targets
sequence | level
stringclasses 2
values | question
stringlengths 32
133
| idx
stringlengths 16
91
| context
stringlengths 899
129k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Under-17 national team"
] | easy | Which team did the player Michael Bradley (soccer) belong to from 2002 to 2004? | /wiki/Michael_Bradley_(soccer)#P54#0 | Michael Bradley ( soccer ) Michael Sheehan Bradley ( born July 31 , 1987 ) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder and captains both Major League Soccer club Toronto FC and the United States national team . Early life . Bradley was born in Princeton , New Jersey , son to Bob Bradley , former coach of the United States mens national soccer team and current manager of Los Angeles FC . While his father was the head soccer coach at Princeton University , the family lived in Pennington , New Jersey . Michael spent his teenage years in Palatine , Illinois while his father coached the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , and he grew up playing for Sockers FC , who went to the 2002 National Championships and finished third . He later attended the United States Under-17 Mens National Team Residency Program in Bradenton , Florida – the dedicated facility for the training of the Under-17 national team – for four semesters , from 2002 to 2004 . Club career . MetroStars . Before leaving Bradenton , Bradley signed a Project-40 contract with MLS , turning professional at the age of sixteen , and entered the 2004 MLS SuperDraft , where he was selected thirty-sixth overall by the MetroStars , who at the time were coached by his father . Bradley did not see any playing time in his rookie season , missing out with a foot injury , but went on to gain a starting spot in 2005 , playing 30 out of 32 matches for the Metro . Just weeks after his father was fired as the clubs coach , he headed in his first professional goal in a dramatic victory over Chivas USA on the last day of the 2005 season , sending the team to the playoffs . SC Heerenveen . In January 2006 , Bradley became the youngest MLS player to ever be sold when he was transferred to Heerenveen for $250,000 and a portion of any sell-on fee His first start for the Dutch club came on April 16 , 2006 , in a match against AZ . He found success early , earning five starts and helping the club to a coveted UEFA Cup spot in his first half-season . Upon the retirement of Paul Bosvelt after the 2006–07 season , Bradley took the veterans starting place in central midfield . Bradley scored sixteen Eredivisie goals and twenty in all competitions during the 2007–08 season . In January 2008 , Bradley broke the record for the most goals scored in a single season by an American soccer player playing in a European first division , which was previously held by Brian McBride with his thirteen goals for Fulham in the Premier League . On January 26 , 2008 , Bradley extended his record to eighteen , with sixteen league goals . Borussia Mönchengladbach . 2008–2011 . On August 31 , 2008 , Bradley signed a four-year deal with Bundesliga side Borussia Mönchengladbach for an undisclosed fee . It was later revealed that Bradley had agreed to a switch to English club Birmingham City on the condition that the club retained its Premier League status . However , they did not and he made his Gladbach debut on September 20 in a loss against Hertha Berlin . On November 15 , 2008 , Bradley scored his first goal for Mönchengladbach against Bundesliga powerhouse Bayern Munich with an eighty-first minute equalizing header . The game ended 2–2 . Early in the 2009–10 season , Bradley was briefly suspended after an argument with manager Michael Frontzeck over playing time . However , the two later reconciled and Bradley re-established himself as a starter with the club before assisting a goal against Bayern Munich with a one-touch volley pass , and scoring the winning goal on a low free kick against Hannover 96 . On January 30 , 2011 , Aston Villa of the Premier League confirmed via their official website that they were in talks to sign Bradley on a loan deal until the end of the 2010–11 season . Loan to Aston Villa . Bradley completed the loan deal to Aston Villa on January 31 , 2011 . Bradley was paraded in front of the fans at Villa Park on February 5 before kick off of the Premier League match against Fulham . On February 12 , Bradley made his Aston Villa debut , coming on in the second half after Jean Makoun was sent off . It was said that Bradley would not join Villa on a permanent basis after Alex McLeish declined to extend his contract . He made only three Premier League appearances and one FA Cup appearance . Chievo . Bradley joined Italian Serie A club Chievo on August 31 , 2011 . He made his Chievo debut on September 18 , coming on in the second half for Paolo Sammarco . He has been nicknamed The General by the local fans . Bradley scored his first goal in Italian soccer in a 3–2 victory over Catania on April 7 to take his side up to ninth in the league standings . Roma . On July 16 , 2012 , Bradley joined Roma , signing a four-year contract for a transfer fee of €3.75 million . On July 17 , 2012 , Bradley made his debut for Roma as a starter in a 2–1 victory against fellow U.S . national team member Terrence Boyd of the Austrian Football Bundesliga club , Rapid Wien . On July 25 , 2012 , Bradley scored his first goal for Roma in a club friendly against Liverpool at Fenway Park in Boston . On August 19 , Bradley scored his second pre-season goal against Greek club Aris . On August 26 , Bradley made his league debut as a starter for Roma in their 2–2 draw against Catania ; he picked up the assist in Romas game-tying goal in the 90th minute . On October 7 , 2012 , in his first game back after a month-long groin injury , Bradley scored his first goal for the Giallorossi in Romas 2–0 win over Atalanta . In late January 2013 , Bradley received praise from freelance writer for ESPN.com Michael Cox , stating that Serie A are choosing midfielders like Bradley who epitomizes the new breed of Serie A midfielder , whos all about energy and hard running , rather than the typical number 10 . On May 26 , 2013 , Bradley started in midfield for Roma as the club fell 1–0 to Rome rivals S.S . Lazio in the final of the Coppa Italia . On September 6 , Bradley was sidelined due to an injury he suffered on national team duty against Costa Rica . He returned to action for Roma on October 27 , where he scored a goal against Udinese , the only goal either side scored during the match . Toronto FC . On January 9 , 2014 , AS Roma announced the sale of Bradley to Toronto FC of Major League Soccer for $10 million . As part of the transfer , the two clubs agreed to a partnership including two friendly matches at BMO Field over six years , and a player development program for Toronto FC players at Romas training facility . Bradley made his debut with Toronto in their season opener at Seattle Sounders FC on March 15 , 2014 , the game ended in a 2–1 away victory with both goals coming from newly acquired Jermain Defoe . He scored his first goal for Toronto three weeks later on April 5 against the Columbus Crew , a game which ended in a 2–0 away victory . He was named captain prior to the 2015 season . Bradley captained and scored once for Toronto FC in the 2016 Eastern Conference Finals in a derby against Montreal Impact in which Toronto won on an aggregated score of 7–5 , to take Toronto FC to the MLS Cup Final for the first time in their history . On December 10 , 2016 , Toronto lost the final at home to the Seattle Sounders 5–4 in penalty shoot-out following a goalless draw after extra-time in which Seattle had no shots on target ; Bradley missed Torontos second penalty . The arrival of Spanish playmaker Victor Vázquez in midfield at the beginning of the 2017 season saw less of a burden placed on Bradley and star forward Sebastian Giovinco to create goalscoring opportunities for Toronto ; furthermore , Greg Vanneys switch in tactics from a 4–4–2 diamond to a 3–5–2 formation often saw Bradley occupy more of a supporting role in midfield , which left the Spaniard free to take on the majority of playmaking duties , although the midfield duo often switched positions and effectively shared the teams defensive and creative responsibilities , forming a notable partnership throughout the season . On June 27 , Toronto defeated Montreal 2–1 at home in the second leg of the 2017 Canadian Championship final to capture the title for the second consecutive season , edging Montreal 3–2 on aggregate . On September 30 , 2017 , Bradley won his first Supporters Shield with a 4–2 home win over New York Red Bulls , to clinch top of the league with the most points that season . On December 9 , 2017 , Bradley helped Toronto defeat Seattle 2–0 in the 2017 MLS Cup at BMO Field , to lift the title for the first time in the clubs history , and complete an unprecedented domestic treble . After a 2–1 home loss to Guadalajara on April 18 , in the first leg of the 2018 CONCACAF Champions League Finals , Toronto managed a 2–1 away win in the return leg on April 25 , which took the match straight to penalty shoot-out ; Bradley missed the decisive spot kick as Toronto lost the shoot-out 4–2 . On March 2 , 2019 , Bradley scored a brace for Toronto in their 3–1 win away against Philadelphia Union to kick off Toronto FCs regular Major League Soccer season . He made his 200th appearance for the club on November 10 , a 3–1 away defeat to Seattle Sounders in the 2019 MLS Cup Final . At the beginning of 2020 , he had ankle surgery and was expected to miss a significant portion of the season . However , due to the COVID-19 pandemic interrupting the MLS season , he only missed two games and was able to return upon the league re-start in the MLS is Back Tournament . International career . In May 2006 , Bradley was brought into the 2006 World Cup training camp to train with the United States national team . While not a member of the World Cup squad or an alternate , Bradley was on the roster for the three send-off friendlies played before the tournament . He earned his first cap in the May 26 match against Venezuela as a substitute and his second cap for the United States in the following game against Latvia , again as a substitute . In late 2006 Bob Bradley , Michaels father , was hired as head coach of the national team , and Michael established himself as a key player for the U.S . during his fathers tenure . Bradley earned his first international start on March 28 , 2007 , during a friendly against Guatemala . He was a starter at the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup and helped lead the U.S . to the title , though he was sent off for a late tackle in the semi-final against Canada . The next month , he started every match for the U.S . at the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup , where he scored the game-winning goal in the 107th minute against Uruguay in the round of 16 . He scored his first senior international goal on October 17 , 2007 , with a game-winner in the 87th minute against Switzerland in a friendly . Following these performances , Bradley was named U.S . Soccers Young Athlete of the Year for 2007 . Bradley had a landmark performance for the national team in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Mexico in Columbus , Ohio on February 11 , 2009 , scoring both goals in a 2–0 victory . During the United States surprise run to the final of the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup , Bradley scored the second goal against Egypt off an assist from Landon Donovan , helping the Americans advance to the semi-final on goal differential after eventually beating the Egyptians 3–0 . He later started in the 2–0 upset victory against Spain in the semi-final , but was sent off late in the game . The resulting suspension kept Bradley out of the tournament final , which the U.S . ultimately lost 3–2 to Brazil . Bradley was later reported to have confronted referee Jorge Larrionda following the match , resulting in Bradley receiving an additional three match suspension to be served during the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Bradley was a key player for the U.S . in the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa , starting all four matches in central midfield . In the group stage , Bradley scored the equalizer in a comeback 2–2 draw against Slovenia . He captained the national team for the first time in an August 10 , 2010 friendly against Brazil in his birthplace of New Jersey . In the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup Bradley featured in each game in a new midfield partnership with Jermaine Jones , and scored the opening goal in the final against Mexico , though the United States went on to lose 4–2 . Following the Gold Cup loss , Bob Bradley was fired as national team coach and replaced by Jürgen Klinsmann under whom Michael remained a key starter in midfield . He scored a goal on a half volley from 20 yards out in 5–1 friendly victory over Scotland in May 2012 , and put in a late equalizer in a 2–2 draw with Russia later that year . He started each game for the U.S . at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . After U.S . Soccer removed the captaincy from Clint Dempsey as punishment for a controversial incident with a referee before the 2015 Gold Cup , Klinsmann named Bradley the national teams new permanent captain . Style of play . A hard-working , intelligent , and physically imposing right-footed player , Bradley is capable of playing in several midfield roles , and has been used in the center , in a holding role , in a box-to-box role , in the hole , or even in a more withdrawn creative role as a deep-lying playmaker ; his tenacity , ball-winning abilities , energy , tactical intelligence , and positional sense enable him to recover the ball and quickly transition from defense to attack by making forward runs , while his vision and range of passing allow him to dictate the tempo of his teams play in midfield or create goalscoring opportunities after retrieving possession . In addition to his stamina and playing ability , he is also known for his communication and leadership skills . He has also been used as a central defender on occasion . Personal life . Bradley speaks fluent English , Italian , Dutch , German , and Spanish . He is married to Amanda , a former University of Rhode Island tennis player . The couple have a son , Luca , who was born on September 30 , 2012 , and a daughter , Quinn Elle , was born on November 17 , 2014 . Honors . Club . Roma - Coppa Italia : Runner-up 2012–13 Toronto FC - MLS Cup : 2017 ; Runner-up 2016 , 2019 - Supporters Shield : 2017 - CONCACAF Champions League : Runner-up 2018 - Canadian Championship : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ; Runner-up 2019 - Eastern Conference ( Playoffs ) : 2016 , 2017 , 2019 - Campeones Cup : Runner-up 2018 International . United States - CONCACAF Gold Cup : 2007 , 2017 ; Runner-up 2011 , 2019 - FIFA Confederations Cup : Runner-up 2009 Individual . - CONCACAF Gold Cup Golden Ball : 2017 - CONCACAF Gold Cup Best XI ( 2 ) : 2017 , 2019 - MLS All-Star ( 3 ) : 2014 , 2015 , 2017 - Red Patch Boys Player of the Year : 2014 - U.S . Soccer Athlete of the Year : 2015 - Fútbol de Primera Player of the Year : 2015 - CONCACAF Mens Best XI ( 2 ) : 2015 , 2018 - IFFHS CONCACAF Team of the Decade : 2011–2020 External links . - Michael Bradley at SOFIFA |
[
"MetroStars"
] | easy | Michael Bradley (soccer) played for which team from 2004 to 2005? | /wiki/Michael_Bradley_(soccer)#P54#1 | Michael Bradley ( soccer ) Michael Sheehan Bradley ( born July 31 , 1987 ) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder and captains both Major League Soccer club Toronto FC and the United States national team . Early life . Bradley was born in Princeton , New Jersey , son to Bob Bradley , former coach of the United States mens national soccer team and current manager of Los Angeles FC . While his father was the head soccer coach at Princeton University , the family lived in Pennington , New Jersey . Michael spent his teenage years in Palatine , Illinois while his father coached the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , and he grew up playing for Sockers FC , who went to the 2002 National Championships and finished third . He later attended the United States Under-17 Mens National Team Residency Program in Bradenton , Florida – the dedicated facility for the training of the Under-17 national team – for four semesters , from 2002 to 2004 . Club career . MetroStars . Before leaving Bradenton , Bradley signed a Project-40 contract with MLS , turning professional at the age of sixteen , and entered the 2004 MLS SuperDraft , where he was selected thirty-sixth overall by the MetroStars , who at the time were coached by his father . Bradley did not see any playing time in his rookie season , missing out with a foot injury , but went on to gain a starting spot in 2005 , playing 30 out of 32 matches for the Metro . Just weeks after his father was fired as the clubs coach , he headed in his first professional goal in a dramatic victory over Chivas USA on the last day of the 2005 season , sending the team to the playoffs . SC Heerenveen . In January 2006 , Bradley became the youngest MLS player to ever be sold when he was transferred to Heerenveen for $250,000 and a portion of any sell-on fee His first start for the Dutch club came on April 16 , 2006 , in a match against AZ . He found success early , earning five starts and helping the club to a coveted UEFA Cup spot in his first half-season . Upon the retirement of Paul Bosvelt after the 2006–07 season , Bradley took the veterans starting place in central midfield . Bradley scored sixteen Eredivisie goals and twenty in all competitions during the 2007–08 season . In January 2008 , Bradley broke the record for the most goals scored in a single season by an American soccer player playing in a European first division , which was previously held by Brian McBride with his thirteen goals for Fulham in the Premier League . On January 26 , 2008 , Bradley extended his record to eighteen , with sixteen league goals . Borussia Mönchengladbach . 2008–2011 . On August 31 , 2008 , Bradley signed a four-year deal with Bundesliga side Borussia Mönchengladbach for an undisclosed fee . It was later revealed that Bradley had agreed to a switch to English club Birmingham City on the condition that the club retained its Premier League status . However , they did not and he made his Gladbach debut on September 20 in a loss against Hertha Berlin . On November 15 , 2008 , Bradley scored his first goal for Mönchengladbach against Bundesliga powerhouse Bayern Munich with an eighty-first minute equalizing header . The game ended 2–2 . Early in the 2009–10 season , Bradley was briefly suspended after an argument with manager Michael Frontzeck over playing time . However , the two later reconciled and Bradley re-established himself as a starter with the club before assisting a goal against Bayern Munich with a one-touch volley pass , and scoring the winning goal on a low free kick against Hannover 96 . On January 30 , 2011 , Aston Villa of the Premier League confirmed via their official website that they were in talks to sign Bradley on a loan deal until the end of the 2010–11 season . Loan to Aston Villa . Bradley completed the loan deal to Aston Villa on January 31 , 2011 . Bradley was paraded in front of the fans at Villa Park on February 5 before kick off of the Premier League match against Fulham . On February 12 , Bradley made his Aston Villa debut , coming on in the second half after Jean Makoun was sent off . It was said that Bradley would not join Villa on a permanent basis after Alex McLeish declined to extend his contract . He made only three Premier League appearances and one FA Cup appearance . Chievo . Bradley joined Italian Serie A club Chievo on August 31 , 2011 . He made his Chievo debut on September 18 , coming on in the second half for Paolo Sammarco . He has been nicknamed The General by the local fans . Bradley scored his first goal in Italian soccer in a 3–2 victory over Catania on April 7 to take his side up to ninth in the league standings . Roma . On July 16 , 2012 , Bradley joined Roma , signing a four-year contract for a transfer fee of €3.75 million . On July 17 , 2012 , Bradley made his debut for Roma as a starter in a 2–1 victory against fellow U.S . national team member Terrence Boyd of the Austrian Football Bundesliga club , Rapid Wien . On July 25 , 2012 , Bradley scored his first goal for Roma in a club friendly against Liverpool at Fenway Park in Boston . On August 19 , Bradley scored his second pre-season goal against Greek club Aris . On August 26 , Bradley made his league debut as a starter for Roma in their 2–2 draw against Catania ; he picked up the assist in Romas game-tying goal in the 90th minute . On October 7 , 2012 , in his first game back after a month-long groin injury , Bradley scored his first goal for the Giallorossi in Romas 2–0 win over Atalanta . In late January 2013 , Bradley received praise from freelance writer for ESPN.com Michael Cox , stating that Serie A are choosing midfielders like Bradley who epitomizes the new breed of Serie A midfielder , whos all about energy and hard running , rather than the typical number 10 . On May 26 , 2013 , Bradley started in midfield for Roma as the club fell 1–0 to Rome rivals S.S . Lazio in the final of the Coppa Italia . On September 6 , Bradley was sidelined due to an injury he suffered on national team duty against Costa Rica . He returned to action for Roma on October 27 , where he scored a goal against Udinese , the only goal either side scored during the match . Toronto FC . On January 9 , 2014 , AS Roma announced the sale of Bradley to Toronto FC of Major League Soccer for $10 million . As part of the transfer , the two clubs agreed to a partnership including two friendly matches at BMO Field over six years , and a player development program for Toronto FC players at Romas training facility . Bradley made his debut with Toronto in their season opener at Seattle Sounders FC on March 15 , 2014 , the game ended in a 2–1 away victory with both goals coming from newly acquired Jermain Defoe . He scored his first goal for Toronto three weeks later on April 5 against the Columbus Crew , a game which ended in a 2–0 away victory . He was named captain prior to the 2015 season . Bradley captained and scored once for Toronto FC in the 2016 Eastern Conference Finals in a derby against Montreal Impact in which Toronto won on an aggregated score of 7–5 , to take Toronto FC to the MLS Cup Final for the first time in their history . On December 10 , 2016 , Toronto lost the final at home to the Seattle Sounders 5–4 in penalty shoot-out following a goalless draw after extra-time in which Seattle had no shots on target ; Bradley missed Torontos second penalty . The arrival of Spanish playmaker Victor Vázquez in midfield at the beginning of the 2017 season saw less of a burden placed on Bradley and star forward Sebastian Giovinco to create goalscoring opportunities for Toronto ; furthermore , Greg Vanneys switch in tactics from a 4–4–2 diamond to a 3–5–2 formation often saw Bradley occupy more of a supporting role in midfield , which left the Spaniard free to take on the majority of playmaking duties , although the midfield duo often switched positions and effectively shared the teams defensive and creative responsibilities , forming a notable partnership throughout the season . On June 27 , Toronto defeated Montreal 2–1 at home in the second leg of the 2017 Canadian Championship final to capture the title for the second consecutive season , edging Montreal 3–2 on aggregate . On September 30 , 2017 , Bradley won his first Supporters Shield with a 4–2 home win over New York Red Bulls , to clinch top of the league with the most points that season . On December 9 , 2017 , Bradley helped Toronto defeat Seattle 2–0 in the 2017 MLS Cup at BMO Field , to lift the title for the first time in the clubs history , and complete an unprecedented domestic treble . After a 2–1 home loss to Guadalajara on April 18 , in the first leg of the 2018 CONCACAF Champions League Finals , Toronto managed a 2–1 away win in the return leg on April 25 , which took the match straight to penalty shoot-out ; Bradley missed the decisive spot kick as Toronto lost the shoot-out 4–2 . On March 2 , 2019 , Bradley scored a brace for Toronto in their 3–1 win away against Philadelphia Union to kick off Toronto FCs regular Major League Soccer season . He made his 200th appearance for the club on November 10 , a 3–1 away defeat to Seattle Sounders in the 2019 MLS Cup Final . At the beginning of 2020 , he had ankle surgery and was expected to miss a significant portion of the season . However , due to the COVID-19 pandemic interrupting the MLS season , he only missed two games and was able to return upon the league re-start in the MLS is Back Tournament . International career . In May 2006 , Bradley was brought into the 2006 World Cup training camp to train with the United States national team . While not a member of the World Cup squad or an alternate , Bradley was on the roster for the three send-off friendlies played before the tournament . He earned his first cap in the May 26 match against Venezuela as a substitute and his second cap for the United States in the following game against Latvia , again as a substitute . In late 2006 Bob Bradley , Michaels father , was hired as head coach of the national team , and Michael established himself as a key player for the U.S . during his fathers tenure . Bradley earned his first international start on March 28 , 2007 , during a friendly against Guatemala . He was a starter at the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup and helped lead the U.S . to the title , though he was sent off for a late tackle in the semi-final against Canada . The next month , he started every match for the U.S . at the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup , where he scored the game-winning goal in the 107th minute against Uruguay in the round of 16 . He scored his first senior international goal on October 17 , 2007 , with a game-winner in the 87th minute against Switzerland in a friendly . Following these performances , Bradley was named U.S . Soccers Young Athlete of the Year for 2007 . Bradley had a landmark performance for the national team in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Mexico in Columbus , Ohio on February 11 , 2009 , scoring both goals in a 2–0 victory . During the United States surprise run to the final of the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup , Bradley scored the second goal against Egypt off an assist from Landon Donovan , helping the Americans advance to the semi-final on goal differential after eventually beating the Egyptians 3–0 . He later started in the 2–0 upset victory against Spain in the semi-final , but was sent off late in the game . The resulting suspension kept Bradley out of the tournament final , which the U.S . ultimately lost 3–2 to Brazil . Bradley was later reported to have confronted referee Jorge Larrionda following the match , resulting in Bradley receiving an additional three match suspension to be served during the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Bradley was a key player for the U.S . in the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa , starting all four matches in central midfield . In the group stage , Bradley scored the equalizer in a comeback 2–2 draw against Slovenia . He captained the national team for the first time in an August 10 , 2010 friendly against Brazil in his birthplace of New Jersey . In the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup Bradley featured in each game in a new midfield partnership with Jermaine Jones , and scored the opening goal in the final against Mexico , though the United States went on to lose 4–2 . Following the Gold Cup loss , Bob Bradley was fired as national team coach and replaced by Jürgen Klinsmann under whom Michael remained a key starter in midfield . He scored a goal on a half volley from 20 yards out in 5–1 friendly victory over Scotland in May 2012 , and put in a late equalizer in a 2–2 draw with Russia later that year . He started each game for the U.S . at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . After U.S . Soccer removed the captaincy from Clint Dempsey as punishment for a controversial incident with a referee before the 2015 Gold Cup , Klinsmann named Bradley the national teams new permanent captain . Style of play . A hard-working , intelligent , and physically imposing right-footed player , Bradley is capable of playing in several midfield roles , and has been used in the center , in a holding role , in a box-to-box role , in the hole , or even in a more withdrawn creative role as a deep-lying playmaker ; his tenacity , ball-winning abilities , energy , tactical intelligence , and positional sense enable him to recover the ball and quickly transition from defense to attack by making forward runs , while his vision and range of passing allow him to dictate the tempo of his teams play in midfield or create goalscoring opportunities after retrieving possession . In addition to his stamina and playing ability , he is also known for his communication and leadership skills . He has also been used as a central defender on occasion . Personal life . Bradley speaks fluent English , Italian , Dutch , German , and Spanish . He is married to Amanda , a former University of Rhode Island tennis player . The couple have a son , Luca , who was born on September 30 , 2012 , and a daughter , Quinn Elle , was born on November 17 , 2014 . Honors . Club . Roma - Coppa Italia : Runner-up 2012–13 Toronto FC - MLS Cup : 2017 ; Runner-up 2016 , 2019 - Supporters Shield : 2017 - CONCACAF Champions League : Runner-up 2018 - Canadian Championship : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ; Runner-up 2019 - Eastern Conference ( Playoffs ) : 2016 , 2017 , 2019 - Campeones Cup : Runner-up 2018 International . United States - CONCACAF Gold Cup : 2007 , 2017 ; Runner-up 2011 , 2019 - FIFA Confederations Cup : Runner-up 2009 Individual . - CONCACAF Gold Cup Golden Ball : 2017 - CONCACAF Gold Cup Best XI ( 2 ) : 2017 , 2019 - MLS All-Star ( 3 ) : 2014 , 2015 , 2017 - Red Patch Boys Player of the Year : 2014 - U.S . Soccer Athlete of the Year : 2015 - Fútbol de Primera Player of the Year : 2015 - CONCACAF Mens Best XI ( 2 ) : 2015 , 2018 - IFFHS CONCACAF Team of the Decade : 2011–2020 External links . - Michael Bradley at SOFIFA |
[
"Heerenveen"
] | easy | Michael Bradley (soccer) played for which team from 2005 to 2007? | /wiki/Michael_Bradley_(soccer)#P54#2 | Michael Bradley ( soccer ) Michael Sheehan Bradley ( born July 31 , 1987 ) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder and captains both Major League Soccer club Toronto FC and the United States national team . Early life . Bradley was born in Princeton , New Jersey , son to Bob Bradley , former coach of the United States mens national soccer team and current manager of Los Angeles FC . While his father was the head soccer coach at Princeton University , the family lived in Pennington , New Jersey . Michael spent his teenage years in Palatine , Illinois while his father coached the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , and he grew up playing for Sockers FC , who went to the 2002 National Championships and finished third . He later attended the United States Under-17 Mens National Team Residency Program in Bradenton , Florida – the dedicated facility for the training of the Under-17 national team – for four semesters , from 2002 to 2004 . Club career . MetroStars . Before leaving Bradenton , Bradley signed a Project-40 contract with MLS , turning professional at the age of sixteen , and entered the 2004 MLS SuperDraft , where he was selected thirty-sixth overall by the MetroStars , who at the time were coached by his father . Bradley did not see any playing time in his rookie season , missing out with a foot injury , but went on to gain a starting spot in 2005 , playing 30 out of 32 matches for the Metro . Just weeks after his father was fired as the clubs coach , he headed in his first professional goal in a dramatic victory over Chivas USA on the last day of the 2005 season , sending the team to the playoffs . SC Heerenveen . In January 2006 , Bradley became the youngest MLS player to ever be sold when he was transferred to Heerenveen for $250,000 and a portion of any sell-on fee His first start for the Dutch club came on April 16 , 2006 , in a match against AZ . He found success early , earning five starts and helping the club to a coveted UEFA Cup spot in his first half-season . Upon the retirement of Paul Bosvelt after the 2006–07 season , Bradley took the veterans starting place in central midfield . Bradley scored sixteen Eredivisie goals and twenty in all competitions during the 2007–08 season . In January 2008 , Bradley broke the record for the most goals scored in a single season by an American soccer player playing in a European first division , which was previously held by Brian McBride with his thirteen goals for Fulham in the Premier League . On January 26 , 2008 , Bradley extended his record to eighteen , with sixteen league goals . Borussia Mönchengladbach . 2008–2011 . On August 31 , 2008 , Bradley signed a four-year deal with Bundesliga side Borussia Mönchengladbach for an undisclosed fee . It was later revealed that Bradley had agreed to a switch to English club Birmingham City on the condition that the club retained its Premier League status . However , they did not and he made his Gladbach debut on September 20 in a loss against Hertha Berlin . On November 15 , 2008 , Bradley scored his first goal for Mönchengladbach against Bundesliga powerhouse Bayern Munich with an eighty-first minute equalizing header . The game ended 2–2 . Early in the 2009–10 season , Bradley was briefly suspended after an argument with manager Michael Frontzeck over playing time . However , the two later reconciled and Bradley re-established himself as a starter with the club before assisting a goal against Bayern Munich with a one-touch volley pass , and scoring the winning goal on a low free kick against Hannover 96 . On January 30 , 2011 , Aston Villa of the Premier League confirmed via their official website that they were in talks to sign Bradley on a loan deal until the end of the 2010–11 season . Loan to Aston Villa . Bradley completed the loan deal to Aston Villa on January 31 , 2011 . Bradley was paraded in front of the fans at Villa Park on February 5 before kick off of the Premier League match against Fulham . On February 12 , Bradley made his Aston Villa debut , coming on in the second half after Jean Makoun was sent off . It was said that Bradley would not join Villa on a permanent basis after Alex McLeish declined to extend his contract . He made only three Premier League appearances and one FA Cup appearance . Chievo . Bradley joined Italian Serie A club Chievo on August 31 , 2011 . He made his Chievo debut on September 18 , coming on in the second half for Paolo Sammarco . He has been nicknamed The General by the local fans . Bradley scored his first goal in Italian soccer in a 3–2 victory over Catania on April 7 to take his side up to ninth in the league standings . Roma . On July 16 , 2012 , Bradley joined Roma , signing a four-year contract for a transfer fee of €3.75 million . On July 17 , 2012 , Bradley made his debut for Roma as a starter in a 2–1 victory against fellow U.S . national team member Terrence Boyd of the Austrian Football Bundesliga club , Rapid Wien . On July 25 , 2012 , Bradley scored his first goal for Roma in a club friendly against Liverpool at Fenway Park in Boston . On August 19 , Bradley scored his second pre-season goal against Greek club Aris . On August 26 , Bradley made his league debut as a starter for Roma in their 2–2 draw against Catania ; he picked up the assist in Romas game-tying goal in the 90th minute . On October 7 , 2012 , in his first game back after a month-long groin injury , Bradley scored his first goal for the Giallorossi in Romas 2–0 win over Atalanta . In late January 2013 , Bradley received praise from freelance writer for ESPN.com Michael Cox , stating that Serie A are choosing midfielders like Bradley who epitomizes the new breed of Serie A midfielder , whos all about energy and hard running , rather than the typical number 10 . On May 26 , 2013 , Bradley started in midfield for Roma as the club fell 1–0 to Rome rivals S.S . Lazio in the final of the Coppa Italia . On September 6 , Bradley was sidelined due to an injury he suffered on national team duty against Costa Rica . He returned to action for Roma on October 27 , where he scored a goal against Udinese , the only goal either side scored during the match . Toronto FC . On January 9 , 2014 , AS Roma announced the sale of Bradley to Toronto FC of Major League Soccer for $10 million . As part of the transfer , the two clubs agreed to a partnership including two friendly matches at BMO Field over six years , and a player development program for Toronto FC players at Romas training facility . Bradley made his debut with Toronto in their season opener at Seattle Sounders FC on March 15 , 2014 , the game ended in a 2–1 away victory with both goals coming from newly acquired Jermain Defoe . He scored his first goal for Toronto three weeks later on April 5 against the Columbus Crew , a game which ended in a 2–0 away victory . He was named captain prior to the 2015 season . Bradley captained and scored once for Toronto FC in the 2016 Eastern Conference Finals in a derby against Montreal Impact in which Toronto won on an aggregated score of 7–5 , to take Toronto FC to the MLS Cup Final for the first time in their history . On December 10 , 2016 , Toronto lost the final at home to the Seattle Sounders 5–4 in penalty shoot-out following a goalless draw after extra-time in which Seattle had no shots on target ; Bradley missed Torontos second penalty . The arrival of Spanish playmaker Victor Vázquez in midfield at the beginning of the 2017 season saw less of a burden placed on Bradley and star forward Sebastian Giovinco to create goalscoring opportunities for Toronto ; furthermore , Greg Vanneys switch in tactics from a 4–4–2 diamond to a 3–5–2 formation often saw Bradley occupy more of a supporting role in midfield , which left the Spaniard free to take on the majority of playmaking duties , although the midfield duo often switched positions and effectively shared the teams defensive and creative responsibilities , forming a notable partnership throughout the season . On June 27 , Toronto defeated Montreal 2–1 at home in the second leg of the 2017 Canadian Championship final to capture the title for the second consecutive season , edging Montreal 3–2 on aggregate . On September 30 , 2017 , Bradley won his first Supporters Shield with a 4–2 home win over New York Red Bulls , to clinch top of the league with the most points that season . On December 9 , 2017 , Bradley helped Toronto defeat Seattle 2–0 in the 2017 MLS Cup at BMO Field , to lift the title for the first time in the clubs history , and complete an unprecedented domestic treble . After a 2–1 home loss to Guadalajara on April 18 , in the first leg of the 2018 CONCACAF Champions League Finals , Toronto managed a 2–1 away win in the return leg on April 25 , which took the match straight to penalty shoot-out ; Bradley missed the decisive spot kick as Toronto lost the shoot-out 4–2 . On March 2 , 2019 , Bradley scored a brace for Toronto in their 3–1 win away against Philadelphia Union to kick off Toronto FCs regular Major League Soccer season . He made his 200th appearance for the club on November 10 , a 3–1 away defeat to Seattle Sounders in the 2019 MLS Cup Final . At the beginning of 2020 , he had ankle surgery and was expected to miss a significant portion of the season . However , due to the COVID-19 pandemic interrupting the MLS season , he only missed two games and was able to return upon the league re-start in the MLS is Back Tournament . International career . In May 2006 , Bradley was brought into the 2006 World Cup training camp to train with the United States national team . While not a member of the World Cup squad or an alternate , Bradley was on the roster for the three send-off friendlies played before the tournament . He earned his first cap in the May 26 match against Venezuela as a substitute and his second cap for the United States in the following game against Latvia , again as a substitute . In late 2006 Bob Bradley , Michaels father , was hired as head coach of the national team , and Michael established himself as a key player for the U.S . during his fathers tenure . Bradley earned his first international start on March 28 , 2007 , during a friendly against Guatemala . He was a starter at the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup and helped lead the U.S . to the title , though he was sent off for a late tackle in the semi-final against Canada . The next month , he started every match for the U.S . at the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup , where he scored the game-winning goal in the 107th minute against Uruguay in the round of 16 . He scored his first senior international goal on October 17 , 2007 , with a game-winner in the 87th minute against Switzerland in a friendly . Following these performances , Bradley was named U.S . Soccers Young Athlete of the Year for 2007 . Bradley had a landmark performance for the national team in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Mexico in Columbus , Ohio on February 11 , 2009 , scoring both goals in a 2–0 victory . During the United States surprise run to the final of the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup , Bradley scored the second goal against Egypt off an assist from Landon Donovan , helping the Americans advance to the semi-final on goal differential after eventually beating the Egyptians 3–0 . He later started in the 2–0 upset victory against Spain in the semi-final , but was sent off late in the game . The resulting suspension kept Bradley out of the tournament final , which the U.S . ultimately lost 3–2 to Brazil . Bradley was later reported to have confronted referee Jorge Larrionda following the match , resulting in Bradley receiving an additional three match suspension to be served during the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Bradley was a key player for the U.S . in the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa , starting all four matches in central midfield . In the group stage , Bradley scored the equalizer in a comeback 2–2 draw against Slovenia . He captained the national team for the first time in an August 10 , 2010 friendly against Brazil in his birthplace of New Jersey . In the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup Bradley featured in each game in a new midfield partnership with Jermaine Jones , and scored the opening goal in the final against Mexico , though the United States went on to lose 4–2 . Following the Gold Cup loss , Bob Bradley was fired as national team coach and replaced by Jürgen Klinsmann under whom Michael remained a key starter in midfield . He scored a goal on a half volley from 20 yards out in 5–1 friendly victory over Scotland in May 2012 , and put in a late equalizer in a 2–2 draw with Russia later that year . He started each game for the U.S . at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . After U.S . Soccer removed the captaincy from Clint Dempsey as punishment for a controversial incident with a referee before the 2015 Gold Cup , Klinsmann named Bradley the national teams new permanent captain . Style of play . A hard-working , intelligent , and physically imposing right-footed player , Bradley is capable of playing in several midfield roles , and has been used in the center , in a holding role , in a box-to-box role , in the hole , or even in a more withdrawn creative role as a deep-lying playmaker ; his tenacity , ball-winning abilities , energy , tactical intelligence , and positional sense enable him to recover the ball and quickly transition from defense to attack by making forward runs , while his vision and range of passing allow him to dictate the tempo of his teams play in midfield or create goalscoring opportunities after retrieving possession . In addition to his stamina and playing ability , he is also known for his communication and leadership skills . He has also been used as a central defender on occasion . Personal life . Bradley speaks fluent English , Italian , Dutch , German , and Spanish . He is married to Amanda , a former University of Rhode Island tennis player . The couple have a son , Luca , who was born on September 30 , 2012 , and a daughter , Quinn Elle , was born on November 17 , 2014 . Honors . Club . Roma - Coppa Italia : Runner-up 2012–13 Toronto FC - MLS Cup : 2017 ; Runner-up 2016 , 2019 - Supporters Shield : 2017 - CONCACAF Champions League : Runner-up 2018 - Canadian Championship : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ; Runner-up 2019 - Eastern Conference ( Playoffs ) : 2016 , 2017 , 2019 - Campeones Cup : Runner-up 2018 International . United States - CONCACAF Gold Cup : 2007 , 2017 ; Runner-up 2011 , 2019 - FIFA Confederations Cup : Runner-up 2009 Individual . - CONCACAF Gold Cup Golden Ball : 2017 - CONCACAF Gold Cup Best XI ( 2 ) : 2017 , 2019 - MLS All-Star ( 3 ) : 2014 , 2015 , 2017 - Red Patch Boys Player of the Year : 2014 - U.S . Soccer Athlete of the Year : 2015 - Fútbol de Primera Player of the Year : 2015 - CONCACAF Mens Best XI ( 2 ) : 2015 , 2018 - IFFHS CONCACAF Team of the Decade : 2011–2020 External links . - Michael Bradley at SOFIFA |
[
"Borussia Mönchengladbach"
] | easy | Which team did Michael Bradley (soccer) play for from 2008 to 2011? | /wiki/Michael_Bradley_(soccer)#P54#3 | Michael Bradley ( soccer ) Michael Sheehan Bradley ( born July 31 , 1987 ) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder and captains both Major League Soccer club Toronto FC and the United States national team . Early life . Bradley was born in Princeton , New Jersey , son to Bob Bradley , former coach of the United States mens national soccer team and current manager of Los Angeles FC . While his father was the head soccer coach at Princeton University , the family lived in Pennington , New Jersey . Michael spent his teenage years in Palatine , Illinois while his father coached the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , and he grew up playing for Sockers FC , who went to the 2002 National Championships and finished third . He later attended the United States Under-17 Mens National Team Residency Program in Bradenton , Florida – the dedicated facility for the training of the Under-17 national team – for four semesters , from 2002 to 2004 . Club career . MetroStars . Before leaving Bradenton , Bradley signed a Project-40 contract with MLS , turning professional at the age of sixteen , and entered the 2004 MLS SuperDraft , where he was selected thirty-sixth overall by the MetroStars , who at the time were coached by his father . Bradley did not see any playing time in his rookie season , missing out with a foot injury , but went on to gain a starting spot in 2005 , playing 30 out of 32 matches for the Metro . Just weeks after his father was fired as the clubs coach , he headed in his first professional goal in a dramatic victory over Chivas USA on the last day of the 2005 season , sending the team to the playoffs . SC Heerenveen . In January 2006 , Bradley became the youngest MLS player to ever be sold when he was transferred to Heerenveen for $250,000 and a portion of any sell-on fee His first start for the Dutch club came on April 16 , 2006 , in a match against AZ . He found success early , earning five starts and helping the club to a coveted UEFA Cup spot in his first half-season . Upon the retirement of Paul Bosvelt after the 2006–07 season , Bradley took the veterans starting place in central midfield . Bradley scored sixteen Eredivisie goals and twenty in all competitions during the 2007–08 season . In January 2008 , Bradley broke the record for the most goals scored in a single season by an American soccer player playing in a European first division , which was previously held by Brian McBride with his thirteen goals for Fulham in the Premier League . On January 26 , 2008 , Bradley extended his record to eighteen , with sixteen league goals . Borussia Mönchengladbach . 2008–2011 . On August 31 , 2008 , Bradley signed a four-year deal with Bundesliga side Borussia Mönchengladbach for an undisclosed fee . It was later revealed that Bradley had agreed to a switch to English club Birmingham City on the condition that the club retained its Premier League status . However , they did not and he made his Gladbach debut on September 20 in a loss against Hertha Berlin . On November 15 , 2008 , Bradley scored his first goal for Mönchengladbach against Bundesliga powerhouse Bayern Munich with an eighty-first minute equalizing header . The game ended 2–2 . Early in the 2009–10 season , Bradley was briefly suspended after an argument with manager Michael Frontzeck over playing time . However , the two later reconciled and Bradley re-established himself as a starter with the club before assisting a goal against Bayern Munich with a one-touch volley pass , and scoring the winning goal on a low free kick against Hannover 96 . On January 30 , 2011 , Aston Villa of the Premier League confirmed via their official website that they were in talks to sign Bradley on a loan deal until the end of the 2010–11 season . Loan to Aston Villa . Bradley completed the loan deal to Aston Villa on January 31 , 2011 . Bradley was paraded in front of the fans at Villa Park on February 5 before kick off of the Premier League match against Fulham . On February 12 , Bradley made his Aston Villa debut , coming on in the second half after Jean Makoun was sent off . It was said that Bradley would not join Villa on a permanent basis after Alex McLeish declined to extend his contract . He made only three Premier League appearances and one FA Cup appearance . Chievo . Bradley joined Italian Serie A club Chievo on August 31 , 2011 . He made his Chievo debut on September 18 , coming on in the second half for Paolo Sammarco . He has been nicknamed The General by the local fans . Bradley scored his first goal in Italian soccer in a 3–2 victory over Catania on April 7 to take his side up to ninth in the league standings . Roma . On July 16 , 2012 , Bradley joined Roma , signing a four-year contract for a transfer fee of €3.75 million . On July 17 , 2012 , Bradley made his debut for Roma as a starter in a 2–1 victory against fellow U.S . national team member Terrence Boyd of the Austrian Football Bundesliga club , Rapid Wien . On July 25 , 2012 , Bradley scored his first goal for Roma in a club friendly against Liverpool at Fenway Park in Boston . On August 19 , Bradley scored his second pre-season goal against Greek club Aris . On August 26 , Bradley made his league debut as a starter for Roma in their 2–2 draw against Catania ; he picked up the assist in Romas game-tying goal in the 90th minute . On October 7 , 2012 , in his first game back after a month-long groin injury , Bradley scored his first goal for the Giallorossi in Romas 2–0 win over Atalanta . In late January 2013 , Bradley received praise from freelance writer for ESPN.com Michael Cox , stating that Serie A are choosing midfielders like Bradley who epitomizes the new breed of Serie A midfielder , whos all about energy and hard running , rather than the typical number 10 . On May 26 , 2013 , Bradley started in midfield for Roma as the club fell 1–0 to Rome rivals S.S . Lazio in the final of the Coppa Italia . On September 6 , Bradley was sidelined due to an injury he suffered on national team duty against Costa Rica . He returned to action for Roma on October 27 , where he scored a goal against Udinese , the only goal either side scored during the match . Toronto FC . On January 9 , 2014 , AS Roma announced the sale of Bradley to Toronto FC of Major League Soccer for $10 million . As part of the transfer , the two clubs agreed to a partnership including two friendly matches at BMO Field over six years , and a player development program for Toronto FC players at Romas training facility . Bradley made his debut with Toronto in their season opener at Seattle Sounders FC on March 15 , 2014 , the game ended in a 2–1 away victory with both goals coming from newly acquired Jermain Defoe . He scored his first goal for Toronto three weeks later on April 5 against the Columbus Crew , a game which ended in a 2–0 away victory . He was named captain prior to the 2015 season . Bradley captained and scored once for Toronto FC in the 2016 Eastern Conference Finals in a derby against Montreal Impact in which Toronto won on an aggregated score of 7–5 , to take Toronto FC to the MLS Cup Final for the first time in their history . On December 10 , 2016 , Toronto lost the final at home to the Seattle Sounders 5–4 in penalty shoot-out following a goalless draw after extra-time in which Seattle had no shots on target ; Bradley missed Torontos second penalty . The arrival of Spanish playmaker Victor Vázquez in midfield at the beginning of the 2017 season saw less of a burden placed on Bradley and star forward Sebastian Giovinco to create goalscoring opportunities for Toronto ; furthermore , Greg Vanneys switch in tactics from a 4–4–2 diamond to a 3–5–2 formation often saw Bradley occupy more of a supporting role in midfield , which left the Spaniard free to take on the majority of playmaking duties , although the midfield duo often switched positions and effectively shared the teams defensive and creative responsibilities , forming a notable partnership throughout the season . On June 27 , Toronto defeated Montreal 2–1 at home in the second leg of the 2017 Canadian Championship final to capture the title for the second consecutive season , edging Montreal 3–2 on aggregate . On September 30 , 2017 , Bradley won his first Supporters Shield with a 4–2 home win over New York Red Bulls , to clinch top of the league with the most points that season . On December 9 , 2017 , Bradley helped Toronto defeat Seattle 2–0 in the 2017 MLS Cup at BMO Field , to lift the title for the first time in the clubs history , and complete an unprecedented domestic treble . After a 2–1 home loss to Guadalajara on April 18 , in the first leg of the 2018 CONCACAF Champions League Finals , Toronto managed a 2–1 away win in the return leg on April 25 , which took the match straight to penalty shoot-out ; Bradley missed the decisive spot kick as Toronto lost the shoot-out 4–2 . On March 2 , 2019 , Bradley scored a brace for Toronto in their 3–1 win away against Philadelphia Union to kick off Toronto FCs regular Major League Soccer season . He made his 200th appearance for the club on November 10 , a 3–1 away defeat to Seattle Sounders in the 2019 MLS Cup Final . At the beginning of 2020 , he had ankle surgery and was expected to miss a significant portion of the season . However , due to the COVID-19 pandemic interrupting the MLS season , he only missed two games and was able to return upon the league re-start in the MLS is Back Tournament . International career . In May 2006 , Bradley was brought into the 2006 World Cup training camp to train with the United States national team . While not a member of the World Cup squad or an alternate , Bradley was on the roster for the three send-off friendlies played before the tournament . He earned his first cap in the May 26 match against Venezuela as a substitute and his second cap for the United States in the following game against Latvia , again as a substitute . In late 2006 Bob Bradley , Michaels father , was hired as head coach of the national team , and Michael established himself as a key player for the U.S . during his fathers tenure . Bradley earned his first international start on March 28 , 2007 , during a friendly against Guatemala . He was a starter at the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup and helped lead the U.S . to the title , though he was sent off for a late tackle in the semi-final against Canada . The next month , he started every match for the U.S . at the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup , where he scored the game-winning goal in the 107th minute against Uruguay in the round of 16 . He scored his first senior international goal on October 17 , 2007 , with a game-winner in the 87th minute against Switzerland in a friendly . Following these performances , Bradley was named U.S . Soccers Young Athlete of the Year for 2007 . Bradley had a landmark performance for the national team in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Mexico in Columbus , Ohio on February 11 , 2009 , scoring both goals in a 2–0 victory . During the United States surprise run to the final of the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup , Bradley scored the second goal against Egypt off an assist from Landon Donovan , helping the Americans advance to the semi-final on goal differential after eventually beating the Egyptians 3–0 . He later started in the 2–0 upset victory against Spain in the semi-final , but was sent off late in the game . The resulting suspension kept Bradley out of the tournament final , which the U.S . ultimately lost 3–2 to Brazil . Bradley was later reported to have confronted referee Jorge Larrionda following the match , resulting in Bradley receiving an additional three match suspension to be served during the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Bradley was a key player for the U.S . in the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa , starting all four matches in central midfield . In the group stage , Bradley scored the equalizer in a comeback 2–2 draw against Slovenia . He captained the national team for the first time in an August 10 , 2010 friendly against Brazil in his birthplace of New Jersey . In the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup Bradley featured in each game in a new midfield partnership with Jermaine Jones , and scored the opening goal in the final against Mexico , though the United States went on to lose 4–2 . Following the Gold Cup loss , Bob Bradley was fired as national team coach and replaced by Jürgen Klinsmann under whom Michael remained a key starter in midfield . He scored a goal on a half volley from 20 yards out in 5–1 friendly victory over Scotland in May 2012 , and put in a late equalizer in a 2–2 draw with Russia later that year . He started each game for the U.S . at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . After U.S . Soccer removed the captaincy from Clint Dempsey as punishment for a controversial incident with a referee before the 2015 Gold Cup , Klinsmann named Bradley the national teams new permanent captain . Style of play . A hard-working , intelligent , and physically imposing right-footed player , Bradley is capable of playing in several midfield roles , and has been used in the center , in a holding role , in a box-to-box role , in the hole , or even in a more withdrawn creative role as a deep-lying playmaker ; his tenacity , ball-winning abilities , energy , tactical intelligence , and positional sense enable him to recover the ball and quickly transition from defense to attack by making forward runs , while his vision and range of passing allow him to dictate the tempo of his teams play in midfield or create goalscoring opportunities after retrieving possession . In addition to his stamina and playing ability , he is also known for his communication and leadership skills . He has also been used as a central defender on occasion . Personal life . Bradley speaks fluent English , Italian , Dutch , German , and Spanish . He is married to Amanda , a former University of Rhode Island tennis player . The couple have a son , Luca , who was born on September 30 , 2012 , and a daughter , Quinn Elle , was born on November 17 , 2014 . Honors . Club . Roma - Coppa Italia : Runner-up 2012–13 Toronto FC - MLS Cup : 2017 ; Runner-up 2016 , 2019 - Supporters Shield : 2017 - CONCACAF Champions League : Runner-up 2018 - Canadian Championship : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ; Runner-up 2019 - Eastern Conference ( Playoffs ) : 2016 , 2017 , 2019 - Campeones Cup : Runner-up 2018 International . United States - CONCACAF Gold Cup : 2007 , 2017 ; Runner-up 2011 , 2019 - FIFA Confederations Cup : Runner-up 2009 Individual . - CONCACAF Gold Cup Golden Ball : 2017 - CONCACAF Gold Cup Best XI ( 2 ) : 2017 , 2019 - MLS All-Star ( 3 ) : 2014 , 2015 , 2017 - Red Patch Boys Player of the Year : 2014 - U.S . Soccer Athlete of the Year : 2015 - Fútbol de Primera Player of the Year : 2015 - CONCACAF Mens Best XI ( 2 ) : 2015 , 2018 - IFFHS CONCACAF Team of the Decade : 2011–2020 External links . - Michael Bradley at SOFIFA |
[
"Loan to Aston Villa"
] | easy | Michael Bradley (soccer) played for which team from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Michael_Bradley_(soccer)#P54#4 | Michael Bradley ( soccer ) Michael Sheehan Bradley ( born July 31 , 1987 ) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder and captains both Major League Soccer club Toronto FC and the United States national team . Early life . Bradley was born in Princeton , New Jersey , son to Bob Bradley , former coach of the United States mens national soccer team and current manager of Los Angeles FC . While his father was the head soccer coach at Princeton University , the family lived in Pennington , New Jersey . Michael spent his teenage years in Palatine , Illinois while his father coached the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , and he grew up playing for Sockers FC , who went to the 2002 National Championships and finished third . He later attended the United States Under-17 Mens National Team Residency Program in Bradenton , Florida – the dedicated facility for the training of the Under-17 national team – for four semesters , from 2002 to 2004 . Club career . MetroStars . Before leaving Bradenton , Bradley signed a Project-40 contract with MLS , turning professional at the age of sixteen , and entered the 2004 MLS SuperDraft , where he was selected thirty-sixth overall by the MetroStars , who at the time were coached by his father . Bradley did not see any playing time in his rookie season , missing out with a foot injury , but went on to gain a starting spot in 2005 , playing 30 out of 32 matches for the Metro . Just weeks after his father was fired as the clubs coach , he headed in his first professional goal in a dramatic victory over Chivas USA on the last day of the 2005 season , sending the team to the playoffs . SC Heerenveen . In January 2006 , Bradley became the youngest MLS player to ever be sold when he was transferred to Heerenveen for $250,000 and a portion of any sell-on fee His first start for the Dutch club came on April 16 , 2006 , in a match against AZ . He found success early , earning five starts and helping the club to a coveted UEFA Cup spot in his first half-season . Upon the retirement of Paul Bosvelt after the 2006–07 season , Bradley took the veterans starting place in central midfield . Bradley scored sixteen Eredivisie goals and twenty in all competitions during the 2007–08 season . In January 2008 , Bradley broke the record for the most goals scored in a single season by an American soccer player playing in a European first division , which was previously held by Brian McBride with his thirteen goals for Fulham in the Premier League . On January 26 , 2008 , Bradley extended his record to eighteen , with sixteen league goals . Borussia Mönchengladbach . 2008–2011 . On August 31 , 2008 , Bradley signed a four-year deal with Bundesliga side Borussia Mönchengladbach for an undisclosed fee . It was later revealed that Bradley had agreed to a switch to English club Birmingham City on the condition that the club retained its Premier League status . However , they did not and he made his Gladbach debut on September 20 in a loss against Hertha Berlin . On November 15 , 2008 , Bradley scored his first goal for Mönchengladbach against Bundesliga powerhouse Bayern Munich with an eighty-first minute equalizing header . The game ended 2–2 . Early in the 2009–10 season , Bradley was briefly suspended after an argument with manager Michael Frontzeck over playing time . However , the two later reconciled and Bradley re-established himself as a starter with the club before assisting a goal against Bayern Munich with a one-touch volley pass , and scoring the winning goal on a low free kick against Hannover 96 . On January 30 , 2011 , Aston Villa of the Premier League confirmed via their official website that they were in talks to sign Bradley on a loan deal until the end of the 2010–11 season . Loan to Aston Villa . Bradley completed the loan deal to Aston Villa on January 31 , 2011 . Bradley was paraded in front of the fans at Villa Park on February 5 before kick off of the Premier League match against Fulham . On February 12 , Bradley made his Aston Villa debut , coming on in the second half after Jean Makoun was sent off . It was said that Bradley would not join Villa on a permanent basis after Alex McLeish declined to extend his contract . He made only three Premier League appearances and one FA Cup appearance . Chievo . Bradley joined Italian Serie A club Chievo on August 31 , 2011 . He made his Chievo debut on September 18 , coming on in the second half for Paolo Sammarco . He has been nicknamed The General by the local fans . Bradley scored his first goal in Italian soccer in a 3–2 victory over Catania on April 7 to take his side up to ninth in the league standings . Roma . On July 16 , 2012 , Bradley joined Roma , signing a four-year contract for a transfer fee of €3.75 million . On July 17 , 2012 , Bradley made his debut for Roma as a starter in a 2–1 victory against fellow U.S . national team member Terrence Boyd of the Austrian Football Bundesliga club , Rapid Wien . On July 25 , 2012 , Bradley scored his first goal for Roma in a club friendly against Liverpool at Fenway Park in Boston . On August 19 , Bradley scored his second pre-season goal against Greek club Aris . On August 26 , Bradley made his league debut as a starter for Roma in their 2–2 draw against Catania ; he picked up the assist in Romas game-tying goal in the 90th minute . On October 7 , 2012 , in his first game back after a month-long groin injury , Bradley scored his first goal for the Giallorossi in Romas 2–0 win over Atalanta . In late January 2013 , Bradley received praise from freelance writer for ESPN.com Michael Cox , stating that Serie A are choosing midfielders like Bradley who epitomizes the new breed of Serie A midfielder , whos all about energy and hard running , rather than the typical number 10 . On May 26 , 2013 , Bradley started in midfield for Roma as the club fell 1–0 to Rome rivals S.S . Lazio in the final of the Coppa Italia . On September 6 , Bradley was sidelined due to an injury he suffered on national team duty against Costa Rica . He returned to action for Roma on October 27 , where he scored a goal against Udinese , the only goal either side scored during the match . Toronto FC . On January 9 , 2014 , AS Roma announced the sale of Bradley to Toronto FC of Major League Soccer for $10 million . As part of the transfer , the two clubs agreed to a partnership including two friendly matches at BMO Field over six years , and a player development program for Toronto FC players at Romas training facility . Bradley made his debut with Toronto in their season opener at Seattle Sounders FC on March 15 , 2014 , the game ended in a 2–1 away victory with both goals coming from newly acquired Jermain Defoe . He scored his first goal for Toronto three weeks later on April 5 against the Columbus Crew , a game which ended in a 2–0 away victory . He was named captain prior to the 2015 season . Bradley captained and scored once for Toronto FC in the 2016 Eastern Conference Finals in a derby against Montreal Impact in which Toronto won on an aggregated score of 7–5 , to take Toronto FC to the MLS Cup Final for the first time in their history . On December 10 , 2016 , Toronto lost the final at home to the Seattle Sounders 5–4 in penalty shoot-out following a goalless draw after extra-time in which Seattle had no shots on target ; Bradley missed Torontos second penalty . The arrival of Spanish playmaker Victor Vázquez in midfield at the beginning of the 2017 season saw less of a burden placed on Bradley and star forward Sebastian Giovinco to create goalscoring opportunities for Toronto ; furthermore , Greg Vanneys switch in tactics from a 4–4–2 diamond to a 3–5–2 formation often saw Bradley occupy more of a supporting role in midfield , which left the Spaniard free to take on the majority of playmaking duties , although the midfield duo often switched positions and effectively shared the teams defensive and creative responsibilities , forming a notable partnership throughout the season . On June 27 , Toronto defeated Montreal 2–1 at home in the second leg of the 2017 Canadian Championship final to capture the title for the second consecutive season , edging Montreal 3–2 on aggregate . On September 30 , 2017 , Bradley won his first Supporters Shield with a 4–2 home win over New York Red Bulls , to clinch top of the league with the most points that season . On December 9 , 2017 , Bradley helped Toronto defeat Seattle 2–0 in the 2017 MLS Cup at BMO Field , to lift the title for the first time in the clubs history , and complete an unprecedented domestic treble . After a 2–1 home loss to Guadalajara on April 18 , in the first leg of the 2018 CONCACAF Champions League Finals , Toronto managed a 2–1 away win in the return leg on April 25 , which took the match straight to penalty shoot-out ; Bradley missed the decisive spot kick as Toronto lost the shoot-out 4–2 . On March 2 , 2019 , Bradley scored a brace for Toronto in their 3–1 win away against Philadelphia Union to kick off Toronto FCs regular Major League Soccer season . He made his 200th appearance for the club on November 10 , a 3–1 away defeat to Seattle Sounders in the 2019 MLS Cup Final . At the beginning of 2020 , he had ankle surgery and was expected to miss a significant portion of the season . However , due to the COVID-19 pandemic interrupting the MLS season , he only missed two games and was able to return upon the league re-start in the MLS is Back Tournament . International career . In May 2006 , Bradley was brought into the 2006 World Cup training camp to train with the United States national team . While not a member of the World Cup squad or an alternate , Bradley was on the roster for the three send-off friendlies played before the tournament . He earned his first cap in the May 26 match against Venezuela as a substitute and his second cap for the United States in the following game against Latvia , again as a substitute . In late 2006 Bob Bradley , Michaels father , was hired as head coach of the national team , and Michael established himself as a key player for the U.S . during his fathers tenure . Bradley earned his first international start on March 28 , 2007 , during a friendly against Guatemala . He was a starter at the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup and helped lead the U.S . to the title , though he was sent off for a late tackle in the semi-final against Canada . The next month , he started every match for the U.S . at the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup , where he scored the game-winning goal in the 107th minute against Uruguay in the round of 16 . He scored his first senior international goal on October 17 , 2007 , with a game-winner in the 87th minute against Switzerland in a friendly . Following these performances , Bradley was named U.S . Soccers Young Athlete of the Year for 2007 . Bradley had a landmark performance for the national team in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Mexico in Columbus , Ohio on February 11 , 2009 , scoring both goals in a 2–0 victory . During the United States surprise run to the final of the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup , Bradley scored the second goal against Egypt off an assist from Landon Donovan , helping the Americans advance to the semi-final on goal differential after eventually beating the Egyptians 3–0 . He later started in the 2–0 upset victory against Spain in the semi-final , but was sent off late in the game . The resulting suspension kept Bradley out of the tournament final , which the U.S . ultimately lost 3–2 to Brazil . Bradley was later reported to have confronted referee Jorge Larrionda following the match , resulting in Bradley receiving an additional three match suspension to be served during the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Bradley was a key player for the U.S . in the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa , starting all four matches in central midfield . In the group stage , Bradley scored the equalizer in a comeback 2–2 draw against Slovenia . He captained the national team for the first time in an August 10 , 2010 friendly against Brazil in his birthplace of New Jersey . In the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup Bradley featured in each game in a new midfield partnership with Jermaine Jones , and scored the opening goal in the final against Mexico , though the United States went on to lose 4–2 . Following the Gold Cup loss , Bob Bradley was fired as national team coach and replaced by Jürgen Klinsmann under whom Michael remained a key starter in midfield . He scored a goal on a half volley from 20 yards out in 5–1 friendly victory over Scotland in May 2012 , and put in a late equalizer in a 2–2 draw with Russia later that year . He started each game for the U.S . at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . After U.S . Soccer removed the captaincy from Clint Dempsey as punishment for a controversial incident with a referee before the 2015 Gold Cup , Klinsmann named Bradley the national teams new permanent captain . Style of play . A hard-working , intelligent , and physically imposing right-footed player , Bradley is capable of playing in several midfield roles , and has been used in the center , in a holding role , in a box-to-box role , in the hole , or even in a more withdrawn creative role as a deep-lying playmaker ; his tenacity , ball-winning abilities , energy , tactical intelligence , and positional sense enable him to recover the ball and quickly transition from defense to attack by making forward runs , while his vision and range of passing allow him to dictate the tempo of his teams play in midfield or create goalscoring opportunities after retrieving possession . In addition to his stamina and playing ability , he is also known for his communication and leadership skills . He has also been used as a central defender on occasion . Personal life . Bradley speaks fluent English , Italian , Dutch , German , and Spanish . He is married to Amanda , a former University of Rhode Island tennis player . The couple have a son , Luca , who was born on September 30 , 2012 , and a daughter , Quinn Elle , was born on November 17 , 2014 . Honors . Club . Roma - Coppa Italia : Runner-up 2012–13 Toronto FC - MLS Cup : 2017 ; Runner-up 2016 , 2019 - Supporters Shield : 2017 - CONCACAF Champions League : Runner-up 2018 - Canadian Championship : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ; Runner-up 2019 - Eastern Conference ( Playoffs ) : 2016 , 2017 , 2019 - Campeones Cup : Runner-up 2018 International . United States - CONCACAF Gold Cup : 2007 , 2017 ; Runner-up 2011 , 2019 - FIFA Confederations Cup : Runner-up 2009 Individual . - CONCACAF Gold Cup Golden Ball : 2017 - CONCACAF Gold Cup Best XI ( 2 ) : 2017 , 2019 - MLS All-Star ( 3 ) : 2014 , 2015 , 2017 - Red Patch Boys Player of the Year : 2014 - U.S . Soccer Athlete of the Year : 2015 - Fútbol de Primera Player of the Year : 2015 - CONCACAF Mens Best XI ( 2 ) : 2015 , 2018 - IFFHS CONCACAF Team of the Decade : 2011–2020 External links . - Michael Bradley at SOFIFA |
[
"Roma"
