to from 2013 to 2014?	/wiki/Au_Yeung_Yiu_Chung#P54#4	Au Yeung Yiu Chung Au Yeung Yiu Chung ( born 11 July 1989 in Hong Kong ) , commonly known as Au Chung , is a Hong Kong professional footballer who currently plays for J3 League club YSCC Yokohama . Club career . Au Yeung Yiu Chung studied at Yan Chai Hospital Tung Chi Ying Memorial Secondary School in Shatin and played for the schools football team in inter-school tournaments . Early career . Au Yeung Yiu Chung made his debut in the Hong Kong First Division League for Hong Kong 08 . After the team was disbanded at the end of the season , he turned down an offer from South China to join Workable for the 2007–08 season . After one season with Workable , which sees the team relegated for 2008–09 season , Au Yeung Yiu Chung finally joins South China and takes over the vacant no . 10 shirt . He was only 18 when he signed for South China . South China . At South China his playing opportunities are less regular , as he plays in a similar position as team captain Li Haiqiang . In 2010 , Au spent a week with Tottenham Hotspur , the club partner of South China AA , and trained with the first team and received personal training from the Hotspurs . In October 2011 , Au Yeung Yiu Chung and teammate Kwok Kin Pong were sent to Tottenham Hotspur for training with Spurs first team as part of the duos development . In the 2011 AFC Cup , Au Yeung Yiu Chung was sent on as a substitute against East Bengal . He played on the right wing and delivered a perfect cross for Mateja Kežman to head home and scored the winning goal for South China . Yokohama FC Hong Kong . On 10 June 2013 , Yokohama FC Hong Kong announced that they have recruited Au Yeung Yiu Chung and will send him , alongside Wong Wai , Leung Kwun Chung and Lee Kar Yiu to Yokohama FC on 16 June for a months training . Au Yeung Yiu Chung said he joined Yokohama FC Hong Kong because he wants more playing opportunities . He will wear number 19 for his new club . He scored his only goal in the season against Sunray Cave JC Sun Hei on 30 March 2014 . Atlético CP . On 22 August 2014 , Atlético CP announced through their official website that they have completed the transfer of Au Yeung Yiu Chung . He made his debut against S.C . Olhanense on 24 May 2015 . GS Loures . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was unable to establish a place in Atlético CP . He transferred to on 1 November 2015 . Also , he has played 90 minutes for the first match . Guizhou Zhicheng . On 26 December 2015 , Au Yeung Yiu Chung had signed by China League One club Guizhou Zhicheng with a 3 years contract . Dreams FC . On 2 March 2018 , Hong Kong Premier League club Dreams announced that they had signed Au Chung . On 3 July 2018 , the club announced that Au Yeungs services would not be retained . Tai Po . After an injury-shorted half season , Au Chung left Dreams . He signed a one-year contract with Tai Po on 31 July 2018 in order to work with head coach Lee Chi Kin . Even though he had experience in Chinese Super League and Chinese League One in the previous year , Au Yeung was unable to break into the first team , and his chances were limited in the reserve team . He was played 4 times in the entire season , including 2 league matches , 1 cup match and 1 AFC match . On 19 June 2019 , Au Chung announced that his contract with Tai Po had ended and would search for a new club abroad . Rangers . On 31 July 2019 , Au Chung signed a one-year contract with Rangers . He became a regular player in the first two league matches but failed to lead the team to victory . And he went on playing for the club in the first half of the 2019–20 season while a regular starting XI place was not guaranteed due to the arrival of several attacking players . He was released by the club after the club announced that they would withdraw from the remaining of the season . YSCC Yokohama . On 13 April 2021 , J3 League club YSCC Yokohama announced that they have signed a contract with Au Chung . He became the first Hong Kong player to play for a J.League club . International career . He was selected for the Hong Kong team in 2008 and made his international debut in the 9–1 thrashing of Macau in November of the same year , scoring one goal . On 14 January 2009 , he scored his second goal for Hong Kong with a freekick against India . On 30 September 2011 , Au Yeung Yiu Chung scored the equalising goal in the 3:3 draw with the Philippines in the 2011 Long Teng Cup . 2009 East Asian Games . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was appointed as captain by coach Kim Pan Gon for the Hong Kong national under-23 football team at the 2009 East Asian Games and led the side to the final against Japan national under-23 football team . The game ended 1–1 after extra time . Au Yeung missed his penalty in the penalty shoot-out and cried . Fortunately Hong Kong scored all the other penalties while Yapp Hung Fai made multiple saves and won the gold medal , which was the first international football tournament title that Hong Kong had obtained . 2010 Asian Games . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was a member of the Hong Kong national under-23 football team again for the 2010 Asian Games . In the final group game , Au Yeung Yiu Chung scored two goals against Bangladesh and helped Hong Kong win 4:1 and advance to the knock-out stage for the first time in 52 years . But Hong Kong was then eliminated by 0:3 by Oman . 2012 Olympic Games . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was a member of the Hong Kong national under-23 football team again for the 2012 London Olympics . The team won its first round tie against Maldives by 7:0 aggregate score but lost 0:3 on aggregate to Uzbekistan in the second round . He has been omitted from the national squad ever since due to his lack of form . Honours . Club . - South China - Hong Kong First Division : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - Hong Kong Senior Shield : 2009–10 - Hong Kong FA Cup : 2010–11 - Hong Kong League Cup : 2010–11 - Tai Po - Hong Kong Premier League : 2018–19 International . - East Asian Games : 2009 Career statistics . Club . As of 7 Oct 2015 International . Hong Kong U-23 . As of 29 February 2012 Hong Kong . As of 16 October 2012 External links . - Au Yeung Yiu Chung at HKFA - Au Yeung Yiu Chungs Facebook Page
[ "Atlético CP", "GS Loures" ]	easy	Which team did the player Au Yeung Yiu Chung belong to from 2014 to 2015?	/wiki/Au_Yeung_Yiu_Chung#P54#5	Au Yeung Yiu Chung Au Yeung Yiu Chung ( born 11 July 1989 in Hong Kong ) , commonly known as Au Chung , is a Hong Kong professional footballer who currently plays for J3 League club YSCC Yokohama . Club career . Au Yeung Yiu Chung studied at Yan Chai Hospital Tung Chi Ying Memorial Secondary School in Shatin and played for the schools football team in inter-school tournaments . Early career . Au Yeung Yiu Chung made his debut in the Hong Kong First Division League for Hong Kong 08 . After the team was disbanded at the end of the season , he turned down an offer from South China to join Workable for the 2007–08 season . After one season with Workable , which sees the team relegated for 2008–09 season , Au Yeung Yiu Chung finally joins South China and takes over the vacant no . 10 shirt . He was only 18 when he signed for South China . South China . At South China his playing opportunities are less regular , as he plays in a similar position as team captain Li Haiqiang . In 2010 , Au spent a week with Tottenham Hotspur , the club partner of South China AA , and trained with the first team and received personal training from the Hotspurs . In October 2011 , Au Yeung Yiu Chung and teammate Kwok Kin Pong were sent to Tottenham Hotspur for training with Spurs first team as part of the duos development . In the 2011 AFC Cup , Au Yeung Yiu Chung was sent on as a substitute against East Bengal . He played on the right wing and delivered a perfect cross for Mateja Kežman to head home and scored the winning goal for South China . Yokohama FC Hong Kong . On 10 June 2013 , Yokohama FC Hong Kong announced that they have recruited Au Yeung Yiu Chung and will send him , alongside Wong Wai , Leung Kwun Chung and Lee Kar Yiu to Yokohama FC on 16 June for a months training . Au Yeung Yiu Chung said he joined Yokohama FC Hong Kong because he wants more playing opportunities . He will wear number 19 for his new club . He scored his only goal in the season against Sunray Cave JC Sun Hei on 30 March 2014 . Atlético CP . On 22 August 2014 , Atlético CP announced through their official website that they have completed the transfer of Au Yeung Yiu Chung . He made his debut against S.C . Olhanense on 24 May 2015 . GS Loures . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was unable to establish a place in Atlético CP . He transferred to on 1 November 2015 . Also , he has played 90 minutes for the first match . Guizhou Zhicheng . On 26 December 2015 , Au Yeung Yiu Chung had signed by China League One club Guizhou Zhicheng with a 3 years contract . Dreams FC . On 2 March 2018 , Hong Kong Premier League club Dreams announced that they had signed Au Chung . On 3 July 2018 , the club announced that Au Yeungs services would not be retained . Tai Po . After an injury-shorted half season , Au Chung left Dreams . He signed a one-year contract with Tai Po on 31 July 2018 in order to work with head coach Lee Chi Kin . Even though he had experience in Chinese Super League and Chinese League One in the previous year , Au Yeung was unable to break into the first team , and his chances were limited in the reserve team . He was played 4 times in the entire season , including 2 league matches , 1 cup match and 1 AFC match . On 19 June 2019 , Au Chung announced that his contract with Tai Po had ended and would search for a new club abroad . Rangers . On 31 July 2019 , Au Chung signed a one-year contract with Rangers . He became a regular player in the first two league matches but failed to lead the team to victory . And he went on playing for the club in the first half of the 2019–20 season while a regular starting XI place was not guaranteed due to the arrival of several attacking players . He was released by the club after the club announced that they would withdraw from the remaining of the season . YSCC Yokohama . On 13 April 2021 , J3 League club YSCC Yokohama announced that they have signed a contract with Au Chung . He became the first Hong Kong player to play for a J.League club . International career . He was selected for the Hong Kong team in 2008 and made his international debut in the 9–1 thrashing of Macau in November of the same year , scoring one goal . On 14 January 2009 , he scored his second goal for Hong Kong with a freekick against India . On 30 September 2011 , Au Yeung Yiu Chung scored the equalising goal in the 3:3 draw with the Philippines in the 2011 Long Teng Cup . 2009 East Asian Games . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was appointed as captain by coach Kim Pan Gon for the Hong Kong national under-23 football team at the 2009 East Asian Games and led the side to the final against Japan national under-23 football team . The game ended 1–1 after extra time . Au Yeung missed his penalty in the penalty shoot-out and cried . Fortunately Hong Kong scored all the other penalties while Yapp Hung Fai made multiple saves and won the gold medal , which was the first international football tournament title that Hong Kong had obtained . 2010 Asian Games . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was a member of the Hong Kong national under-23 football team again for the 2010 Asian Games . In the final group game , Au Yeung Yiu Chung scored two goals against Bangladesh and helped Hong Kong win 4:1 and advance to the knock-out stage for the first time in 52 years . But Hong Kong was then eliminated by 0:3 by Oman . 2012 Olympic Games . Au Yeung Yiu Chung was a member of the Hong Kong national under-23 football team again for the 2012 London Olympics . The team won its first round tie against Maldives by 7:0 aggregate score but lost 0:3 on aggregate to Uzbekistan in the second round . He has been omitted from the national squad ever since due to his lack of form . Honours . Club . - South China - Hong Kong First Division : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - Hong Kong Senior Shield : 2009–10 - Hong Kong FA Cup : 2010–11 - Hong Kong League Cup : 2010–11 - Tai Po - Hong Kong Premier League : 2018–19 International . - East Asian Games : 2009 Career statistics . Club . As of 7 Oct 2015 International . Hong Kong U-23 . As of 29 February 2012 Hong Kong . As of 16 October 2012 External links . - Au Yeung Yiu Chung at HKFA - Au Yeung Yiu Chungs Facebook Page
[ "Count of Ribagorza" ]	easy	What was the noble title of Martín de Gurrea y Aragón from 1533 to 1554?	/wiki/Martín_de_Gurrea_y_Aragón#P97#0	Martín de Gurrea y Aragón Martín de Gurrea y Aragóna ( 17 May 1525 - 25 April 1581 ) was a Spanish nobleman from a royal line descended from John II of Aragons son Alfonso . He was born and died in Pedrola . He was also notable as a collector and patron of the arts , commissioning artists such as Pablo Esquert . He inherited the title of Count of Ribagorza on his fathers death in 1550 . He also became 4th Duke of Villahermosa in 1558 when the 3rd Duke ( Fernando Sanseverino de Aragón , prince of Salerno ) forfeited the title for supporting the King of France in Italy against the King of Spain . Family . The Dukedom of Villahermosa was created by John II of Aragon to recognise the military achievements of his illegitimate son by Leonor de Escobar , Alonso. : He was also made Count of Ribagorza . Alonso had an illegitimate son called John ( 1457-1528 ) , who was recognised by John II as his grandson to reward his mother María Junquers , who had governed and defended Ribagorza in the counts absence . John was Count of Ribagorza , viceroy of Aragon and then viceroy of Naples ( 1507-1509 , in place of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba ) , but he did not inherit the duchy of Villahermosa , which passed to the legitimate son Alfonso de Aragón . John married the rich María López de Gurrea , through whom he gained possession of Luna and Pedrola . After the marriage Johns descendants placed the surname Gurrea before that of Aragon . The couple had Alonso Felipe de Gurrea y Aragón ( 1487-1550 ) , 3rd Count of Ribagorza , who married Isabel de Cardona y Enríquez de Quiñones , from the powerful Catalan Cardona family . After he was widowed , he remarried to Ana de Sarmiento de Ulloa y Castilla , wealthy descendant of the marshals of Castille and holder of the state salt concessions - with her he had Martín de Gurrea y Aragón . Life . Martín spent his early life in Pedrola , before being sent to Santiago de Compostela to be educated by his mothers brother cardinal Pedro Gómez Sarmiento , who educated him in Italian , Latin , ancient Greek and Hebrew . He then moved on to the court , where he served as minstrel to empress Isabel of Portugal and then page of the future Philip II of Spain as well as becoming friends with cardinal Granvelle . He also became friends with Philip , who he accompanied to England to marry Mary I and to Brussels in 1555 to witness Charles Vs abdication of his rule over the Low Countries . He divided his time between court and his estates at Pedrola . In 1557 , Martín distinguished himself in the battle of St Quentin , gaining him royal favour . His personal fortune enabled him to pay for some of the political and diplomatic posts which followed , though he had to leave court to govern his possessions in Aragon after his wifes death in 1560 . Martín remarried around 1542 to Luisa de Borja y Aragón , from the family of the Dukes of Gandía and great-granddaughter of the Borgia pope Alexander VI . Luisa died after having eight children : Juan , Fernando , Ana , Martín , Francisco , María , Inés and Juana ( who died in infancy ) . All the children received a careful education , with Martín and Francisco even going to the University of Salamanca , which was unusual for major noblemen of the time . The duke married a third time after her death , to María Pérez de Pomar in 1566 , with whom he had one child , Juliana . He also had two illegitimate daughters , María and Gabriela . Rebellion in the County of Ribagorza faced a delicate situation muddied his relations with the court . On 6 June 1554 a court in Zamora took rights , rents and castles of the County out of Martíns hands and placed them directly back in royal control Martín then took his case to the Justiciar of Aragon . On 6 May 1565 he passed the County of Ribagorza to his eldest son Juan de Gurrea y Aragón , who he also betrothed to Luisa Pacheco Cabrera , daughter to the Count of Villena and Duke of Escalona . However , the wedding was delayed until 1569 by the lawsuit to regain control of the County , which eventually proved successful on 18 May 1567 . However , the crown had allowed the County to be misgoverned in the meantime and the damage proved irreversible . Years after Martíns death , the line of the Counts of Ribagorza died out and the territory passed back under direct royal rule . In 1571 his eldest son John was accused of murdering his wife . He escaped to Italy , but was captured and publicly executed there in 1573 at Torrejón de Velasco . This meant Martín re-assumed responsibility for the County of Ribagorza , meaning his courtly aspirations increasingly took a back seat Martíns final years were marked by the loss of several other loved ones - Philip IIs sister Joanna of Austria ( who Martín had known as a child ) , Diego de Arnedo ( bishop of Huesca ) , John of Austria and Martíns own mother . In 1579 his friend the royal secretary Antonio Pérez was arrested . With these setbacks , Martín became more and more religiously devout , finally dying in 1581 . The Duchy of Villahermosa , County of Ribagorza and his other titles were inherited by his son Fernando , who had married Juana de Pernstein y Manrique de Lara , lady-in-waiting to Maria of Austria . Patronage and cultural life . Thanks to his education , position and travels , Martín formed part of the humanist and artistic circles of his era . His tutor cardinal Sarmiento taught him to love classical antiquity . He became a good friend of cardinal Granvelle , who he met at court early in his life as well as in Flanders and Aragon . Granvelle introduced him to artistic circles in Flanders and there he met painters such as Roland de Mois , who worked for the duke . He also shared his passion for coin-collecting with Antonio Agustín . He also joined the circle of the major Aragonese art-patron don Hernando de Aragón , archbishop of Zaragoza , regent of Aragón and ( like the Duke ) a grandson of Ferdinand the Catholic . He was also a friend of church humanists like Diego de Arnedo and Pedro Cerbuna . Martin also gathered a large art collection . Highlights included the set of portraits of the House of Villahermosa by Roland de Mois and the portrait of Martín himself by the royal portraitist Antonio Moro . He was also given a painting entitled The Rape of Europa by its artist Titian . The collection also included works by Michelangelo , Hieronymus Bosch , Peter Brueghel the Elder and others . He left his collection to Pedrola and to the Monastery of Veruela , for which he felt a special affection . His collection of coins and medals was one of the first such collections in Spain and he wrote on them in his work Discursos sobre medallas y antigüedades . Marriages and issue . In 1542 married Luisa de Borja y Aragón , with whom he had - Juan de Gurrea y Aragón , 5th Count of Ribagorza . - Fernando de Gurrea y Aragón , 5th Duke of Villahermosa . - Francisco de Gurrea y Aragón , 6th Duke of Villahermosa . - Martín de Gurrea y Aragón , baron of Entenza and Capella . - Ana de Gurrea y Aragón , married Felipe Galcerán de Castro de So y Pinós , 10th Viscount of Ebol - María de Gurrea y Aragón , became a nun . - Inés de Gurrea y Aragón , became a nun . - Juana de Gurrea y Aragón , died in infancy . After his wifes death in 1560 , he remarried to María Pérez de Pomar , with whom he had one child Juliana , who married Juan de Aragón , lord of Ballobar and Las Casetas . Martín de Gurrea also had two illegitimate children , María and Gabriela .
[ "Duke of Villahermosa", "Count of Ribagorza" ]	easy	What was the noble title of Martín de Gurrea y Aragón from 1554 to 1565?	/wiki/Martín_de_Gurrea_y_Aragón#P97#1	Martín de Gurrea y Aragón Martín de Gurrea y Aragóna ( 17 May 1525 - 25 April 1581 ) was a Spanish nobleman from a royal line descended from John II of Aragons son Alfonso . He was born and died in Pedrola . He was also notable as a collector and patron of the arts , commissioning artists such as Pablo Esquert . He inherited the title of Count of Ribagorza on his fathers death in 1550 . He also became 4th Duke of Villahermosa in 1558 when the 3rd Duke ( Fernando Sanseverino de Aragón , prince of Salerno ) forfeited the title for supporting the King of France in Italy against the King of Spain . Family . The Dukedom of Villahermosa was created by John II of Aragon to recognise the military achievements of his illegitimate son by Leonor de Escobar , Alonso. : He was also made Count of Ribagorza . Alonso had an illegitimate son called John ( 1457-1528 ) , who was recognised by John II as his grandson to reward his mother María Junquers , who had governed and defended Ribagorza in the counts absence . John was Count of Ribagorza , viceroy of Aragon and then viceroy of Naples ( 1507-1509 , in place of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba ) , but he did not inherit the duchy of Villahermosa , which passed to the legitimate son Alfonso de Aragón . John married the rich María López de Gurrea , through whom he gained possession of Luna and Pedrola . After the marriage Johns descendants placed the surname Gurrea before that of Aragon . The couple had Alonso Felipe de Gurrea y Aragón ( 1487-1550 ) , 3rd Count of Ribagorza , who married Isabel de Cardona y Enríquez de Quiñones , from the powerful Catalan Cardona family . After he was widowed , he remarried to Ana de Sarmiento de Ulloa y Castilla , wealthy descendant of the marshals of Castille and holder of the state salt concessions - with her he had Martín de Gurrea y Aragón . Life . Martín spent his early life in Pedrola , before being sent to Santiago de Compostela to be educated by his mothers brother cardinal Pedro Gómez Sarmiento , who educated him in Italian , Latin , ancient Greek and Hebrew . He then moved on to the court , where he served as minstrel to empress Isabel of Portugal and then page of the future Philip II of Spain as well as becoming friends with cardinal Granvelle . He also became friends with Philip , who he accompanied to England to marry Mary I and to Brussels in 1555 to witness Charles Vs abdication of his rule over the Low Countries . He divided his time between court and his estates at Pedrola . In 1557 , Martín distinguished himself in the battle of St Quentin , gaining him royal favour . His personal fortune enabled him to pay for some of the political and diplomatic posts which followed , though he had to leave court to govern his possessions in Aragon after his wifes death in 1560 . Martín remarried around 1542 to Luisa de Borja y Aragón , from the family of the Dukes of Gandía and great-granddaughter of the Borgia pope Alexander VI . Luisa died after having eight children : Juan , Fernando , Ana , Martín , Francisco , María , Inés and Juana ( who died in infancy ) . All the children received a careful education , with Martín and Francisco even going to the University of Salamanca , which was unusual for major noblemen of the time . The duke married a third time after her death , to María Pérez de Pomar in 1566 , with whom he had one child , Juliana . He also had two illegitimate daughters , María and Gabriela . Rebellion in the County of Ribagorza faced a delicate situation muddied his relations with the court . On 6 June 1554 a court in Zamora took rights , rents and castles of the County out of Martíns hands and placed them directly back in royal control Martín then took his case to the Justiciar of Aragon . On 6 May 1565 he passed the County of Ribagorza to his eldest son Juan de Gurrea y Aragón , who he also betrothed to Luisa Pacheco Cabrera , daughter to the Count of Villena and Duke of Escalona . However , the wedding was delayed until 1569 by the lawsuit to regain control of the County , which eventually proved successful on 18 May 1567 . However , the crown had allowed the County to be misgoverned in the meantime and the damage proved irreversible . Years after Martíns death , the line of the Counts of Ribagorza died out and the territory passed back under direct royal rule . In 1571 his eldest son John was accused of murdering his wife . He escaped to Italy , but was captured and publicly executed there in 1573 at Torrejón de Velasco . This meant Martín re-assumed responsibility for the County of Ribagorza , meaning his courtly aspirations increasingly took a back seat Martíns final years were marked by the loss of several other loved ones - Philip IIs sister Joanna of Austria ( who Martín had known as a child ) , Diego de Arnedo ( bishop of Huesca ) , John of Austria and Martíns own mother . In 1579 his friend the royal secretary Antonio Pérez was arrested . With these setbacks , Martín became more and more religiously devout , finally dying in 1581 . The Duchy of Villahermosa , County of Ribagorza and his other titles were inherited by his son Fernando , who had married Juana de Pernstein y Manrique de Lara , lady-in-waiting to Maria of Austria . Patronage and cultural life . Thanks to his education , position and travels , Martín formed part of the humanist and artistic circles of his era . His tutor cardinal Sarmiento taught him to love classical antiquity . He became a good friend of cardinal Granvelle , who he met at court early in his life as well as in Flanders and Aragon . Granvelle introduced him to artistic circles in Flanders and there he met painters such as Roland de Mois , who worked for the duke . He also shared his passion for coin-collecting with Antonio Agustín . He also joined the circle of the major Aragonese art-patron don Hernando de Aragón , archbishop of Zaragoza , regent of Aragón and ( like the Duke ) a grandson of Ferdinand the Catholic . He was also a friend of church humanists like Diego de Arnedo and Pedro Cerbuna . Martin also gathered a large art collection . Highlights included the set of portraits of the House of Villahermosa by Roland de Mois and the portrait of Martín himself by the royal portraitist Antonio Moro . He was also given a painting entitled The Rape of Europa by its artist Titian . The collection also included works by Michelangelo , Hieronymus Bosch , Peter Brueghel the Elder and others . He left his collection to Pedrola and to the Monastery of Veruela , for which he felt a special affection . His collection of coins and medals was one of the first such collections in Spain and he wrote on them in his work Discursos sobre medallas y antigüedades . Marriages and issue . In 1542 married Luisa de Borja y Aragón , with whom he had - Juan de Gurrea y Aragón , 5th Count of Ribagorza . - Fernando de Gurrea y Aragón , 5th Duke of Villahermosa . - Francisco de Gurrea y Aragón , 6th Duke of Villahermosa . - Martín de Gurrea y Aragón , baron of Entenza and Capella . - Ana de Gurrea y Aragón , married Felipe Galcerán de Castro de So y Pinós , 10th Viscount of Ebol - María de Gurrea y Aragón , became a nun . - Inés de Gurrea y Aragón , became a nun . - Juana de Gurrea y Aragón , died in infancy . After his wifes death in 1560 , he remarried to María Pérez de Pomar , with whom he had one child Juliana , who married Juan de Aragón , lord of Ballobar and Las Casetas . Martín de Gurrea also had two illegitimate children , María and Gabriela .
[ "Duke of Villahermosa", "Count of Ribagorza" ]	easy	What was the noble title of Martín de Gurrea y Aragón from 1573 to 1581?	/wiki/Martín_de_Gurrea_y_Aragón#P97#2	Martín de Gurrea y Aragón Martín de Gurrea y Aragóna ( 17 May 1525 - 25 April 1581 ) was a Spanish nobleman from a royal line descended from John II of Aragons son Alfonso . He was born and died in Pedrola . He was also notable as a collector and patron of the arts , commissioning artists such as Pablo Esquert . He inherited the title of Count of Ribagorza on his fathers death in 1550 . He also became 4th Duke of Villahermosa in 1558 when the 3rd Duke ( Fernando Sanseverino de Aragón , prince of Salerno ) forfeited the title for supporting the King of France in Italy against the King of Spain . Family . The Dukedom of Villahermosa was created by John II of Aragon to recognise the military achievements of his illegitimate son by Leonor de Escobar , Alonso. : He was also made Count of Ribagorza . Alonso had an illegitimate son called John ( 1457-1528 ) , who was recognised by John II as his grandson to reward his mother María Junquers , who had governed and defended Ribagorza in the counts absence . John was Count of Ribagorza , viceroy of Aragon and then viceroy of Naples ( 1507-1509 , in place of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba ) , but he did not inherit the duchy of Villahermosa , which passed to the legitimate son Alfonso de Aragón . John married the rich María López de Gurrea , through whom he gained possession of Luna and Pedrola . After the marriage Johns descendants placed the surname Gurrea before that of Aragon . The couple had Alonso Felipe de Gurrea y Aragón ( 1487-1550 ) , 3rd Count of Ribagorza , who married Isabel de Cardona y Enríquez de Quiñones , from the powerful Catalan Cardona family . After he was widowed , he remarried to Ana de Sarmiento de Ulloa y Castilla , wealthy descendant of the marshals of Castille and holder of the state salt concessions - with her he had Martín de Gurrea y Aragón . Life . Martín spent his early life in Pedrola , before being sent to Santiago de Compostela to be educated by his mothers brother cardinal Pedro Gómez Sarmiento , who educated him in Italian , Latin , ancient Greek and Hebrew . He then moved on to the court , where he served as minstrel to empress Isabel of Portugal and then page of the future Philip II of Spain as well as becoming friends with cardinal Granvelle . He also became friends with Philip , who he accompanied to England to marry Mary I and to Brussels in 1555 to witness Charles Vs abdication of his rule over the Low Countries . He divided his time between court and his estates at Pedrola . In 1557 , Martín distinguished himself in the battle of St Quentin , gaining him royal favour . His personal fortune enabled him to pay for some of the political and diplomatic posts which followed , though he had to leave court to govern his possessions in Aragon after his wifes death in 1560 . Martín remarried around 1542 to Luisa de Borja y Aragón , from the family of the Dukes of Gandía and great-granddaughter of the Borgia pope Alexander VI . Luisa died after having eight children : Juan , Fernando , Ana , Martín , Francisco , María , Inés and Juana ( who died in infancy ) . All the children received a careful education , with Martín and Francisco even going to the University of Salamanca , which was unusual for major noblemen of the time . The duke married a third time after her death , to María Pérez de Pomar in 1566 , with whom he had one child , Juliana . He also had two illegitimate daughters , María and Gabriela . Rebellion in the County of Ribagorza faced a delicate situation muddied his relations with the court . On 6 June 1554 a court in Zamora took rights , rents and castles of the County out of Martíns hands and placed them directly back in royal control Martín then took his case to the Justiciar of Aragon . On 6 May 1565 he passed the County of Ribagorza to his eldest son Juan de Gurrea y Aragón , who he also betrothed to Luisa Pacheco Cabrera , daughter to the Count of Villena and Duke of Escalona . However , the wedding was delayed until 1569 by the lawsuit to regain control of the County , which eventually proved successful on 18 May 1567 . However , the crown had allowed the County to be misgoverned in the meantime and the damage proved irreversible . Years after Martíns death , the line of the Counts of Ribagorza died out and the territory passed back under direct royal rule . In 1571 his eldest son John was accused of murdering his wife . He escaped to Italy , but was captured and publicly executed there in 1573 at Torrejón de Velasco . This meant Martín re-assumed responsibility for the County of Ribagorza , meaning his courtly aspirations increasingly took a back seat Martíns final years were marked by the loss of several other loved ones - Philip IIs sister Joanna of Austria ( who Martín had known as a child ) , Diego de Arnedo ( bishop of Huesca ) , John of Austria and Martíns own mother . In 1579 his friend the royal secretary Antonio Pérez was arrested . With these setbacks , Martín became more and more religiously devout , finally dying in 1581 . The Duchy of Villahermosa , County of Ribagorza and his other titles were inherited by his son Fernando , who had married Juana de Pernstein y Manrique de Lara , lady-in-waiting to Maria of Austria . Patronage and cultural life . Thanks to his education , position and travels , Martín formed part of the humanist and artistic circles of his era . His tutor cardinal Sarmiento taught him to love classical antiquity . He became a good friend of cardinal Granvelle , who he met at court early in his life as well as in Flanders and Aragon . Granvelle introduced him to artistic circles in Flanders and there he met painters such as Roland de Mois , who worked for the duke . He also shared his passion for coin-collecting with Antonio Agustín . He also joined the circle of the major Aragonese art-patron don Hernando de Aragón , archbishop of Zaragoza , regent of Aragón and ( like the Duke ) a grandson of Ferdinand the Catholic . He was also a friend of church humanists like Diego de Arnedo and Pedro Cerbuna . Martin also gathered a large art collection . Highlights included the set of portraits of the House of Villahermosa by Roland de Mois and the portrait of Martín himself by the royal portraitist Antonio Moro . He was also given a painting entitled The Rape of Europa by its artist Titian . The collection also included works by Michelangelo , Hieronymus Bosch , Peter Brueghel the Elder and others . He left his collection to Pedrola and to the Monastery of Veruela , for which he felt a special affection . His collection of coins and medals was one of the first such collections in Spain and he wrote on them in his work Discursos sobre medallas y antigüedades . Marriages and issue . In 1542 married Luisa de Borja y Aragón , with whom he had - Juan de Gurrea y Aragón , 5th Count of Ribagorza . - Fernando de Gurrea y Aragón , 5th Duke of Villahermosa . - Francisco de Gurrea y Aragón , 6th Duke of Villahermosa . - Martín de Gurrea y Aragón , baron of Entenza and Capella . - Ana de Gurrea y Aragón , married Felipe Galcerán de Castro de So y Pinós , 10th Viscount of Ebol - María de Gurrea y Aragón , became a nun . - Inés de Gurrea y Aragón , became a nun . - Juana de Gurrea y Aragón , died in infancy . After his wifes death in 1560 , he remarried to María Pérez de Pomar , with whom he had one child Juliana , who married Juan de Aragón , lord of Ballobar and Las Casetas . Martín de Gurrea also had two illegitimate children , María and Gabriela .
[ "Rambler" ]	easy	Nico Patschinski played for which team from 1994 to 1997?	/wiki/Nico_Patschinski#P54#0	Nico Patschinski Nico Patschinski ( born 8 November 1976 in Berlin ) is a former German footballer who last played for Niendorfer TSV . Career . 1980–1994 : Youth and rise with Union . Patschinski began to play ice hockey in SC Dynamo Berlins youth department . He was inspired by his father who himself had been a successful ice hockey player . Two years later , Patschinski switched sports and took up football , joining BFC Dynamo . In 1988 , Patschinski moved to 1 . FC Union Berlin . 1994–2000 : Rambler . Patschinski made his debut in the senior team in 1994 and established himself as a regular in the following season . But in 1997 , Union were hit hard by financial troubles and Patschinski took up the offer of Potsdam-based SV Babelsberg 03 . Patschinski did not have a good time in Potsdam , even though he played regularly . The fans had an inherent distrust of Berlin-born players and were quick to criticize them . In the summer of 1998 , Patschinski left the club and signed a contract with Dynamo Dresden . In a match with his new club in Babelsberg , Patschinski scored and subsequently showed the fans the bird . Patschinski spent one year in Dresden , scoring 11 goals in 31 matches He then moved to SpVgg Greuther Fürth to finally play in a fully professional league . He gained some experience in the 2 . Bundesliga with Fürth , but did neither score a goal nor become a regular starter . Therefore , he sought a move away from Fürth after only one season . Additionally , Berlin-born Patschinski did not feel at home in rural Fürth . 2000–2003 : Success with St . Pauli . Patschinskis new club was FC St . Pauli where he would have his biggest success in the next three years . With Hamburg-based St . Pauli , Patschinski gained promotion to the Bundesliga and scored the second goal in St . Paulis 2–1 victory over Intercontinental Cup holders FC Bayern Munich . FC St . Pauli created a T-shirt to commemorate the event , naming the club Weltpokalsieger-Besieger ( German for Intercontintal Cup winner beaters ) . However , St . Paulis stay in the top flight was short when the team was relegated at the end of the 2001–02 season St . Pauli were also relegated from the 2 . Bundesliga in the following season and Patschinski found himself on the bench after the winter break , as new manager Franz Gerber did not value him . 2003–2006 : Relegation and the national team . Following the relegation , Patschinski signed for SV Eintracht Trier 05 in the 2 . Bundesliga . But relegation hit Patschinskis club again , and after two years he moved on to another 2 . Bundesliga club , LR Ahlen . The club were relegated at the end of the season , and Patschinski had managed a rather curious feat : in five seasons his clubs had been relegated four times . Patschinski would describe his move to Ahlen as a mistake he would never make again . During his spell at Ahlen the football magazine RUND discovered that Patschinskis grandparents were Polish and he would be eligible to play for Poland national football team . However , the interest cooled off as the Polish manager had already selected his team of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Even though the PZPN president had signaled interest for matches after the World Cup , Patschinski did not hear anything from them again . 2006 bis 2009 : Return to Berlin . At the start of the 2006–07 season , Patschinski returned to the club of his youth , Union Berlin . His team had a mixed season , alternating between promotion hope and relegation fight . In the end , Union Berlin saved themselves from relegation and Patschinski scored a Goal of the Week against his former club FC St . Pauli . Patschinski admitted that he had meant to cross the ball . In the following season Patschinski and Union Berlin qualified for the newly created 3 . Liga . Citing a lack of trust , Union dissolved the players contract on 4 March 2009 . Return to BFC . On 28 July 2009 , Patschinski joined BFC Dynamo . Personal life . Patschinski has three children . He and Mariana Kautz were married in December 2006 . Their relationship ended in winter 2009 . Since July 2015 , Patschinski has worked as a funeral director in the Hamburg area .
[ "Dynamo Dresden" ]	easy	Nico Patschinski played for which team from 1998 to 1999?	/wiki/Nico_Patschinski#P54#1	Nico Patschinski Nico Patschinski ( born 8 November 1976 in Berlin ) is a former German footballer who last played for Niendorfer TSV . Career . 1980–1994 : Youth and rise with Union . Patschinski began to play ice hockey in SC Dynamo Berlins youth department . He was inspired by his father who himself had been a successful ice hockey player . Two years later , Patschinski switched sports and took up football , joining BFC Dynamo . In 1988 , Patschinski moved to 1 . FC Union Berlin . 1994–2000 : Rambler . Patschinski made his debut in the senior team in 1994 and established himself as a regular in the following season . But in 1997 , Union were hit hard by financial troubles and Patschinski took up the offer of Potsdam-based SV Babelsberg 03 . Patschinski did not have a good time in Potsdam , even though he played regularly . The fans had an inherent distrust of Berlin-born players and were quick to criticize them . In the summer of 1998 , Patschinski left the club and signed a contract with Dynamo Dresden . In a match with his new club in Babelsberg , Patschinski scored and subsequently showed the fans the bird . Patschinski spent one year in Dresden , scoring 11 goals in 31 matches He then moved to SpVgg Greuther Fürth to finally play in a fully professional league . He gained some experience in the 2 . Bundesliga with Fürth , but did neither score a goal nor become a regular starter . Therefore , he sought a move away from Fürth after only one season . Additionally , Berlin-born Patschinski did not feel at home in rural Fürth . 2000–2003 : Success with St . Pauli . Patschinskis new club was FC St . Pauli where he would have his biggest success in the next three years . With Hamburg-based St . Pauli , Patschinski gained promotion to the Bundesliga and scored the second goal in St . Paulis 2–1 victory over Intercontinental Cup holders FC Bayern Munich . FC St . Pauli created a T-shirt to commemorate the event , naming the club Weltpokalsieger-Besieger ( German for Intercontintal Cup winner beaters ) . However , St . Paulis stay in the top flight was short when the team was relegated at the end of the 2001–02 season St . Pauli were also relegated from the 2 . Bundesliga in the following season and Patschinski found himself on the bench after the winter break , as new manager Franz Gerber did not value him . 2003–2006 : Relegation and the national team . Following the relegation , Patschinski signed for SV Eintracht Trier 05 in the 2 . Bundesliga . But relegation hit Patschinskis club again , and after two years he moved on to another 2 . Bundesliga club , LR Ahlen . The club were relegated at the end of the season , and Patschinski had managed a rather curious feat : in five seasons his clubs had been relegated four times . Patschinski would describe his move to Ahlen as a mistake he would never make again . During his spell at Ahlen the football magazine RUND discovered that Patschinskis grandparents were Polish and he would be eligible to play for Poland national football team . However , the interest cooled off as the Polish manager had already selected his team of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Even though the PZPN president had signaled interest for matches after the World Cup , Patschinski did not hear anything from them again . 2006 bis 2009 : Return to Berlin . At the start of the 2006–07 season , Patschinski returned to the club of his youth , Union Berlin . His team had a mixed season , alternating between promotion hope and relegation fight . In the end , Union Berlin saved themselves from relegation and Patschinski scored a Goal of the Week against his former club FC St . Pauli . Patschinski admitted that he had meant to cross the ball . In the following season Patschinski and Union Berlin qualified for the newly created 3 . Liga . Citing a lack of trust , Union dissolved the players contract on 4 March 2009 . Return to BFC . On 28 July 2009 , Patschinski joined BFC Dynamo . Personal life . Patschinski has three children . He and Mariana Kautz were married in December 2006 . Their relationship ended in winter 2009 . Since July 2015 , Patschinski has worked as a funeral director in the Hamburg area .