] | easy | Michael Bradley (soccer) played for which team from 2012 to 2014? | /wiki/Michael_Bradley_(soccer)#P54#5 | Michael Bradley ( soccer ) Michael Sheehan Bradley ( born July 31 , 1987 ) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder and captains both Major League Soccer club Toronto FC and the United States national team . Early life . Bradley was born in Princeton , New Jersey , son to Bob Bradley , former coach of the United States mens national soccer team and current manager of Los Angeles FC . While his father was the head soccer coach at Princeton University , the family lived in Pennington , New Jersey . Michael spent his teenage years in Palatine , Illinois while his father coached the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , and he grew up playing for Sockers FC , who went to the 2002 National Championships and finished third . He later attended the United States Under-17 Mens National Team Residency Program in Bradenton , Florida – the dedicated facility for the training of the Under-17 national team – for four semesters , from 2002 to 2004 . Club career . MetroStars . Before leaving Bradenton , Bradley signed a Project-40 contract with MLS , turning professional at the age of sixteen , and entered the 2004 MLS SuperDraft , where he was selected thirty-sixth overall by the MetroStars , who at the time were coached by his father . Bradley did not see any playing time in his rookie season , missing out with a foot injury , but went on to gain a starting spot in 2005 , playing 30 out of 32 matches for the Metro . Just weeks after his father was fired as the clubs coach , he headed in his first professional goal in a dramatic victory over Chivas USA on the last day of the 2005 season , sending the team to the playoffs . SC Heerenveen . In January 2006 , Bradley became the youngest MLS player to ever be sold when he was transferred to Heerenveen for $250,000 and a portion of any sell-on fee His first start for the Dutch club came on April 16 , 2006 , in a match against AZ . He found success early , earning five starts and helping the club to a coveted UEFA Cup spot in his first half-season . Upon the retirement of Paul Bosvelt after the 2006–07 season , Bradley took the veterans starting place in central midfield . Bradley scored sixteen Eredivisie goals and twenty in all competitions during the 2007–08 season . In January 2008 , Bradley broke the record for the most goals scored in a single season by an American soccer player playing in a European first division , which was previously held by Brian McBride with his thirteen goals for Fulham in the Premier League . On January 26 , 2008 , Bradley extended his record to eighteen , with sixteen league goals . Borussia Mönchengladbach . 2008–2011 . On August 31 , 2008 , Bradley signed a four-year deal with Bundesliga side Borussia Mönchengladbach for an undisclosed fee . It was later revealed that Bradley had agreed to a switch to English club Birmingham City on the condition that the club retained its Premier League status . However , they did not and he made his Gladbach debut on September 20 in a loss against Hertha Berlin . On November 15 , 2008 , Bradley scored his first goal for Mönchengladbach against Bundesliga powerhouse Bayern Munich with an eighty-first minute equalizing header . The game ended 2–2 . Early in the 2009–10 season , Bradley was briefly suspended after an argument with manager Michael Frontzeck over playing time . However , the two later reconciled and Bradley re-established himself as a starter with the club before assisting a goal against Bayern Munich with a one-touch volley pass , and scoring the winning goal on a low free kick against Hannover 96 . On January 30 , 2011 , Aston Villa of the Premier League confirmed via their official website that they were in talks to sign Bradley on a loan deal until the end of the 2010–11 season . Loan to Aston Villa . Bradley completed the loan deal to Aston Villa on January 31 , 2011 . Bradley was paraded in front of the fans at Villa Park on February 5 before kick off of the Premier League match against Fulham . On February 12 , Bradley made his Aston Villa debut , coming on in the second half after Jean Makoun was sent off . It was said that Bradley would not join Villa on a permanent basis after Alex McLeish declined to extend his contract . He made only three Premier League appearances and one FA Cup appearance . Chievo . Bradley joined Italian Serie A club Chievo on August 31 , 2011 . He made his Chievo debut on September 18 , coming on in the second half for Paolo Sammarco . He has been nicknamed The General by the local fans . Bradley scored his first goal in Italian soccer in a 3–2 victory over Catania on April 7 to take his side up to ninth in the league standings . Roma . On July 16 , 2012 , Bradley joined Roma , signing a four-year contract for a transfer fee of €3.75 million . On July 17 , 2012 , Bradley made his debut for Roma as a starter in a 2–1 victory against fellow U.S . national team member Terrence Boyd of the Austrian Football Bundesliga club , Rapid Wien . On July 25 , 2012 , Bradley scored his first goal for Roma in a club friendly against Liverpool at Fenway Park in Boston . On August 19 , Bradley scored his second pre-season goal against Greek club Aris . On August 26 , Bradley made his league debut as a starter for Roma in their 2–2 draw against Catania ; he picked up the assist in Romas game-tying goal in the 90th minute . On October 7 , 2012 , in his first game back after a month-long groin injury , Bradley scored his first goal for the Giallorossi in Romas 2–0 win over Atalanta . In late January 2013 , Bradley received praise from freelance writer for ESPN.com Michael Cox , stating that Serie A are choosing midfielders like Bradley who epitomizes the new breed of Serie A midfielder , whos all about energy and hard running , rather than the typical number 10 . On May 26 , 2013 , Bradley started in midfield for Roma as the club fell 1–0 to Rome rivals S.S . Lazio in the final of the Coppa Italia . On September 6 , Bradley was sidelined due to an injury he suffered on national team duty against Costa Rica . He returned to action for Roma on October 27 , where he scored a goal against Udinese , the only goal either side scored during the match . Toronto FC . On January 9 , 2014 , AS Roma announced the sale of Bradley to Toronto FC of Major League Soccer for $10 million . As part of the transfer , the two clubs agreed to a partnership including two friendly matches at BMO Field over six years , and a player development program for Toronto FC players at Romas training facility . Bradley made his debut with Toronto in their season opener at Seattle Sounders FC on March 15 , 2014 , the game ended in a 2–1 away victory with both goals coming from newly acquired Jermain Defoe . He scored his first goal for Toronto three weeks later on April 5 against the Columbus Crew , a game which ended in a 2–0 away victory . He was named captain prior to the 2015 season . Bradley captained and scored once for Toronto FC in the 2016 Eastern Conference Finals in a derby against Montreal Impact in which Toronto won on an aggregated score of 7–5 , to take Toronto FC to the MLS Cup Final for the first time in their history . On December 10 , 2016 , Toronto lost the final at home to the Seattle Sounders 5–4 in penalty shoot-out following a goalless draw after extra-time in which Seattle had no shots on target ; Bradley missed Torontos second penalty . The arrival of Spanish playmaker Victor Vázquez in midfield at the beginning of the 2017 season saw less of a burden placed on Bradley and star forward Sebastian Giovinco to create goalscoring opportunities for Toronto ; furthermore , Greg Vanneys switch in tactics from a 4–4–2 diamond to a 3–5–2 formation often saw Bradley occupy more of a supporting role in midfield , which left the Spaniard free to take on the majority of playmaking duties , although the midfield duo often switched positions and effectively shared the teams defensive and creative responsibilities , forming a notable partnership throughout the season . On June 27 , Toronto defeated Montreal 2–1 at home in the second leg of the 2017 Canadian Championship final to capture the title for the second consecutive season , edging Montreal 3–2 on aggregate . On September 30 , 2017 , Bradley won his first Supporters Shield with a 4–2 home win over New York Red Bulls , to clinch top of the league with the most points that season . On December 9 , 2017 , Bradley helped Toronto defeat Seattle 2–0 in the 2017 MLS Cup at BMO Field , to lift the title for the first time in the clubs history , and complete an unprecedented domestic treble . After a 2–1 home loss to Guadalajara on April 18 , in the first leg of the 2018 CONCACAF Champions League Finals , Toronto managed a 2–1 away win in the return leg on April 25 , which took the match straight to penalty shoot-out ; Bradley missed the decisive spot kick as Toronto lost the shoot-out 4–2 . On March 2 , 2019 , Bradley scored a brace for Toronto in their 3–1 win away against Philadelphia Union to kick off Toronto FCs regular Major League Soccer season . He made his 200th appearance for the club on November 10 , a 3–1 away defeat to Seattle Sounders in the 2019 MLS Cup Final . At the beginning of 2020 , he had ankle surgery and was expected to miss a significant portion of the season . However , due to the COVID-19 pandemic interrupting the MLS season , he only missed two games and was able to return upon the league re-start in the MLS is Back Tournament . International career . In May 2006 , Bradley was brought into the 2006 World Cup training camp to train with the United States national team . While not a member of the World Cup squad or an alternate , Bradley was on the roster for the three send-off friendlies played before the tournament . He earned his first cap in the May 26 match against Venezuela as a substitute and his second cap for the United States in the following game against Latvia , again as a substitute . In late 2006 Bob Bradley , Michaels father , was hired as head coach of the national team , and Michael established himself as a key player for the U.S . during his fathers tenure . Bradley earned his first international start on March 28 , 2007 , during a friendly against Guatemala . He was a starter at the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup and helped lead the U.S . to the title , though he was sent off for a late tackle in the semi-final against Canada . The next month , he started every match for the U.S . at the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup , where he scored the game-winning goal in the 107th minute against Uruguay in the round of 16 . He scored his first senior international goal on October 17 , 2007 , with a game-winner in the 87th minute against Switzerland in a friendly . Following these performances , Bradley was named U.S . Soccers Young Athlete of the Year for 2007 . Bradley had a landmark performance for the national team in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Mexico in Columbus , Ohio on February 11 , 2009 , scoring both goals in a 2–0 victory . During the United States surprise run to the final of the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup , Bradley scored the second goal against Egypt off an assist from Landon Donovan , helping the Americans advance to the semi-final on goal differential after eventually beating the Egyptians 3–0 . He later started in the 2–0 upset victory against Spain in the semi-final , but was sent off late in the game . The resulting suspension kept Bradley out of the tournament final , which the U.S . ultimately lost 3–2 to Brazil . Bradley was later reported to have confronted referee Jorge Larrionda following the match , resulting in Bradley receiving an additional three match suspension to be served during the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Bradley was a key player for the U.S . in the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa , starting all four matches in central midfield . In the group stage , Bradley scored the equalizer in a comeback 2–2 draw against Slovenia . He captained the national team for the first time in an August 10 , 2010 friendly against Brazil in his birthplace of New Jersey . In the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup Bradley featured in each game in a new midfield partnership with Jermaine Jones , and scored the opening goal in the final against Mexico , though the United States went on to lose 4–2 . Following the Gold Cup loss , Bob Bradley was fired as national team coach and replaced by Jürgen Klinsmann under whom Michael remained a key starter in midfield . He scored a goal on a half volley from 20 yards out in 5–1 friendly victory over Scotland in May 2012 , and put in a late equalizer in a 2–2 draw with Russia later that year . He started each game for the U.S . at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . After U.S . Soccer removed the captaincy from Clint Dempsey as punishment for a controversial incident with a referee before the 2015 Gold Cup , Klinsmann named Bradley the national teams new permanent captain . Style of play . A hard-working , intelligent , and physically imposing right-footed player , Bradley is capable of playing in several midfield roles , and has been used in the center , in a holding role , in a box-to-box role , in the hole , or even in a more withdrawn creative role as a deep-lying playmaker ; his tenacity , ball-winning abilities , energy , tactical intelligence , and positional sense enable him to recover the ball and quickly transition from defense to attack by making forward runs , while his vision and range of passing allow him to dictate the tempo of his teams play in midfield or create goalscoring opportunities after retrieving possession . In addition to his stamina and playing ability , he is also known for his communication and leadership skills . He has also been used as a central defender on occasion . Personal life . Bradley speaks fluent English , Italian , Dutch , German , and Spanish . He is married to Amanda , a former University of Rhode Island tennis player . The couple have a son , Luca , who was born on September 30 , 2012 , and a daughter , Quinn Elle , was born on November 17 , 2014 . Honors . Club . Roma - Coppa Italia : Runner-up 2012–13 Toronto FC - MLS Cup : 2017 ; Runner-up 2016 , 2019 - Supporters Shield : 2017 - CONCACAF Champions League : Runner-up 2018 - Canadian Championship : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ; Runner-up 2019 - Eastern Conference ( Playoffs ) : 2016 , 2017 , 2019 - Campeones Cup : Runner-up 2018 International . United States - CONCACAF Gold Cup : 2007 , 2017 ; Runner-up 2011 , 2019 - FIFA Confederations Cup : Runner-up 2009 Individual . - CONCACAF Gold Cup Golden Ball : 2017 - CONCACAF Gold Cup Best XI ( 2 ) : 2017 , 2019 - MLS All-Star ( 3 ) : 2014 , 2015 , 2017 - Red Patch Boys Player of the Year : 2014 - U.S . Soccer Athlete of the Year : 2015 - Fútbol de Primera Player of the Year : 2015 - CONCACAF Mens Best XI ( 2 ) : 2015 , 2018 - IFFHS CONCACAF Team of the Decade : 2011–2020 External links . - Michael Bradley at SOFIFA |
[
"auxiliary bishops of Cebu"
] | easy | What was the position of Dennis Villarojo in Jul 2015? | /wiki/Dennis_Villarojo#P39#0 | Dennis Villarojo Dennis Cabanada Villarojo ( born April 18 , 1967 in Cebu City ) is a Filipino prelate who is currently the fifth bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos . Early Life and Studies . He completed his high school formation at the Colegio de San Jose- Recoletos in the same city . He entered San Carlos Seminary College of the Archdiocese of Cebu where he finished his philosophical studies . Later , he continued his priestly training at the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila , where he took his theological studies , and obtained his licentiate degree in Ecclesiastical Philosophy . He was ordained deacon by Jaime Cardinal Sin in Manila on 1993 . A year later on June 10 , 1994 , he was ordained priest for the Archdiocese of Cebu . For four years , from 1994 to 1998 , he was personal secretary of Ricardo Cardinal Vidal , the Ordinary of the Archdiocese at that time . From 1998 to 2001 , Monsignor Villarojo continued his post-graduate studies in Philosophy , in Rome , at the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross , where he earned his doctorate in this discipline . After studying in Rome , he returned to his country and continued , until 2010 , to take the task as secretary of Cardinal Vidal and at the same time as coordinator of the pastoral planning board of the archdiocese . Since 2010 , Monsignor Villarojo has been the chairman of the pastoral team at the parish of the Our Lady of the Sacred Heart in Barangay Capitol Site , Cebu City . In 2012 , he was also appointed secretary-general of the 51st International Eucharistic Congress , which was held in Cebu , in January 2016 . Episcopacy . On 3 July 2015 , Pope Francis designated Monsignor Villarojo as one of the auxiliary bishops of Cebu . He was consecrated bishop on 10 August 2015 at the Metropolitan Cathedral of the Archdiocese of Cebu , by Archbishop José S . Palma , the current Ordinary of the Archdiocese . Ricardo Cardinal Vidal ( Cardinal Archbishop Emeritus of Cebu ) , and Giuseppe Pinto ( Papal Nuncio to the Philippines ) were the co-consecrators . On May 14 , 2019 , Pope Francis has designated Bishop Villarojo as the new bishop of the Diocese of Malolos . He was installed on August 21 , 2019 by Luis Antonio Tagle , Archbishop of Manila together with Gabriele Giordano Caccia , then Apostolic Nuncio to the Philippines . Coat of arms . Bishop Villarojos personal Coat of Arms is blazoned as follows : As Auxiliary Bishop of Cebu . Arms : Per fesse , in dexter base Gules a mullet of six points , and in sinister base a Sun in splendour , all Or ; in chief Argent and issuant from the base the Shrine of Magellans Cross Proper . The shield is surmounted by a Bishops cross and by a Roman galero of this rank , i.e. , Vert with six tassels of the same pendant ( 1,2,3 ) at both sides . The symbolism of the heraldic achievement is as follows : The Magellans Cross Kiosk in the upper white field ( chief Argent ) symbolizes his being a Cebuano bishop . It is also the 51st International Eucharistic Congress Pilgrim Symbol . Bishop Villarojo is also the Secretary-General of the 51st International Eucharistic Congress . The red base of the coat of arms represents the Martyrdom of Saint Denis , Patron of Paris , France , of Saint Pedro Calungsod ( a Cebuano Martyr and the 2nd Filipino Saint ) , and of Saint Lawrence of Rome ( another martyr ) , whose feast is commemorated by the Catholic Church on August 10 - the day of Bishop Villarojos Episcopal Ordination . The color red has also another significance . The Official Newspaper of the Archdiocese of Cebu referred to the colors connection with the family name of the Bishop , which is translated in Cebuano as : Adunay kalambigitan sa akong bangsagon nga Villarojo , kinatsila sa dakong balay o gamayng lungsod nga pula ( A big house or a small city of red ) . The six-pointed star ( mullet of six points ) on the dexter side ( right side with reference to the bearer ) represents the Blessed Virgin Mary . This star is also a seen on the Image of Our Lady of Mount Carmel . Bishop Villarojo is a member of the Third Order of the Order of the Discalced Carmelites . On the sinister side ( left side with reference to the bearer ) of the base is a Sun in splendour , which represents the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas where he studied Theology . The sun is also symbolic of the Light of the Truth - Christ . As Bishop of Malolos . The shield is surmounted by a Bishops cross and by a Roman galero of this rank , i.e. , Vert with six tassels of the same pendant ( 1,2,3 ) at both sides . The dexter and sinister sides both refer to the bearer . Dexter Chief Canton - The church facade seen on blue background is Nuestra Señora del Carmen Parish , otherwise known as Barasoain Church , the historic venue of the 1899 Malolos Congress and birthplace of the First Philippine Republic and the Malolos Constitution . Sinister Point - The Magellan’s Cross Kiosk in the upper white field symbolizes Cebu City and the Archdiocese of Cebu , where he hails from and was ordained as a priest . It is also pilgrim symbol of the 51st International Eucharistic , an event where Bishop Villarojo served as secretary-general . It commemorates the City of Malolos as the first capital of the country , making it one of the province’s most historical landmarks . Dexter Base - The three cotton “bulak” flowers on the green field symbolize the Province of Bulacan . The cotton’s Tagalog name is the term from which the province’s name was derived . It also symbolizes the abundance of life and welfare in the province . Sinister Base - The red base of represents the Martyrdom of Saint Denis , patron of Paris , France ; of Saint Pedro Calungsod , a Cebuano martyr and the second Filipino saint ; and Saint Lawrence of Rome , whose feast is commemorated every August , the day of Bishop Villarojo’s episcopal ordination . Moreover , the Official Newspaper of the Archdiocese of Cebu referred to red’s connection with the bishop’s family name , which is translated in Cebuano as adunay kalambigitan sa akong bangsagon nga Villarojo , sa dakong balay o gamayng lungsod nga pula ( A big house or small city of red ) . At the center of this section is a Sun in splendor , representing the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas , where he studied Theology . The sun is also symbolic of Christ as Light of the Truth . Center Point - The interwoven “A” and “M” Marian monogram is the Auspice Maria which is Latin for Under the protection of Mary . It also evokes the first two words of the ancient prayer Ave Maria or Haily Mary . The crown with 12 stars refer to the Woman of Revelation ( 12:1-2 ) . These symbols represent La Virgen Inmaculada Concepcion de Malolos , titular patroness of the Diocese of Malolos , whose image was canonically crowned in 2012 on the occasion of the Golden Jubilee of the diocese . The cross that divides the blazon is taken from the seal of the diocese , which symbolizes the unwavering love of Christ for humanity . The brown color of the cross symbolizes Bishop Villarojo’s devotion to Mary as a member of the Third Order of Discalced Carmelites . Villarojos motto is taken from the Book of the Prophet Isaiah 40:1 , Consolamini Popule Meus ( “Be consoled my people” ) . |
[
"Cardinal Archbishop Emeritus of Cebu"
] | easy | Dennis Villarojo took which position from Aug 2015 to May 2019? | /wiki/Dennis_Villarojo#P39#1 | Dennis Villarojo Dennis Cabanada Villarojo ( born April 18 , 1967 in Cebu City ) is a Filipino prelate who is currently the fifth bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos . Early Life and Studies . He completed his high school formation at the Colegio de San Jose- Recoletos in the same city . He entered San Carlos Seminary College of the Archdiocese of Cebu where he finished his philosophical studies . Later , he continued his priestly training at the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila , where he took his theological studies , and obtained his licentiate degree in Ecclesiastical Philosophy . He was ordained deacon by Jaime Cardinal Sin in Manila on 1993 . A year later on June 10 , 1994 , he was ordained priest for the Archdiocese of Cebu . For four years , from 1994 to 1998 , he was personal secretary of Ricardo Cardinal Vidal , the Ordinary of the Archdiocese at that time . From 1998 to 2001 , Monsignor Villarojo continued his post-graduate studies in Philosophy , in Rome , at the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross , where he earned his doctorate in this discipline . After studying in Rome , he returned to his country and continued , until 2010 , to take the task as secretary of Cardinal Vidal and at the same time as coordinator of the pastoral planning board of the archdiocese . Since 2010 , Monsignor Villarojo has been the chairman of the pastoral team at the parish of the Our Lady of the Sacred Heart in Barangay Capitol Site , Cebu City . In 2012 , he was also appointed secretary-general of the 51st International Eucharistic Congress , which was held in Cebu , in January 2016 . Episcopacy . On 3 July 2015 , Pope Francis designated Monsignor Villarojo as one of the auxiliary bishops of Cebu . He was consecrated bishop on 10 August 2015 at the Metropolitan Cathedral of the Archdiocese of Cebu , by Archbishop José S . Palma , the current Ordinary of the Archdiocese . Ricardo Cardinal Vidal ( Cardinal Archbishop Emeritus of Cebu ) , and Giuseppe Pinto ( Papal Nuncio to the Philippines ) were the co-consecrators . On May 14 , 2019 , Pope Francis has designated Bishop Villarojo as the new bishop of the Diocese of Malolos . He was installed on August 21 , 2019 by Luis Antonio Tagle , Archbishop of Manila together with Gabriele Giordano Caccia , then Apostolic Nuncio to the Philippines . Coat of arms . Bishop Villarojos personal Coat of Arms is blazoned as follows : As Auxiliary Bishop of Cebu . Arms : Per fesse , in dexter base Gules a mullet of six points , and in sinister base a Sun in splendour , all Or ; in chief Argent and issuant from the base the Shrine of Magellans Cross Proper . The shield is surmounted by a Bishops cross and by a Roman galero of this rank , i.e. , Vert with six tassels of the same pendant ( 1,2,3 ) at both sides . The symbolism of the heraldic achievement is as follows : The Magellans Cross Kiosk in the upper white field ( chief Argent ) symbolizes his being a Cebuano bishop . It is also the 51st International Eucharistic Congress Pilgrim Symbol . Bishop Villarojo is also the Secretary-General of the 51st International Eucharistic Congress . The red base of the coat of arms represents the Martyrdom of Saint Denis , Patron of Paris , France , of Saint Pedro Calungsod ( a Cebuano Martyr and the 2nd Filipino Saint ) , and of Saint Lawrence of Rome ( another martyr ) , whose feast is commemorated by the Catholic Church on August 10 - the day of Bishop Villarojos Episcopal Ordination . The color red has also another significance . The Official Newspaper of the Archdiocese of Cebu referred to the colors connection with the family name of the Bishop , which is translated in Cebuano as : Adunay kalambigitan sa akong bangsagon nga Villarojo , kinatsila sa dakong balay o gamayng lungsod nga pula ( A big house or a small city of red ) . The six-pointed star ( mullet of six points ) on the dexter side ( right side with reference to the bearer ) represents the Blessed Virgin Mary . This star is also a seen on the Image of Our Lady of Mount Carmel . Bishop Villarojo is a member of the Third Order of the Order of the Discalced Carmelites . On the sinister side ( left side with reference to the bearer ) of the base is a Sun in splendour , which represents the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas where he studied Theology . The sun is also symbolic of the Light of the Truth - Christ . As Bishop of Malolos . The shield is surmounted by a Bishops cross and by a Roman galero of this rank , i.e. , Vert with six tassels of the same pendant ( 1,2,3 ) at both sides . The dexter and sinister sides both refer to the bearer . Dexter Chief Canton - The church facade seen on blue background is Nuestra Señora del Carmen Parish , otherwise known as Barasoain Church , the historic venue of the 1899 Malolos Congress and birthplace of the First Philippine Republic and the Malolos Constitution . Sinister Point - The Magellan’s Cross Kiosk in the upper white field symbolizes Cebu City and the Archdiocese of Cebu , where he hails from and was ordained as a priest . It is also pilgrim symbol of the 51st International Eucharistic , an event where Bishop Villarojo served as secretary-general . It commemorates the City of Malolos as the first capital of the country , making it one of the province’s most historical landmarks . Dexter Base - The three cotton “bulak” flowers on the green field symbolize the Province of Bulacan . The cotton’s Tagalog name is the term from which the province’s name was derived . It also symbolizes the abundance of life and welfare in the province . Sinister Base - The red base of represents the Martyrdom of Saint Denis , patron of Paris , France ; of Saint Pedro Calungsod , a Cebuano martyr and the second Filipino saint ; and Saint Lawrence of Rome , whose feast is commemorated every August , the day of Bishop Villarojo’s episcopal ordination . Moreover , the Official Newspaper of the Archdiocese of Cebu referred to red’s connection with the bishop’s family name , which is translated in Cebuano as adunay kalambigitan sa akong bangsagon nga Villarojo , sa dakong balay o gamayng lungsod nga pula ( A big house or small city of red ) . At the center of this section is a Sun in splendor , representing the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas , where he studied Theology . The sun is also symbolic of Christ as Light of the Truth . Center Point - The interwoven “A” and “M” Marian monogram is the Auspice Maria which is Latin for Under the protection of Mary . It also evokes the first two words of the ancient prayer Ave Maria or Haily Mary . The crown with 12 stars refer to the Woman of Revelation ( 12:1-2 ) . These symbols represent La Virgen Inmaculada Concepcion de Malolos , titular patroness of the Diocese of Malolos , whose image was canonically crowned in 2012 on the occasion of the Golden Jubilee of the diocese . The cross that divides the blazon is taken from the seal of the diocese , which symbolizes the unwavering love of Christ for humanity . The brown color of the cross symbolizes Bishop Villarojo’s devotion to Mary as a member of the Third Order of Discalced Carmelites . Villarojos motto is taken from the Book of the Prophet Isaiah 40:1 , Consolamini Popule Meus ( “Be consoled my people” ) . |
[
"new bishop of the Diocese of Malolos"
] | easy | Which position did Dennis Villarojo hold from May 2019 to May 2020? | /wiki/Dennis_Villarojo#P39#2 | Dennis Villarojo Dennis Cabanada Villarojo ( born April 18 , 1967 in Cebu City ) is a Filipino prelate who is currently the fifth bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos . Early Life and Studies . He completed his high school formation at the Colegio de San Jose- Recoletos in the same city . He entered San Carlos Seminary College of the Archdiocese of Cebu where he finished his philosophical studies . Later , he continued his priestly training at the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila , where he took his theological studies , and obtained his licentiate degree in Ecclesiastical Philosophy . He was ordained deacon by Jaime Cardinal Sin in Manila on 1993 . A year later on June 10 , 1994 , he was ordained priest for the Archdiocese of Cebu . For four years , from 1994 to 1998 , he was personal secretary of Ricardo Cardinal Vidal , the Ordinary of the Archdiocese at that time . From 1998 to 2001 , Monsignor Villarojo continued his post-graduate studies in Philosophy , in Rome , at the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross , where he earned his doctorate in this discipline . After studying in Rome , he returned to his country and continued , until 2010 , to take the task as secretary of Cardinal Vidal and at the same time as coordinator of the pastoral planning board of the archdiocese . Since 2010 , Monsignor Villarojo has been the chairman of the pastoral team at the parish of the Our Lady of the Sacred Heart in Barangay Capitol Site , Cebu City . In 2012 , he was also appointed secretary-general of the 51st International Eucharistic Congress , which was held in Cebu , in January 2016 . Episcopacy . On 3 July 2015 , Pope Francis designated Monsignor Villarojo as one of the auxiliary bishops of Cebu . He was consecrated bishop on 10 August 2015 at the Metropolitan Cathedral of the Archdiocese of Cebu , by Archbishop José S . Palma , the current Ordinary of the Archdiocese . Ricardo Cardinal Vidal ( Cardinal Archbishop Emeritus of Cebu ) , and Giuseppe Pinto ( Papal Nuncio to the Philippines ) were the co-consecrators . On May 14 , 2019 , Pope Francis has designated Bishop Villarojo as the new bishop of the Diocese of Malolos . He was installed on August 21 , 2019 by Luis Antonio Tagle , Archbishop of Manila together with Gabriele Giordano Caccia , then Apostolic Nuncio to the Philippines . Coat of arms . Bishop Villarojos personal Coat of Arms is blazoned as follows : As Auxiliary Bishop of Cebu . Arms : Per fesse , in dexter base Gules a mullet of six points , and in sinister base a Sun in splendour , all Or ; in chief Argent and issuant from the base the Shrine of Magellans Cross Proper . The shield is surmounted by a Bishops cross and by a Roman galero of this rank , i.e. , Vert with six tassels of the same pendant ( 1,2,3 ) at both sides . The symbolism of the heraldic achievement is as follows : The Magellans Cross Kiosk in the upper white field ( chief Argent ) symbolizes his being a Cebuano bishop . It is also the 51st International Eucharistic Congress Pilgrim Symbol . Bishop Villarojo is also the Secretary-General of the 51st International Eucharistic Congress . The red base of the coat of arms represents the Martyrdom of Saint Denis , Patron of Paris , France , of Saint Pedro Calungsod ( a Cebuano Martyr and the 2nd Filipino Saint ) , and of Saint Lawrence of Rome ( another martyr ) , whose feast is commemorated by the Catholic Church on August 10 - the day of Bishop Villarojos Episcopal Ordination . The color red has also another significance . The Official Newspaper of the Archdiocese of Cebu referred to the colors connection with the family name of the Bishop , which is translated in Cebuano as : Adunay kalambigitan sa akong bangsagon nga Villarojo , kinatsila sa dakong balay o gamayng lungsod nga pula ( A big house or a small city of red ) . The six-pointed star ( mullet of six points ) on the dexter side ( right side with reference to the bearer ) represents the Blessed Virgin Mary . This star is also a seen on the Image of Our Lady of Mount Carmel . Bishop Villarojo is a member of the Third Order of the Order of the Discalced Carmelites . On the sinister side ( left side with reference to the bearer ) of the base is a Sun in splendour , which represents the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas where he studied Theology . The sun is also symbolic of the Light of the Truth - Christ . As Bishop of Malolos . The shield is surmounted by a Bishops cross and by a Roman galero of this rank , i.e. , Vert with six tassels of the same pendant ( 1,2,3 ) at both sides . The dexter and sinister sides both refer to the bearer . Dexter Chief Canton - The church facade seen on blue background is Nuestra Señora del Carmen Parish , otherwise known as Barasoain Church , the historic venue of the 1899 Malolos Congress and birthplace of the First Philippine Republic and the Malolos Constitution . Sinister Point - The Magellan’s Cross Kiosk in the upper white field symbolizes Cebu City and the Archdiocese of Cebu , where he hails from and was ordained as a priest . It is also pilgrim symbol of the 51st International Eucharistic , an event where Bishop Villarojo served as secretary-general . It commemorates the City of Malolos as the first capital of the country , making it one of the province’s most historical landmarks . Dexter Base - The three cotton “bulak” flowers on the green field symbolize the Province of Bulacan . The cotton’s Tagalog name is the term from which the province’s name was derived . It also symbolizes the abundance of life and welfare in the province . Sinister Base - The red base of represents the Martyrdom of Saint Denis , patron of Paris , France ; of Saint Pedro Calungsod , a Cebuano martyr and the second Filipino saint ; and Saint Lawrence of Rome , whose feast is commemorated every August , the day of Bishop Villarojo’s episcopal ordination . Moreover , the Official Newspaper of the Archdiocese of Cebu referred to red’s connection with the bishop’s family name , which is translated in Cebuano as adunay kalambigitan sa akong bangsagon nga Villarojo , sa dakong balay o gamayng lungsod nga pula ( A big house or small city of red ) . At the center of this section is a Sun in splendor , representing the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas , where he studied Theology . The sun is also symbolic of Christ as Light of the Truth . Center Point - The interwoven “A” and “M” Marian monogram is the Auspice Maria which is Latin for Under the protection of Mary . It also evokes the first two words of the ancient prayer Ave Maria or Haily Mary . The crown with 12 stars refer to the Woman of Revelation ( 12:1-2 ) . These symbols represent La Virgen Inmaculada Concepcion de Malolos , titular patroness of the Diocese of Malolos , whose image was canonically crowned in 2012 on the occasion of the Golden Jubilee of the diocese . The cross that divides the blazon is taken from the seal of the diocese , which symbolizes the unwavering love of Christ for humanity . The brown color of the cross symbolizes Bishop Villarojo’s devotion to Mary as a member of the Third Order of Discalced Carmelites . Villarojos motto is taken from the Book of the Prophet Isaiah 40:1 , Consolamini Popule Meus ( “Be consoled my people” ) . |
[
"Llanelli RFC"
] | easy | Which team did Barry John play for from 1964 to 1970? | /wiki/Barry_John#P54#0 | Barry John Barry John ( born 6 January 1945 ) is a former Welsh rugby union fly-half who played , during the amateur era of the sport , in the 1960s , and early 1970s . John began his rugby career as a schoolboy playing for his local team Cefneithin RFC before switching to first-class west Wales team Llanelli RFC in 1964 . It was while at Llanelli that John was first selected for the Wales national team , a shock selection as a replacement for David Watkins to face a touring Australian team . In 1967 John left Llanelli RFC for Cardiff RFC and here he formed a partnership with Gareth Edwards that became one of the most famous half-back pairings in world rugby . From 1967 , John and Edwards made an inseparable partnership with rugby selectors , being chosen to play together at all levels of the sport , for Cardiff , Wales , the Barbarians and in 1968 for the British Lions tour of South Africa . The 1968 British Lions tour ended prematurely for John when he suffered a broken collarbone in the first Test match against the South African national team . In 1971 the Wales national team entered what is considered their second Golden Age , with a team rich in experience and talent . John was part of the team that won the 1971 Five Nations Championship , the first time Wales had achieved a Grand Slam win since 1952 . He then cemented his reputation as one of the sports greatest players with his pivotal role in the British Lions winning tour over New Zealand in 1971 . On the 1971 tour , John played in all four Tests , playing some of his finest rugby and finishing as the Lions top Test scorer . John won 25 caps for the Wales national team and five for the British Lions . Possessing excellent balance to his running and along with precision kicking made him one of the great players of the modern era . He retired from rugby at the age of 27 , as Wales highest points scorer , citing the pressure of fame and expectation behind his decision . Rugby career . Early career with Llanelli . Barry John was born in Cefneithin , Carmarthenshire in Wales . He was educated at Gwendraeth Grammar School in the Gwendraeth Valley , north of Llanelli . He attended Cefenithin Primary , and there he was fortunate to receive skilled rugby teaching . The headmaster , William John Jones , and teacher Ray Williams , were both former Wales international rugby players . Despite his natural talents , he never played at schoolboy level for Wales , but represented both his school and his local village team , Cefneithin RFC . He once played a game for rival team Pontyberem while still a schoolboy , but John recalls in his autobiography that the local resentment at making such a sporting faux pas ensured he never did so again . While still a teenager attending grammar school , he made his first top-flight rugby appearance for Llanelli , on 4 January 1964 in an encounter with Moseley . Although Llanelli lost the encounter , John scored a try and converted it , and played in four more matches for the Llanelli senior team towards the end of the season . He continued to represent Llanelli while at Trinity College , Carmarthen , and gained a reputation as a kicking fly-half with a penchant for putting over dropped goals . During the 1964/65 season , John began to make an impact on the Welsh club scene . His dropped goal against Aberavon on 26 October 1964 , only 17 games in , was his 11th of the season . John gained more attention the following season . A win over Swansea , where he scored two dropped goals , was described by the Llanelli Star as being down to the genius of one player , Barry John . He almost missed the second away encounter of the season with Swansea when he was held to ransom by his fellow students at Trinity College . He was only released when Llanellis club chairman , Elvet Jones , promised to make a donation to the college Rag . Llanelli won all four fixtures against Swansea that season , John scoring in all of them . As well as his two dropped goals in the first away fixture , he scored another in the second away game and a try in both the home matches at Stradey Park . In the 1965/66 season John was chosen to play in trial matches for the Wales national team . Although he was not picked , he was chosen as reserve to regular fly-half David Watkins . During the 1966/67 season John was again chosen to trial for Wales . One of the trials forced him to miss the second Swansea encounter of the season , played away on 12 November 1966 ; his place in the Llanelli team was given to a youth debutant from the Felinfoel club , Phil Bennett . Bennett became one of the greatest fly-halves produced by Wales , but he was kept from the Wales squad in his early career by the presence of John . In 1966 , John was awarded his first international cap for Wales , taking David Watkins place at fly-half for the match against the touring Australia team . This was seen as a surprise move by the Welsh Rugby Union selectors , as Watkins had recently returned from a British Lions tour where he was team captain . Wales lost to Australia 11–4 , the first time the Welsh had been beaten by the Wallabies , due to poor form in the midfield , with the criticism aimed at John , Gerald Davies and John Dawes . Although experiencing defeat in his first international , John managed to gain revenge over Australia just over a month later when the same team faced Llanelli at Stradey Park . Llanelli beat the Wallabies 11–0 after a bruising forward contest . John himself scored a try , and then added to his tally with a dropped goal . Despite the Wales loss against Australia , the selectors kept faith with John , and he retained his place for the next Wales international . Played away from home , the opener of the 1967 Five Nations Championship against Scotland had him paired at half-back with Cardiffs Billy Hullin . John played badly while carrying a leg injury , and the very next match he was dropped , replaced by the more experienced Watkins . Joining Cardiff . In the 1967/68 season , John left Llanelli and joined Cardiff , where he formed a partnership with Gareth Edwards . Although John and Edwards later became the scourge of New Zealand , their first international pairing had an inauspicious start . On 11 November 1967 , the pair played their first international together , facing Brian Lochores touring New Zealand team . Edwards , like John , had two international games to his name , paired with Watkins in the final two matches of the 1967 Five Nations Championship . John regained his international place after Watkins had switched to professional rugby league just the month before , joining Salford for a club record fee of £16,000 . Wales had an error-strewn game , in a match played in a cutting , rain-laden wind which turned the pitch into a muddy field . Wales captain Norman Gale won the toss and chose to play the first half into the gale , and finished the half 8–0 down . John raised Welsh hopes with an early dropped goal , his first international points , but a panicked blind back pass from Wales number 8 , John Jeffery , gifted Bill Davies an easy try . The game ended 13–6 to New Zealand , with Edwards looking uncomfortable throughout , and Johns kicking inaccurate , there was little to suggest the pair would become one of the great half-back pairings in rugby history . Just over a month after playing for Wales against New Zealand , John faced the tourists again , this time as part of an East Wales team , made up of players from Cardiff , London Welsh and Bridgend . The New Zealand All Blacks were under pressure throughout the match , with John kicking from deep and away from the opposing forwards , allowing his team to make rushes on the All Black defence . After 22 minutes East Wales took the lead when a missed drop goal attempt from John was collected by Cardiff wing Frank Wilson for a try . A defensive lapse from the East Wales team allowed an equalising try , but with the score at 3–3 , East Wales dominated the last ten minutes of the match . With the last kick of the match , John had space for one final dropped goal , but his kick sailed inches outside the post . The New Zealanders were glad to escape with the draw and finished the tour without losing a single match . Three days after turning out for East Wales , John and Edwards were paired to face the same New Zealand team , this time played at Twickenham for invitational touring side the Barbarians . The half time result of 3–3 flattered the Barbarians , who were out-played in the forward positions , but the team took the lead early in the second half when a perfect diagonal kick to the corner by John resulted in a try by Englands Bob Lloyd . The Barbarians defended strongly for twenty minutes , but lost to two very late tries . Both John and Edwards were selected for all four matches of the 1968 Five Nations Championship . The first match , away at Twickenham to England , recorded Wales coming from 11–3 down to draw 11 all . Both half-backs were on the score sheet , Edwards with a try , John with one of his trademark dropped goals . After a home win over Scotland , Wales lost to both Ireland and , eventual Championship winners , France . At club level , John finished the season with a total of nine tries and nine dropped goals for Cardiff . 1968 British Lions , the 1969 Triple Crown and Wales tour . John was selected for the British Lions in their tour of South Africa in 1968 , but played in just four games before an injury forced him to return home . He played in three matches against district teams , Western Province , South Western Districts and , all wins for the tourists . He was then selected for the First Test , played at Johannesburg , against the South Africa national team . Johns first Test for the British Lions lasted for only fifteen minutes , when after running for the line he was tackled by Jan Ellis , and John broke his collarbone on landing on the hard ground . John played infrequently for Cardiff during the 1968/69 season , making just 14 appearances . Despite this he was available for all matches in the 1969 Five Nations Championship , again playing in each match paired with Edwards . The Welsh selectors had dropped five players from the previous Championship , and notable debutants in the team to face Scotland at Murrayfield on 1 February 1969 were J.P.R . Williams and Mervyn Davies . John scored his first international try in the encounter after charging down a kick and dummying his way over . Scotland , who were under enormous pressure from the kick-off , lost 17–3 . When Ireland came to the Cardiff Arms Park in March the team was on a seven match unbeaten run , and were looking at taking the Grand Slam after defeating England , France and Scotland . It therefore came as a surprise at the ease with which the Welsh pack dominated . Wales won 24–11 , with Dai Morris the stand-out Welsh player , though John also had one of his best matches , keeping pressure on the Irish with long touch kicks and scoring with a dropped goal . Despite out-scoring France in tries scored , the match at Stade Colombes ended in an 8–8 draw , preventing a Welsh Grand Slam , though a win in the last match to England would give Wales the Championship . The England decider is best remembered for Maurice Richards four tries , but John too was on the scoresheet with a dropped goal and a try of his own . The game finished 30–9 to Wales , giving John his first Championship title and made him a Triple Crown winning player , as Wales had beaten all three other Home Nation teams . Before the end of the season , John took part in his one and only seven-a-side tournament for Cardiff when he participated in the 1969 Snelling Sevens tournament . Cardiff progressed to the final , where they succeeded in beating Johns former club Llanelli . As well as the title , John won the Bill Everson – Player of the Tournament award . With the end of the 1968/69 season , the Welsh Rugby Union sent a team to tour New Zealand and Australia . At half-back , Wales sent John , Edwards , Phil Bennett and Chico Hopkins , but in all three Tests , two against the New Zealand All Blacks and one against Australia , Welsh coach Clive Rowlands kept faith with John and Edwards . The Welsh team were completely overwhelmed by the All Blacks , losing both Tests , 0–19 and 12–33 . A change of tactics by Rowlands , by switching Gerald Davies to the right wing , gave Wales a victory over Australia , and a six try victory over Fiji ( in which John was replaced by Bennett ) on their return to Britain , helped the team gain a warm reception on their return . South Africa , the 1970 Championship and the 1971 Grand Slam . On 13 December 1969 , Cardiff played host to the sixth touring South Africa team . The tour is remembered for the anti-apartheid protests that followed the team , and before the match 1,500 protesters had marched through the Welsh capital . John was unavailable for the encounter having fractured a rib while playing for the Barbarians against an Oxford University Past and Present eleven days earlier . His place was taken by Beverley Davies and Cardiff lost 17–3 . John recovered in time for the South Africa against Wales match on 24 January , and was selected alongside Edwards . The game was played in atrocious muddy conditions , and a last minute try from Edwards snatched a 6–6 draw Both John and Edwards had a substandard game that day , but they combined well in the last move of the game to avoid defeat . A week later on 31 January , John and Edwards faced the South Africans again , this time as part of the Barbarians . The South Africans produced their best play of the tour to come from behind to win 21–12 . There was little rest for the two Cardiff half-backs when on 7 February 1970 they were called back into the Wales team for the first match of the 1970 Five Nations Championship , a home encounter at the Cardiff Arms Park against Scotland . Despite Scotland being 9–0 ahead at one point , Wales took the initiative and scored four tries without reply , winning 18–9 . The England game was John and Edwards fifteenth Wales international together , in an away match which recorded the largest haul of tries for the Welsh team in England since 1908 . John scored one of the tries along with a dropped goal . Due to an injury to Edwards , John finished the game alongside Chico Hopkins . With only Ireland standing in front of a Welsh Triple Crown win , hopes were high , but Ireland , made John and Edwards look ordinary in a 0–14 defeat . John was unavailable for the final game of the tournament to France , his place taken by Phil Bennett . Wales beat France and shared the Championship with the French . The 1971 Five Nations Championship was a new dawn for Welsh rugby . The new National Stadium was completed , and the team now into their Second Golden era were both experienced and talented . John and Edwards played in all four games , starting with an easy win over England . Wales won 22–6 , with John scoring six points from two dropped goals . The second game of the Championship , played against Scotland , was a close encounter , won by Wales 19–18 thanks to a late Gerald Davies try converted by John Taylor . Barry John scored eight of Wales points , with a try , penalty goal and a conversion ; missing only his trademark drop goal to complete a full house of scores . John surpassed his Scotland tally in the next match , a home game against Ireland , scoring 11 points with a dropped goal , conversion and two penalty goals . Seen as one of Wales more accomplished victories , the 23–0 win gave the team a Triple Crown title , and set up a Grand Slam encounter with France . Despite the low score , the 9–5 win over France at Stade Colombes on 27 March was a match of the highest quality . Edwards and John scored all the points in the encounter , Edwards with a try , John a try and a penalty goal . This was Wales first Grand Slam since 1952 and the 1971 squad is seen as the greatest ever to be fielded by Wales . 1971 British Lions . In 1971 , on their tour of New Zealand , John was again selected for the British Lions . With the painful memories of the woeful 1969 Wales Tour to New Zealand , John was determined to succeed with the Lions . Under the management of Doug Smith and the coaching of Carwyn James ( also from Cefneithin ) , John rose to great individual heights with his match-winning performances . Of the 26 tour matches , he played in 17 , only bettered by captain John Dawes and Mighty Mouse prop Ian McLauchlan . By the time of the first Test in Carisbrook , John had faced six teams , including the New South Wales Waratahs and the New Zealand Māori . All six games had been won by the Lions and John had recorded 88 points , including a full house against Waikato . In the First Test John terrorised New Zealands fullback Fergie McCormick with ruthless tactical kicking . The All Blacks were shunted all over the field by John , who was well protected by his forwards , something that he was not afforded with Wales in 1969 . The Lions won the Test 9–3 , six of the Lions points coming from two John penalties ; McCormick never played for the All Blacks again . Before the second Test John played in two more tour matches ; wins over Southland and New Zealand Universities , in which he scored 32 points . In the game against the Universities John scored one of his most famous tries . John dummied a drop-goal before running through the Universities defence , stepping inside the final tackler before touching the ball down under the posts , stunning the home crowd . The second Test , played at Christchurch , finished with the series drawn after New Zealand won 22–12 , John scoring half of the Lions points . In between the second and third Tests , John played in three of the four regional matches , scoring 37 points including two tries in the game against Wairarapa . A win in the third Test was vital to keep the Lions hope of a series win alive . John scored ten points of the 13–3 win , the other three coming from Wales team-mate Gerald Davies . The final Test ended in a 14–14 draw , giving the series to the tourists . John scored eight of the Lions points , having scored in every match , Test and regional , he had played in . It was on this tour that John received the nickname The King from the New Zealand press , though as early as 1965 he remembered being dubbed King John by a newspaper sub-editor while still at Llanelli . He scored 30 of the Lions 48 points over the four Tests , scored a record 191 points across the tour ( 6 tries , 31 conversions , 8 dropped goals and 27 penalties ) and cemented his reputation as one of the games greatest players . 1972 Championship and retirement . Johns final season with Wales ended disappointingly as both Scotland and Wales refused to travel to Ireland due to the increased violence in Northern Ireland and the events of Bloody Sunday . Despite this , John had a good Championship , scoring 35 points in the three games against England , Scotland and France . The opener , away to England , was won 12–3 , with John scoring two penalty goals and converting a J.P.R . Williams try . This was followed by a win over Scotland , in which John played well , converting three of the five Welsh tries and scoring three penalty goals . Johns final international was at home to France . He successfully converted four penalty goals in a 20–6 victory to Wales , and in scoring his final penalty surpassed the Wales international points scoring record of Jack Bancroft set nearly 60 years earlier . The Welsh Rugby Unions refusal to allow travel to Ireland stole the teams possibility of a consecutive Grand Slam title . In 1972 , at the age of only 27 , with 25 Wales caps and five British Lions caps , Barry John retired from the game . John cited the media attention and the unfair expectations of his country as reasons , believing he was living in a goldfish bowl . It is part of rugby folklore that the event that convinced him to retire from rugby was when a young girl curtsied to him outside the opening of an extension to a local bank but in Frank Keatings book The Great Number Tens , John is quoted as saying that it was actually the head cashier who curtsied to him . His 25 caps for Wales resulted in 90 points scored , 5 tries , 9 conversions , 13 penalties and 8 dropped goals . His British Lions career added a further 30 international points , with a single try , 3 conversions , 5 penalties and 2 dropped goals . For Cardiff he played 5 seasons , playing 93 matches , during which he scored 24 tries and 30 dropped goals . His dropped goal total for Cardiff was the clubs second highest total , drawn with Wilf Wooller but short of Percy Bushs tally of 35 . Critical reception . As the authors of the official history of the Welsh Rugby Union , David Smith and Gareth Williams , wrote of him : The clue to an understanding of his achieved style lies in what he could make others do to themselves . The kicking , whether spinning trajectories that rolled away or precise chips or scudding grubbers , was a long-range control , but his running , deft , poised , a fragile illusion that one wrong instant could crack , yet rarely did , was the art of the fly-half at its most testing . He was the dragonfly on the anvil of destruction . John ran in another dimension of time and space . His opponents ran into the glass walls which covered his escape routes from their bewildered clutches . He left mouths , and back rows , agape . Gareth Edwards , in his 1978 autobiography , when describing John , wrote : He had this marvellous easiness in the mind , reducing problems to their simplest form , backing his own talent all the time . One success on the field bred another and soon he gave off a cool superiority which spread to others in the side . Physically he was perfectly made for the job , good and strong from the hips down and firm but slender from the waist to the shoulders . Gerald Davies , who played with John for Wales and the British Lions , in his 1971 autobiography when contrasting Gareth Edwards and Johns different temperaments described Edwards as fiery and impulsive , but John was ...fairer , aloof and apart . Whilst the hustle and bustle went on around him he could divorce himself from it all ; he kept his emotions in check and a careful rein on the surrounding action . The game would go according to his will and no-one elses.. . Rodney Webb , who represented England between 1967 and 1972 , is quoted as saying Barry Johns punting was phenomenal . He could drop the ball on a sixpence and he could do it every time . Webb , who developed the modern rugby ball , believes that John can not be compared to modern kickers because the modern ball is coated in a laminate , has dimpled surfaces , unobtrusive lacing and multi panels . In the seventies the balls soaked up water , swerved all over the place and were placed in the mud and slime when kicking for goal . Barry John came third in the 1971 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award , beaten by winner Princess Anne and runner-up George Best . John was one of the inaugural inductees of the International Rugby Hall of Fame in 1997 and in 1999 was inducted into the Welsh Sports Hall of Fame . In 2015 John was inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame . Amateurism . As an amateur rugby union player John was not paid to play rugby at club or international level . To receive money for playing would have been recognised as an act of professionalism and would have resulted in action from one of the governing unions , normally suspension or a ban . To prevent players switching to professional rugby league , players were given boot money by their clubs or sponsors , named after the early practice of placing money in the players boots . In his 2011 book Addy , Meirion Appleton claimed that in the 1970s he made illegal payments to both John and Gareth Edwards . Appleton claims that before an international match he gave both players envelopes containing money from sportswear manufacturer Adidas . John was never charged with taking illegal payments during his career . Personal history . John was born at Low-land , a smallholding at Cefneithin . He was the second child of William and Vimy John , his brother Delville was three years his senior . John had a further four siblings , Alan , Clive , Madora and Diane . All three of his brothers played rugby . Delville played for Cefneithin , captaining them for two seasons ; Alan progressed from the local club to Llanelli and also toured Argentina with Wales ; while Clive was a Llanelli wing forward who was selected for Wales B . The family went to live at Foelgastell , staying with an uncle and aunt , shortly after Johns birth but returned to Cefneithin when John was two . His early schooling was at Cefneithin Primary , and after failing his 11-Plus he spent a year at Cross Hands senior centre . He passed the entrance exam and was accepted into Gwendraeth Grammar School at Drefach . At eighteen he left grammar school , and was awarded a place at Trinity College , Carmarthen , with ambitions of becoming a teacher . He studied physical education , junior science and horticulture . He left Trinity in the summer of 1967 , and took up a post as a physical education teacher at Monkton House School in Cardiff , a private school for boys between the ages of eight and sixteen . John moved to Cardiff and shared a house with several other rugby players , including former Llanelli team mate Gerald Davies . John quit his position at Monkton House when he toured South Africa in 1968 and never taught again . On his return from Africa , John moved back to his family home at Cefneithin . He spent six weeks unemployed and during this period he considered turning to professional rugby league , almost signing for St Helens R.F.C. . Following an interview with David Coleman for the BBC programme , Sportsnight , in which his jobless situation was discussed , John was offered a job working for Forward Trust , a finance company in Cardiff . When John quit playing rugby in 1972 he also left his job as a finance representative , signing a contract to write a weekly column and cover important matches for the Daily Express . He was also signed to take part in sport programmes presented by HTV , the Wales and West of England commercial television company . In September 1969 , John married Janet Talfan Davies , daughter of Alun Talfan Davies QC , a leading Welsh lawyer . John and Jan had four children ( Kathryn , Lucy , Anna and David ) and as of 2016 , eleven grandchildren ( Emily , Rebecca , Sam , Tom , Ben , Anna , Edward , Will , Gwen , Ella and Charlotte ) ; John and his wife are now separated . In 2009 , he decided to sell his rugby memorabilia , including his Wales caps , stating that he felt no nostalgia towards the items , and the honour of playing for Wales was all that mattered . External links . - Wales profile - Profile at International Rugby Hall of Fame website - Portrait of Barry John by David Griffiths - Profile at sporting-heroes.net - Welsh caps at sporting-heroes.net - Lions profile |
[
""
] | easy | Barry John played for which team from 1970 to 1971? | /wiki/Barry_John#P54#1 | Barry John Barry John ( born 6 January 1945 ) is a former Welsh rugby union fly-half who played , during the amateur era of the sport , in the 1960s , and early 1970s . John began his rugby career as a schoolboy playing for his local team Cefneithin RFC before switching to first-class west Wales team Llanelli RFC in 1964 . It was while at Llanelli that John was first selected for the Wales national team , a shock selection as a replacement for David Watkins to face a touring Australian team . In 1967 John left Llanelli RFC for Cardiff RFC and here he formed a partnership with Gareth Edwards that became one of the most famous half-back pairings in world rugby . From 1967 , John and Edwards made an inseparable partnership with rugby selectors , being chosen to play together at all levels of the sport , for Cardiff , Wales , the Barbarians and in 1968 for the British Lions tour of South Africa . The 1968 British Lions tour ended prematurely for John when he suffered a broken collarbone in the first Test match against the South African national team . In 1971 the Wales national team entered what is considered their second Golden Age , with a team rich in experience and talent . John was part of the team that won the 1971 Five Nations Championship , the first time Wales had achieved a Grand Slam win since 1952 . He then cemented his reputation as one of the sports greatest players with his pivotal role in the British Lions winning tour over New Zealand in 1971 . On the 1971 tour , John played in all four Tests , playing some of his finest rugby and finishing as the Lions top Test scorer . John won 25 caps for the Wales national team and five for the British Lions . Possessing excellent balance to his running and along with precision kicking made him one of the great players of the modern era . He retired from rugby at the age of 27 , as Wales highest points scorer , citing the pressure of fame and expectation behind his decision . Rugby career . Early career with Llanelli . Barry John was born in Cefneithin , Carmarthenshire in Wales . He was educated at Gwendraeth Grammar School in the Gwendraeth Valley , north of Llanelli . He attended Cefenithin Primary , and there he was fortunate to receive skilled rugby teaching . The headmaster , William John Jones , and teacher Ray Williams , were both former Wales international rugby players . Despite his natural talents , he never played at schoolboy level for Wales , but represented both his school and his local village team , Cefneithin RFC . He once played a game for rival team Pontyberem while still a schoolboy , but John recalls in his autobiography that the local resentment at making such a sporting faux pas ensured he never did so again . While still a teenager attending grammar school , he made his first top-flight rugby appearance for Llanelli , on 4 January 1964 in an encounter with Moseley . Although Llanelli lost the encounter , John scored a try and converted it , and played in four more matches for the Llanelli senior team towards the end of the season . He continued to represent Llanelli while at Trinity College , Carmarthen , and gained a reputation as a kicking fly-half with a penchant for putting over dropped goals . During the 1964/65 season , John began to make an impact on the Welsh club scene . His dropped goal against Aberavon on 26 October 1964 , only 17 games in , was his 11th of the season . John gained more attention the following season . A win over Swansea , where he scored two dropped goals , was described by the Llanelli Star as being down to the genius of one player , Barry John . He almost missed the second away encounter of the season with Swansea when he was held to ransom by his fellow students at Trinity College . He was only released when Llanellis club chairman , Elvet Jones , promised to make a donation to the college Rag . Llanelli won all four fixtures against Swansea that season , John scoring in all of them . As well as his two dropped goals in the first away fixture , he scored another in the second away game and a try in both the home matches at Stradey Park . In the 1965/66 season John was chosen to play in trial matches for the Wales national team . Although he was not picked , he was chosen as reserve to regular fly-half David Watkins . During the 1966/67 season John was again chosen to trial for Wales . One of the trials forced him to miss the second Swansea encounter of the season , played away on 12 November 1966 ; his place in the Llanelli team was given to a youth debutant from the Felinfoel club , Phil Bennett . Bennett became one of the greatest fly-halves produced by Wales , but he was kept from the Wales squad in his early career by the presence of John . In 1966 , John was awarded his first international cap for Wales , taking David Watkins place at fly-half for the match against the touring Australia team . This was seen as a surprise move by the Welsh Rugby Union selectors , as Watkins had recently returned from a British Lions tour where he was team captain . Wales lost to Australia 11–4 , the first time the Welsh had been beaten by the Wallabies , due to poor form in the midfield , with the criticism aimed at John , Gerald Davies and John Dawes . Although experiencing defeat in his first international , John managed to gain revenge over Australia just over a month later when the same team faced Llanelli at Stradey Park . Llanelli beat the Wallabies 11–0 after a bruising forward contest . John himself scored a try , and then added to his tally with a dropped goal . Despite the Wales loss against Australia , the selectors kept faith with John , and he retained his place for the next Wales international . Played away from home , the opener of the 1967 Five Nations Championship against Scotland had him paired at half-back with Cardiffs Billy Hullin . John played badly while carrying a leg injury , and the very next match he was dropped , replaced by the more experienced Watkins . Joining Cardiff . In the 1967/68 season , John left Llanelli and joined Cardiff , where he formed a partnership with Gareth Edwards . Although John and Edwards later became the scourge of New Zealand , their first international pairing had an inauspicious start . On 11 November 1967 , the pair played their first international together , facing Brian Lochores touring New Zealand team . Edwards , like John , had two international games to his name , paired with Watkins in the final two matches of the 1967 Five Nations Championship . John regained his international place after Watkins had switched to professional rugby league just the month before , joining Salford for a club record fee of £16,000 . Wales had an error-strewn game , in a match played in a cutting , rain-laden wind which turned the pitch into a muddy field . Wales captain Norman Gale won the toss and chose to play the first half into the gale , and finished the half 8–0 down . John raised Welsh hopes with an early dropped goal , his first international points , but a panicked blind back pass from Wales number 8 , John Jeffery , gifted Bill Davies an easy try . The game ended 13–6 to New Zealand , with Edwards looking uncomfortable throughout , and Johns kicking inaccurate , there was little to suggest the pair would become one of the great half-back pairings in rugby history . Just over a month after playing for Wales against New Zealand , John faced the tourists again , this time as part of an East Wales team , made up of players from Cardiff , London Welsh and Bridgend . The New Zealand All Blacks were under pressure throughout the match , with John kicking from deep and away from the opposing forwards , allowing his team to make rushes on the All Black defence . After 22 minutes East Wales took the lead when a missed drop goal attempt from John was collected by Cardiff wing Frank Wilson for a try . A defensive lapse from the East Wales team allowed an equalising try , but with the score at 3–3 , East Wales dominated the last ten minutes of the match . With the last kick of the match , John had space for one final dropped goal , but his kick sailed inches outside the post . The New Zealanders were glad to escape with the draw and finished the tour without losing a single match . Three days after turning out for East Wales , John and Edwards were paired to face the same New Zealand team , this time played at Twickenham for invitational touring side the Barbarians . The half time result of 3–3 flattered the Barbarians , who were out-played in the forward positions , but the team took the lead early in the second half when a perfect diagonal kick to the corner by John resulted in a try by Englands Bob Lloyd . The Barbarians defended strongly for twenty minutes , but lost to two very late tries . Both John and Edwards were selected for all four matches of the 1968 Five Nations Championship . The first match , away at Twickenham to England , recorded Wales coming from 11–3 down to draw 11 all . Both half-backs were on the score sheet , Edwards with a try , John with one of his trademark dropped goals . After a home win over Scotland , Wales lost to both Ireland and , eventual Championship winners , France . At club level , John finished the season with a total of nine tries and nine dropped goals for Cardiff . 1968 British Lions , the 1969 Triple Crown and Wales tour . John was selected for the British Lions in their tour of South Africa in 1968 , but played in just four games before an injury forced him to return home . He played in three matches against district teams , Western Province , South Western Districts and , all wins for the tourists . He was then selected for the First Test , played at Johannesburg , against the South Africa national team . Johns first Test for the British Lions lasted for only fifteen minutes , when after running for the line he was tackled by Jan Ellis , and John broke his collarbone on landing on the hard ground . John played infrequently for Cardiff during the 1968/69 season , making just 14 appearances . Despite this he was available for all matches in the 1969 Five Nations Championship , again playing in each match paired with Edwards . The Welsh selectors had dropped five players from the previous Championship , and notable debutants in the team to face Scotland at Murrayfield on 1 February 1969 were J.P.R . Williams and Mervyn Davies . John scored his first international try in the encounter after charging down a kick and dummying his way over . Scotland , who were under enormous pressure from the kick-off , lost 17–3 . When Ireland came to the Cardiff Arms Park in March the team was on a seven match unbeaten run , and were looking at taking the Grand Slam after defeating England , France and Scotland . It therefore came as a surprise at the ease with which the Welsh pack dominated . Wales won 24–11 , with Dai Morris the stand-out Welsh player , though John also had one of his best matches , keeping pressure on the Irish with long touch kicks and scoring with a dropped goal . Despite out-scoring France in tries scored , the match at Stade Colombes ended in an 8–8 draw , preventing a Welsh Grand Slam , though a win in the last match to England would give Wales the Championship . The England decider is best remembered for Maurice Richards four tries , but John too was on the scoresheet with a dropped goal and a try of his own . The game finished 30–9 to Wales , giving John his first Championship title and made him a Triple Crown winning player , as Wales had beaten all three other Home Nation teams . Before the end of the season , John took part in his one and only seven-a-side tournament for Cardiff when he participated in the 1969 Snelling Sevens tournament . Cardiff progressed to the final , where they succeeded in beating Johns former club Llanelli . As well as the title , John won the Bill Everson – Player of the Tournament award . With the end of the 1968/69 season , the Welsh Rugby Union sent a team to tour New Zealand and Australia . At half-back , Wales sent John , Edwards , Phil Bennett and Chico Hopkins , but in all three Tests , two against the New Zealand All Blacks and one against Australia , Welsh coach Clive Rowlands kept faith with John and Edwards . The Welsh team were completely overwhelmed by the All Blacks , losing both Tests , 0–19 and 12–33 . A change of tactics by Rowlands , by switching Gerald Davies to the right wing , gave Wales a victory over Australia , and a six try victory over Fiji ( in which John was replaced by Bennett ) on their return to Britain , helped the team gain a warm reception on their return . South Africa , the 1970 Championship and the 1971 Grand Slam . On 13 December 1969 , Cardiff played host to the sixth touring South Africa team . The tour is remembered for the anti-apartheid protests that followed the team , and before the match 1,500 protesters had marched through the Welsh capital . John was unavailable for the encounter having fractured a rib while playing for the Barbarians against an Oxford University Past and Present eleven days earlier . His place was taken by Beverley Davies and Cardiff lost 17–3 . John recovered in time for the South Africa against Wales match on 24 January , and was selected alongside Edwards . The game was played in atrocious muddy conditions , and a last minute try from Edwards snatched a 6–6 draw Both John and Edwards had a substandard game that day , but they combined well in the last move of the game to avoid defeat . A week later on 31 January , John and Edwards faced the South Africans again , this time as part of the Barbarians . The South Africans produced their best play of the tour to come from behind to win 21–12 . There was little rest for the two Cardiff half-backs when on 7 February 1970 they were called back into the Wales team for the first match of the 1970 Five Nations Championship , a home encounter at the Cardiff Arms Park against Scotland . Despite Scotland being 9–0 ahead at one point , Wales took the initiative and scored four tries without reply , winning 18–9 . The England game was John and Edwards fifteenth Wales international together , in an away match which recorded the largest haul of tries for the Welsh team in England since 1908 . John scored one of the tries along with a dropped goal . Due to an injury to Edwards , John finished the game alongside Chico Hopkins . With only Ireland standing in front of a Welsh Triple Crown win , hopes were high , but Ireland , made John and Edwards look ordinary in a 0–14 defeat . John was unavailable for the final game of the tournament to France , his place taken by Phil Bennett . Wales beat France and shared the Championship with the French . The 1971 Five Nations Championship was a new dawn for Welsh rugby . The new National Stadium was completed , and the team now into their Second Golden era were both experienced and talented . John and Edwards played in all four games , starting with an easy win over England . Wales won 22–6 , with John scoring six points from two dropped goals . The second game of the Championship , played against Scotland , was a close encounter , won by Wales 19–18 thanks to a late Gerald Davies try converted by John Taylor . Barry John scored eight of Wales points , with a try , penalty goal and a conversion ; missing only his trademark drop goal to complete a full house of scores . John surpassed his Scotland tally in the next match , a home game against Ireland , scoring 11 points with a dropped goal , conversion and two penalty goals . Seen as one of Wales more accomplished victories , the 23–0 win gave the team a Triple Crown title , and set up a Grand Slam encounter with France . Despite the low score , the 9–5 win over France at Stade Colombes on 27 March was a match of the highest quality . Edwards and John scored all the points in the encounter , Edwards with a try , John a try and a penalty goal . This was Wales first Grand Slam since 1952 and the 1971 squad is seen as the greatest ever to be fielded by Wales . 1971 British Lions . In 1971 , on their tour of New Zealand , John was again selected for the British Lions . With the painful memories of the woeful 1969 Wales Tour to New Zealand , John was determined to succeed with the Lions . Under the management of Doug Smith and the coaching of Carwyn James ( also from Cefneithin ) , John rose to great individual heights with his match-winning performances . Of the 26 tour matches , he played in 17 , only bettered by captain John Dawes and Mighty Mouse prop Ian McLauchlan . By the time of the first Test in Carisbrook , John had faced six teams , including the New South Wales Waratahs and the New Zealand Māori . All six games had been won by the Lions and John had recorded 88 points , including a full house against Waikato . In the First Test John terrorised New Zealands fullback Fergie McCormick with ruthless tactical kicking . The All Blacks were shunted all over the field by John , who was well protected by his forwards , something that he was not afforded with Wales in 1969 . The Lions won the Test 9–3 , six of the Lions points coming from two John penalties ; McCormick never played for the All Blacks again . Before the second Test John played in two more tour matches ; wins over Southland and New Zealand Universities , in which he scored 32 points . In the game against the Universities John scored one of his most famous tries . John dummied a drop-goal before running through the Universities defence , stepping inside the final tackler before touching the ball down under the posts , stunning the home crowd . The second Test , played at Christchurch , finished with the series drawn after New Zealand won 22–12 , John scoring half of the Lions points . In between the second and third Tests , John played in three of the four regional matches , scoring 37 points including two tries in the game against Wairarapa . A win in the third Test was vital to keep the Lions hope of a series win alive . John scored ten points of the 13–3 win , the other three coming from Wales team-mate Gerald Davies . The final Test ended in a 14–14 draw , giving the series to the tourists . John scored eight of the Lions points , having scored in every match , Test and regional , he had played in . It was on this tour that John received the nickname The King from the New Zealand press , though as early as 1965 he remembered being dubbed King John by a newspaper sub-editor while still at Llanelli . He scored 30 of the Lions 48 points over the four Tests , scored a record 191 points across the tour ( 6 tries , 31 conversions , 8 dropped goals and 27 penalties ) and cemented his reputation as one of the games greatest players . 1972 Championship and retirement . Johns final season with Wales ended disappointingly as both Scotland and Wales refused to travel to Ireland due to the increased violence in Northern Ireland and the events of Bloody Sunday . Despite this , John had a good Championship , scoring 35 points in the three games against England , Scotland and France . The opener , away to England , was won 12–3 , with John scoring two penalty goals and converting a J.P.R . Williams try . This was followed by a win over Scotland , in which John played well , converting three of the five Welsh tries and scoring three penalty goals . Johns final international was at home to France . He successfully converted four penalty goals in a 20–6 victory to Wales , and in scoring his final penalty surpassed the Wales international points scoring record of Jack Bancroft set nearly 60 years earlier . The Welsh Rugby Unions refusal to allow travel to Ireland stole the teams possibility of a consecutive Grand Slam title . In 1972 , at the age of only 27 , with 25 Wales caps and five British Lions caps , Barry John retired from the game . John cited the media attention and the unfair expectations of his country as reasons , believing he was living in a goldfish bowl . It is part of rugby folklore that the event that convinced him to retire from rugby was when a young girl curtsied to him outside the opening of an extension to a local bank but in Frank Keatings book The Great Number Tens , John is quoted as saying that it was actually the head cashier who curtsied to him . His 25 caps for Wales resulted in 90 points scored , 5 tries , 9 conversions , 13 penalties and 8 dropped goals . His British Lions career added a further 30 international points , with a single try , 3 conversions , 5 penalties and 2 dropped goals . For Cardiff he played 5 seasons , playing 93 matches , during which he scored 24 tries and 30 dropped goals . His dropped goal total for Cardiff was the clubs second highest total , drawn with Wilf Wooller but short of Percy Bushs tally of 35 . Critical reception . As the authors of the official history of the Welsh Rugby Union , David Smith and Gareth Williams , wrote of him : The clue to an understanding of his achieved style lies in what he could make others do to themselves . The kicking , whether spinning trajectories that rolled away or precise chips or scudding grubbers , was a long-range control , but his running , deft , poised , a fragile illusion that one wrong instant could crack , yet rarely did , was the art of the fly-half at its most testing . He was the dragonfly on the anvil of destruction . John ran in another dimension of time and space . His opponents ran into the glass walls which covered his escape routes from their bewildered clutches . He left mouths , and back rows , agape . Gareth Edwards , in his 1978 autobiography , when describing John , wrote : He had this marvellous easiness in the mind , reducing problems to their simplest form , backing his own talent all the time . One success on the field bred another and soon he gave off a cool superiority which spread to others in the side . Physically he was perfectly made for the job , good and strong from the hips down and firm but slender from the waist to the shoulders . Gerald Davies , who played with John for Wales and the British Lions , in his 1971 autobiography when contrasting Gareth Edwards and Johns different temperaments described Edwards as fiery and impulsive , but John was ...fairer , aloof and apart . Whilst the hustle and bustle went on around him he could divorce himself from it all ; he kept his emotions in check and a careful rein on the surrounding action . The game would go according to his will and no-one elses.. . Rodney Webb , who represented England between 1967 and 1972 , is quoted as saying Barry Johns punting was phenomenal . He could drop the ball on a sixpence and he could do it every time . Webb , who developed the modern rugby ball , believes that John can not be compared to modern kickers because the modern ball is coated in a laminate , has dimpled surfaces , unobtrusive lacing and multi panels . In the seventies the balls soaked up water , swerved all over the place and were placed in the mud and slime when kicking for goal . Barry John came third in the 1971 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award , beaten by winner Princess Anne and runner-up George Best . John was one of the inaugural inductees of the International Rugby Hall of Fame in 1997 and in 1999 was inducted into the Welsh Sports Hall of Fame . In 2015 John was inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame . Amateurism . As an amateur rugby union player John was not paid to play rugby at club or international level . To receive money for playing would have been recognised as an act of professionalism and would have resulted in action from one of the governing unions , normally suspension or a ban . To prevent players switching to professional rugby league , players were given boot money by their clubs or sponsors , named after the early practice of placing money in the players boots . In his 2011 book Addy , Meirion Appleton claimed that in the 1970s he made illegal payments to both John and Gareth Edwards . Appleton claims that before an international match he gave both players envelopes containing money from sportswear manufacturer Adidas . John was never charged with taking illegal payments during his career . Personal history . John was born at Low-land , a smallholding at Cefneithin . He was the second child of William and Vimy John , his brother Delville was three years his senior . John had a further four siblings , Alan , Clive , Madora and Diane . All three of his brothers played rugby . Delville played for Cefneithin , captaining them for two seasons ; Alan progressed from the local club to Llanelli and also toured Argentina with Wales ; while Clive was a Llanelli wing forward who was selected for Wales B . The family went to live at Foelgastell , staying with an uncle and aunt , shortly after Johns birth but returned to Cefneithin when John was two . His early schooling was at Cefneithin Primary , and after failing his 11-Plus he spent a year at Cross Hands senior centre . He passed the entrance exam and was accepted into Gwendraeth Grammar School at Drefach . At eighteen he left grammar school , and was awarded a place at Trinity College , Carmarthen , with ambitions of becoming a teacher . He studied physical education , junior science and horticulture . He left Trinity in the summer of 1967 , and took up a post as a physical education teacher at Monkton House School in Cardiff , a private school for boys between the ages of eight and sixteen . John moved to Cardiff and shared a house with several other rugby players , including former Llanelli team mate Gerald Davies . John quit his position at Monkton House when he toured South Africa in 1968 and never taught again . On his return from Africa , John moved back to his family home at Cefneithin . He spent six weeks unemployed and during this period he considered turning to professional rugby league , almost signing for St Helens R.F.C. . Following an interview with David Coleman for the BBC programme , Sportsnight , in which his jobless situation was discussed , John was offered a job working for Forward Trust , a finance company in Cardiff . When John quit playing rugby in 1972 he also left his job as a finance representative , signing a contract to write a weekly column and cover important matches for the Daily Express . He was also signed to take part in sport programmes presented by HTV , the Wales and West of England commercial television company . In September 1969 , John married Janet Talfan Davies , daughter of Alun Talfan Davies QC , a leading Welsh lawyer . John and Jan had four children ( Kathryn , Lucy , Anna and David ) and as of 2016 , eleven grandchildren ( Emily , Rebecca , Sam , Tom , Ben , Anna , Edward , Will , Gwen , Ella and Charlotte ) ; John and his wife are now separated . In 2009 , he decided to sell his rugby memorabilia , including his Wales caps , stating that he felt no nostalgia towards the items , and the honour of playing for Wales was all that mattered . External links . - Wales profile - Profile at International Rugby Hall of Fame website - Portrait of Barry John by David Griffiths - Profile at sporting-heroes.net - Welsh caps at sporting-heroes.net - Lions profile |