[ "SpVgg Greuther Fürth" ]	easy	Nico Patschinski played for which team from 1999 to 2000?	/wiki/Nico_Patschinski#P54#2	Nico Patschinski Nico Patschinski ( born 8 November 1976 in Berlin ) is a former German footballer who last played for Niendorfer TSV . Career . 1980–1994 : Youth and rise with Union . Patschinski began to play ice hockey in SC Dynamo Berlins youth department . He was inspired by his father who himself had been a successful ice hockey player . Two years later , Patschinski switched sports and took up football , joining BFC Dynamo . In 1988 , Patschinski moved to 1 . FC Union Berlin . 1994–2000 : Rambler . Patschinski made his debut in the senior team in 1994 and established himself as a regular in the following season . But in 1997 , Union were hit hard by financial troubles and Patschinski took up the offer of Potsdam-based SV Babelsberg 03 . Patschinski did not have a good time in Potsdam , even though he played regularly . The fans had an inherent distrust of Berlin-born players and were quick to criticize them . In the summer of 1998 , Patschinski left the club and signed a contract with Dynamo Dresden . In a match with his new club in Babelsberg , Patschinski scored and subsequently showed the fans the bird . Patschinski spent one year in Dresden , scoring 11 goals in 31 matches He then moved to SpVgg Greuther Fürth to finally play in a fully professional league . He gained some experience in the 2 . Bundesliga with Fürth , but did neither score a goal nor become a regular starter . Therefore , he sought a move away from Fürth after only one season . Additionally , Berlin-born Patschinski did not feel at home in rural Fürth . 2000–2003 : Success with St . Pauli . Patschinskis new club was FC St . Pauli where he would have his biggest success in the next three years . With Hamburg-based St . Pauli , Patschinski gained promotion to the Bundesliga and scored the second goal in St . Paulis 2–1 victory over Intercontinental Cup holders FC Bayern Munich . FC St . Pauli created a T-shirt to commemorate the event , naming the club Weltpokalsieger-Besieger ( German for Intercontintal Cup winner beaters ) . However , St . Paulis stay in the top flight was short when the team was relegated at the end of the 2001–02 season St . Pauli were also relegated from the 2 . Bundesliga in the following season and Patschinski found himself on the bench after the winter break , as new manager Franz Gerber did not value him . 2003–2006 : Relegation and the national team . Following the relegation , Patschinski signed for SV Eintracht Trier 05 in the 2 . Bundesliga . But relegation hit Patschinskis club again , and after two years he moved on to another 2 . Bundesliga club , LR Ahlen . The club were relegated at the end of the season , and Patschinski had managed a rather curious feat : in five seasons his clubs had been relegated four times . Patschinski would describe his move to Ahlen as a mistake he would never make again . During his spell at Ahlen the football magazine RUND discovered that Patschinskis grandparents were Polish and he would be eligible to play for Poland national football team . However , the interest cooled off as the Polish manager had already selected his team of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Even though the PZPN president had signaled interest for matches after the World Cup , Patschinski did not hear anything from them again . 2006 bis 2009 : Return to Berlin . At the start of the 2006–07 season , Patschinski returned to the club of his youth , Union Berlin . His team had a mixed season , alternating between promotion hope and relegation fight . In the end , Union Berlin saved themselves from relegation and Patschinski scored a Goal of the Week against his former club FC St . Pauli . Patschinski admitted that he had meant to cross the ball . In the following season Patschinski and Union Berlin qualified for the newly created 3 . Liga . Citing a lack of trust , Union dissolved the players contract on 4 March 2009 . Return to BFC . On 28 July 2009 , Patschinski joined BFC Dynamo . Personal life . Patschinski has three children . He and Mariana Kautz were married in December 2006 . Their relationship ended in winter 2009 . Since July 2015 , Patschinski has worked as a funeral director in the Hamburg area .
[ "FC St . Pauli" ]	easy	Nico Patschinski played for which team from 2000 to 2003?	/wiki/Nico_Patschinski#P54#3	Nico Patschinski Nico Patschinski ( born 8 November 1976 in Berlin ) is a former German footballer who last played for Niendorfer TSV . Career . 1980–1994 : Youth and rise with Union . Patschinski began to play ice hockey in SC Dynamo Berlins youth department . He was inspired by his father who himself had been a successful ice hockey player . Two years later , Patschinski switched sports and took up football , joining BFC Dynamo . In 1988 , Patschinski moved to 1 . FC Union Berlin . 1994–2000 : Rambler . Patschinski made his debut in the senior team in 1994 and established himself as a regular in the following season . But in 1997 , Union were hit hard by financial troubles and Patschinski took up the offer of Potsdam-based SV Babelsberg 03 . Patschinski did not have a good time in Potsdam , even though he played regularly . The fans had an inherent distrust of Berlin-born players and were quick to criticize them . In the summer of 1998 , Patschinski left the club and signed a contract with Dynamo Dresden . In a match with his new club in Babelsberg , Patschinski scored and subsequently showed the fans the bird . Patschinski spent one year in Dresden , scoring 11 goals in 31 matches He then moved to SpVgg Greuther Fürth to finally play in a fully professional league . He gained some experience in the 2 . Bundesliga with Fürth , but did neither score a goal nor become a regular starter . Therefore , he sought a move away from Fürth after only one season . Additionally , Berlin-born Patschinski did not feel at home in rural Fürth . 2000–2003 : Success with St . Pauli . Patschinskis new club was FC St . Pauli where he would have his biggest success in the next three years . With Hamburg-based St . Pauli , Patschinski gained promotion to the Bundesliga and scored the second goal in St . Paulis 2–1 victory over Intercontinental Cup holders FC Bayern Munich . FC St . Pauli created a T-shirt to commemorate the event , naming the club Weltpokalsieger-Besieger ( German for Intercontintal Cup winner beaters ) . However , St . Paulis stay in the top flight was short when the team was relegated at the end of the 2001–02 season St . Pauli were also relegated from the 2 . Bundesliga in the following season and Patschinski found himself on the bench after the winter break , as new manager Franz Gerber did not value him . 2003–2006 : Relegation and the national team . Following the relegation , Patschinski signed for SV Eintracht Trier 05 in the 2 . Bundesliga . But relegation hit Patschinskis club again , and after two years he moved on to another 2 . Bundesliga club , LR Ahlen . The club were relegated at the end of the season , and Patschinski had managed a rather curious feat : in five seasons his clubs had been relegated four times . Patschinski would describe his move to Ahlen as a mistake he would never make again . During his spell at Ahlen the football magazine RUND discovered that Patschinskis grandparents were Polish and he would be eligible to play for Poland national football team . However , the interest cooled off as the Polish manager had already selected his team of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Even though the PZPN president had signaled interest for matches after the World Cup , Patschinski did not hear anything from them again . 2006 bis 2009 : Return to Berlin . At the start of the 2006–07 season , Patschinski returned to the club of his youth , Union Berlin . His team had a mixed season , alternating between promotion hope and relegation fight . In the end , Union Berlin saved themselves from relegation and Patschinski scored a Goal of the Week against his former club FC St . Pauli . Patschinski admitted that he had meant to cross the ball . In the following season Patschinski and Union Berlin qualified for the newly created 3 . Liga . Citing a lack of trust , Union dissolved the players contract on 4 March 2009 . Return to BFC . On 28 July 2009 , Patschinski joined BFC Dynamo . Personal life . Patschinski has three children . He and Mariana Kautz were married in December 2006 . Their relationship ended in winter 2009 . Since July 2015 , Patschinski has worked as a funeral director in the Hamburg area .
[ "SV Eintracht Trier 05" ]	easy	Which team did the player Nico Patschinski belong to from 2003 to 2006?	/wiki/Nico_Patschinski#P54#4	Nico Patschinski Nico Patschinski ( born 8 November 1976 in Berlin ) is a former German footballer who last played for Niendorfer TSV . Career . 1980–1994 : Youth and rise with Union . Patschinski began to play ice hockey in SC Dynamo Berlins youth department . He was inspired by his father who himself had been a successful ice hockey player . Two years later , Patschinski switched sports and took up football , joining BFC Dynamo . In 1988 , Patschinski moved to 1 . FC Union Berlin . 1994–2000 : Rambler . Patschinski made his debut in the senior team in 1994 and established himself as a regular in the following season . But in 1997 , Union were hit hard by financial troubles and Patschinski took up the offer of Potsdam-based SV Babelsberg 03 . Patschinski did not have a good time in Potsdam , even though he played regularly . The fans had an inherent distrust of Berlin-born players and were quick to criticize them . In the summer of 1998 , Patschinski left the club and signed a contract with Dynamo Dresden . In a match with his new club in Babelsberg , Patschinski scored and subsequently showed the fans the bird . Patschinski spent one year in Dresden , scoring 11 goals in 31 matches He then moved to SpVgg Greuther Fürth to finally play in a fully professional league . He gained some experience in the 2 . Bundesliga with Fürth , but did neither score a goal nor become a regular starter . Therefore , he sought a move away from Fürth after only one season . Additionally , Berlin-born Patschinski did not feel at home in rural Fürth . 2000–2003 : Success with St . Pauli . Patschinskis new club was FC St . Pauli where he would have his biggest success in the next three years . With Hamburg-based St . Pauli , Patschinski gained promotion to the Bundesliga and scored the second goal in St . Paulis 2–1 victory over Intercontinental Cup holders FC Bayern Munich . FC St . Pauli created a T-shirt to commemorate the event , naming the club Weltpokalsieger-Besieger ( German for Intercontintal Cup winner beaters ) . However , St . Paulis stay in the top flight was short when the team was relegated at the end of the 2001–02 season St . Pauli were also relegated from the 2 . Bundesliga in the following season and Patschinski found himself on the bench after the winter break , as new manager Franz Gerber did not value him . 2003–2006 : Relegation and the national team . Following the relegation , Patschinski signed for SV Eintracht Trier 05 in the 2 . Bundesliga . But relegation hit Patschinskis club again , and after two years he moved on to another 2 . Bundesliga club , LR Ahlen . The club were relegated at the end of the season , and Patschinski had managed a rather curious feat : in five seasons his clubs had been relegated four times . Patschinski would describe his move to Ahlen as a mistake he would never make again . During his spell at Ahlen the football magazine RUND discovered that Patschinskis grandparents were Polish and he would be eligible to play for Poland national football team . However , the interest cooled off as the Polish manager had already selected his team of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Even though the PZPN president had signaled interest for matches after the World Cup , Patschinski did not hear anything from them again . 2006 bis 2009 : Return to Berlin . At the start of the 2006–07 season , Patschinski returned to the club of his youth , Union Berlin . His team had a mixed season , alternating between promotion hope and relegation fight . In the end , Union Berlin saved themselves from relegation and Patschinski scored a Goal of the Week against his former club FC St . Pauli . Patschinski admitted that he had meant to cross the ball . In the following season Patschinski and Union Berlin qualified for the newly created 3 . Liga . Citing a lack of trust , Union dissolved the players contract on 4 March 2009 . Return to BFC . On 28 July 2009 , Patschinski joined BFC Dynamo . Personal life . Patschinski has three children . He and Mariana Kautz were married in December 2006 . Their relationship ended in winter 2009 . Since July 2015 , Patschinski has worked as a funeral director in the Hamburg area .
[ "Union Berlin" ]	easy	Nico Patschinski played for which team from 2006 to 2009?	/wiki/Nico_Patschinski#P54#5	Nico Patschinski Nico Patschinski ( born 8 November 1976 in Berlin ) is a former German footballer who last played for Niendorfer TSV . Career . 1980–1994 : Youth and rise with Union . Patschinski began to play ice hockey in SC Dynamo Berlins youth department . He was inspired by his father who himself had been a successful ice hockey player . Two years later , Patschinski switched sports and took up football , joining BFC Dynamo . In 1988 , Patschinski moved to 1 . FC Union Berlin . 1994–2000 : Rambler . Patschinski made his debut in the senior team in 1994 and established himself as a regular in the following season . But in 1997 , Union were hit hard by financial troubles and Patschinski took up the offer of Potsdam-based SV Babelsberg 03 . Patschinski did not have a good time in Potsdam , even though he played regularly . The fans had an inherent distrust of Berlin-born players and were quick to criticize them . In the summer of 1998 , Patschinski left the club and signed a contract with Dynamo Dresden . In a match with his new club in Babelsberg , Patschinski scored and subsequently showed the fans the bird . Patschinski spent one year in Dresden , scoring 11 goals in 31 matches He then moved to SpVgg Greuther Fürth to finally play in a fully professional league . He gained some experience in the 2 . Bundesliga with Fürth , but did neither score a goal nor become a regular starter . Therefore , he sought a move away from Fürth after only one season . Additionally , Berlin-born Patschinski did not feel at home in rural Fürth . 2000–2003 : Success with St . Pauli . Patschinskis new club was FC St . Pauli where he would have his biggest success in the next three years . With Hamburg-based St . Pauli , Patschinski gained promotion to the Bundesliga and scored the second goal in St . Paulis 2–1 victory over Intercontinental Cup holders FC Bayern Munich . FC St . Pauli created a T-shirt to commemorate the event , naming the club Weltpokalsieger-Besieger ( German for Intercontintal Cup winner beaters ) . However , St . Paulis stay in the top flight was short when the team was relegated at the end of the 2001–02 season St . Pauli were also relegated from the 2 . Bundesliga in the following season and Patschinski found himself on the bench after the winter break , as new manager Franz Gerber did not value him . 2003–2006 : Relegation and the national team . Following the relegation , Patschinski signed for SV Eintracht Trier 05 in the 2 . Bundesliga . But relegation hit Patschinskis club again , and after two years he moved on to another 2 . Bundesliga club , LR Ahlen . The club were relegated at the end of the season , and Patschinski had managed a rather curious feat : in five seasons his clubs had been relegated four times . Patschinski would describe his move to Ahlen as a mistake he would never make again . During his spell at Ahlen the football magazine RUND discovered that Patschinskis grandparents were Polish and he would be eligible to play for Poland national football team . However , the interest cooled off as the Polish manager had already selected his team of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Even though the PZPN president had signaled interest for matches after the World Cup , Patschinski did not hear anything from them again . 2006 bis 2009 : Return to Berlin . At the start of the 2006–07 season , Patschinski returned to the club of his youth , Union Berlin . His team had a mixed season , alternating between promotion hope and relegation fight . In the end , Union Berlin saved themselves from relegation and Patschinski scored a Goal of the Week against his former club FC St . Pauli . Patschinski admitted that he had meant to cross the ball . In the following season Patschinski and Union Berlin qualified for the newly created 3 . Liga . Citing a lack of trust , Union dissolved the players contract on 4 March 2009 . Return to BFC . On 28 July 2009 , Patschinski joined BFC Dynamo . Personal life . Patschinski has three children . He and Mariana Kautz were married in December 2006 . Their relationship ended in winter 2009 . Since July 2015 , Patschinski has worked as a funeral director in the Hamburg area .
[ "BFC Dynamo" ]	easy	Which team did Nico Patschinski play for from 2009 to 2010?	/wiki/Nico_Patschinski#P54#6	Nico Patschinski Nico Patschinski ( born 8 November 1976 in Berlin ) is a former German footballer who last played for Niendorfer TSV . Career . 1980–1994 : Youth and rise with Union . Patschinski began to play ice hockey in SC Dynamo Berlins youth department . He was inspired by his father who himself had been a successful ice hockey player . Two years later , Patschinski switched sports and took up football , joining BFC Dynamo . In 1988 , Patschinski moved to 1 . FC Union Berlin . 1994–2000 : Rambler . Patschinski made his debut in the senior team in 1994 and established himself as a regular in the following season . But in 1997 , Union were hit hard by financial troubles and Patschinski took up the offer of Potsdam-based SV Babelsberg 03 . Patschinski did not have a good time in Potsdam , even though he played regularly . The fans had an inherent distrust of Berlin-born players and were quick to criticize them . In the summer of 1998 , Patschinski left the club and signed a contract with Dynamo Dresden . In a match with his new club in Babelsberg , Patschinski scored and subsequently showed the fans the bird . Patschinski spent one year in Dresden , scoring 11 goals in 31 matches He then moved to SpVgg Greuther Fürth to finally play in a fully professional league . He gained some experience in the 2 . Bundesliga with Fürth , but did neither score a goal nor become a regular starter . Therefore , he sought a move away from Fürth after only one season . Additionally , Berlin-born Patschinski did not feel at home in rural Fürth . 2000–2003 : Success with St . Pauli . Patschinskis new club was FC St . Pauli where he would have his biggest success in the next three years . With Hamburg-based St . Pauli , Patschinski gained promotion to the Bundesliga and scored the second goal in St . Paulis 2–1 victory over Intercontinental Cup holders FC Bayern Munich . FC St . Pauli created a T-shirt to commemorate the event , naming the club Weltpokalsieger-Besieger ( German for Intercontintal Cup winner beaters ) . However , St . Paulis stay in the top flight was short when the team was relegated at the end of the 2001–02 season St . Pauli were also relegated from the 2 . Bundesliga in the following season and Patschinski found himself on the bench after the winter break , as new manager Franz Gerber did not value him . 2003–2006 : Relegation and the national team . Following the relegation , Patschinski signed for SV Eintracht Trier 05 in the 2 . Bundesliga . But relegation hit Patschinskis club again , and after two years he moved on to another 2 . Bundesliga club , LR Ahlen . The club were relegated at the end of the season , and Patschinski had managed a rather curious feat : in five seasons his clubs had been relegated four times . Patschinski would describe his move to Ahlen as a mistake he would never make again . During his spell at Ahlen the football magazine RUND discovered that Patschinskis grandparents were Polish and he would be eligible to play for Poland national football team . However , the interest cooled off as the Polish manager had already selected his team of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Even though the PZPN president had signaled interest for matches after the World Cup , Patschinski did not hear anything from them again . 2006 bis 2009 : Return to Berlin . At the start of the 2006–07 season , Patschinski returned to the club of his youth , Union Berlin . His team had a mixed season , alternating between promotion hope and relegation fight . In the end , Union Berlin saved themselves from relegation and Patschinski scored a Goal of the Week against his former club FC St . Pauli . Patschinski admitted that he had meant to cross the ball . In the following season Patschinski and Union Berlin qualified for the newly created 3 . Liga . Citing a lack of trust , Union dissolved the players contract on 4 March 2009 . Return to BFC . On 28 July 2009 , Patschinski joined BFC Dynamo . Personal life . Patschinski has three children . He and Mariana Kautz were married in December 2006 . Their relationship ended in winter 2009 . Since July 2015 , Patschinski has worked as a funeral director in the Hamburg area .