[
"Cardiff RFC"
] | easy | Barry John played for which team in 1971? | /wiki/Barry_John#P54#2 | Barry John Barry John ( born 6 January 1945 ) is a former Welsh rugby union fly-half who played , during the amateur era of the sport , in the 1960s , and early 1970s . John began his rugby career as a schoolboy playing for his local team Cefneithin RFC before switching to first-class west Wales team Llanelli RFC in 1964 . It was while at Llanelli that John was first selected for the Wales national team , a shock selection as a replacement for David Watkins to face a touring Australian team . In 1967 John left Llanelli RFC for Cardiff RFC and here he formed a partnership with Gareth Edwards that became one of the most famous half-back pairings in world rugby . From 1967 , John and Edwards made an inseparable partnership with rugby selectors , being chosen to play together at all levels of the sport , for Cardiff , Wales , the Barbarians and in 1968 for the British Lions tour of South Africa . The 1968 British Lions tour ended prematurely for John when he suffered a broken collarbone in the first Test match against the South African national team . In 1971 the Wales national team entered what is considered their second Golden Age , with a team rich in experience and talent . John was part of the team that won the 1971 Five Nations Championship , the first time Wales had achieved a Grand Slam win since 1952 . He then cemented his reputation as one of the sports greatest players with his pivotal role in the British Lions winning tour over New Zealand in 1971 . On the 1971 tour , John played in all four Tests , playing some of his finest rugby and finishing as the Lions top Test scorer . John won 25 caps for the Wales national team and five for the British Lions . Possessing excellent balance to his running and along with precision kicking made him one of the great players of the modern era . He retired from rugby at the age of 27 , as Wales highest points scorer , citing the pressure of fame and expectation behind his decision . Rugby career . Early career with Llanelli . Barry John was born in Cefneithin , Carmarthenshire in Wales . He was educated at Gwendraeth Grammar School in the Gwendraeth Valley , north of Llanelli . He attended Cefenithin Primary , and there he was fortunate to receive skilled rugby teaching . The headmaster , William John Jones , and teacher Ray Williams , were both former Wales international rugby players . Despite his natural talents , he never played at schoolboy level for Wales , but represented both his school and his local village team , Cefneithin RFC . He once played a game for rival team Pontyberem while still a schoolboy , but John recalls in his autobiography that the local resentment at making such a sporting faux pas ensured he never did so again . While still a teenager attending grammar school , he made his first top-flight rugby appearance for Llanelli , on 4 January 1964 in an encounter with Moseley . Although Llanelli lost the encounter , John scored a try and converted it , and played in four more matches for the Llanelli senior team towards the end of the season . He continued to represent Llanelli while at Trinity College , Carmarthen , and gained a reputation as a kicking fly-half with a penchant for putting over dropped goals . During the 1964/65 season , John began to make an impact on the Welsh club scene . His dropped goal against Aberavon on 26 October 1964 , only 17 games in , was his 11th of the season . John gained more attention the following season . A win over Swansea , where he scored two dropped goals , was described by the Llanelli Star as being down to the genius of one player , Barry John . He almost missed the second away encounter of the season with Swansea when he was held to ransom by his fellow students at Trinity College . He was only released when Llanellis club chairman , Elvet Jones , promised to make a donation to the college Rag . Llanelli won all four fixtures against Swansea that season , John scoring in all of them . As well as his two dropped goals in the first away fixture , he scored another in the second away game and a try in both the home matches at Stradey Park . In the 1965/66 season John was chosen to play in trial matches for the Wales national team . Although he was not picked , he was chosen as reserve to regular fly-half David Watkins . During the 1966/67 season John was again chosen to trial for Wales . One of the trials forced him to miss the second Swansea encounter of the season , played away on 12 November 1966 ; his place in the Llanelli team was given to a youth debutant from the Felinfoel club , Phil Bennett . Bennett became one of the greatest fly-halves produced by Wales , but he was kept from the Wales squad in his early career by the presence of John . In 1966 , John was awarded his first international cap for Wales , taking David Watkins place at fly-half for the match against the touring Australia team . This was seen as a surprise move by the Welsh Rugby Union selectors , as Watkins had recently returned from a British Lions tour where he was team captain . Wales lost to Australia 11–4 , the first time the Welsh had been beaten by the Wallabies , due to poor form in the midfield , with the criticism aimed at John , Gerald Davies and John Dawes . Although experiencing defeat in his first international , John managed to gain revenge over Australia just over a month later when the same team faced Llanelli at Stradey Park . Llanelli beat the Wallabies 11–0 after a bruising forward contest . John himself scored a try , and then added to his tally with a dropped goal . Despite the Wales loss against Australia , the selectors kept faith with John , and he retained his place for the next Wales international . Played away from home , the opener of the 1967 Five Nations Championship against Scotland had him paired at half-back with Cardiffs Billy Hullin . John played badly while carrying a leg injury , and the very next match he was dropped , replaced by the more experienced Watkins . Joining Cardiff . In the 1967/68 season , John left Llanelli and joined Cardiff , where he formed a partnership with Gareth Edwards . Although John and Edwards later became the scourge of New Zealand , their first international pairing had an inauspicious start . On 11 November 1967 , the pair played their first international together , facing Brian Lochores touring New Zealand team . Edwards , like John , had two international games to his name , paired with Watkins in the final two matches of the 1967 Five Nations Championship . John regained his international place after Watkins had switched to professional rugby league just the month before , joining Salford for a club record fee of £16,000 . Wales had an error-strewn game , in a match played in a cutting , rain-laden wind which turned the pitch into a muddy field . Wales captain Norman Gale won the toss and chose to play the first half into the gale , and finished the half 8–0 down . John raised Welsh hopes with an early dropped goal , his first international points , but a panicked blind back pass from Wales number 8 , John Jeffery , gifted Bill Davies an easy try . The game ended 13–6 to New Zealand , with Edwards looking uncomfortable throughout , and Johns kicking inaccurate , there was little to suggest the pair would become one of the great half-back pairings in rugby history . Just over a month after playing for Wales against New Zealand , John faced the tourists again , this time as part of an East Wales team , made up of players from Cardiff , London Welsh and Bridgend . The New Zealand All Blacks were under pressure throughout the match , with John kicking from deep and away from the opposing forwards , allowing his team to make rushes on the All Black defence . After 22 minutes East Wales took the lead when a missed drop goal attempt from John was collected by Cardiff wing Frank Wilson for a try . A defensive lapse from the East Wales team allowed an equalising try , but with the score at 3–3 , East Wales dominated the last ten minutes of the match . With the last kick of the match , John had space for one final dropped goal , but his kick sailed inches outside the post . The New Zealanders were glad to escape with the draw and finished the tour without losing a single match . Three days after turning out for East Wales , John and Edwards were paired to face the same New Zealand team , this time played at Twickenham for invitational touring side the Barbarians . The half time result of 3–3 flattered the Barbarians , who were out-played in the forward positions , but the team took the lead early in the second half when a perfect diagonal kick to the corner by John resulted in a try by Englands Bob Lloyd . The Barbarians defended strongly for twenty minutes , but lost to two very late tries . Both John and Edwards were selected for all four matches of the 1968 Five Nations Championship . The first match , away at Twickenham to England , recorded Wales coming from 11–3 down to draw 11 all . Both half-backs were on the score sheet , Edwards with a try , John with one of his trademark dropped goals . After a home win over Scotland , Wales lost to both Ireland and , eventual Championship winners , France . At club level , John finished the season with a total of nine tries and nine dropped goals for Cardiff . 1968 British Lions , the 1969 Triple Crown and Wales tour . John was selected for the British Lions in their tour of South Africa in 1968 , but played in just four games before an injury forced him to return home . He played in three matches against district teams , Western Province , South Western Districts and , all wins for the tourists . He was then selected for the First Test , played at Johannesburg , against the South Africa national team . Johns first Test for the British Lions lasted for only fifteen minutes , when after running for the line he was tackled by Jan Ellis , and John broke his collarbone on landing on the hard ground . John played infrequently for Cardiff during the 1968/69 season , making just 14 appearances . Despite this he was available for all matches in the 1969 Five Nations Championship , again playing in each match paired with Edwards . The Welsh selectors had dropped five players from the previous Championship , and notable debutants in the team to face Scotland at Murrayfield on 1 February 1969 were J.P.R . Williams and Mervyn Davies . John scored his first international try in the encounter after charging down a kick and dummying his way over . Scotland , who were under enormous pressure from the kick-off , lost 17–3 . When Ireland came to the Cardiff Arms Park in March the team was on a seven match unbeaten run , and were looking at taking the Grand Slam after defeating England , France and Scotland . It therefore came as a surprise at the ease with which the Welsh pack dominated . Wales won 24–11 , with Dai Morris the stand-out Welsh player , though John also had one of his best matches , keeping pressure on the Irish with long touch kicks and scoring with a dropped goal . Despite out-scoring France in tries scored , the match at Stade Colombes ended in an 8–8 draw , preventing a Welsh Grand Slam , though a win in the last match to England would give Wales the Championship . The England decider is best remembered for Maurice Richards four tries , but John too was on the scoresheet with a dropped goal and a try of his own . The game finished 30–9 to Wales , giving John his first Championship title and made him a Triple Crown winning player , as Wales had beaten all three other Home Nation teams . Before the end of the season , John took part in his one and only seven-a-side tournament for Cardiff when he participated in the 1969 Snelling Sevens tournament . Cardiff progressed to the final , where they succeeded in beating Johns former club Llanelli . As well as the title , John won the Bill Everson – Player of the Tournament award . With the end of the 1968/69 season , the Welsh Rugby Union sent a team to tour New Zealand and Australia . At half-back , Wales sent John , Edwards , Phil Bennett and Chico Hopkins , but in all three Tests , two against the New Zealand All Blacks and one against Australia , Welsh coach Clive Rowlands kept faith with John and Edwards . The Welsh team were completely overwhelmed by the All Blacks , losing both Tests , 0–19 and 12–33 . A change of tactics by Rowlands , by switching Gerald Davies to the right wing , gave Wales a victory over Australia , and a six try victory over Fiji ( in which John was replaced by Bennett ) on their return to Britain , helped the team gain a warm reception on their return . South Africa , the 1970 Championship and the 1971 Grand Slam . On 13 December 1969 , Cardiff played host to the sixth touring South Africa team . The tour is remembered for the anti-apartheid protests that followed the team , and before the match 1,500 protesters had marched through the Welsh capital . John was unavailable for the encounter having fractured a rib while playing for the Barbarians against an Oxford University Past and Present eleven days earlier . His place was taken by Beverley Davies and Cardiff lost 17–3 . John recovered in time for the South Africa against Wales match on 24 January , and was selected alongside Edwards . The game was played in atrocious muddy conditions , and a last minute try from Edwards snatched a 6–6 draw Both John and Edwards had a substandard game that day , but they combined well in the last move of the game to avoid defeat . A week later on 31 January , John and Edwards faced the South Africans again , this time as part of the Barbarians . The South Africans produced their best play of the tour to come from behind to win 21–12 . There was little rest for the two Cardiff half-backs when on 7 February 1970 they were called back into the Wales team for the first match of the 1970 Five Nations Championship , a home encounter at the Cardiff Arms Park against Scotland . Despite Scotland being 9–0 ahead at one point , Wales took the initiative and scored four tries without reply , winning 18–9 . The England game was John and Edwards fifteenth Wales international together , in an away match which recorded the largest haul of tries for the Welsh team in England since 1908 . John scored one of the tries along with a dropped goal . Due to an injury to Edwards , John finished the game alongside Chico Hopkins . With only Ireland standing in front of a Welsh Triple Crown win , hopes were high , but Ireland , made John and Edwards look ordinary in a 0–14 defeat . John was unavailable for the final game of the tournament to France , his place taken by Phil Bennett . Wales beat France and shared the Championship with the French . The 1971 Five Nations Championship was a new dawn for Welsh rugby . The new National Stadium was completed , and the team now into their Second Golden era were both experienced and talented . John and Edwards played in all four games , starting with an easy win over England . Wales won 22–6 , with John scoring six points from two dropped goals . The second game of the Championship , played against Scotland , was a close encounter , won by Wales 19–18 thanks to a late Gerald Davies try converted by John Taylor . Barry John scored eight of Wales points , with a try , penalty goal and a conversion ; missing only his trademark drop goal to complete a full house of scores . John surpassed his Scotland tally in the next match , a home game against Ireland , scoring 11 points with a dropped goal , conversion and two penalty goals . Seen as one of Wales more accomplished victories , the 23–0 win gave the team a Triple Crown title , and set up a Grand Slam encounter with France . Despite the low score , the 9–5 win over France at Stade Colombes on 27 March was a match of the highest quality . Edwards and John scored all the points in the encounter , Edwards with a try , John a try and a penalty goal . This was Wales first Grand Slam since 1952 and the 1971 squad is seen as the greatest ever to be fielded by Wales . 1971 British Lions . In 1971 , on their tour of New Zealand , John was again selected for the British Lions . With the painful memories of the woeful 1969 Wales Tour to New Zealand , John was determined to succeed with the Lions . Under the management of Doug Smith and the coaching of Carwyn James ( also from Cefneithin ) , John rose to great individual heights with his match-winning performances . Of the 26 tour matches , he played in 17 , only bettered by captain John Dawes and Mighty Mouse prop Ian McLauchlan . By the time of the first Test in Carisbrook , John had faced six teams , including the New South Wales Waratahs and the New Zealand Māori . All six games had been won by the Lions and John had recorded 88 points , including a full house against Waikato . In the First Test John terrorised New Zealands fullback Fergie McCormick with ruthless tactical kicking . The All Blacks were shunted all over the field by John , who was well protected by his forwards , something that he was not afforded with Wales in 1969 . The Lions won the Test 9–3 , six of the Lions points coming from two John penalties ; McCormick never played for the All Blacks again . Before the second Test John played in two more tour matches ; wins over Southland and New Zealand Universities , in which he scored 32 points . In the game against the Universities John scored one of his most famous tries . John dummied a drop-goal before running through the Universities defence , stepping inside the final tackler before touching the ball down under the posts , stunning the home crowd . The second Test , played at Christchurch , finished with the series drawn after New Zealand won 22–12 , John scoring half of the Lions points . In between the second and third Tests , John played in three of the four regional matches , scoring 37 points including two tries in the game against Wairarapa . A win in the third Test was vital to keep the Lions hope of a series win alive . John scored ten points of the 13–3 win , the other three coming from Wales team-mate Gerald Davies . The final Test ended in a 14–14 draw , giving the series to the tourists . John scored eight of the Lions points , having scored in every match , Test and regional , he had played in . It was on this tour that John received the nickname The King from the New Zealand press , though as early as 1965 he remembered being dubbed King John by a newspaper sub-editor while still at Llanelli . He scored 30 of the Lions 48 points over the four Tests , scored a record 191 points across the tour ( 6 tries , 31 conversions , 8 dropped goals and 27 penalties ) and cemented his reputation as one of the games greatest players . 1972 Championship and retirement . Johns final season with Wales ended disappointingly as both Scotland and Wales refused to travel to Ireland due to the increased violence in Northern Ireland and the events of Bloody Sunday . Despite this , John had a good Championship , scoring 35 points in the three games against England , Scotland and France . The opener , away to England , was won 12–3 , with John scoring two penalty goals and converting a J.P.R . Williams try . This was followed by a win over Scotland , in which John played well , converting three of the five Welsh tries and scoring three penalty goals . Johns final international was at home to France . He successfully converted four penalty goals in a 20–6 victory to Wales , and in scoring his final penalty surpassed the Wales international points scoring record of Jack Bancroft set nearly 60 years earlier . The Welsh Rugby Unions refusal to allow travel to Ireland stole the teams possibility of a consecutive Grand Slam title . In 1972 , at the age of only 27 , with 25 Wales caps and five British Lions caps , Barry John retired from the game . John cited the media attention and the unfair expectations of his country as reasons , believing he was living in a goldfish bowl . It is part of rugby folklore that the event that convinced him to retire from rugby was when a young girl curtsied to him outside the opening of an extension to a local bank but in Frank Keatings book The Great Number Tens , John is quoted as saying that it was actually the head cashier who curtsied to him . His 25 caps for Wales resulted in 90 points scored , 5 tries , 9 conversions , 13 penalties and 8 dropped goals . His British Lions career added a further 30 international points , with a single try , 3 conversions , 5 penalties and 2 dropped goals . For Cardiff he played 5 seasons , playing 93 matches , during which he scored 24 tries and 30 dropped goals . His dropped goal total for Cardiff was the clubs second highest total , drawn with Wilf Wooller but short of Percy Bushs tally of 35 . Critical reception . As the authors of the official history of the Welsh Rugby Union , David Smith and Gareth Williams , wrote of him : The clue to an understanding of his achieved style lies in what he could make others do to themselves . The kicking , whether spinning trajectories that rolled away or precise chips or scudding grubbers , was a long-range control , but his running , deft , poised , a fragile illusion that one wrong instant could crack , yet rarely did , was the art of the fly-half at its most testing . He was the dragonfly on the anvil of destruction . John ran in another dimension of time and space . His opponents ran into the glass walls which covered his escape routes from their bewildered clutches . He left mouths , and back rows , agape . Gareth Edwards , in his 1978 autobiography , when describing John , wrote : He had this marvellous easiness in the mind , reducing problems to their simplest form , backing his own talent all the time . One success on the field bred another and soon he gave off a cool superiority which spread to others in the side . Physically he was perfectly made for the job , good and strong from the hips down and firm but slender from the waist to the shoulders . Gerald Davies , who played with John for Wales and the British Lions , in his 1971 autobiography when contrasting Gareth Edwards and Johns different temperaments described Edwards as fiery and impulsive , but John was ...fairer , aloof and apart . Whilst the hustle and bustle went on around him he could divorce himself from it all ; he kept his emotions in check and a careful rein on the surrounding action . The game would go according to his will and no-one elses.. . Rodney Webb , who represented England between 1967 and 1972 , is quoted as saying Barry Johns punting was phenomenal . He could drop the ball on a sixpence and he could do it every time . Webb , who developed the modern rugby ball , believes that John can not be compared to modern kickers because the modern ball is coated in a laminate , has dimpled surfaces , unobtrusive lacing and multi panels . In the seventies the balls soaked up water , swerved all over the place and were placed in the mud and slime when kicking for goal . Barry John came third in the 1971 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award , beaten by winner Princess Anne and runner-up George Best . John was one of the inaugural inductees of the International Rugby Hall of Fame in 1997 and in 1999 was inducted into the Welsh Sports Hall of Fame . In 2015 John was inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame . Amateurism . As an amateur rugby union player John was not paid to play rugby at club or international level . To receive money for playing would have been recognised as an act of professionalism and would have resulted in action from one of the governing unions , normally suspension or a ban . To prevent players switching to professional rugby league , players were given boot money by their clubs or sponsors , named after the early practice of placing money in the players boots . In his 2011 book Addy , Meirion Appleton claimed that in the 1970s he made illegal payments to both John and Gareth Edwards . Appleton claims that before an international match he gave both players envelopes containing money from sportswear manufacturer Adidas . John was never charged with taking illegal payments during his career . Personal history . John was born at Low-land , a smallholding at Cefneithin . He was the second child of William and Vimy John , his brother Delville was three years his senior . John had a further four siblings , Alan , Clive , Madora and Diane . All three of his brothers played rugby . Delville played for Cefneithin , captaining them for two seasons ; Alan progressed from the local club to Llanelli and also toured Argentina with Wales ; while Clive was a Llanelli wing forward who was selected for Wales B . The family went to live at Foelgastell , staying with an uncle and aunt , shortly after Johns birth but returned to Cefneithin when John was two . His early schooling was at Cefneithin Primary , and after failing his 11-Plus he spent a year at Cross Hands senior centre . He passed the entrance exam and was accepted into Gwendraeth Grammar School at Drefach . At eighteen he left grammar school , and was awarded a place at Trinity College , Carmarthen , with ambitions of becoming a teacher . He studied physical education , junior science and horticulture . He left Trinity in the summer of 1967 , and took up a post as a physical education teacher at Monkton House School in Cardiff , a private school for boys between the ages of eight and sixteen . John moved to Cardiff and shared a house with several other rugby players , including former Llanelli team mate Gerald Davies . John quit his position at Monkton House when he toured South Africa in 1968 and never taught again . On his return from Africa , John moved back to his family home at Cefneithin . He spent six weeks unemployed and during this period he considered turning to professional rugby league , almost signing for St Helens R.F.C. . Following an interview with David Coleman for the BBC programme , Sportsnight , in which his jobless situation was discussed , John was offered a job working for Forward Trust , a finance company in Cardiff . When John quit playing rugby in 1972 he also left his job as a finance representative , signing a contract to write a weekly column and cover important matches for the Daily Express . He was also signed to take part in sport programmes presented by HTV , the Wales and West of England commercial television company . In September 1969 , John married Janet Talfan Davies , daughter of Alun Talfan Davies QC , a leading Welsh lawyer . John and Jan had four children ( Kathryn , Lucy , Anna and David ) and as of 2016 , eleven grandchildren ( Emily , Rebecca , Sam , Tom , Ben , Anna , Edward , Will , Gwen , Ella and Charlotte ) ; John and his wife are now separated . In 2009 , he decided to sell his rugby memorabilia , including his Wales caps , stating that he felt no nostalgia towards the items , and the honour of playing for Wales was all that mattered . External links . - Wales profile - Profile at International Rugby Hall of Fame website - Portrait of Barry John by David Griffiths - Profile at sporting-heroes.net - Welsh caps at sporting-heroes.net - Lions profile |
[
"California Seals",
"Oakland Oaks",
"Bay Bombers"
] | easy | Who was the occupant of Oakland Arena from 1967 to 1971? | /wiki/Oakland_Arena#P466#0 | Oakland Arena Oakland Arena is an indoor arena located in Oakland , California , United States . From its opening in 1966 until 1996 , it was known as the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena . After a major renovation completed in 1997 , the arena was renamed The Arena in Oakland until 2005 and Oracle Arena from 2006 to 2019 . It is often referred to as the Oakland Coliseum Arena as it is located adjacent to RingCentral Coliseum . Oakland Arena seats 19,596 fans for basketball . History . Home franchises . The arena was the home of the Golden State Warriors from 1971 to 2019 ; for the 1996–97 season , however , the team played at San Jose Arena while Oakland Arena underwent extensive renovations . The California Golden Bears of the Pac-10 played the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons at the arena while their primary home , Harmon Gym , was being renovated into Haas Pavilion . For some years before then , the Bears played occasional games against popular non-conference opponents at the arena . The Oracle Arena has hosted games of the NBA Finals in 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , and 2019 , where the Warriors won the NBA championship in 2015 , 2017 , and 2018 . That 2015 title was the first time since 1975 the Warriors won the title ; however , Games 2 and 3 of the 1975 NBA Finals were played at the Cow Palace in San Francisco , as the Coliseum was unavailable at the time . The 2017 championship was the first time that a San Francisco-area team won a title in their home venue since the Oakland Athletics in the 1974 World Series . The arenas first tenants were the California Seals of the Western Hockey League , who moved across the bay from the Cow Palace in 1966 . The owners of the San Francisco Seals had been awarded an expansion franchise in the National Hockey League , on the condition they move out of the Cow Palace and into the then-new Oakland Coliseum Arena . The team changed its operating name from San Francisco Seals to California Seals in order to draw fans from both San Francisco and Oakland . The California Golden Seals continued to play at the arena after having transferred to the NHL , until the team moved to Cleveland after the 1975–76 NHL season . The Coliseum hosted the American Basketball Associations Oakland Oaks ( 1967–1969 ) , a charter member of the new ABA in 1967 . The Oaks signed San Francisco Warriors star Rick Barry away from the rival National Basketball Association in 1968 . The team was owned by entertainer Pat Boone and also had stars Larry Brown and Doug Moe on its roster . Brown and Barry are in the Basketball Hall of Fame . After a 22–56 record in their first season , the Oaks went 60–18 during the regular season in 1968–69 . The Oaks then defeated the Denver Rockets , New Orleans Buccaneers and finally the Indiana Pacers in the playoffs to capture the ABA Championship . However , the team was plagued by poor attendance and Boone sold the team following their ABA Championship . They were relocated to Washington and became the Washington Caps . The Bay Bombers ( Roller Derby , 1966–1973 ) as well as the Golden Bay Earthquakes of the original MISL during the 1982–83 season and the Oakland Skates , a professional roller hockey team active from 1993 to 1995 , all played there . WWE also holds professional wrestling shows at the arena . In 2022 , the Oakland Panthers of the Indoor Football League , co-owned by NFL All-Pro and Oakland native Marshawn Lynch , will begin play at the Oakland Arena . Renovation . Over three decades , the arena grew outdated , lacking the luxuries of newer ones . With just over 15,000 seats , it was one of the smallest venues in the league . Rather than building a new arena in Oakland , San Francisco or San Jose , the decision was made to proceed with a US$121 million renovation that involved tearing out much of interior and building a new seating bowl within the existing structure . The original walls , roof and foundation remained intact , similar to the rebuild of Climate Pledge Arena in Seattle . The renovation began in mid-1996 and was completed in time for the Warriors return in the fall of 1997 ( they played the 1996–97 season at the San Jose Arena , now the SAP Center at San Jose , home of the NHLs Sharks ) . Included in the renovation was a new center overhead LED scoreboard and 360-degree fascia display . The new configuration seats 19,596 for basketball . Oracle naming rights deal . On October 20 , 2006 , the Golden State Warriors and Oracle Corporation announced that the Oakland Arena would be known as Oracle Arena for a 10-year term . A press conference was held on October 30 . The O , as it is referred to , continued to be managed by Oakland–Alameda County Authority ( JPA ) and SMG . The JPA approved the deal at its November 10 meeting . After the Warriors resurgence since the 2012–13 season until the 2018–19 season , Oracle Arena was reckoned as one of the loudest arenas in the NBA . It was often called Roaracle because of the painfully high decibel levels sometimes generated at Warriors games . Shortly after the Warriors moved to San Francisco in 2019 , the arena reverted to its old Oakland Arena moniker . Attendance records . On May 13 , 2007 , 20,679 fans watched the Warriors lose to the Utah Jazz 115–101 in Game 4 of the Western Conference semifinals . This was the highest attendance in the Warriors 61-year history . That record lasted until December 14 , 2007 , when the Warriors hosted the Los Angeles Lakers and packed 20,705 into the Arena to set a new franchise attendance record . The record was again broken on February 20 , 2008 , when the arena hosted 20,711 for the Warriors-Celtics game . This record was set yet again on April 10 , 2008 , when Oracle Arena hosted 20,737 fans in a Warriors loss to the Denver Nuggets . By the end of the 2016–17 regular season , Oracle had sold out 230 consecutive home games , a streak that continued throughout the teams playoff run . Oracle drew over 18,000 people per game for 12 straight seasons . Concerts . Frank Sinatra performed at the Coliseum for a fundraising rally for Hubert Humphreys presidential campaign on 22 May 1968 . Elvis Presley kicked off his second tour of 1970 at the Coliseum on November 10 , 1970 . He would return again on November 11 , 1972 . Marvin Gaye made his official return to live performing and touring at the Coliseum Arena on January 4 , 1974 and this show was the basis for his 1 million-selling live album , Marvin Gaye Live ! At the time , music industry executives cited the tour as a heralded event as Gaye made a comeback to live touring nearly 4 years after the death of his late singing partner Tammi Terrell . Parliament-Funkadelic recorded half the album at the Oakland Coliseum Arena on January 21 , 1977 . The album was released in April of that year . Queen performed concerts at the Oakland Coliseum Arena in 1978 and 1980 , during their Jazz and Game Tours , respectively . Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin and Sammy Davis Jr . opened their Together Again Tour at the Coliseum on 13 March 1988 . Nirvana performed concert at the Oakland Coliseum Arena in 1993 , during their In Utero Tour . In 2010 , James Taylor and Carole King performed at the arena as part of their Troubadour Reunion Tour . Adele performed at the arena during her Adele Live 2016 tour on August 2 , 2016 . KISS , an American rock band , played their final concert in the Bay Area with David Lee Roth of Van Halen on March 6 , 2020 . The Grateful Dead . The Grateful Dead played more concerts at this venue than at any other , with 66 shows between 1979 and 1995 , and their December 16 , 1992 concert at the arena was released as Dicks Picks Volume 27 , along with bonus tracks from their December 17 , 1992 concert at the arena . Warriors move across the Bay . Early in 2013 , the Warriors announced they would build a new arena in San Francisco and move back to the city . It was originally suggested that the arena would be built on the decaying sites of Piers 30–32 near the foot of the Bay Bridge , but the plan was met with opposition due to concerns about traffic , environmental impacts and obstruction of views . In April 2014 , the Warriors purchased 12-acres in Mission Bay as the site for a new 18,000-seat arena planned to open for the 2018–19 NBA season . The new location eliminated the need for voter approval , which would have been required for the original site , though it had been unanimously approved by the San Francisco Supervisors in November 2012 . Because of delays due to litigation filed by arena opponents the opening season was pushed to the start of the 2019–20 NBA season . The new arena was named the Chase Center . On January 9 , 2019 , the San Francisco Giants announced that their home AT&T Park would be renamed Oracle Park , with the Oracle naming rights moving there from the arena . The Golden State Warriors played their final regular season game at Oracle Arena on April 7 , 2019 with a 131–104 win over the Los Angeles Clippers . Notably , the team decided to wear their 2006-07 We Believe uniforms for that game , with the uniform choice not being revealed at any point beforehand until the Warriors players took off their warm-up uniforms shortly before tip-off , much to the delight of the home crowd . The Warriors played their final playoff game at Oracle Arena on June 13 , 2019 , a 114–110 loss to the Toronto Raptors in Game 6 of the NBA Finals . The loss ended the Warriors quest for a third consecutive NBA championship . The court from that Finals Game now sits at the Ian Stewart Complex in Victoria , BC , Canada . The arena remains open under the new name Oakland Arena . Seating capacity . The seating capacity for basketball has expanded from 13,000 to 19,000 in over a half-century of use : |
[
"California Seals",
"Golden State Warriors"
] | easy | Who occupied Oakland Arena from 1971 to 1976? | /wiki/Oakland_Arena#P466#1 | Oakland Arena Oakland Arena is an indoor arena located in Oakland , California , United States . From its opening in 1966 until 1996 , it was known as the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena . After a major renovation completed in 1997 , the arena was renamed The Arena in Oakland until 2005 and Oracle Arena from 2006 to 2019 . It is often referred to as the Oakland Coliseum Arena as it is located adjacent to RingCentral Coliseum . Oakland Arena seats 19,596 fans for basketball . History . Home franchises . The arena was the home of the Golden State Warriors from 1971 to 2019 ; for the 1996–97 season , however , the team played at San Jose Arena while Oakland Arena underwent extensive renovations . The California Golden Bears of the Pac-10 played the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons at the arena while their primary home , Harmon Gym , was being renovated into Haas Pavilion . For some years before then , the Bears played occasional games against popular non-conference opponents at the arena . The Oracle Arena has hosted games of the NBA Finals in 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , and 2019 , where the Warriors won the NBA championship in 2015 , 2017 , and 2018 . That 2015 title was the first time since 1975 the Warriors won the title ; however , Games 2 and 3 of the 1975 NBA Finals were played at the Cow Palace in San Francisco , as the Coliseum was unavailable at the time . The 2017 championship was the first time that a San Francisco-area team won a title in their home venue since the Oakland Athletics in the 1974 World Series . The arenas first tenants were the California Seals of the Western Hockey League , who moved across the bay from the Cow Palace in 1966 . The owners of the San Francisco Seals had been awarded an expansion franchise in the National Hockey League , on the condition they move out of the Cow Palace and into the then-new Oakland Coliseum Arena . The team changed its operating name from San Francisco Seals to California Seals in order to draw fans from both San Francisco and Oakland . The California Golden Seals continued to play at the arena after having transferred to the NHL , until the team moved to Cleveland after the 1975–76 NHL season . The Coliseum hosted the American Basketball Associations Oakland Oaks ( 1967–1969 ) , a charter member of the new ABA in 1967 . The Oaks signed San Francisco Warriors star Rick Barry away from the rival National Basketball Association in 1968 . The team was owned by entertainer Pat Boone and also had stars Larry Brown and Doug Moe on its roster . Brown and Barry are in the Basketball Hall of Fame . After a 22–56 record in their first season , the Oaks went 60–18 during the regular season in 1968–69 . The Oaks then defeated the Denver Rockets , New Orleans Buccaneers and finally the Indiana Pacers in the playoffs to capture the ABA Championship . However , the team was plagued by poor attendance and Boone sold the team following their ABA Championship . They were relocated to Washington and became the Washington Caps . The Bay Bombers ( Roller Derby , 1966–1973 ) as well as the Golden Bay Earthquakes of the original MISL during the 1982–83 season and the Oakland Skates , a professional roller hockey team active from 1993 to 1995 , all played there . WWE also holds professional wrestling shows at the arena . In 2022 , the Oakland Panthers of the Indoor Football League , co-owned by NFL All-Pro and Oakland native Marshawn Lynch , will begin play at the Oakland Arena . Renovation . Over three decades , the arena grew outdated , lacking the luxuries of newer ones . With just over 15,000 seats , it was one of the smallest venues in the league . Rather than building a new arena in Oakland , San Francisco or San Jose , the decision was made to proceed with a US$121 million renovation that involved tearing out much of interior and building a new seating bowl within the existing structure . The original walls , roof and foundation remained intact , similar to the rebuild of Climate Pledge Arena in Seattle . The renovation began in mid-1996 and was completed in time for the Warriors return in the fall of 1997 ( they played the 1996–97 season at the San Jose Arena , now the SAP Center at San Jose , home of the NHLs Sharks ) . Included in the renovation was a new center overhead LED scoreboard and 360-degree fascia display . The new configuration seats 19,596 for basketball . Oracle naming rights deal . On October 20 , 2006 , the Golden State Warriors and Oracle Corporation announced that the Oakland Arena would be known as Oracle Arena for a 10-year term . A press conference was held on October 30 . The O , as it is referred to , continued to be managed by Oakland–Alameda County Authority ( JPA ) and SMG . The JPA approved the deal at its November 10 meeting . After the Warriors resurgence since the 2012–13 season until the 2018–19 season , Oracle Arena was reckoned as one of the loudest arenas in the NBA . It was often called Roaracle because of the painfully high decibel levels sometimes generated at Warriors games . Shortly after the Warriors moved to San Francisco in 2019 , the arena reverted to its old Oakland Arena moniker . Attendance records . On May 13 , 2007 , 20,679 fans watched the Warriors lose to the Utah Jazz 115–101 in Game 4 of the Western Conference semifinals . This was the highest attendance in the Warriors 61-year history . That record lasted until December 14 , 2007 , when the Warriors hosted the Los Angeles Lakers and packed 20,705 into the Arena to set a new franchise attendance record . The record was again broken on February 20 , 2008 , when the arena hosted 20,711 for the Warriors-Celtics game . This record was set yet again on April 10 , 2008 , when Oracle Arena hosted 20,737 fans in a Warriors loss to the Denver Nuggets . By the end of the 2016–17 regular season , Oracle had sold out 230 consecutive home games , a streak that continued throughout the teams playoff run . Oracle drew over 18,000 people per game for 12 straight seasons . Concerts . Frank Sinatra performed at the Coliseum for a fundraising rally for Hubert Humphreys presidential campaign on 22 May 1968 . Elvis Presley kicked off his second tour of 1970 at the Coliseum on November 10 , 1970 . He would return again on November 11 , 1972 . Marvin Gaye made his official return to live performing and touring at the Coliseum Arena on January 4 , 1974 and this show was the basis for his 1 million-selling live album , Marvin Gaye Live ! At the time , music industry executives cited the tour as a heralded event as Gaye made a comeback to live touring nearly 4 years after the death of his late singing partner Tammi Terrell . Parliament-Funkadelic recorded half the album at the Oakland Coliseum Arena on January 21 , 1977 . The album was released in April of that year . Queen performed concerts at the Oakland Coliseum Arena in 1978 and 1980 , during their Jazz and Game Tours , respectively . Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin and Sammy Davis Jr . opened their Together Again Tour at the Coliseum on 13 March 1988 . Nirvana performed concert at the Oakland Coliseum Arena in 1993 , during their In Utero Tour . In 2010 , James Taylor and Carole King performed at the arena as part of their Troubadour Reunion Tour . Adele performed at the arena during her Adele Live 2016 tour on August 2 , 2016 . KISS , an American rock band , played their final concert in the Bay Area with David Lee Roth of Van Halen on March 6 , 2020 . The Grateful Dead . The Grateful Dead played more concerts at this venue than at any other , with 66 shows between 1979 and 1995 , and their December 16 , 1992 concert at the arena was released as Dicks Picks Volume 27 , along with bonus tracks from their December 17 , 1992 concert at the arena . Warriors move across the Bay . Early in 2013 , the Warriors announced they would build a new arena in San Francisco and move back to the city . It was originally suggested that the arena would be built on the decaying sites of Piers 30–32 near the foot of the Bay Bridge , but the plan was met with opposition due to concerns about traffic , environmental impacts and obstruction of views . In April 2014 , the Warriors purchased 12-acres in Mission Bay as the site for a new 18,000-seat arena planned to open for the 2018–19 NBA season . The new location eliminated the need for voter approval , which would have been required for the original site , though it had been unanimously approved by the San Francisco Supervisors in November 2012 . Because of delays due to litigation filed by arena opponents the opening season was pushed to the start of the 2019–20 NBA season . The new arena was named the Chase Center . On January 9 , 2019 , the San Francisco Giants announced that their home AT&T Park would be renamed Oracle Park , with the Oracle naming rights moving there from the arena . The Golden State Warriors played their final regular season game at Oracle Arena on April 7 , 2019 with a 131–104 win over the Los Angeles Clippers . Notably , the team decided to wear their 2006-07 We Believe uniforms for that game , with the uniform choice not being revealed at any point beforehand until the Warriors players took off their warm-up uniforms shortly before tip-off , much to the delight of the home crowd . The Warriors played their final playoff game at Oracle Arena on June 13 , 2019 , a 114–110 loss to the Toronto Raptors in Game 6 of the NBA Finals . The loss ended the Warriors quest for a third consecutive NBA championship . The court from that Finals Game now sits at the Ian Stewart Complex in Victoria , BC , Canada . The arena remains open under the new name Oakland Arena . Seating capacity . The seating capacity for basketball has expanded from 13,000 to 19,000 in over a half-century of use : |
[
"Golden State Warriors"
] | easy | Who occupied Oakland Arena in 1976? | /wiki/Oakland_Arena#P466#2 | Oakland Arena Oakland Arena is an indoor arena located in Oakland , California , United States . From its opening in 1966 until 1996 , it was known as the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena . After a major renovation completed in 1997 , the arena was renamed The Arena in Oakland until 2005 and Oracle Arena from 2006 to 2019 . It is often referred to as the Oakland Coliseum Arena as it is located adjacent to RingCentral Coliseum . Oakland Arena seats 19,596 fans for basketball . History . Home franchises . The arena was the home of the Golden State Warriors from 1971 to 2019 ; for the 1996–97 season , however , the team played at San Jose Arena while Oakland Arena underwent extensive renovations . The California Golden Bears of the Pac-10 played the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons at the arena while their primary home , Harmon Gym , was being renovated into Haas Pavilion . For some years before then , the Bears played occasional games against popular non-conference opponents at the arena . The Oracle Arena has hosted games of the NBA Finals in 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , and 2019 , where the Warriors won the NBA championship in 2015 , 2017 , and 2018 . That 2015 title was the first time since 1975 the Warriors won the title ; however , Games 2 and 3 of the 1975 NBA Finals were played at the Cow Palace in San Francisco , as the Coliseum was unavailable at the time . The 2017 championship was the first time that a San Francisco-area team won a title in their home venue since the Oakland Athletics in the 1974 World Series . The arenas first tenants were the California Seals of the Western Hockey League , who moved across the bay from the Cow Palace in 1966 . The owners of the San Francisco Seals had been awarded an expansion franchise in the National Hockey League , on the condition they move out of the Cow Palace and into the then-new Oakland Coliseum Arena . The team changed its operating name from San Francisco Seals to California Seals in order to draw fans from both San Francisco and Oakland . The California Golden Seals continued to play at the arena after having transferred to the NHL , until the team moved to Cleveland after the 1975–76 NHL season . The Coliseum hosted the American Basketball Associations Oakland Oaks ( 1967–1969 ) , a charter member of the new ABA in 1967 . The Oaks signed San Francisco Warriors star Rick Barry away from the rival National Basketball Association in 1968 . The team was owned by entertainer Pat Boone and also had stars Larry Brown and Doug Moe on its roster . Brown and Barry are in the Basketball Hall of Fame . After a 22–56 record in their first season , the Oaks went 60–18 during the regular season in 1968–69 . The Oaks then defeated the Denver Rockets , New Orleans Buccaneers and finally the Indiana Pacers in the playoffs to capture the ABA Championship . However , the team was plagued by poor attendance and Boone sold the team following their ABA Championship . They were relocated to Washington and became the Washington Caps . The Bay Bombers ( Roller Derby , 1966–1973 ) as well as the Golden Bay Earthquakes of the original MISL during the 1982–83 season and the Oakland Skates , a professional roller hockey team active from 1993 to 1995 , all played there . WWE also holds professional wrestling shows at the arena . In 2022 , the Oakland Panthers of the Indoor Football League , co-owned by NFL All-Pro and Oakland native Marshawn Lynch , will begin play at the Oakland Arena . Renovation . Over three decades , the arena grew outdated , lacking the luxuries of newer ones . With just over 15,000 seats , it was one of the smallest venues in the league . Rather than building a new arena in Oakland , San Francisco or San Jose , the decision was made to proceed with a US$121 million renovation that involved tearing out much of interior and building a new seating bowl within the existing structure . The original walls , roof and foundation remained intact , similar to the rebuild of Climate Pledge Arena in Seattle . The renovation began in mid-1996 and was completed in time for the Warriors return in the fall of 1997 ( they played the 1996–97 season at the San Jose Arena , now the SAP Center at San Jose , home of the NHLs Sharks ) . Included in the renovation was a new center overhead LED scoreboard and 360-degree fascia display . The new configuration seats 19,596 for basketball . Oracle naming rights deal . On October 20 , 2006 , the Golden State Warriors and Oracle Corporation announced that the Oakland Arena would be known as Oracle Arena for a 10-year term . A press conference was held on October 30 . The O , as it is referred to , continued to be managed by Oakland–Alameda County Authority ( JPA ) and SMG . The JPA approved the deal at its November 10 meeting . After the Warriors resurgence since the 2012–13 season until the 2018–19 season , Oracle Arena was reckoned as one of the loudest arenas in the NBA . It was often called Roaracle because of the painfully high decibel levels sometimes generated at Warriors games . Shortly after the Warriors moved to San Francisco in 2019 , the arena reverted to its old Oakland Arena moniker . Attendance records . On May 13 , 2007 , 20,679 fans watched the Warriors lose to the Utah Jazz 115–101 in Game 4 of the Western Conference semifinals . This was the highest attendance in the Warriors 61-year history . That record lasted until December 14 , 2007 , when the Warriors hosted the Los Angeles Lakers and packed 20,705 into the Arena to set a new franchise attendance record . The record was again broken on February 20 , 2008 , when the arena hosted 20,711 for the Warriors-Celtics game . This record was set yet again on April 10 , 2008 , when Oracle Arena hosted 20,737 fans in a Warriors loss to the Denver Nuggets . By the end of the 2016–17 regular season , Oracle had sold out 230 consecutive home games , a streak that continued throughout the teams playoff run . Oracle drew over 18,000 people per game for 12 straight seasons . Concerts . Frank Sinatra performed at the Coliseum for a fundraising rally for Hubert Humphreys presidential campaign on 22 May 1968 . Elvis Presley kicked off his second tour of 1970 at the Coliseum on November 10 , 1970 . He would return again on November 11 , 1972 . Marvin Gaye made his official return to live performing and touring at the Coliseum Arena on January 4 , 1974 and this show was the basis for his 1 million-selling live album , Marvin Gaye Live ! At the time , music industry executives cited the tour as a heralded event as Gaye made a comeback to live touring nearly 4 years after the death of his late singing partner Tammi Terrell . Parliament-Funkadelic recorded half the album at the Oakland Coliseum Arena on January 21 , 1977 . The album was released in April of that year . Queen performed concerts at the Oakland Coliseum Arena in 1978 and 1980 , during their Jazz and Game Tours , respectively . Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin and Sammy Davis Jr . opened their Together Again Tour at the Coliseum on 13 March 1988 . Nirvana performed concert at the Oakland Coliseum Arena in 1993 , during their In Utero Tour . In 2010 , James Taylor and Carole King performed at the arena as part of their Troubadour Reunion Tour . Adele performed at the arena during her Adele Live 2016 tour on August 2 , 2016 . KISS , an American rock band , played their final concert in the Bay Area with David Lee Roth of Van Halen on March 6 , 2020 . The Grateful Dead . The Grateful Dead played more concerts at this venue than at any other , with 66 shows between 1979 and 1995 , and their December 16 , 1992 concert at the arena was released as Dicks Picks Volume 27 , along with bonus tracks from their December 17 , 1992 concert at the arena . Warriors move across the Bay . Early in 2013 , the Warriors announced they would build a new arena in San Francisco and move back to the city . It was originally suggested that the arena would be built on the decaying sites of Piers 30–32 near the foot of the Bay Bridge , but the plan was met with opposition due to concerns about traffic , environmental impacts and obstruction of views . In April 2014 , the Warriors purchased 12-acres in Mission Bay as the site for a new 18,000-seat arena planned to open for the 2018–19 NBA season . The new location eliminated the need for voter approval , which would have been required for the original site , though it had been unanimously approved by the San Francisco Supervisors in November 2012 . Because of delays due to litigation filed by arena opponents the opening season was pushed to the start of the 2019–20 NBA season . The new arena was named the Chase Center . On January 9 , 2019 , the San Francisco Giants announced that their home AT&T Park would be renamed Oracle Park , with the Oracle naming rights moving there from the arena . The Golden State Warriors played their final regular season game at Oracle Arena on April 7 , 2019 with a 131–104 win over the Los Angeles Clippers . Notably , the team decided to wear their 2006-07 We Believe uniforms for that game , with the uniform choice not being revealed at any point beforehand until the Warriors players took off their warm-up uniforms shortly before tip-off , much to the delight of the home crowd . The Warriors played their final playoff game at Oracle Arena on June 13 , 2019 , a 114–110 loss to the Toronto Raptors in Game 6 of the NBA Finals . The loss ended the Warriors quest for a third consecutive NBA championship . The court from that Finals Game now sits at the Ian Stewart Complex in Victoria , BC , Canada . The arena remains open under the new name Oakland Arena . Seating capacity . The seating capacity for basketball has expanded from 13,000 to 19,000 in over a half-century of use : |
[
""
] | easy | Who occupied Oakland Arena from 2020 to 2021? | /wiki/Oakland_Arena#P466#3 | Oakland Arena Oakland Arena is an indoor arena located in Oakland , California , United States . From its opening in 1966 until 1996 , it was known as the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena . After a major renovation completed in 1997 , the arena was renamed The Arena in Oakland until 2005 and Oracle Arena from 2006 to 2019 . It is often referred to as the Oakland Coliseum Arena as it is located adjacent to RingCentral Coliseum . Oakland Arena seats 19,596 fans for basketball . History . Home franchises . The arena was the home of the Golden State Warriors from 1971 to 2019 ; for the 1996–97 season , however , the team played at San Jose Arena while Oakland Arena underwent extensive renovations . The California Golden Bears of the Pac-10 played the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons at the arena while their primary home , Harmon Gym , was being renovated into Haas Pavilion . For some years before then , the Bears played occasional games against popular non-conference opponents at the arena . The Oracle Arena has hosted games of the NBA Finals in 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , and 2019 , where the Warriors won the NBA championship in 2015 , 2017 , and 2018 . That 2015 title was the first time since 1975 the Warriors won the title ; however , Games 2 and 3 of the 1975 NBA Finals were played at the Cow Palace in San Francisco , as the Coliseum was unavailable at the time . The 2017 championship was the first time that a San Francisco-area team won a title in their home venue since the Oakland Athletics in the 1974 World Series . The arenas first tenants were the California Seals of the Western Hockey League , who moved across the bay from the Cow Palace in 1966 . The owners of the San Francisco Seals had been awarded an expansion franchise in the National Hockey League , on the condition they move out of the Cow Palace and into the then-new Oakland Coliseum Arena . The team changed its operating name from San Francisco Seals to California Seals in order to draw fans from both San Francisco and Oakland . The California Golden Seals continued to play at the arena after having transferred to the NHL , until the team moved to Cleveland after the 1975–76 NHL season . The Coliseum hosted the American Basketball Associations Oakland Oaks ( 1967–1969 ) , a charter member of the new ABA in 1967 . The Oaks signed San Francisco Warriors star Rick Barry away from the rival National Basketball Association in 1968 . The team was owned by entertainer Pat Boone and also had stars Larry Brown and Doug Moe on its roster . Brown and Barry are in the Basketball Hall of Fame . After a 22–56 record in their first season , the Oaks went 60–18 during the regular season in 1968–69 . The Oaks then defeated the Denver Rockets , New Orleans Buccaneers and finally the Indiana Pacers in the playoffs to capture the ABA Championship . However , the team was plagued by poor attendance and Boone sold the team following their ABA Championship . They were relocated to Washington and became the Washington Caps . The Bay Bombers ( Roller Derby , 1966–1973 ) as well as the Golden Bay Earthquakes of the original MISL during the 1982–83 season and the Oakland Skates , a professional roller hockey team active from 1993 to 1995 , all played there . WWE also holds professional wrestling shows at the arena . In 2022 , the Oakland Panthers of the Indoor Football League , co-owned by NFL All-Pro and Oakland native Marshawn Lynch , will begin play at the Oakland Arena . Renovation . Over three decades , the arena grew outdated , lacking the luxuries of newer ones . With just over 15,000 seats , it was one of the smallest venues in the league . Rather than building a new arena in Oakland , San Francisco or San Jose , the decision was made to proceed with a US$121 million renovation that involved tearing out much of interior and building a new seating bowl within the existing structure . The original walls , roof and foundation remained intact , similar to the rebuild of Climate Pledge Arena in Seattle . The renovation began in mid-1996 and was completed in time for the Warriors return in the fall of 1997 ( they played the 1996–97 season at the San Jose Arena , now the SAP Center at San Jose , home of the NHLs Sharks ) . Included in the renovation was a new center overhead LED scoreboard and 360-degree fascia display . The new configuration seats 19,596 for basketball . Oracle naming rights deal . On October 20 , 2006 , the Golden State Warriors and Oracle Corporation announced that the Oakland Arena would be known as Oracle Arena for a 10-year term . A press conference was held on October 30 . The O , as it is referred to , continued to be managed by Oakland–Alameda County Authority ( JPA ) and SMG . The JPA approved the deal at its November 10 meeting . After the Warriors resurgence since the 2012–13 season until the 2018–19 season , Oracle Arena was reckoned as one of the loudest arenas in the NBA . It was often called Roaracle because of the painfully high decibel levels sometimes generated at Warriors games . Shortly after the Warriors moved to San Francisco in 2019 , the arena reverted to its old Oakland Arena moniker . Attendance records . On May 13 , 2007 , 20,679 fans watched the Warriors lose to the Utah Jazz 115–101 in Game 4 of the Western Conference semifinals . This was the highest attendance in the Warriors 61-year history . That record lasted until December 14 , 2007 , when the Warriors hosted the Los Angeles Lakers and packed 20,705 into the Arena to set a new franchise attendance record . The record was again broken on February 20 , 2008 , when the arena hosted 20,711 for the Warriors-Celtics game . This record was set yet again on April 10 , 2008 , when Oracle Arena hosted 20,737 fans in a Warriors loss to the Denver Nuggets . By the end of the 2016–17 regular season , Oracle had sold out 230 consecutive home games , a streak that continued throughout the teams playoff run . Oracle drew over 18,000 people per game for 12 straight seasons . Concerts . Frank Sinatra performed at the Coliseum for a fundraising rally for Hubert Humphreys presidential campaign on 22 May 1968 . Elvis Presley kicked off his second tour of 1970 at the Coliseum on November 10 , 1970 . He would return again on November 11 , 1972 . Marvin Gaye made his official return to live performing and touring at the Coliseum Arena on January 4 , 1974 and this show was the basis for his 1 million-selling live album , Marvin Gaye Live ! At the time , music industry executives cited the tour as a heralded event as Gaye made a comeback to live touring nearly 4 years after the death of his late singing partner Tammi Terrell . Parliament-Funkadelic recorded half the album at the Oakland Coliseum Arena on January 21 , 1977 . The album was released in April of that year . Queen performed concerts at the Oakland Coliseum Arena in 1978 and 1980 , during their Jazz and Game Tours , respectively . Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin and Sammy Davis Jr . opened their Together Again Tour at the Coliseum on 13 March 1988 . Nirvana performed concert at the Oakland Coliseum Arena in 1993 , during their In Utero Tour . In 2010 , James Taylor and Carole King performed at the arena as part of their Troubadour Reunion Tour . Adele performed at the arena during her Adele Live 2016 tour on August 2 , 2016 . KISS , an American rock band , played their final concert in the Bay Area with David Lee Roth of Van Halen on March 6 , 2020 . The Grateful Dead . The Grateful Dead played more concerts at this venue than at any other , with 66 shows between 1979 and 1995 , and their December 16 , 1992 concert at the arena was released as Dicks Picks Volume 27 , along with bonus tracks from their December 17 , 1992 concert at the arena . Warriors move across the Bay . Early in 2013 , the Warriors announced they would build a new arena in San Francisco and move back to the city . It was originally suggested that the arena would be built on the decaying sites of Piers 30–32 near the foot of the Bay Bridge , but the plan was met with opposition due to concerns about traffic , environmental impacts and obstruction of views . In April 2014 , the Warriors purchased 12-acres in Mission Bay as the site for a new 18,000-seat arena planned to open for the 2018–19 NBA season . The new location eliminated the need for voter approval , which would have been required for the original site , though it had been unanimously approved by the San Francisco Supervisors in November 2012 . Because of delays due to litigation filed by arena opponents the opening season was pushed to the start of the 2019–20 NBA season . The new arena was named the Chase Center . On January 9 , 2019 , the San Francisco Giants announced that their home AT&T Park would be renamed Oracle Park , with the Oracle naming rights moving there from the arena . The Golden State Warriors played their final regular season game at Oracle Arena on April 7 , 2019 with a 131–104 win over the Los Angeles Clippers . Notably , the team decided to wear their 2006-07 We Believe uniforms for that game , with the uniform choice not being revealed at any point beforehand until the Warriors players took off their warm-up uniforms shortly before tip-off , much to the delight of the home crowd . The Warriors played their final playoff game at Oracle Arena on June 13 , 2019 , a 114–110 loss to the Toronto Raptors in Game 6 of the NBA Finals . The loss ended the Warriors quest for a third consecutive NBA championship . The court from that Finals Game now sits at the Ian Stewart Complex in Victoria , BC , Canada . The arena remains open under the new name Oakland Arena . Seating capacity . The seating capacity for basketball has expanded from 13,000 to 19,000 in over a half-century of use : |
[
""
] | easy | What military rank did Engelbert Endrass have from Apr 1935 to Apr 1937? | /wiki/Engelbert_Endrass#P410#0 | Engelbert Endrass Engelbert Endrass ( ) ( 2 March 1911 – 21 December 1941 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II . He commanded the and the , being credited with sinking 22 ships on ten patrols , for a total of of Allied shipping , to purportedly become the 23rd highest claiming U-boat commander of World War II . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . It was Germanys highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Endrass . Early life and career . Endrass began his naval career in April 1935 . After some months on the cruiser and service on escort ships , he was assigned in October 1937 to the U-boat force . He joined in December 1938 as Leutnant zur See . World War II . Engelbert Endrass was Watch Officer when his commanding officer , Günther Prien penetrated the defences at Scapa Flow attack and sank the battleship in October 1939 . The snorting bull emblem on U-47s conning tower was painted by Endrass before they returned . Endrass painted this symbol on all subsequent boats on which he served . The reason , given by Endrass for this , was the sight of Priens demeanour as U-47 entered Scapa Flow , his frowning face and hunched shoulders reminded him of a bull in a ring . Endrass remained on U-47 until May 1940 , when he left and took over command of from the relatively unsuccessful Herbert Sohler , who had only sunk two ships in five patrols . Endrass had immediate success . He sank the British auxiliary cruiser on his first patrol . The patrol yielded over 4,000 tons . Endrass success continued on his second patrol with U-46 , sinking five more ships , including another British auxiliary cruiser , although the main periscope was damaged . The ship carried 23,225 steel drums and 2,700 wooden barrels and 440 tons of timber . Endrass was forced to use three torpedoes , for the drums fitted to British ships in this period was done so deliberately to provide extra ballast . It made sinking them more difficult and more expensive in munitions expenditure . Her loss prompted Commander-in-Chief , Western Approaches , Martin Dunbar-Nasmith to order all Liverpool–bound ships to remain in convoy until past the Mull of Kintyre . 277 survivors were rescued by HMS Harvester and HMS Primrose . Endrass and six other U-boats intercepted Convoy SC 7 and sank many ships . U-46 sank three during the three-day battle . The commander followed this up with an attack on Convoy HX 79 , sinking two ships . Five patrols later he received the Oak Leaves to his Knights Cross . The presentation was made on 30 June 1941 by Adolf Hitler at the Führer Headquarter Wolfsschanze ( Wolfs Lair ) in Rastenburg ( now Kętrzyn in Poland ) . In September 1941 Endrass left U-46 , which would become a training vessel , and a month later took over . On his second patrol , he was killed on 21 December 1941 while operating against Convoy HG 76 , when U-567 was sunk with all hands by depth charges from the British sloop and corvette , northeast of the Azores . Summary of career . Awards . - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class ( 5 April 1939 ) - Spanish Cross ( 6 June 1939 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 25 September 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 17 October 1939 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 19 December 1939 ) ; with Diamonds ( 18 July 1941 ) - Italian Croce di Guerra with Swords ( 1 November 1941 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves - Knights Cross on 5 September 1940 as Oberleutnant zur See and commander of U-46 - 14th Oak Leaves on 10 June 1941 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-46 |
[
"Leutnant zur See"
] | easy | What was the military rank of Engelbert Endrass from Apr 1937 to Apr 1939? | /wiki/Engelbert_Endrass#P410#1 | Engelbert Endrass Engelbert Endrass ( ) ( 2 March 1911 – 21 December 1941 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II . He commanded the and the , being credited with sinking 22 ships on ten patrols , for a total of of Allied shipping , to purportedly become the 23rd highest claiming U-boat commander of World War II . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . It was Germanys highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Endrass . Early life and career . Endrass began his naval career in April 1935 . After some months on the cruiser and service on escort ships , he was assigned in October 1937 to the U-boat force . He joined in December 1938 as Leutnant zur See . World War II . Engelbert Endrass was Watch Officer when his commanding officer , Günther Prien penetrated the defences at Scapa Flow attack and sank the battleship in October 1939 . The snorting bull emblem on U-47s conning tower was painted by Endrass before they returned . Endrass painted this symbol on all subsequent boats on which he served . The reason , given by Endrass for this , was the sight of Priens demeanour as U-47 entered Scapa Flow , his frowning face and hunched shoulders reminded him of a bull in a ring . Endrass remained on U-47 until May 1940 , when he left and took over command of from the relatively unsuccessful Herbert Sohler , who had only sunk two ships in five patrols . Endrass had immediate success . He sank the British auxiliary cruiser on his first patrol . The patrol yielded over 4,000 tons . Endrass success continued on his second patrol with U-46 , sinking five more ships , including another British auxiliary cruiser , although the main periscope was damaged . The ship carried 23,225 steel drums and 2,700 wooden barrels and 440 tons of timber . Endrass was forced to use three torpedoes , for the drums fitted to British ships in this period was done so deliberately to provide extra ballast . It made sinking them more difficult and more expensive in munitions expenditure . Her loss prompted Commander-in-Chief , Western Approaches , Martin Dunbar-Nasmith to order all Liverpool–bound ships to remain in convoy until past the Mull of Kintyre . 277 survivors were rescued by HMS Harvester and HMS Primrose . Endrass and six other U-boats intercepted Convoy SC 7 and sank many ships . U-46 sank three during the three-day battle . The commander followed this up with an attack on Convoy HX 79 , sinking two ships . Five patrols later he received the Oak Leaves to his Knights Cross . The presentation was made on 30 June 1941 by Adolf Hitler at the Führer Headquarter Wolfsschanze ( Wolfs Lair ) in Rastenburg ( now Kętrzyn in Poland ) . In September 1941 Endrass left U-46 , which would become a training vessel , and a month later took over . On his second patrol , he was killed on 21 December 1941 while operating against Convoy HG 76 , when U-567 was sunk with all hands by depth charges from the British sloop and corvette , northeast of the Azores . Summary of career . Awards . - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class ( 5 April 1939 ) - Spanish Cross ( 6 June 1939 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 25 September 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 17 October 1939 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 19 December 1939 ) ; with Diamonds ( 18 July 1941 ) - Italian Croce di Guerra with Swords ( 1 November 1941 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves - Knights Cross on 5 September 1940 as Oberleutnant zur See and commander of U-46 - 14th Oak Leaves on 10 June 1941 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-46 |
[
""
] | easy | What was the military rank of Engelbert Endrass from Apr 1939 to Jul 1941? | /wiki/Engelbert_Endrass#P410#2 | Engelbert Endrass Engelbert Endrass ( ) ( 2 March 1911 – 21 December 1941 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II . He commanded the and the , being credited with sinking 22 ships on ten patrols , for a total of of Allied shipping , to purportedly become the 23rd highest claiming U-boat commander of World War II . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . It was Germanys highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Endrass . Early life and career . Endrass began his naval career in April 1935 . After some months on the cruiser and service on escort ships , he was assigned in October 1937 to the U-boat force . He joined in December 1938 as Leutnant zur See . World War II . Engelbert Endrass was Watch Officer when his commanding officer , Günther Prien penetrated the defences at Scapa Flow attack and sank the battleship in October 1939 . The snorting bull emblem on U-47s conning tower was painted by Endrass before they returned . Endrass painted this symbol on all subsequent boats on which he served . The reason , given by Endrass for this , was the sight of Priens demeanour as U-47 entered Scapa Flow , his frowning face and hunched shoulders reminded him of a bull in a ring . Endrass remained on U-47 until May 1940 , when he left and took over command of from the relatively unsuccessful Herbert Sohler , who had only sunk two ships in five patrols . Endrass had immediate success . He sank the British auxiliary cruiser on his first patrol . The patrol yielded over 4,000 tons . Endrass success continued on his second patrol with U-46 , sinking five more ships , including another British auxiliary cruiser , although the main periscope was damaged . The ship carried 23,225 steel drums and 2,700 wooden barrels and 440 tons of timber . Endrass was forced to use three torpedoes , for the drums fitted to British ships in this period was done so deliberately to provide extra ballast . It made sinking them more difficult and more expensive in munitions expenditure . Her loss prompted Commander-in-Chief , Western Approaches , Martin Dunbar-Nasmith to order all Liverpool–bound ships to remain in convoy until past the Mull of Kintyre . 277 survivors were rescued by HMS Harvester and HMS Primrose . Endrass and six other U-boats intercepted Convoy SC 7 and sank many ships . U-46 sank three during the three-day battle . The commander followed this up with an attack on Convoy HX 79 , sinking two ships . Five patrols later he received the Oak Leaves to his Knights Cross . The presentation was made on 30 June 1941 by Adolf Hitler at the Führer Headquarter Wolfsschanze ( Wolfs Lair ) in Rastenburg ( now Kętrzyn in Poland ) . In September 1941 Endrass left U-46 , which would become a training vessel , and a month later took over . On his second patrol , he was killed on 21 December 1941 while operating against Convoy HG 76 , when U-567 was sunk with all hands by depth charges from the British sloop and corvette , northeast of the Azores . Summary of career . Awards . - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class ( 5 April 1939 ) - Spanish Cross ( 6 June 1939 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 25 September 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 17 October 1939 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 19 December 1939 ) ; with Diamonds ( 18 July 1941 ) - Italian Croce di Guerra with Swords ( 1 November 1941 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves - Knights Cross on 5 September 1940 as Oberleutnant zur See and commander of U-46 - 14th Oak Leaves on 10 June 1941 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-46 |