[ "American Academy of Arts and Sciences" ]	easy	Ian Shapiro became a member of what organization or association in 2000?	/wiki/Ian_Shapiro#P463#0	Ian Shapiro Ian Shapiro ( born September 29 , 1956 ) is a Sterling Professor of Political Science at Yale University . He served as the Henry R . Luce Director of the MacMillan Center at Yale University from 2004 to 2019 . He is known primarily for interventions in debates on democracy and on methods of conducting social science research . In democratic theory , he has argued that democracys value comes primarily from its potential to limit domination rather than , as is conventionally assumed , from its operation as a system of participation , representation , or preference aggregation . In debates about social scientific methods , he is chiefly known for rejecting prevalent theory-driven and method-driven approaches in favor of starting with a problem and then devising suitable methods to study it . His most recent work , coauthored with Michael J . Graetz , Wolf at the Door : The Menace of Economic Insecurity and How to Fight It , proposes achievable policies and strategies to mitigate economic insecurity in the United States . Life and career . Born in Johannesburg , South Africa on September 29 , 1956 , Shapiro is the youngest of four children . He was educated at St . Stithians School in Johannesburg ( 1963–68 ) ; St . Albans School in Pretoria ( 1969 ) ; and South Africas first multiracial high school , Woodmead School in Rivonia ( 1970–72 ) . At the age of 16 , he left for the United Kingdom where he completed O and A levels at Abbotsholme School in Derbyshire ( 1972–75 ) . This was during South Africas Border War and South Africa required compulsory military service , which would mean complicity in the enforcement of Apartheid . Shapiro chose to remain in Britain to read Philosophy and Politics at the University of Bristol , receiving his B.Sc . ( Hons ) in 1978 . Then he left for the United States and enrolled in Yale Universitys Ph.D . program in Political Science , where he obtained an M.Phil . in 1980 and a Ph.D. , with distinction , in 1983 for his dissertation entitled “The Evolution of Rights in Liberal Political Thought : A Realist Account , which won the Leo Strauss Prize awarded by the American Political Science Association in 1985 . At Yale , Shapiro was a student of the important theorist of pluralism and democracy , Robert Dahl , though his work also shows the influence of Douglas Rae and Michael Walzer , who served as an external adviser of his thesis . Shapiro went on to the Yale Law School , earning the J.D . in 1987 . Appointed to the department of Political Science as Assistant Professor thereafter , Shapiro was promoted to Full Professor in 1992 , named William R . Kenan Jr . Professor in 2000 , and Sterling Professor of Political Science in 2005 . Additionally , Shapiro served as the Henry R . Luce Director of the MacMillan Center at Yale University from 2004 to 2019 . He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2000 , the American Philosophical Society in 2008 , and the Council on Foreign Relations in 2009 . He is a past fellow of the Carnegie Corporation , the Guggenheim Foundation , and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences . He has held visiting appointments at the University of Cape Town , Nuffield College , Oxford and Keio University in Tokyo . Scholarly work . Early work . Shapiros early work explores existing theoretical frameworks for the study of politics . In books such as The Evolution of Rights in Liberal Theory ( 1986 ) , Political Criticism ( 1990 ) and Democracy’s Place ( 1996 ) , Shapiro engaged with the liberal , communitarian , and democratic theories which dominated political theory at that time . The Evolution of Rights in Liberal Theory ( 1986 ) examined the changing place of individual rights in liberal political thinking from the seventeenth century on . The book poses the questions : why did particular modes of talking about rights take hold around the English Civil War ; how and why have they changed in the ways that they have ; and how do they animate and constrain contemporary politics ? Shapiro traces liberal political ideology through four major moments , bound to larger economic and social transformations , which he dubs transitional , classical , neo-classical , and Keynesian . Each is explored by reference to an emblematic theorist : Thomas Hobbes , John Locke , Robert Nozick , and John Rawls . Skeptical of the claims of postmodernists , like Richard Rorty , that our intellectual commitments are contingent and , hence , subject to voluntary endorsement and revision , Shapiro argues that “ [ m ] any of our most fundamental philosophical beliefs are integral to social practices in which we engage unreflectively every day . Those beliefs are required , in nontrivial ways , by those social practices , thus generating an important limitation on how we might reasonably expect beliefs to change.. . We need to take much better account of our actual circumstances , how they have come to be what they are , and how they influence our own values and actions , if we are seriously to argue for the pursuit of significantly different values in the contemporary political world.” Shapiro argues that “the liberal view of rights evolved via processes of adaptive change importantly conditioned by and functional to the evolution of capitalist markets” . Shifts in epistemological frameworks from the 17th to the 20th centuries demonstrate how this kind of adaptation functions . For example , because their epistemologies are not yet plagued by Humean skeptical worries , Hobbes and Locke were able to assume that each of us , as autonomous agents , would opt for a set of rights coextensive with an ‘objectively right’ set of rights , our universal moral ends . After Hume , this assumption is no longer tenable . Shapiro argued that attempts to adapt the way we talk about rights to these new conditions of post-Humean skepticism sometimes resulted in incoherence . Later theorists of rights like Nozick and Rawls try to make up for this by means of a resort to economic assumptions ( for Nozick , neo-classical in origin ; for Rawls , Keynesian ) . These provide an apparently objective anchor for subjective aims . Shapiro concludes “The principal reasons for the tenacity of the liberal conception of individual rights , its negative libertarian view of the substance of rights , its view of individual consent as the legitimate basis of rights , and its essentially pluralist and utilitarian conception of the purposes of rights have , in their various formulations , combined to express a view of politics that is required by and legitimates capitalist market practices” In Political Criticism , Shapiro continues to explore the theme of managing modernity’s loosened objectivity . Here , Shapiro engages political frameworks articulated in opposition to Rawls’s neo-Kantian foundationalism , including the anti-foundationalist work of Richard Rorty , J.G.A . Pocock , Michael Walzer , Alasdair MacIntyre , and Allan Bloom . These thinkers attempted to ground morality in varieties of convention , tradition , and intersubjectivity . Essentially , they hoped to justify ethical and political claims through context , borrowing the insights of W.V.O . Quine’s epistemological holism . Ultimately , Shapiro criticizes these attempts because they “commit the fallacy of identifying one bad kind of foundational argument with all attempts to provide adequate foundations for our beliefs.” In lieu of these flawed alternatives ( foundationalism and contextualism ) , Shapiro recommends a third way , termed “critical naturalism,” which rests on a commitment to pragmatic realism . Drawing on a modified Aristotelianism , Shapiro constructs a notion of an authentic and integrated life as the goal of politics . In Democracy’s Place , Shapiro collects a number of essays , which together complete the critique and groundwork for his theory of democracy . Here , he explores the question of how “democratic ways of doing things can be made to fit well with other human values , better to shape the ways in which people pursue their collective goals.” To this end , Shapiro engages a variety of approaches to the study of democratic politics . These include public choice theory , contract theories , neo-Kantian foundationalism , and neo-Schumpeterian interest-based approaches ( here , in particular , with respect to South Africas transition to inclusive democracy ) . Shapiros concern is to develop a pragmatic political ethics which takes people and institutions as they are , in imagining what they might become . With that in view , it is in this book that he begins to sketch the outlines of his theory of democratic justice . Taking a cue from Michael Walzers Spheres of Justice Shapiro argues for a “semi-contextualized” approach to the study and pursuit of justice . It varies over time and over the different realms of human social interaction . In these early , primarily critical , books , Shapiro explores the relationship between justice and democracy and with the realities of politics and pragmatic means of overcoming injustice . In his next book , Democratic Justice ( 1999 ) , which some scholars rank among the four or five most important books since Rawlss A Theory of Justice , Shapiro begins the systematic articulation of his mature constructive theory . Justice and democratic theory . In Democratic Justice , Shapiro argues that democracy and justice are often mutually antagonistic ideas , but are nonetheless best pursued together . This is partly for pragmatic political reasons . Justice must be sought democratically to be legitimate in the modern world , he argues , and democracy must be justice-promoting if it is to hold our allegiance over time . But , in addition to these political considerations , Shapiro contends that there is a philosophical link between justice and democracy , rooted in the fact that the most plausible accounts of both ideals involve commitments to the idea of non-domination . Power and hierarchy are endemic to human interaction . This means domination is an ever-present possibility . The challenge is to find ways to limit domination while minimizing interference with legitimate hierarchies and power relations . This leads Shapiro to his claim that democracy is a subordinate or conditioning good : one that shapes the terms of human interaction without thereby determining its course . Pursuing democratic justice involves deferring , where possible , to what Shapiro describes as insiders wisdom . By this he means encouraging people to democratize - for themselves - the collective pursuit of the things they value . Imposed solutions are unlikely to be as effective as those designed by insiders , and their legitimacy will always be in question . They are solutions of last resort . When adopted , they are best pursued indirectly and designed to minimize interference with peoples’ pursuit of other human goods . In the applied chapters of Democratic Justice , Shapiro shows how this can be done in different phases of the human life cycle , from childhood through the adult worlds of work and domestic life , retirement , old age , and approaching death . Shapiro spells out the implications of his account for debates about authority over children , the law of marriage and divorce , abortion and population control , the workplace , basic incomes guarantees , health insurance , retirement policies , and decisions made by and for the infirm elderly . His arguments about democracy have been developed further in The State of Democratic Theory ( 2003 ) and The Real World of Democratic Theory ( 2011 ) . The latter includes a response to critics of the theory of democratic justice and a sketch of additional projected volumes on public institutions and democracy and distribution . An elaboration of the arguments philosophical underpinnings is set out in “On Non-Domination.” In On Non-Domination , Shapiro works through the alternative positions of Rawls , Walzer , Foucault , Habermas , Pettit , and Skinner , in addition to making his own substantive arguments about justice as nondomination , in order to defend a view of non-domination as providing a better basis for justice than the going alternatives . Shapiro builds on this work on nondomination in Against Impartiality , in which he argues that political theorists should focus on ways to identify and alleviate domination rather than unequivocally defending impartiality . Shapiro further expands upon these arguments and more in his major work of applied political theory Politics Against Domination , in which he makes a compelling case that the overriding purpose of politics should be to combat domination . In addition to taking a more theoretical approach to the topic , Shapiro discusses the implications of this work for ongoing debates electoral systems , independent courts , money in politics , minimum wages , and the vulnerabilities of minorities . Utilizing evidence from the battle against slavery , the creation of modern welfare states , the civil rights movement , Occupy Wall Street , the Tea Party , and the worldwide campaign against sweatshops , among other sources , Shapiro delves into the making of effective coalitions for political change and how best to press them into the service of resisting domination - culminating in the motivating argument that individuals may reasonably hope to devise ways to combat domination . Shapiro has also worked on issues related to transitions from authoritarianism to democracy . In several papers written with Courtney Jung and others , he has developed an account of the conditions that make negotiated transitions to democracy more and less likely to occur , addressing also the question of how they can be made sustainable when they do occur . This work has generated substantial scholarly debate . Turning to the matter of leadership in Transforming Power Relationships : Leadership , Risk , and Hope , Shapiro and coauthor James H . Read identify three major characteristics of successful , risk-embracing leadership . Shapiro and Read state that such leadership is exemplified by Nelson Mandela and F . W . de Klerk during South Africas transition to democracy , and further discuss leadership successes and failures in the cases of Northern Ireland and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict . In his more recent work on democratic politics , Collusion in Restraint of Democracy : Against Political Deliberation , Shapiro highlights that rather than improving political outcomes , deliberation instead undermines competition over proposed political programs . He therefore asserts that political outcomes may instead be improved by restoring meaningful competition between representatives of two strong political parties over the policies that , if elected , they will implement . Additionally , Shapiro has written on the negative consequences of devolving political power to the grassroots level in modern democracies . In his work coauthored with Frances McCall Rosenbluth , Responsible Parties : Saving Democracy from Itself , Shapiro and Rosenbluth explore how popular democracies have eroded trust in political systems worldwide . This devolution of power to the grassroots is reflected in changing methods of candidate selection and increased amounts of ballot initiatives and referenda , as well as the increased use of proportional representation across democracies . Although these reforms are intended to bring politics closer to the people , they instead produce diminished trust in politicians , parties , and democratic institutions - culminating most recently in major populist victories democracies , including the United States and the United Kingdom . Highlighting that transferring power to the grass roots is part of the problem rather than a solution , Shapiro and Rosenbluth argue that decentralize political decision-making effectively weakens political parties , thereby making governments less effective and less able to adequately address the long-term interests of their constituents . This subject also represents an ongoing joint project conducted by Shapiro and Rosenbluth , among others , at the Jackson Institute for Global Affairs at Yale University . Methods and the human sciences . In several articles and books Shapiro has defended distinctive accounts of the nature of social scientific knowledge , the best means of acquiring it , and its implications for political philosophy . In Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory , Shapiro and co-author Donald Green took on the reigning method in the social sciences : the use of rational choice models derived from neoclassical economics to explain , predict , and interpret political action . They argued that , if rational choice theorists are going to claim to provide compelling explanations , they should also have solid predictive value — or at least they should do better than the going alternatives . By reviewing the results of rational choice models in several key areas of political science , including voting behavior , collective action , legislative behavior , and spatial theories of elections , Green and Shapiro concluded that rational choice theory has achieved a great deal less than it claims . Indeed , they claim that it cannot achieve what it set out to , because , like all universalist theories , it treats all objects of study as though they were of the same type . Universalism inevitably results in what Shapiro calls ‘method driven’ rather than ‘problem driven’ social science . “Hypotheses are formulated in empirically intractable ways : evidence is selected and tested in a biased fashion ; conclusions are drawn without serious attention to competing explanations ; empirical anomalies and discordant facts are often either ignored or circumvented by way of post hoc alterations to deductive arguments...” These issues “generate and reinforce a debilitating syndrome in which theories are elaborated and modified in order to save their universal character , rather than by reference to the requirements of viable empirical testing . When this syndrome is at work , data no longer test theories : instead , theories continually impeach and elude data . In short , empirical research becomes theory driven rather than problem driven , designed more to save or vindicate some variant of rational choice theory rather than to account for any specific set of political phenomena.” In effect Green and Shapiro argue that rational choice methodology , which had become dominant in political science by the 1980s , was driven to “... [ save ] .. . universalist theory from discordant encounters with reality.” Rational choice theory , they argued , rests on unsubstantiated assumptions about political reality . When these assumptions are scrutinized and tested empirically , they are all too often been found to be false . And when rational choice theory generates explanations that are true and predictive , typically such explanations turn out to be banal , obvious , and hence of little merit on that count . Pathologies generated considerable critical attention from all quarters in the political science discipline , some of which spilled over into the realm of public debate . This work has been credited with fostering the reinvigoration of systematic empirical research in the political science discipline . In The Flight from Reality in the Human Sciences , Shapiro takes a systematic look at the many ways in which the human sciences have lost sight of their objects of study , confusing apparent methodological rigor with accuracy . This matters , he argues , because the conclusions that result , even while resting on assumptions divorced from reality , can profoundly impact real outcomes . Through inefficacy , for example , this kind of social science can neuter social criticism . Along with a critique of the method-driven strategies embraced by rational choice theorists , interpretivists , and others , Shapiro offers a defense of epistemological realism . He defines realism as resting on a twofold conviction : “that the world is causal mechanisms that exist independently of our study — or sometimes even awareness — of them , and that the methods of science hold out the best possibility of our grasping their true character.” He explores its implications both for explanation in the human sciences and for normative debates which , he argues , should be conducted in closer proximity to one another than is typically the case . For instance , if we are concerned with reducing injustice in the world , we should investigate both the philosophical character of justice as well as the conditions in the world that shape peoples ideas about it . Policy issues . In Democracys Place , Shapiro said “...I think inquiry most likely to be fruitful if we start with first-order problems and engage higher-order commitments only to the degree necessary to tackle them.” Shapiro has engaged concrete policy issues in three works of applied political theory . Abortion : The Supreme Court Decisions , provides an extended analysis and annotation of the political and legal debate on abortion in the United States since the 1960s . Death by A Thousand Cuts : The Fight Over Taxing Inherited Wealth ( coauthored with Michael Graetz ) and Containment : Rebuilding a Strategy Against Global Terror . In Death by A Thousand Cuts , Graetz and Shapiro explore new evidence that bears on the old question : In democracies , why dont the poor soak the rich ? The prospect that , if given the vote , the poor would use it to do just that dominated nineteenth-century debates about expanding the franchise . It is also predicted by the median voter theorem in political science . In fact , majorities in democracies sometimes support regressive changes in distribution , which is to say the poor sometimes vote for measures that will increase the wealth of the richest members of society at their own expense . This was the case with the broad bipartisan support for repealing the estate tax , which had been on the books since 1916 , as part of President Bushs 2001 tax cut . This tax was paid by the wealthiest two percent of taxpayers ; half by the wealthiest half of one percent . Yet polls revealed large majorities consistently favored getting rid of it , and the legislation to repeal the tax won strong bipartisan backing in both houses of Congress . Finding few useful insights in the political science or economics literatures to account for this , Graetz and Shapiro undertook a micro-study of the estate-tax repeals legislative success . Based on 150 interviews with congressmen , senators , staffers , civil servants , lobbyists , activists , think tank researchers , and pollsters involved on both sides of the repeal effort , they distilled a picture of “how power and politics actually operate in Washington today.” The book develops a number of insights about what makes redistributive coalitions more and less effective in American politics , underscoring the complex pluralism of power in America and the role of moral commitments in animating lived political experience . It also provides insights into the ways in which Americans understand and make decisions about their interests . They argue that interest groups can radically change politicians behavior without substantively changing public opinion . In the case of the estate tax , interest groups were able to recast public opinion by employing priming and non-neutral wording in opinion polls . While public opinion did not change , the politicians’ perceptions of public opinion radically shifted and with it , their understanding of which actions were politically safe . This provides a partial explanation for the way that democracies can generate upward redistribution , contrary to what we might have assumed were the “objective” interests of the majority . Graetz and Shapiro were to have received the 2006 Sidney Hillman award for the book , but the award was revoked at the last minute due to allegations that Shapiro had intimidated graduate student assistants during a union campaign at Yale in 1995 , which an administrative court later found to be an illegal partial strike . The Hillman award is sponsored by a labor union , UNITE-HERE , which represents clerical and technical workers at Yale and serves as the parent organization of the Graduate Employees and Students Organization ( GESO ) . Shapiro expressed regret over the withdrawal of the award and noted that the administrative law judge dismissed claims against Yale stemming from the 1995 strike , so the allegations against him were never adjudicated . In the wake of Americas foreign policy decisions in the first decade of the 21st century and their consequences , Shapiro wrote Containment . This was a critique both of the neoconservative Bush doctrine , which gained ascendency following the 9/11 attacks , and of the Democrats for their failure to articulate an alternative . Beginning from the claim that , “in electoral politics , you can’t beat something with nothing” , Shapiro spelled out an approach to foreign affairs in the post 9/11 age based on an adaptation of George Kennans cold-war containment strategy . Containment , rather than aggressive regime change , is preferable from a principled perspective because it is more democratic to leave countries to choose ( or refuse ) democracy on their own , consistent with Shapiros insistence on the importance of ‘insider wisdom’ in achieving just outcomes . But furthermore , aggressive foreign wars are expensive in terms of monetary and political capital , and have costs in terms of foreign reputation also . Even a trans-border threat like organized terror , he argues , can be most effectively contained by pressuring host countries . Kennans defense of containment had been strategic all the way down , but Shapiro argues that the doctrines imperative to ratchet up only enough coercive force to stop the bully , without yourself becoming a bully , embodies the central commitment to resisting domination that gives the democratic ideal its normative appeal . In a more recent work coauthored with Michael Graetz,The Wolf at the Door : The Menace of Economic Insecurity and How to Fight It , Shapiro argues that Americans are more concerned with their own economic insecurity than they are about inequality - calling attention to the fact that Americans are most afraid losing what they already have , whether it be jobs , status , or safe communities . Therefore , Shapiro and Graetz posit that the solution to economic insecurity is a return to the hard work of building coalitions around realistic goals and pursuing them doggedly through the political system - providing evidence of the success of this tactic in earlier reforms , such as in the cases of the abolition of the slave trade and the pursuit of civil rights legislation . Additionally , Shapiro and Graetz offer concrete , achievable reforms that would make Americans more secure , and offer substantial recommendations for how to increase employment , improve wages , protect families suffering from unemployment , and provide better social services such as health insurance and child care . Other work . Shapiro edited NOMOS , the yearbook of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy , for eight years , as well as a number of other collections of scholarly work . Shapiro has also contributed to the “Arts and Ideas” section of the New York Times , and journals like Dissent and Critical Review . He produces occasional op-ed pieces , too . In addition , Shapiro has published The Moral Foundations of Politics ( 2003 ) . This book grew from a popular undergraduate course which Shapiro has taught at Yale University for decades . It explores three common kinds of answers to the question : “Who is to judge , and by what criteria , whether the laws and actions of states that claim our allegiance measure up?” Through examining the utilitarian , Marxist , and social contract traditions , Shapiro aims to demonstrate both the common roots of the 20th centurys dominant modes of thinking about political legitimacy and the pragmatic consequences of the operationalization of these traditions . In the final chapters , he engages with contemporary critiques of the Enlightenment , arguing that even if we could reject the ideas and principles that commonly animated the political thought of that time , it would be to our detriment to do so . Shapiro offers a defense of what he describes as the mature Enlightenment . Its core commitments are to a fallibilist view of science and the political importance of individual freedom as realized through representative institutions . Shapiro is co-chair of the executive committee of the Future of American Democracy Foundation , a nonprofit , nonpartisan foundation in partnership with Yale University Press and the MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies , dedicated to research and education aimed at renewing and sustaining the historic vision of American democracy . External links . - Introduction to The State of Democratic Theory by Ian Shapiro - Response by Ian Shapiro to critics of Democratic Justice - Democracy at Home , an interview with Ian Shapiro - Ian Shapiro: : The MacMillan Center: : Department of Political Science: : Yale University - Ian Shapiro \| Political Science \| Yale University
[ "American Philosophical Society" ]	easy	What organization did Ian Shapiro join in 2008?	/wiki/Ian_Shapiro#P463#1	Ian Shapiro Ian Shapiro ( born September 29 , 1956 ) is a Sterling Professor of Political Science at Yale University . He served as the Henry R . Luce Director of the MacMillan Center at Yale University from 2004 to 2019 . He is known primarily for interventions in debates on democracy and on methods of conducting social science research . In democratic theory , he has argued that democracys value comes primarily from its potential to limit domination rather than , as is conventionally assumed , from its operation as a system of participation , representation , or preference aggregation . In debates about social scientific methods , he is chiefly known for rejecting prevalent theory-driven and method-driven approaches in favor of starting with a problem and then devising suitable methods to study it . His most recent work , coauthored with Michael J . Graetz , Wolf at the Door : The Menace of Economic Insecurity and How to Fight It , proposes achievable policies and strategies to mitigate economic insecurity in the United States . Life and career . Born in Johannesburg , South Africa on September 29 , 1956 , Shapiro is the youngest of four children . He was educated at St . Stithians School in Johannesburg ( 1963–68 ) ; St . Albans School in Pretoria ( 1969 ) ; and South Africas first multiracial high school , Woodmead School in Rivonia ( 1970–72 ) . At the age of 16 , he left for the United Kingdom where he completed O and A levels at Abbotsholme School in Derbyshire ( 1972–75 ) . This was during South Africas Border War and South Africa required compulsory military service , which would mean complicity in the enforcement of Apartheid . Shapiro chose to remain in Britain to read Philosophy and Politics at the University of Bristol , receiving his B.Sc . ( Hons ) in 1978 . Then he left for the United States and enrolled in Yale Universitys Ph.D . program in Political Science , where he obtained an M.Phil . in 1980 and a Ph.D. , with distinction , in 1983 for his dissertation entitled “The Evolution of Rights in Liberal Political Thought : A Realist Account , which won the Leo Strauss Prize awarded by the American Political Science Association in 1985 . At Yale , Shapiro was a student of the important theorist of pluralism and democracy , Robert Dahl , though his work also shows the influence of Douglas Rae and Michael Walzer , who served as an external adviser of his thesis . Shapiro went on to the Yale Law School , earning the J.D . in 1987 . Appointed to the department of Political Science as Assistant Professor thereafter , Shapiro was promoted to Full Professor in 1992 , named William R . Kenan Jr . Professor in 2000 , and Sterling Professor of Political Science in 2005 . Additionally , Shapiro served as the Henry R . Luce Director of the MacMillan Center at Yale University from 2004 to 2019 . He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2000 , the American Philosophical Society in 2008 , and the Council on Foreign Relations in 2009 . He is a past fellow of the Carnegie Corporation , the Guggenheim Foundation , and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences . He has held visiting appointments at the University of Cape Town , Nuffield College , Oxford and Keio University in Tokyo . Scholarly work . Early work . Shapiros early work explores existing theoretical frameworks for the study of politics . In books such as The Evolution of Rights in Liberal Theory ( 1986 ) , Political Criticism ( 1990 ) and Democracy’s Place ( 1996 ) , Shapiro engaged with the liberal , communitarian , and democratic theories which dominated political theory at that time . The Evolution of Rights in Liberal Theory ( 1986 ) examined the changing place of individual rights in liberal political thinking from the seventeenth century on . The book poses the questions : why did particular modes of talking about rights take hold around the English Civil War ; how and why have they changed in the ways that they have ; and how do they animate and constrain contemporary politics ? Shapiro traces liberal political ideology through four major moments , bound to larger economic and social transformations , which he dubs transitional , classical , neo-classical , and Keynesian . Each is explored by reference to an emblematic theorist : Thomas Hobbes , John Locke , Robert Nozick , and John Rawls . Skeptical of the claims of postmodernists , like Richard Rorty , that our intellectual commitments are contingent and , hence , subject to voluntary endorsement and revision , Shapiro argues that “ [ m ] any of our most fundamental philosophical beliefs are integral to social practices in which we engage unreflectively every day . Those beliefs are required , in nontrivial ways , by those social practices , thus generating an important limitation on how we might reasonably expect beliefs to change.. . We need to take much better account of our actual circumstances , how they have come to be what they are , and how they influence our own values and actions , if we are seriously to argue for the pursuit of significantly different values in the contemporary political world.” Shapiro argues that “the liberal view of rights evolved via processes of adaptive change importantly conditioned by and functional to the evolution of capitalist markets” . Shifts in epistemological frameworks from the 17th to the 20th centuries demonstrate how this kind of adaptation functions . For example , because their epistemologies are not yet plagued by Humean skeptical worries , Hobbes and Locke were able to assume that each of us , as autonomous agents , would opt for a set of rights coextensive with an ‘objectively right’ set of rights , our universal moral ends . After Hume , this assumption is no longer tenable . Shapiro argued that attempts to adapt the way we talk about rights to these new conditions of post-Humean skepticism sometimes resulted in incoherence . Later theorists of rights like Nozick and Rawls try to make up for this by means of a resort to economic assumptions ( for Nozick , neo-classical in origin ; for Rawls , Keynesian ) . These provide an apparently objective anchor for subjective aims . Shapiro concludes “The principal reasons for the tenacity of the liberal conception of individual rights , its negative libertarian view of the substance of rights , its view of individual consent as the legitimate basis of rights , and its essentially pluralist and utilitarian conception of the purposes of rights have , in their various formulations , combined to express a view of politics that is required by and legitimates capitalist market practices” In Political Criticism , Shapiro continues to explore the theme of managing modernity’s loosened objectivity . Here , Shapiro engages political frameworks articulated in opposition to Rawls’s neo-Kantian foundationalism , including the anti-foundationalist work of Richard Rorty , J.G.A . Pocock , Michael Walzer , Alasdair MacIntyre , and Allan Bloom . These thinkers attempted to ground morality in varieties of convention , tradition , and intersubjectivity . Essentially , they hoped to justify ethical and political claims through context , borrowing the insights of W.V.O . Quine’s epistemological holism . Ultimately , Shapiro criticizes these attempts because they “commit the fallacy of identifying one bad kind of foundational argument with all attempts to provide adequate foundations for our beliefs.” In lieu of these flawed alternatives ( foundationalism and contextualism ) , Shapiro recommends a third way , termed “critical naturalism,” which rests on a commitment to pragmatic realism . Drawing on a modified Aristotelianism , Shapiro constructs a notion of an authentic and integrated life as the goal of politics . In Democracy’s Place , Shapiro collects a number of essays , which together complete the critique and groundwork for his theory of democracy . Here , he explores the question of how “democratic ways of doing things can be made to fit well with other human values , better to shape the ways in which people pursue their collective goals.” To this end , Shapiro engages a variety of approaches to the study of democratic politics . These include public choice theory , contract theories , neo-Kantian foundationalism , and neo-Schumpeterian interest-based approaches ( here , in particular , with respect to South Africas transition to inclusive democracy ) . Shapiros concern is to develop a pragmatic political ethics which takes people and institutions as they are , in imagining what they might become . With that in view , it is in this book that he begins to sketch the outlines of his theory of democratic justice . Taking a cue from Michael Walzers Spheres of Justice Shapiro argues for a “semi-contextualized” approach to the study and pursuit of justice . It varies over time and over the different realms of human social interaction . In these early , primarily critical , books , Shapiro explores the relationship between justice and democracy and with the realities of politics and pragmatic means of overcoming injustice . In his next book , Democratic Justice ( 1999 ) , which some scholars rank among the four or five most important books since Rawlss A Theory of Justice , Shapiro begins the systematic articulation of his mature constructive theory . Justice and democratic theory . In Democratic Justice , Shapiro argues that democracy and justice are often mutually antagonistic ideas , but are nonetheless best pursued together . This is partly for pragmatic political reasons . Justice must be sought democratically to be legitimate in the modern world , he argues , and democracy must be justice-promoting if it is to hold our allegiance over time . But , in addition to these political considerations , Shapiro contends that there is a philosophical link between justice and democracy , rooted in the fact that the most plausible accounts of both ideals involve commitments to the idea of non-domination . Power and hierarchy are endemic to human interaction . This means domination is an ever-present possibility . The challenge is to find ways to limit domination while minimizing interference with legitimate hierarchies and power relations . This leads Shapiro to his claim that democracy is a subordinate or conditioning good : one that shapes the terms of human interaction without thereby determining its course . Pursuing democratic justice involves deferring , where possible , to what Shapiro describes as insiders wisdom . By this he means encouraging people to democratize - for themselves - the collective pursuit of the things they value . Imposed solutions are unlikely to be as effective as those designed by insiders , and their legitimacy will always be in question . They are solutions of last resort . When adopted , they are best pursued indirectly and designed to minimize interference with peoples’ pursuit of other human goods . In the applied chapters of Democratic Justice , Shapiro shows how this can be done in different phases of the human life cycle , from childhood through the adult worlds of work and domestic life , retirement , old age , and approaching death . Shapiro spells out the implications of his account for debates about authority over children , the law of marriage and divorce , abortion and population control , the workplace , basic incomes guarantees , health insurance , retirement policies , and decisions made by and for the infirm elderly . His arguments about democracy have been developed further in The State of Democratic Theory ( 2003 ) and The Real World of Democratic Theory ( 2011 ) . The latter includes a response to critics of the theory of democratic justice and a sketch of additional projected volumes on public institutions and democracy and distribution . An elaboration of the arguments philosophical underpinnings is set out in “On Non-Domination.” In On Non-Domination , Shapiro works through the alternative positions of Rawls , Walzer , Foucault , Habermas , Pettit , and Skinner , in addition to making his own substantive arguments about justice as nondomination , in order to defend a view of non-domination as providing a better basis for justice than the going alternatives . Shapiro builds on this work on nondomination in Against Impartiality , in which he argues that political theorists should focus on ways to identify and alleviate domination rather than unequivocally defending impartiality . Shapiro further expands upon these arguments and more in his major work of applied political theory Politics Against Domination , in which he makes a compelling case that the overriding purpose of politics should be to combat domination . In addition to taking a more theoretical approach to the topic , Shapiro discusses the implications of this work for ongoing debates electoral systems , independent courts , money in politics , minimum wages , and the vulnerabilities of minorities . Utilizing evidence from the battle against slavery , the creation of modern welfare states , the civil rights movement , Occupy Wall Street , the Tea Party , and the worldwide campaign against sweatshops , among other sources , Shapiro delves into the making of effective coalitions for political change and how best to press them into the service of resisting domination - culminating in the motivating argument that individuals may reasonably hope to devise ways to combat domination . Shapiro has also worked on issues related to transitions from authoritarianism to democracy . In several papers written with Courtney Jung and others , he has developed an account of the conditions that make negotiated transitions to democracy more and less likely to occur , addressing also the question of how they can be made sustainable when they do occur . This work has generated substantial scholarly debate . Turning to the matter of leadership in Transforming Power Relationships : Leadership , Risk , and Hope , Shapiro and coauthor James H . Read identify three major characteristics of successful , risk-embracing leadership . Shapiro and Read state that such leadership is exemplified by Nelson Mandela and F . W . de Klerk during South Africas transition to democracy , and further discuss leadership successes and failures in the cases of Northern Ireland and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict . In his more recent work on democratic politics , Collusion in Restraint of Democracy : Against Political Deliberation , Shapiro highlights that rather than improving political outcomes , deliberation instead undermines competition over proposed political programs . He therefore asserts that political outcomes may instead be improved by restoring meaningful competition between representatives of two strong political parties over the policies that , if elected , they will implement . Additionally , Shapiro has written on the negative consequences of devolving political power to the grassroots level in modern democracies . In his work coauthored with Frances McCall Rosenbluth , Responsible Parties : Saving Democracy from Itself , Shapiro and Rosenbluth explore how popular democracies have eroded trust in political systems worldwide . This devolution of power to the grassroots is reflected in changing methods of candidate selection and increased amounts of ballot initiatives and referenda , as well as the increased use of proportional representation across democracies . Although these reforms are intended to bring politics closer to the people , they instead produce diminished trust in politicians , parties , and democratic institutions - culminating most recently in major populist victories democracies , including the United States and the United Kingdom . Highlighting that transferring power to the grass roots is part of the problem rather than a solution , Shapiro and Rosenbluth argue that decentralize political decision-making effectively weakens political parties , thereby making governments less effective and less able to adequately address the long-term interests of their constituents . This subject also represents an ongoing joint project conducted by Shapiro and Rosenbluth , among others , at the Jackson Institute for Global Affairs at Yale University . Methods and the human sciences . In several articles and books Shapiro has defended distinctive accounts of the nature of social scientific knowledge , the best means of acquiring it , and its implications for political philosophy . In Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory , Shapiro and co-author Donald Green took on the reigning method in the social sciences : the use of rational choice models derived from neoclassical economics to explain , predict , and interpret political action . They argued that , if rational choice theorists are going to claim to provide compelling explanations , they should also have solid predictive value — or at least they should do better than the going alternatives . By reviewing the results of rational choice models in several key areas of political science , including voting behavior , collective action , legislative behavior , and spatial theories of elections , Green and Shapiro concluded that rational choice theory has achieved a great deal less than it claims . Indeed , they claim that it cannot achieve what it set out to , because , like all universalist theories , it treats all objects of study as though they were of the same type . Universalism inevitably results in what Shapiro calls ‘method driven’ rather than ‘problem driven’ social science . “Hypotheses are formulated in empirically intractable ways : evidence is selected and tested in a biased fashion ; conclusions are drawn without serious attention to competing explanations ; empirical anomalies and discordant facts are often either ignored or circumvented by way of post hoc alterations to deductive arguments...” These issues “generate and reinforce a debilitating syndrome in which theories are elaborated and modified in order to save their universal character , rather than by reference to the requirements of viable empirical testing . When this syndrome is at work , data no longer test theories : instead , theories continually impeach and elude data . In short , empirical research becomes theory driven rather than problem driven , designed more to save or vindicate some variant of rational choice theory rather than to account for any specific set of political phenomena.” In effect Green and Shapiro argue that rational choice methodology , which had become dominant in political science by the 1980s , was driven to “... [ save ] .. . universalist theory from discordant encounters with reality.” Rational choice theory , they argued , rests on unsubstantiated assumptions about political reality . When these assumptions are scrutinized and tested empirically , they are all too often been found to be false . And when rational choice theory generates explanations that are true and predictive , typically such explanations turn out to be banal , obvious , and hence of little merit on that count . Pathologies generated considerable critical attention from all quarters in the political science discipline , some of which spilled over into the realm of public debate . This work has been credited with fostering the reinvigoration of systematic empirical research in the political science discipline . In The Flight from Reality in the Human Sciences , Shapiro takes a systematic look at the many ways in which the human sciences have lost sight of their objects of study , confusing apparent methodological rigor with accuracy . This matters , he argues , because the conclusions that result , even while resting on assumptions divorced from reality , can profoundly impact real outcomes . Through inefficacy , for example , this kind of social science can neuter social criticism . Along with a critique of the method-driven strategies