[
"Serbian ambassador"
] | easy | Jevrem Grujić became a member of what organization or association in Nov 1894? | /wiki/Jevrem_Grujić#P463#0 | Jevrem Grujić Jevrem Grujić ( ) ; ( Darosava , November 8 , 1827 – Belgrade , September 15 , 1895 ) was a Serbian lawyer , politician and diplomat in the mid to late 19th Century . Grujić was active at the highest levels of Serbian politics , contributing to the creation of new laws and a member of multiple cabinets . As a prominent ideologue of Serbian liberalism and member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts , he was frequently in conflict with the absolutist regime of Prince Mihailo Obrenović . Imprisoned a number of times during his career , popular support resulted in Grujićs release . Early life and postgraduate studies . Jevrem Grujić was born on 23 July 1826 in the village of Darosava near Arandjelovac in a patriarchal peasant family . His father was a merchant and high ranking state official . His ancestors , originally from Montenegro , had moved to Serbia in the 17th century and founded a village of the same name . The founder of the Grujić family , Grujića Šestanović , was a participant in both Serbian insurrections and a deputy to the popular assembly that met during the first reign of Prince Miloš Obrenović . Following his graduation from the Gymnasium Grujić enrolled in the Lyceum in Belgrade in 1846 . In 1847 Jevrem Grujić with other Lyceum students founded the Society of Serbian Youth ( ) , which was inspired by the Burschenschaften . In , the almanac of Družina , Jevrem Grujić published an article titled : “Horizon of the State” ( ) . The article then became the statement of Serbian liberalism that Grujics generation would eventually accept and adopt . Grujić pointed out that the role of a country was to provide the people with happiness and wellbeing . He criticised the church , praised schools and education , expressed his faith in progress , and scorned the current atmosphere in Serbia . For him Serbs did not have outer or inner freedom since Serbia was still a vassal of the Ottoman Empire moreover it was deprived of any type of constitutional rights . The goals of his platform was the liberation of the Serbian people from foreign government , and the improvement of relations with other Slavs . Jevrem Grujić finished his text with the exclamation : “Long live an independent , legal , and in time , free state of Serbia . In 1849 he was granted a government scholarship and proceeded to study law at two prestigious European universities : Heideberg and the Sorbonne . In 1850 he moved to Paris to continue his studies , in France he published a book , , that so enraged the Serbian authorities that they cancelled his stipend . He finished law school in 1854 and returned to Belgrade . He was one of the young liberal Parisians as were called those who had studied in France and were influenced by political doctrines of French provenance . In 1858 , with Ranko Alimpić , Jovan Ilić , and others liberal students of the lyceum , Grujić organized a Liberal Club where they advocated for national liberation and independence , freedom of the press , religion and education and professed the goal of modernising the Serb State economically and politically . Grujić joined the civil service , quickly progressing through the ranks . Political career . Jevrem Grujić was a central figure of the St Andrews Day Assembly ( ) held in 1858 which later overthrew Prince Alexander Karađorđević . This marked his entry into politics and later on he was instrumental in passing Serbias first law on the Assembly . A founding member of the Liberal Party he served as its leader from 1868 to 1878 . He served as minister in several Serbian governments and as head of Serbias diplomatic missions in Constantinople , London and Paris . His outspoken liberalism , however , brought him harassment and also imprisonment . During the so-called demise of the High Court , he was one of the five High Court judges ( along with Jovan Filipović , Jovan Mičić , Marinko Radovanović , and Jovan Nikolić ) who were sentenced to three years in prison and two years of deprivation of civil rights for discharging those associated with the Majstorović conspiracy . He was arrested at the beginning of July 1864 and released at the beginning of September 1865 after one year spent in the Karanovac prison , when Prince Mihailo Obrenović , under the strong pressure of the public opinion , pardoned him . In 1876 Grujić became Minister of Justice in the Second Government of Stevča Mihailović . In 1877 , he was presented with the highest honour of his time , the Order of the Cross of Takovo 1st Class , and in 1892 , towards the end of his diplomatic and political career , with the Order of the White Eagle 2nd Class while he was Serbian ambassador in Paris . Jevrem Grujić died in Belgrade in 1895 , His memoirs were published in three volumes by the Royal Serbian Academy in 1922–23 . Family and legacy . Jevrem and his wife Jelena had a son : Dr Slavko Grujić who received his doctorate at the Sorbonne in Paris , was Serbian Undersecretary for Foreign Affairs then a diplomat in Athens , Petrograd , ambassador in Washington and London where he died . He was married to American Mable Dunlop Grujić . She raised money and helped set up several aid funds for the Serbian soldiers fighting on the Salonika Front . It was through the effort of Slavko and Mabel Grujić that the Belgrade University Library “Svetozar Marković” was built when Carnegie Endowment for International Peace agreed to approve a $100,000 gift to the Serbian government to build a Carnegie library in Belgrade . For its remarkable cultural , historical , architectural and townscape value , Jevrem Grujićs House , an imposing single-story family villa , built-in neo-Renaissance style in 1896 , was designated a cultural property in 1961 , and a cultural property of great importance to the Republic of Serbia in 1979 . Published works . - ( 1853 ) - ( Memories ) ( 1864 ) - ( Writings ) 3 vols. , ( 1922–1923 ) Further reading . - Srpski liberalizam u XIX veku” . Zbornik Matice srpske za istoriju 67/68 ( 2003 ) , Branko Bešlin , 59–104 . - “Francuski uticaji u Srbiji 1835-1914 : Četiri generacije Parizlija” . Zbornik Matice srpske za istoriju 56 ( 1997 ) , 73–95 . - Jevrem Grujić , Zapisi Jevrema Grujića . Pred Svetoandrejsku skupštinu vol . I , ( Belgrade : Srpska kraljevska akademija , 1922 ) , pp . 130–131 . - Government of Serbia : 1805-2005 Radoš Ljušić , 596 pages . . , Published by the Institute for Textbooks and Teaching Resources , Belgrade , 2005 . COBISS.SR 124721676 External links . - Les premiers libéraux de Serbie : le cercle des “Parisiens” ( in French ) |
[
"minister"
] | easy | What organization did Jevrem Grujić join in Mar 1869? | /wiki/Jevrem_Grujić#P463#1 | Jevrem Grujić Jevrem Grujić ( ) ; ( Darosava , November 8 , 1827 – Belgrade , September 15 , 1895 ) was a Serbian lawyer , politician and diplomat in the mid to late 19th Century . Grujić was active at the highest levels of Serbian politics , contributing to the creation of new laws and a member of multiple cabinets . As a prominent ideologue of Serbian liberalism and member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts , he was frequently in conflict with the absolutist regime of Prince Mihailo Obrenović . Imprisoned a number of times during his career , popular support resulted in Grujićs release . Early life and postgraduate studies . Jevrem Grujić was born on 23 July 1826 in the village of Darosava near Arandjelovac in a patriarchal peasant family . His father was a merchant and high ranking state official . His ancestors , originally from Montenegro , had moved to Serbia in the 17th century and founded a village of the same name . The founder of the Grujić family , Grujića Šestanović , was a participant in both Serbian insurrections and a deputy to the popular assembly that met during the first reign of Prince Miloš Obrenović . Following his graduation from the Gymnasium Grujić enrolled in the Lyceum in Belgrade in 1846 . In 1847 Jevrem Grujić with other Lyceum students founded the Society of Serbian Youth ( ) , which was inspired by the Burschenschaften . In , the almanac of Družina , Jevrem Grujić published an article titled : “Horizon of the State” ( ) . The article then became the statement of Serbian liberalism that Grujics generation would eventually accept and adopt . Grujić pointed out that the role of a country was to provide the people with happiness and wellbeing . He criticised the church , praised schools and education , expressed his faith in progress , and scorned the current atmosphere in Serbia . For him Serbs did not have outer or inner freedom since Serbia was still a vassal of the Ottoman Empire moreover it was deprived of any type of constitutional rights . The goals of his platform was the liberation of the Serbian people from foreign government , and the improvement of relations with other Slavs . Jevrem Grujić finished his text with the exclamation : “Long live an independent , legal , and in time , free state of Serbia . In 1849 he was granted a government scholarship and proceeded to study law at two prestigious European universities : Heideberg and the Sorbonne . In 1850 he moved to Paris to continue his studies , in France he published a book , , that so enraged the Serbian authorities that they cancelled his stipend . He finished law school in 1854 and returned to Belgrade . He was one of the young liberal Parisians as were called those who had studied in France and were influenced by political doctrines of French provenance . In 1858 , with Ranko Alimpić , Jovan Ilić , and others liberal students of the lyceum , Grujić organized a Liberal Club where they advocated for national liberation and independence , freedom of the press , religion and education and professed the goal of modernising the Serb State economically and politically . Grujić joined the civil service , quickly progressing through the ranks . Political career . Jevrem Grujić was a central figure of the St Andrews Day Assembly ( ) held in 1858 which later overthrew Prince Alexander Karađorđević . This marked his entry into politics and later on he was instrumental in passing Serbias first law on the Assembly . A founding member of the Liberal Party he served as its leader from 1868 to 1878 . He served as minister in several Serbian governments and as head of Serbias diplomatic missions in Constantinople , London and Paris . His outspoken liberalism , however , brought him harassment and also imprisonment . During the so-called demise of the High Court , he was one of the five High Court judges ( along with Jovan Filipović , Jovan Mičić , Marinko Radovanović , and Jovan Nikolić ) who were sentenced to three years in prison and two years of deprivation of civil rights for discharging those associated with the Majstorović conspiracy . He was arrested at the beginning of July 1864 and released at the beginning of September 1865 after one year spent in the Karanovac prison , when Prince Mihailo Obrenović , under the strong pressure of the public opinion , pardoned him . In 1876 Grujić became Minister of Justice in the Second Government of Stevča Mihailović . In 1877 , he was presented with the highest honour of his time , the Order of the Cross of Takovo 1st Class , and in 1892 , towards the end of his diplomatic and political career , with the Order of the White Eagle 2nd Class while he was Serbian ambassador in Paris . Jevrem Grujić died in Belgrade in 1895 , His memoirs were published in three volumes by the Royal Serbian Academy in 1922–23 . Family and legacy . Jevrem and his wife Jelena had a son : Dr Slavko Grujić who received his doctorate at the Sorbonne in Paris , was Serbian Undersecretary for Foreign Affairs then a diplomat in Athens , Petrograd , ambassador in Washington and London where he died . He was married to American Mable Dunlop Grujić . She raised money and helped set up several aid funds for the Serbian soldiers fighting on the Salonika Front . It was through the effort of Slavko and Mabel Grujić that the Belgrade University Library “Svetozar Marković” was built when Carnegie Endowment for International Peace agreed to approve a $100,000 gift to the Serbian government to build a Carnegie library in Belgrade . For its remarkable cultural , historical , architectural and townscape value , Jevrem Grujićs House , an imposing single-story family villa , built-in neo-Renaissance style in 1896 , was designated a cultural property in 1961 , and a cultural property of great importance to the Republic of Serbia in 1979 . Published works . - ( 1853 ) - ( Memories ) ( 1864 ) - ( Writings ) 3 vols. , ( 1922–1923 ) Further reading . - Srpski liberalizam u XIX veku” . Zbornik Matice srpske za istoriju 67/68 ( 2003 ) , Branko Bešlin , 59–104 . - “Francuski uticaji u Srbiji 1835-1914 : Četiri generacije Parizlija” . Zbornik Matice srpske za istoriju 56 ( 1997 ) , 73–95 . - Jevrem Grujić , Zapisi Jevrema Grujića . Pred Svetoandrejsku skupštinu vol . I , ( Belgrade : Srpska kraljevska akademija , 1922 ) , pp . 130–131 . - Government of Serbia : 1805-2005 Radoš Ljušić , 596 pages . . , Published by the Institute for Textbooks and Teaching Resources , Belgrade , 2005 . COBISS.SR 124721676 External links . - Les premiers libéraux de Serbie : le cercle des “Parisiens” ( in French ) |
[
"St Andrews Day Assembly"
] | easy | Jevrem Grujić became a member of what organization or association in 1855? | /wiki/Jevrem_Grujić#P463#2 | Jevrem Grujić Jevrem Grujić ( ) ; ( Darosava , November 8 , 1827 – Belgrade , September 15 , 1895 ) was a Serbian lawyer , politician and diplomat in the mid to late 19th Century . Grujić was active at the highest levels of Serbian politics , contributing to the creation of new laws and a member of multiple cabinets . As a prominent ideologue of Serbian liberalism and member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts , he was frequently in conflict with the absolutist regime of Prince Mihailo Obrenović . Imprisoned a number of times during his career , popular support resulted in Grujićs release . Early life and postgraduate studies . Jevrem Grujić was born on 23 July 1826 in the village of Darosava near Arandjelovac in a patriarchal peasant family . His father was a merchant and high ranking state official . His ancestors , originally from Montenegro , had moved to Serbia in the 17th century and founded a village of the same name . The founder of the Grujić family , Grujića Šestanović , was a participant in both Serbian insurrections and a deputy to the popular assembly that met during the first reign of Prince Miloš Obrenović . Following his graduation from the Gymnasium Grujić enrolled in the Lyceum in Belgrade in 1846 . In 1847 Jevrem Grujić with other Lyceum students founded the Society of Serbian Youth ( ) , which was inspired by the Burschenschaften . In , the almanac of Družina , Jevrem Grujić published an article titled : “Horizon of the State” ( ) . The article then became the statement of Serbian liberalism that Grujics generation would eventually accept and adopt . Grujić pointed out that the role of a country was to provide the people with happiness and wellbeing . He criticised the church , praised schools and education , expressed his faith in progress , and scorned the current atmosphere in Serbia . For him Serbs did not have outer or inner freedom since Serbia was still a vassal of the Ottoman Empire moreover it was deprived of any type of constitutional rights . The goals of his platform was the liberation of the Serbian people from foreign government , and the improvement of relations with other Slavs . Jevrem Grujić finished his text with the exclamation : “Long live an independent , legal , and in time , free state of Serbia . In 1849 he was granted a government scholarship and proceeded to study law at two prestigious European universities : Heideberg and the Sorbonne . In 1850 he moved to Paris to continue his studies , in France he published a book , , that so enraged the Serbian authorities that they cancelled his stipend . He finished law school in 1854 and returned to Belgrade . He was one of the young liberal Parisians as were called those who had studied in France and were influenced by political doctrines of French provenance . In 1858 , with Ranko Alimpić , Jovan Ilić , and others liberal students of the lyceum , Grujić organized a Liberal Club where they advocated for national liberation and independence , freedom of the press , religion and education and professed the goal of modernising the Serb State economically and politically . Grujić joined the civil service , quickly progressing through the ranks . Political career . Jevrem Grujić was a central figure of the St Andrews Day Assembly ( ) held in 1858 which later overthrew Prince Alexander Karađorđević . This marked his entry into politics and later on he was instrumental in passing Serbias first law on the Assembly . A founding member of the Liberal Party he served as its leader from 1868 to 1878 . He served as minister in several Serbian governments and as head of Serbias diplomatic missions in Constantinople , London and Paris . His outspoken liberalism , however , brought him harassment and also imprisonment . During the so-called demise of the High Court , he was one of the five High Court judges ( along with Jovan Filipović , Jovan Mičić , Marinko Radovanović , and Jovan Nikolić ) who were sentenced to three years in prison and two years of deprivation of civil rights for discharging those associated with the Majstorović conspiracy . He was arrested at the beginning of July 1864 and released at the beginning of September 1865 after one year spent in the Karanovac prison , when Prince Mihailo Obrenović , under the strong pressure of the public opinion , pardoned him . In 1876 Grujić became Minister of Justice in the Second Government of Stevča Mihailović . In 1877 , he was presented with the highest honour of his time , the Order of the Cross of Takovo 1st Class , and in 1892 , towards the end of his diplomatic and political career , with the Order of the White Eagle 2nd Class while he was Serbian ambassador in Paris . Jevrem Grujić died in Belgrade in 1895 , His memoirs were published in three volumes by the Royal Serbian Academy in 1922–23 . Family and legacy . Jevrem and his wife Jelena had a son : Dr Slavko Grujić who received his doctorate at the Sorbonne in Paris , was Serbian Undersecretary for Foreign Affairs then a diplomat in Athens , Petrograd , ambassador in Washington and London where he died . He was married to American Mable Dunlop Grujić . She raised money and helped set up several aid funds for the Serbian soldiers fighting on the Salonika Front . It was through the effort of Slavko and Mabel Grujić that the Belgrade University Library “Svetozar Marković” was built when Carnegie Endowment for International Peace agreed to approve a $100,000 gift to the Serbian government to build a Carnegie library in Belgrade . For its remarkable cultural , historical , architectural and townscape value , Jevrem Grujićs House , an imposing single-story family villa , built-in neo-Renaissance style in 1896 , was designated a cultural property in 1961 , and a cultural property of great importance to the Republic of Serbia in 1979 . Published works . - ( 1853 ) - ( Memories ) ( 1864 ) - ( Writings ) 3 vols. , ( 1922–1923 ) Further reading . - Srpski liberalizam u XIX veku” . Zbornik Matice srpske za istoriju 67/68 ( 2003 ) , Branko Bešlin , 59–104 . - “Francuski uticaji u Srbiji 1835-1914 : Četiri generacije Parizlija” . Zbornik Matice srpske za istoriju 56 ( 1997 ) , 73–95 . - Jevrem Grujić , Zapisi Jevrema Grujića . Pred Svetoandrejsku skupštinu vol . I , ( Belgrade : Srpska kraljevska akademija , 1922 ) , pp . 130–131 . - Government of Serbia : 1805-2005 Radoš Ljušić , 596 pages . . , Published by the Institute for Textbooks and Teaching Resources , Belgrade , 2005 . COBISS.SR 124721676 External links . - Les premiers libéraux de Serbie : le cercle des “Parisiens” ( in French ) |
[
"spokesperson"
] | easy | Rachida Dati took which position from May 2007 to Mar 2008? | /wiki/Rachida_Dati#P39#0 | Rachida Dati Rachida Dati ( ; born 27 November 1965 ) is a French politician who served as Member of the European Parliament , representing Île-de-France . Prior to her election , she held the cabinet post of Keeper of the Seals , Minister of Justice . She was a spokesperson for Nicolas Sarkozy during the French presidential election of 2007 . After his victory , Sarkozy appointed her to his Government on 18 May 2007 . She was elected mayor of the 7th arrondissement of Paris on 29 March 2008 . Early life and education . Rachida Dati was born on 27 November 1965 in Saint-Rémy , Burgundy to a Moroccan father , a bricklayer named Mbarek , and an Algerian mother , named Fatima-Zohra . She was the second child of twelve in an impoverished family , and she spent her childhood in Chalon-sur-Saône in Burgundy . Even though Dati was raised in a devout Islamic environment , she attended Catholic schools . She studied at the University of Burgundy , where she received a masters degree in Economics , and at Panthéon-Assas University , where she received a Law degree . Career . Early beginnings . At the age of sixteen , Dati started working as a paramedical assistant . She then worked for three years as an accountant at Elf Aquitaine while at university . After meeting Jean-Luc Lagardère in 1990 , Dati entered the audit management team of Matra Nortel communication . She later spent a year in London at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , in the records management and archiving department . In 1994 , she was an auditing supervisor and secretary-general of the bureau of urban development studies at Suez ( then Lyonnaise des Eaux ) . From 1995 to 1997 , she worked as a technical advisor at the legal management division of the Ministry of Education . In 1997 , Dati was admitted to the École nationale de la magistrature , a public educational institution which offers courses necessary to become a magistrate . Upon leaving in 1999 , she became a legal auditor at the Bobigny tribunal de grande instance ( high court ) . She went on to become judge for collective procedures at the in Péronne and eventually an assistant to the attorney general of the Évry tribunal . Career in politics . In 2002 , Dati became Nicolas Sarkozys advisor , working for him on an anti-delinquency project . In 2006 , she joined the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) party . On 14 January 2007 , she was named spokesperson for Sarkozy on the day he was chosen as UMP candidate for the presidential elections of April 2007 . After Sarkozys victory on 6 May 2007 , she was appointed Minister of Justice . Her rationalization of the court system was publicly opposed by judicial professionals . Later on , it was recognised by the French Court of Auditor as one of the most ambitious reform of the judicial institution . When the Sarkozys marriage began to break up , Dati frequently went on official presidential trips to accompany Nicolas Sarkozy . On 23 January 2009 , Sarkozy announced that Dati would take the second position on the UMP candidate list for Île-de-France constituency in the European Parliament election in June 2009 , to which she was elected . She left her post as minister after being elected as a European deputy . Career in the private sector . Soon after she left the government , in summer 2009 , Dati switched to law , becoming a junior magistrate and assistant prosecutor . She also founded a consulting company called La Bourdonnais consultant , which she had to dissolve at the beginning of 2010 to be able to resume the profession of lawyer , which she had to do by special dispensation ( like other former magistrates ) . She sits on the editorial board of the French version of the Huffington Post , where she writes a weekly column about womens issues . On the local level , Dati is the Mayor of the 7th district of Paris and Member of Paris City Council . On 9 February 2013 , Dati announced she was a candidate for mayor of Paris in the 2014 local elections but she later withdrew because the press has already chosen Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet . Member of the European Parliament , 2009–2019 . A member of the European Peoples Party group in the European Parliament , Dati served on the Committee on Civil Liberties , Justice and Home Affairs and on the parliaments delegations for relations with the Mashreq countries , to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union for the Mediterranean , and for relations with the Arab Peninsula . In parliament , Dati was the Parliaments rapporteur on several texts dealing with countering terrorism and the prevention of radicalisation and recruitment of European citizens by terrorist organisations . Following the Charlie Hebdo shooting in 2015 , she drafted a report into how to prevent the radicalisation of young Europeans . Her parliamentary work also included dealing with the prison systems and conditions in the European Union , and finding solutions to face the migration crisis with an EU common list of safe countries of origin . In the UMPs 2012 leadership election , Dati endorsed Jean-François Copé . In the Republicans’ 2017 leadership election , Dati endorsed Laurent Wauquiez . In early 2019 , she announced her plan to run for the Paris municipal election in 2020 . Controversy . Soon after Dati left the government in 2009 to stand for the European Parliament , she was hired by the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance as a legal adviser . In 2019 , Frances financial prosecutor launched an investigation into consulting fees she received from the alliance . In December 2013 , French media reported that Dati had received payments from French energy utility GDF-Suez . In early 2014 , the President of the European Parliament Martin Schulz asked parliamentary services to look into conflict-of-interest concerns , but the inquiry was interrupted by the 2014 election campaign . At the same time , the French high authority for transparency in public life , Frances anti-corruption watchdog , also opened a file on the case . Other activities . - PlaNet Finance , Member of International Advisory Board Personal life . In September 2008 , Dati announced that she was pregnant and would be a single mother . She revealed her pregnancy to a group of reporters who questioned her about mounting rumours . I want to remain careful , because . . . I am still in the risky stage . I am 42 , she was quoted as saying . Her daughter , Zohra , was born in early 2009 . As the name of the father was not revealed , many names circulated in gossip magazines . However , in 2012 , she started legal action against Dominique Desseigne , the chief executive of Groupe Lucien Barrière a casino market leader in France , Switzerland and Europe , to recognise paternity . In December 2012 , a French court ordered Desseigne to undergo a paternity test to see if he fathered Datis child . After Desseigne refused to undergo the test , a French court decision of 7 January 2016 ruled that Desseigne was indeed the father . In November 2016 , she was listed as one of BBCs 100 Women . Distinctions . - : Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite ( April 2010 ) - Two Sicilian Royal Family : Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Francis I |
[
"mayor of the 7th arrondissement of Paris"
] | easy | What position did Rachida Dati take from Mar 2008 to Jun 2009? | /wiki/Rachida_Dati#P39#1 | Rachida Dati Rachida Dati ( ; born 27 November 1965 ) is a French politician who served as Member of the European Parliament , representing Île-de-France . Prior to her election , she held the cabinet post of Keeper of the Seals , Minister of Justice . She was a spokesperson for Nicolas Sarkozy during the French presidential election of 2007 . After his victory , Sarkozy appointed her to his Government on 18 May 2007 . She was elected mayor of the 7th arrondissement of Paris on 29 March 2008 . Early life and education . Rachida Dati was born on 27 November 1965 in Saint-Rémy , Burgundy to a Moroccan father , a bricklayer named Mbarek , and an Algerian mother , named Fatima-Zohra . She was the second child of twelve in an impoverished family , and she spent her childhood in Chalon-sur-Saône in Burgundy . Even though Dati was raised in a devout Islamic environment , she attended Catholic schools . She studied at the University of Burgundy , where she received a masters degree in Economics , and at Panthéon-Assas University , where she received a Law degree . Career . Early beginnings . At the age of sixteen , Dati started working as a paramedical assistant . She then worked for three years as an accountant at Elf Aquitaine while at university . After meeting Jean-Luc Lagardère in 1990 , Dati entered the audit management team of Matra Nortel communication . She later spent a year in London at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , in the records management and archiving department . In 1994 , she was an auditing supervisor and secretary-general of the bureau of urban development studies at Suez ( then Lyonnaise des Eaux ) . From 1995 to 1997 , she worked as a technical advisor at the legal management division of the Ministry of Education . In 1997 , Dati was admitted to the École nationale de la magistrature , a public educational institution which offers courses necessary to become a magistrate . Upon leaving in 1999 , she became a legal auditor at the Bobigny tribunal de grande instance ( high court ) . She went on to become judge for collective procedures at the in Péronne and eventually an assistant to the attorney general of the Évry tribunal . Career in politics . In 2002 , Dati became Nicolas Sarkozys advisor , working for him on an anti-delinquency project . In 2006 , she joined the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) party . On 14 January 2007 , she was named spokesperson for Sarkozy on the day he was chosen as UMP candidate for the presidential elections of April 2007 . After Sarkozys victory on 6 May 2007 , she was appointed Minister of Justice . Her rationalization of the court system was publicly opposed by judicial professionals . Later on , it was recognised by the French Court of Auditor as one of the most ambitious reform of the judicial institution . When the Sarkozys marriage began to break up , Dati frequently went on official presidential trips to accompany Nicolas Sarkozy . On 23 January 2009 , Sarkozy announced that Dati would take the second position on the UMP candidate list for Île-de-France constituency in the European Parliament election in June 2009 , to which she was elected . She left her post as minister after being elected as a European deputy . Career in the private sector . Soon after she left the government , in summer 2009 , Dati switched to law , becoming a junior magistrate and assistant prosecutor . She also founded a consulting company called La Bourdonnais consultant , which she had to dissolve at the beginning of 2010 to be able to resume the profession of lawyer , which she had to do by special dispensation ( like other former magistrates ) . She sits on the editorial board of the French version of the Huffington Post , where she writes a weekly column about womens issues . On the local level , Dati is the Mayor of the 7th district of Paris and Member of Paris City Council . On 9 February 2013 , Dati announced she was a candidate for mayor of Paris in the 2014 local elections but she later withdrew because the press has already chosen Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet . Member of the European Parliament , 2009–2019 . A member of the European Peoples Party group in the European Parliament , Dati served on the Committee on Civil Liberties , Justice and Home Affairs and on the parliaments delegations for relations with the Mashreq countries , to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union for the Mediterranean , and for relations with the Arab Peninsula . In parliament , Dati was the Parliaments rapporteur on several texts dealing with countering terrorism and the prevention of radicalisation and recruitment of European citizens by terrorist organisations . Following the Charlie Hebdo shooting in 2015 , she drafted a report into how to prevent the radicalisation of young Europeans . Her parliamentary work also included dealing with the prison systems and conditions in the European Union , and finding solutions to face the migration crisis with an EU common list of safe countries of origin . In the UMPs 2012 leadership election , Dati endorsed Jean-François Copé . In the Republicans’ 2017 leadership election , Dati endorsed Laurent Wauquiez . In early 2019 , she announced her plan to run for the Paris municipal election in 2020 . Controversy . Soon after Dati left the government in 2009 to stand for the European Parliament , she was hired by the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance as a legal adviser . In 2019 , Frances financial prosecutor launched an investigation into consulting fees she received from the alliance . In December 2013 , French media reported that Dati had received payments from French energy utility GDF-Suez . In early 2014 , the President of the European Parliament Martin Schulz asked parliamentary services to look into conflict-of-interest concerns , but the inquiry was interrupted by the 2014 election campaign . At the same time , the French high authority for transparency in public life , Frances anti-corruption watchdog , also opened a file on the case . Other activities . - PlaNet Finance , Member of International Advisory Board Personal life . In September 2008 , Dati announced that she was pregnant and would be a single mother . She revealed her pregnancy to a group of reporters who questioned her about mounting rumours . I want to remain careful , because . . . I am still in the risky stage . I am 42 , she was quoted as saying . Her daughter , Zohra , was born in early 2009 . As the name of the father was not revealed , many names circulated in gossip magazines . However , in 2012 , she started legal action against Dominique Desseigne , the chief executive of Groupe Lucien Barrière a casino market leader in France , Switzerland and Europe , to recognise paternity . In December 2012 , a French court ordered Desseigne to undergo a paternity test to see if he fathered Datis child . After Desseigne refused to undergo the test , a French court decision of 7 January 2016 ruled that Desseigne was indeed the father . In November 2016 , she was listed as one of BBCs 100 Women . Distinctions . - : Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite ( April 2010 ) - Two Sicilian Royal Family : Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Francis I |
[
"legal adviser"
] | easy | Which position did Rachida Dati hold from Jul 2009 to Jun 2014? | /wiki/Rachida_Dati#P39#2 | Rachida Dati Rachida Dati ( ; born 27 November 1965 ) is a French politician who served as Member of the European Parliament , representing Île-de-France . Prior to her election , she held the cabinet post of Keeper of the Seals , Minister of Justice . She was a spokesperson for Nicolas Sarkozy during the French presidential election of 2007 . After his victory , Sarkozy appointed her to his Government on 18 May 2007 . She was elected mayor of the 7th arrondissement of Paris on 29 March 2008 . Early life and education . Rachida Dati was born on 27 November 1965 in Saint-Rémy , Burgundy to a Moroccan father , a bricklayer named Mbarek , and an Algerian mother , named Fatima-Zohra . She was the second child of twelve in an impoverished family , and she spent her childhood in Chalon-sur-Saône in Burgundy . Even though Dati was raised in a devout Islamic environment , she attended Catholic schools . She studied at the University of Burgundy , where she received a masters degree in Economics , and at Panthéon-Assas University , where she received a Law degree . Career . Early beginnings . At the age of sixteen , Dati started working as a paramedical assistant . She then worked for three years as an accountant at Elf Aquitaine while at university . After meeting Jean-Luc Lagardère in 1990 , Dati entered the audit management team of Matra Nortel communication . She later spent a year in London at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , in the records management and archiving department . In 1994 , she was an auditing supervisor and secretary-general of the bureau of urban development studies at Suez ( then Lyonnaise des Eaux ) . From 1995 to 1997 , she worked as a technical advisor at the legal management division of the Ministry of Education . In 1997 , Dati was admitted to the École nationale de la magistrature , a public educational institution which offers courses necessary to become a magistrate . Upon leaving in 1999 , she became a legal auditor at the Bobigny tribunal de grande instance ( high court ) . She went on to become judge for collective procedures at the in Péronne and eventually an assistant to the attorney general of the Évry tribunal . Career in politics . In 2002 , Dati became Nicolas Sarkozys advisor , working for him on an anti-delinquency project . In 2006 , she joined the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) party . On 14 January 2007 , she was named spokesperson for Sarkozy on the day he was chosen as UMP candidate for the presidential elections of April 2007 . After Sarkozys victory on 6 May 2007 , she was appointed Minister of Justice . Her rationalization of the court system was publicly opposed by judicial professionals . Later on , it was recognised by the French Court of Auditor as one of the most ambitious reform of the judicial institution . When the Sarkozys marriage began to break up , Dati frequently went on official presidential trips to accompany Nicolas Sarkozy . On 23 January 2009 , Sarkozy announced that Dati would take the second position on the UMP candidate list for Île-de-France constituency in the European Parliament election in June 2009 , to which she was elected . She left her post as minister after being elected as a European deputy . Career in the private sector . Soon after she left the government , in summer 2009 , Dati switched to law , becoming a junior magistrate and assistant prosecutor . She also founded a consulting company called La Bourdonnais consultant , which she had to dissolve at the beginning of 2010 to be able to resume the profession of lawyer , which she had to do by special dispensation ( like other former magistrates ) . She sits on the editorial board of the French version of the Huffington Post , where she writes a weekly column about womens issues . On the local level , Dati is the Mayor of the 7th district of Paris and Member of Paris City Council . On 9 February 2013 , Dati announced she was a candidate for mayor of Paris in the 2014 local elections but she later withdrew because the press has already chosen Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet . Member of the European Parliament , 2009–2019 . A member of the European Peoples Party group in the European Parliament , Dati served on the Committee on Civil Liberties , Justice and Home Affairs and on the parliaments delegations for relations with the Mashreq countries , to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union for the Mediterranean , and for relations with the Arab Peninsula . In parliament , Dati was the Parliaments rapporteur on several texts dealing with countering terrorism and the prevention of radicalisation and recruitment of European citizens by terrorist organisations . Following the Charlie Hebdo shooting in 2015 , she drafted a report into how to prevent the radicalisation of young Europeans . Her parliamentary work also included dealing with the prison systems and conditions in the European Union , and finding solutions to face the migration crisis with an EU common list of safe countries of origin . In the UMPs 2012 leadership election , Dati endorsed Jean-François Copé . In the Republicans’ 2017 leadership election , Dati endorsed Laurent Wauquiez . In early 2019 , she announced her plan to run for the Paris municipal election in 2020 . Controversy . Soon after Dati left the government in 2009 to stand for the European Parliament , she was hired by the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance as a legal adviser . In 2019 , Frances financial prosecutor launched an investigation into consulting fees she received from the alliance . In December 2013 , French media reported that Dati had received payments from French energy utility GDF-Suez . In early 2014 , the President of the European Parliament Martin Schulz asked parliamentary services to look into conflict-of-interest concerns , but the inquiry was interrupted by the 2014 election campaign . At the same time , the French high authority for transparency in public life , Frances anti-corruption watchdog , also opened a file on the case . Other activities . - PlaNet Finance , Member of International Advisory Board Personal life . In September 2008 , Dati announced that she was pregnant and would be a single mother . She revealed her pregnancy to a group of reporters who questioned her about mounting rumours . I want to remain careful , because . . . I am still in the risky stage . I am 42 , she was quoted as saying . Her daughter , Zohra , was born in early 2009 . As the name of the father was not revealed , many names circulated in gossip magazines . However , in 2012 , she started legal action against Dominique Desseigne , the chief executive of Groupe Lucien Barrière a casino market leader in France , Switzerland and Europe , to recognise paternity . In December 2012 , a French court ordered Desseigne to undergo a paternity test to see if he fathered Datis child . After Desseigne refused to undergo the test , a French court decision of 7 January 2016 ruled that Desseigne was indeed the father . In November 2016 , she was listed as one of BBCs 100 Women . Distinctions . - : Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite ( April 2010 ) - Two Sicilian Royal Family : Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Francis I |
[
""
] | easy | Rachida Dati took which position from Jul 2014 to Jul 2015? | /wiki/Rachida_Dati#P39#3 | Rachida Dati Rachida Dati ( ; born 27 November 1965 ) is a French politician who served as Member of the European Parliament , representing Île-de-France . Prior to her election , she held the cabinet post of Keeper of the Seals , Minister of Justice . She was a spokesperson for Nicolas Sarkozy during the French presidential election of 2007 . After his victory , Sarkozy appointed her to his Government on 18 May 2007 . She was elected mayor of the 7th arrondissement of Paris on 29 March 2008 . Early life and education . Rachida Dati was born on 27 November 1965 in Saint-Rémy , Burgundy to a Moroccan father , a bricklayer named Mbarek , and an Algerian mother , named Fatima-Zohra . She was the second child of twelve in an impoverished family , and she spent her childhood in Chalon-sur-Saône in Burgundy . Even though Dati was raised in a devout Islamic environment , she attended Catholic schools . She studied at the University of Burgundy , where she received a masters degree in Economics , and at Panthéon-Assas University , where she received a Law degree . Career . Early beginnings . At the age of sixteen , Dati started working as a paramedical assistant . She then worked for three years as an accountant at Elf Aquitaine while at university . After meeting Jean-Luc Lagardère in 1990 , Dati entered the audit management team of Matra Nortel communication . She later spent a year in London at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , in the records management and archiving department . In 1994 , she was an auditing supervisor and secretary-general of the bureau of urban development studies at Suez ( then Lyonnaise des Eaux ) . From 1995 to 1997 , she worked as a technical advisor at the legal management division of the Ministry of Education . In 1997 , Dati was admitted to the École nationale de la magistrature , a public educational institution which offers courses necessary to become a magistrate . Upon leaving in 1999 , she became a legal auditor at the Bobigny tribunal de grande instance ( high court ) . She went on to become judge for collective procedures at the in Péronne and eventually an assistant to the attorney general of the Évry tribunal . Career in politics . In 2002 , Dati became Nicolas Sarkozys advisor , working for him on an anti-delinquency project . In 2006 , she joined the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) party . On 14 January 2007 , she was named spokesperson for Sarkozy on the day he was chosen as UMP candidate for the presidential elections of April 2007 . After Sarkozys victory on 6 May 2007 , she was appointed Minister of Justice . Her rationalization of the court system was publicly opposed by judicial professionals . Later on , it was recognised by the French Court of Auditor as one of the most ambitious reform of the judicial institution . When the Sarkozys marriage began to break up , Dati frequently went on official presidential trips to accompany Nicolas Sarkozy . On 23 January 2009 , Sarkozy announced that Dati would take the second position on the UMP candidate list for Île-de-France constituency in the European Parliament election in June 2009 , to which she was elected . She left her post as minister after being elected as a European deputy . Career in the private sector . Soon after she left the government , in summer 2009 , Dati switched to law , becoming a junior magistrate and assistant prosecutor . She also founded a consulting company called La Bourdonnais consultant , which she had to dissolve at the beginning of 2010 to be able to resume the profession of lawyer , which she had to do by special dispensation ( like other former magistrates ) . She sits on the editorial board of the French version of the Huffington Post , where she writes a weekly column about womens issues . On the local level , Dati is the Mayor of the 7th district of Paris and Member of Paris City Council . On 9 February 2013 , Dati announced she was a candidate for mayor of Paris in the 2014 local elections but she later withdrew because the press has already chosen Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet . Member of the European Parliament , 2009–2019 . A member of the European Peoples Party group in the European Parliament , Dati served on the Committee on Civil Liberties , Justice and Home Affairs and on the parliaments delegations for relations with the Mashreq countries , to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union for the Mediterranean , and for relations with the Arab Peninsula . In parliament , Dati was the Parliaments rapporteur on several texts dealing with countering terrorism and the prevention of radicalisation and recruitment of European citizens by terrorist organisations . Following the Charlie Hebdo shooting in 2015 , she drafted a report into how to prevent the radicalisation of young Europeans . Her parliamentary work also included dealing with the prison systems and conditions in the European Union , and finding solutions to face the migration crisis with an EU common list of safe countries of origin . In the UMPs 2012 leadership election , Dati endorsed Jean-François Copé . In the Republicans’ 2017 leadership election , Dati endorsed Laurent Wauquiez . In early 2019 , she announced her plan to run for the Paris municipal election in 2020 . Controversy . Soon after Dati left the government in 2009 to stand for the European Parliament , she was hired by the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance as a legal adviser . In 2019 , Frances financial prosecutor launched an investigation into consulting fees she received from the alliance . In December 2013 , French media reported that Dati had received payments from French energy utility GDF-Suez . In early 2014 , the President of the European Parliament Martin Schulz asked parliamentary services to look into conflict-of-interest concerns , but the inquiry was interrupted by the 2014 election campaign . At the same time , the French high authority for transparency in public life , Frances anti-corruption watchdog , also opened a file on the case . Other activities . - PlaNet Finance , Member of International Advisory Board Personal life . In September 2008 , Dati announced that she was pregnant and would be a single mother . She revealed her pregnancy to a group of reporters who questioned her about mounting rumours . I want to remain careful , because . . . I am still in the risky stage . I am 42 , she was quoted as saying . Her daughter , Zohra , was born in early 2009 . As the name of the father was not revealed , many names circulated in gossip magazines . However , in 2012 , she started legal action against Dominique Desseigne , the chief executive of Groupe Lucien Barrière a casino market leader in France , Switzerland and Europe , to recognise paternity . In December 2012 , a French court ordered Desseigne to undergo a paternity test to see if he fathered Datis child . After Desseigne refused to undergo the test , a French court decision of 7 January 2016 ruled that Desseigne was indeed the father . In November 2016 , she was listed as one of BBCs 100 Women . Distinctions . - : Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite ( April 2010 ) - Two Sicilian Royal Family : Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Francis I |
[
"Krystal Ball",
"Steve Kornacki",
"S . E . Cupp"
] | easy | The Cycle (talk show) was presented by whom from Apr 2012 to Apr 2013? | /wiki/The_Cycle_(talk_show)#P371#0 | The Cycle ( talk show ) The Cycle was an ensemble news and political talk show that was broadcast on MSNBC and hosted by four network analysts/commentators : Republican Abby Huntsman , author and culture critic Touré Neblett , The Nation correspondent Ari Melber , and former congressional candidate turned Democratic strategist Krystal Ball . Per its ensemble format , all four hosts appear on every show , with each host taking turns to facilitate the discussions . The program debuted on June 25 , 2012 , and ran until July 31 , 2015 . On July 30 , 2015 , MSNBC President Phil Griffin announced that the series had been canceled in an effort to transition the networks daytime programming to more breaking news reporting and less political commentary and opinion . Format . The Cycle was an ensemble program , with all four hosts appearing on every broadcast , each one taking turns to facilitating the discussion . Usually , the segment was named after the host leading the discussion : Touré TV , Abbys Road , Aris Angle , and Krystal Clear . Spin Cycle was a segment in which each host discusses a story ( usually political ) from their point of view . Guest Spot was a topical discussion with a featured guest of the day . The format was similar to The Five on rival news network Fox News , although the hosts and producers have denied that The Cycle is derivative . Ball , Melber and Touré are self-proclaimed liberal commentators while Huntsman is a self-proclaimed conservative . History . Dylan Ratigans departure from MSNBC in June 2012 left a vacancy to fill in the networks schedule . Reports emerged that MSNBC planned to replace his show with a rotating group of hosts from the networks regular contributors . On June 21 , 2012 , MSNBC announced the shows name , format and hosts , which included former Congressional candidate Krystal Ball , author Touré , Salon writer Steve Kornacki , and Daily News columnist S . E . Cupp . All four hosts were introduced during the penultimate broadcast of The Dylan Ratigan Show on June 21 , 2012 . The show is seen as continuing a trend of networks emphasis on political talk , and away from newscasts . The show premiered on June 25 , 2012 . It occupied Martin Bashirs previous time slot at 3pm on weekdays , with Bashir moving to the 4pm hour , replacing Ratigan . On March 20 , 2013 , Kornacki left The Cycle to become the new host of MSNBCs weekend morning program Up , after Up host Chris Hayes was given Ed Schultzs primetime slot . On April 3 , 2013 , Ari Melber joined The Cycle as the permanent replacement of Steve Kornacki . On June 27 , 2013 , S.E . Cupp left the program , one day after she was announced as a co-host of CNNs revival of Crossfire . On July 17 , 2013 , MSNBC announced that Abby Huntsman would become the newest member to co-host The Cycle , effective July 29 , 2013 , to serve as the conservative replacement for S.E . Cupp Controversy . On the June 27 , 2012 , broadcast of the program , co-host Touré hinted that U.S . Army Ranger and former professional American football player Pat Tillmans death was suspicious , due to the fact that the U.S . Military wouldnt have wanted such a high-profile soldier criticizing the mission in Afghanistan in 2004 . On the July 5 , 2012 , broadcast , atheist co-host S.E . Cupp said that she would never vote for an atheist president . When asked to explain , Cupp said she felt that a president must not represent only 10 to 15 percent of the American populace and that faith served as a check on presidential power . On the July 6 , 2012 , broadcast , Cupp accused Ann Romney , wife of Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney , of lying about her husbands potential running mate picks . On the August 16 , 2012 , broadcast , Touré caused a controversy by stating that by calling President Barack Obama angry , Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney was engaging in the niggerization of the president . He apologized for using the word the next day . Hosts . - Krystal Ball ( 2012–2015 ) - S.E . Cupp ( 2012–2013 ) - Steve Kornacki ( 2012–2013 ) - Touré ( 2012–2015 ) - Ari Melber ( 2013–2015 ) - Abby Huntsman ( 2013–2015 ) Ratings . In June 2012 , The Cycle debuted third in the ratings for its first week broadcast , with 105,000 in the 25- to 54-year-old demographic , and 425,000 in Total Viewers . In July 2012 , The Cycle was down 39% in the 25- to 54-year-old demo compared to July 2011 . Ratings rebounded in August 2012 . The Cycle topped CNN in A25-54 by 16% ( 111,000 vs . 96,000 ) and ranked #1 with the younger demo of A18-34 . Compared to August 2011 , “The Cycle” was up 9% in A25-54 , 2% with total viewers , and 113% with A18-34 , the only cable news program to post growth in the hour . In the fourth quarter of 2012 , The Cycle was up 89% in 25- to 54-year-olds , [ up ] 55% in Total Viewers and [ up ] 114% among 18- to 34-year-olds – more growth than all other cable news programs in the hour combined . On June 12 , 2013 , The Cycle hit an all-time low in ratings . The program was watched by just 233,000 people in total and 34,000 people in the key 25 to 54 news demographic . Nielsen Company designates fewer than 50,000 viewers in the news demographic as a scratch . External links . - Official website |
[
"Krystal Ball",
"S . E . Cupp",
"Ari Melber"
] | easy | The Cycle (talk show) was presented by whom in Apr 2013? | /wiki/The_Cycle_(talk_show)#P371#1 | The Cycle ( talk show ) The Cycle was an ensemble news and political talk show that was broadcast on MSNBC and hosted by four network analysts/commentators : Republican Abby Huntsman , author and culture critic Touré Neblett , The Nation correspondent Ari Melber , and former congressional candidate turned Democratic strategist Krystal Ball . Per its ensemble format , all four hosts appear on every show , with each host taking turns to facilitate the discussions . The program debuted on June 25 , 2012 , and ran until July 31 , 2015 . On July 30 , 2015 , MSNBC President Phil Griffin announced that the series had been canceled in an effort to transition the networks daytime programming to more breaking news reporting and less political commentary and opinion . Format . The Cycle was an ensemble program , with all four hosts appearing on every broadcast , each one taking turns to facilitating the discussion . Usually , the segment was named after the host leading the discussion : Touré TV , Abbys Road , Aris Angle , and Krystal Clear . Spin Cycle was a segment in which each host discusses a story ( usually political ) from their point of view . Guest Spot was a topical discussion with a featured guest of the day . The format was similar to The Five on rival news network Fox News , although the hosts and producers have denied that The Cycle is derivative . Ball , Melber and Touré are self-proclaimed liberal commentators while Huntsman is a self-proclaimed conservative . History . Dylan Ratigans departure from MSNBC in June 2012 left a vacancy to fill in the networks schedule . Reports emerged that MSNBC planned to replace his show with a rotating group of hosts from the networks regular contributors . On June 21 , 2012 , MSNBC announced the shows name , format and hosts , which included former Congressional candidate Krystal Ball , author Touré , Salon writer Steve Kornacki , and Daily News columnist S . E . Cupp . All four hosts were introduced during the penultimate broadcast of The Dylan Ratigan Show on June 21 , 2012 . The show is seen as continuing a trend of networks emphasis on political talk , and away from newscasts . The show premiered on June 25 , 2012 . It occupied Martin Bashirs previous time slot at 3pm on weekdays , with Bashir moving to the 4pm hour , replacing Ratigan . On March 20 , 2013 , Kornacki left The Cycle to become the new host of MSNBCs weekend morning program Up , after Up host Chris Hayes was given Ed Schultzs primetime slot . On April 3 , 2013 , Ari Melber joined The Cycle as the permanent replacement of Steve Kornacki . On June 27 , 2013 , S.E . Cupp left the program , one day after she was announced as a co-host of CNNs revival of Crossfire . On July 17 , 2013 , MSNBC announced that Abby Huntsman would become the newest member to co-host The Cycle , effective July 29 , 2013 , to serve as the conservative replacement for S.E . Cupp Controversy . On the June 27 , 2012 , broadcast of the program , co-host Touré hinted that U.S . Army Ranger and former professional American football player Pat Tillmans death was suspicious , due to the fact that the U.S . Military wouldnt have wanted such a high-profile soldier criticizing the mission in Afghanistan in 2004 . On the July 5 , 2012 , broadcast , atheist co-host S.E . Cupp said that she would never vote for an atheist president . When asked to explain , Cupp said she felt that a president must not represent only 10 to 15 percent of the American populace and that faith served as a check on presidential power . On the July 6 , 2012 , broadcast , Cupp accused Ann Romney , wife of Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney , of lying about her husbands potential running mate picks . On the August 16 , 2012 , broadcast , Touré caused a controversy by stating that by calling President Barack Obama angry , Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney was engaging in the niggerization of the president . He apologized for using the word the next day . Hosts . - Krystal Ball ( 2012–2015 ) - S.E . Cupp ( 2012–2013 ) - Steve Kornacki ( 2012–2013 ) - Touré ( 2012–2015 ) - Ari Melber ( 2013–2015 ) - Abby Huntsman ( 2013–2015 ) Ratings . In June 2012 , The Cycle debuted third in the ratings for its first week broadcast , with 105,000 in the 25- to 54-year-old demographic , and 425,000 in Total Viewers . In July 2012 , The Cycle was down 39% in the 25- to 54-year-old demo compared to July 2011 . Ratings rebounded in August 2012 . The Cycle topped CNN in A25-54 by 16% ( 111,000 vs . 96,000 ) and ranked #1 with the younger demo of A18-34 . Compared to August 2011 , “The Cycle” was up 9% in A25-54 , 2% with total viewers , and 113% with A18-34 , the only cable news program to post growth in the hour . In the fourth quarter of 2012 , The Cycle was up 89% in 25- to 54-year-olds , [ up ] 55% in Total Viewers and [ up ] 114% among 18- to 34-year-olds – more growth than all other cable news programs in the hour combined . On June 12 , 2013 , The Cycle hit an all-time low in ratings . The program was watched by just 233,000 people in total and 34,000 people in the key 25 to 54 news demographic . Nielsen Company designates fewer than 50,000 viewers in the news demographic as a scratch . External links . - Official website |
[
"Krystal Ball",
"Touré",
"Ari Melber"
] | easy | The Cycle (talk show) was presented by whom in Jun 2013? | /wiki/The_Cycle_(talk_show)#P371#2 | The Cycle ( talk show ) The Cycle was an ensemble news and political talk show that was broadcast on MSNBC and hosted by four network analysts/commentators : Republican Abby Huntsman , author and culture critic Touré Neblett , The Nation correspondent Ari Melber , and former congressional candidate turned Democratic strategist Krystal Ball . Per its ensemble format , all four hosts appear on every show , with each host taking turns to facilitate the discussions . The program debuted on June 25 , 2012 , and ran until July 31 , 2015 . On July 30 , 2015 , MSNBC President Phil Griffin announced that the series had been canceled in an effort to transition the networks daytime programming to more breaking news reporting and less political commentary and opinion . Format . The Cycle was an ensemble program , with all four hosts appearing on every broadcast , each one taking turns to facilitating the discussion . Usually , the segment was named after the host leading the discussion : Touré TV , Abbys Road , Aris Angle , and Krystal Clear . Spin Cycle was a segment in which each host discusses a story ( usually political ) from their point of view . Guest Spot was a topical discussion with a featured guest of the day . The format was similar to The Five on rival news network Fox News , although the hosts and producers have denied that The Cycle is derivative . Ball , Melber and Touré are self-proclaimed liberal commentators while Huntsman is a self-proclaimed conservative . History . Dylan Ratigans departure from MSNBC in June 2012 left a vacancy to fill in the networks schedule . Reports emerged that MSNBC planned to replace his show with a rotating group of hosts from the networks regular contributors . On June 21 , 2012 , MSNBC announced the shows name , format and hosts , which included former Congressional candidate Krystal Ball , author Touré , Salon writer Steve Kornacki , and Daily News columnist S . E . Cupp . All four hosts were introduced during the penultimate broadcast of The Dylan Ratigan Show on June 21 , 2012 . The show is seen as continuing a trend of networks emphasis on political talk , and away from newscasts . The show premiered on June 25 , 2012 . It occupied Martin Bashirs previous time slot at 3pm on weekdays , with Bashir moving to the 4pm hour , replacing Ratigan . On March 20 , 2013 , Kornacki left The Cycle to become the new host of MSNBCs weekend morning program Up , after Up host Chris Hayes was given Ed Schultzs primetime slot . On April 3 , 2013 , Ari Melber joined The Cycle as the permanent replacement of Steve Kornacki . On June 27 , 2013 , S.E . Cupp left the program , one day after she was announced as a co-host of CNNs revival of Crossfire . On July 17 , 2013 , MSNBC announced that Abby Huntsman would become the newest member to co-host The Cycle , effective July 29 , 2013 , to serve as the conservative replacement for S.E . Cupp Controversy . On the June 27 , 2012 , broadcast of the program , co-host Touré hinted that U.S . Army Ranger and former professional American football player Pat Tillmans death was suspicious , due to the fact that the U.S . Military wouldnt have wanted such a high-profile soldier criticizing the mission in Afghanistan in 2004 . On the July 5 , 2012 , broadcast , atheist co-host S.E . Cupp said that she would never vote for an atheist president . When asked to explain , Cupp said she felt that a president must not represent only 10 to 15 percent of the American populace and that faith served as a check on presidential power . On the July 6 , 2012 , broadcast , Cupp accused Ann Romney , wife of Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney , of lying about her husbands potential running mate picks . On the August 16 , 2012 , broadcast , Touré caused a controversy by stating that by calling President Barack Obama angry , Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney was engaging in the niggerization of the president . He apologized for using the word the next day . Hosts . - Krystal Ball ( 2012–2015 ) - S.E . Cupp ( 2012–2013 ) - Steve Kornacki ( 2012–2013 ) - Touré ( 2012–2015 ) - Ari Melber ( 2013–2015 ) - Abby Huntsman ( 2013–2015 ) Ratings . In June 2012 , The Cycle debuted third in the ratings for its first week broadcast , with 105,000 in the 25- to 54-year-old demographic , and 425,000 in Total Viewers . In July 2012 , The Cycle was down 39% in the 25- to 54-year-old demo compared to July 2011 . Ratings rebounded in August 2012 . The Cycle topped CNN in A25-54 by 16% ( 111,000 vs . 96,000 ) and ranked #1 with the younger demo of A18-34 . Compared to August 2011 , “The Cycle” was up 9% in A25-54 , 2% with total viewers , and 113% with A18-34 , the only cable news program to post growth in the hour . In the fourth quarter of 2012 , The Cycle was up 89% in 25- to 54-year-olds , [ up ] 55% in Total Viewers and [ up ] 114% among 18- to 34-year-olds – more growth than all other cable news programs in the hour combined . On June 12 , 2013 , The Cycle hit an all-time low in ratings . The program was watched by just 233,000 people in total and 34,000 people in the key 25 to 54 news demographic . Nielsen Company designates fewer than 50,000 viewers in the news demographic as a scratch . External links . - Official website |
[
"Abby Huntsman",
"Krystal Ball",
"Ari Melber"
] | easy | The Cycle (talk show) was presented by whom from Jul 2013 to Jul 2014? | /wiki/The_Cycle_(talk_show)#P371#3 | The Cycle ( talk show ) The Cycle was an ensemble news and political talk show that was broadcast on MSNBC and hosted by four network analysts/commentators : Republican Abby Huntsman , author and culture critic Touré Neblett , The Nation correspondent Ari Melber , and former congressional candidate turned Democratic strategist Krystal Ball . Per its ensemble format , all four hosts appear on every show , with each host taking turns to facilitate the discussions . The program debuted on June 25 , 2012 , and ran until July 31 , 2015 . On July 30 , 2015 , MSNBC President Phil Griffin announced that the series had been canceled in an effort to transition the networks daytime programming to more breaking news reporting and less political commentary and opinion . Format . The Cycle was an ensemble program , with all four hosts appearing on every broadcast , each one taking turns to facilitating the discussion . Usually , the segment was named after the host leading the discussion : Touré TV , Abbys Road , Aris Angle , and Krystal Clear . Spin Cycle was a segment in which each host discusses a story ( usually political ) from their point of view . Guest Spot was a topical discussion with a featured guest of the day . The format was similar to The Five on rival news network Fox News , although the hosts and producers have denied that The Cycle is derivative . Ball , Melber and Touré are self-proclaimed liberal commentators while Huntsman is a self-proclaimed conservative . History . Dylan Ratigans departure from MSNBC in June 2012 left a vacancy to fill in the networks schedule . Reports emerged that MSNBC planned to replace his show with a rotating group of hosts from the networks regular contributors . On June 21 , 2012 , MSNBC announced the shows name , format and hosts , which included former Congressional candidate Krystal Ball , author Touré , Salon writer Steve Kornacki , and Daily News columnist S . E . Cupp . All four hosts were introduced during the penultimate broadcast of The Dylan Ratigan Show on June 21 , 2012 . The show is seen as continuing a trend of networks emphasis on political talk , and away from newscasts . The show premiered on June 25 , 2012 . It occupied Martin Bashirs previous time slot at 3pm on weekdays , with Bashir moving to the 4pm hour , replacing Ratigan . On March 20 , 2013 , Kornacki left The Cycle to become the new host of MSNBCs weekend morning program Up , after Up host Chris Hayes was given Ed Schultzs primetime slot . On April 3 , 2013 , Ari Melber joined The Cycle as the permanent replacement of Steve Kornacki . On June 27 , 2013 , S.E . Cupp left the program , one day after she was announced as a co-host of CNNs revival of Crossfire . On July 17 , 2013 , MSNBC announced that Abby Huntsman would become the newest member to co-host The Cycle , effective July 29 , 2013 , to serve as the conservative replacement for S.E . Cupp Controversy . On the June 27 , 2012 , broadcast of the program , co-host Touré hinted that U.S . Army Ranger and former professional American football player Pat Tillmans death was suspicious , due to the fact that the U.S . Military wouldnt have wanted such a high-profile soldier criticizing the mission in Afghanistan in 2004 . On the July 5 , 2012 , broadcast , atheist co-host S.E . Cupp said that she would never vote for an atheist president . When asked to explain , Cupp said she felt that a president must not represent only 10 to 15 percent of the American populace and that faith served as a check on presidential power . On the July 6 , 2012 , broadcast , Cupp accused Ann Romney , wife of Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney , of lying about her husbands potential running mate picks . On the August 16 , 2012 , broadcast , Touré caused a controversy by stating that by calling President Barack Obama angry , Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney was engaging in the niggerization of the president . He apologized for using the word the next day . Hosts . - Krystal Ball ( 2012–2015 ) - S.E . Cupp ( 2012–2013 ) - Steve Kornacki ( 2012–2013 ) - Touré ( 2012–2015 ) - Ari Melber ( 2013–2015 ) - Abby Huntsman ( 2013–2015 ) Ratings . In June 2012 , The Cycle debuted third in the ratings for its first week broadcast , with 105,000 in the 25- to 54-year-old demographic , and 425,000 in Total Viewers . In July 2012 , The Cycle was down 39% in the 25- to 54-year-old demo compared to July 2011 . Ratings rebounded in August 2012 . The Cycle topped CNN in A25-54 by 16% ( 111,000 vs . 96,000 ) and ranked #1 with the younger demo of A18-34 . Compared to August 2011 , “The Cycle” was up 9% in A25-54 , 2% with total viewers , and 113% with A18-34 , the only cable news program to post growth in the hour . In the fourth quarter of 2012 , The Cycle was up 89% in 25- to 54-year-olds , [ up ] 55% in Total Viewers and [ up ] 114% among 18- to 34-year-olds – more growth than all other cable news programs in the hour combined . On June 12 , 2013 , The Cycle hit an all-time low in ratings . The program was watched by just 233,000 people in total and 34,000 people in the key 25 to 54 news demographic . Nielsen Company designates fewer than 50,000 viewers in the news demographic as a scratch . External links . - Official website |
[
"editor"
] | easy | What was the occupation of Francis H. Case from 1920 to 1925? | /wiki/Francis_H._Case#P106#0 | Francis H . Case Francis Higbee Case ( December 9 , 1896June 22 , 1962 ) was an American journalist and politician who served for 25 years as a member of the United States Congress from South Dakota . He was a Republican . Biography . Case was born in Everly , Iowa , the son of Mary Ellen ( née Grannis ) and the Reverend Herbert Llywellen Case . He moved with his parents to Sturgis , South Dakota at the age of 13 . After graduating from the public schools he attended Dakota Wesleyan University and Northwestern University graduating in 1920 . During World War I he served in the United States Marine Corps , and subsequently he served in United States Army Reserve and the Marine Corps Reserve . Immediately after finishing college he began a 15-year career as a newspaper editor . Until 1922 he was the assistant editor of the Epworth Herald in Chicago . From 1922 to 1925 he was the telegraph writer and editorial writer for the Daily Journal in Rapid City , South Dakota . From 1925 to 1931 he was the editor and publisher of the Hot Springs Star in Hot Springs , South Dakota . Finally from 1931 until he entered Congress he was the editor and publisher of the Custer Chronicle in Custer , South Dakota . U.S . House of Representatives ( 1937–1951 ) . Case entered politics in 1934 when he ran for a seat in the United States House of Representatives but lost . In 1936 , however , he was elected to the U.S . House and served in it for seven terms . Before the United States entered World War II he was a moderate supporter of isolationism . In 1947-8 , he served on the Herter Committee . Case left the House in 1951 when he became a senator . U.S . Senate ( 1951–1962 ) . Case decided to run for the Senate in the 1950 election , and defeated the incumbent John Chandler Gurney in the Republican primary . In the general election he easily defeated Democrat John A . Engel receiving 63% of the vote . In his first term in the Senate he served as chairman of the United States Senate Committee on the District of Columbia from 1953 to 1955 , and was a supporter of greater self-rule in the district . In 1954 he served on a committee to investigate censuring Senator Joseph McCarthy . Case was reelected to the Senate in 1956 , in a very close race against Democrat Kenneth Holum receiving 50.8% of the vote . Case was known as a moderate Senator whose main goals were to expand Americas road and waterway infrastructure , particularly in South Dakota . Lake Francis Case , along the Missouri River , is named after him , as is a bridge on I-395 in Washington , D.C . Case voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 , but did not vote on the 24th Amendment to the U.S . Constitution . Case served in the Senate from 1951 until his death . He died of a heart attack at the Naval Hospital in Bethesda , Maryland on June 22 , 1962 . His death occurred several months before the expiration of his second term in the Senate . he was buried at Black Hills National Cemetery in Sturgis . |
[
"publisher"
] | easy | What was Francis H. Case 's occupation from 1925 to 1946? | /wiki/Francis_H._Case#P106#1 | Francis H . Case Francis Higbee Case ( December 9 , 1896June 22 , 1962 ) was an American journalist and politician who served for 25 years as a member of the United States Congress from South Dakota . He was a Republican . Biography . Case was born in Everly , Iowa , the son of Mary Ellen ( née Grannis ) and the Reverend Herbert Llywellen Case . He moved with his parents to Sturgis , South Dakota at the age of 13 . After graduating from the public schools he attended Dakota Wesleyan University and Northwestern University graduating in 1920 . During World War I he served in the United States Marine Corps , and subsequently he served in United States Army Reserve and the Marine Corps Reserve . Immediately after finishing college he began a 15-year career as a newspaper editor . Until 1922 he was the assistant editor of the Epworth Herald in Chicago . From 1922 to 1925 he was the telegraph writer and editorial writer for the Daily Journal in Rapid City , South Dakota . From 1925 to 1931 he was the editor and publisher of the Hot Springs Star in Hot Springs , South Dakota . Finally from 1931 until he entered Congress he was the editor and publisher of the Custer Chronicle in Custer , South Dakota . U.S . House of Representatives ( 1937–1951 ) . Case entered politics in 1934 when he ran for a seat in the United States House of Representatives but lost . In 1936 , however , he was elected to the U.S . House and served in it for seven terms . Before the United States entered World War II he was a moderate supporter of isolationism . In 1947-8 , he served on the Herter Committee . Case left the House in 1951 when he became a senator . U.S . Senate ( 1951–1962 ) . Case decided to run for the Senate in the 1950 election , and defeated the incumbent John Chandler Gurney in the Republican primary . In the general election he easily defeated Democrat John A . Engel receiving 63% of the vote . In his first term in the Senate he served as chairman of the United States Senate Committee on the District of Columbia from 1953 to 1955 , and was a supporter of greater self-rule in the district . In 1954 he served on a committee to investigate censuring Senator Joseph McCarthy . Case was reelected to the Senate in 1956 , in a very close race against Democrat Kenneth Holum receiving 50.8% of the vote . Case was known as a moderate Senator whose main goals were to expand Americas road and waterway infrastructure , particularly in South Dakota . Lake Francis Case , along the Missouri River , is named after him , as is a bridge on I-395 in Washington , D.C . Case voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 , but did not vote on the 24th Amendment to the U.S . Constitution . Case served in the Senate from 1951 until his death . He died of a heart attack at the Naval Hospital in Bethesda , Maryland on June 22 , 1962 . His death occurred several months before the expiration of his second term in the Senate . he was buried at Black Hills National Cemetery in Sturgis . |
[
"Fisk University"
] | easy | Which school did Joan Murrell Owens go to from 1953 to 1954? | /wiki/Joan_Murrell_Owens#P69#0 | Joan Murrell Owens Joan Murrell Owens ( June 30 , 1933 – May 25 , 2011 ) was an American educator and marine biologist specializing in corals . She received degrees in geology , fine art , and guidance counseling . She described a new genus , Rhombopsammia , and three new species of button corals , R . niphada , R . squiresi , and Letepsammia franki . Early life and family . Joan Murrell was born on June 30 , 1933 , in Miami , Florida , to William and Leola Murrell . She was the youngest of their three daughters . Her father was a dentist . Encouraged by her parents , from an early age Joan became interested in the life of the oceans , and she hoped to study marine biology professionally . Her father was an avid fisherman who took his wife and daughters on weekend fishing trips , during which Owens became interested in marine life . One of her favorite books was The Silent World by Jacques Cousteau . Mueller graduated from Miamis Booker T . Washington High School in 1950 and was awarded two scholarships , one from the Pepsi-Cola Company and a Sarah Maloney ( Art Scholarship ) at Fisk University . Joan entered Fisk University in 1950 . The scholarships subsidized part of her education with her father paying the major portion of her tuition . However , the university did not offer a program in the marine sciences . Instead , she majored in fine art and received her degree in 1954 ; her minors were mathematics and psychology . For graduate study , Murrell entered the University of Michigan with the intention to study commercial art , but she changed her focus . She received a Master of Science degree in guidance counseling with an emphasis on reading therapy in 1956 . Teaching and research . Joan Murrell taught for two years at the University of Michigans Childrens Psychiatric Hospital , and then joined the faculty of Howard University in Washington , D.C . in 1957 , where she specialized in teaching remedial English . In the 1960s , she moved to Newton , Massachusetts . While there , for the Institute for Services to Education she designed programs for teaching English to educationally disadvantaged students . This work served as a model for the Upward Bound program of the United States Department of Education . She returned to Washington ; with a renewed interest in marine biology , and the encouragement of her friend and colleague Philip Morrison , she entered George Washington University in 1970 . As that institution had no undergraduate program in marine science , she constructed an equivalent with a major in geology and a minor in zoology . She received her B.S . in geology in 1973 and her M.S . in 1976 . Continuing work toward her doctorate , she returned to Howard as a professor of geology in 1976 . Because Owens had sickle cell anemia traits , her research was limited by her inability to dive underwater to search for specimens . Instead , she did a laboratory project at the Smithsonian Institution , working with coral samples collected by a British expedition in 1880 . Her doctoral research concerned certain species of deep-sea button corals , a group of stony corals that are distinctive in that they do not form colonies . Her dissertation was titled Microstructural Changes in the Scleractinian Families Micrabaciidae and Fungiidae and their Taxonomic and Ecologic Implications . She received her PhD from George Washington University in 1984 . Now publishing as Joan Murrell Owens , she continued her laboratory work at the Smithsonian , classifying and studying button corals , while advancing to the rank of associate professor in the department of geology and geography at Howard University in 1986 . She described the new genus Rhombopsammia and its two species in 1986 , and added a new species to the genus Letepsammia in 1994 , naming L . franki for her husband , Frank A . Owens . Both genera are in the family Micrabaciidae . Joan Owens transferred to the biology department of Howard in 1992 when the department of geology and geography was phased out , and retired from full-time work in 1995 . Later life and death . Joan Owens died on May 25 , 2011 . She was survived by her sister , Willette M . Carlton ; two daughters , Adrienne Lewis and Angela Owens ; and a granddaughter , Chara Johnson . |