embraced by rational choice theorists , interpretivists , and others , Shapiro offers a defense of epistemological realism . He defines realism as resting on a twofold conviction : “that the world is causal mechanisms that exist independently of our study — or sometimes even awareness — of them , and that the methods of science hold out the best possibility of our grasping their true character.” He explores its implications both for explanation in the human sciences and for normative debates which , he argues , should be conducted in closer proximity to one another than is typically the case . For instance , if we are concerned with reducing injustice in the world , we should investigate both the philosophical character of justice as well as the conditions in the world that shape peoples ideas about it . Policy issues . In Democracys Place , Shapiro said “...I think inquiry most likely to be fruitful if we start with first-order problems and engage higher-order commitments only to the degree necessary to tackle them.” Shapiro has engaged concrete policy issues in three works of applied political theory . Abortion : The Supreme Court Decisions , provides an extended analysis and annotation of the political and legal debate on abortion in the United States since the 1960s . Death by A Thousand Cuts : The Fight Over Taxing Inherited Wealth ( coauthored with Michael Graetz ) and Containment : Rebuilding a Strategy Against Global Terror . In Death by A Thousand Cuts , Graetz and Shapiro explore new evidence that bears on the old question : In democracies , why dont the poor soak the rich ? The prospect that , if given the vote , the poor would use it to do just that dominated nineteenth-century debates about expanding the franchise . It is also predicted by the median voter theorem in political science . In fact , majorities in democracies sometimes support regressive changes in distribution , which is to say the poor sometimes vote for measures that will increase the wealth of the richest members of society at their own expense . This was the case with the broad bipartisan support for repealing the estate tax , which had been on the books since 1916 , as part of President Bushs 2001 tax cut . This tax was paid by the wealthiest two percent of taxpayers ; half by the wealthiest half of one percent . Yet polls revealed large majorities consistently favored getting rid of it , and the legislation to repeal the tax won strong bipartisan backing in both houses of Congress . Finding few useful insights in the political science or economics literatures to account for this , Graetz and Shapiro undertook a micro-study of the estate-tax repeals legislative success . Based on 150 interviews with congressmen , senators , staffers , civil servants , lobbyists , activists , think tank researchers , and pollsters involved on both sides of the repeal effort , they distilled a picture of “how power and politics actually operate in Washington today.” The book develops a number of insights about what makes redistributive coalitions more and less effective in American politics , underscoring the complex pluralism of power in America and the role of moral commitments in animating lived political experience . It also provides insights into the ways in which Americans understand and make decisions about their interests . They argue that interest groups can radically change politicians behavior without substantively changing public opinion . In the case of the estate tax , interest groups were able to recast public opinion by employing priming and non-neutral wording in opinion polls . While public opinion did not change , the politicians’ perceptions of public opinion radically shifted and with it , their understanding of which actions were politically safe . This provides a partial explanation for the way that democracies can generate upward redistribution , contrary to what we might have assumed were the “objective” interests of the majority . Graetz and Shapiro were to have received the 2006 Sidney Hillman award for the book , but the award was revoked at the last minute due to allegations that Shapiro had intimidated graduate student assistants during a union campaign at Yale in 1995 , which an administrative court later found to be an illegal partial strike . The Hillman award is sponsored by a labor union , UNITE-HERE , which represents clerical and technical workers at Yale and serves as the parent organization of the Graduate Employees and Students Organization ( GESO ) . Shapiro expressed regret over the withdrawal of the award and noted that the administrative law judge dismissed claims against Yale stemming from the 1995 strike , so the allegations against him were never adjudicated . In the wake of Americas foreign policy decisions in the first decade of the 21st century and their consequences , Shapiro wrote Containment . This was a critique both of the neoconservative Bush doctrine , which gained ascendency following the 9/11 attacks , and of the Democrats for their failure to articulate an alternative . Beginning from the claim that , “in electoral politics , you can’t beat something with nothing” , Shapiro spelled out an approach to foreign affairs in the post 9/11 age based on an adaptation of George Kennans cold-war containment strategy . Containment , rather than aggressive regime change , is preferable from a principled perspective because it is more democratic to leave countries to choose ( or refuse ) democracy on their own , consistent with Shapiros insistence on the importance of ‘insider wisdom’ in achieving just outcomes . But furthermore , aggressive foreign wars are expensive in terms of monetary and political capital , and have costs in terms of foreign reputation also . Even a trans-border threat like organized terror , he argues , can be most effectively contained by pressuring host countries . Kennans defense of containment had been strategic all the way down , but Shapiro argues that the doctrines imperative to ratchet up only enough coercive force to stop the bully , without yourself becoming a bully , embodies the central commitment to resisting domination that gives the democratic ideal its normative appeal . In a more recent work coauthored with Michael Graetz,The Wolf at the Door : The Menace of Economic Insecurity and How to Fight It , Shapiro argues that Americans are more concerned with their own economic insecurity than they are about inequality - calling attention to the fact that Americans are most afraid losing what they already have , whether it be jobs , status , or safe communities . Therefore , Shapiro and Graetz posit that the solution to economic insecurity is a return to the hard work of building coalitions around realistic goals and pursuing them doggedly through the political system - providing evidence of the success of this tactic in earlier reforms , such as in the cases of the abolition of the slave trade and the pursuit of civil rights legislation . Additionally , Shapiro and Graetz offer concrete , achievable reforms that would make Americans more secure , and offer substantial recommendations for how to increase employment , improve wages , protect families suffering from unemployment , and provide better social services such as health insurance and child care . Other work . Shapiro edited NOMOS , the yearbook of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy , for eight years , as well as a number of other collections of scholarly work . Shapiro has also contributed to the “Arts and Ideas” section of the New York Times , and journals like Dissent and Critical Review . He produces occasional op-ed pieces , too . In addition , Shapiro has published The Moral Foundations of Politics ( 2003 ) . This book grew from a popular undergraduate course which Shapiro has taught at Yale University for decades . It explores three common kinds of answers to the question : “Who is to judge , and by what criteria , whether the laws and actions of states that claim our allegiance measure up?” Through examining the utilitarian , Marxist , and social contract traditions , Shapiro aims to demonstrate both the common roots of the 20th centurys dominant modes of thinking about political legitimacy and the pragmatic consequences of the operationalization of these traditions . In the final chapters , he engages with contemporary critiques of the Enlightenment , arguing that even if we could reject the ideas and principles that commonly animated the political thought of that time , it would be to our detriment to do so . Shapiro offers a defense of what he describes as the mature Enlightenment . Its core commitments are to a fallibilist view of science and the political importance of individual freedom as realized through representative institutions . Shapiro is co-chair of the executive committee of the Future of American Democracy Foundation , a nonprofit , nonpartisan foundation in partnership with Yale University Press and the MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies , dedicated to research and education aimed at renewing and sustaining the historic vision of American democracy . External links . - Introduction to The State of Democratic Theory by Ian Shapiro - Response by Ian Shapiro to critics of Democratic Justice - Democracy at Home , an interview with Ian Shapiro - Ian Shapiro: : The MacMillan Center: : Department of Political Science: : Yale University - Ian Shapiro \| Political Science \| Yale University
[ "Council on Foreign Relations" ]	easy	Ian Shapiro became a member of what organization or association in 2009?	/wiki/Ian_Shapiro#P463#2	Ian Shapiro Ian Shapiro ( born September 29 , 1956 ) is a Sterling Professor of Political Science at Yale University . He served as the Henry R . Luce Director of the MacMillan Center at Yale University from 2004 to 2019 . He is known primarily for interventions in debates on democracy and on methods of conducting social science research . In democratic theory , he has argued that democracys value comes primarily from its potential to limit domination rather than , as is conventionally assumed , from its operation as a system of participation , representation , or preference aggregation . In debates about social scientific methods , he is chiefly known for rejecting prevalent theory-driven and method-driven approaches in favor of starting with a problem and then devising suitable methods to study it . His most recent work , coauthored with Michael J . Graetz , Wolf at the Door : The Menace of Economic Insecurity and How to Fight It , proposes achievable policies and strategies to mitigate economic insecurity in the United States . Life and career . Born in Johannesburg , South Africa on September 29 , 1956 , Shapiro is the youngest of four children . He was educated at St . Stithians School in Johannesburg ( 1963–68 ) ; St . Albans School in Pretoria ( 1969 ) ; and South Africas first multiracial high school , Woodmead School in Rivonia ( 1970–72 ) . At the age of 16 , he left for the United Kingdom where he completed O and A levels at Abbotsholme School in Derbyshire ( 1972–75 ) . This was during South Africas Border War and South Africa required compulsory military service , which would mean complicity in the enforcement of Apartheid . Shapiro chose to remain in Britain to read Philosophy and Politics at the University of Bristol , receiving his B.Sc . ( Hons ) in 1978 . Then he left for the United States and enrolled in Yale Universitys Ph.D . program in Political Science , where he obtained an M.Phil . in 1980 and a Ph.D. , with distinction , in 1983 for his dissertation entitled “The Evolution of Rights in Liberal Political Thought : A Realist Account , which won the Leo Strauss Prize awarded by the American Political Science Association in 1985 . At Yale , Shapiro was a student of the important theorist of pluralism and democracy , Robert Dahl , though his work also shows the influence of Douglas Rae and Michael Walzer , who served as an external adviser of his thesis . Shapiro went on to the Yale Law School , earning the J.D . in 1987 . Appointed to the department of Political Science as Assistant Professor thereafter , Shapiro was promoted to Full Professor in 1992 , named William R . Kenan Jr . Professor in 2000 , and Sterling Professor of Political Science in 2005 . Additionally , Shapiro served as the Henry R . Luce Director of the MacMillan Center at Yale University from 2004 to 2019 . He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2000 , the American Philosophical Society in 2008 , and the Council on Foreign Relations in 2009 . He is a past fellow of the Carnegie Corporation , the Guggenheim Foundation , and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences . He has held visiting appointments at the University of Cape Town , Nuffield College , Oxford and Keio University in Tokyo . Scholarly work . Early work . Shapiros early work explores existing theoretical frameworks for the study of politics . In books such as The Evolution of Rights in Liberal Theory ( 1986 ) , Political Criticism ( 1990 ) and Democracy’s Place ( 1996 ) , Shapiro engaged with the liberal , communitarian , and democratic theories which dominated political theory at that time . The Evolution of Rights in Liberal Theory ( 1986 ) examined the changing place of individual rights in liberal political thinking from the seventeenth century on . The book poses the questions : why did particular modes of talking about rights take hold around the English Civil War ; how and why have they changed in the ways that they have ; and how do they animate and constrain contemporary politics ? Shapiro traces liberal political ideology through four major moments , bound to larger economic and social transformations , which he dubs transitional , classical , neo-classical , and Keynesian . Each is explored by reference to an emblematic theorist : Thomas Hobbes , John Locke , Robert Nozick , and John Rawls . Skeptical of the claims of postmodernists , like Richard Rorty , that our intellectual commitments are contingent and , hence , subject to voluntary endorsement and revision , Shapiro argues that “ [ m ] any of our most fundamental philosophical beliefs are integral to social practices in which we engage unreflectively every day . Those beliefs are required , in nontrivial ways , by those social practices , thus generating an important limitation on how we might reasonably expect beliefs to change.. . We need to take much better account of our actual circumstances , how they have come to be what they are , and how they influence our own values and actions , if we are seriously to argue for the pursuit of significantly different values in the contemporary political world.” Shapiro argues that “the liberal view of rights evolved via processes of adaptive change importantly conditioned by and functional to the evolution of capitalist markets” . Shifts in epistemological frameworks from the 17th to the 20th centuries demonstrate how this kind of adaptation functions . For example , because their epistemologies are not yet plagued by Humean skeptical worries , Hobbes and Locke were able to assume that each of us , as autonomous agents , would opt for a set of rights coextensive with an ‘objectively right’ set of rights , our universal moral ends . After Hume , this assumption is no longer tenable . Shapiro argued that attempts to adapt the way we talk about rights to these new conditions of post-Humean skepticism sometimes resulted in incoherence . Later theorists of rights like Nozick and Rawls try to make up for this by means of a resort to economic assumptions ( for Nozick , neo-classical in origin ; for Rawls , Keynesian ) . These provide an apparently objective anchor for subjective aims . Shapiro concludes “The principal reasons for the tenacity of the liberal conception of individual rights , its negative libertarian view of the substance of rights , its view of individual consent as the legitimate basis of rights , and its essentially pluralist and utilitarian conception of the purposes of rights have , in their various formulations , combined to express a view of politics that is required by and legitimates capitalist market practices” In Political Criticism , Shapiro continues to explore the theme of managing modernity’s loosened objectivity . Here , Shapiro engages political frameworks articulated in opposition to Rawls’s neo-Kantian foundationalism , including the anti-foundationalist work of Richard Rorty , J.G.A . Pocock , Michael Walzer , Alasdair MacIntyre , and Allan Bloom . These thinkers attempted to ground morality in varieties of convention , tradition , and intersubjectivity . Essentially , they hoped to justify ethical and political claims through context , borrowing the insights of W.V.O . Quine’s epistemological holism . Ultimately , Shapiro criticizes these attempts because they “commit the fallacy of identifying one bad kind of foundational argument with all attempts to provide adequate foundations for our beliefs.” In lieu of these flawed alternatives ( foundationalism and contextualism ) , Shapiro recommends a third way , termed “critical naturalism,” which rests on a commitment to pragmatic realism . Drawing on a modified Aristotelianism , Shapiro constructs a notion of an authentic and integrated life as the goal of politics . In Democracy’s Place , Shapiro collects a number of essays , which together complete the critique and groundwork for his theory of democracy . Here , he explores the question of how “democratic ways of doing things can be made to fit well with other human values , better to shape the ways in which people pursue their collective goals.” To this end , Shapiro engages a variety of approaches to the study of democratic politics . These include public choice theory , contract theories , neo-Kantian foundationalism , and neo-Schumpeterian interest-based approaches ( here , in particular , with respect to South Africas transition to inclusive democracy ) . Shapiros concern is to develop a pragmatic political ethics which takes people and institutions as they are , in imagining what they might become . With that in view , it is in this book that he begins to sketch the outlines of his theory of democratic justice . Taking a cue from Michael Walzers Spheres of Justice Shapiro argues for a “semi-contextualized” approach to the study and pursuit of justice . It varies over time and over the different realms of human social interaction . In these early , primarily critical , books , Shapiro explores the relationship between justice and democracy and with the realities of politics and pragmatic means of overcoming injustice . In his next book , Democratic Justice ( 1999 ) , which some scholars rank among the four or five most important books since Rawlss A Theory of Justice , Shapiro begins the systematic articulation of his mature constructive theory . Justice and democratic theory . In Democratic Justice , Shapiro argues that democracy and justice are often mutually antagonistic ideas , but are nonetheless best pursued together . This is partly for pragmatic political reasons . Justice must be sought democratically to be legitimate in the modern world , he argues , and democracy must be justice-promoting if it is to hold our allegiance over time . But , in addition to these political considerations , Shapiro contends that there is a philosophical link between justice and democracy , rooted in the fact that the most plausible accounts of both ideals involve commitments to the idea of non-domination . Power and hierarchy are endemic to human interaction . This means domination is an ever-present possibility . The challenge is to find ways to limit domination while minimizing interference with legitimate hierarchies and power relations . This leads Shapiro to his claim that democracy is a subordinate or conditioning good : one that shapes the terms of human interaction without thereby determining its course . Pursuing democratic justice involves deferring , where possible , to what Shapiro describes as insiders wisdom . By this he means encouraging people to democratize - for themselves - the collective pursuit of the things they value . Imposed solutions are unlikely to be as effective as those designed by insiders , and their legitimacy will always be in question . They are solutions of last resort . When adopted , they are best pursued indirectly and designed to minimize interference with peoples’ pursuit of other human goods . In the applied chapters of Democratic Justice , Shapiro shows how this can be done in different phases of the human life cycle , from childhood through the adult worlds of work and domestic life , retirement , old age , and approaching death . Shapiro spells out the implications of his account for debates about authority over children , the law of marriage and divorce , abortion and population control , the workplace , basic incomes guarantees , health insurance , retirement policies , and decisions made by and for the infirm elderly . His arguments about democracy have been developed further in The State of Democratic Theory ( 2003 ) and The Real World of Democratic Theory ( 2011 ) . The latter includes a response to critics of the theory of democratic justice and a sketch of additional projected volumes on public institutions and democracy and distribution . An elaboration of the arguments philosophical underpinnings is set out in “On Non-Domination.” In On Non-Domination , Shapiro works through the alternative positions of Rawls , Walzer , Foucault , Habermas , Pettit , and Skinner , in addition to making his own substantive arguments about justice as nondomination , in order to defend a view of non-domination as providing a better basis for justice than the going alternatives . Shapiro builds on this work on nondomination in Against Impartiality , in which he argues that political theorists should focus on ways to identify and alleviate domination rather than unequivocally defending impartiality . Shapiro further expands upon these arguments and more in his major work of applied political theory Politics Against Domination , in which he makes a compelling case that the overriding purpose of politics should be to combat domination . In addition to taking a more theoretical approach to the topic , Shapiro discusses the implications of this work for ongoing debates electoral systems , independent courts , money in politics , minimum wages , and the vulnerabilities of minorities . Utilizing evidence from the battle against slavery , the creation of modern welfare states , the civil rights movement , Occupy Wall Street , the Tea Party , and the worldwide campaign against sweatshops , among other sources , Shapiro delves into the making of effective coalitions for political change and how best to press them into the service of resisting domination - culminating in the motivating argument that individuals may reasonably hope to devise ways to combat domination . Shapiro has also worked on issues related to transitions from authoritarianism to democracy . In several papers written with Courtney Jung and others , he has developed an account of the conditions that make negotiated transitions to democracy more and less likely to occur , addressing also the question of how they can be made sustainable when they do occur . This work has generated substantial scholarly debate . Turning to the matter of leadership in Transforming Power Relationships : Leadership , Risk , and Hope , Shapiro and coauthor James H . Read identify three major characteristics of successful , risk-embracing leadership . Shapiro and Read state that such leadership is exemplified by Nelson Mandela and F . W . de Klerk during South Africas transition to democracy , and further discuss leadership successes and failures in the cases of Northern Ireland and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict . In his more recent work on democratic politics , Collusion in Restraint of Democracy : Against Political Deliberation , Shapiro highlights that rather than improving political outcomes , deliberation instead undermines competition over proposed political programs . He therefore asserts that political outcomes may instead be improved by restoring meaningful competition between representatives of two strong political parties over the policies that , if elected , they will implement . Additionally , Shapiro has written on the negative consequences of devolving political power to the grassroots level in modern democracies . In his work coauthored with Frances McCall Rosenbluth , Responsible Parties : Saving Democracy from Itself , Shapiro and Rosenbluth explore how popular democracies have eroded trust in political systems worldwide . This devolution of power to the grassroots is reflected in changing methods of candidate selection and increased amounts of ballot initiatives and referenda , as well as the increased use of proportional representation across democracies . Although these reforms are intended to bring politics closer to the people , they instead produce diminished trust in politicians , parties , and democratic institutions - culminating most recently in major populist victories democracies , including the United States and the United Kingdom . Highlighting that transferring power to the grass roots is part of the problem rather than a solution , Shapiro and Rosenbluth argue that decentralize political decision-making effectively weakens political parties , thereby making governments less effective and less able to adequately address the long-term interests of their constituents . This subject also represents an ongoing joint project conducted by Shapiro and Rosenbluth , among others , at the Jackson Institute for Global Affairs at Yale University . Methods and the human sciences . In several articles and books Shapiro has defended distinctive accounts of the nature of social scientific knowledge , the best means of acquiring it , and its implications for political philosophy . In Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory , Shapiro and co-author Donald Green took on the reigning method in the social sciences : the use of rational choice models derived from neoclassical economics to explain , predict , and interpret political action . They argued that , if rational choice theorists are going to claim to provide compelling explanations , they should also have solid predictive value — or at least they should do better than the going alternatives . By reviewing the results of rational choice models in several key areas of political science , including voting behavior , collective action , legislative behavior , and spatial theories of elections , Green and Shapiro concluded that rational choice theory has achieved a great deal less than it claims . Indeed , they claim that it cannot achieve what it set out to , because , like all universalist theories , it treats all objects of study as though they were of the same type . Universalism inevitably results in what Shapiro calls ‘method driven’ rather than ‘problem driven’ social science . “Hypotheses are formulated in empirically intractable ways : evidence is selected and tested in a biased fashion ; conclusions are drawn without serious attention to competing explanations ; empirical anomalies and discordant facts are often either ignored or circumvented by way of post hoc alterations to deductive arguments...” These issues “generate and reinforce a debilitating syndrome in which theories are elaborated and modified in order to save their universal character , rather than by reference to the requirements of viable empirical testing . When this syndrome is at work , data no longer test theories : instead , theories continually impeach and elude data . In short , empirical research becomes theory driven rather than problem driven , designed more to save or vindicate some variant of rational choice theory rather than to account for any specific set of political phenomena.” In effect Green and Shapiro argue that rational choice methodology , which had become dominant in political science by the 1980s , was driven to “... [ save ] .. . universalist theory from discordant encounters with reality.” Rational choice theory , they argued , rests on unsubstantiated assumptions about political reality . When these assumptions are scrutinized and tested empirically , they are all too often been found to be false . And when rational choice theory generates explanations that are true and predictive , typically such explanations turn out to be banal , obvious , and hence of little merit on that count . Pathologies generated considerable critical attention from all quarters in the political science discipline , some of which spilled over into the realm of public debate . This work has been credited with fostering the reinvigoration of systematic empirical research in the political science discipline . In The Flight from Reality in the Human Sciences , Shapiro takes a systematic look at the many ways in which the human sciences have lost sight of their objects of study , confusing apparent methodological rigor with accuracy . This matters , he argues , because the conclusions that result , even while resting on assumptions divorced from reality , can profoundly impact real outcomes . Through inefficacy , for example , this kind of social science can neuter social criticism . Along with a critique of the method-driven strategies embraced by rational choice theorists , interpretivists , and others , Shapiro offers a defense of epistemological realism . He defines realism as resting on a twofold conviction : “that the world is causal mechanisms that exist independently of our study — or sometimes even awareness — of them , and that the methods of science hold out the best possibility of our grasping their true character.” He explores its implications both for explanation in the human sciences and for normative debates which , he argues , should be conducted in closer proximity to one another than is typically the case . For instance , if we are concerned with reducing injustice in the world , we should investigate both the philosophical character of justice as well as the conditions in the world that shape peoples ideas about it . Policy issues . In Democracys Place , Shapiro said “...I think inquiry most likely to be fruitful if we start with first-order problems and engage higher-order commitments only to the degree necessary to tackle them.” Shapiro has engaged concrete policy issues in three works of applied political theory . Abortion : The Supreme Court Decisions , provides an extended analysis and annotation of the political and legal debate on abortion in the United States since the 1960s . Death by A Thousand Cuts : The Fight Over Taxing Inherited Wealth ( coauthored with Michael Graetz ) and Containment : Rebuilding a Strategy Against Global Terror . In Death by A Thousand Cuts , Graetz and Shapiro explore new evidence that bears on the old question : In democracies , why dont the poor soak the rich ? The prospect that , if given the vote , the poor would use it to do just that dominated nineteenth-century debates about expanding the franchise . It is also predicted by the median voter theorem in political science . In fact , majorities in democracies sometimes support regressive changes in distribution , which is to say the poor sometimes vote for measures that will increase the wealth of the richest members of society at their own expense . This was the case with the broad bipartisan support for repealing the estate tax , which had been on the books since 1916 , as part of President Bushs 2001 tax cut . This tax was paid by the wealthiest two percent of taxpayers ; half by the wealthiest half of one percent . Yet polls revealed large majorities consistently favored getting rid of it , and the legislation to repeal the tax won strong bipartisan backing in both houses of Congress . Finding few useful insights in the political science or economics literatures to account for this , Graetz and Shapiro undertook a micro-study of the estate-tax repeals legislative success . Based on 150 interviews with congressmen , senators , staffers , civil servants , lobbyists , activists , think tank researchers , and pollsters involved on both sides of the repeal effort , they distilled a picture of “how power and politics actually operate in Washington today.” The book develops a number of insights about what makes redistributive coalitions more and less effective in American politics , underscoring the complex pluralism of power in America and the role of moral commitments in animating lived political experience . It also provides insights into the ways in which Americans understand and make decisions about their interests . They argue that interest groups can radically change politicians behavior without substantively changing public opinion . In the case of the estate tax , interest groups were able to recast public opinion by employing priming and non-neutral wording in opinion polls . While public opinion did not change , the politicians’ perceptions of public opinion radically shifted and with it , their understanding of which actions were politically safe . This provides a partial explanation for the way that democracies can generate upward redistribution , contrary to what we might have assumed were the “objective” interests of the majority . Graetz and Shapiro were to have received the 2006 Sidney Hillman award for the book , but the award was revoked at the last minute due to allegations that Shapiro had intimidated graduate student assistants during a union campaign at Yale in 1995 , which an administrative court later found to be an illegal partial strike . The Hillman award is sponsored by a labor union , UNITE-HERE , which represents clerical and technical workers at Yale and serves as the parent organization of the Graduate Employees and Students Organization ( GESO ) . Shapiro expressed regret over the withdrawal of the award and noted that the administrative law judge dismissed claims against Yale stemming from the 1995 strike , so the allegations against him were never adjudicated . In the wake of Americas foreign policy decisions in the first decade of the 21st century and their consequences , Shapiro wrote Containment . This was a critique both of the neoconservative Bush doctrine , which gained ascendency following the 9/11 attacks , and of the Democrats for their failure to articulate an alternative . Beginning from the claim that , “in electoral politics , you can’t beat something with nothing” , Shapiro spelled out an approach to foreign affairs in the post 9/11 age based on an adaptation of George Kennans cold-war containment strategy . Containment , rather than aggressive regime change , is preferable from a principled perspective because it is more democratic to leave countries to choose ( or refuse ) democracy on their own , consistent with Shapiros insistence on the importance of ‘insider wisdom’ in achieving just outcomes . But furthermore , aggressive foreign wars are expensive in terms of monetary and political capital , and have costs in terms of foreign reputation also . Even a trans-border threat like organized terror , he argues , can be most effectively contained by pressuring host countries . Kennans defense of containment had been strategic all the way down , but Shapiro argues that the doctrines imperative to ratchet up only enough coercive force to stop the bully , without yourself becoming a bully , embodies the central commitment to resisting domination that gives the democratic ideal its normative appeal . In a more recent work coauthored with Michael Graetz,The Wolf at the Door : The Menace of Economic Insecurity and How to Fight It , Shapiro argues that Americans are more concerned with their own economic insecurity than they are about inequality - calling attention to the fact that Americans are most afraid losing what they already have , whether it be jobs , status , or safe communities . Therefore , Shapiro and Graetz posit that the solution to economic insecurity is a return to the hard work of building coalitions around realistic goals and pursuing them doggedly through the political system - providing evidence of the success of this tactic in earlier reforms , such as in the cases of the abolition of the slave trade and the pursuit of civil rights legislation . Additionally , Shapiro and Graetz offer concrete , achievable reforms that would make Americans more secure , and offer substantial recommendations for how to increase employment , improve wages , protect families suffering from unemployment , and provide better social services such as health insurance and child care . Other work . Shapiro edited NOMOS , the yearbook of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy , for eight years , as well as a number of other collections of scholarly work . Shapiro has also contributed to the “Arts and Ideas” section of the New York Times , and journals like Dissent and Critical Review . He produces occasional op-ed pieces , too . In addition , Shapiro has published The Moral Foundations of Politics ( 2003 ) . This book grew from a popular undergraduate course which Shapiro has taught at Yale University for decades . It explores three common kinds of answers to the question : “Who is to judge , and by what criteria , whether the laws and actions of states that claim our allegiance measure up?” Through examining the utilitarian , Marxist , and social contract traditions , Shapiro aims to demonstrate both the common roots of the 20th centurys dominant modes of thinking about political legitimacy and the pragmatic consequences of the operationalization of these traditions . In the final chapters , he engages with contemporary critiques of the Enlightenment , arguing that even if we could reject the ideas and principles that commonly animated the political thought of that time , it would be to our detriment to do so . Shapiro offers a defense of what he describes as the mature Enlightenment . Its core commitments are to a fallibilist view of science and the political importance of individual freedom as realized through representative institutions . Shapiro is co-chair of the executive committee of the Future of American Democracy Foundation , a nonprofit , nonpartisan foundation in partnership with Yale University Press and the MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies , dedicated to research and education aimed at renewing and sustaining the historic vision of American democracy . External links . - Introduction to The State of Democratic Theory by Ian Shapiro - Response by Ian Shapiro to critics of Democratic Justice - Democracy at Home , an interview with Ian Shapiro - Ian Shapiro: : The MacMillan Center: : Department of Political Science: : Yale University - Ian Shapiro \| Political Science \| Yale University
[ "New South Wales Legislative Council" ]	easy	Which position did Barrie Unsworth hold from Nov 1978 to Jul 1986?	/wiki/Barrie_Unsworth#P39#0	Barrie Unsworth Barrie John Unsworth ( born 16 April 1934 ) is a former Australian politician , representing the Labor Party in the Parliament of New South Wales from 1978 to 1991 . He served as the 36th Premier from July 1986 to March 1988 . Early years . Unsworth , the son of Joseph and Olive Unsworth , was born in Dubbo , New South Wales , and educated in Sydney , at Kogarah High School . On leaving school at age 15 , he was apprenticed as an electrical fitter . In 1955 , aged 21 years , he married Pauline Hennessy and they subsequently had one daughter and three sons , one of whom has died ; he and his wife have nine grandchildren , and two great grandsons . Unsworth was initially an Apprentice Electrical Fitter , then Electrical Fitter , Electrical Testing Officer and subsequently Sales Representative for Sydney County Council from 1950 until 1960 . Unsworth had a brief period of military national service in 1953–1954 in the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . Union career . In 1961 , Unsworth became an organiser of the Electrical Trades Union , and continued to build his career in the labour movement . He was awarded a Churchill Fellowship in 1966 to attend Harvard University Trade Union Program . The following year he was elected to the Labor Council of NSW and was its elected Secretary from 1979 to 1984 . Unsworth was an Australian delegate to His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh Study Conference , Oxford University in 1974 . During his career as an elected union official , he was appointed by the Wran Labor NSW Government to a range of positions on government bodies including : - Public Transport Commission of New South Wales , Commissioner ( 1972–1975 ) - Pipeline Authority , Member ( 1973–1978 ) Political career . Unsworth was elected a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1978 . While serving in the Legislative Council , Unsworth represented Australia as a delegate at the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) Worker Participation in Management Conferences held in Geneva ( 1980 ) and The Hague ( 1981 ) . In the Wran Labor Government , Unsworth was Minister for Transport ( 1984–1986 ) and Minister for Health ( February–July 1986 ) . After the surprise retirement of Premier Neville Wran in May 1986 , he became leader of the NSW Labor Party and thus Premier , and was also Minister for Ethnic Affairs and Minister for State Development . As Premiers are required by convention to be members of the Legislative Assembly , Brian Bannon , the member for the normally safe Labor seat of Rockdale , resigned to accept a government job as Chairman of the Homebush States Sport Centre Trust , and Unsworth contested the resulting by-election held on 2 August 1986 . He only narrowly won the seat , with a 17.1% dive in the primary vote and hostile independent preferences giving him a margin of just 54 votes . A by-election for Wrans equally safe seat of Bass Hill was even worse , with a 22.2 per cent drop on the primary vote delivering a 103-vote victory to the Liberal candidate . Unsworth was Premier for two years until the Labor Partys landslide defeat by the Liberals Nick Greiner in the 1988 elections . Unsworth did not contest the 1991 election . Life after politics . Immediately following politics , Unsworth had little political involvement with his only public commitment being as Deputy Chairman and then Chairman of the Australian Executive Committee for His Royal Highness Duke of Edinburgh Study Conference ( 1982–1998 ) . Unsworth was General Manager of 2KY Broadcasters Pty Ltd Racing Radio 1992–2000 . In 2001 , he was a recipient of the Centenary Medal . Following the election of the Carr Labor Government in 1995 , Unsworth was placed on a number of key government and community bodies , including : - Australia Day Council of New South Wales , Chairman ( 1995–2003 ) - Totalizator Agency Board , Director ( 1997–2004 ) - Delta Electricity , Director ( 1997–2006 ) - New South Wales Centenary of Federation Committee , Member ( 1997–2002 ) - Tempo Services , Director ( 1999–2005 ) - Ambulance Service of New South Wales , Chairman ( 2001–2008 ) - RailCorp , Director ( 2005–2008 ) - State Transit Authority , Chairman ( November 2004 to November 2009 ) - WorkCover Authority of New South Wales , Chairman ( 1995–1997 ) - Constitution Education Fund Australia , Trustee During 2003 - 2008 , Unsworth was a Director of Father Chris Rileys charity , Youth off the Streets , that provides crisis care , refuges , schools , drug programs and alcohol programs to young people in Australia and throughout Asia . Unsworth has also been a Director of Entherm Pty Ltd ( 2003–2005 ) , Member of Overseas Trade Authority of New South Wales ( 1978 ) and a Director of Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles ( 2004–2006 ) . In 2003 and 2004 , Unsworth was commissioned by the NSW Government to conduct a formal review of public bus services . In 2008 he headed a committee that considered the privatisation of the New South Wales electricity industry . The committee and Unsworth supported the sale .
[ "36th Premier", "Minister for Health" ]	easy	What was the position of Barrie Unsworth from Aug 1986 to May 1991?	/wiki/Barrie_Unsworth#P39#1	Barrie Unsworth Barrie John Unsworth ( born 16 April 1934 ) is a former Australian politician , representing the Labor Party in the Parliament of New South Wales from 1978 to 1991 . He served as the 36th Premier from July 1986 to March 1988 . Early years . Unsworth , the son of Joseph and Olive Unsworth , was born in Dubbo , New South Wales , and educated in Sydney , at Kogarah High School . On leaving school at age 15 , he was apprenticed as an electrical fitter . In 1955 , aged 21 years , he married Pauline Hennessy and they subsequently had one daughter and three sons , one of whom has died ; he and his wife have nine grandchildren , and two great grandsons . Unsworth was initially an Apprentice Electrical Fitter , then Electrical Fitter , Electrical Testing Officer and subsequently Sales Representative for Sydney County Council from 1950 until 1960 . Unsworth had a brief period of military national service in 1953–1954 in the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . Union career . In 1961 , Unsworth became an organiser of the Electrical Trades Union , and continued to build his career in the labour movement . He was awarded a Churchill Fellowship in 1966 to attend Harvard University Trade Union Program . The following year he was elected to the Labor Council of NSW and was its elected Secretary from 1979 to 1984 . Unsworth was an Australian delegate to His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh Study Conference , Oxford University in 1974 . During his career as an elected union official , he was appointed by the Wran Labor NSW Government to a range of positions on government bodies including : - Public Transport Commission of New South Wales , Commissioner ( 1972–1975 ) - Pipeline Authority , Member ( 1973–1978 ) Political career . Unsworth was elected a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1978 . While serving in the Legislative Council , Unsworth represented Australia as a delegate at the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) Worker Participation in Management Conferences held in Geneva ( 1980 ) and The Hague ( 1981 ) . In the Wran Labor Government , Unsworth was Minister for Transport ( 1984–1986 ) and Minister for Health ( February–July 1986 ) . After the surprise retirement of Premier Neville Wran in May 1986 , he became leader of the NSW Labor Party and thus Premier , and was also Minister for Ethnic Affairs and Minister for State Development . As Premiers are required by convention to be members of the Legislative Assembly , Brian Bannon , the member for the normally safe Labor seat of Rockdale , resigned to accept a government job as Chairman of the Homebush States Sport Centre Trust , and Unsworth contested the resulting by-election held on 2 August 1986 . He only narrowly won the seat , with a 17.1% dive in the primary vote and hostile independent preferences giving him a margin of just 54 votes . A by-election for Wrans equally safe seat of Bass Hill was even worse , with a 22.2 per cent drop on the primary vote delivering a 103-vote victory to the Liberal candidate . Unsworth was Premier for two years until the Labor Partys landslide defeat by the Liberals Nick Greiner in the 1988 elections . Unsworth did not contest the 1991 election . Life after politics . Immediately following politics , Unsworth had little political involvement with his only public commitment being as Deputy Chairman and then Chairman of the Australian Executive Committee for His Royal Highness Duke of Edinburgh Study Conference ( 1982–1998 ) . Unsworth was General Manager of 2KY Broadcasters Pty Ltd Racing Radio 1992–2000 . In 2001 , he was a recipient of the Centenary Medal . Following the election of the Carr Labor Government in 1995 , Unsworth was placed on a number of key government and community bodies , including : - Australia Day Council of New South Wales , Chairman ( 1995–2003 ) - Totalizator Agency Board , Director ( 1997–2004 ) - Delta Electricity , Director ( 1997–2006 ) - New South Wales Centenary of Federation Committee , Member ( 1997–2002 ) - Tempo Services , Director ( 1999–2005 ) - Ambulance Service of New South Wales , Chairman ( 2001–2008 ) - RailCorp , Director ( 2005–2008 ) - State Transit Authority , Chairman ( November 2004 to November 2009 ) - WorkCover Authority of New South Wales , Chairman ( 1995–1997 ) - Constitution Education Fund Australia , Trustee During 2003 - 2008 , Unsworth was a Director of Father Chris Rileys charity , Youth off the Streets , that provides crisis care , refuges , schools , drug programs and alcohol programs to young people in Australia and throughout Asia . Unsworth has also been a Director of Entherm Pty Ltd ( 2003–2005 ) , Member of Overseas Trade Authority of New South Wales ( 1978 ) and a Director of Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles ( 2004–2006 ) . In 2003 and 2004 , Unsworth was commissioned by the NSW Government to conduct a formal review of public bus services . In 2008 he headed a committee that considered the privatisation of the New South Wales electricity industry . The committee and Unsworth supported the sale .