[
""
] | easy | Which school did Joan Murrell Owens go to from 1954 to 1984? | /wiki/Joan_Murrell_Owens#P69#1 | Joan Murrell Owens Joan Murrell Owens ( June 30 , 1933 – May 25 , 2011 ) was an American educator and marine biologist specializing in corals . She received degrees in geology , fine art , and guidance counseling . She described a new genus , Rhombopsammia , and three new species of button corals , R . niphada , R . squiresi , and Letepsammia franki . Early life and family . Joan Murrell was born on June 30 , 1933 , in Miami , Florida , to William and Leola Murrell . She was the youngest of their three daughters . Her father was a dentist . Encouraged by her parents , from an early age Joan became interested in the life of the oceans , and she hoped to study marine biology professionally . Her father was an avid fisherman who took his wife and daughters on weekend fishing trips , during which Owens became interested in marine life . One of her favorite books was The Silent World by Jacques Cousteau . Mueller graduated from Miamis Booker T . Washington High School in 1950 and was awarded two scholarships , one from the Pepsi-Cola Company and a Sarah Maloney ( Art Scholarship ) at Fisk University . Joan entered Fisk University in 1950 . The scholarships subsidized part of her education with her father paying the major portion of her tuition . However , the university did not offer a program in the marine sciences . Instead , she majored in fine art and received her degree in 1954 ; her minors were mathematics and psychology . For graduate study , Murrell entered the University of Michigan with the intention to study commercial art , but she changed her focus . She received a Master of Science degree in guidance counseling with an emphasis on reading therapy in 1956 . Teaching and research . Joan Murrell taught for two years at the University of Michigans Childrens Psychiatric Hospital , and then joined the faculty of Howard University in Washington , D.C . in 1957 , where she specialized in teaching remedial English . In the 1960s , she moved to Newton , Massachusetts . While there , for the Institute for Services to Education she designed programs for teaching English to educationally disadvantaged students . This work served as a model for the Upward Bound program of the United States Department of Education . She returned to Washington ; with a renewed interest in marine biology , and the encouragement of her friend and colleague Philip Morrison , she entered George Washington University in 1970 . As that institution had no undergraduate program in marine science , she constructed an equivalent with a major in geology and a minor in zoology . She received her B.S . in geology in 1973 and her M.S . in 1976 . Continuing work toward her doctorate , she returned to Howard as a professor of geology in 1976 . Because Owens had sickle cell anemia traits , her research was limited by her inability to dive underwater to search for specimens . Instead , she did a laboratory project at the Smithsonian Institution , working with coral samples collected by a British expedition in 1880 . Her doctoral research concerned certain species of deep-sea button corals , a group of stony corals that are distinctive in that they do not form colonies . Her dissertation was titled Microstructural Changes in the Scleractinian Families Micrabaciidae and Fungiidae and their Taxonomic and Ecologic Implications . She received her PhD from George Washington University in 1984 . Now publishing as Joan Murrell Owens , she continued her laboratory work at the Smithsonian , classifying and studying button corals , while advancing to the rank of associate professor in the department of geology and geography at Howard University in 1986 . She described the new genus Rhombopsammia and its two species in 1986 , and added a new species to the genus Letepsammia in 1994 , naming L . franki for her husband , Frank A . Owens . Both genera are in the family Micrabaciidae . Joan Owens transferred to the biology department of Howard in 1992 when the department of geology and geography was phased out , and retired from full-time work in 1995 . Later life and death . Joan Owens died on May 25 , 2011 . She was survived by her sister , Willette M . Carlton ; two daughters , Adrienne Lewis and Angela Owens ; and a granddaughter , Chara Johnson . |
[
""
] | easy | What was the residence of Charles Holden from 1875 to 1897? | /wiki/Charles_Holden#P551#0 | Charles Holden Charles Henry Holden ( 12 May 1875 – 1 May 1960 ) was a Bolton-born English architect best known for designing many London Underground stations during the 1920s and 1930s , for Bristol Central Library , the Underground Electric Railways Company of Londons headquarters at 55 Broadway and for the University of Londons Senate House . He also created many war cemeteries in Belgium and northern France for the Imperial War Graves Commission . After working and training in Bolton and Manchester , Holden moved to London . His early buildings were influenced by the Arts and Crafts Movement , but for most of his career he championed an unadorned style based on simplified forms and massing that was free of what he considered to be unnecessary decorative detailing . Holden believed strongly that architectural designs should be dictated by buildings intended functions . After the First World War he increasingly simplified his style and his designs became pared-down and modernist , influenced by European architecture . He was a member of the Design and Industries Association and the Art Workers Guild . He produced complete designs for his buildings including the interior design and architectural fittings . Although not without its critics , his architecture is widely appreciated . He was awarded the Royal Institute of British Architects ( RIBAs ) Royal Gold Medal for architecture in 1936 and was appointed a Royal Designer for Industry in 1943 . His station designs for London Underground became the corporations standard design influencing designs by all architects working for the organisation in the 1930s . Many of his buildings have been granted listed building status , protecting them from unapproved alteration . He twice declined the offer of a knighthood . Early life . Charles Henry Holden was born on 12 May 1875 at Great Lever , Bolton , the fifth and youngest child of Joseph Holden ( 1842–1918 ) , a draper and milliner , and Ellen ( née Broughton , 1841–1890 ) Holden . Holdens childhood was marred by his fathers bankruptcy in 1884 and his mothers death when he was fifteen years old . Following the loss of his fathers business , the family moved to St Helens , where his father returned to his earlier trade and worked as an iron turner and fitter and where he attended a number of schools . He briefly had jobs as a laboratory assistant and a railway clerk in St Helens . During this period he attended draughting classes at the YMCA and considered a career as an engineer in Sir Douglas Foxs practice . In 1891 he began working for his brother-in-law , David Frederick Green , a land surveyor and architect in Bolton . In April 1892 he was articled to Manchester architect Everard W . Leeson and , while training with him , also studied at the Manchester School of Art ( 1893–94 ) and Manchester Technical School ( 1894–96 ) . While working and studying in Manchester , Holden formed friendships with artist Muirhead Bone and his future brother-in-law Francis Dodd . About this time Holden was introduced to the writings of Walt Whitman and became friends with James William Wallace and a number of the members of Boltons Whitman society known as the Eagle Street College . Whitmans writings and those of Henry David Thoreau , Ralph Waldo Emerson and Edward Carpenter were major influences on Holdens life . He incorporated many of their philosophies and principles into his style of living and method of working . In 1895 and 1896 Holden submitted designs to Building News Designing Club competitions using the pseudonym The Owl . Although the number of competing submissions made was not always large , from nine competition entries , Holden won five first places , three second places and one third place . In 1897 , he entered the competition for the RIBAs prestigious Soane Medallion for student architects . Of fourteen entries , Holdens submission for the competitions subject , a Provincial Market Hall , came third . Holden described the design as being inspired by the work of John Belcher , Edgar Wood and Arthur Beresford Pite . Family life . Around 1898 Holden began living with Margaret Steadman ( née Macdonald , 1865–1954 ) , a nurse and midwife . They were introduced by Holdens older sister , Alice , and became friends through their common interest in Whitman . Steadman had separated from her husband James Steadman , a university tutor , because of his alcoholism and abuse . Steadman and her husband were never divorced and , though she and Holden lived as a married couple and Holden referred to her as his wife , the relationship was never formalised , even after James Steadmans death in 1930 . The Holdens lived in suburban Norbiton , Surrey ( now Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames ) until 1902 , when they moved to Codicote in Hertfordshire . Around 1906 , they moved to Harmer Green near Welwyn , where Holden designed a house for them . The house was plainly furnished and the couple lived a simple life , described by Janet Ashbee in 1906 as bananas and brown bread on the table ; no hot water ; plain living and high thinking and strenuous activity for the betterment of the World . The couple had no children together , though Margaret had a son , Allan , from her marriage . Charles and Margaret Holden lived at Harmer Green for the rest of their lives . Works . Early career . Holden left Leesons practice in 1896 and worked for Jonathan Simpson in Bolton in 1896 and 1897 , working on house designs there and at Port Sunlight , before moving to London to work for Arts and Crafts designer Charles Robert Ashbee . His time with Ashbee was short and , in October 1899 , he became chief assistant in H . Percy Adams practice , where he remained for the rest of his career . A number of Holdens early designs were for hospitals , which Adams practice specialised in . At this early stage in his career , he produced designs in a variety of architectural styles as circumstances required , reflecting the influences of a number of architects . Holden soon took charge of most of the practices design work . From 1900 to 1903 , Holden studied architecture in the evenings at the Royal Academy School . He also continued to produce designs in his spare time for his brother-in-law and Jonathan Simpson . His red brick arts and craft façades for the Belgrave Hospital for Children in Kennington , south London ( 1900–03 ) , were influenced by Philip Webb and Henry Wilson and feature steeply pitched roofs , corner towers and stone window surrounds . The building , now converted to apartments , is Grade II* listed . In 1902 , Holden won the architectural competition to design the Bristol Central Library . His Tudor Revival façades in bath stone incorporate modernist elements complementing the adjacent Abbey Gate of Bristol Cathedral . The front façade features oriel windows and sculpture groups with Chaucer , Bede and Alfred the Great by Charles Pibworth . Internally , the design is classical , with the furniture designed by Holden and the stone carving mostly by William Aumonier . It was described by architectural historian Sir Nikolaus Pevsner as free Neo-Tudor and extremely pretty and by Andor Gomme as one of the great masterpieces of the early Modern Movement . It has been compared with Charles Rennie Mackintoshs Glasgow School of Art and it is sometimes suggested that Mackintoshs designs for the later part of the school were inspired by Holdens , although Pevsner noted that Mackintoshs designs were in circulation earlier . The building is Grade I listed . At Midhurst , West Sussex , Holden designed Tudor-style façades for the Sir Ernest Cassel-funded King Edward VII Sanatorium ( 1903–06 ) . The building features long wings of south-facing rooms to maximise patients exposure to sunlight and fresh air . The design is in keeping with the buildings rural setting , with façades in the local tile-hung style . Pevsner called this certainly one of the best buildings of its date in the country and a model of how to build very large institutions . He designed the sanitoriums V-shaped open-air chapel so that it could be used for both outdoor and indoor worship . Both buildings are Grade II* listed . Other hospitals he designed in this period include the British Seamens Hospital in Istanbul ( 1903–04 ) and the Womens Hospital in Soho , central London ( 1908 ) . For The Law Society he designed ( 1902–04 ) a simplified neoclassical extension to the existing Lewis Vulliamy-designed building in Chancery Lane with external sculptures by Charles Pibworth and a panelled arts and crafts interior with carving by William Aumonier and friezes by Conrad Dressler . Pevsner considered the façades to be Mannerist : The fashionable term Mannerism can here be used legitimately ; for Holden indeed froze up and invalidated current classical motifs , which is what Mannerist architects did in the Cinquecento . In 1906 , Holden won the architectural competition to design a new headquarters for the British Medical Association on the corner of The Strand and Agar Street ( now Zimbabwe House ) . The six-storey L-shaped building replaced a collection of buildings on the site already occupied by the Association and provided it with accommodation for a council chamber , library and offices on the upper floors above space for shops on the ground floor and in the basement . Described by Powers as classicism reduced to geometric shapes , the first three storeys are clad in grey Cornish granite with Portland stone above . Located at second floor level was a controversial series of tall sculptures representing the development of science and the ages of man by Jacob Epstein . The building is Grade II* listed . Alastair Service considered it perhaps his best London building . In 1909 , Holden won the design competition for an extension to the Bristol Royal Infirmary . Subsequently dedicated to the memory of King Edward VII ( died 1910 ) , the extension ( 1911–12 ) was built on steeply sloping ground for which Holden designed a linked pair of Portland stone-faced blocks around a courtyard . The plain , abstract blocks have towers on the corners and two-storey loggias , and are a further simplification of Holdens style . The practice became Adams & Holden in 1907 when Holden became a partner and Adams , Holden & Pearson when Lionel Pearson became a partner in 1913 . In 1913 , Holden was awarded the RIBAs Godwin medal and £65 to study architecture abroad . He travelled to America in April 1913 and studied the organisation of household and social science departments at American universities in preparation for his design of the Wren-influenced Kings College for Women , Kensington . Other buildings by Holden before the First World War include modernist office buildings in Holborn and Oxford Street , an extension in red brick of Alfred Waterhouses Shire Hall in Bedford , and Arts and Crafts Sutton Valence School , Kent . Holden also worked with Epstein on the tomb of Oscar Wilde at Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris ( 1911–12 ) . In 1915 , he was a founding member of the Design and Industries Association and he was a member of the Art Workers Guild from 1917 . Unsuccessful competition entries for which he produced designs include Strathclyde Royal Infirmary ( 1901 ) , Manchester Royal Infirmary ( 1904 ) , County Hall ( 1907 ) , the National Library of Wales ( 1909 ) , Coventry Town Hall ( 1911 ) and the Board of Trade building ( 1915 ) . War cemeteries and memorials . The Holdens shared a strong sense of personal duty and service . In the First World War , Margaret Holden joined the Friends Emergency Committee for the Assistance of Germans , Austrians and Hungarians in distress which helped refugees of those countries stranded in London by the conflict . Charles Holden served with the Red Crosss London Ambulance Column as a stretcher-bearer transferring wounded troops from Londons stations to its hospitals . Holden also served on the fire watch at St Pauls Cathedral between 1915 and 1917 . On 3 October 1917 , Holden was appointed a temporary lieutenant with the armys Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries . He travelled to the French battlefields for the first time later that month and began planning new cemeteries and expanding existing ones . Holden described his experience : The country is one vast wilderness , blasted out of recognition where once villages & orchards & fertile land , now tossed about & churned in hopeless disorder with never a landmark as far as the eye can reach & dotted about in the scrub and untidiness of it all are to be seen here & there singly & in groups little white crosses marking the place where men have fallen and been buried . In September 1918 , Holden transferred to the Imperial War Graves Commission ( now the Commonwealth War Graves Commission ) with the new rank of major . From 1918 until 1928 he worked on 69 Commission cemeteries . Initially , Holden ran the drawing office and worked as the senior design architect under the three principal architects in France and Belgium ( Edwin Lutyens , Reginald Blomfield and Herbert Baker ) . Holden worked on the experimental war cemetery at Louvencourt and , according to Geurst and Karol , probably on the one at Forceville that was selected as the prototype for all that followed . In 1920 , he was promoted to be the fourth principal architect . His work for the Commission included memorials to the New Zealand missing dead at Messines Ridge British Cemetery , and the Buttes New British Cemetery at Zonnebeke . His designs were stripped of ornament , often using simple detailed masses of Portland stone in the construction of the shelters and other architectural elements . Philip Longworths history of the Commission described Holdens pavilions at Wimereux Communal Cemetery as almost cruelly severe . In 1922 , Holden designed the War Memorial Gateway for Clifton College , Bristol , using a combination of limestone and gritstone to match the Gothic style of the schools buildings . For the British War Memorials Committee , he produced a design for a Hall of Remembrance ( 1918 ) that would have been in the form of an art gallery , and for New College , Oxford , he created a design for a tiny memorial chapel ( 1919 ) . Neither was constructed . London Transport . Through his involvement with the Design and Industries Association Holden met Frank Pick , general manager of the Underground Electric Railways Company of London ( UERL ) . Holden at the time had no experience in designing for transport , but this changed through his collaboration with Pick . In 1923 , Pick commissioned Holden to design a façade for a side entrance at Westminster Underground station . This was followed in 1924 with an appointment to design the UERLs pavilion for the British Empire Exhibition . Also in 1924 , Pick commissioned Holden to design seven new stations in south London for the extension of the City and South London Railway ( now part of the Northern line ) from Clapham Common to Morden . The designs replaced a set by the UERLs own architect , Stanley Heaps , which Pick had found unsatisfactory . The designs reflect the simple modernist style he was using in France for the war cemeteries ; double-height ticket halls are clad in plain Portland stone framing a glazed screen , each adapted to suit the street corner sites of most of the stations . The screens feature the Underground roundel made up in coloured glass panels and are divided by stone columns surmounted by capitals formed as a three-dimensional version of the roundel . Holden also advised Heaps on new façades for a number of the existing stations on the line and produced the design for a new entrance at Bond Street station on the Central London Railway . During the later 1920s , Holden designed a series of replacement buildings and new façades for station improvements around the UERLs network . Many of these featured Portland stone cladding and variations of the glazed screens developed for the Morden extension . At Piccadilly Circus , one of the busiest stations on the system , Holden designed ( 1925–28 ) a spacious travertine-lined circulating concourse and ticket hall below the roadway of the junction from which banks of escalators gave access to the platforms below . In 1926 , Holden began the design of a new headquarters for the UERL at 55 Broadway above St . Jamess Park station . Above the first floor , the steel-framed building was constructed to a cruciform plan and rises in a series of receding stages to a central clock tower tall . The arrangement maximises daylight to the buildings interior without the use of light wells . Like his stations of the period and his pre-First World War commercial buildings , the block is austerely clad in Portland stone . Holden again detailed the façades with commissioned sculptures ; , two compositions by Epstein , are at first floor level , and a series of eight bas-reliefs at the seventh floor represent the four winds ( two for each of the cardinal directions , on each side of the projecting wings ) . The building is Grade I listed . In 1930 , Holden and Pick made a tour of Germany , the Netherlands , Denmark and Sweden to see the latest developments in modern architecture . The UERL was planning extensions of the Piccadilly line to the west , north-west and north of London , and a new type of station was wanted . Adapting the architectural styles he had seen on the tour , Holden created functional designs composed of simple forms : cylinders , curves and rectangles , built in plain brick , concrete and glass . The extensions to the west and north-west were over existing routes operated by the District line and required a number of stations to be rebuilt to accommodate additional tracks or to replace original , basic buildings . Sudbury Town , the first station to be rebuilt in 1931 , formed a template for many of the other new stations that followed : a tall rectangular brick box with a concrete flat roof and panels of vertical glazing to allow light into the interior . The Grade II* listed building was described by Pevsner as an outstanding example of how satisfying such unpretentious buildings can be , purely through the use of careful details and good proportions . For Arnos Grove station , one of eight new stations on the northern extension of the line , Holden modified the rectangular box into a circular drum , a design inspired by Gunnar Asplunds Stockholm Public Library . Also notable on the northern extension is Southgate station ; here Holden designed a single-storey circular building with a canopied flat roof . Above this , the central section of roof rises up on a continuous horizontal band of clerestory windows , supported internally by a single central column . The building is topped by an illuminated feature capped with a bronze ball . Other stations show the influence of Willem Marinus Dudoks work in Hilversum , Netherlands . In order to handle such a large volume of work , Holden delegated significant design responsibility to his assistants , such as Charles Hutton , who took the lead on Arnos Grove Station . For some other Piccadilly line stations the design was handled in-house by Stanley Heaps or by other architectural practices . All followed the modern brick , glass and concrete house style defined by Holden , but some lacked Holdens originality and attention to detail ; Pick dubbed these Holdenesque . The UERL became part of London Transport in 1933 , but the focus remained on high quality design . Under Pick , Holdens attention to detail and idea of integrated design extended to all parts of Londons transport network , from designing bus and tram shelters to a new type of six-wheeled omnibus . In the late 1930s , Holden designed replacement stations at Highgate , East Finchley and Finchley Central and new stations at Elstree South and Bushey Heath for the Northern lines Northern Heights plan . Holdens designs incorporated sculpture relevant to the local history of a number of stations : Dick Whittington for Highgate , a Roman centurion at Elstree South and an archer for East Finchley . Much of the project was postponed shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War and was later cancelled . Only East Finchley station was completed in full with Highgate in part ; the other plans were scrapped . East Finchley station is located on an embankment and the platforms are accessed from below . Making use of the stations air-rights , Holden provided staff office space spanning above the tracks accessed through semi-circular glazed stairways from the platforms . Eric Aumonier provided the statue The Archer , a prominent feature of the station . Holdens last designs for London Transport were three new stations for the Central line extension in north-east London . These were designed in the 1930s , but were also delayed by the war and were not completed until 1947 . reduced the quality of the materials used compared with the 1930s stations and the building at Wanstead was adapted from a temporary structure constructed during the lines wartime use as an underground factory . Gants Hill is accessed through subways and has no station building , but is notable for the design of its platform level concourse , which features a barrel vaulted ceiling inspired by stations on the Moscow Metro . University of London . After the First World War , the University of London needed a replacement for its overcrowded and scattered accommodation in Kensington . A site was acquired in Bloomsbury near the British Museum and Holden was commissioned in 1931 to design the new buildings , partly due to the success of 55 Broadway . His original plan was for a single structure covering the whole site , stretching almost from Montague Place to Torrington Street . It comprised a central spine linked by a series of wings to the perimeter façade and enclosing a series of courtyards . The scheme was to be topped by two towers : a smaller one to the north , and a 19-storey , tall Senate House . Construction began in 1932 , but due to a shortage of funds , the design was gradually revised and cut back , and only the Senate House and Library were completed in 1937 , with the buildings for the Institute of Education and the School of Oriental Studies completed later . The design featured façades of load-bearing brickwork faced with Portland stone . Holdens intention to adorn the building with sculpture was also not fulfilled . As he had with his earlier buildings , Holden also prepared the designs for the individual elements of the interior design . From its completion until 1957 , it was the tallest office building in London . Senate House divided opinion . Pevsner described its style as strangely semi-traditional , undecided modernism , and summarised : The design certainly does not possess the vigour and directness of Charles Holdens smaller Underground stations . Others have described it as Stalinist , or as totalitarian due to its great scale . Functionalist architect Erich Mendelsohn wrote to Holden in 1938 that he was very much taken and .. . convinced that there is no finer building in London . Historian Arnold Whittick described the building as a static massive pyramid .. . obviously designed to last for a thousand years , but thought the interior is more pleasing than the exterior . There is essentially the atmosphere of dignity , serenity and repose that one associates with the architecture of ancient Greece . The onset of the Second World War prevented any further progress on the full scheme , although Adams , Holden & Pearson did design further buildings for the university in the vicinity . Town planning . With virtually no new work being commissioned , Holden spent the war years planning for the reconstruction that would be required once it was over . Holden was a member of the RIBAs twelve-man committee which formulated the institutes policy for post-war reconstruction . Holdens town planning ideas involved the relocation of industry out of towns and cities to new industrial centres in the style of Port Sunlight or Bournville where workers could live close to their workplace . The new industrial centres would be linked to the existing towns with new fast roads and reconstruction in town centres would be planned to provide more open space around the administrative centres . In 1944–45 , Holden produced plans for the reconstruction of Canterbury , Kent , with the City Architect Herbert Millson Enderby . Canterbury had been badly damaged by Luftwaffe bombing including the Baedeker raids in May and June 1942 . Holden and Enderby aimed to preserve much of the character of the city , but planned for the compulsory purchase of of the town centre for large scale reconstruction including a new civic way from the cathedral to a new town hall . Outside the city , they planned bypasses and a ring road at a two-mile ( 3.2-kilometre ) radius of the centre . Although approved by the city council , the plan was widely opposed by residents and freeholders and the Canterbury Citizens Defence Association issued an alternative plan before taking control of the council at local elections in November 1945 . The change in administration ended the proposals , although a new plan prepared in 1947 without Holdens or Enderbys involvement retained some of their ideas including the ring road . The City of Londons first reconstruction plan was written by the City Engineer F . J . Forty and published in 1944 . It had met with considerable criticism and William Morrison , Minister for Town and Country Planning , asked the City of London Corporation to prepare a new plan . Holden was approached , and he accepted provided that William Holford also be appointed . Holdens and Holfords City of London Plan ( 1946–1947 ) recommended a relaxation of the strict height limits imposed in the capital and the first use in London of plot ratio calculations in the planning process so that buildings could be designed with floor space of up to five times the ground area . For the bomb-devastated area around St Pauls Cathedral , Holden proposed a new precinct around which buildings would be positioned to provide clear views of the cathedral and from which new ceremonial routes would radiate . The heights of buildings would be strictly defined to protect these views . The plan was accepted by the Minister for Town and Country Planning in 1948 and was incorporated into the wider London Development Plan . In 1947 , Holden planned a scheme on behalf of the London County Council for the South Bank of the River Thames between County Hall and Waterloo Bridge , including a plan for a concert hall with the councils architect Edwin Williams . The scheme received little attention and was almost immediately superseded by plans to develop the area as the site of the Festival of Britain . Holden was also architectural and planning consultant to the University of Edinburgh and to the Borough of Tynemouth . Final years . Although Charles Holden had gradually reduced his workload , he was still continuing to go into the office three days per week during the early 1950s . He did not formally retire until 1958 , but even then he visited occasionally . Margaret Holden died in 1954 after a protracted illness which had left her nearly blind since the mid-1940s . In the last decade of his life , Holden was himself physically weaker and was looked after by his niece Minnie Green . One of Holdens last public engagements was when he acted as a sponsor at the award of the RIBAs Royal Gold Medal to Le Corbusier in 1953 . The last project that Holden worked on was a much criticised headquarters building for English Electric in Aldwych , London . In 1952 , Adams , Holden & Pearson were appointed by English Electrics chairman , Sir George Nelson , and Holden designed a monolithic stone building around a courtyard . In 1955 , the London County Council persuaded English Electric to put the scheme aside and hold a limited architectural competition for a new design . Adams , Holden & Pearson submitted a design , but were beaten by Sir John Burnet , Tait and Partners . When that practice later refused Sir George Nelsons request to redesign the façades , Adams , Holden & Pearson were reappointed and Charles Holden revised his practices competition entry . The new design was criticised by the Royal Fine Art Commission and a further redesign was carried out by one of Holdens partners to produce the final design , described by Pevsner as a dull , lifeless building , stone-faced and with nothing to recommend it . Holden died on 1 May 1960 . His body was cremated at Enfield crematorium and his ashes were spread in the garden of the Friends Meeting House in Hertford . On 2 June 1960 a memorial service was held at St Pancras New Church , where Holden had designed the altar in 1914 . Obituaries were published in daily newspapers The Manchester Guardian , The Times and The Daily Telegraph and in construction industry periodicals including The Builder , Architectural Review , Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects and Journal of the Town Planning Institute . Generally , the obituaries were positive about Holdens early work and the stations for London Underground , were neutral about Senate House and were negative about his practices later works . The Harmer Green house and most of its contents were auctioned with the proceeds left to family members . Holden also left £8,400 to friends and staff and £2,000 to charity . Holden on architecture . Holden recognised that his architectural style placed him in rather a curious position , not quite in the fashion and not quite out of it ; not enough of a traditionalist to please the traditionalists and not enough of a modernist to please the modernists . He believed that the principal aim of design was to achieve fitness for purpose , and repeatedly called for a style of architecture that avoided unnecessary architectural adornment . In 1905 , in an essay titled If Whitman had been an Architect , Holden made an anonymous plea to architects for a new form of modern architecture : Often I hear of the glory of the architecture of ancient Greece ; of the proud Romans ; of sombre Egypt ; the praise of vast Byzantium and the lofty Middle Ages , too , I hear . But of the glory of the architecture of the Modern I never hear . Come , you Modern Buildings , come ! Throw off your mantle of deceits ; your cornices , pilasters , mouldings , swags , scrolls ; behind them all , behind your dignified proportions , your picturesque groupings , your arts and crafts prettinesses and exaggerated techniques ; behind and beyond them all hides the one I love . In his 1936 speech when presented with the RIBAs Royal Gold Medal , Holden defined his position : It was not so much a matter of creating a new style , as of discarding those incrustations which counted for style .. . surface embroidery empty of structural significance . His method was to focus on those more permanent basic factors of architecture , the plan , and the planes and masses arising out of the plan . He described his ideal building as one which takes naturally and inevitably the form controlled by the plan and the purpose and the materials . A building which provides opportunities for the exercise and skill and pleasure in work not only to the designer but also for the many craftsmen employed and the occupants of the building . In a 1957 essay on architecture , he wrote I dont seek for a style , either ancient or modern , I want an architecture which is through and through good building . A building planned for a specific purpose , constructed in the method and use of materials , old or new , most appropriate to the purpose the building has to serve . Recognition and legacy . Holden won the RIBAs London Architecture Medal for 1929 ( awarded 1931 ) for 55 Broadway . In 1936 he was awarded the RIBAs Royal Gold Medal for his body of work . He was Vice President of the RIBA from 1935–37 and a member of the Royal Fine Art Commission from 1933 to 1947 . In 1943 he was appointed a Royal Designer for Industry for the design of transport equipment . He was awarded honorary doctorates by Manchester University in 1936 and London University in 1946 . Many of Holdens buildings have been granted listed status , protecting them against demolition and unapproved alteration . Holden declined the invitation to become a Royal Academician in 1942 , having previously been nominated , but refused because of his connection to Epstein . He twice declined a knighthood , in 1943 and 1951 , as he considered it to be at odds with his simple lifestyle and considered architecture a collaborative process . The RIBA holds a collection of Holdens personal papers and material from Adams , Holden & Pearson . The RIBA staged exhibitions of his work at the Heinz Gallery in 1988 and at the Victoria and Albert Museum between October 2010 and February 2011 . A public house near Colliers Wood Underground station has been named The Charles Holden , taking inspiration from the architect . |
[
"London"
] | easy | What was the residence of Charles Holden from 1897 to 1898? | /wiki/Charles_Holden#P551#1 | Charles Holden Charles Henry Holden ( 12 May 1875 – 1 May 1960 ) was a Bolton-born English architect best known for designing many London Underground stations during the 1920s and 1930s , for Bristol Central Library , the Underground Electric Railways Company of Londons headquarters at 55 Broadway and for the University of Londons Senate House . He also created many war cemeteries in Belgium and northern France for the Imperial War Graves Commission . After working and training in Bolton and Manchester , Holden moved to London . His early buildings were influenced by the Arts and Crafts Movement , but for most of his career he championed an unadorned style based on simplified forms and massing that was free of what he considered to be unnecessary decorative detailing . Holden believed strongly that architectural designs should be dictated by buildings intended functions . After the First World War he increasingly simplified his style and his designs became pared-down and modernist , influenced by European architecture . He was a member of the Design and Industries Association and the Art Workers Guild . He produced complete designs for his buildings including the interior design and architectural fittings . Although not without its critics , his architecture is widely appreciated . He was awarded the Royal Institute of British Architects ( RIBAs ) Royal Gold Medal for architecture in 1936 and was appointed a Royal Designer for Industry in 1943 . His station designs for London Underground became the corporations standard design influencing designs by all architects working for the organisation in the 1930s . Many of his buildings have been granted listed building status , protecting them from unapproved alteration . He twice declined the offer of a knighthood . Early life . Charles Henry Holden was born on 12 May 1875 at Great Lever , Bolton , the fifth and youngest child of Joseph Holden ( 1842–1918 ) , a draper and milliner , and Ellen ( née Broughton , 1841–1890 ) Holden . Holdens childhood was marred by his fathers bankruptcy in 1884 and his mothers death when he was fifteen years old . Following the loss of his fathers business , the family moved to St Helens , where his father returned to his earlier trade and worked as an iron turner and fitter and where he attended a number of schools . He briefly had jobs as a laboratory assistant and a railway clerk in St Helens . During this period he attended draughting classes at the YMCA and considered a career as an engineer in Sir Douglas Foxs practice . In 1891 he began working for his brother-in-law , David Frederick Green , a land surveyor and architect in Bolton . In April 1892 he was articled to Manchester architect Everard W . Leeson and , while training with him , also studied at the Manchester School of Art ( 1893–94 ) and Manchester Technical School ( 1894–96 ) . While working and studying in Manchester , Holden formed friendships with artist Muirhead Bone and his future brother-in-law Francis Dodd . About this time Holden was introduced to the writings of Walt Whitman and became friends with James William Wallace and a number of the members of Boltons Whitman society known as the Eagle Street College . Whitmans writings and those of Henry David Thoreau , Ralph Waldo Emerson and Edward Carpenter were major influences on Holdens life . He incorporated many of their philosophies and principles into his style of living and method of working . In 1895 and 1896 Holden submitted designs to Building News Designing Club competitions using the pseudonym The Owl . Although the number of competing submissions made was not always large , from nine competition entries , Holden won five first places , three second places and one third place . In 1897 , he entered the competition for the RIBAs prestigious Soane Medallion for student architects . Of fourteen entries , Holdens submission for the competitions subject , a Provincial Market Hall , came third . Holden described the design as being inspired by the work of John Belcher , Edgar Wood and Arthur Beresford Pite . Family life . Around 1898 Holden began living with Margaret Steadman ( née Macdonald , 1865–1954 ) , a nurse and midwife . They were introduced by Holdens older sister , Alice , and became friends through their common interest in Whitman . Steadman had separated from her husband James Steadman , a university tutor , because of his alcoholism and abuse . Steadman and her husband were never divorced and , though she and Holden lived as a married couple and Holden referred to her as his wife , the relationship was never formalised , even after James Steadmans death in 1930 . The Holdens lived in suburban Norbiton , Surrey ( now Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames ) until 1902 , when they moved to Codicote in Hertfordshire . Around 1906 , they moved to Harmer Green near Welwyn , where Holden designed a house for them . The house was plainly furnished and the couple lived a simple life , described by Janet Ashbee in 1906 as bananas and brown bread on the table ; no hot water ; plain living and high thinking and strenuous activity for the betterment of the World . The couple had no children together , though Margaret had a son , Allan , from her marriage . Charles and Margaret Holden lived at Harmer Green for the rest of their lives . Works . Early career . Holden left Leesons practice in 1896 and worked for Jonathan Simpson in Bolton in 1896 and 1897 , working on house designs there and at Port Sunlight , before moving to London to work for Arts and Crafts designer Charles Robert Ashbee . His time with Ashbee was short and , in October 1899 , he became chief assistant in H . Percy Adams practice , where he remained for the rest of his career . A number of Holdens early designs were for hospitals , which Adams practice specialised in . At this early stage in his career , he produced designs in a variety of architectural styles as circumstances required , reflecting the influences of a number of architects . Holden soon took charge of most of the practices design work . From 1900 to 1903 , Holden studied architecture in the evenings at the Royal Academy School . He also continued to produce designs in his spare time for his brother-in-law and Jonathan Simpson . His red brick arts and craft façades for the Belgrave Hospital for Children in Kennington , south London ( 1900–03 ) , were influenced by Philip Webb and Henry Wilson and feature steeply pitched roofs , corner towers and stone window surrounds . The building , now converted to apartments , is Grade II* listed . In 1902 , Holden won the architectural competition to design the Bristol Central Library . His Tudor Revival façades in bath stone incorporate modernist elements complementing the adjacent Abbey Gate of Bristol Cathedral . The front façade features oriel windows and sculpture groups with Chaucer , Bede and Alfred the Great by Charles Pibworth . Internally , the design is classical , with the furniture designed by Holden and the stone carving mostly by William Aumonier . It was described by architectural historian Sir Nikolaus Pevsner as free Neo-Tudor and extremely pretty and by Andor Gomme as one of the great masterpieces of the early Modern Movement . It has been compared with Charles Rennie Mackintoshs Glasgow School of Art and it is sometimes suggested that Mackintoshs designs for the later part of the school were inspired by Holdens , although Pevsner noted that Mackintoshs designs were in circulation earlier . The building is Grade I listed . At Midhurst , West Sussex , Holden designed Tudor-style façades for the Sir Ernest Cassel-funded King Edward VII Sanatorium ( 1903–06 ) . The building features long wings of south-facing rooms to maximise patients exposure to sunlight and fresh air . The design is in keeping with the buildings rural setting , with façades in the local tile-hung style . Pevsner called this certainly one of the best buildings of its date in the country and a model of how to build very large institutions . He designed the sanitoriums V-shaped open-air chapel so that it could be used for both outdoor and indoor worship . Both buildings are Grade II* listed . Other hospitals he designed in this period include the British Seamens Hospital in Istanbul ( 1903–04 ) and the Womens Hospital in Soho , central London ( 1908 ) . For The Law Society he designed ( 1902–04 ) a simplified neoclassical extension to the existing Lewis Vulliamy-designed building in Chancery Lane with external sculptures by Charles Pibworth and a panelled arts and crafts interior with carving by William Aumonier and friezes by Conrad Dressler . Pevsner considered the façades to be Mannerist : The fashionable term Mannerism can here be used legitimately ; for Holden indeed froze up and invalidated current classical motifs , which is what Mannerist architects did in the Cinquecento . In 1906 , Holden won the architectural competition to design a new headquarters for the British Medical Association on the corner of The Strand and Agar Street ( now Zimbabwe House ) . The six-storey L-shaped building replaced a collection of buildings on the site already occupied by the Association and provided it with accommodation for a council chamber , library and offices on the upper floors above space for shops on the ground floor and in the basement . Described by Powers as classicism reduced to geometric shapes , the first three storeys are clad in grey Cornish granite with Portland stone above . Located at second floor level was a controversial series of tall sculptures representing the development of science and the ages of man by Jacob Epstein . The building is Grade II* listed . Alastair Service considered it perhaps his best London building . In 1909 , Holden won the design competition for an extension to the Bristol Royal Infirmary . Subsequently dedicated to the memory of King Edward VII ( died 1910 ) , the extension ( 1911–12 ) was built on steeply sloping ground for which Holden designed a linked pair of Portland stone-faced blocks around a courtyard . The plain , abstract blocks have towers on the corners and two-storey loggias , and are a further simplification of Holdens style . The practice became Adams & Holden in 1907 when Holden became a partner and Adams , Holden & Pearson when Lionel Pearson became a partner in 1913 . In 1913 , Holden was awarded the RIBAs Godwin medal and £65 to study architecture abroad . He travelled to America in April 1913 and studied the organisation of household and social science departments at American universities in preparation for his design of the Wren-influenced Kings College for Women , Kensington . Other buildings by Holden before the First World War include modernist office buildings in Holborn and Oxford Street , an extension in red brick of Alfred Waterhouses Shire Hall in Bedford , and Arts and Crafts Sutton Valence School , Kent . Holden also worked with Epstein on the tomb of Oscar Wilde at Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris ( 1911–12 ) . In 1915 , he was a founding member of the Design and Industries Association and he was a member of the Art Workers Guild from 1917 . Unsuccessful competition entries for which he produced designs include Strathclyde Royal Infirmary ( 1901 ) , Manchester Royal Infirmary ( 1904 ) , County Hall ( 1907 ) , the National Library of Wales ( 1909 ) , Coventry Town Hall ( 1911 ) and the Board of Trade building ( 1915 ) . War cemeteries and memorials . The Holdens shared a strong sense of personal duty and service . In the First World War , Margaret Holden joined the Friends Emergency Committee for the Assistance of Germans , Austrians and Hungarians in distress which helped refugees of those countries stranded in London by the conflict . Charles Holden served with the Red Crosss London Ambulance Column as a stretcher-bearer transferring wounded troops from Londons stations to its hospitals . Holden also served on the fire watch at St Pauls Cathedral between 1915 and 1917 . On 3 October 1917 , Holden was appointed a temporary lieutenant with the armys Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries . He travelled to the French battlefields for the first time later that month and began planning new cemeteries and expanding existing ones . Holden described his experience : The country is one vast wilderness , blasted out of recognition where once villages & orchards & fertile land , now tossed about & churned in hopeless disorder with never a landmark as far as the eye can reach & dotted about in the scrub and untidiness of it all are to be seen here & there singly & in groups little white crosses marking the place where men have fallen and been buried . In September 1918 , Holden transferred to the Imperial War Graves Commission ( now the Commonwealth War Graves Commission ) with the new rank of major . From 1918 until 1928 he worked on 69 Commission cemeteries . Initially , Holden ran the drawing office and worked as the senior design architect under the three principal architects in France and Belgium ( Edwin Lutyens , Reginald Blomfield and Herbert Baker ) . Holden worked on the experimental war cemetery at Louvencourt and , according to Geurst and Karol , probably on the one at Forceville that was selected as the prototype for all that followed . In 1920 , he was promoted to be the fourth principal architect . His work for the Commission included memorials to the New Zealand missing dead at Messines Ridge British Cemetery , and the Buttes New British Cemetery at Zonnebeke . His designs were stripped of ornament , often using simple detailed masses of Portland stone in the construction of the shelters and other architectural elements . Philip Longworths history of the Commission described Holdens pavilions at Wimereux Communal Cemetery as almost cruelly severe . In 1922 , Holden designed the War Memorial Gateway for Clifton College , Bristol , using a combination of limestone and gritstone to match the Gothic style of the schools buildings . For the British War Memorials Committee , he produced a design for a Hall of Remembrance ( 1918 ) that would have been in the form of an art gallery , and for New College , Oxford , he created a design for a tiny memorial chapel ( 1919 ) . Neither was constructed . London Transport . Through his involvement with the Design and Industries Association Holden met Frank Pick , general manager of the Underground Electric Railways Company of London ( UERL ) . Holden at the time had no experience in designing for transport , but this changed through his collaboration with Pick . In 1923 , Pick commissioned Holden to design a façade for a side entrance at Westminster Underground station . This was followed in 1924 with an appointment to design the UERLs pavilion for the British Empire Exhibition . Also in 1924 , Pick commissioned Holden to design seven new stations in south London for the extension of the City and South London Railway ( now part of the Northern line ) from Clapham Common to Morden . The designs replaced a set by the UERLs own architect , Stanley Heaps , which Pick had found unsatisfactory . The designs reflect the simple modernist style he was using in France for the war cemeteries ; double-height ticket halls are clad in plain Portland stone framing a glazed screen , each adapted to suit the street corner sites of most of the stations . The screens feature the Underground roundel made up in coloured glass panels and are divided by stone columns surmounted by capitals formed as a three-dimensional version of the roundel . Holden also advised Heaps on new façades for a number of the existing stations on the line and produced the design for a new entrance at Bond Street station on the Central London Railway . During the later 1920s , Holden designed a series of replacement buildings and new façades for station improvements around the UERLs network . Many of these featured Portland stone cladding and variations of the glazed screens developed for the Morden extension . At Piccadilly Circus , one of the busiest stations on the system , Holden designed ( 1925–28 ) a spacious travertine-lined circulating concourse and ticket hall below the roadway of the junction from which banks of escalators gave access to the platforms below . In 1926 , Holden began the design of a new headquarters for the UERL at 55 Broadway above St . Jamess Park station . Above the first floor , the steel-framed building was constructed to a cruciform plan and rises in a series of receding stages to a central clock tower tall . The arrangement maximises daylight to the buildings interior without the use of light wells . Like his stations of the period and his pre-First World War commercial buildings , the block is austerely clad in Portland stone . Holden again detailed the façades with commissioned sculptures ; , two compositions by Epstein , are at first floor level , and a series of eight bas-reliefs at the seventh floor represent the four winds ( two for each of the cardinal directions , on each side of the projecting wings ) . The building is Grade I listed . In 1930 , Holden and Pick made a tour of Germany , the Netherlands , Denmark and Sweden to see the latest developments in modern architecture . The UERL was planning extensions of the Piccadilly line to the west , north-west and north of London , and a new type of station was wanted . Adapting the architectural styles he had seen on the tour , Holden created functional designs composed of simple forms : cylinders , curves and rectangles , built in plain brick , concrete and glass . The extensions to the west and north-west were over existing routes operated by the District line and required a number of stations to be rebuilt to accommodate additional tracks or to replace original , basic buildings . Sudbury Town , the first station to be rebuilt in 1931 , formed a template for many of the other new stations that followed : a tall rectangular brick box with a concrete flat roof and panels of vertical glazing to allow light into the interior . The Grade II* listed building was described by Pevsner as an outstanding example of how satisfying such unpretentious buildings can be , purely through the use of careful details and good proportions . For Arnos Grove station , one of eight new stations on the northern extension of the line , Holden modified the rectangular box into a circular drum , a design inspired by Gunnar Asplunds Stockholm Public Library . Also notable on the northern extension is Southgate station ; here Holden designed a single-storey circular building with a canopied flat roof . Above this , the central section of roof rises up on a continuous horizontal band of clerestory windows , supported internally by a single central column . The building is topped by an illuminated feature capped with a bronze ball . Other stations show the influence of Willem Marinus Dudoks work in Hilversum , Netherlands . In order to handle such a large volume of work , Holden delegated significant design responsibility to his assistants , such as Charles Hutton , who took the lead on Arnos Grove Station . For some other Piccadilly line stations the design was handled in-house by Stanley Heaps or by other architectural practices . All followed the modern brick , glass and concrete house style defined by Holden , but some lacked Holdens originality and attention to detail ; Pick dubbed these Holdenesque . The UERL became part of London Transport in 1933 , but the focus remained on high quality design . Under Pick , Holdens attention to detail and idea of integrated design extended to all parts of Londons transport network , from designing bus and tram shelters to a new type of six-wheeled omnibus . In the late 1930s , Holden designed replacement stations at Highgate , East Finchley and Finchley Central and new stations at Elstree South and Bushey Heath for the Northern lines Northern Heights plan . Holdens designs incorporated sculpture relevant to the local history of a number of stations : Dick Whittington for Highgate , a Roman centurion at Elstree South and an archer for East Finchley . Much of the project was postponed shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War and was later cancelled . Only East Finchley station was completed in full with Highgate in part ; the other plans were scrapped . East Finchley station is located on an embankment and the platforms are accessed from below . Making use of the stations air-rights , Holden provided staff office space spanning above the tracks accessed through semi-circular glazed stairways from the platforms . Eric Aumonier provided the statue The Archer , a prominent feature of the station . Holdens last designs for London Transport were three new stations for the Central line extension in north-east London . These were designed in the 1930s , but were also delayed by the war and were not completed until 1947 . reduced the quality of the materials used compared with the 1930s stations and the building at Wanstead was adapted from a temporary structure constructed during the lines wartime use as an underground factory . Gants Hill is accessed through subways and has no station building , but is notable for the design of its platform level concourse , which features a barrel vaulted ceiling inspired by stations on the Moscow Metro . University of London . After the First World War , the University of London needed a replacement for its overcrowded and scattered accommodation in Kensington . A site was acquired in Bloomsbury near the British Museum and Holden was commissioned in 1931 to design the new buildings , partly due to the success of 55 Broadway . His original plan was for a single structure covering the whole site , stretching almost from Montague Place to Torrington Street . It comprised a central spine linked by a series of wings to the perimeter façade and enclosing a series of courtyards . The scheme was to be topped by two towers : a smaller one to the north , and a 19-storey , tall Senate House . Construction began in 1932 , but due to a shortage of funds , the design was gradually revised and cut back , and only the Senate House and Library were completed in 1937 , with the buildings for the Institute of Education and the School of Oriental Studies completed later . The design featured façades of load-bearing brickwork faced with Portland stone . Holdens intention to adorn the building with sculpture was also not fulfilled . As he had with his earlier buildings , Holden also prepared the designs for the individual elements of the interior design . From its completion until 1957 , it was the tallest office building in London . Senate House divided opinion . Pevsner described its style as strangely semi-traditional , undecided modernism , and summarised : The design certainly does not possess the vigour and directness of Charles Holdens smaller Underground stations . Others have described it as Stalinist , or as totalitarian due to its great scale . Functionalist architect Erich Mendelsohn wrote to Holden in 1938 that he was very much taken and .. . convinced that there is no finer building in London . Historian Arnold Whittick described the building as a static massive pyramid .. . obviously designed to last for a thousand years , but thought the interior is more pleasing than the exterior . There is essentially the atmosphere of dignity , serenity and repose that one associates with the architecture of ancient Greece . The onset of the Second World War prevented any further progress on the full scheme , although Adams , Holden & Pearson did design further buildings for the university in the vicinity . Town planning . With virtually no new work being commissioned , Holden spent the war years planning for the reconstruction that would be required once it was over . Holden was a member of the RIBAs twelve-man committee which formulated the institutes policy for post-war reconstruction . Holdens town planning ideas involved the relocation of industry out of towns and cities to new industrial centres in the style of Port Sunlight or Bournville where workers could live close to their workplace . The new industrial centres would be linked to the existing towns with new fast roads and reconstruction in town centres would be planned to provide more open space around the administrative centres . In 1944–45 , Holden produced plans for the reconstruction of Canterbury , Kent , with the City Architect Herbert Millson Enderby . Canterbury had been badly damaged by Luftwaffe bombing including the Baedeker raids in May and June 1942 . Holden and Enderby aimed to preserve much of the character of the city , but planned for the compulsory purchase of of the town centre for large scale reconstruction including a new civic way from the cathedral to a new town hall . Outside the city , they planned bypasses and a ring road at a two-mile ( 3.2-kilometre ) radius of the centre . Although approved by the city council , the plan was widely opposed by residents and freeholders and the Canterbury Citizens Defence Association issued an alternative plan before taking control of the council at local elections in November 1945 . The change in administration ended the proposals , although a new plan prepared in 1947 without Holdens or Enderbys involvement retained some of their ideas including the ring road . The City of Londons first reconstruction plan was written by the City Engineer F . J . Forty and published in 1944 . It had met with considerable criticism and William Morrison , Minister for Town and Country Planning , asked the City of London Corporation to prepare a new plan . Holden was approached , and he accepted provided that William Holford also be appointed . Holdens and Holfords City of London Plan ( 1946–1947 ) recommended a relaxation of the strict height limits imposed in the capital and the first use in London of plot ratio calculations in the planning process so that buildings could be designed with floor space of up to five times the ground area . For the bomb-devastated area around St Pauls Cathedral , Holden proposed a new precinct around which buildings would be positioned to provide clear views of the cathedral and from which new ceremonial routes would radiate . The heights of buildings would be strictly defined to protect these views . The plan was accepted by the Minister for Town and Country Planning in 1948 and was incorporated into the wider London Development Plan . In 1947 , Holden planned a scheme on behalf of the London County Council for the South Bank of the River Thames between County Hall and Waterloo Bridge , including a plan for a concert hall with the councils architect Edwin Williams . The scheme received little attention and was almost immediately superseded by plans to develop the area as the site of the Festival of Britain . Holden was also architectural and planning consultant to the University of Edinburgh and to the Borough of Tynemouth . Final years . Although Charles Holden had gradually reduced his workload , he was still continuing to go into the office three days per week during the early 1950s . He did not formally retire until 1958 , but even then he visited occasionally . Margaret Holden died in 1954 after a protracted illness which had left her nearly blind since the mid-1940s . In the last decade of his life , Holden was himself physically weaker and was looked after by his niece Minnie Green . One of Holdens last public engagements was when he acted as a sponsor at the award of the RIBAs Royal Gold Medal to Le Corbusier in 1953 . The last project that Holden worked on was a much criticised headquarters building for English Electric in Aldwych , London . In 1952 , Adams , Holden & Pearson were appointed by English Electrics chairman , Sir George Nelson , and Holden designed a monolithic stone building around a courtyard . In 1955 , the London County Council persuaded English Electric to put the scheme aside and hold a limited architectural competition for a new design . Adams , Holden & Pearson submitted a design , but were beaten by Sir John Burnet , Tait and Partners . When that practice later refused Sir George Nelsons request to redesign the façades , Adams , Holden & Pearson were reappointed and Charles Holden revised his practices competition entry . The new design was criticised by the Royal Fine Art Commission and a further redesign was carried out by one of Holdens partners to produce the final design , described by Pevsner as a dull , lifeless building , stone-faced and with nothing to recommend it . Holden died on 1 May 1960 . His body was cremated at Enfield crematorium and his ashes were spread in the garden of the Friends Meeting House in Hertford . On 2 June 1960 a memorial service was held at St Pancras New Church , where Holden had designed the altar in 1914 . Obituaries were published in daily newspapers The Manchester Guardian , The Times and The Daily Telegraph and in construction industry periodicals including The Builder , Architectural Review , Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects and Journal of the Town Planning Institute . Generally , the obituaries were positive about Holdens early work and the stations for London Underground , were neutral about Senate House and were negative about his practices later works . The Harmer Green house and most of its contents were auctioned with the proceeds left to family members . Holden also left £8,400 to friends and staff and £2,000 to charity . Holden on architecture . Holden recognised that his architectural style placed him in rather a curious position , not quite in the fashion and not quite out of it ; not enough of a traditionalist to please the traditionalists and not enough of a modernist to please the modernists . He believed that the principal aim of design was to achieve fitness for purpose , and repeatedly called for a style of architecture that avoided unnecessary architectural adornment . In 1905 , in an essay titled If Whitman had been an Architect , Holden made an anonymous plea to architects for a new form of modern architecture : Often I hear of the glory of the architecture of ancient Greece ; of the proud Romans ; of sombre Egypt ; the praise of vast Byzantium and the lofty Middle Ages , too , I hear . But of the glory of the architecture of the Modern I never hear . Come , you Modern Buildings , come ! Throw off your mantle of deceits ; your cornices , pilasters , mouldings , swags , scrolls ; behind them all , behind your dignified proportions , your picturesque groupings , your arts and crafts prettinesses and exaggerated techniques ; behind and beyond them all hides the one I love . In his 1936 speech when presented with the RIBAs Royal Gold Medal , Holden defined his position : It was not so much a matter of creating a new style , as of discarding those incrustations which counted for style .. . surface embroidery empty of structural significance . His method was to focus on those more permanent basic factors of architecture , the plan , and the planes and masses arising out of the plan . He described his ideal building as one which takes naturally and inevitably the form controlled by the plan and the purpose and the materials . A building which provides opportunities for the exercise and skill and pleasure in work not only to the designer but also for the many craftsmen employed and the occupants of the building . In a 1957 essay on architecture , he wrote I dont seek for a style , either ancient or modern , I want an architecture which is through and through good building . A building planned for a specific purpose , constructed in the method and use of materials , old or new , most appropriate to the purpose the building has to serve . Recognition and legacy . Holden won the RIBAs London Architecture Medal for 1929 ( awarded 1931 ) for 55 Broadway . In 1936 he was awarded the RIBAs Royal Gold Medal for his body of work . He was Vice President of the RIBA from 1935–37 and a member of the Royal Fine Art Commission from 1933 to 1947 . In 1943 he was appointed a Royal Designer for Industry for the design of transport equipment . He was awarded honorary doctorates by Manchester University in 1936 and London University in 1946 . Many of Holdens buildings have been granted listed status , protecting them against demolition and unapproved alteration . Holden declined the invitation to become a Royal Academician in 1942 , having previously been nominated , but refused because of his connection to Epstein . He twice declined a knighthood , in 1943 and 1951 , as he considered it to be at odds with his simple lifestyle and considered architecture a collaborative process . The RIBA holds a collection of Holdens personal papers and material from Adams , Holden & Pearson . The RIBA staged exhibitions of his work at the Heinz Gallery in 1988 and at the Victoria and Albert Museum between October 2010 and February 2011 . A public house near Colliers Wood Underground station has been named The Charles Holden , taking inspiration from the architect . |
[
"Norbiton"
] | easy | Where did Charles Holden live from 1898 to 1902? | /wiki/Charles_Holden#P551#2 | Charles Holden Charles Henry Holden ( 12 May 1875 – 1 May 1960 ) was a Bolton-born English architect best known for designing many London Underground stations during the 1920s and 1930s , for Bristol Central Library , the Underground Electric Railways Company of Londons headquarters at 55 Broadway and for the University of Londons Senate House . He also created many war cemeteries in Belgium and northern France for the Imperial War Graves Commission . After working and training in Bolton and Manchester , Holden moved to London . His early buildings were influenced by the Arts and Crafts Movement , but for most of his career he championed an unadorned style based on simplified forms and massing that was free of what he considered to be unnecessary decorative detailing . Holden believed strongly that architectural designs should be dictated by buildings intended functions . After the First World War he increasingly simplified his style and his designs became pared-down and modernist , influenced by European architecture . He was a member of the Design and Industries Association and the Art Workers Guild . He produced complete designs for his buildings including the interior design and architectural fittings . Although not without its critics , his architecture is widely appreciated . He was awarded the Royal Institute of British Architects ( RIBAs ) Royal Gold Medal for architecture in 1936 and was appointed a Royal Designer for Industry in 1943 . His station designs for London Underground became the corporations standard design influencing designs by all architects working for the organisation in the 1930s . Many of his buildings have been granted listed building status , protecting them from unapproved alteration . He twice declined the offer of a knighthood . Early life . Charles Henry Holden was born on 12 May 1875 at Great Lever , Bolton , the fifth and youngest child of Joseph Holden ( 1842–1918 ) , a draper and milliner , and Ellen ( née Broughton , 1841–1890 ) Holden . Holdens childhood was marred by his fathers bankruptcy in 1884 and his mothers death when he was fifteen years old . Following the loss of his fathers business , the family moved to St Helens , where his father returned to his earlier trade and worked as an iron turner and fitter and where he attended a number of schools . He briefly had jobs as a laboratory assistant and a railway clerk in St Helens . During this period he attended draughting classes at the YMCA and considered a career as an engineer in Sir Douglas Foxs practice . In 1891 he began working for his brother-in-law , David Frederick Green , a land surveyor and architect in Bolton . In April 1892 he was articled to Manchester architect Everard W . Leeson and , while training with him , also studied at the Manchester School of Art ( 1893–94 ) and Manchester Technical School ( 1894–96 ) . While working and studying in Manchester , Holden formed friendships with artist Muirhead Bone and his future brother-in-law Francis Dodd . About this time Holden was introduced to the writings of Walt Whitman and became friends with James William Wallace and a number of the members of Boltons Whitman society known as the Eagle Street College . Whitmans writings and those of Henry David Thoreau , Ralph Waldo Emerson and Edward Carpenter were major influences on Holdens life . He incorporated many of their philosophies and principles into his style of living and method of working . In 1895 and 1896 Holden submitted designs to Building News Designing Club competitions using the pseudonym The Owl . Although the number of competing submissions made was not always large , from nine competition entries , Holden won five first places , three second places and one third place . In 1897 , he entered the competition for the RIBAs prestigious Soane Medallion for student architects . Of fourteen entries , Holdens submission for the competitions subject , a Provincial Market Hall , came third . Holden described the design as being inspired by the work of John Belcher , Edgar Wood and Arthur Beresford Pite . Family life . Around 1898 Holden began living with Margaret Steadman ( née Macdonald , 1865–1954 ) , a nurse and midwife . They were introduced by Holdens older sister , Alice , and became friends through their common interest in Whitman . Steadman had separated from her husband James Steadman , a university tutor , because of his alcoholism and abuse . Steadman and her husband were never divorced and , though she and Holden lived as a married couple and Holden referred to her as his wife , the relationship was never formalised , even after James Steadmans death in 1930 . The Holdens lived in suburban Norbiton , Surrey ( now Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames ) until 1902 , when they moved to Codicote in Hertfordshire . Around 1906 , they moved to Harmer Green near Welwyn , where Holden designed a house for them . The house was plainly furnished and the couple lived a simple life , described by Janet Ashbee in 1906 as bananas and brown bread on the table ; no hot water ; plain living and high thinking and strenuous activity for the betterment of the World . The couple had no children together , though Margaret had a son , Allan , from her marriage . Charles and Margaret Holden lived at Harmer Green for the rest of their lives . Works . Early career . Holden left Leesons practice in 1896 and worked for Jonathan Simpson in Bolton in 1896 and 1897 , working on house designs there and at Port Sunlight , before moving to London to work for Arts and Crafts designer Charles Robert Ashbee . His time with Ashbee was short and , in October 1899 , he became chief assistant in H . Percy Adams practice , where he remained for the rest of his career . A number of Holdens early designs were for hospitals , which Adams practice specialised in . At this early stage in his career , he produced designs in a variety of architectural styles as circumstances required , reflecting the influences of a number of architects . Holden soon took charge of most of the practices design work . From 1900 to 1903 , Holden studied architecture in the evenings at the Royal Academy School . He also continued to produce designs in his spare time for his brother-in-law and Jonathan Simpson . His red brick arts and craft façades for the Belgrave Hospital for Children in Kennington , south London ( 1900–03 ) , were influenced by Philip Webb and Henry Wilson and feature steeply pitched roofs , corner towers and stone window surrounds . The building , now converted to apartments , is Grade II* listed . In 1902 , Holden won the architectural competition to design the Bristol Central Library . His Tudor Revival façades in bath stone incorporate modernist elements complementing the adjacent Abbey Gate of Bristol Cathedral . The front façade features oriel windows and sculpture groups with Chaucer , Bede and Alfred the Great by Charles Pibworth . Internally , the design is classical , with the furniture designed by Holden and the stone carving mostly by William Aumonier . It was described by architectural historian Sir Nikolaus Pevsner as free Neo-Tudor and extremely pretty and by Andor Gomme as one of the great masterpieces of the early Modern Movement . It has been compared with Charles Rennie Mackintoshs Glasgow School of Art and it is sometimes suggested that Mackintoshs designs for the later part of the school were inspired by Holdens , although Pevsner noted that Mackintoshs designs were in circulation earlier . The building is Grade I listed . At Midhurst , West Sussex , Holden designed Tudor-style façades for the Sir Ernest Cassel-funded King Edward VII Sanatorium ( 1903–06 ) . The building features long wings of south-facing rooms to maximise patients exposure to sunlight and fresh air . The design is in keeping with the buildings rural setting , with façades in the local tile-hung style . Pevsner called this certainly one of the best buildings of its date in the country and a model of how to build very large institutions . He designed the sanitoriums V-shaped open-air chapel so that it could be used for both outdoor and indoor worship . Both buildings are Grade II* listed . Other hospitals he designed in this period include the British Seamens Hospital in Istanbul ( 1903–04 ) and the Womens Hospital in Soho , central London ( 1908 ) . For The Law Society he designed ( 1902–04 ) a simplified neoclassical extension to the existing Lewis Vulliamy-designed building in Chancery Lane with external sculptures by Charles Pibworth and a panelled arts and crafts interior with carving by William Aumonier and friezes by Conrad Dressler . Pevsner considered the façades to be Mannerist : The fashionable term Mannerism can here be used legitimately ; for Holden indeed froze up and invalidated current classical motifs , which is what Mannerist architects did in the Cinquecento . In 1906 , Holden won the architectural competition to design a new headquarters for the British Medical Association on the corner of The Strand and Agar Street ( now Zimbabwe House ) . The six-storey L-shaped building replaced a collection of buildings on the site already occupied by the Association and provided it with accommodation for a council chamber , library and offices on the upper floors above space for shops on the ground floor and in the basement . Described by Powers as classicism reduced to geometric shapes , the first three storeys are clad in grey Cornish granite with Portland stone above . Located at second floor level was a controversial series of tall sculptures representing the development of science and the ages of man by Jacob Epstein . The building is Grade II* listed . Alastair Service considered it perhaps his best London building . In 1909 , Holden won the design competition for an extension to the Bristol Royal Infirmary . Subsequently dedicated to the memory of King Edward VII ( died 1910 ) , the extension ( 1911–12 ) was built on steeply sloping ground for which Holden designed a linked pair of Portland stone-faced blocks around a courtyard . The plain , abstract blocks have towers on the corners and two-storey loggias , and are a further simplification of Holdens style . The practice became Adams & Holden in 1907 when Holden became a partner and Adams , Holden & Pearson when Lionel Pearson became a partner in 1913 . In 1913 , Holden was awarded the RIBAs Godwin medal and £65 to study architecture abroad . He travelled to America in April 1913 and studied the organisation of household and social science departments at American universities in preparation for his design of the Wren-influenced Kings College for Women , Kensington . Other buildings by Holden before the First World War include modernist office buildings in Holborn and Oxford Street , an extension in red brick of Alfred Waterhouses Shire Hall in Bedford , and Arts and Crafts Sutton Valence School , Kent . Holden also worked with Epstein on the tomb of Oscar Wilde at Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris ( 1911–12 ) . In 1915 , he was a founding member of the Design and Industries Association and he was a member of the Art Workers Guild from 1917 . Unsuccessful competition entries for which he produced designs include Strathclyde Royal Infirmary ( 1901 ) , Manchester Royal Infirmary ( 1904 ) , County Hall ( 1907 ) , the National Library of Wales ( 1909 ) , Coventry Town Hall ( 1911 ) and the Board of Trade building ( 1915 ) . War cemeteries and memorials . The Holdens shared a strong sense of personal duty and service . In the First World War , Margaret Holden joined the Friends Emergency Committee for the Assistance of Germans , Austrians and Hungarians in distress which helped refugees of those countries stranded in London by the conflict . Charles Holden served with the Red Crosss London Ambulance Column as a stretcher-bearer transferring wounded troops from Londons stations to its hospitals . Holden also served on the fire watch at St Pauls Cathedral between 1915 and 1917 . On 3 October 1917 , Holden was appointed a temporary lieutenant with the armys Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries . He travelled to the French battlefields for the first time later that month and began planning new cemeteries and expanding existing ones . Holden described his experience : The country is one vast wilderness , blasted out of recognition where once villages & orchards & fertile land , now tossed about & churned in hopeless disorder with never a landmark as far as the eye can reach & dotted about in the scrub and untidiness of it all are to be seen here & there singly & in groups little white crosses marking the place where men have fallen and been buried . In September 1918 , Holden transferred to the Imperial War Graves Commission ( now the Commonwealth War Graves Commission ) with the new rank of major . From 1918 until 1928 he worked on 69 Commission cemeteries . Initially , Holden ran the drawing office and worked as the senior design architect under the three principal architects in France and Belgium ( Edwin Lutyens , Reginald Blomfield and Herbert Baker ) . Holden worked on the experimental war cemetery at Louvencourt and , according to Geurst and Karol , probably on the one at Forceville that was selected as the prototype for all that followed . In 1920 , he was promoted to be the fourth principal architect . His work for the Commission included memorials to the New Zealand missing dead at Messines Ridge British Cemetery , and the Buttes New British Cemetery at Zonnebeke . His designs were stripped of ornament , often using simple detailed masses of Portland stone in the construction of the shelters and other architectural elements . Philip Longworths history of the Commission described Holdens pavilions at Wimereux Communal Cemetery as almost cruelly severe . In 1922 , Holden designed the War Memorial Gateway for Clifton College , Bristol , using a combination of limestone and gritstone to match the Gothic style of the schools buildings . For the British War Memorials Committee , he produced a design for a Hall of Remembrance ( 1918 ) that would have been in the form of an art gallery , and for New College , Oxford , he created a design for a tiny memorial chapel ( 1919 ) . Neither was constructed . London Transport . Through his involvement with the Design and Industries Association Holden met Frank Pick , general manager of the Underground Electric Railways Company of London ( UERL ) . Holden at the time had no experience in designing for transport , but this changed through his collaboration with Pick . In 1923 , Pick commissioned Holden to design a façade for a side entrance at Westminster Underground station . This was followed in 1924 with an appointment to design the UERLs pavilion for the British Empire Exhibition . Also in 1924 , Pick commissioned Holden to design seven new stations in south London for the extension of the City and South London Railway ( now part of the Northern line ) from Clapham Common to Morden . The designs replaced a set by the UERLs own architect , Stanley Heaps , which Pick had found unsatisfactory . The designs reflect the simple modernist style he was using in France for the war cemeteries ; double-height ticket halls are clad in plain Portland stone framing a glazed screen , each adapted to suit the street corner sites of most of the stations . The screens feature the Underground roundel made up in coloured glass panels and are divided by stone columns surmounted by capitals formed as a three-dimensional version of the roundel . Holden also advised Heaps on new façades for a number of the existing stations on the line and produced the design for a new entrance at Bond Street station on the Central London Railway . During the later 1920s , Holden designed a series of replacement buildings and new façades for station improvements around the UERLs network . Many of these featured Portland stone cladding and variations of the glazed screens developed for the Morden extension . At Piccadilly Circus , one of the busiest stations on the system , Holden designed ( 1925–28 ) a spacious travertine-lined circulating concourse and ticket hall below the roadway of the junction from which banks of escalators gave access to the platforms below . In 1926 , Holden began the design of a new headquarters for the UERL at 55 Broadway above St . Jamess Park station . Above the first floor , the steel-framed building was constructed to a cruciform plan and rises in a series of receding stages to a central clock tower tall . The arrangement maximises daylight to the buildings interior without the use of light wells . Like his stations of the period and his pre-First World War commercial buildings , the block is austerely clad in Portland stone . Holden again detailed the façades with commissioned sculptures ; , two compositions by Epstein , are at first floor level , and a series of eight bas-reliefs at the seventh floor represent the four winds ( two for each of the cardinal directions , on each side of the projecting wings ) . The building is Grade I listed . In 1930 , Holden and Pick made a tour of Germany , the Netherlands , Denmark and Sweden to see the latest developments in modern architecture . The UERL was planning extensions of the Piccadilly line to the west , north-west and north of London , and a new type of station was wanted . Adapting the architectural styles he had seen on the tour , Holden created functional designs composed of simple forms : cylinders , curves and rectangles , built in plain brick , concrete and glass . The extensions to the west and north-west were over existing routes operated by the District line and required a number of stations to be rebuilt to accommodate additional tracks or to replace original , basic buildings . Sudbury Town , the first station to be rebuilt in 1931 , formed a template for many of the other new stations that followed : a tall rectangular brick box with a concrete flat roof and panels of vertical glazing to allow light into the interior . The Grade II* listed building was described by Pevsner as an outstanding example of how satisfying such unpretentious buildings can be , purely through the use of careful details and good proportions . For Arnos Grove station , one of eight new stations on the northern extension of the line , Holden modified the rectangular box into a circular drum , a design inspired by Gunnar Asplunds Stockholm Public Library . Also notable on the northern extension is Southgate station ; here Holden designed a single-storey circular building with a canopied flat roof . Above this , the central section of roof rises up on a continuous horizontal band of clerestory windows , supported internally by a single central column . The building is topped by an illuminated feature capped with a bronze ball . Other stations show the influence of Willem Marinus Dudoks work in Hilversum , Netherlands . In order to handle such a large volume of work , Holden delegated significant design responsibility to his assistants , such as Charles Hutton , who took the lead on Arnos Grove Station . For some other Piccadilly line stations the design was handled in-house by Stanley Heaps or by other architectural practices . All followed the modern brick , glass and concrete house style defined by Holden , but some lacked Holdens originality and attention to detail ; Pick dubbed these Holdenesque . The UERL became part of London Transport in 1933 , but the focus remained on high quality design . Under Pick , Holdens attention to detail and idea of integrated design extended to all parts of Londons transport network , from designing bus and tram shelters to a new type of six-wheeled omnibus . In the late 1930s , Holden designed replacement stations at Highgate , East Finchley and Finchley Central and new stations at Elstree South and Bushey Heath for the Northern lines Northern Heights plan . Holdens designs incorporated sculpture relevant to the local history of a number of stations : Dick Whittington for Highgate , a Roman centurion at Elstree South and an archer for East Finchley . Much of the project was postponed shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War and was later cancelled . Only East Finchley station was completed in full with Highgate in part ; the other plans were scrapped . East Finchley station is located on an embankment and the platforms are accessed from below . Making use of the stations air-rights , Holden provided staff office space spanning above the tracks accessed through semi-circular glazed stairways from the platforms . Eric Aumonier provided the statue The Archer , a prominent feature of the station . Holdens last designs for London Transport were three new stations for the Central line extension in north-east London . These were designed in the 1930s , but were also delayed by the war and were not completed until 1947 . reduced the quality of the materials used compared with the 1930s stations and the building at Wanstead was adapted from a temporary structure constructed during the lines wartime use as an underground factory . Gants Hill is accessed through subways and has no station building , but is notable for the design of its platform level concourse , which features a barrel vaulted ceiling inspired by stations on the Moscow Metro . University of London . After the First World War , the University of London needed a replacement for its overcrowded and scattered accommodation in Kensington . A site was acquired in Bloomsbury near the British Museum and Holden was commissioned in 1931 to design the new buildings , partly due to the success of 55 Broadway . His original plan was for a single structure covering the whole site , stretching almost from Montague Place to Torrington Street . It comprised a central spine linked by a series of wings to the perimeter façade and enclosing a series of courtyards . The scheme was to be topped by two towers : a smaller one to the north , and a 19-storey , tall Senate House . Construction began in 1932 , but due to a shortage of funds , the design was gradually revised and cut back , and only the Senate House and Library were completed in 1937 , with the buildings for the Institute of Education and the School of Oriental Studies completed later . The design featured façades of load-bearing brickwork faced with Portland stone . Holdens intention to adorn the building with sculpture was also not fulfilled . As he had with his earlier buildings , Holden also prepared the designs for the individual elements of the interior design . From its completion until 1957 , it was the tallest office building in London . Senate House divided opinion . Pevsner described its style as strangely semi-traditional , undecided modernism , and summarised : The design certainly does not possess the vigour and directness of Charles Holdens smaller Underground stations . Others have described it as Stalinist , or as totalitarian due to its great scale . Functionalist architect Erich Mendelsohn wrote to Holden in 1938 that he was very much taken and .. . convinced that there is no finer building in London . Historian Arnold Whittick described the building as a static massive pyramid .. . obviously designed to last for a thousand years , but thought the interior is more pleasing than the exterior . There is essentially the atmosphere of dignity , serenity and repose that one associates with the architecture of ancient Greece . The onset of the Second World War prevented any further progress on the full scheme , although Adams , Holden & Pearson did design further buildings for the university in the vicinity . Town planning . With virtually no new work being commissioned , Holden spent the war years planning for the reconstruction that would be required once it was over . Holden was a member of the RIBAs twelve-man committee which formulated the institutes policy for post-war reconstruction . Holdens town planning ideas involved the relocation of industry out of towns and cities to new industrial centres in the style of Port Sunlight or Bournville where workers could live close to their workplace . The new industrial centres would be linked to the existing towns with new fast roads and reconstruction in town centres would be planned to provide more open space around the administrative centres . In 1944–45 , Holden produced plans for the reconstruction of Canterbury , Kent , with the City Architect Herbert Millson Enderby . Canterbury had been badly damaged by Luftwaffe bombing including the Baedeker raids in May and June 1942 . Holden and Enderby aimed to preserve much of the character of the city , but planned for the compulsory purchase of of the town centre for large scale reconstruction including a new civic way from the cathedral to a new town hall . Outside the city , they planned bypasses and a ring road at a two-mile ( 3.2-kilometre ) radius of the centre . Although approved by the city council , the plan was widely opposed by residents and freeholders and the Canterbury Citizens Defence Association issued an alternative plan before taking control of the council at local elections in November 1945 . The change in administration ended the proposals , although a new plan prepared in 1947 without Holdens or Enderbys involvement retained some of their ideas including the ring road . The City of Londons first reconstruction plan was written by the City Engineer F . J . Forty and published in 1944 . It had met with considerable criticism and William Morrison , Minister for Town and Country Planning , asked the City of London Corporation to prepare a new plan . Holden was approached , and he accepted provided that William Holford also be appointed . Holdens and Holfords City of London Plan ( 1946–1947 ) recommended a relaxation of the strict height limits imposed in the capital and the first use in London of plot ratio calculations in the planning process so that buildings could be designed with floor space of up to five times the ground area . For the bomb-devastated area around St Pauls Cathedral , Holden proposed a new precinct around which buildings would be positioned to provide clear views of the cathedral and from which new ceremonial routes would radiate . The heights of buildings would be strictly defined to protect these views . The plan was accepted by the Minister for Town and Country Planning in 1948 and was incorporated into the wider London Development Plan . In 1947 , Holden planned a scheme on behalf of the London County Council for the South Bank of the River Thames between County Hall and Waterloo Bridge , including a plan for a concert hall with the councils architect Edwin Williams . The scheme received little attention and was almost immediately superseded by plans to develop the area as the site of the Festival of Britain . Holden was also architectural and planning consultant to the University of Edinburgh and to the Borough of Tynemouth . Final years . Although Charles Holden had gradually reduced his workload , he was still continuing to go into the office three days per week during the early 1950s . He did not formally retire until 1958 , but even then he visited occasionally . Margaret Holden died in 1954 after a protracted illness which had left her nearly blind since the mid-1940s . In the last decade of his life , Holden was himself physically weaker and was looked after by his niece Minnie Green . One of Holdens last public engagements was when he acted as a sponsor at the award of the RIBAs Royal Gold Medal to Le Corbusier in 1953 . The last project that Holden worked on was a much criticised headquarters building for English Electric in Aldwych , London . In 1952 , Adams , Holden & Pearson were appointed by English Electrics chairman , Sir George Nelson , and Holden designed a monolithic stone building around a courtyard . In 1955 , the London County Council persuaded English Electric to put the scheme aside and hold a limited architectural competition for a new design . Adams , Holden & Pearson submitted a design , but were beaten by Sir John Burnet , Tait and Partners . When that practice later refused Sir George Nelsons request to redesign the façades , Adams , Holden & Pearson were reappointed and Charles Holden revised his practices competition entry . The new design was criticised by the Royal Fine Art Commission and a further redesign was carried out by one of Holdens partners to produce the final design , described by Pevsner as a dull , lifeless building , stone-faced and with nothing to recommend it . Holden died on 1 May 1960 . His body was cremated at Enfield crematorium and his ashes were spread in the garden of the Friends Meeting House in Hertford . On 2 June 1960 a memorial service was held at St Pancras New Church , where Holden had designed the altar in 1914 . Obituaries were published in daily newspapers The Manchester Guardian , The Times and The Daily Telegraph and in construction industry periodicals including The Builder , Architectural Review , Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects and Journal of the Town Planning Institute . Generally , the obituaries were positive about Holdens early work and the stations for London Underground , were neutral about Senate House and were negative about his practices later works . The Harmer Green house and most of its contents were auctioned with the proceeds left to family members . Holden also left £8,400 to friends and staff and £2,000 to charity . Holden on architecture . Holden recognised that his architectural style placed him in rather a curious position , not quite in the fashion and not quite out of it ; not enough of a traditionalist to please the traditionalists and not enough of a modernist to please the modernists . He believed that the principal aim of design was to achieve fitness for purpose , and repeatedly called for a style of architecture that avoided unnecessary architectural adornment . In 1905 , in an essay titled If Whitman had been an Architect , Holden made an anonymous plea to architects for a new form of modern architecture : Often I hear of the glory of the architecture of ancient Greece ; of the proud Romans ; of sombre Egypt ; the praise of vast Byzantium and the lofty Middle Ages , too , I hear . But of the glory of the architecture of the Modern I never hear . Come , you Modern Buildings , come ! Throw off your mantle of deceits ; your cornices , pilasters , mouldings , swags , scrolls ; behind them all , behind your dignified proportions , your picturesque groupings , your arts and crafts prettinesses and exaggerated techniques ; behind and beyond them all hides the one I love . In his 1936 speech when presented with the RIBAs Royal Gold Medal , Holden defined his position : It was not so much a matter of creating a new style , as of discarding those incrustations which counted for style .. . surface embroidery empty of structural significance . His method was to focus on those more permanent basic factors of architecture , the plan , and the planes and masses arising out of the plan . He described his ideal building as one which takes naturally and inevitably the form controlled by the plan and the purpose and the materials . A building which provides opportunities for the exercise and skill and pleasure in work not only to the designer but also for the many craftsmen employed and the occupants of the building . In a 1957 essay on architecture , he wrote I dont seek for a style , either ancient or modern , I want an architecture which is through and through good building . A building planned for a specific purpose , constructed in the method and use of materials , old or new , most appropriate to the purpose the building has to serve . Recognition and legacy . Holden won the RIBAs London Architecture Medal for 1929 ( awarded 1931 ) for 55 Broadway . In 1936 he was awarded the RIBAs Royal Gold Medal for his body of work . He was Vice President of the RIBA from 1935–37 and a member of the Royal Fine Art Commission from 1933 to 1947 . In 1943 he was appointed a Royal Designer for Industry for the design of transport equipment . He was awarded honorary doctorates by Manchester University in 1936 and London University in 1946 . Many of Holdens buildings have been granted listed status , protecting them against demolition and unapproved alteration . Holden declined the invitation to become a Royal Academician in 1942 , having previously been nominated , but refused because of his connection to Epstein . He twice declined a knighthood , in 1943 and 1951 , as he considered it to be at odds with his simple lifestyle and considered architecture a collaborative process . The RIBA holds a collection of Holdens personal papers and material from Adams , Holden & Pearson . The RIBA staged exhibitions of his work at the Heinz Gallery in 1988 and at the Victoria and Albert Museum between October 2010 and February 2011 . A public house near Colliers Wood Underground station has been named The Charles Holden , taking inspiration from the architect . |
[
"Codicote"
] | easy | What was the residence of Charles Holden from 1902 to 1906? | /wiki/Charles_Holden#P551#3 | Charles Holden Charles Henry Holden ( 12 May 1875 – 1 May 1960 ) was a Bolton-born English architect best known for designing many London Underground stations during the 1920s and 1930s , for Bristol Central Library , the Underground Electric Railways Company of Londons headquarters at 55 Broadway and for the University of Londons Senate House . He also created many war cemeteries in Belgium and northern France for the Imperial War Graves Commission . After working and training in Bolton and Manchester , Holden moved to London . His early buildings were influenced by the Arts and Crafts Movement , but for most of his career he championed an unadorned style based on simplified forms and massing that was free of what he considered to be unnecessary decorative detailing . Holden believed strongly that architectural designs should be dictated by buildings intended functions . After the First World War he increasingly simplified his style and his designs became pared-down and modernist , influenced by European architecture . He was a member of the Design and Industries Association and the Art Workers Guild . He produced complete designs for his buildings including the interior design and architectural fittings . Although not without its critics , his architecture is widely appreciated . He was awarded the Royal Institute of British Architects ( RIBAs ) Royal Gold Medal for architecture in 1936 and was appointed a Royal Designer for Industry in 1943 . His station designs for London Underground became the corporations standard design influencing designs by all architects working for the organisation in the 1930s . Many of his buildings have been granted listed building status , protecting them from unapproved alteration . He twice declined the offer of a knighthood . Early life . Charles Henry Holden was born on 12 May 1875 at Great Lever , Bolton , the fifth and youngest child of Joseph Holden ( 1842–1918 ) , a draper and milliner , and Ellen ( née Broughton , 1841–1890 ) Holden . Holdens childhood was marred by his fathers bankruptcy in 1884 and his mothers death when he was fifteen years old . Following the loss of his fathers business , the family moved to St Helens , where his father returned to his earlier trade and worked as an iron turner and fitter and where he attended a number of schools . He briefly had jobs as a laboratory assistant and a railway clerk in St Helens . During this period he attended draughting classes at the YMCA and considered a career as an engineer in Sir Douglas Foxs practice . In 1891 he began working for his brother-in-law , David Frederick Green , a land surveyor and architect in Bolton . In April 1892 he was articled to Manchester architect Everard W . Leeson and , while training with him , also studied at the Manchester School of Art ( 1893–94 ) and Manchester Technical School ( 1894–96 ) . While working and studying in Manchester , Holden formed friendships with artist Muirhead Bone and his future brother-in-law Francis Dodd . About this time Holden was introduced to the writings of Walt Whitman and became friends with James William Wallace and a number of the members of Boltons Whitman society known as the Eagle Street College . Whitmans writings and those of Henry David Thoreau , Ralph Waldo Emerson and Edward Carpenter were major influences on Holdens life . He incorporated many of their philosophies and principles into his style of living and method of working . In 1895 and 1896 Holden submitted designs to Building News Designing Club competitions using the pseudonym The Owl . Although the number of competing submissions made was not always large , from nine competition entries , Holden won five first places , three second places and one third place . In 1897 , he entered the competition for the RIBAs prestigious Soane Medallion for student architects . Of fourteen entries , Holdens submission for the competitions subject , a Provincial Market Hall , came third . Holden described the design as being inspired by the work of John Belcher , Edgar Wood and Arthur Beresford Pite . Family life . Around 1898 Holden began living with Margaret Steadman ( née Macdonald , 1865–1954 ) , a nurse and midwife . They were introduced by Holdens older sister , Alice , and became friends through their common interest in Whitman . Steadman had separated from her husband James Steadman , a university tutor , because of his alcoholism and abuse . Steadman and her husband were never divorced and , though she and Holden lived as a married couple and Holden referred to her as his wife , the relationship was never formalised , even after James Steadmans death in 1930 . The Holdens lived in suburban Norbiton , Surrey ( now Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames ) until 1902 , when they moved to Codicote in Hertfordshire . Around 1906 , they moved to Harmer Green near Welwyn , where Holden designed a house for them . The house was plainly furnished and the couple lived a simple life , described by Janet Ashbee in 1906 as bananas and brown bread on the table ; no hot water ; plain living and high thinking and strenuous activity for the betterment of the World . The couple had no children together , though Margaret had a son , Allan , from her marriage . Charles and Margaret Holden lived at Harmer Green for the rest of their lives . Works . Early career . Holden left Leesons practice in 1896 and worked for Jonathan Simpson in Bolton in 1896 and 1897 , working on house designs there and at Port Sunlight , before moving to London to work for Arts and Crafts designer Charles Robert Ashbee . His time with Ashbee was short and , in October 1899 , he became chief assistant in H . Percy Adams practice , where he remained for the rest of his career . A number of Holdens early designs were for hospitals , which Adams practice specialised in . At this early stage in his career , he produced designs in a variety of architectural styles as circumstances required , reflecting the influences of a number of architects . Holden soon took charge of most of the practices design work . From 1900 to 1903 , Holden studied architecture in the evenings at the Royal Academy School . He also continued to produce designs in his spare time for his brother-in-law and Jonathan Simpson . His red brick arts and craft façades for the Belgrave Hospital for Children in Kennington , south London ( 1900–03 ) , were influenced by Philip Webb and Henry Wilson and feature steeply pitched roofs , corner towers and stone window surrounds . The building , now converted to apartments , is Grade II* listed . In 1902 , Holden won the architectural competition to design the Bristol Central Library . His Tudor Revival façades in bath stone incorporate modernist elements complementing the adjacent Abbey Gate of Bristol Cathedral . The front façade features oriel windows and sculpture groups with Chaucer , Bede and Alfred the Great by Charles Pibworth . Internally , the design is classical , with the furniture designed by Holden and the stone carving mostly by William Aumonier . It was described by architectural historian Sir Nikolaus Pevsner as free Neo-Tudor and extremely pretty and by Andor Gomme as one of the great masterpieces of the early Modern Movement . It has been compared with Charles Rennie Mackintoshs Glasgow School of Art and it is sometimes suggested that Mackintoshs designs for the later part of the school were inspired by Holdens , although Pevsner noted that Mackintoshs designs were in circulation earlier . The building is Grade I listed . At Midhurst , West Sussex , Holden designed Tudor-style façades for the Sir Ernest Cassel-funded King Edward VII Sanatorium ( 1903–06 ) . The building features long wings of south-facing rooms to maximise patients exposure to sunlight and fresh air . The design is in keeping with the buildings rural setting , with façades in the local tile-hung style . Pevsner called this certainly one of the best buildings of its date in the country and a model of how to build very large institutions . He designed the sanitoriums V-shaped open-air chapel so that it could be used for both outdoor and indoor worship . Both buildings are Grade II* listed . Other hospitals he designed in this period include the British Seamens Hospital in Istanbul ( 1903–04 ) and the Womens Hospital in Soho , central London ( 1908 ) . For The Law Society he designed ( 1902–04 ) a simplified neoclassical extension to the existing Lewis Vulliamy-designed building in Chancery Lane with external sculptures by Charles Pibworth and a panelled arts and crafts interior with carving by William Aumonier and friezes by Conrad Dressler . Pevsner considered the façades to be Mannerist : The fashionable term Mannerism can here be used legitimately ; for Holden indeed froze up and invalidated current classical motifs , which is what Mannerist architects did in the Cinquecento . In 1906 , Holden won the architectural competition to design a new headquarters for the British Medical Association on the corner of The Strand and Agar Street ( now Zimbabwe House ) . The six-storey L-shaped building replaced a collection of buildings on the site already occupied by the Association and provided it with accommodation for a council chamber , library and offices on the upper floors above space for shops on the ground floor and in the basement . Described by Powers as classicism reduced to geometric shapes , the first three storeys are clad in grey Cornish granite with Portland stone above . Located at second floor level was a controversial series of tall sculptures representing the development of science and the ages of man by Jacob Epstein . The building is Grade II* listed . Alastair Service considered it perhaps his best London building . In 1909 , Holden won the design competition for an extension to the Bristol Royal Infirmary . Subsequently dedicated to the memory of King Edward VII ( died 1910 ) , the extension ( 1911–12 ) was built on steeply sloping ground for which Holden designed a linked pair of Portland stone-faced blocks around a courtyard . The plain , abstract blocks have towers on the corners and two-storey loggias , and are a further simplification of Holdens style . The practice became Adams & Holden in 1907 when Holden became a partner and Adams , Holden & Pearson when Lionel Pearson became a partner in 1913 . In 1913 , Holden was awarded the RIBAs Godwin medal and £65 to study architecture abroad . He travelled to America in April 1913 and studied the organisation of household and social science departments at American universities in preparation for his design of the Wren-influenced Kings College for Women , Kensington . Other buildings by Holden before the First World War include modernist office buildings in Holborn and Oxford Street , an extension in red brick of Alfred Waterhouses Shire Hall in Bedford , and Arts and Crafts Sutton Valence School , Kent . Holden also worked with Epstein on the tomb of Oscar Wilde at Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris ( 1911–12 ) . In 1915 , he was a founding member of the Design and Industries Association and he was a member of the Art Workers Guild from 1917 . Unsuccessful competition entries for which he produced designs include Strathclyde Royal Infirmary ( 1901 ) , Manchester Royal Infirmary ( 1904 ) , County Hall ( 1907 ) , the National Library of Wales ( 1909 ) , Coventry Town Hall ( 1911 ) and the Board of Trade building ( 1915 ) . War cemeteries and memorials . The Holdens shared a strong sense of personal duty and service . In the First World War , Margaret Holden joined the Friends Emergency Committee for the Assistance of Germans , Austrians and Hungarians in distress which helped refugees of those countries stranded in London by the conflict . Charles Holden served with the Red Crosss London Ambulance Column as a stretcher-bearer transferring wounded troops from Londons stations to its hospitals . Holden also served on the fire watch at St Pauls Cathedral between 1915 and 1917 . On 3 October 1917 , Holden was appointed a temporary lieutenant with the armys Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries . He travelled to the French battlefields for the first time later that month and began planning new cemeteries and expanding existing ones . Holden described his experience : The country is one vast wilderness , blasted out of recognition where once villages & orchards & fertile land , now tossed about & churned in hopeless disorder with never a landmark as far as the eye can reach & dotted about in the scrub and untidiness of it all are to be seen here & there singly & in groups little white crosses marking the place where men have fallen and been buried . In September 1918 , Holden transferred to the Imperial War Graves Commission ( now the Commonwealth War Graves Commission ) with the new rank of major . From 1918 until 1928 he worked on 69 Commission cemeteries . Initially , Holden ran the drawing office and worked as the senior design architect under the three principal architects in France and Belgium ( Edwin Lutyens , Reginald Blomfield and Herbert Baker ) . Holden worked on the experimental war cemetery at Louvencourt and , according to Geurst and Karol , probably on the one at Forceville that was selected as the prototype for all that followed . In 1920 , he was promoted to be the fourth principal architect . His work for the Commission included memorials to the New Zealand missing dead at Messines Ridge British Cemetery , and the Buttes New British Cemetery at Zonnebeke . His designs were stripped of ornament , often using simple detailed masses of Portland stone in the construction of the shelters and other architectural elements . Philip Longworths history of the Commission described Holdens pavilions at Wimereux Communal Cemetery as almost cruelly severe . In 1922 , Holden designed the War Memorial Gateway for Clifton College , Bristol , using a combination of limestone and gritstone to match the Gothic style of the schools buildings . For the British War Memorials Committee , he produced a design for a Hall of Remembrance ( 1918 ) that would have been in the form of an art gallery , and for New College , Oxford , he created a design for a tiny memorial chapel ( 1919 ) . Neither was constructed . London Transport . Through his involvement with the Design and Industries Association Holden met Frank Pick , general manager of the Underground Electric Railways Company of London ( UERL ) . Holden at the time had no experience in designing for transport , but this changed through his collaboration with Pick . In 1923 , Pick commissioned Holden to design a façade for a side entrance at Westminster Underground station . This was followed in 1924 with an appointment to design the UERLs pavilion for the British Empire Exhibition . Also in 1924 , Pick commissioned Holden to design seven new stations in south London for the extension of the City and South London Railway ( now part of the Northern line ) from Clapham Common to Morden . The designs replaced a set by the UERLs own architect , Stanley Heaps , which Pick had found unsatisfactory . The designs reflect the simple modernist style he was using in France for the war cemeteries ; double-height ticket halls are clad in plain Portland stone framing a glazed screen , each adapted to suit the street corner sites of most of the stations . The screens feature the Underground roundel made up in coloured glass panels and are divided by stone columns surmounted by capitals formed as a three-dimensional version of the roundel . Holden also advised Heaps on new façades for a number of the existing stations on the line and produced the design for a new entrance at Bond Street station on the Central London Railway . During the later 1920s , Holden designed a series of replacement buildings and new façades for station improvements around the UERLs network . Many of these featured Portland stone cladding and variations of the glazed screens developed for the Morden extension . At Piccadilly Circus , one of the busiest stations on the system , Holden designed ( 1925–28 ) a spacious travertine-lined circulating concourse and ticket hall below the roadway of the junction from which banks of escalators gave access to the platforms below . In 1926 , Holden began the design of a new headquarters for the UERL at 55 Broadway above St . Jamess Park station . Above the first floor , the steel-framed building was constructed to a cruciform plan and rises in a series of receding stages to a central clock tower tall . The arrangement maximises daylight to the buildings interior without the use of light wells . Like his stations of the period and his pre-First World War commercial buildings , the block is austerely clad in Portland stone . Holden again detailed the façades with commissioned sculptures ; , two compositions by Epstein , are at first floor level , and a series of eight bas-reliefs at the seventh floor represent the four winds ( two for each of the cardinal directions , on each side of the projecting wings ) . The building is Grade I listed . In 1930 , Holden and Pick made a tour of Germany , the Netherlands , Denmark and Sweden to see the latest developments in modern architecture . The UERL was planning extensions of the Piccadilly line to the west , north-west and north of London , and a new type of station was wanted . Adapting the architectural styles he had seen on the tour , Holden created functional designs composed of simple forms : cylinders , curves and rectangles , built in plain brick , concrete and glass . The extensions to the west and north-west were over existing routes operated by the District line and required a number of stations to be rebuilt to accommodate additional tracks or to replace original , basic buildings . Sudbury Town , the first station to be rebuilt in 1931 , formed a template for many of the other new stations that followed : a tall rectangular brick box with a concrete flat roof and panels of vertical glazing to allow light into the interior . The Grade II* listed building was described by Pevsner as an outstanding example of how satisfying such unpretentious buildings can be , purely through the use of careful details and good proportions . For Arnos Grove station , one of eight new stations on the northern extension of the line , Holden modified the rectangular box into a circular drum , a design inspired by Gunnar Asplunds Stockholm Public Library . Also notable on the northern extension is Southgate station ; here Holden designed a single-storey circular building with a canopied flat roof . Above this , the central section of roof rises up on a continuous horizontal band of clerestory windows , supported internally by a single central column . The building is topped by an illuminated feature capped with a bronze ball . Other stations show the influence of Willem Marinus Dudoks work in Hilversum , Netherlands . In order to handle such a large volume of work , Holden delegated significant design responsibility to his assistants , such as Charles Hutton , who took the lead on Arnos Grove Station . For some other Piccadilly line stations the design was handled in-house by Stanley Heaps or by other architectural practices . All followed the modern brick , glass and concrete house style defined by Holden , but some lacked Holdens originality and attention to detail ; Pick dubbed these Holdenesque . The UERL became part of London Transport in 1933 , but the focus remained on high quality design . Under Pick , Holdens attention to detail and idea of integrated design extended to all parts of Londons transport network , from designing bus and tram shelters to a new type of six-wheeled omnibus . In the late 1930s , Holden designed replacement stations at Highgate , East Finchley and Finchley Central and new stations at Elstree South and Bushey Heath for the Northern lines Northern Heights plan . Holdens designs incorporated sculpture relevant to the local history of a number of stations : Dick Whittington for Highgate , a Roman centurion at Elstree South and an archer for East Finchley . Much of the project was postponed shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War and was later cancelled . Only East Finchley station was completed in full with Highgate in part ; the other plans were scrapped . East Finchley station is located on an embankment and the platforms are accessed from below . Making use of the stations air-rights , Holden provided staff office space spanning above the tracks accessed through semi-circular glazed stairways from the platforms . Eric Aumonier provided the statue The Archer , a prominent feature of the station . Holdens last designs for London Transport were three new stations for the Central line extension in north-east London . These were designed in the 1930s , but were also delayed by the war and were not completed until 1947 . reduced the quality of the materials used compared with the 1930s stations and the building at Wanstead was adapted from a temporary structure constructed during the lines wartime use as an underground factory . Gants Hill is accessed through subways and has no station building , but is notable for the design of its platform level concourse , which features a barrel vaulted ceiling inspired by stations on the Moscow Metro . University of London . After the First World War , the University of London needed a replacement for its overcrowded and scattered accommodation in Kensington . A site was acquired in Bloomsbury near the British Museum and Holden was commissioned in 1931 to design the new buildings , partly due to the success of 55 Broadway . His original plan was for a single structure covering the whole site , stretching almost from Montague Place to Torrington Street . It comprised a central spine linked by a series of wings to the perimeter façade and enclosing a series of courtyards . The scheme was to be topped by two towers : a smaller one to the north , and a 19-storey , tall Senate House . Construction began in 1932 , but due to a shortage of funds , the design was gradually revised and cut back , and only the Senate House and Library were completed in 1937 , with the buildings for the Institute of Education and the School of Oriental Studies completed later . The design featured façades of load-bearing brickwork faced with Portland stone . Holdens intention to adorn the building with sculpture was also not fulfilled . As he had with his earlier buildings , Holden also prepared the designs for the individual elements of the interior design . From its completion until 1957 , it was the tallest office building in London . Senate House divided opinion . Pevsner described its style as strangely semi-traditional , undecided modernism , and summarised : The design certainly does not possess the vigour and directness of Charles Holdens smaller Underground stations . Others have described it as Stalinist , or as totalitarian due to its great scale . Functionalist architect Erich Mendelsohn wrote to Holden in 1938 that he was very much taken and .. . convinced that there is no finer building in London . Historian Arnold Whittick described the building as a static massive pyramid .. . obviously designed to last for a thousand years , but thought the interior is more pleasing than the exterior . There is essentially the atmosphere of dignity , serenity and repose that one associates with the architecture of ancient Greece . The onset of the Second World War prevented any further progress on the full scheme , although Adams , Holden & Pearson did design further buildings for the university in the vicinity . Town planning . With virtually no new work being commissioned , Holden spent the war years planning for the reconstruction that would be required once it was over . Holden was a member of the RIBAs twelve-man committee which formulated the institutes policy for post-war reconstruction . Holdens town planning ideas involved the relocation of industry out of towns and cities to new industrial centres in the style of Port Sunlight or Bournville where workers could live close to their workplace . The new industrial centres would be linked to the existing towns with new fast roads and reconstruction in town centres would be planned to provide more open space around the administrative centres . In 1944–45 , Holden produced plans for the reconstruction of Canterbury , Kent , with the City Architect Herbert Millson Enderby . Canterbury had been badly damaged by Luftwaffe bombing including the Baedeker raids in May and June 1942 . Holden and Enderby aimed to preserve much of the character of the city , but planned for the compulsory purchase of of the town centre for large scale reconstruction including a new civic way from the cathedral to a new town hall . Outside the city , they planned bypasses and a ring road at a two-mile ( 3.2-kilometre ) radius of the centre . Although approved by the city council , the plan was widely opposed by residents and freeholders and the Canterbury Citizens Defence Association issued an alternative plan before taking control of the council at local elections in November 1945 . The change in administration ended the proposals , although a new plan prepared in 1947 without Holdens or Enderbys involvement retained some of their ideas including the ring road . The City of Londons first reconstruction plan was written by the City Engineer F . J . Forty and published in 1944 . It had met with considerable criticism and William Morrison , Minister for Town and Country Planning , asked the City of London Corporation to prepare a new plan . Holden was approached , and he accepted provided that William Holford also be appointed . Holdens and Holfords City of London Plan ( 1946–1947 ) recommended a relaxation of the strict height limits imposed in the capital and the first use in London of plot ratio calculations in the planning process so that buildings could be designed with floor space of up to five times the ground area . For the bomb-devastated area around St Pauls Cathedral , Holden proposed a new precinct around which buildings would be positioned to provide clear views of the cathedral and from which new ceremonial routes would radiate . The heights of buildings would be strictly defined to protect these views . The plan was accepted by the Minister for Town and Country Planning in 1948 and was incorporated into the wider London Development Plan . In 1947 , Holden planned a scheme on behalf of the London County Council for the South Bank of the River Thames between County Hall and Waterloo Bridge , including a plan for a concert hall with the councils architect Edwin Williams . The scheme received little attention and was almost immediately superseded by plans to develop the area as the site of the Festival of Britain . Holden was also architectural and planning consultant to the University of Edinburgh and to the Borough of Tynemouth . Final years . Although Charles Holden had gradually reduced his workload , he was still continuing to go into the office three days per week during the early 1950s . He did not formally retire until 1958 , but even then he visited occasionally . Margaret Holden died in 1954 after a protracted illness which had left her nearly blind since the mid-1940s . In the last decade of his life , Holden was himself physically weaker and was looked after by his niece Minnie Green . One of Holdens last public engagements was when he acted as a sponsor at the award of the RIBAs Royal Gold Medal to Le Corbusier in 1953 . The last project that Holden worked on was a much criticised headquarters building for English Electric in Aldwych , London . In 1952 , Adams , Holden & Pearson were appointed by English Electrics chairman , Sir George Nelson , and Holden designed a monolithic stone building around a courtyard . In 1955 , the London County Council persuaded English Electric to put the scheme aside and hold a limited architectural competition for a new design . Adams , Holden & Pearson submitted a design , but were beaten by Sir John Burnet , Tait and Partners . When that practice later refused Sir George Nelsons request to redesign the façades , Adams , Holden & Pearson were reappointed and Charles Holden revised his practices competition entry . The new design was criticised by the Royal Fine Art Commission and a further redesign was carried out by one of Holdens partners to produce the final design , described by Pevsner as a dull , lifeless building , stone-faced and with nothing to recommend it . Holden died on 1 May 1960 . His body was cremated at Enfield crematorium and his ashes were spread in the garden of the Friends Meeting House in Hertford . On 2 June 1960 a memorial service was held at St Pancras New Church , where Holden had designed the altar in 1914 . Obituaries were published in daily newspapers The Manchester Guardian , The Times and The Daily Telegraph and in construction industry periodicals including The Builder , Architectural Review , Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects and Journal of the Town Planning Institute . Generally , the obituaries were positive about Holdens early work and the stations for London Underground , were neutral about Senate House and were negative about his practices later works . The Harmer Green house and most of its contents were auctioned with the proceeds left to family members . Holden also left £8,400 to friends and staff and £2,000 to charity . Holden on architecture . Holden recognised that his architectural style placed him in rather a curious position , not quite in the fashion and not quite out of it ; not enough of a traditionalist to please the traditionalists and not enough of a modernist to please the modernists . He believed that the principal aim of design was to achieve fitness for purpose , and repeatedly called for a style of architecture that avoided unnecessary architectural adornment . In 1905 , in an essay titled If Whitman had been an Architect , Holden made an anonymous plea to architects for a new form of modern architecture : Often I hear of the glory of the architecture of ancient Greece ; of the proud Romans ; of sombre Egypt ; the praise of vast Byzantium and the lofty Middle Ages , too , I hear . But of the glory of the architecture of the Modern I never hear . Come , you Modern Buildings , come ! Throw off your mantle of deceits ; your cornices , pilasters , mouldings , swags , scrolls ; behind them all , behind your dignified proportions , your picturesque groupings , your arts and crafts prettinesses and exaggerated techniques ; behind and beyond them all hides the one I love . In his 1936 speech when presented with the RIBAs Royal Gold Medal , Holden defined his position : It was not so much a matter of creating a new style , as of discarding those incrustations which counted for style .. . surface embroidery empty of structural significance . His method was to focus on those more permanent basic factors of architecture , the plan , and the planes and masses arising out of the plan . He described his ideal building as one which takes naturally and inevitably the form controlled by the plan and the purpose and the materials . A building which provides opportunities for the exercise and skill and pleasure in work not only to the designer but also for the many craftsmen employed and the occupants of the building . In a 1957 essay on architecture , he wrote I dont seek for a style , either ancient or modern , I want an architecture which is through and through good building . A building planned for a specific purpose , constructed in the method and use of materials , old or new , most appropriate to the purpose the building has to serve . Recognition and legacy . Holden won the RIBAs London Architecture Medal for 1929 ( awarded 1931 ) for 55 Broadway . In 1936 he was awarded the RIBAs Royal Gold Medal for his body of work . He was Vice President of the RIBA from 1935–37 and a member of the Royal Fine Art Commission from 1933 to 1947 . In 1943 he was appointed a Royal Designer for Industry for the design of transport equipment . He was awarded honorary doctorates by Manchester University in 1936 and London University in 1946 . Many of Holdens buildings have been granted listed status , protecting them against demolition and unapproved alteration . Holden declined the invitation to become a Royal Academician in 1942 , having previously been nominated , but refused because of his connection to Epstein . He twice declined a knighthood , in 1943 and 1951 , as he considered it to be at odds with his simple lifestyle and considered architecture a collaborative process . The RIBA holds a collection of Holdens personal papers and material from Adams , Holden & Pearson . The RIBA staged exhibitions of his work at the Heinz Gallery in 1988 and at the Victoria and Albert Museum between October 2010 and February 2011 . A public house near Colliers Wood Underground station has been named The Charles Holden , taking inspiration from the architect . |
[
"Welwyn"
] | easy | What was the residence of Charles Holden from 1906 to 1960? | /wiki/Charles_Holden#P551#4 | Charles Holden Charles Henry Holden ( 12 May 1875 – 1 May 1960 ) was a Bolton-born English architect best known for designing many London Underground stations during the 1920s and 1930s , for Bristol Central Library , the Underground Electric Railways Company of Londons headquarters at 55 Broadway and for the University of Londons Senate House . He also created many war cemeteries in Belgium and northern France for the Imperial War Graves Commission . After working and training in Bolton and Manchester , Holden moved to London . His early buildings were influenced by the Arts and Crafts Movement , but for most of his career he championed an unadorned style based on simplified forms and massing that was free of what he considered to be unnecessary decorative detailing . Holden believed strongly that architectural designs should be dictated by buildings intended functions . After the First World War he increasingly simplified his style and his designs became pared-down and modernist , influenced by European architecture . He was a member of the Design and Industries Association and the Art Workers Guild . He produced complete designs for his buildings including the interior design and architectural fittings . Although not without its critics , his architecture is widely appreciated . He was awarded the Royal Institute of British Architects ( RIBAs ) Royal Gold Medal for architecture in 1936 and was appointed a Royal Designer for Industry in 1943 . His station designs for London Underground became the corporations standard design influencing designs by all architects working for the organisation in the 1930s . Many of his buildings have been granted listed building status , protecting them from unapproved alteration . He twice declined the offer of a knighthood . Early life . Charles Henry Holden was born on 12 May 1875 at Great Lever , Bolton , the fifth and youngest child of Joseph Holden ( 1842–1918 ) , a draper and milliner , and Ellen ( née Broughton , 1841–1890 ) Holden . Holdens childhood was marred by his fathers bankruptcy in 1884 and his mothers death when he was fifteen years old . Following the loss of his fathers business , the family moved to St Helens , where his father returned to his earlier trade and worked as an iron turner and fitter and where he attended a number of schools . He briefly had jobs as a laboratory assistant and a railway clerk in St Helens . During this period he attended draughting classes at the YMCA and considered a career as an engineer in Sir Douglas Foxs practice . In 1891 he began working for his brother-in-law , David Frederick Green , a land surveyor and architect in Bolton . In April 1892 he was articled to Manchester architect Everard W . Leeson and , while training with him , also studied at the Manchester School of Art ( 1893–94 ) and Manchester Technical School ( 1894–96 ) . While working and studying in Manchester , Holden formed friendships with artist Muirhead Bone and his future brother-in-law Francis Dodd . About this time Holden was introduced to the writings of Walt Whitman and became friends with James William Wallace and a number of the members of Boltons Whitman society known as the Eagle Street College . Whitmans writings and those of Henry David Thoreau , Ralph Waldo Emerson and Edward Carpenter were major influences on Holdens life . He incorporated many of their philosophies and principles into his style of living and method of working . In 1895 and 1896 Holden submitted designs to Building News Designing Club competitions using the pseudonym The Owl . Although the number of competing submissions made was not always large , from nine competition entries , Holden won five first places , three second places and one third place . In 1897 , he entered the competition for the RIBAs prestigious Soane Medallion for student architects . Of fourteen entries , Holdens submission for the competitions subject , a Provincial Market Hall , came third . Holden described the design as being inspired by the work of John Belcher , Edgar Wood and Arthur Beresford Pite . Family life . Around 1898 Holden began living with Margaret Steadman ( née Macdonald , 1865–1954 ) , a nurse and midwife . They were introduced by Holdens older sister , Alice , and became friends through their common interest in Whitman . Steadman had separated from her husband James Steadman , a university tutor , because of his alcoholism and abuse . Steadman and her husband were never divorced and , though she and Holden lived as a married couple and Holden referred to her as his wife , the relationship was never formalised , even after James Steadmans death in 1930 . The Holdens lived in suburban Norbiton , Surrey ( now Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames ) until 1902 , when they moved to Codicote in Hertfordshire . Around 1906 , they moved to Harmer Green near Welwyn , where Holden designed a house for them . The house was plainly furnished and the couple lived a simple life , described by Janet Ashbee in 1906 as bananas and brown bread on the table ; no hot water ; plain living and high thinking and strenuous activity for the betterment of the World . The couple had no children together , though Margaret had a son , Allan , from her marriage . Charles and Margaret Holden lived at Harmer Green for the rest of their lives . Works . Early career . Holden left Leesons practice in 1896 and worked for Jonathan Simpson in Bolton in 1896 and 1897 , working on house designs there and at Port Sunlight , before moving to London to work for Arts and Crafts designer Charles Robert Ashbee . His time with Ashbee was short and , in October 1899 , he became chief assistant in H . Percy Adams practice , where he remained for the rest of his career . A number of Holdens early designs were for hospitals , which Adams practice specialised in . At this early stage in his career , he produced designs in a variety of architectural styles as circumstances required , reflecting the influences of a number of architects . Holden soon took charge of most of the practices design work . From 1900 to 1903 , Holden studied architecture in the evenings at the Royal Academy School . He also continued to produce designs in his spare time for his brother-in-law and Jonathan Simpson . His red brick arts and craft façades for the Belgrave Hospital for Children in Kennington , south London ( 1900–03 ) , were influenced by Philip Webb and Henry Wilson and feature steeply pitched roofs , corner towers and stone window surrounds . The building , now converted to apartments , is Grade II* listed . In 1902 , Holden won the architectural competition to design the Bristol Central Library . His Tudor Revival façades in bath stone incorporate modernist elements complementing the adjacent Abbey Gate of Bristol Cathedral . The front façade features oriel windows and sculpture groups with Chaucer , Bede and Alfred the Great by Charles Pibworth . Internally , the design is classical , with the furniture designed by Holden and the stone carving mostly by William Aumonier . It was described by architectural historian Sir Nikolaus Pevsner as free Neo-Tudor and extremely pretty and by Andor Gomme as one of the great masterpieces of the early Modern Movement . It has been compared with Charles Rennie Mackintoshs Glasgow School of Art and it is sometimes suggested that Mackintoshs designs for the later part of the school were inspired by Holdens , although Pevsner noted that Mackintoshs designs were in circulation earlier . The building is Grade I listed . At Midhurst , West Sussex , Holden designed Tudor-style façades for the Sir Ernest Cassel-funded King Edward VII Sanatorium ( 1903–06 ) . The building features long wings of south-facing rooms to maximise patients exposure to sunlight and fresh air . The design is in keeping with the buildings rural setting , with façades in the local tile-hung style . Pevsner called this certainly one of the best buildings of its date in the country and a model of how to build very large institutions . He designed the sanitoriums V-shaped open-air chapel so that it could be used for both outdoor and indoor worship . Both buildings are Grade II* listed . Other hospitals he designed in this period include the British Seamens Hospital in Istanbul ( 1903–04 ) and the Womens Hospital in Soho , central London ( 1908 ) . For The Law Society he designed ( 1902–04 ) a simplified neoclassical extension to the existing Lewis Vulliamy-designed building in Chancery Lane with external sculptures by Charles Pibworth and a panelled arts and crafts interior with carving by William Aumonier and friezes by Conrad Dressler . Pevsner considered the façades to be Mannerist : The fashionable term Mannerism can here be used legitimately ; for Holden indeed froze up and invalidated current classical motifs , which is what Mannerist architects did in the Cinquecento . In 1906 , Holden won the architectural competition to design a new headquarters for the British Medical Association on the corner of The Strand and Agar Street ( now Zimbabwe House ) . The six-storey L-shaped building replaced a collection of buildings on the site already occupied by the Association and provided it with accommodation for a council chamber , library and offices on the upper floors above space for shops on the ground floor and in the basement . Described by Powers as classicism reduced to geometric shapes , the first three storeys are clad in grey Cornish granite with Portland stone above . Located at second floor level was a controversial series of tall sculptures representing the development of science and the ages of man by Jacob Epstein . The building is Grade II* listed . Alastair Service considered it perhaps his best London building . In 1909 , Holden won the design competition for an extension to the Bristol Royal Infirmary . Subsequently dedicated to the memory of King Edward VII ( died 1910 ) , the extension ( 1911–12 ) was built on steeply sloping ground for which Holden designed a linked pair of Portland stone-faced blocks around a courtyard . The plain , abstract blocks have towers on the corners and two-storey loggias , and are a further simplification of Holdens style . The practice became Adams & Holden in 1907 when Holden became a partner and Adams , Holden & Pearson when Lionel Pearson became a partner in 1913 . In 1913 , Holden was awarded the RIBAs Godwin medal and £65 to study architecture abroad . He travelled to America in April 1913 and studied the organisation of household and social science departments at American universities in preparation for his design of the Wren-influenced Kings College for Women , Kensington . Other buildings by Holden before the First World War include modernist office buildings in Holborn and Oxford Street , an extension in red brick of Alfred Waterhouses Shire Hall in Bedford , and Arts and Crafts Sutton Valence School , Kent . Holden also worked with Epstein on the tomb of Oscar Wilde at Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris ( 1911–12 ) . In 1915 , he was a founding member of the Design and Industries Association and he was a member of the Art Workers Guild from 1917 . Unsuccessful competition entries for which he produced designs include Strathclyde Royal Infirmary ( 1901 ) , Manchester Royal Infirmary ( 1904 ) , County Hall ( 1907 ) , the National Library of Wales ( 1909 ) , Coventry Town Hall ( 1911 ) and the Board of Trade building ( 1915 ) . War cemeteries and memorials . The Holdens shared a strong sense of personal duty and service . In the First World War , Margaret Holden joined the Friends Emergency Committee for the Assistance of Germans , Austrians and Hungarians in distress which helped refugees of those countries stranded in London by the conflict . Charles Holden served with the Red Crosss London Ambulance Column as a stretcher-bearer transferring wounded troops from Londons stations to its hospitals . Holden also served on the fire watch at St Pauls Cathedral between 1915 and 1917 . On 3 October 1917 , Holden was appointed a temporary lieutenant with the armys Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries . He travelled to the French battlefields for the first time later that month and began planning new cemeteries and expanding existing ones . Holden described his experience : The country is one vast wilderness , blasted out of recognition where once villages & orchards & fertile land , now tossed about & churned in hopeless disorder with never a landmark as far as the eye can reach & dotted about in the scrub and untidiness of it all are to be seen here & there singly & in groups little white crosses marking the place where men have fallen and been buried . In September 1918 , Holden transferred to the Imperial War Graves Commission ( now the Commonwealth War Graves Commission ) with the new rank of major . From 1918 until 1928 he worked on 69 Commission cemeteries . Initially , Holden ran the drawing office and worked as the senior design architect under the three principal architects in France and Belgium ( Edwin Lutyens , Reginald Blomfield and Herbert Baker ) . Holden worked on the experimental war cemetery at Louvencourt and , according to Geurst and Karol , probably on the one at Forceville that was selected as the prototype for all that followed . In 1920 , he was promoted to be the fourth principal architect . His work for the Commission included memorials to the New Zealand missing dead at Messines Ridge British Cemetery , and the Buttes New British Cemetery at Zonnebeke . His designs were stripped of ornament , often using simple detailed masses of Portland stone in the construction of the shelters and other architectural elements . Philip Longworths history of the Commission described Holdens pavilions at Wimereux Communal Cemetery as almost cruelly severe . In 1922 , Holden designed the War Memorial Gateway for Clifton College , Bristol , using a combination of limestone and gritstone to match the Gothic style of the schools buildings . For the British War Memorials Committee , he produced a design for a Hall of Remembrance ( 1918 ) that would have been in the form of an art gallery , and for New College , Oxford , he created a design for a tiny memorial chapel ( 1919 ) . Neither was constructed . London Transport . Through his involvement with the Design and Industries Association Holden met Frank Pick , general manager of the Underground Electric Railways Company of London ( UERL ) . Holden at the time had no experience in designing for transport , but this changed through his collaboration with Pick . In 1923 , Pick commissioned Holden to design a façade for a side entrance at Westminster Underground station . This was followed in 1924 with an appointment to design the UERLs pavilion for the British Empire Exhibition . Also in 1924 , Pick commissioned Holden to design seven new stations in south London for the extension of the City and South London Railway ( now part of the Northern line ) from Clapham Common to Morden . The designs replaced a set by the UERLs own architect , Stanley Heaps , which Pick had found unsatisfactory . The designs reflect the simple modernist style he was using in France for the war cemeteries ; double-height ticket halls are clad in plain Portland stone framing a glazed screen , each adapted to suit the street corner sites of most of the stations . The screens feature the Underground roundel made up in coloured glass panels and are divided by stone columns surmounted by capitals formed as a three-dimensional version of the roundel . Holden also advised Heaps on new façades for a number of the existing stations on the line and produced the design for a new entrance at Bond Street station on the Central London Railway . During the later 1920s , Holden designed a series of replacement buildings and new façades for station improvements around the UERLs network . Many of these featured Portland stone cladding and variations of the glazed screens developed for the Morden extension . At Piccadilly Circus , one of the busiest stations on the system , Holden designed ( 1925–28 ) a spacious travertine-lined circulating concourse and ticket hall below the roadway of the junction from which banks of escalators gave access to the platforms below . In 1926 , Holden began the design of a new headquarters for the UERL at 55 Broadway above St . Jamess Park station . Above the first floor , the steel-framed building was constructed to a cruciform plan and rises in a series of receding stages to a central clock tower tall . The arrangement maximises daylight to the buildings interior without the use of light wells . Like his stations of the period and his pre-First World War commercial buildings , the block is austerely clad in Portland stone . Holden again detailed the façades with commissioned sculptures ; , two compositions by Epstein , are at first floor level , and a series of eight bas-reliefs at the seventh floor represent the four winds ( two for each of the cardinal directions , on each side of the projecting wings ) . The building is Grade I listed . In 1930 , Holden and Pick made a tour of Germany , the Netherlands , Denmark and Sweden to see the latest developments in modern architecture . The UERL was planning extensions of the Piccadilly line to the west , north-west and north of London , and a new type of station was wanted . Adapting the architectural styles he had seen on the tour , Holden created functional designs composed of simple forms : cylinders , curves and rectangles , built in plain brick , concrete and glass . The extensions to the west and north-west were over existing routes operated by the District line and required a number of stations to be rebuilt to accommodate additional tracks or to replace original , basic buildings . Sudbury Town , the first station to be rebuilt in 1931 , formed a template for many of the other new stations that followed : a tall rectangular brick box with a concrete flat roof and panels of vertical glazing to allow light into the interior . The Grade II* listed building was described by Pevsner as an outstanding example of how satisfying such unpretentious buildings can be , purely through the use of careful details and good proportions . For Arnos Grove station , one of eight new stations on the northern extension of the line , Holden modified the rectangular box into a circular drum , a design inspired by Gunnar Asplunds Stockholm Public Library . Also notable on the northern extension is Southgate station ; here Holden designed a single-storey circular building with a canopied flat roof . Above this , the central section of roof rises up on a continuous horizontal band of clerestory windows , supported internally by a single central column . The building is topped by an illuminated feature capped with a bronze ball . Other stations show the influence of Willem Marinus Dudoks work in Hilversum , Netherlands . In order to handle such a large volume of work , Holden delegated significant design responsibility to his assistants , such as Charles Hutton , who took the lead on Arnos Grove Station . For some other Piccadilly line stations the design was handled in-house by Stanley Heaps or by other architectural practices . All followed the modern brick , glass and concrete house style defined by Holden , but some lacked Holdens originality and attention to detail ; Pick dubbed these Holdenesque . The UERL became part of London Transport in 1933 , but the focus remained on high quality design . Under Pick , Holdens attention to detail and idea of integrated design extended to all parts of Londons transport network , from designing bus and tram shelters to a new type of six-wheeled omnibus . In the late 1930s , Holden designed replacement stations at Highgate , East Finchley and Finchley Central and new stations at Elstree South and Bushey Heath for the Northern lines Northern Heights plan . Holdens designs incorporated sculpture relevant to the local history of a number of stations : Dick Whittington for Highgate , a Roman centurion at Elstree South and an archer for East Finchley . Much of the project was postponed shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War and was later cancelled . Only East Finchley station was completed in full with Highgate in part ; the other plans were scrapped . East Finchley station is located on an embankment and the platforms are accessed from below . Making use of the stations air-rights , Holden provided staff office space spanning above the tracks accessed through semi-circular glazed stairways from the platforms . Eric Aumonier provided the statue The Archer , a prominent feature of the station . Holdens last designs for London Transport were three new stations for the Central line extension in north-east London . These were designed in the 1930s , but were also delayed by the war and were not completed until 1947 . reduced the quality of the materials used compared with the 1930s stations and the building at Wanstead was adapted from a temporary structure constructed during the lines wartime use as an underground factory . Gants Hill is accessed through subways and has no station building , but is notable for the design of its platform level concourse , which features a barrel vaulted ceiling inspired by stations on the Moscow Metro . University of London . After the First World War , the University of London needed a replacement for its overcrowded and scattered accommodation in Kensington . A site was acquired in Bloomsbury near the British Museum and Holden was commissioned in 1931 to design the new buildings , partly due to the success of 55 Broadway . His original plan was for a single structure covering the whole site , stretching almost from Montague Place to Torrington Street . It comprised a central spine linked by a series of wings to the perimeter façade and enclosing a series of courtyards . The scheme was to be topped by two towers : a smaller one to the north , and a 19-storey , tall Senate House . Construction began in 1932 , but due to a shortage of funds , the design was gradually revised and cut back , and only the Senate House and Library were completed in 1937 , with the buildings for the Institute of Education and the School of Oriental Studies completed later . The design featured façades of load-bearing brickwork faced with Portland stone . Holdens intention to adorn the building with sculpture was also not fulfilled . As he had with his earlier buildings , Holden also prepared the designs for the individual elements of the interior design . From its completion until 1957 , it was the tallest office building in London . Senate House divided opinion . Pevsner described its style as strangely semi-traditional , undecided modernism , and summarised : The design certainly does not possess the vigour and directness of Charles Holdens smaller Underground stations . Others have described it as Stalinist , or as totalitarian due to its great scale . Functionalist architect Erich Mendelsohn wrote to Holden in 1938 that he was very much taken and .. . convinced that there is no finer building in London . Historian Arnold Whittick described the building as a static massive pyramid .. . obviously designed to last for a thousand years , but thought the interior is more pleasing than the exterior . There is essentially the atmosphere of dignity , serenity and repose that one associates with the architecture of ancient Greece . The onset of the Second World War prevented any further progress on the full scheme , although Adams , Holden & Pearson did design further buildings for the university in the vicinity . Town planning . With virtually no new work being commissioned , Holden spent the war years planning for the reconstruction that would be required once it was over . Holden was a member of the RIBAs twelve-man committee which formulated the institutes policy for post-war reconstruction . Holdens town planning ideas involved the relocation of industry out of towns and cities to new industrial centres in the style of Port Sunlight or Bournville where workers could live close to their workplace . The new industrial centres would be linked to the existing towns with new fast roads and reconstruction in town centres would be planned to provide more open space around the administrative centres . In 1944–45 , Holden produced plans for the reconstruction of Canterbury , Kent , with the City Architect Herbert Millson Enderby . Canterbury had been badly damaged by Luftwaffe bombing including the Baedeker raids in May and June 1942 . Holden and Enderby aimed to preserve much of the character of the city , but planned for the compulsory purchase of of the town centre for large scale reconstruction including a new civic way from the cathedral to a new town hall . Outside the city , they planned bypasses and a ring road at a two-mile ( 3.2-kilometre ) radius of the centre . Although approved by the city council , the plan was widely opposed by residents and freeholders and the Canterbury Citizens Defence Association issued an alternative plan before taking control of the council at local elections in November 1945 . The change in administration ended the proposals , although a new plan prepared in 1947 without Holdens or Enderbys involvement retained some of their ideas including the ring road . The City of Londons first reconstruction plan was written by the City Engineer F . J . Forty and published in 1944 . It had met with considerable criticism and William Morrison , Minister for Town and Country Planning , asked the City of London Corporation to prepare a new plan . Holden was approached , and he accepted provided that William Holford also be appointed . Holdens and Holfords City of London Plan ( 1946–1947 ) recommended a relaxation of the strict height limits imposed in the capital and the first use in London of plot ratio calculations in the planning process so that buildings could be designed with floor space of up to five times the ground area . For the bomb-devastated area around St Pauls Cathedral , Holden proposed a new precinct around which buildings would be positioned to provide clear views of the cathedral and from which new ceremonial routes would radiate . The heights of buildings would be strictly defined to protect these views . The plan was accepted by the Minister for Town and Country Planning in 1948 and was incorporated into the wider London Development Plan . In 1947 , Holden planned a scheme on behalf of the London County Council for the South Bank of the River Thames between County Hall and Waterloo Bridge , including a plan for a concert hall with the councils architect Edwin Williams . The scheme received little attention and was almost immediately superseded by plans to develop the area as the site of the Festival of Britain . Holden was also architectural and planning consultant to the University of Edinburgh and to the Borough of Tynemouth . Final years . Although Charles Holden had gradually reduced his workload , he was still continuing to go into the office three days per week during the early 1950s . He did not formally retire until 1958 , but even then he visited occasionally . Margaret Holden died in 1954 after a protracted illness which had left her nearly blind since the mid-1940s . In the last decade of his life , Holden was himself physically weaker and was looked after by his niece Minnie Green . One of Holdens last public engagements was when he acted as a sponsor at the award of the RIBAs Royal Gold Medal to Le Corbusier in 1953 . The last project that Holden worked on was a much criticised headquarters building for English Electric in Aldwych , London . In 1952 , Adams , Holden & Pearson were appointed by English Electrics chairman , Sir George Nelson , and Holden designed a monolithic stone building around a courtyard . In 1955 , the London County Council persuaded English Electric to put the scheme aside and hold a limited architectural competition for a new design . Adams , Holden & Pearson submitted a design , but were beaten by Sir John Burnet , Tait and Partners . When that practice later refused Sir George Nelsons request to redesign the façades , Adams , Holden & Pearson were reappointed and Charles Holden revised his practices competition entry . The new design was criticised by the Royal Fine Art Commission and a further redesign was carried out by one of Holdens partners to produce the final design , described by Pevsner as a dull , lifeless building , stone-faced and with nothing to recommend it . Holden died on 1 May 1960 . His body was cremated at Enfield crematorium and his ashes were spread in the garden of the Friends Meeting House in Hertford . On 2 June 1960 a memorial service was held at St Pancras New Church , where Holden had designed the altar in 1914 . Obituaries were published in daily newspapers The Manchester Guardian , The Times and The Daily Telegraph and in construction industry periodicals including The Builder , Architectural Review , Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects and Journal of the Town Planning Institute . Generally , the obituaries were positive about Holdens early work and the stations for London Underground , were neutral about Senate House and were negative about his practices later works . The Harmer Green house and most of its contents were auctioned with the proceeds left to family members . Holden also left £8,400 to friends and staff and £2,000 to charity . Holden on architecture . Holden recognised that his architectural style placed him in rather a curious position , not quite in the fashion and not quite out of it ; not enough of a traditionalist to please the traditionalists and not enough of a modernist to please the modernists . He believed that the principal aim of design was to achieve fitness for purpose , and repeatedly called for a style of architecture that avoided unnecessary architectural adornment . In 1905 , in an essay titled If Whitman had been an Architect , Holden made an anonymous plea to architects for a new form of modern architecture : Often I hear of the glory of the architecture of ancient Greece ; of the proud Romans ; of sombre Egypt ; the praise of vast Byzantium and the lofty Middle Ages , too , I hear . But of the glory of the architecture of the Modern I never hear . Come , you Modern Buildings , come ! Throw off your mantle of deceits ; your cornices , pilasters , mouldings , swags , scrolls ; behind them all , behind your dignified proportions , your picturesque groupings , your arts and crafts prettinesses and exaggerated techniques ; behind and beyond them all hides the one I love . In his 1936 speech when presented with the RIBAs Royal Gold Medal , Holden defined his position : It was not so much a matter of creating a new style , as of discarding those incrustations which counted for style .. . surface embroidery empty of structural significance . His method was to focus on those more permanent basic factors of architecture , the plan , and the planes and masses arising out of the plan . He described his ideal building as one which takes naturally and inevitably the form controlled by the plan and the purpose and the materials . A building which provides opportunities for the exercise and skill and pleasure in work not only to the designer but also for the many craftsmen employed and the occupants of the building . In a 1957 essay on architecture , he wrote I dont seek for a style , either ancient or modern , I want an architecture which is through and through good building . A building planned for a specific purpose , constructed in the method and use of materials , old or new , most appropriate to the purpose the building has to serve . Recognition and legacy . Holden won the RIBAs London Architecture Medal for 1929 ( awarded 1931 ) for 55 Broadway . In 1936 he was awarded the RIBAs Royal Gold Medal for his body of work . He was Vice President of the RIBA from 1935–37 and a member of the Royal Fine Art Commission from 1933 to 1947 . In 1943 he was appointed a Royal Designer for Industry for the design of transport equipment . He was awarded honorary doctorates by Manchester University in 1936 and London University in 1946 . Many of Holdens buildings have been granted listed status , protecting them against demolition and unapproved alteration . Holden declined the invitation to become a Royal Academician in 1942 , having previously been nominated , but refused because of his connection to Epstein . He twice declined a knighthood , in 1943 and 1951 , as he considered it to be at odds with his simple lifestyle and considered architecture a collaborative process . The RIBA holds a collection of Holdens personal papers and material from Adams , Holden & Pearson . The RIBA staged exhibitions of his work at the Heinz Gallery in 1988 and at the Victoria and Albert Museum between October 2010 and February 2011 . A public house near Colliers Wood Underground station has been named The Charles Holden , taking inspiration from the architect . |