[ "White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations" ]	easy	John Podesta took which position from 1997 to Oct 1998?	/wiki/John_Podesta#P39#0	John Podesta John David Podesta Jr . ( born January 8 , 1949 ) is an American political consultant who served as White House Chief of Staff to President Bill Clinton from 1998 to 2001 and Counselor to President Barack Obama from 2014 to 2015 . Before that , he served in the Clinton Administration as White House Staff Secretary from 1993 to 1995 and White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations from 1997 to 1998 . He is the former president , and now Chair and Counselor , of the Center for American Progress ( CAP ) , a think tank in Washington , D.C. , as well as a Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center and was chairman of Hillary Clinton’s 2016 presidential campaign . Additionally , he was a co-chairman of the Obama-Biden Transition Project . Early life . Podesta spent most of his early years in Chicago , where he was born , growing up in the neighborhood of Jefferson Park on the citys Northwest Side . His mother , Mary ( née Kokoris ) , was Greek-American , and his father , John David Podesta Sr. , was Italian-American . Tony Podesta , a lobbyist , is his brother . Podestas father did not graduate from high school , but encouraged his children to attend college . In 1967 , Podesta graduated from Lane Tech High School in Chicago . Podesta met Bill Clinton in 1970 when they worked in Connecticut for Joseph Duffey , a candidate for the United States Senate . In 1971 , he graduated from Knox College in Galesburg , Illinois , where he had served as a volunteer for the presidential candidacy of Eugene McCarthy . He received his J.D . from Georgetown University Law Center in 1976 . Podesta worked as a trial attorney for the Department of Justices Honors Program in the Land and Natural Resources Division ( 1976–77 ) , and as a Special Assistant to the Director of ACTION , the Federal volunteer agency ( 1978–79 ) . His political career began in 1972 , when he worked for George McGoverns unsuccessful presidential campaign . Career . Podesta held positions on Capitol Hill , including Counselor to Democratic Leader Senator Thomas Daschle ( 1995–96 ) ; Chief Counsel for the Senate Agriculture Committee ( 1987–88 ) ; Chief Minority Counsel for the United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Patents , Copyrights , and Trademarks ; Security and Terrorism ; and Regulatory Reform ; and Counsel on the Majority Staff of the Senate Judiciary Committee ( 1979–81 ) . In 1988 , he and his brother Tony co-founded Podesta Associates , Inc. , a Washington , D.C. , government relations and public affairs lobbying firm . Now known as the Podesta Group , the firm has close ties to the Democratic Party and the Obama administration [ and ] has been retained by some of the biggest corporations in the country , including Wal-Mart , BP and Lockheed Martin . Clinton years . Podesta served as both an Assistant to the President and as Deputy Chief of Staff . Earlier , from January 1993 to 1995 , he was Assistant to the President , Staff Secretary and a senior policy adviser on government information , privacy , telecommunications security and regulatory policy . Podesta was the first White House staffer to get the news of the Lewinsky scandal and was put in charge of managing the crisis . In 1998 , he became President Clintons Chief of Staff in the second Clinton Administration and served in the position until the end of Clintons time in office in January 2001 . Podesta encouraged Executive Order 12958 , which led to efforts to declassify millions of pages from the U.S . diplomatic and national security history . Recent years . In 2003 , Podesta founded the Center for American Progress , a liberal think tank in Washington , D.C. , and served as its president and CEO until he stepped down in 2011 . ( CAP chief operating officer Neera Tanden succeeded Podesta as president and CEO , taking over day-to-day operations. ) Podesta remained chairman of the nonexecutive board of directors for a time , and remains on the board as of August 2020 , although not as chairman . Podesta has taught at his alma mater , Georgetown University Law Center , many times over the years , teaching classes on congressional investigations , law and technology , legislation , copyright and public-interest law . On the Georgetown faculty , Podestas title is Distinguished Visitor from Practice . From 2002 to 2014 , Podesta served as a member of the Constitution Projects bipartisan Liberty and Security Committee . In 2008 , he authored The Power of Progress : How Americas Progressives Can ( Once Again ) Save Our Economy , Our Climate , and Our Country . In 2009 , he accompanied Bill Clinton to North Korea for negotiations securing the release of two American journalists imprisoned on espionage charges . He can be seen in numerous widely circulated photographs of Clinton meeting with Kim Jong-il . Podesta opposes the excessive use of classification , and in a 2004 speech at Princeton University condemned what he called the U.S.s excessive government secrecy and bloated secrecy bureaucracy . Podesta has called Executive Order 12958 , which set tough standards for classifying documents and led to the unprecedented effort to declassify millions of pages from our nations diplomatic and national security history , as perhaps the biggest accomplishment of the Clinton administration . More than 800 million pages of intelligence documents were declassified as part of the program . Podesta is described as a longtime advocate for government disclosure of UFO files . Podesta has supported petitions by some who believe UFOs are alien spacecraft to the government to release files related to the subject . At a 2002 news conference organized by Coalition for Freedom of Information Podesta stated that , It is time for the government to declassify records that are more than 25 years old and to provide scientists with data that will assist in determining the real nature of this phenomenon . Podesta wrote the foreword for a book by Leslie Kean titled UFOs- Generals , Pilots , and Government Officials Go On The Record . The book details numerous contact events by these trained personnel . Podesta became an honorary patron of the University Philosophical Society in March 2006 . Podesta is an emeritus member of the Knox College Board of Trustees . Podesta has served on the board of directors of Bedford , Massachusetts-based energy company Joule Unlimited since January 2011 . He has also served on the board of the Portland , Oregon-based Equilibrium Capital . In 2013 , Podesta earned $90,000 as a consultant to the West Chester , Pennsylvania-based HJW Foundation , a nonprofit group led by Swiss billionaire Hansjörg Wyss . He was the U.S . representative to the UN High-Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda . After the 2016 election , Podesta joined The Washington Post as a columnist . Personal email leak . On October 7 , 2016 , WikiLeaks started to publish thousands of emails reportedly retrieved from Podestas private Gmail account , some of which contained controversial material regarding Clintons positions or campaign strategy . Podesta and the Clinton campaign did not confirm or deny the authenticity of the emails . Experts investigating the leak , including a private security firm called Secureworks , claimed that a Russian hacking group named Fancy Bear gained access to Podestas account through phishing . Podesta said that Russian intelligence officials attempting to influence the presidential election in favor of Donald Trump were behind the leak . The United States Intelligence Community released a statement directly accusing Russian intelligence of involvement . Vice President Joe Biden told NBC News that the United States was sending a message to Russian President Vladimir Putin and that a wide-ranging clandestine cyber operation would take place in response to the Russians activities . When asked about the leaks , Putin replied that claims of Russian involvement were false . The hysteria is merely caused by the fact that somebody needs to divert the attention of the American people from the essence of what was exposed by the hackers . Personal life . John Podesta is Catholic and has worked with Catholics in Alliance for the Common Good and Catholics United . He and his wife Mary Podesta , a Washington , D.C . attorney , married in 1978 and have three children . His daughter , Megan Rouse , is the president of the Dublin Unified School District ( CA ) Board of Trustees . Podesta is an avid cook .
[ "White House Chief of Staff" ]	easy	What was the position of John Podesta from Oct 1998 to 2001?	/wiki/John_Podesta#P39#1	John Podesta John David Podesta Jr . ( born January 8 , 1949 ) is an American political consultant who served as White House Chief of Staff to President Bill Clinton from 1998 to 2001 and Counselor to President Barack Obama from 2014 to 2015 . Before that , he served in the Clinton Administration as White House Staff Secretary from 1993 to 1995 and White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations from 1997 to 1998 . He is the former president , and now Chair and Counselor , of the Center for American Progress ( CAP ) , a think tank in Washington , D.C. , as well as a Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center and was chairman of Hillary Clinton’s 2016 presidential campaign . Additionally , he was a co-chairman of the Obama-Biden Transition Project . Early life . Podesta spent most of his early years in Chicago , where he was born , growing up in the neighborhood of Jefferson Park on the citys Northwest Side . His mother , Mary ( née Kokoris ) , was Greek-American , and his father , John David Podesta Sr. , was Italian-American . Tony Podesta , a lobbyist , is his brother . Podestas father did not graduate from high school , but encouraged his children to attend college . In 1967 , Podesta graduated from Lane Tech High School in Chicago . Podesta met Bill Clinton in 1970 when they worked in Connecticut for Joseph Duffey , a candidate for the United States Senate . In 1971 , he graduated from Knox College in Galesburg , Illinois , where he had served as a volunteer for the presidential candidacy of Eugene McCarthy . He received his J.D . from Georgetown University Law Center in 1976 . Podesta worked as a trial attorney for the Department of Justices Honors Program in the Land and Natural Resources Division ( 1976–77 ) , and as a Special Assistant to the Director of ACTION , the Federal volunteer agency ( 1978–79 ) . His political career began in 1972 , when he worked for George McGoverns unsuccessful presidential campaign . Career . Podesta held positions on Capitol Hill , including Counselor to Democratic Leader Senator Thomas Daschle ( 1995–96 ) ; Chief Counsel for the Senate Agriculture Committee ( 1987–88 ) ; Chief Minority Counsel for the United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Patents , Copyrights , and Trademarks ; Security and Terrorism ; and Regulatory Reform ; and Counsel on the Majority Staff of the Senate Judiciary Committee ( 1979–81 ) . In 1988 , he and his brother Tony co-founded Podesta Associates , Inc. , a Washington , D.C. , government relations and public affairs lobbying firm . Now known as the Podesta Group , the firm has close ties to the Democratic Party and the Obama administration [ and ] has been retained by some of the biggest corporations in the country , including Wal-Mart , BP and Lockheed Martin . Clinton years . Podesta served as both an Assistant to the President and as Deputy Chief of Staff . Earlier , from January 1993 to 1995 , he was Assistant to the President , Staff Secretary and a senior policy adviser on government information , privacy , telecommunications security and regulatory policy . Podesta was the first White House staffer to get the news of the Lewinsky scandal and was put in charge of managing the crisis . In 1998 , he became President Clintons Chief of Staff in the second Clinton Administration and served in the position until the end of Clintons time in office in January 2001 . Podesta encouraged Executive Order 12958 , which led to efforts to declassify millions of pages from the U.S . diplomatic and national security history . Recent years . In 2003 , Podesta founded the Center for American Progress , a liberal think tank in Washington , D.C. , and served as its president and CEO until he stepped down in 2011 . ( CAP chief operating officer Neera Tanden succeeded Podesta as president and CEO , taking over day-to-day operations. ) Podesta remained chairman of the nonexecutive board of directors for a time , and remains on the board as of August 2020 , although not as chairman . Podesta has taught at his alma mater , Georgetown University Law Center , many times over the years , teaching classes on congressional investigations , law and technology , legislation , copyright and public-interest law . On the Georgetown faculty , Podestas title is Distinguished Visitor from Practice . From 2002 to 2014 , Podesta served as a member of the Constitution Projects bipartisan Liberty and Security Committee . In 2008 , he authored The Power of Progress : How Americas Progressives Can ( Once Again ) Save Our Economy , Our Climate , and Our Country . In 2009 , he accompanied Bill Clinton to North Korea for negotiations securing the release of two American journalists imprisoned on espionage charges . He can be seen in numerous widely circulated photographs of Clinton meeting with Kim Jong-il . Podesta opposes the excessive use of classification , and in a 2004 speech at Princeton University condemned what he called the U.S.s excessive government secrecy and bloated secrecy bureaucracy . Podesta has called Executive Order 12958 , which set tough standards for classifying documents and led to the unprecedented effort to declassify millions of pages from our nations diplomatic and national security history , as perhaps the biggest accomplishment of the Clinton administration . More than 800 million pages of intelligence documents were declassified as part of the program . Podesta is described as a longtime advocate for government disclosure of UFO files . Podesta has supported petitions by some who believe UFOs are alien spacecraft to the government to release files related to the subject . At a 2002 news conference organized by Coalition for Freedom of Information Podesta stated that , It is time for the government to declassify records that are more than 25 years old and to provide scientists with data that will assist in determining the real nature of this phenomenon . Podesta wrote the foreword for a book by Leslie Kean titled UFOs- Generals , Pilots , and Government Officials Go On The Record . The book details numerous contact events by these trained personnel . Podesta became an honorary patron of the University Philosophical Society in March 2006 . Podesta is an emeritus member of the Knox College Board of Trustees . Podesta has served on the board of directors of Bedford , Massachusetts-based energy company Joule Unlimited since January 2011 . He has also served on the board of the Portland , Oregon-based Equilibrium Capital . In 2013 , Podesta earned $90,000 as a consultant to the West Chester , Pennsylvania-based HJW Foundation , a nonprofit group led by Swiss billionaire Hansjörg Wyss . He was the U.S . representative to the UN High-Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda . After the 2016 election , Podesta joined The Washington Post as a columnist . Personal email leak . On October 7 , 2016 , WikiLeaks started to publish thousands of emails reportedly retrieved from Podestas private Gmail account , some of which contained controversial material regarding Clintons positions or campaign strategy . Podesta and the Clinton campaign did not confirm or deny the authenticity of the emails . Experts investigating the leak , including a private security firm called Secureworks , claimed that a Russian hacking group named Fancy Bear gained access to Podestas account through phishing . Podesta said that Russian intelligence officials attempting to influence the presidential election in favor of Donald Trump were behind the leak . The United States Intelligence Community released a statement directly accusing Russian intelligence of involvement . Vice President Joe Biden told NBC News that the United States was sending a message to Russian President Vladimir Putin and that a wide-ranging clandestine cyber operation would take place in response to the Russians activities . When asked about the leaks , Putin replied that claims of Russian involvement were false . The hysteria is merely caused by the fact that somebody needs to divert the attention of the American people from the essence of what was exposed by the hackers . Personal life . John Podesta is Catholic and has worked with Catholics in Alliance for the Common Good and Catholics United . He and his wife Mary Podesta , a Washington , D.C . attorney , married in 1978 and have three children . His daughter , Megan Rouse , is the president of the Dublin Unified School District ( CA ) Board of Trustees . Podesta is an avid cook .
[ "Counselor" ]	easy	Which position did John Podesta hold from 2014 to Feb 2015?	/wiki/John_Podesta#P39#2	John Podesta John David Podesta Jr . ( born January 8 , 1949 ) is an American political consultant who served as White House Chief of Staff to President Bill Clinton from 1998 to 2001 and Counselor to President Barack Obama from 2014 to 2015 . Before that , he served in the Clinton Administration as White House Staff Secretary from 1993 to 1995 and White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations from 1997 to 1998 . He is the former president , and now Chair and Counselor , of the Center for American Progress ( CAP ) , a think tank in Washington , D.C. , as well as a Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center and was chairman of Hillary Clinton’s 2016 presidential campaign . Additionally , he was a co-chairman of the Obama-Biden Transition Project . Early life . Podesta spent most of his early years in Chicago , where he was born , growing up in the neighborhood of Jefferson Park on the citys Northwest Side . His mother , Mary ( née Kokoris ) , was Greek-American , and his father , John David Podesta Sr. , was Italian-American . Tony Podesta , a lobbyist , is his brother . Podestas father did not graduate from high school , but encouraged his children to attend college . In 1967 , Podesta graduated from Lane Tech High School in Chicago . Podesta met Bill Clinton in 1970 when they worked in Connecticut for Joseph Duffey , a candidate for the United States Senate . In 1971 , he graduated from Knox College in Galesburg , Illinois , where he had served as a volunteer for the presidential candidacy of Eugene McCarthy . He received his J.D . from Georgetown University Law Center in 1976 . Podesta worked as a trial attorney for the Department of Justices Honors Program in the Land and Natural Resources Division ( 1976–77 ) , and as a Special Assistant to the Director of ACTION , the Federal volunteer agency ( 1978–79 ) . His political career began in 1972 , when he worked for George McGoverns unsuccessful presidential campaign . Career . Podesta held positions on Capitol Hill , including Counselor to Democratic Leader Senator Thomas Daschle ( 1995–96 ) ; Chief Counsel for the Senate Agriculture Committee ( 1987–88 ) ; Chief Minority Counsel for the United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Patents , Copyrights , and Trademarks ; Security and Terrorism ; and Regulatory Reform ; and Counsel on the Majority Staff of the Senate Judiciary Committee ( 1979–81 ) . In 1988 , he and his brother Tony co-founded Podesta Associates , Inc. , a Washington , D.C. , government relations and public affairs lobbying firm . Now known as the Podesta Group , the firm has close ties to the Democratic Party and the Obama administration [ and ] has been retained by some of the biggest corporations in the country , including Wal-Mart , BP and Lockheed Martin . Clinton years . Podesta served as both an Assistant to the President and as Deputy Chief of Staff . Earlier , from January 1993 to 1995 , he was Assistant to the President , Staff Secretary and a senior policy adviser on government information , privacy , telecommunications security and regulatory policy . Podesta was the first White House staffer to get the news of the Lewinsky scandal and was put in charge of managing the crisis . In 1998 , he became President Clintons Chief of Staff in the second Clinton Administration and served in the position until the end of Clintons time in office in January 2001 . Podesta encouraged Executive Order 12958 , which led to efforts to declassify millions of pages from the U.S . diplomatic and national security history . Recent years . In 2003 , Podesta founded the Center for American Progress , a liberal think tank in Washington , D.C. , and served as its president and CEO until he stepped down in 2011 . ( CAP chief operating officer Neera Tanden succeeded Podesta as president and CEO , taking over day-to-day operations. ) Podesta remained chairman of the nonexecutive board of directors for a time , and remains on the board as of August 2020 , although not as chairman . Podesta has taught at his alma mater , Georgetown University Law Center , many times over the years , teaching classes on congressional investigations , law and technology , legislation , copyright and public-interest law . On the Georgetown faculty , Podestas title is Distinguished Visitor from Practice . From 2002 to 2014 , Podesta served as a member of the Constitution Projects bipartisan Liberty and Security Committee . In 2008 , he authored The Power of Progress : How Americas Progressives Can ( Once Again ) Save Our Economy , Our Climate , and Our Country . In 2009 , he accompanied Bill Clinton to North Korea for negotiations securing the release of two American journalists imprisoned on espionage charges . He can be seen in numerous widely circulated photographs of Clinton meeting with Kim Jong-il . Podesta opposes the excessive use of classification , and in a 2004 speech at Princeton University condemned what he called the U.S.s excessive government secrecy and bloated secrecy bureaucracy . Podesta has called Executive Order 12958 , which set tough standards for classifying documents and led to the unprecedented effort to declassify millions of pages from our nations diplomatic and national security history , as perhaps the biggest accomplishment of the Clinton administration . More than 800 million pages of intelligence documents were declassified as part of the program . Podesta is described as a longtime advocate for government disclosure of UFO files . Podesta has supported petitions by some who believe UFOs are alien spacecraft to the government to release files related to the subject . At a 2002 news conference organized by Coalition for Freedom of Information Podesta stated that , It is time for the government to declassify records that are more than 25 years old and to provide scientists with data that will assist in determining the real nature of this phenomenon . Podesta wrote the foreword for a book by Leslie Kean titled UFOs- Generals , Pilots , and Government Officials Go On The Record . The book details numerous contact events by these trained personnel . Podesta became an honorary patron of the University Philosophical Society in March 2006 . Podesta is an emeritus member of the Knox College Board of Trustees . Podesta has served on the board of directors of Bedford , Massachusetts-based energy company Joule Unlimited since January 2011 . He has also served on the board of the Portland , Oregon-based Equilibrium Capital . In 2013 , Podesta earned $90,000 as a consultant to the West Chester , Pennsylvania-based HJW Foundation , a nonprofit group led by Swiss billionaire Hansjörg Wyss . He was the U.S . representative to the UN High-Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda . After the 2016 election , Podesta joined The Washington Post as a columnist . Personal email leak . On October 7 , 2016 , WikiLeaks started to publish thousands of emails reportedly retrieved from Podestas private Gmail account , some of which contained controversial material regarding Clintons positions or campaign strategy . Podesta and the Clinton campaign did not confirm or deny the authenticity of the emails . Experts investigating the leak , including a private security firm called Secureworks , claimed that a Russian hacking group named Fancy Bear gained access to Podestas account through phishing . Podesta said that Russian intelligence officials attempting to influence the presidential election in favor of Donald Trump were behind the leak . The United States Intelligence Community released a statement directly accusing Russian intelligence of involvement . Vice President Joe Biden told NBC News that the United States was sending a message to Russian President Vladimir Putin and that a wide-ranging clandestine cyber operation would take place in response to the Russians activities . When asked about the leaks , Putin replied that claims of Russian involvement were false . The hysteria is merely caused by the fact that somebody needs to divert the attention of the American people from the essence of what was exposed by the hackers . Personal life . John Podesta is Catholic and has worked with Catholics in Alliance for the Common Good and Catholics United . He and his wife Mary Podesta , a Washington , D.C . attorney , married in 1978 and have three children . His daughter , Megan Rouse , is the president of the Dublin Unified School District ( CA ) Board of Trustees . Podesta is an avid cook .

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