[
"Universidad Católica Footballer"
] | easy | Which team did the player Gary Medel belong to from 2006 to 2007? | /wiki/Gary_Medel#P54#0 | Gary Medel Gary Alexis Medel Soto ( ; born 3 August 1987 ) is a Chilean professional footballer who plays for Italian club Bologna and the Chile national team as a centre-back and a defensive midfielder . Medel has played club football with several teams in numerous countries , starting out with Chilean side Universidad Católica , and later playing for Argentine side Boca Juniors , Spanish side Sevilla , Premier League side Cardiff City , and Italian side Inter Milan , before moving to Beşiktaş in Turkey in 2017 . He then moved back to Italy and joined Bologna in 2019 . A full international with over 120 caps since 2007 for the Chile national team , Medel has represented the nation at two FIFA World Cups , four Copa América tournaments , and one edition of the FIFA Confederations Cup . He was part of the squad that won the 2015 Copa América ( where he was named in the Team of the tournament ) and the Copa América Centenario . He was also included in the squads that finished fourth at the 2019 Copa América , and were runners-up at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup . Club career . Early career in South America . Medel joined Universidad Católica at the age of 12 . His youth team coach Mario Lepe put his name forward to join the senior ranks . On 20 July 2009 , he joined Boca Juniors on an initial loan for US$300,000 with the option to buy for $2.5 million , with Damián Díaz being sent in the opposite direction . Medel said of the move This is a dream come true . It is a very important club , and one which has players which I admire a lot , Juan Román Riquelme , Martín Palermo and Sebastián Battaglia . He is my idol and has me very happy to play by his side . Medel scored both goals in a 2–0 win in the Superclásico against River Plate on 25 March 2010 . Before he joined Sevilla , his farewell match with Boca was a friendly against River in Mar del Plata . He came on in the 77th minute of the 2–0 win . Sevilla . Medel joined Sevilla for €3 million on 28 January 2011 , on a -year contract , on the same day as the club also signed Ivan Rakitić for their central midfield . He said I am happy to be here , I hope that everything goes well . Im a player who puts a lot into my heart on the pitch , I hope that with my playing that I can contribute to Sevilla . On 12 February , he made his La Liga debut , playing all 90 minutes of a 2–3 away defeat at Racing Santander . He helped Sevilla to a 1–1 draw against FC Barcelona at home on 12 March , clearing the ball off the line twice , the second on an attempt by Lionel Messi . Cardiff City . On 11 August 2013 , Cardiff City confirmed that they had signed Medel from Sevilla for a club record £11 million fee on a four-year deal . He made his debut for the club on 17 August , in a 2–0 defeat against West Ham United . He made his home debut at the Cardiff City Stadium on 25 August , in a 3–2 win against Manchester City . Medel played all 90 minutes and received the fans man of the match award . Inter Milan . After Cardiffs relegation , Medel joined Italian club Inter Milan for a reported £10 million fee on 9 August 2014 . The fee , which was £1 million less than what Cardiff had signed Medel for , was criticised by former striker Nathan Blake , but was justified by Cardiff manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær . Medel made his Serie A debut for Inter on 31 August as they began the season with a goalless draw at Torino , playing the full 90 minutes . On 31 October 2015 , Medel scored his first goal for Inter to give the Nerazzurri a 1–0 victory over Scudetto rivals Roma at the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza . On 23 October 2016 , in the 2–1 away defeat at Atalanta , Medel hit Jasmin Kurtić in the face with his left arm , an incident that was not spotted by the referee . A day later , however , he was banned for three league games by Lega Serie A after examining TV images . On 20 November 2016 , in the Derby della Madonnina against cross-town rivals A.C . Milan , Medel played as centre-back for 37 minutes before replaced by Jeison Murillo due to a knee injury . Following the match , which ended in a 2–2 draw , it was confirmed that Medel had damaged his lateral meniscus and would be sidelined until January 2017 . Medel returned on action on 28 January by playing in Inters 3–0 home defeat of Pescara . Later on 12 March , he made his 100th Inter appearances as Nerazzurri shattered Atalanta with a 7–1 home win . Beşiktaş . On 11 August 2017 , Medel signed for Turkish Süper Lig champions Beşiktaş for a reported €3 million . He signed a three-year contract . Bologna . On 29 August 2019 , Medel signed a three-year contract with Serie A club Bologna for a reported fee of €2.5 million . He debuted for Bologna against rivals SPAL on 30 August 2019 . International career . U20 and early senior career . In March 2007 , Medel made his international debut for Chile in a friendly against Argentina . Later that year , he played a key role in Chiles third-place finish in the U-20 World Cup held in Canada . He was sent off in the semi-final match against Argentina , when he kicked Gabriel Mercado in the 24th minute and was suspended for the third-place play-off . Medel claimed that he was tasered by police after the match . He made his competitive debut for Chile in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Bolivia in a 2–0 victory at the Estadio Hernando Siles in La Paz , scoring both goals , the first being a bicycle kick . Medel played an important role in Chiles qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , playing as a central defender or right back . He started in the three group-stage matches at the World Cup finals in South Africa , but was suspended for the round of 16 match against Brazil , where la Roja were eliminated . He was named in Chiles squad for the 2011 Copa América , featuring in all three group matches , the first two as a starter . In the quarter-final match against Venezuela in San Juan , Argentina , he was sent off for handball and Chile lost 2–1 . 2014 World Cup . Medel played a key role in 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification , scoring the goal that secured qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup , heading a goal against Ecuador . Medel captained Chile in a 1–0 friendly defeat to Germany on 5 March 2014 . He was one of 23 players who were called up by coach Jorge Sampaoli to play in 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . Medel played as a starter alongside Gonzalo Jara in the center of defence , for Chile who beat Australia 3–1 in Cuiabá to get first three points of the World Cup campaign . He also played a full 90 minutes in second match against current world champions Spain , with Chile getting a historic 2–0 win . Spains loss sealed the qualification of both Chile and the Netherlands to the knockout stage , and eliminated both Spain and Australia . Spain became the fifth defending champions to be knocked out in the group stage . Medel played 90 minutes in the final group match against the Netherlands who won 2–0 and won the group , while Chile finished Group B as runner-up with six points . Chile were eliminated in the round of 16 against the same team that eliminated them in last tournament , Brazil , but this time , Brazil advanced to the quarter-finals by winning on penalty shootout . 2015 Copa América . At the 2015 Copa América , held in Chile , Medel scored during a 5–0 win against Bolivia which ensured that La Roja would progress to the knockout stage as Group A winners . In the semi-final against Peru , he scored an own goal from Luis Advínculas cross to equalise , but Chile advanced to the final winning 2–1 . In the final against Argentina , Medel played as a starter and helped the team to win the trophy on penalty kicks , after the regular time ended in a goalless draw . Medel became the fourth most capped player with 80 matches , equaling his defence partner Gonzalo Jara . That was Medels first major trophy with Chile . For his performances he was named in the Team of the tournament . 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup . In June 2017 , Medel was named in the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup squad in Chiles first ever participation . On 13 June , in the friendly against Romania , Medel received a red-card in 33rd minute as Chile slumped into a 3–2 away defeat . It was his fourth red-card with the national team in 99 appearances . He captained Chile in the first two Group B due to Claudio Bravos injury , respectively in the matches against Cameroon and Germany , also earning his 100th cap in the process , becoming the fourth Chile player to achieve the feat . Then he was rested for the final group match as Chile achieved a second-place which allowed them to go to knockout stage . 2019 Copa América . In the third-place match of the 2019 Copa América against Argentina on 6 July , Medel was sent off along with Lionel Messi in the 37th minute of play , after being involved in an altercation with the Argentine ; Chile lost the match 2–1 . Style of play . Medel usually plays as a defensive midfielder ; however , he is also capable of playing as a defender , and has even been deployed as a centre-back throughout his career , as well as in other midfield roles , or even as a right-back . Due to his work-rate , physicality , tenacity , tactical intelligence , and his aggressive , hard-tackling style of play , as well as his leadership on the pitch , he is nicknamed Pitbull . In 2015 , manager Roberto Mancini described Medel as a warrior . Career statistics . International . International goals . Scores and results list Chiles goal tally first Honours . International . Chile - Copa América : 2015 , 2016 Individual . - Chilean Footballer of the Year : 2008 - Universidad Católica Footballer of the year : 2008 - Team of Copa Libertadores : 2008 - Team of year in South America : 2009 - Copa América Team of the Tournament : 2015 , 2016 |
[
"Chile"
] | easy | Gary Medel played for which team from 2007 to 2019? | /wiki/Gary_Medel#P54#1 | Gary Medel Gary Alexis Medel Soto ( ; born 3 August 1987 ) is a Chilean professional footballer who plays for Italian club Bologna and the Chile national team as a centre-back and a defensive midfielder . Medel has played club football with several teams in numerous countries , starting out with Chilean side Universidad Católica , and later playing for Argentine side Boca Juniors , Spanish side Sevilla , Premier League side Cardiff City , and Italian side Inter Milan , before moving to Beşiktaş in Turkey in 2017 . He then moved back to Italy and joined Bologna in 2019 . A full international with over 120 caps since 2007 for the Chile national team , Medel has represented the nation at two FIFA World Cups , four Copa América tournaments , and one edition of the FIFA Confederations Cup . He was part of the squad that won the 2015 Copa América ( where he was named in the Team of the tournament ) and the Copa América Centenario . He was also included in the squads that finished fourth at the 2019 Copa América , and were runners-up at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup . Club career . Early career in South America . Medel joined Universidad Católica at the age of 12 . His youth team coach Mario Lepe put his name forward to join the senior ranks . On 20 July 2009 , he joined Boca Juniors on an initial loan for US$300,000 with the option to buy for $2.5 million , with Damián Díaz being sent in the opposite direction . Medel said of the move This is a dream come true . It is a very important club , and one which has players which I admire a lot , Juan Román Riquelme , Martín Palermo and Sebastián Battaglia . He is my idol and has me very happy to play by his side . Medel scored both goals in a 2–0 win in the Superclásico against River Plate on 25 March 2010 . Before he joined Sevilla , his farewell match with Boca was a friendly against River in Mar del Plata . He came on in the 77th minute of the 2–0 win . Sevilla . Medel joined Sevilla for €3 million on 28 January 2011 , on a -year contract , on the same day as the club also signed Ivan Rakitić for their central midfield . He said I am happy to be here , I hope that everything goes well . Im a player who puts a lot into my heart on the pitch , I hope that with my playing that I can contribute to Sevilla . On 12 February , he made his La Liga debut , playing all 90 minutes of a 2–3 away defeat at Racing Santander . He helped Sevilla to a 1–1 draw against FC Barcelona at home on 12 March , clearing the ball off the line twice , the second on an attempt by Lionel Messi . Cardiff City . On 11 August 2013 , Cardiff City confirmed that they had signed Medel from Sevilla for a club record £11 million fee on a four-year deal . He made his debut for the club on 17 August , in a 2–0 defeat against West Ham United . He made his home debut at the Cardiff City Stadium on 25 August , in a 3–2 win against Manchester City . Medel played all 90 minutes and received the fans man of the match award . Inter Milan . After Cardiffs relegation , Medel joined Italian club Inter Milan for a reported £10 million fee on 9 August 2014 . The fee , which was £1 million less than what Cardiff had signed Medel for , was criticised by former striker Nathan Blake , but was justified by Cardiff manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær . Medel made his Serie A debut for Inter on 31 August as they began the season with a goalless draw at Torino , playing the full 90 minutes . On 31 October 2015 , Medel scored his first goal for Inter to give the Nerazzurri a 1–0 victory over Scudetto rivals Roma at the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza . On 23 October 2016 , in the 2–1 away defeat at Atalanta , Medel hit Jasmin Kurtić in the face with his left arm , an incident that was not spotted by the referee . A day later , however , he was banned for three league games by Lega Serie A after examining TV images . On 20 November 2016 , in the Derby della Madonnina against cross-town rivals A.C . Milan , Medel played as centre-back for 37 minutes before replaced by Jeison Murillo due to a knee injury . Following the match , which ended in a 2–2 draw , it was confirmed that Medel had damaged his lateral meniscus and would be sidelined until January 2017 . Medel returned on action on 28 January by playing in Inters 3–0 home defeat of Pescara . Later on 12 March , he made his 100th Inter appearances as Nerazzurri shattered Atalanta with a 7–1 home win . Beşiktaş . On 11 August 2017 , Medel signed for Turkish Süper Lig champions Beşiktaş for a reported €3 million . He signed a three-year contract . Bologna . On 29 August 2019 , Medel signed a three-year contract with Serie A club Bologna for a reported fee of €2.5 million . He debuted for Bologna against rivals SPAL on 30 August 2019 . International career . U20 and early senior career . In March 2007 , Medel made his international debut for Chile in a friendly against Argentina . Later that year , he played a key role in Chiles third-place finish in the U-20 World Cup held in Canada . He was sent off in the semi-final match against Argentina , when he kicked Gabriel Mercado in the 24th minute and was suspended for the third-place play-off . Medel claimed that he was tasered by police after the match . He made his competitive debut for Chile in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Bolivia in a 2–0 victory at the Estadio Hernando Siles in La Paz , scoring both goals , the first being a bicycle kick . Medel played an important role in Chiles qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , playing as a central defender or right back . He started in the three group-stage matches at the World Cup finals in South Africa , but was suspended for the round of 16 match against Brazil , where la Roja were eliminated . He was named in Chiles squad for the 2011 Copa América , featuring in all three group matches , the first two as a starter . In the quarter-final match against Venezuela in San Juan , Argentina , he was sent off for handball and Chile lost 2–1 . 2014 World Cup . Medel played a key role in 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification , scoring the goal that secured qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup , heading a goal against Ecuador . Medel captained Chile in a 1–0 friendly defeat to Germany on 5 March 2014 . He was one of 23 players who were called up by coach Jorge Sampaoli to play in 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . Medel played as a starter alongside Gonzalo Jara in the center of defence , for Chile who beat Australia 3–1 in Cuiabá to get first three points of the World Cup campaign . He also played a full 90 minutes in second match against current world champions Spain , with Chile getting a historic 2–0 win . Spains loss sealed the qualification of both Chile and the Netherlands to the knockout stage , and eliminated both Spain and Australia . Spain became the fifth defending champions to be knocked out in the group stage . Medel played 90 minutes in the final group match against the Netherlands who won 2–0 and won the group , while Chile finished Group B as runner-up with six points . Chile were eliminated in the round of 16 against the same team that eliminated them in last tournament , Brazil , but this time , Brazil advanced to the quarter-finals by winning on penalty shootout . 2015 Copa América . At the 2015 Copa América , held in Chile , Medel scored during a 5–0 win against Bolivia which ensured that La Roja would progress to the knockout stage as Group A winners . In the semi-final against Peru , he scored an own goal from Luis Advínculas cross to equalise , but Chile advanced to the final winning 2–1 . In the final against Argentina , Medel played as a starter and helped the team to win the trophy on penalty kicks , after the regular time ended in a goalless draw . Medel became the fourth most capped player with 80 matches , equaling his defence partner Gonzalo Jara . That was Medels first major trophy with Chile . For his performances he was named in the Team of the tournament . 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup . In June 2017 , Medel was named in the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup squad in Chiles first ever participation . On 13 June , in the friendly against Romania , Medel received a red-card in 33rd minute as Chile slumped into a 3–2 away defeat . It was his fourth red-card with the national team in 99 appearances . He captained Chile in the first two Group B due to Claudio Bravos injury , respectively in the matches against Cameroon and Germany , also earning his 100th cap in the process , becoming the fourth Chile player to achieve the feat . Then he was rested for the final group match as Chile achieved a second-place which allowed them to go to knockout stage . 2019 Copa América . In the third-place match of the 2019 Copa América against Argentina on 6 July , Medel was sent off along with Lionel Messi in the 37th minute of play , after being involved in an altercation with the Argentine ; Chile lost the match 2–1 . Style of play . Medel usually plays as a defensive midfielder ; however , he is also capable of playing as a defender , and has even been deployed as a centre-back throughout his career , as well as in other midfield roles , or even as a right-back . Due to his work-rate , physicality , tenacity , tactical intelligence , and his aggressive , hard-tackling style of play , as well as his leadership on the pitch , he is nicknamed Pitbull . In 2015 , manager Roberto Mancini described Medel as a warrior . Career statistics . International . International goals . Scores and results list Chiles goal tally first Honours . International . Chile - Copa América : 2015 , 2016 Individual . - Chilean Footballer of the Year : 2008 - Universidad Católica Footballer of the year : 2008 - Team of Copa Libertadores : 2008 - Team of year in South America : 2009 - Copa América Team of the Tournament : 2015 , 2016 |
[
"pastor at St . Remigius Church"
] | easy | What was Stefan Heße 's occupation from Jun 1993 to 1997? | /wiki/Stefan_Heße#P106#0 | Stefan Heße Stefan Heße is a German prelate of the Roman Catholic Church . He has been Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Hamburg since 26 January 2015 . The youngest bishop in Germany , he has often been outspoken on social and religious topics . Biography . Early life and priesthood . Heße was born in Cologne , Germany , on 7 August 1966 . Born to a family of bakers , he grew up in the citys Junkersdorf district . He attended George Büchner Gymnasium in Colognes Weiden district . After graduation in 1986 , he studied theology and philosophy at the University of Bonn and University of Regensburg . Heße was ordained on 18 June 1993 by Cardinal Joachim Meisner in the Cologne Cathedral . From 1993 to 1997 he was pastor at St . Remigius Church in the city of Bergheim . From 1997 to 2003 he was a lecturer at the Collegium Albertinum , a seminary in Bonn , while pursuing his doctorate . In 2001 he received his Doctor of Theology from the Philosophical-Theological School in Vallendar with a dissertation on Hans Urs van Balthasar , the Swiss Catholic theologian . From 2003 to 2005 he headed the Department of Pastoral Services of the Archdiocese of Cologne . Also in 2003 , he took up the additional position as the archdiocesan delegate for radio and television , a post he held until 2012 . On 1 May 2006 , Heße was appointed Deputy Vicar General of the Archdiocese of Cologne . On March 16 , 2012 , he became Vicar General . On 28 February 2014 , Cardinal Joachim Miesner , Archbishop of Cologne , resigned and Heße was elected diocesan administrator . On 20 September 2014 , Cardinal Rainer Maria Woelki was installed as Archbishop of Cologne . At the ceremony , Heße was reaffirmed as Vicar General . Archbishop of Hamburg . On 26 January 2015 , Pope Francis appointed Heße the fourth Archbishop of Hamburg , following the retirement of Archbishop Werner Thissen in March 2014 . His episcopal consecration took place on 14 March 2015 , with his principal consecrator being Bishop of Osnabrück Franz-Josef Hermann Bode . Co-consecrators were Archbishop of Cologne Cardinal Rainer Woelki and Norbert Werbs , Auxiliary Bishop of Hamburg . At 48 , he was Germanys youngest diocesan bishop . In a September 2015 plenary council , the gathering of German bishops and other clergy focused most of the discussion on the European migrant crisis that had begun earlier that year . The plenary elected Heße as the German bishops special envoy to the migrant crisis , which placed him in charge of the dioceses response efforts . Among the resources placed at his disposal were 100 million euros from Catholic dioceses and charities . which were set aside as aid for refugees both in and outside of Germany , and 800 unused church-owned buildings , which were designated as housing for migrants . On 18 March 2021 , after an investigation into the handling of accusations of sexual abuse on the part of priests in the Archdiocese of Cologne criticized Heße , he announced he was submitting his resignation to Pope Francis . Views . Environment and climate change . Heße commended Pope Francis second encyclical , Laudato si , which contains the pontiffs strong criticism for consumerism and irresponsible development and his lament for environmental degradation and global warming . In it , Francis calls for all people of the world to take swift and unified global action . Heße praised the encyclical , calling it valuable momentum for a worldwide ecological reorientation . He commented further , saying:He makes it clear that urgent issues of the future for the whole world and for all human beings have to be solved . Without a radical change of mentality this will not happen . Thus he underlines that the problems that concern all , can be solved only by all.In regard to the role of the Archdiocese of Hamburg , Heße said that we do not have many opportunities for development in this area , but the archdiocese had established an energy fund in 2009 containing eight million euros , five million of which had already been invested at that point . The funding was spent on 90 projects in 70 locations in the archdiocese , with efforts including the improvement of heating systems and insulation , and a shift to green electricity in parishes . The archbishop admitted that it was not satisfactory that only 25 out of around 80 parishes in the Archdiocese of Hamburg relied solely on green energy . Homosexuality and gay marriage . On 1 August 2015 , Heße called for the Catholic Church to be more realistic in regard to teachings on sexual morality . He said:We have to look upon the manifold ways and forms of living in which people live , as they now exist . Of course , [ I see ] same-sex couples entering the Metropolitan Cathedral of Hamburg , and nobody asking them to leave.Despite this , he said that he was still hesitant about homo-marriage . He made clear that the church needs to be available for all people , including gay people:When these people seek to be close to us , then we as Church are there for them . What else ? ...In my eyes , this does not minimize the love and fidelity between two people . Marriage and family life . In a May 2015 interview , Heße spoke about his views regarding marriage and families : I believe that freedom does not consist of me leaving everything open and free and undetermined , but instead , that I choose and commit myself . Analogously , that is also the case in marriage . ...I can’t permanently keep all options open , but I am only happy when I can concretely commit myself to someone . When asked if he ever wished to marry and have children , Heße responded:I can imagine myself as a father . In all honesty , that was a topic during my studies.That was very clearly a question I had to ask myself . For me it is a comfort that I can also see myself as a husband or father . I would have found it harder if I had told myself , well , you’re unsuited to be a father or husband , so you may as well be a priest . Divorce . In May 2015 , Heße stated his opinions on divorce in an interview , saying:In our understanding , I cannot get a divorce . Marriage exists until death separates the spouses . The idea is that I give myself fully and completely to a person and trust him or her fully and completely . That is a magnificent undertaking . I am happy that my parents are able to celebrate their golden wedding anniversary . Of course , I also know that marriages do fail.On 1 August 2015 , Heße announced that he wishes for remarried divorcees livable forms for the Churchs recognition and accompaniment , without giving up the ideal of marriage . Priestly celibacy . When asked in a May 2015 interview if celibacy is a disincentive for young men considering the priesthood , Heße responded:It is ; many young people object [ to it ] . For me , celibacy is more of a liberation and an expression that I put everything on this one card , namely God.When asked if celibacy was a relief for him , he said:Yes , because I believe freedom does not consist of me leaving everything open and free and undetermined , but instead that I choose and commit myself . Analogously , that is also the case in marriage . Pope Francis . In a May 2015 interview , Heße said that he thinks Pope Francis is a fascinating person , pioneering the way for the Church and todays world . Even evangelical Christians say , this is my Pope . Prayer . In a May 2015 interview with Norbert Vojta , Heße commented that one of the best forms of prayer for me is silence . When asked to elaborate , he stated that : Prayer is having a relationship with God . I cannot have a relationship with God when I talk nonstop . Sometimes , I see couples in love who are overjoyed , and just hug . ...I can retreat into silence , into my soul . This is one of the most important parts of prayer that only comes to me with time , and then I come to God . When asked how long he prayed every day , Heße said 30 seconds . The reporters were all astonished at his response , so he explained by saying but for those 30 seconds I have to prepare for half an hour . Church Labor Law reform . On 1 August 2015 , Heße defended recent reform of the Catholic Churchs Labor Law , and critiqued the position taken by some Bavarian bishops who have not fully implemented it , stating:Otherwise , we could not keep going , because we could not find enough qualified employees , in order to be able to run our institutions . I ask myself , what kind of image of the Church stands behind this ? Do we want to be a Church which has her place in the middle of the world ? Then , we have to be close to the life of the people , and we have to try to take along as many as possible . Or do we want , so to speak , a Church of the Pure , without existential difficulties and disruptions ? That indeed would then be a small , a very small crowdwhich only would have very few points of contact with its surrounding . Women ordination . In August 2020 , Heße supported ordination of women in Roman Catholic Church . Personal life . Heße is a fan of organ and classical music , and likes to attend concerts in the Laeiszhalle and the Elbe Philharmonic Hall . He admitted to not being a football ( soccer ) fan , humorously telling an interviewer , It would be the worst thing to pretend . That muse has not kissed me . Awards and honors . In 2005 Heße received the title Chaplain of His Holiness , and in 2010 , the title of Honorary Prelate . |
[
"lecturer at the Collegium Albertinum"
] | easy | What was Stefan Heße 's occupation from 1997 to 2003? | /wiki/Stefan_Heße#P106#1 | Stefan Heße Stefan Heße is a German prelate of the Roman Catholic Church . He has been Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Hamburg since 26 January 2015 . The youngest bishop in Germany , he has often been outspoken on social and religious topics . Biography . Early life and priesthood . Heße was born in Cologne , Germany , on 7 August 1966 . Born to a family of bakers , he grew up in the citys Junkersdorf district . He attended George Büchner Gymnasium in Colognes Weiden district . After graduation in 1986 , he studied theology and philosophy at the University of Bonn and University of Regensburg . Heße was ordained on 18 June 1993 by Cardinal Joachim Meisner in the Cologne Cathedral . From 1993 to 1997 he was pastor at St . Remigius Church in the city of Bergheim . From 1997 to 2003 he was a lecturer at the Collegium Albertinum , a seminary in Bonn , while pursuing his doctorate . In 2001 he received his Doctor of Theology from the Philosophical-Theological School in Vallendar with a dissertation on Hans Urs van Balthasar , the Swiss Catholic theologian . From 2003 to 2005 he headed the Department of Pastoral Services of the Archdiocese of Cologne . Also in 2003 , he took up the additional position as the archdiocesan delegate for radio and television , a post he held until 2012 . On 1 May 2006 , Heße was appointed Deputy Vicar General of the Archdiocese of Cologne . On March 16 , 2012 , he became Vicar General . On 28 February 2014 , Cardinal Joachim Miesner , Archbishop of Cologne , resigned and Heße was elected diocesan administrator . On 20 September 2014 , Cardinal Rainer Maria Woelki was installed as Archbishop of Cologne . At the ceremony , Heße was reaffirmed as Vicar General . Archbishop of Hamburg . On 26 January 2015 , Pope Francis appointed Heße the fourth Archbishop of Hamburg , following the retirement of Archbishop Werner Thissen in March 2014 . His episcopal consecration took place on 14 March 2015 , with his principal consecrator being Bishop of Osnabrück Franz-Josef Hermann Bode . Co-consecrators were Archbishop of Cologne Cardinal Rainer Woelki and Norbert Werbs , Auxiliary Bishop of Hamburg . At 48 , he was Germanys youngest diocesan bishop . In a September 2015 plenary council , the gathering of German bishops and other clergy focused most of the discussion on the European migrant crisis that had begun earlier that year . The plenary elected Heße as the German bishops special envoy to the migrant crisis , which placed him in charge of the dioceses response efforts . Among the resources placed at his disposal were 100 million euros from Catholic dioceses and charities . which were set aside as aid for refugees both in and outside of Germany , and 800 unused church-owned buildings , which were designated as housing for migrants . On 18 March 2021 , after an investigation into the handling of accusations of sexual abuse on the part of priests in the Archdiocese of Cologne criticized Heße , he announced he was submitting his resignation to Pope Francis . Views . Environment and climate change . Heße commended Pope Francis second encyclical , Laudato si , which contains the pontiffs strong criticism for consumerism and irresponsible development and his lament for environmental degradation and global warming . In it , Francis calls for all people of the world to take swift and unified global action . Heße praised the encyclical , calling it valuable momentum for a worldwide ecological reorientation . He commented further , saying:He makes it clear that urgent issues of the future for the whole world and for all human beings have to be solved . Without a radical change of mentality this will not happen . Thus he underlines that the problems that concern all , can be solved only by all.In regard to the role of the Archdiocese of Hamburg , Heße said that we do not have many opportunities for development in this area , but the archdiocese had established an energy fund in 2009 containing eight million euros , five million of which had already been invested at that point . The funding was spent on 90 projects in 70 locations in the archdiocese , with efforts including the improvement of heating systems and insulation , and a shift to green electricity in parishes . The archbishop admitted that it was not satisfactory that only 25 out of around 80 parishes in the Archdiocese of Hamburg relied solely on green energy . Homosexuality and gay marriage . On 1 August 2015 , Heße called for the Catholic Church to be more realistic in regard to teachings on sexual morality . He said:We have to look upon the manifold ways and forms of living in which people live , as they now exist . Of course , [ I see ] same-sex couples entering the Metropolitan Cathedral of Hamburg , and nobody asking them to leave.Despite this , he said that he was still hesitant about homo-marriage . He made clear that the church needs to be available for all people , including gay people:When these people seek to be close to us , then we as Church are there for them . What else ? ...In my eyes , this does not minimize the love and fidelity between two people . Marriage and family life . In a May 2015 interview , Heße spoke about his views regarding marriage and families : I believe that freedom does not consist of me leaving everything open and free and undetermined , but instead , that I choose and commit myself . Analogously , that is also the case in marriage . ...I can’t permanently keep all options open , but I am only happy when I can concretely commit myself to someone . When asked if he ever wished to marry and have children , Heße responded:I can imagine myself as a father . In all honesty , that was a topic during my studies.That was very clearly a question I had to ask myself . For me it is a comfort that I can also see myself as a husband or father . I would have found it harder if I had told myself , well , you’re unsuited to be a father or husband , so you may as well be a priest . Divorce . In May 2015 , Heße stated his opinions on divorce in an interview , saying:In our understanding , I cannot get a divorce . Marriage exists until death separates the spouses . The idea is that I give myself fully and completely to a person and trust him or her fully and completely . That is a magnificent undertaking . I am happy that my parents are able to celebrate their golden wedding anniversary . Of course , I also know that marriages do fail.On 1 August 2015 , Heße announced that he wishes for remarried divorcees livable forms for the Churchs recognition and accompaniment , without giving up the ideal of marriage . Priestly celibacy . When asked in a May 2015 interview if celibacy is a disincentive for young men considering the priesthood , Heße responded:It is ; many young people object [ to it ] . For me , celibacy is more of a liberation and an expression that I put everything on this one card , namely God.When asked if celibacy was a relief for him , he said:Yes , because I believe freedom does not consist of me leaving everything open and free and undetermined , but instead that I choose and commit myself . Analogously , that is also the case in marriage . Pope Francis . In a May 2015 interview , Heße said that he thinks Pope Francis is a fascinating person , pioneering the way for the Church and todays world . Even evangelical Christians say , this is my Pope . Prayer . In a May 2015 interview with Norbert Vojta , Heße commented that one of the best forms of prayer for me is silence . When asked to elaborate , he stated that : Prayer is having a relationship with God . I cannot have a relationship with God when I talk nonstop . Sometimes , I see couples in love who are overjoyed , and just hug . ...I can retreat into silence , into my soul . This is one of the most important parts of prayer that only comes to me with time , and then I come to God . When asked how long he prayed every day , Heße said 30 seconds . The reporters were all astonished at his response , so he explained by saying but for those 30 seconds I have to prepare for half an hour . Church Labor Law reform . On 1 August 2015 , Heße defended recent reform of the Catholic Churchs Labor Law , and critiqued the position taken by some Bavarian bishops who have not fully implemented it , stating:Otherwise , we could not keep going , because we could not find enough qualified employees , in order to be able to run our institutions . I ask myself , what kind of image of the Church stands behind this ? Do we want to be a Church which has her place in the middle of the world ? Then , we have to be close to the life of the people , and we have to try to take along as many as possible . Or do we want , so to speak , a Church of the Pure , without existential difficulties and disruptions ? That indeed would then be a small , a very small crowdwhich only would have very few points of contact with its surrounding . Women ordination . In August 2020 , Heße supported ordination of women in Roman Catholic Church . Personal life . Heße is a fan of organ and classical music , and likes to attend concerts in the Laeiszhalle and the Elbe Philharmonic Hall . He admitted to not being a football ( soccer ) fan , humorously telling an interviewer , It would be the worst thing to pretend . That muse has not kissed me . Awards and honors . In 2005 Heße received the title Chaplain of His Holiness , and in 2010 , the title of Honorary Prelate . |
[
"archdiocesan delegate for radio and television",
"Deputy Vicar General of the Archdiocese of Cologne"
] | easy | What was Stefan Heße 's occupation from 2003 to Mar 2012? | /wiki/Stefan_Heße#P106#2 | Stefan Heße Stefan Heße is a German prelate of the Roman Catholic Church . He has been Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Hamburg since 26 January 2015 . The youngest bishop in Germany , he has often been outspoken on social and religious topics . Biography . Early life and priesthood . Heße was born in Cologne , Germany , on 7 August 1966 . Born to a family of bakers , he grew up in the citys Junkersdorf district . He attended George Büchner Gymnasium in Colognes Weiden district . After graduation in 1986 , he studied theology and philosophy at the University of Bonn and University of Regensburg . Heße was ordained on 18 June 1993 by Cardinal Joachim Meisner in the Cologne Cathedral . From 1993 to 1997 he was pastor at St . Remigius Church in the city of Bergheim . From 1997 to 2003 he was a lecturer at the Collegium Albertinum , a seminary in Bonn , while pursuing his doctorate . In 2001 he received his Doctor of Theology from the Philosophical-Theological School in Vallendar with a dissertation on Hans Urs van Balthasar , the Swiss Catholic theologian . From 2003 to 2005 he headed the Department of Pastoral Services of the Archdiocese of Cologne . Also in 2003 , he took up the additional position as the archdiocesan delegate for radio and television , a post he held until 2012 . On 1 May 2006 , Heße was appointed Deputy Vicar General of the Archdiocese of Cologne . On March 16 , 2012 , he became Vicar General . On 28 February 2014 , Cardinal Joachim Miesner , Archbishop of Cologne , resigned and Heße was elected diocesan administrator . On 20 September 2014 , Cardinal Rainer Maria Woelki was installed as Archbishop of Cologne . At the ceremony , Heße was reaffirmed as Vicar General . Archbishop of Hamburg . On 26 January 2015 , Pope Francis appointed Heße the fourth Archbishop of Hamburg , following the retirement of Archbishop Werner Thissen in March 2014 . His episcopal consecration took place on 14 March 2015 , with his principal consecrator being Bishop of Osnabrück Franz-Josef Hermann Bode . Co-consecrators were Archbishop of Cologne Cardinal Rainer Woelki and Norbert Werbs , Auxiliary Bishop of Hamburg . At 48 , he was Germanys youngest diocesan bishop . In a September 2015 plenary council , the gathering of German bishops and other clergy focused most of the discussion on the European migrant crisis that had begun earlier that year . The plenary elected Heße as the German bishops special envoy to the migrant crisis , which placed him in charge of the dioceses response efforts . Among the resources placed at his disposal were 100 million euros from Catholic dioceses and charities . which were set aside as aid for refugees both in and outside of Germany , and 800 unused church-owned buildings , which were designated as housing for migrants . On 18 March 2021 , after an investigation into the handling of accusations of sexual abuse on the part of priests in the Archdiocese of Cologne criticized Heße , he announced he was submitting his resignation to Pope Francis . Views . Environment and climate change . Heße commended Pope Francis second encyclical , Laudato si , which contains the pontiffs strong criticism for consumerism and irresponsible development and his lament for environmental degradation and global warming . In it , Francis calls for all people of the world to take swift and unified global action . Heße praised the encyclical , calling it valuable momentum for a worldwide ecological reorientation . He commented further , saying:He makes it clear that urgent issues of the future for the whole world and for all human beings have to be solved . Without a radical change of mentality this will not happen . Thus he underlines that the problems that concern all , can be solved only by all.In regard to the role of the Archdiocese of Hamburg , Heße said that we do not have many opportunities for development in this area , but the archdiocese had established an energy fund in 2009 containing eight million euros , five million of which had already been invested at that point . The funding was spent on 90 projects in 70 locations in the archdiocese , with efforts including the improvement of heating systems and insulation , and a shift to green electricity in parishes . The archbishop admitted that it was not satisfactory that only 25 out of around 80 parishes in the Archdiocese of Hamburg relied solely on green energy . Homosexuality and gay marriage . On 1 August 2015 , Heße called for the Catholic Church to be more realistic in regard to teachings on sexual morality . He said:We have to look upon the manifold ways and forms of living in which people live , as they now exist . Of course , [ I see ] same-sex couples entering the Metropolitan Cathedral of Hamburg , and nobody asking them to leave.Despite this , he said that he was still hesitant about homo-marriage . He made clear that the church needs to be available for all people , including gay people:When these people seek to be close to us , then we as Church are there for them . What else ? ...In my eyes , this does not minimize the love and fidelity between two people . Marriage and family life . In a May 2015 interview , Heße spoke about his views regarding marriage and families : I believe that freedom does not consist of me leaving everything open and free and undetermined , but instead , that I choose and commit myself . Analogously , that is also the case in marriage . ...I can’t permanently keep all options open , but I am only happy when I can concretely commit myself to someone . When asked if he ever wished to marry and have children , Heße responded:I can imagine myself as a father . In all honesty , that was a topic during my studies.That was very clearly a question I had to ask myself . For me it is a comfort that I can also see myself as a husband or father . I would have found it harder if I had told myself , well , you’re unsuited to be a father or husband , so you may as well be a priest . Divorce . In May 2015 , Heße stated his opinions on divorce in an interview , saying:In our understanding , I cannot get a divorce . Marriage exists until death separates the spouses . The idea is that I give myself fully and completely to a person and trust him or her fully and completely . That is a magnificent undertaking . I am happy that my parents are able to celebrate their golden wedding anniversary . Of course , I also know that marriages do fail.On 1 August 2015 , Heße announced that he wishes for remarried divorcees livable forms for the Churchs recognition and accompaniment , without giving up the ideal of marriage . Priestly celibacy . When asked in a May 2015 interview if celibacy is a disincentive for young men considering the priesthood , Heße responded:It is ; many young people object [ to it ] . For me , celibacy is more of a liberation and an expression that I put everything on this one card , namely God.When asked if celibacy was a relief for him , he said:Yes , because I believe freedom does not consist of me leaving everything open and free and undetermined , but instead that I choose and commit myself . Analogously , that is also the case in marriage . Pope Francis . In a May 2015 interview , Heße said that he thinks Pope Francis is a fascinating person , pioneering the way for the Church and todays world . Even evangelical Christians say , this is my Pope . Prayer . In a May 2015 interview with Norbert Vojta , Heße commented that one of the best forms of prayer for me is silence . When asked to elaborate , he stated that : Prayer is having a relationship with God . I cannot have a relationship with God when I talk nonstop . Sometimes , I see couples in love who are overjoyed , and just hug . ...I can retreat into silence , into my soul . This is one of the most important parts of prayer that only comes to me with time , and then I come to God . When asked how long he prayed every day , Heße said 30 seconds . The reporters were all astonished at his response , so he explained by saying but for those 30 seconds I have to prepare for half an hour . Church Labor Law reform . On 1 August 2015 , Heße defended recent reform of the Catholic Churchs Labor Law , and critiqued the position taken by some Bavarian bishops who have not fully implemented it , stating:Otherwise , we could not keep going , because we could not find enough qualified employees , in order to be able to run our institutions . I ask myself , what kind of image of the Church stands behind this ? Do we want to be a Church which has her place in the middle of the world ? Then , we have to be close to the life of the people , and we have to try to take along as many as possible . Or do we want , so to speak , a Church of the Pure , without existential difficulties and disruptions ? That indeed would then be a small , a very small crowdwhich only would have very few points of contact with its surrounding . Women ordination . In August 2020 , Heße supported ordination of women in Roman Catholic Church . Personal life . Heße is a fan of organ and classical music , and likes to attend concerts in the Laeiszhalle and the Elbe Philharmonic Hall . He admitted to not being a football ( soccer ) fan , humorously telling an interviewer , It would be the worst thing to pretend . That muse has not kissed me . Awards and honors . In 2005 Heße received the title Chaplain of His Holiness , and in 2010 , the title of Honorary Prelate . |
[
"Vicar General"
] | easy | What was Stefan Heße 's occupation from Mar 2012 to Feb 2014? | /wiki/Stefan_Heße#P106#3 | Stefan Heße Stefan Heße is a German prelate of the Roman Catholic Church . He has been Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Hamburg since 26 January 2015 . The youngest bishop in Germany , he has often been outspoken on social and religious topics . Biography . Early life and priesthood . Heße was born in Cologne , Germany , on 7 August 1966 . Born to a family of bakers , he grew up in the citys Junkersdorf district . He attended George Büchner Gymnasium in Colognes Weiden district . After graduation in 1986 , he studied theology and philosophy at the University of Bonn and University of Regensburg . Heße was ordained on 18 June 1993 by Cardinal Joachim Meisner in the Cologne Cathedral . From 1993 to 1997 he was pastor at St . Remigius Church in the city of Bergheim . From 1997 to 2003 he was a lecturer at the Collegium Albertinum , a seminary in Bonn , while pursuing his doctorate . In 2001 he received his Doctor of Theology from the Philosophical-Theological School in Vallendar with a dissertation on Hans Urs van Balthasar , the Swiss Catholic theologian . From 2003 to 2005 he headed the Department of Pastoral Services of the Archdiocese of Cologne . Also in 2003 , he took up the additional position as the archdiocesan delegate for radio and television , a post he held until 2012 . On 1 May 2006 , Heße was appointed Deputy Vicar General of the Archdiocese of Cologne . On March 16 , 2012 , he became Vicar General . On 28 February 2014 , Cardinal Joachim Miesner , Archbishop of Cologne , resigned and Heße was elected diocesan administrator . On 20 September 2014 , Cardinal Rainer Maria Woelki was installed as Archbishop of Cologne . At the ceremony , Heße was reaffirmed as Vicar General . Archbishop of Hamburg . On 26 January 2015 , Pope Francis appointed Heße the fourth Archbishop of Hamburg , following the retirement of Archbishop Werner Thissen in March 2014 . His episcopal consecration took place on 14 March 2015 , with his principal consecrator being Bishop of Osnabrück Franz-Josef Hermann Bode . Co-consecrators were Archbishop of Cologne Cardinal Rainer Woelki and Norbert Werbs , Auxiliary Bishop of Hamburg . At 48 , he was Germanys youngest diocesan bishop . In a September 2015 plenary council , the gathering of German bishops and other clergy focused most of the discussion on the European migrant crisis that had begun earlier that year . The plenary elected Heße as the German bishops special envoy to the migrant crisis , which placed him in charge of the dioceses response efforts . Among the resources placed at his disposal were 100 million euros from Catholic dioceses and charities . which were set aside as aid for refugees both in and outside of Germany , and 800 unused church-owned buildings , which were designated as housing for migrants . On 18 March 2021 , after an investigation into the handling of accusations of sexual abuse on the part of priests in the Archdiocese of Cologne criticized Heße , he announced he was submitting his resignation to Pope Francis . Views . Environment and climate change . Heße commended Pope Francis second encyclical , Laudato si , which contains the pontiffs strong criticism for consumerism and irresponsible development and his lament for environmental degradation and global warming . In it , Francis calls for all people of the world to take swift and unified global action . Heße praised the encyclical , calling it valuable momentum for a worldwide ecological reorientation . He commented further , saying:He makes it clear that urgent issues of the future for the whole world and for all human beings have to be solved . Without a radical change of mentality this will not happen . Thus he underlines that the problems that concern all , can be solved only by all.In regard to the role of the Archdiocese of Hamburg , Heße said that we do not have many opportunities for development in this area , but the archdiocese had established an energy fund in 2009 containing eight million euros , five million of which had already been invested at that point . The funding was spent on 90 projects in 70 locations in the archdiocese , with efforts including the improvement of heating systems and insulation , and a shift to green electricity in parishes . The archbishop admitted that it was not satisfactory that only 25 out of around 80 parishes in the Archdiocese of Hamburg relied solely on green energy . Homosexuality and gay marriage . On 1 August 2015 , Heße called for the Catholic Church to be more realistic in regard to teachings on sexual morality . He said:We have to look upon the manifold ways and forms of living in which people live , as they now exist . Of course , [ I see ] same-sex couples entering the Metropolitan Cathedral of Hamburg , and nobody asking them to leave.Despite this , he said that he was still hesitant about homo-marriage . He made clear that the church needs to be available for all people , including gay people:When these people seek to be close to us , then we as Church are there for them . What else ? ...In my eyes , this does not minimize the love and fidelity between two people . Marriage and family life . In a May 2015 interview , Heße spoke about his views regarding marriage and families : I believe that freedom does not consist of me leaving everything open and free and undetermined , but instead , that I choose and commit myself . Analogously , that is also the case in marriage . ...I can’t permanently keep all options open , but I am only happy when I can concretely commit myself to someone . When asked if he ever wished to marry and have children , Heße responded:I can imagine myself as a father . In all honesty , that was a topic during my studies.That was very clearly a question I had to ask myself . For me it is a comfort that I can also see myself as a husband or father . I would have found it harder if I had told myself , well , you’re unsuited to be a father or husband , so you may as well be a priest . Divorce . In May 2015 , Heße stated his opinions on divorce in an interview , saying:In our understanding , I cannot get a divorce . Marriage exists until death separates the spouses . The idea is that I give myself fully and completely to a person and trust him or her fully and completely . That is a magnificent undertaking . I am happy that my parents are able to celebrate their golden wedding anniversary . Of course , I also know that marriages do fail.On 1 August 2015 , Heße announced that he wishes for remarried divorcees livable forms for the Churchs recognition and accompaniment , without giving up the ideal of marriage . Priestly celibacy . When asked in a May 2015 interview if celibacy is a disincentive for young men considering the priesthood , Heße responded:It is ; many young people object [ to it ] . For me , celibacy is more of a liberation and an expression that I put everything on this one card , namely God.When asked if celibacy was a relief for him , he said:Yes , because I believe freedom does not consist of me leaving everything open and free and undetermined , but instead that I choose and commit myself . Analogously , that is also the case in marriage . Pope Francis . In a May 2015 interview , Heße said that he thinks Pope Francis is a fascinating person , pioneering the way for the Church and todays world . Even evangelical Christians say , this is my Pope . Prayer . In a May 2015 interview with Norbert Vojta , Heße commented that one of the best forms of prayer for me is silence . When asked to elaborate , he stated that : Prayer is having a relationship with God . I cannot have a relationship with God when I talk nonstop . Sometimes , I see couples in love who are overjoyed , and just hug . ...I can retreat into silence , into my soul . This is one of the most important parts of prayer that only comes to me with time , and then I come to God . When asked how long he prayed every day , Heße said 30 seconds . The reporters were all astonished at his response , so he explained by saying but for those 30 seconds I have to prepare for half an hour . Church Labor Law reform . On 1 August 2015 , Heße defended recent reform of the Catholic Churchs Labor Law , and critiqued the position taken by some Bavarian bishops who have not fully implemented it , stating:Otherwise , we could not keep going , because we could not find enough qualified employees , in order to be able to run our institutions . I ask myself , what kind of image of the Church stands behind this ? Do we want to be a Church which has her place in the middle of the world ? Then , we have to be close to the life of the people , and we have to try to take along as many as possible . Or do we want , so to speak , a Church of the Pure , without existential difficulties and disruptions ? That indeed would then be a small , a very small crowdwhich only would have very few points of contact with its surrounding . Women ordination . In August 2020 , Heße supported ordination of women in Roman Catholic Church . Personal life . Heße is a fan of organ and classical music , and likes to attend concerts in the Laeiszhalle and the Elbe Philharmonic Hall . He admitted to not being a football ( soccer ) fan , humorously telling an interviewer , It would be the worst thing to pretend . That muse has not kissed me . Awards and honors . In 2005 Heße received the title Chaplain of His Holiness , and in 2010 , the title of Honorary Prelate . |
[
"diocesan administrator"
] | easy | What was the occupation of Stefan Heße from Feb 2014 to Sep 2014? | /wiki/Stefan_Heße#P106#4 | Stefan Heße Stefan Heße is a German prelate of the Roman Catholic Church . He has been Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Hamburg since 26 January 2015 . The youngest bishop in Germany , he has often been outspoken on social and religious topics . Biography . Early life and priesthood . Heße was born in Cologne , Germany , on 7 August 1966 . Born to a family of bakers , he grew up in the citys Junkersdorf district . He attended George Büchner Gymnasium in Colognes Weiden district . After graduation in 1986 , he studied theology and philosophy at the University of Bonn and University of Regensburg . Heße was ordained on 18 June 1993 by Cardinal Joachim Meisner in the Cologne Cathedral . From 1993 to 1997 he was pastor at St . Remigius Church in the city of Bergheim . From 1997 to 2003 he was a lecturer at the Collegium Albertinum , a seminary in Bonn , while pursuing his doctorate . In 2001 he received his Doctor of Theology from the Philosophical-Theological School in Vallendar with a dissertation on Hans Urs van Balthasar , the Swiss Catholic theologian . From 2003 to 2005 he headed the Department of Pastoral Services of the Archdiocese of Cologne . Also in 2003 , he took up the additional position as the archdiocesan delegate for radio and television , a post he held until 2012 . On 1 May 2006 , Heße was appointed Deputy Vicar General of the Archdiocese of Cologne . On March 16 , 2012 , he became Vicar General . On 28 February 2014 , Cardinal Joachim Miesner , Archbishop of Cologne , resigned and Heße was elected diocesan administrator . On 20 September 2014 , Cardinal Rainer Maria Woelki was installed as Archbishop of Cologne . At the ceremony , Heße was reaffirmed as Vicar General . Archbishop of Hamburg . On 26 January 2015 , Pope Francis appointed Heße the fourth Archbishop of Hamburg , following the retirement of Archbishop Werner Thissen in March 2014 . His episcopal consecration took place on 14 March 2015 , with his principal consecrator being Bishop of Osnabrück Franz-Josef Hermann Bode . Co-consecrators were Archbishop of Cologne Cardinal Rainer Woelki and Norbert Werbs , Auxiliary Bishop of Hamburg . At 48 , he was Germanys youngest diocesan bishop . In a September 2015 plenary council , the gathering of German bishops and other clergy focused most of the discussion on the European migrant crisis that had begun earlier that year . The plenary elected Heße as the German bishops special envoy to the migrant crisis , which placed him in charge of the dioceses response efforts . Among the resources placed at his disposal were 100 million euros from Catholic dioceses and charities . which were set aside as aid for refugees both in and outside of Germany , and 800 unused church-owned buildings , which were designated as housing for migrants . On 18 March 2021 , after an investigation into the handling of accusations of sexual abuse on the part of priests in the Archdiocese of Cologne criticized Heße , he announced he was submitting his resignation to Pope Francis . Views . Environment and climate change . Heße commended Pope Francis second encyclical , Laudato si , which contains the pontiffs strong criticism for consumerism and irresponsible development and his lament for environmental degradation and global warming . In it , Francis calls for all people of the world to take swift and unified global action . Heße praised the encyclical , calling it valuable momentum for a worldwide ecological reorientation . He commented further , saying:He makes it clear that urgent issues of the future for the whole world and for all human beings have to be solved . Without a radical change of mentality this will not happen . Thus he underlines that the problems that concern all , can be solved only by all.In regard to the role of the Archdiocese of Hamburg , Heße said that we do not have many opportunities for development in this area , but the archdiocese had established an energy fund in 2009 containing eight million euros , five million of which had already been invested at that point . The funding was spent on 90 projects in 70 locations in the archdiocese , with efforts including the improvement of heating systems and insulation , and a shift to green electricity in parishes . The archbishop admitted that it was not satisfactory that only 25 out of around 80 parishes in the Archdiocese of Hamburg relied solely on green energy . Homosexuality and gay marriage . On 1 August 2015 , Heße called for the Catholic Church to be more realistic in regard to teachings on sexual morality . He said:We have to look upon the manifold ways and forms of living in which people live , as they now exist . Of course , [ I see ] same-sex couples entering the Metropolitan Cathedral of Hamburg , and nobody asking them to leave.Despite this , he said that he was still hesitant about homo-marriage . He made clear that the church needs to be available for all people , including gay people:When these people seek to be close to us , then we as Church are there for them . What else ? ...In my eyes , this does not minimize the love and fidelity between two people . Marriage and family life . In a May 2015 interview , Heße spoke about his views regarding marriage and families : I believe that freedom does not consist of me leaving everything open and free and undetermined , but instead , that I choose and commit myself . Analogously , that is also the case in marriage . ...I can’t permanently keep all options open , but I am only happy when I can concretely commit myself to someone . When asked if he ever wished to marry and have children , Heße responded:I can imagine myself as a father . In all honesty , that was a topic during my studies.That was very clearly a question I had to ask myself . For me it is a comfort that I can also see myself as a husband or father . I would have found it harder if I had told myself , well , you’re unsuited to be a father or husband , so you may as well be a priest . Divorce . In May 2015 , Heße stated his opinions on divorce in an interview , saying:In our understanding , I cannot get a divorce . Marriage exists until death separates the spouses . The idea is that I give myself fully and completely to a person and trust him or her fully and completely . That is a magnificent undertaking . I am happy that my parents are able to celebrate their golden wedding anniversary . Of course , I also know that marriages do fail.On 1 August 2015 , Heße announced that he wishes for remarried divorcees livable forms for the Churchs recognition and accompaniment , without giving up the ideal of marriage . Priestly celibacy . When asked in a May 2015 interview if celibacy is a disincentive for young men considering the priesthood , Heße responded:It is ; many young people object [ to it ] . For me , celibacy is more of a liberation and an expression that I put everything on this one card , namely God.When asked if celibacy was a relief for him , he said:Yes , because I believe freedom does not consist of me leaving everything open and free and undetermined , but instead that I choose and commit myself . Analogously , that is also the case in marriage . Pope Francis . In a May 2015 interview , Heße said that he thinks Pope Francis is a fascinating person , pioneering the way for the Church and todays world . Even evangelical Christians say , this is my Pope . Prayer . In a May 2015 interview with Norbert Vojta , Heße commented that one of the best forms of prayer for me is silence . When asked to elaborate , he stated that : Prayer is having a relationship with God . I cannot have a relationship with God when I talk nonstop . Sometimes , I see couples in love who are overjoyed , and just hug . ...I can retreat into silence , into my soul . This is one of the most important parts of prayer that only comes to me with time , and then I come to God . When asked how long he prayed every day , Heße said 30 seconds . The reporters were all astonished at his response , so he explained by saying but for those 30 seconds I have to prepare for half an hour . Church Labor Law reform . On 1 August 2015 , Heße defended recent reform of the Catholic Churchs Labor Law , and critiqued the position taken by some Bavarian bishops who have not fully implemented it , stating:Otherwise , we could not keep going , because we could not find enough qualified employees , in order to be able to run our institutions . I ask myself , what kind of image of the Church stands behind this ? Do we want to be a Church which has her place in the middle of the world ? Then , we have to be close to the life of the people , and we have to try to take along as many as possible . Or do we want , so to speak , a Church of the Pure , without existential difficulties and disruptions ? That indeed would then be a small , a very small crowdwhich only would have very few points of contact with its surrounding . Women ordination . In August 2020 , Heße supported ordination of women in Roman Catholic Church . Personal life . Heße is a fan of organ and classical music , and likes to attend concerts in the Laeiszhalle and the Elbe Philharmonic Hall . He admitted to not being a football ( soccer ) fan , humorously telling an interviewer , It would be the worst thing to pretend . That muse has not kissed me . Awards and honors . In 2005 Heße received the title Chaplain of His Holiness , and in 2010 , the title of Honorary Prelate . |
[
"Vicar General"
] | easy | What was the occupation of Stefan Heße from Sep 2014 to Sep 2015? | /wiki/Stefan_Heße#P106#5 | Stefan Heße Stefan Heße is a German prelate of the Roman Catholic Church . He has been Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Hamburg since 26 January 2015 . The youngest bishop in Germany , he has often been outspoken on social and religious topics . Biography . Early life and priesthood . Heße was born in Cologne , Germany , on 7 August 1966 . Born to a family of bakers , he grew up in the citys Junkersdorf district . He attended George Büchner Gymnasium in Colognes Weiden district . After graduation in 1986 , he studied theology and philosophy at the University of Bonn and University of Regensburg . Heße was ordained on 18 June 1993 by Cardinal Joachim Meisner in the Cologne Cathedral . From 1993 to 1997 he was pastor at St . Remigius Church in the city of Bergheim . From 1997 to 2003 he was a lecturer at the Collegium Albertinum , a seminary in Bonn , while pursuing his doctorate . In 2001 he received his Doctor of Theology from the Philosophical-Theological School in Vallendar with a dissertation on Hans Urs van Balthasar , the Swiss Catholic theologian . From 2003 to 2005 he headed the Department of Pastoral Services of the Archdiocese of Cologne . Also in 2003 , he took up the additional position as the archdiocesan delegate for radio and television , a post he held until 2012 . On 1 May 2006 , Heße was appointed Deputy Vicar General of the Archdiocese of Cologne . On March 16 , 2012 , he became Vicar General . On 28 February 2014 , Cardinal Joachim Miesner , Archbishop of Cologne , resigned and Heße was elected diocesan administrator . On 20 September 2014 , Cardinal Rainer Maria Woelki was installed as Archbishop of Cologne . At the ceremony , Heße was reaffirmed as Vicar General . Archbishop of Hamburg . On 26 January 2015 , Pope Francis appointed Heße the fourth Archbishop of Hamburg , following the retirement of Archbishop Werner Thissen in March 2014 . His episcopal consecration took place on 14 March 2015 , with his principal consecrator being Bishop of Osnabrück Franz-Josef Hermann Bode . Co-consecrators were Archbishop of Cologne Cardinal Rainer Woelki and Norbert Werbs , Auxiliary Bishop of Hamburg . At 48 , he was Germanys youngest diocesan bishop . In a September 2015 plenary council , the gathering of German bishops and other clergy focused most of the discussion on the European migrant crisis that had begun earlier that year . The plenary elected Heße as the German bishops special envoy to the migrant crisis , which placed him in charge of the dioceses response efforts . Among the resources placed at his disposal were 100 million euros from Catholic dioceses and charities . which were set aside as aid for refugees both in and outside of Germany , and 800 unused church-owned buildings , which were designated as housing for migrants . On 18 March 2021 , after an investigation into the handling of accusations of sexual abuse on the part of priests in the Archdiocese of Cologne criticized Heße , he announced he was submitting his resignation to Pope Francis . Views . Environment and climate change . Heße commended Pope Francis second encyclical , Laudato si , which contains the pontiffs strong criticism for consumerism and irresponsible development and his lament for environmental degradation and global warming . In it , Francis calls for all people of the world to take swift and unified global action . Heße praised the encyclical , calling it valuable momentum for a worldwide ecological reorientation . He commented further , saying:He makes it clear that urgent issues of the future for the whole world and for all human beings have to be solved . Without a radical change of mentality this will not happen . Thus he underlines that the problems that concern all , can be solved only by all.In regard to the role of the Archdiocese of Hamburg , Heße said that we do not have many opportunities for development in this area , but the archdiocese had established an energy fund in 2009 containing eight million euros , five million of which had already been invested at that point . The funding was spent on 90 projects in 70 locations in the archdiocese , with efforts including the improvement of heating systems and insulation , and a shift to green electricity in parishes . The archbishop admitted that it was not satisfactory that only 25 out of around 80 parishes in the Archdiocese of Hamburg relied solely on green energy . Homosexuality and gay marriage . On 1 August 2015 , Heße called for the Catholic Church to be more realistic in regard to teachings on sexual morality . He said:We have to look upon the manifold ways and forms of living in which people live , as they now exist . Of course , [ I see ] same-sex couples entering the Metropolitan Cathedral of Hamburg , and nobody asking them to leave.Despite this , he said that he was still hesitant about homo-marriage . He made clear that the church needs to be available for all people , including gay people:When these people seek to be close to us , then we as Church are there for them . What else ? ...In my eyes , this does not minimize the love and fidelity between two people . Marriage and family life . In a May 2015 interview , Heße spoke about his views regarding marriage and families : I believe that freedom does not consist of me leaving everything open and free and undetermined , but instead , that I choose and commit myself . Analogously , that is also the case in marriage . ...I can’t permanently keep all options open , but I am only happy when I can concretely commit myself to someone . When asked if he ever wished to marry and have children , Heße responded:I can imagine myself as a father . In all honesty , that was a topic during my studies.That was very clearly a question I had to ask myself . For me it is a comfort that I can also see myself as a husband or father . I would have found it harder if I had told myself , well , you’re unsuited to be a father or husband , so you may as well be a priest . Divorce . In May 2015 , Heße stated his opinions on divorce in an interview , saying:In our understanding , I cannot get a divorce . Marriage exists until death separates the spouses . The idea is that I give myself fully and completely to a person and trust him or her fully and completely . That is a magnificent undertaking . I am happy that my parents are able to celebrate their golden wedding anniversary . Of course , I also know that marriages do fail.On 1 August 2015 , Heße announced that he wishes for remarried divorcees livable forms for the Churchs recognition and accompaniment , without giving up the ideal of marriage . Priestly celibacy . When asked in a May 2015 interview if celibacy is a disincentive for young men considering the priesthood , Heße responded:It is ; many young people object [ to it ] . For me , celibacy is more of a liberation and an expression that I put everything on this one card , namely God.When asked if celibacy was a relief for him , he said:Yes , because I believe freedom does not consist of me leaving everything open and free and undetermined , but instead that I choose and commit myself . Analogously , that is also the case in marriage . Pope Francis . In a May 2015 interview , Heße said that he thinks Pope Francis is a fascinating person , pioneering the way for the Church and todays world . Even evangelical Christians say , this is my Pope . Prayer . In a May 2015 interview with Norbert Vojta , Heße commented that one of the best forms of prayer for me is silence . When asked to elaborate , he stated that : Prayer is having a relationship with God . I cannot have a relationship with God when I talk nonstop . Sometimes , I see couples in love who are overjoyed , and just hug . ...I can retreat into silence , into my soul . This is one of the most important parts of prayer that only comes to me with time , and then I come to God . When asked how long he prayed every day , Heße said 30 seconds . The reporters were all astonished at his response , so he explained by saying but for those 30 seconds I have to prepare for half an hour . Church Labor Law reform . On 1 August 2015 , Heße defended recent reform of the Catholic Churchs Labor Law , and critiqued the position taken by some Bavarian bishops who have not fully implemented it , stating:Otherwise , we could not keep going , because we could not find enough qualified employees , in order to be able to run our institutions . I ask myself , what kind of image of the Church stands behind this ? Do we want to be a Church which has her place in the middle of the world ? Then , we have to be close to the life of the people , and we have to try to take along as many as possible . Or do we want , so to speak , a Church of the Pure , without existential difficulties and disruptions ? That indeed would then be a small , a very small crowdwhich only would have very few points of contact with its surrounding . Women ordination . In August 2020 , Heße supported ordination of women in Roman Catholic Church . Personal life . Heße is a fan of organ and classical music , and likes to attend concerts in the Laeiszhalle and the Elbe Philharmonic Hall . He admitted to not being a football ( soccer ) fan , humorously telling an interviewer , It would be the worst thing to pretend . That muse has not kissed me . Awards and honors . In 2005 Heße received the title Chaplain of His Holiness , and in 2010 , the title of Honorary Prelate . |
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Exeter",
"Parliamentary Private Secretary"
] | easy | Which position did Ben Bradshaw hold from May 1997 to May 2001? | /wiki/Ben_Bradshaw#P39#0 | Ben Bradshaw Benjamin Peter James Bradshaw ( born 30 August 1960 ) is a British politician who served as Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport from 2009 to 2010 . A member of the Labour Party , he has been Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Exeter since 1997 . Before entering politics he worked as a BBC Radio reporter . Early life and career in journalism . Bradshaw is the son of a former Anglican vicar of Norwich Cathedral Canon Peter Bradshaw and his wife Daphne Murphy . Bradshaw was educated at Thorpe Grammar School , followed by the University of Sussex where he read for a degree in German . He also attended the University of Freiburg in Germany while an undergraduate . Between 1982 and 1983 , Bradshaw taught English at the Technikum , a school of technology in Winterthur in the Zurich canton of Switzerland . Bradshaw became a reporter with the Exeter Express and Echo in 1984 and subsequently joined the Eastern Daily Press in Norwich as a reporter in 1985 . In 1986 he joined the staff of BBC Radio Devon and became the Berlin correspondent for BBC Radio in 1989 and was working in the city when the Berlin Wall fell . In 1991 , he became a reporter with BBC Radios The World At One , contributing to the programme until his election to Westminster . He won the Sony News Reporter Award in 1993 . Parliamentary career . Election and first term as an MP . Bradshaw was selected to contest the marginal parliamentary seat of Exeter at the 1997 general election after the first choice candidate was deselected by the local Labour party on instructions from Labour party headquarters . The sitting Conservative MP , John Hannam had retired and the Conservatives chose Adrian Rogers to be their candidate . While Bradshaw is openly gay , Rogers is a leading member of the religious right . The campaign was vitriolic and bitter with allegations of homophobia and sin . The result , however , was not close , and Bradshaw was elected as the Labour MP for Exeter with a majority of 11,705 . He made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 4 July 1997 . He was the second British MP who was openly gay at the time of first election , 21 minutes after Stephen Twigg . In the Commons , Bradshaw introduced the Pesticides Act in 1998 , which gave more powers to inspectors . He became a Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of State at the Department of Health John Denham in 2000 . Initial ministerial posts . After the 2001 general election Bradshaw entered Tony Blairs government as the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office . Only days after being appointed to the Foreign Office , he had to answer questions following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 . On 6 March 2002 , while answering Parliamentary Questions , Bradshaw accused George Galloway of being not just an apologist but a mouthpiece for the Iraqi regime over many years . Galloway responded by accusing Bradshaw of being a liar , though after a suspension of the Commons sitting , both men withdrew their comments . Bradshaw became the Deputy to the Leader of the House of Commons Robin Cook in 2002 , and was an Under Secretary of State at the Department of Environment , Food and Rural Affairs from 2003 until 2006 , when he was made a Minister of State at the same department . During this period , he was sent to Brussels to negotiate changes to the Common Fisheries Policy on behalf of the British in-shore fishing fleet . When questioned , on Newsnight Scotland , by Gordon Brewer , as to the progress of these negotiations , he was unwilling/unable to answer questions relating to his brief , such as the size of the Scottish inshore fishing fleet , or the catch quotas relating to particular species . In 2003 , Bradshaw supported governments stance on Iraq and voted for the 2003 invasion of Iraq . In 2005 , Bradshaw supported the detention of terror suspects without trial and voted for the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 . Health minister . On 28 June 2007 , he was moved to become a Minister of State in the Department of Health and , in addition , was given the Minister for the South West portfolio . Bradshaw was the subject of controversy while Minister for Health . His responses to questioning on Radio 4 about the shortfall in NHS dentistry leading to patients unable to access NHS dentists and even resorting to treating themselves was to claim that those needing urgent treatment should go to see their GP , which prompted the British Medical Association to observe that a General Practitioner was no substitute for a qualified dentist . Bradshaw also claimed that GPs were operating gentlemens agreements to ensure patients didnt move between surgeries , claims dismissed as absolute nonsense by doctors leaders . On the subject of the National Programme for IT , a scheme dogged by cost overruns , delays , and doubts over its benefit to patients , he commented : Our use of computer technology in the NHS is becoming the envy of the world . It is saving lives , saving time and saving money . If you talk to health and IT experts anywhere in the world they point to Britain as example of computer technology being used successfully to improve health services to the public . He was also criticised for defending car parking fees at NHS hospitals at a time when Wales was removing parking fees . The BMA called such charges a tax on the sick , and questioned the legitimacy of trusts making up to £248,000 a month in parking fees . Bradshaws claims that such charges were necessary to pay for patient care were dismissed by a shadow health spokesman , who commented that it did not add up for the government to make such claims in the light of an NHS surplus of £1.8bn . His plan to introduce private management of some NHS trusts was also heavily criticised . The BMA called it a step towards privatising the NHS , Dr . Jonathan Fielden observed that there was no evidence private management was better than public sector management , commenting How many of us have seen our Trusts bring in the management consultants , paying through the nose , only to get a half baked solution and one that the real talent in the NHS could have delivered for less? , Professor Allyson Pollock , head of the Centre for International Public Health Policy at the University of Edinburgh , said : Bringing private management in will simply accelerate the process of privatisation of services which will have catastrophic effects for the patients and the public at large . It will mean less care for everyone , and more money for profits and shareholders . Nigel Edwards , of the NHS Confederation , said the government had tried drafting in private sector management before , at the Good Hope Hospital in Sutton Coldfield in 2003 , which was not successful . He commented : What it revealed is that the reason that hospitals tend to fail is often much more complicated and much more difficult than just poor management . Expenses and period as Culture Secretary . It was claimed in May 2009 that he exploited the MPs expenses system by claiming the entire interest bill on a property he shares with his partner in west London . Bradshaw has said claims made about his expenses were factually wrong . On 5 June 2009 he was appointed Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport . He held this position until the 2010 United Kingdom general election and served as Shadow Culture Secretary until the 2010 Labour Party ( UK ) Shadow Cabinet election . In opposition . On 7 October 2010 the Labour Party announced that he had failed to be elected to one of the 19 available places in the first Shadow Cabinet of new leader Ed Miliband . In 2011 , Bradshaw voted for the NATO-led military intervention in Libya . On 5 February 2013 , he voted in favour in the House of Commons Second Reading vote on the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill . Following Labours defeat in the 2015 general election , and the resignation of both Miliband and deputy leader Harriet Harman , Bradshaw announced his intention on 15 May to stand in the Labour Party deputy leadership election . He later gained the minimum 35 nominations required to stand in the ballot with the other candidates . Bradshaw came last in the election . Bradshaw is a former critic of Jeremy Corbyn , whom he accused in a September 2016 article of being a destructive combination of incompetence , deceit and menace . This comment was after Bradshaw was included on an internal Labour list of MPs , issued by mistake , who were implicated in abusing Corbyn and his supporters . He supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . However , Bradshaw has since changed his position on Jeremy Corbyn , praising his 2017 election performance . In November 2016 , Bradshaw opposed a motion in Parliament for the UK to withdraw support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . George Galloway accused Bradshaw of supporting Saudi Arabias regime where men like Bradshaw are beheaded . Bradshaw claimed during a Commons debate in December 2016 that it is highly probable that the result of the Brexit referendum was manipulated by Vladimir Putin . Bradshaw saw this as fitting a pattern of interfering in the business of other nations after the CIA accused Russian hackers of trying to influence US elections . Bradshaw also maintains that the Russians sent him an e-mail with sophisticated malware and maintains this was a cyberattack . Bradshaw said , “The email came to my gmail account , which is more vulnerable than my parliamentary one . What the sender was claiming was potentially extremely useful and political dynamite . It was drafted in a clever way to make it tempting to open.” Bradshaw added , “I was the first MP to raise Russia’s role in the Brexit vote in 2016 . Ever since I have been asking questions about the Kremlin’s subversion of our democracy.” In October 2019 , Bradhaw attracted controversy for saying that Michael Gove had been heckled by cries of humbug and nonsense at an event held by the German embassy . An audio recording later revealed that it was Bradshaw himself who had been the heckler . Other activities . In 2009 , Ben Bradshaw won the Stonewall Politician of the Year Award in 2009 for his work to support equality for lesbian , gay and bisexual people . He was given a score of 100% in favour of lesbian , gay and bisexual equality by Stonewall . Bradshaw was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 2009 , giving him the right to the honorific prefix The Right Honourable . Bradshaw is a member of the Henry Jackson Society Advisory Council . Personal life . On 24 June 2006 , Bradshaw and his partner Neal Dalgleish , who is a BBC producer , registered a civil partnership . He was one of the first MPs to do so , and he was the first Cabinet Minister to be in a civil partnership . Bradshaw has asked the Church of England to clarify whether a member of the Church of England clergy who married a same sex partner would be disciplined or defrocked . Bradshaws brother is Jonathan Bradshaw , CBE , Professor Emeritus of Social Policy at the University of York . |
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Exeter",
"Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office"
] | easy | Which position did Ben Bradshaw hold from Jun 2001 to May 2002? | /wiki/Ben_Bradshaw#P39#1 | Ben Bradshaw Benjamin Peter James Bradshaw ( born 30 August 1960 ) is a British politician who served as Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport from 2009 to 2010 . A member of the Labour Party , he has been Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Exeter since 1997 . Before entering politics he worked as a BBC Radio reporter . Early life and career in journalism . Bradshaw is the son of a former Anglican vicar of Norwich Cathedral Canon Peter Bradshaw and his wife Daphne Murphy . Bradshaw was educated at Thorpe Grammar School , followed by the University of Sussex where he read for a degree in German . He also attended the University of Freiburg in Germany while an undergraduate . Between 1982 and 1983 , Bradshaw taught English at the Technikum , a school of technology in Winterthur in the Zurich canton of Switzerland . Bradshaw became a reporter with the Exeter Express and Echo in 1984 and subsequently joined the Eastern Daily Press in Norwich as a reporter in 1985 . In 1986 he joined the staff of BBC Radio Devon and became the Berlin correspondent for BBC Radio in 1989 and was working in the city when the Berlin Wall fell . In 1991 , he became a reporter with BBC Radios The World At One , contributing to the programme until his election to Westminster . He won the Sony News Reporter Award in 1993 . Parliamentary career . Election and first term as an MP . Bradshaw was selected to contest the marginal parliamentary seat of Exeter at the 1997 general election after the first choice candidate was deselected by the local Labour party on instructions from Labour party headquarters . The sitting Conservative MP , John Hannam had retired and the Conservatives chose Adrian Rogers to be their candidate . While Bradshaw is openly gay , Rogers is a leading member of the religious right . The campaign was vitriolic and bitter with allegations of homophobia and sin . The result , however , was not close , and Bradshaw was elected as the Labour MP for Exeter with a majority of 11,705 . He made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 4 July 1997 . He was the second British MP who was openly gay at the time of first election , 21 minutes after Stephen Twigg . In the Commons , Bradshaw introduced the Pesticides Act in 1998 , which gave more powers to inspectors . He became a Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of State at the Department of Health John Denham in 2000 . Initial ministerial posts . After the 2001 general election Bradshaw entered Tony Blairs government as the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office . Only days after being appointed to the Foreign Office , he had to answer questions following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 . On 6 March 2002 , while answering Parliamentary Questions , Bradshaw accused George Galloway of being not just an apologist but a mouthpiece for the Iraqi regime over many years . Galloway responded by accusing Bradshaw of being a liar , though after a suspension of the Commons sitting , both men withdrew their comments . Bradshaw became the Deputy to the Leader of the House of Commons Robin Cook in 2002 , and was an Under Secretary of State at the Department of Environment , Food and Rural Affairs from 2003 until 2006 , when he was made a Minister of State at the same department . During this period , he was sent to Brussels to negotiate changes to the Common Fisheries Policy on behalf of the British in-shore fishing fleet . When questioned , on Newsnight Scotland , by Gordon Brewer , as to the progress of these negotiations , he was unwilling/unable to answer questions relating to his brief , such as the size of the Scottish inshore fishing fleet , or the catch quotas relating to particular species . In 2003 , Bradshaw supported governments stance on Iraq and voted for the 2003 invasion of Iraq . In 2005 , Bradshaw supported the detention of terror suspects without trial and voted for the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 . Health minister . On 28 June 2007 , he was moved to become a Minister of State in the Department of Health and , in addition , was given the Minister for the South West portfolio . Bradshaw was the subject of controversy while Minister for Health . His responses to questioning on Radio 4 about the shortfall in NHS dentistry leading to patients unable to access NHS dentists and even resorting to treating themselves was to claim that those needing urgent treatment should go to see their GP , which prompted the British Medical Association to observe that a General Practitioner was no substitute for a qualified dentist . Bradshaw also claimed that GPs were operating gentlemens agreements to ensure patients didnt move between surgeries , claims dismissed as absolute nonsense by doctors leaders . On the subject of the National Programme for IT , a scheme dogged by cost overruns , delays , and doubts over its benefit to patients , he commented : Our use of computer technology in the NHS is becoming the envy of the world . It is saving lives , saving time and saving money . If you talk to health and IT experts anywhere in the world they point to Britain as example of computer technology being used successfully to improve health services to the public . He was also criticised for defending car parking fees at NHS hospitals at a time when Wales was removing parking fees . The BMA called such charges a tax on the sick , and questioned the legitimacy of trusts making up to £248,000 a month in parking fees . Bradshaws claims that such charges were necessary to pay for patient care were dismissed by a shadow health spokesman , who commented that it did not add up for the government to make such claims in the light of an NHS surplus of £1.8bn . His plan to introduce private management of some NHS trusts was also heavily criticised . The BMA called it a step towards privatising the NHS , Dr . Jonathan Fielden observed that there was no evidence private management was better than public sector management , commenting How many of us have seen our Trusts bring in the management consultants , paying through the nose , only to get a half baked solution and one that the real talent in the NHS could have delivered for less? , Professor Allyson Pollock , head of the Centre for International Public Health Policy at the University of Edinburgh , said : Bringing private management in will simply accelerate the process of privatisation of services which will have catastrophic effects for the patients and the public at large . It will mean less care for everyone , and more money for profits and shareholders . Nigel Edwards , of the NHS Confederation , said the government had tried drafting in private sector management before , at the Good Hope Hospital in Sutton Coldfield in 2003 , which was not successful . He commented : What it revealed is that the reason that hospitals tend to fail is often much more complicated and much more difficult than just poor management . Expenses and period as Culture Secretary . It was claimed in May 2009 that he exploited the MPs expenses system by claiming the entire interest bill on a property he shares with his partner in west London . Bradshaw has said claims made about his expenses were factually wrong . On 5 June 2009 he was appointed Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport . He held this position until the 2010 United Kingdom general election and served as Shadow Culture Secretary until the 2010 Labour Party ( UK ) Shadow Cabinet election . In opposition . On 7 October 2010 the Labour Party announced that he had failed to be elected to one of the 19 available places in the first Shadow Cabinet of new leader Ed Miliband . In 2011 , Bradshaw voted for the NATO-led military intervention in Libya . On 5 February 2013 , he voted in favour in the House of Commons Second Reading vote on the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill . Following Labours defeat in the 2015 general election , and the resignation of both Miliband and deputy leader Harriet Harman , Bradshaw announced his intention on 15 May to stand in the Labour Party deputy leadership election . He later gained the minimum 35 nominations required to stand in the ballot with the other candidates . Bradshaw came last in the election . Bradshaw is a former critic of Jeremy Corbyn , whom he accused in a September 2016 article of being a destructive combination of incompetence , deceit and menace . This comment was after Bradshaw was included on an internal Labour list of MPs , issued by mistake , who were implicated in abusing Corbyn and his supporters . He supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . However , Bradshaw has since changed his position on Jeremy Corbyn , praising his 2017 election performance . In November 2016 , Bradshaw opposed a motion in Parliament for the UK to withdraw support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . George Galloway accused Bradshaw of supporting Saudi Arabias regime where men like Bradshaw are beheaded . Bradshaw claimed during a Commons debate in December 2016 that it is highly probable that the result of the Brexit referendum was manipulated by Vladimir Putin . Bradshaw saw this as fitting a pattern of interfering in the business of other nations after the CIA accused Russian hackers of trying to influence US elections . Bradshaw also maintains that the Russians sent him an e-mail with sophisticated malware and maintains this was a cyberattack . Bradshaw said , “The email came to my gmail account , which is more vulnerable than my parliamentary one . What the sender was claiming was potentially extremely useful and political dynamite . It was drafted in a clever way to make it tempting to open.” Bradshaw added , “I was the first MP to raise Russia’s role in the Brexit vote in 2016 . Ever since I have been asking questions about the Kremlin’s subversion of our democracy.” In October 2019 , Bradhaw attracted controversy for saying that Michael Gove had been heckled by cries of humbug and nonsense at an event held by the German embassy . An audio recording later revealed that it was Bradshaw himself who had been the heckler . Other activities . In 2009 , Ben Bradshaw won the Stonewall Politician of the Year Award in 2009 for his work to support equality for lesbian , gay and bisexual people . He was given a score of 100% in favour of lesbian , gay and bisexual equality by Stonewall . Bradshaw was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 2009 , giving him the right to the honorific prefix The Right Honourable . Bradshaw is a member of the Henry Jackson Society Advisory Council . Personal life . On 24 June 2006 , Bradshaw and his partner Neal Dalgleish , who is a BBC producer , registered a civil partnership . He was one of the first MPs to do so , and he was the first Cabinet Minister to be in a civil partnership . Bradshaw has asked the Church of England to clarify whether a member of the Church of England clergy who married a same sex partner would be disciplined or defrocked . Bradshaws brother is Jonathan Bradshaw , CBE , Professor Emeritus of Social Policy at the University of York . |
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Exeter",
"Deputy to the Leader of the House of Commons Robin Cook"
] | easy | What was the position of Ben Bradshaw from May 2002 to Jun 2003? | /wiki/Ben_Bradshaw#P39#2 | Ben Bradshaw Benjamin Peter James Bradshaw ( born 30 August 1960 ) is a British politician who served as Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport from 2009 to 2010 . A member of the Labour Party , he has been Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Exeter since 1997 . Before entering politics he worked as a BBC Radio reporter . Early life and career in journalism . Bradshaw is the son of a former Anglican vicar of Norwich Cathedral Canon Peter Bradshaw and his wife Daphne Murphy . Bradshaw was educated at Thorpe Grammar School , followed by the University of Sussex where he read for a degree in German . He also attended the University of Freiburg in Germany while an undergraduate . Between 1982 and 1983 , Bradshaw taught English at the Technikum , a school of technology in Winterthur in the Zurich canton of Switzerland . Bradshaw became a reporter with the Exeter Express and Echo in 1984 and subsequently joined the Eastern Daily Press in Norwich as a reporter in 1985 . In 1986 he joined the staff of BBC Radio Devon and became the Berlin correspondent for BBC Radio in 1989 and was working in the city when the Berlin Wall fell . In 1991 , he became a reporter with BBC Radios The World At One , contributing to the programme until his election to Westminster . He won the Sony News Reporter Award in 1993 . Parliamentary career . Election and first term as an MP . Bradshaw was selected to contest the marginal parliamentary seat of Exeter at the 1997 general election after the first choice candidate was deselected by the local Labour party on instructions from Labour party headquarters . The sitting Conservative MP , John Hannam had retired and the Conservatives chose Adrian Rogers to be their candidate . While Bradshaw is openly gay , Rogers is a leading member of the religious right . The campaign was vitriolic and bitter with allegations of homophobia and sin . The result , however , was not close , and Bradshaw was elected as the Labour MP for Exeter with a majority of 11,705 . He made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 4 July 1997 . He was the second British MP who was openly gay at the time of first election , 21 minutes after Stephen Twigg . In the Commons , Bradshaw introduced the Pesticides Act in 1998 , which gave more powers to inspectors . He became a Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of State at the Department of Health John Denham in 2000 . Initial ministerial posts . After the 2001 general election Bradshaw entered Tony Blairs government as the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office . Only days after being appointed to the Foreign Office , he had to answer questions following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 . On 6 March 2002 , while answering Parliamentary Questions , Bradshaw accused George Galloway of being not just an apologist but a mouthpiece for the Iraqi regime over many years . Galloway responded by accusing Bradshaw of being a liar , though after a suspension of the Commons sitting , both men withdrew their comments . Bradshaw became the Deputy to the Leader of the House of Commons Robin Cook in 2002 , and was an Under Secretary of State at the Department of Environment , Food and Rural Affairs from 2003 until 2006 , when he was made a Minister of State at the same department . During this period , he was sent to Brussels to negotiate changes to the Common Fisheries Policy on behalf of the British in-shore fishing fleet . When questioned , on Newsnight Scotland , by Gordon Brewer , as to the progress of these negotiations , he was unwilling/unable to answer questions relating to his brief , such as the size of the Scottish inshore fishing fleet , or the catch quotas relating to particular species . In 2003 , Bradshaw supported governments stance on Iraq and voted for the 2003 invasion of Iraq . In 2005 , Bradshaw supported the detention of terror suspects without trial and voted for the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 . Health minister . On 28 June 2007 , he was moved to become a Minister of State in the Department of Health and , in addition , was given the Minister for the South West portfolio . Bradshaw was the subject of controversy while Minister for Health . His responses to questioning on Radio 4 about the shortfall in NHS dentistry leading to patients unable to access NHS dentists and even resorting to treating themselves was to claim that those needing urgent treatment should go to see their GP , which prompted the British Medical Association to observe that a General Practitioner was no substitute for a qualified dentist . Bradshaw also claimed that GPs were operating gentlemens agreements to ensure patients didnt move between surgeries , claims dismissed as absolute nonsense by doctors leaders . On the subject of the National Programme for IT , a scheme dogged by cost overruns , delays , and doubts over its benefit to patients , he commented : Our use of computer technology in the NHS is becoming the envy of the world . It is saving lives , saving time and saving money . If you talk to health and IT experts anywhere in the world they point to Britain as example of computer technology being used successfully to improve health services to the public . He was also criticised for defending car parking fees at NHS hospitals at a time when Wales was removing parking fees . The BMA called such charges a tax on the sick , and questioned the legitimacy of trusts making up to £248,000 a month in parking fees . Bradshaws claims that such charges were necessary to pay for patient care were dismissed by a shadow health spokesman , who commented that it did not add up for the government to make such claims in the light of an NHS surplus of £1.8bn . His plan to introduce private management of some NHS trusts was also heavily criticised . The BMA called it a step towards privatising the NHS , Dr . Jonathan Fielden observed that there was no evidence private management was better than public sector management , commenting How many of us have seen our Trusts bring in the management consultants , paying through the nose , only to get a half baked solution and one that the real talent in the NHS could have delivered for less? , Professor Allyson Pollock , head of the Centre for International Public Health Policy at the University of Edinburgh , said : Bringing private management in will simply accelerate the process of privatisation of services which will have catastrophic effects for the patients and the public at large . It will mean less care for everyone , and more money for profits and shareholders . Nigel Edwards , of the NHS Confederation , said the government had tried drafting in private sector management before , at the Good Hope Hospital in Sutton Coldfield in 2003 , which was not successful . He commented : What it revealed is that the reason that hospitals tend to fail is often much more complicated and much more difficult than just poor management . Expenses and period as Culture Secretary . It was claimed in May 2009 that he exploited the MPs expenses system by claiming the entire interest bill on a property he shares with his partner in west London . Bradshaw has said claims made about his expenses were factually wrong . On 5 June 2009 he was appointed Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport . He held this position until the 2010 United Kingdom general election and served as Shadow Culture Secretary until the 2010 Labour Party ( UK ) Shadow Cabinet election . In opposition . On 7 October 2010 the Labour Party announced that he had failed to be elected to one of the 19 available places in the first Shadow Cabinet of new leader Ed Miliband . In 2011 , Bradshaw voted for the NATO-led military intervention in Libya . On 5 February 2013 , he voted in favour in the House of Commons Second Reading vote on the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill . Following Labours defeat in the 2015 general election , and the resignation of both Miliband and deputy leader Harriet Harman , Bradshaw announced his intention on 15 May to stand in the Labour Party deputy leadership election . He later gained the minimum 35 nominations required to stand in the ballot with the other candidates . Bradshaw came last in the election . Bradshaw is a former critic of Jeremy Corbyn , whom he accused in a September 2016 article of being a destructive combination of incompetence , deceit and menace . This comment was after Bradshaw was included on an internal Labour list of MPs , issued by mistake , who were implicated in abusing Corbyn and his supporters . He supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . However , Bradshaw has since changed his position on Jeremy Corbyn , praising his 2017 election performance . In November 2016 , Bradshaw opposed a motion in Parliament for the UK to withdraw support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . George Galloway accused Bradshaw of supporting Saudi Arabias regime where men like Bradshaw are beheaded . Bradshaw claimed during a Commons debate in December 2016 that it is highly probable that the result of the Brexit referendum was manipulated by Vladimir Putin . Bradshaw saw this as fitting a pattern of interfering in the business of other nations after the CIA accused Russian hackers of trying to influence US elections . Bradshaw also maintains that the Russians sent him an e-mail with sophisticated malware and maintains this was a cyberattack . Bradshaw said , “The email came to my gmail account , which is more vulnerable than my parliamentary one . What the sender was claiming was potentially extremely useful and political dynamite . It was drafted in a clever way to make it tempting to open.” Bradshaw added , “I was the first MP to raise Russia’s role in the Brexit vote in 2016 . Ever since I have been asking questions about the Kremlin’s subversion of our democracy.” In October 2019 , Bradhaw attracted controversy for saying that Michael Gove had been heckled by cries of humbug and nonsense at an event held by the German embassy . An audio recording later revealed that it was Bradshaw himself who had been the heckler . Other activities . In 2009 , Ben Bradshaw won the Stonewall Politician of the Year Award in 2009 for his work to support equality for lesbian , gay and bisexual people . He was given a score of 100% in favour of lesbian , gay and bisexual equality by Stonewall . Bradshaw was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 2009 , giving him the right to the honorific prefix The Right Honourable . Bradshaw is a member of the Henry Jackson Society Advisory Council . Personal life . On 24 June 2006 , Bradshaw and his partner Neal Dalgleish , who is a BBC producer , registered a civil partnership . He was one of the first MPs to do so , and he was the first Cabinet Minister to be in a civil partnership . Bradshaw has asked the Church of England to clarify whether a member of the Church of England clergy who married a same sex partner would be disciplined or defrocked . Bradshaws brother is Jonathan Bradshaw , CBE , Professor Emeritus of Social Policy at the University of York . |
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Exeter",
"Under Secretary of State at the Department of Environment , Food and Rural Affairs"
] | easy | What was the position of Ben Bradshaw from Jun 2003 to Apr 2005? | /wiki/Ben_Bradshaw#P39#3 | Ben Bradshaw Benjamin Peter James Bradshaw ( born 30 August 1960 ) is a British politician who served as Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport from 2009 to 2010 . A member of the Labour Party , he has been Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Exeter since 1997 . Before entering politics he worked as a BBC Radio reporter . Early life and career in journalism . Bradshaw is the son of a former Anglican vicar of Norwich Cathedral Canon Peter Bradshaw and his wife Daphne Murphy . Bradshaw was educated at Thorpe Grammar School , followed by the University of Sussex where he read for a degree in German . He also attended the University of Freiburg in Germany while an undergraduate . Between 1982 and 1983 , Bradshaw taught English at the Technikum , a school of technology in Winterthur in the Zurich canton of Switzerland . Bradshaw became a reporter with the Exeter Express and Echo in 1984 and subsequently joined the Eastern Daily Press in Norwich as a reporter in 1985 . In 1986 he joined the staff of BBC Radio Devon and became the Berlin correspondent for BBC Radio in 1989 and was working in the city when the Berlin Wall fell . In 1991 , he became a reporter with BBC Radios The World At One , contributing to the programme until his election to Westminster . He won the Sony News Reporter Award in 1993 . Parliamentary career . Election and first term as an MP . Bradshaw was selected to contest the marginal parliamentary seat of Exeter at the 1997 general election after the first choice candidate was deselected by the local Labour party on instructions from Labour party headquarters . The sitting Conservative MP , John Hannam had retired and the Conservatives chose Adrian Rogers to be their candidate . While Bradshaw is openly gay , Rogers is a leading member of the religious right . The campaign was vitriolic and bitter with allegations of homophobia and sin . The result , however , was not close , and Bradshaw was elected as the Labour MP for Exeter with a majority of 11,705 . He made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 4 July 1997 . He was the second British MP who was openly gay at the time of first election , 21 minutes after Stephen Twigg . In the Commons , Bradshaw introduced the Pesticides Act in 1998 , which gave more powers to inspectors . He became a Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of State at the Department of Health John Denham in 2000 . Initial ministerial posts . After the 2001 general election Bradshaw entered Tony Blairs government as the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office . Only days after being appointed to the Foreign Office , he had to answer questions following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 . On 6 March 2002 , while answering Parliamentary Questions , Bradshaw accused George Galloway of being not just an apologist but a mouthpiece for the Iraqi regime over many years . Galloway responded by accusing Bradshaw of being a liar , though after a suspension of the Commons sitting , both men withdrew their comments . Bradshaw became the Deputy to the Leader of the House of Commons Robin Cook in 2002 , and was an Under Secretary of State at the Department of Environment , Food and Rural Affairs from 2003 until 2006 , when he was made a Minister of State at the same department . During this period , he was sent to Brussels to negotiate changes to the Common Fisheries Policy on behalf of the British in-shore fishing fleet . When questioned , on Newsnight Scotland , by Gordon Brewer , as to the progress of these negotiations , he was unwilling/unable to answer questions relating to his brief , such as the size of the Scottish inshore fishing fleet , or the catch quotas relating to particular species . In 2003 , Bradshaw supported governments stance on Iraq and voted for the 2003 invasion of Iraq . In 2005 , Bradshaw supported the detention of terror suspects without trial and voted for the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 . Health minister . On 28 June 2007 , he was moved to become a Minister of State in the Department of Health and , in addition , was given the Minister for the South West portfolio . Bradshaw was the subject of controversy while Minister for Health . His responses to questioning on Radio 4 about the shortfall in NHS dentistry leading to patients unable to access NHS dentists and even resorting to treating themselves was to claim that those needing urgent treatment should go to see their GP , which prompted the British Medical Association to observe that a General Practitioner was no substitute for a qualified dentist . Bradshaw also claimed that GPs were operating gentlemens agreements to ensure patients didnt move between surgeries , claims dismissed as absolute nonsense by doctors leaders . On the subject of the National Programme for IT , a scheme dogged by cost overruns , delays , and doubts over its benefit to patients , he commented : Our use of computer technology in the NHS is becoming the envy of the world . It is saving lives , saving time and saving money . If you talk to health and IT experts anywhere in the world they point to Britain as example of computer technology being used successfully to improve health services to the public . He was also criticised for defending car parking fees at NHS hospitals at a time when Wales was removing parking fees . The BMA called such charges a tax on the sick , and questioned the legitimacy of trusts making up to £248,000 a month in parking fees . Bradshaws claims that such charges were necessary to pay for patient care were dismissed by a shadow health spokesman , who commented that it did not add up for the government to make such claims in the light of an NHS surplus of £1.8bn . His plan to introduce private management of some NHS trusts was also heavily criticised . The BMA called it a step towards privatising the NHS , Dr . Jonathan Fielden observed that there was no evidence private management was better than public sector management , commenting How many of us have seen our Trusts bring in the management consultants , paying through the nose , only to get a half baked solution and one that the real talent in the NHS could have delivered for less? , Professor Allyson Pollock , head of the Centre for International Public Health Policy at the University of Edinburgh , said : Bringing private management in will simply accelerate the process of privatisation of services which will have catastrophic effects for the patients and the public at large . It will mean less care for everyone , and more money for profits and shareholders . Nigel Edwards , of the NHS Confederation , said the government had tried drafting in private sector management before , at the Good Hope Hospital in Sutton Coldfield in 2003 , which was not successful . He commented : What it revealed is that the reason that hospitals tend to fail is often much more complicated and much more difficult than just poor management . Expenses and period as Culture Secretary . It was claimed in May 2009 that he exploited the MPs expenses system by claiming the entire interest bill on a property he shares with his partner in west London . Bradshaw has said claims made about his expenses were factually wrong . On 5 June 2009 he was appointed Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport . He held this position until the 2010 United Kingdom general election and served as Shadow Culture Secretary until the 2010 Labour Party ( UK ) Shadow Cabinet election . In opposition . On 7 October 2010 the Labour Party announced that he had failed to be elected to one of the 19 available places in the first Shadow Cabinet of new leader Ed Miliband . In 2011 , Bradshaw voted for the NATO-led military intervention in Libya . On 5 February 2013 , he voted in favour in the House of Commons Second Reading vote on the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill . Following Labours defeat in the 2015 general election , and the resignation of both Miliband and deputy leader Harriet Harman , Bradshaw announced his intention on 15 May to stand in the Labour Party deputy leadership election . He later gained the minimum 35 nominations required to stand in the ballot with the other candidates . Bradshaw came last in the election . Bradshaw is a former critic of Jeremy Corbyn , whom he accused in a September 2016 article of being a destructive combination of incompetence , deceit and menace . This comment was after Bradshaw was included on an internal Labour list of MPs , issued by mistake , who were implicated in abusing Corbyn and his supporters . He supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . However , Bradshaw has since changed his position on Jeremy Corbyn , praising his 2017 election performance . In November 2016 , Bradshaw opposed a motion in Parliament for the UK to withdraw support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . George Galloway accused Bradshaw of supporting Saudi Arabias regime where men like Bradshaw are beheaded . Bradshaw claimed during a Commons debate in December 2016 that it is highly probable that the result of the Brexit referendum was manipulated by Vladimir Putin . Bradshaw saw this as fitting a pattern of interfering in the business of other nations after the CIA accused Russian hackers of trying to influence US elections . Bradshaw also maintains that the Russians sent him an e-mail with sophisticated malware and maintains this was a cyberattack . Bradshaw said , “The email came to my gmail account , which is more vulnerable than my parliamentary one . What the sender was claiming was potentially extremely useful and political dynamite . It was drafted in a clever way to make it tempting to open.” Bradshaw added , “I was the first MP to raise Russia’s role in the Brexit vote in 2016 . Ever since I have been asking questions about the Kremlin’s subversion of our democracy.” In October 2019 , Bradhaw attracted controversy for saying that Michael Gove had been heckled by cries of humbug and nonsense at an event held by the German embassy . An audio recording later revealed that it was Bradshaw himself who had been the heckler . Other activities . In 2009 , Ben Bradshaw won the Stonewall Politician of the Year Award in 2009 for his work to support equality for lesbian , gay and bisexual people . He was given a score of 100% in favour of lesbian , gay and bisexual equality by Stonewall . Bradshaw was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 2009 , giving him the right to the honorific prefix The Right Honourable . Bradshaw is a member of the Henry Jackson Society Advisory Council . Personal life . On 24 June 2006 , Bradshaw and his partner Neal Dalgleish , who is a BBC producer , registered a civil partnership . He was one of the first MPs to do so , and he was the first Cabinet Minister to be in a civil partnership . Bradshaw has asked the Church of England to clarify whether a member of the Church of England clergy who married a same sex partner would be disciplined or defrocked . Bradshaws brother is Jonathan Bradshaw , CBE , Professor Emeritus of Social Policy at the University of York . |
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Exeter",
"Under Secretary of State at the Department of Environment , Food and Rural Affairs",
"Minister of State"
] | easy | What position did Ben Bradshaw take from May 2005 to Jun 2009? | /wiki/Ben_Bradshaw#P39#4 | Ben Bradshaw Benjamin Peter James Bradshaw ( born 30 August 1960 ) is a British politician who served as Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport from 2009 to 2010 . A member of the Labour Party , he has been Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Exeter since 1997 . Before entering politics he worked as a BBC Radio reporter . Early life and career in journalism . Bradshaw is the son of a former Anglican vicar of Norwich Cathedral Canon Peter Bradshaw and his wife Daphne Murphy . Bradshaw was educated at Thorpe Grammar School , followed by the University of Sussex where he read for a degree in German . He also attended the University of Freiburg in Germany while an undergraduate . Between 1982 and 1983 , Bradshaw taught English at the Technikum , a school of technology in Winterthur in the Zurich canton of Switzerland . Bradshaw became a reporter with the Exeter Express and Echo in 1984 and subsequently joined the Eastern Daily Press in Norwich as a reporter in 1985 . In 1986 he joined the staff of BBC Radio Devon and became the Berlin correspondent for BBC Radio in 1989 and was working in the city when the Berlin Wall fell . In 1991 , he became a reporter with BBC Radios The World At One , contributing to the programme until his election to Westminster . He won the Sony News Reporter Award in 1993 . Parliamentary career . Election and first term as an MP . Bradshaw was selected to contest the marginal parliamentary seat of Exeter at the 1997 general election after the first choice candidate was deselected by the local Labour party on instructions from Labour party headquarters . The sitting Conservative MP , John Hannam had retired and the Conservatives chose Adrian Rogers to be their candidate . While Bradshaw is openly gay , Rogers is a leading member of the religious right . The campaign was vitriolic and bitter with allegations of homophobia and sin . The result , however , was not close , and Bradshaw was elected as the Labour MP for Exeter with a majority of 11,705 . He made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 4 July 1997 . He was the second British MP who was openly gay at the time of first election , 21 minutes after Stephen Twigg . In the Commons , Bradshaw introduced the Pesticides Act in 1998 , which gave more powers to inspectors . He became a Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of State at the Department of Health John Denham in 2000 . Initial ministerial posts . After the 2001 general election Bradshaw entered Tony Blairs government as the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office . Only days after being appointed to the Foreign Office , he had to answer questions following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 . On 6 March 2002 , while answering Parliamentary Questions , Bradshaw accused George Galloway of being not just an apologist but a mouthpiece for the Iraqi regime over many years . Galloway responded by accusing Bradshaw of being a liar , though after a suspension of the Commons sitting , both men withdrew their comments . Bradshaw became the Deputy to the Leader of the House of Commons Robin Cook in 2002 , and was an Under Secretary of State at the Department of Environment , Food and Rural Affairs from 2003 until 2006 , when he was made a Minister of State at the same department . During this period , he was sent to Brussels to negotiate changes to the Common Fisheries Policy on behalf of the British in-shore fishing fleet . When questioned , on Newsnight Scotland , by Gordon Brewer , as to the progress of these negotiations , he was unwilling/unable to answer questions relating to his brief , such as the size of the Scottish inshore fishing fleet , or the catch quotas relating to particular species . In 2003 , Bradshaw supported governments stance on Iraq and voted for the 2003 invasion of Iraq . In 2005 , Bradshaw supported the detention of terror suspects without trial and voted for the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 . Health minister . On 28 June 2007 , he was moved to become a Minister of State in the Department of Health and , in addition , was given the Minister for the South West portfolio . Bradshaw was the subject of controversy while Minister for Health . His responses to questioning on Radio 4 about the shortfall in NHS dentistry leading to patients unable to access NHS dentists and even resorting to treating themselves was to claim that those needing urgent treatment should go to see their GP , which prompted the British Medical Association to observe that a General Practitioner was no substitute for a qualified dentist . Bradshaw also claimed that GPs were operating gentlemens agreements to ensure patients didnt move between surgeries , claims dismissed as absolute nonsense by doctors leaders . On the subject of the National Programme for IT , a scheme dogged by cost overruns , delays , and doubts over its benefit to patients , he commented : Our use of computer technology in the NHS is becoming the envy of the world . It is saving lives , saving time and saving money . If you talk to health and IT experts anywhere in the world they point to Britain as example of computer technology being used successfully to improve health services to the public . He was also criticised for defending car parking fees at NHS hospitals at a time when Wales was removing parking fees . The BMA called such charges a tax on the sick , and questioned the legitimacy of trusts making up to £248,000 a month in parking fees . Bradshaws claims that such charges were necessary to pay for patient care were dismissed by a shadow health spokesman , who commented that it did not add up for the government to make such claims in the light of an NHS surplus of £1.8bn . His plan to introduce private management of some NHS trusts was also heavily criticised . The BMA called it a step towards privatising the NHS , Dr . Jonathan Fielden observed that there was no evidence private management was better than public sector management , commenting How many of us have seen our Trusts bring in the management consultants , paying through the nose , only to get a half baked solution and one that the real talent in the NHS could have delivered for less? , Professor Allyson Pollock , head of the Centre for International Public Health Policy at the University of Edinburgh , said : Bringing private management in will simply accelerate the process of privatisation of services which will have catastrophic effects for the patients and the public at large . It will mean less care for everyone , and more money for profits and shareholders . Nigel Edwards , of the NHS Confederation , said the government had tried drafting in private sector management before , at the Good Hope Hospital in Sutton Coldfield in 2003 , which was not successful . He commented : What it revealed is that the reason that hospitals tend to fail is often much more complicated and much more difficult than just poor management . Expenses and period as Culture Secretary . It was claimed in May 2009 that he exploited the MPs expenses system by claiming the entire interest bill on a property he shares with his partner in west London . Bradshaw has said claims made about his expenses were factually wrong . On 5 June 2009 he was appointed Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport . He held this position until the 2010 United Kingdom general election and served as Shadow Culture Secretary until the 2010 Labour Party ( UK ) Shadow Cabinet election . In opposition . On 7 October 2010 the Labour Party announced that he had failed to be elected to one of the 19 available places in the first Shadow Cabinet of new leader Ed Miliband . In 2011 , Bradshaw voted for the NATO-led military intervention in Libya . On 5 February 2013 , he voted in favour in the House of Commons Second Reading vote on the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill . Following Labours defeat in the 2015 general election , and the resignation of both Miliband and deputy leader Harriet Harman , Bradshaw announced his intention on 15 May to stand in the Labour Party deputy leadership election . He later gained the minimum 35 nominations required to stand in the ballot with the other candidates . Bradshaw came last in the election . Bradshaw is a former critic of Jeremy Corbyn , whom he accused in a September 2016 article of being a destructive combination of incompetence , deceit and menace . This comment was after Bradshaw was included on an internal Labour list of MPs , issued by mistake , who were implicated in abusing Corbyn and his supporters . He supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . However , Bradshaw has since changed his position on Jeremy Corbyn , praising his 2017 election performance . In November 2016 , Bradshaw opposed a motion in Parliament for the UK to withdraw support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . George Galloway accused Bradshaw of supporting Saudi Arabias regime where men like Bradshaw are beheaded . Bradshaw claimed during a Commons debate in December 2016 that it is highly probable that the result of the Brexit referendum was manipulated by Vladimir Putin . Bradshaw saw this as fitting a pattern of interfering in the business of other nations after the CIA accused Russian hackers of trying to influence US elections . Bradshaw also maintains that the Russians sent him an e-mail with sophisticated malware and maintains this was a cyberattack . Bradshaw said , “The email came to my gmail account , which is more vulnerable than my parliamentary one . What the sender was claiming was potentially extremely useful and political dynamite . It was drafted in a clever way to make it tempting to open.” Bradshaw added , “I was the first MP to raise Russia’s role in the Brexit vote in 2016 . Ever since I have been asking questions about the Kremlin’s subversion of our democracy.” In October 2019 , Bradhaw attracted controversy for saying that Michael Gove had been heckled by cries of humbug and nonsense at an event held by the German embassy . An audio recording later revealed that it was Bradshaw himself who had been the heckler . Other activities . In 2009 , Ben Bradshaw won the Stonewall Politician of the Year Award in 2009 for his work to support equality for lesbian , gay and bisexual people . He was given a score of 100% in favour of lesbian , gay and bisexual equality by Stonewall . Bradshaw was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 2009 , giving him the right to the honorific prefix The Right Honourable . Bradshaw is a member of the Henry Jackson Society Advisory Council . Personal life . On 24 June 2006 , Bradshaw and his partner Neal Dalgleish , who is a BBC producer , registered a civil partnership . He was one of the first MPs to do so , and he was the first Cabinet Minister to be in a civil partnership . Bradshaw has asked the Church of England to clarify whether a member of the Church of England clergy who married a same sex partner would be disciplined or defrocked . Bradshaws brother is Jonathan Bradshaw , CBE , Professor Emeritus of Social Policy at the University of York . |
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Exeter",
"Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport",
"Shadow Culture Secretary"
] | easy | What position did Ben Bradshaw take from Jun 2009 to Apr 2010? | /wiki/Ben_Bradshaw#P39#5 | Ben Bradshaw Benjamin Peter James Bradshaw ( born 30 August 1960 ) is a British politician who served as Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport from 2009 to 2010 . A member of the Labour Party , he has been Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Exeter since 1997 . Before entering politics he worked as a BBC Radio reporter . Early life and career in journalism . Bradshaw is the son of a former Anglican vicar of Norwich Cathedral Canon Peter Bradshaw and his wife Daphne Murphy . Bradshaw was educated at Thorpe Grammar School , followed by the University of Sussex where he read for a degree in German . He also attended the University of Freiburg in Germany while an undergraduate . Between 1982 and 1983 , Bradshaw taught English at the Technikum , a school of technology in Winterthur in the Zurich canton of Switzerland . Bradshaw became a reporter with the Exeter Express and Echo in 1984 and subsequently joined the Eastern Daily Press in Norwich as a reporter in 1985 . In 1986 he joined the staff of BBC Radio Devon and became the Berlin correspondent for BBC Radio in 1989 and was working in the city when the Berlin Wall fell . In 1991 , he became a reporter with BBC Radios The World At One , contributing to the programme until his election to Westminster . He won the Sony News Reporter Award in 1993 . Parliamentary career . Election and first term as an MP . Bradshaw was selected to contest the marginal parliamentary seat of Exeter at the 1997 general election after the first choice candidate was deselected by the local Labour party on instructions from Labour party headquarters . The sitting Conservative MP , John Hannam had retired and the Conservatives chose Adrian Rogers to be their candidate . While Bradshaw is openly gay , Rogers is a leading member of the religious right . The campaign was vitriolic and bitter with allegations of homophobia and sin . The result , however , was not close , and Bradshaw was elected as the Labour MP for Exeter with a majority of 11,705 . He made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 4 July 1997 . He was the second British MP who was openly gay at the time of first election , 21 minutes after Stephen Twigg . In the Commons , Bradshaw introduced the Pesticides Act in 1998 , which gave more powers to inspectors . He became a Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of State at the Department of Health John Denham in 2000 . Initial ministerial posts . After the 2001 general election Bradshaw entered Tony Blairs government as the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office . Only days after being appointed to the Foreign Office , he had to answer questions following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 . On 6 March 2002 , while answering Parliamentary Questions , Bradshaw accused George Galloway of being not just an apologist but a mouthpiece for the Iraqi regime over many years . Galloway responded by accusing Bradshaw of being a liar , though after a suspension of the Commons sitting , both men withdrew their comments . Bradshaw became the Deputy to the Leader of the House of Commons Robin Cook in 2002 , and was an Under Secretary of State at the Department of Environment , Food and Rural Affairs from 2003 until 2006 , when he was made a Minister of State at the same department . During this period , he was sent to Brussels to negotiate changes to the Common Fisheries Policy on behalf of the British in-shore fishing fleet . When questioned , on Newsnight Scotland , by Gordon Brewer , as to the progress of these negotiations , he was unwilling/unable to answer questions relating to his brief , such as the size of the Scottish inshore fishing fleet , or the catch quotas relating to particular species . In 2003 , Bradshaw supported governments stance on Iraq and voted for the 2003 invasion of Iraq . In 2005 , Bradshaw supported the detention of terror suspects without trial and voted for the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 . Health minister . On 28 June 2007 , he was moved to become a Minister of State in the Department of Health and , in addition , was given the Minister for the South West portfolio . Bradshaw was the subject of controversy while Minister for Health . His responses to questioning on Radio 4 about the shortfall in NHS dentistry leading to patients unable to access NHS dentists and even resorting to treating themselves was to claim that those needing urgent treatment should go to see their GP , which prompted the British Medical Association to observe that a General Practitioner was no substitute for a qualified dentist . Bradshaw also claimed that GPs were operating gentlemens agreements to ensure patients didnt move between surgeries , claims dismissed as absolute nonsense by doctors leaders . On the subject of the National Programme for IT , a scheme dogged by cost overruns , delays , and doubts over its benefit to patients , he commented : Our use of computer technology in the NHS is becoming the envy of the world . It is saving lives , saving time and saving money . If you talk to health and IT experts anywhere in the world they point to Britain as example of computer technology being used successfully to improve health services to the public . He was also criticised for defending car parking fees at NHS hospitals at a time when Wales was removing parking fees . The BMA called such charges a tax on the sick , and questioned the legitimacy of trusts making up to £248,000 a month in parking fees . Bradshaws claims that such charges were necessary to pay for patient care were dismissed by a shadow health spokesman , who commented that it did not add up for the government to make such claims in the light of an NHS surplus of £1.8bn . His plan to introduce private management of some NHS trusts was also heavily criticised . The BMA called it a step towards privatising the NHS , Dr . Jonathan Fielden observed that there was no evidence private management was better than public sector management , commenting How many of us have seen our Trusts bring in the management consultants , paying through the nose , only to get a half baked solution and one that the real talent in the NHS could have delivered for less? , Professor Allyson Pollock , head of the Centre for International Public Health Policy at the University of Edinburgh , said : Bringing private management in will simply accelerate the process of privatisation of services which will have catastrophic effects for the patients and the public at large . It will mean less care for everyone , and more money for profits and shareholders . Nigel Edwards , of the NHS Confederation , said the government had tried drafting in private sector management before , at the Good Hope Hospital in Sutton Coldfield in 2003 , which was not successful . He commented : What it revealed is that the reason that hospitals tend to fail is often much more complicated and much more difficult than just poor management . Expenses and period as Culture Secretary . It was claimed in May 2009 that he exploited the MPs expenses system by claiming the entire interest bill on a property he shares with his partner in west London . Bradshaw has said claims made about his expenses were factually wrong . On 5 June 2009 he was appointed Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport . He held this position until the 2010 United Kingdom general election and served as Shadow Culture Secretary until the 2010 Labour Party ( UK ) Shadow Cabinet election . In opposition . On 7 October 2010 the Labour Party announced that he had failed to be elected to one of the 19 available places in the first Shadow Cabinet of new leader Ed Miliband . In 2011 , Bradshaw voted for the NATO-led military intervention in Libya . On 5 February 2013 , he voted in favour in the House of Commons Second Reading vote on the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill . Following Labours defeat in the 2015 general election , and the resignation of both Miliband and deputy leader Harriet Harman , Bradshaw announced his intention on 15 May to stand in the Labour Party deputy leadership election . He later gained the minimum 35 nominations required to stand in the ballot with the other candidates . Bradshaw came last in the election . Bradshaw is a former critic of Jeremy Corbyn , whom he accused in a September 2016 article of being a destructive combination of incompetence , deceit and menace . This comment was after Bradshaw was included on an internal Labour list of MPs , issued by mistake , who were implicated in abusing Corbyn and his supporters . He supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . However , Bradshaw has since changed his position on Jeremy Corbyn , praising his 2017 election performance . In November 2016 , Bradshaw opposed a motion in Parliament for the UK to withdraw support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . George Galloway accused Bradshaw of supporting Saudi Arabias regime where men like Bradshaw are beheaded . Bradshaw claimed during a Commons debate in December 2016 that it is highly probable that the result of the Brexit referendum was manipulated by Vladimir Putin . Bradshaw saw this as fitting a pattern of interfering in the business of other nations after the CIA accused Russian hackers of trying to influence US elections . Bradshaw also maintains that the Russians sent him an e-mail with sophisticated malware and maintains this was a cyberattack . Bradshaw said , “The email came to my gmail account , which is more vulnerable than my parliamentary one . What the sender was claiming was potentially extremely useful and political dynamite . It was drafted in a clever way to make it tempting to open.” Bradshaw added , “I was the first MP to raise Russia’s role in the Brexit vote in 2016 . Ever since I have been asking questions about the Kremlin’s subversion of our democracy.” In October 2019 , Bradhaw attracted controversy for saying that Michael Gove had been heckled by cries of humbug and nonsense at an event held by the German embassy . An audio recording later revealed that it was Bradshaw himself who had been the heckler . Other activities . In 2009 , Ben Bradshaw won the Stonewall Politician of the Year Award in 2009 for his work to support equality for lesbian , gay and bisexual people . He was given a score of 100% in favour of lesbian , gay and bisexual equality by Stonewall . Bradshaw was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 2009 , giving him the right to the honorific prefix The Right Honourable . Bradshaw is a member of the Henry Jackson Society Advisory Council . Personal life . On 24 June 2006 , Bradshaw and his partner Neal Dalgleish , who is a BBC producer , registered a civil partnership . He was one of the first MPs to do so , and he was the first Cabinet Minister to be in a civil partnership . Bradshaw has asked the Church of England to clarify whether a member of the Church of England clergy who married a same sex partner would be disciplined or defrocked . Bradshaws brother is Jonathan Bradshaw , CBE , Professor Emeritus of Social Policy at the University of York . |
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Exeter"
] | easy | What was the position of Ben Bradshaw in Apr 2010? | /wiki/Ben_Bradshaw#P39#6 | Ben Bradshaw Benjamin Peter James Bradshaw ( born 30 August 1960 ) is a British politician who served as Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport from 2009 to 2010 . A member of the Labour Party , he has been Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Exeter since 1997 . Before entering politics he worked as a BBC Radio reporter . Early life and career in journalism . Bradshaw is the son of a former Anglican vicar of Norwich Cathedral Canon Peter Bradshaw and his wife Daphne Murphy . Bradshaw was educated at Thorpe Grammar School , followed by the University of Sussex where he read for a degree in German . He also attended the University of Freiburg in Germany while an undergraduate . Between 1982 and 1983 , Bradshaw taught English at the Technikum , a school of technology in Winterthur in the Zurich canton of Switzerland . Bradshaw became a reporter with the Exeter Express and Echo in 1984 and subsequently joined the Eastern Daily Press in Norwich as a reporter in 1985 . In 1986 he joined the staff of BBC Radio Devon and became the Berlin correspondent for BBC Radio in 1989 and was working in the city when the Berlin Wall fell . In 1991 , he became a reporter with BBC Radios The World At One , contributing to the programme until his election to Westminster . He won the Sony News Reporter Award in 1993 . Parliamentary career . Election and first term as an MP . Bradshaw was selected to contest the marginal parliamentary seat of Exeter at the 1997 general election after the first choice candidate was deselected by the local Labour party on instructions from Labour party headquarters . The sitting Conservative MP , John Hannam had retired and the Conservatives chose Adrian Rogers to be their candidate . While Bradshaw is openly gay , Rogers is a leading member of the religious right . The campaign was vitriolic and bitter with allegations of homophobia and sin . The result , however , was not close , and Bradshaw was elected as the Labour MP for Exeter with a majority of 11,705 . He made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 4 July 1997 . He was the second British MP who was openly gay at the time of first election , 21 minutes after Stephen Twigg . In the Commons , Bradshaw introduced the Pesticides Act in 1998 , which gave more powers to inspectors . He became a Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of State at the Department of Health John Denham in 2000 . Initial ministerial posts . After the 2001 general election Bradshaw entered Tony Blairs government as the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office . Only days after being appointed to the Foreign Office , he had to answer questions following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 . On 6 March 2002 , while answering Parliamentary Questions , Bradshaw accused George Galloway of being not just an apologist but a mouthpiece for the Iraqi regime over many years . Galloway responded by accusing Bradshaw of being a liar , though after a suspension of the Commons sitting , both men withdrew their comments . Bradshaw became the Deputy to the Leader of the House of Commons Robin Cook in 2002 , and was an Under Secretary of State at the Department of Environment , Food and Rural Affairs from 2003 until 2006 , when he was made a Minister of State at the same department . During this period , he was sent to Brussels to negotiate changes to the Common Fisheries Policy on behalf of the British in-shore fishing fleet . When questioned , on Newsnight Scotland , by Gordon Brewer , as to the progress of these negotiations , he was unwilling/unable to answer questions relating to his brief , such as the size of the Scottish inshore fishing fleet , or the catch quotas relating to particular species . In 2003 , Bradshaw supported governments stance on Iraq and voted for the 2003 invasion of Iraq . In 2005 , Bradshaw supported the detention of terror suspects without trial and voted for the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 . Health minister . On 28 June 2007 , he was moved to become a Minister of State in the Department of Health and , in addition , was given the Minister for the South West portfolio . Bradshaw was the subject of controversy while Minister for Health . His responses to questioning on Radio 4 about the shortfall in NHS dentistry leading to patients unable to access NHS dentists and even resorting to treating themselves was to claim that those needing urgent treatment should go to see their GP , which prompted the British Medical Association to observe that a General Practitioner was no substitute for a qualified dentist . Bradshaw also claimed that GPs were operating gentlemens agreements to ensure patients didnt move between surgeries , claims dismissed as absolute nonsense by doctors leaders . On the subject of the National Programme for IT , a scheme dogged by cost overruns , delays , and doubts over its benefit to patients , he commented : Our use of computer technology in the NHS is becoming the envy of the world . It is saving lives , saving time and saving money . If you talk to health and IT experts anywhere in the world they point to Britain as example of computer technology being used successfully to improve health services to the public . He was also criticised for defending car parking fees at NHS hospitals at a time when Wales was removing parking fees . The BMA called such charges a tax on the sick , and questioned the legitimacy of trusts making up to £248,000 a month in parking fees . Bradshaws claims that such charges were necessary to pay for patient care were dismissed by a shadow health spokesman , who commented that it did not add up for the government to make such claims in the light of an NHS surplus of £1.8bn . His plan to introduce private management of some NHS trusts was also heavily criticised . The BMA called it a step towards privatising the NHS , Dr . Jonathan Fielden observed that there was no evidence private management was better than public sector management , commenting How many of us have seen our Trusts bring in the management consultants , paying through the nose , only to get a half baked solution and one that the real talent in the NHS could have delivered for less? , Professor Allyson Pollock , head of the Centre for International Public Health Policy at the University of Edinburgh , said : Bringing private management in will simply accelerate the process of privatisation of services which will have catastrophic effects for the patients and the public at large . It will mean less care for everyone , and more money for profits and shareholders . Nigel Edwards , of the NHS Confederation , said the government had tried drafting in private sector management before , at the Good Hope Hospital in Sutton Coldfield in 2003 , which was not successful . He commented : What it revealed is that the reason that hospitals tend to fail is often much more complicated and much more difficult than just poor management . Expenses and period as Culture Secretary . It was claimed in May 2009 that he exploited the MPs expenses system by claiming the entire interest bill on a property he shares with his partner in west London . Bradshaw has said claims made about his expenses were factually wrong . On 5 June 2009 he was appointed Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport . He held this position until the 2010 United Kingdom general election and served as Shadow Culture Secretary until the 2010 Labour Party ( UK ) Shadow Cabinet election . In opposition . On 7 October 2010 the Labour Party announced that he had failed to be elected to one of the 19 available places in the first Shadow Cabinet of new leader Ed Miliband . In 2011 , Bradshaw voted for the NATO-led military intervention in Libya . On 5 February 2013 , he voted in favour in the House of Commons Second Reading vote on the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill . Following Labours defeat in the 2015 general election , and the resignation of both Miliband and deputy leader Harriet Harman , Bradshaw announced his intention on 15 May to stand in the Labour Party deputy leadership election . He later gained the minimum 35 nominations required to stand in the ballot with the other candidates . Bradshaw came last in the election . Bradshaw is a former critic of Jeremy Corbyn , whom he accused in a September 2016 article of being a destructive combination of incompetence , deceit and menace . This comment was after Bradshaw was included on an internal Labour list of MPs , issued by mistake , who were implicated in abusing Corbyn and his supporters . He supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . However , Bradshaw has since changed his position on Jeremy Corbyn , praising his 2017 election performance . In November 2016 , Bradshaw opposed a motion in Parliament for the UK to withdraw support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . George Galloway accused Bradshaw of supporting Saudi Arabias regime where men like Bradshaw are beheaded . Bradshaw claimed during a Commons debate in December 2016 that it is highly probable that the result of the Brexit referendum was manipulated by Vladimir Putin . Bradshaw saw this as fitting a pattern of interfering in the business of other nations after the CIA accused Russian hackers of trying to influence US elections . Bradshaw also maintains that the Russians sent him an e-mail with sophisticated malware and maintains this was a cyberattack . Bradshaw said , “The email came to my gmail account , which is more vulnerable than my parliamentary one . What the sender was claiming was potentially extremely useful and political dynamite . It was drafted in a clever way to make it tempting to open.” Bradshaw added , “I was the first MP to raise Russia’s role in the Brexit vote in 2016 . Ever since I have been asking questions about the Kremlin’s subversion of our democracy.” In October 2019 , Bradhaw attracted controversy for saying that Michael Gove had been heckled by cries of humbug and nonsense at an event held by the German embassy . An audio recording later revealed that it was Bradshaw himself who had been the heckler . Other activities . In 2009 , Ben Bradshaw won the Stonewall Politician of the Year Award in 2009 for his work to support equality for lesbian , gay and bisexual people . He was given a score of 100% in favour of lesbian , gay and bisexual equality by Stonewall . Bradshaw was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 2009 , giving him the right to the honorific prefix The Right Honourable . Bradshaw is a member of the Henry Jackson Society Advisory Council . Personal life . On 24 June 2006 , Bradshaw and his partner Neal Dalgleish , who is a BBC producer , registered a civil partnership . He was one of the first MPs to do so , and he was the first Cabinet Minister to be in a civil partnership . Bradshaw has asked the Church of England to clarify whether a member of the Church of England clergy who married a same sex partner would be disciplined or defrocked . Bradshaws brother is Jonathan Bradshaw , CBE , Professor Emeritus of Social Policy at the University of York . |
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Exeter"
] | easy | What position did Ben Bradshaw take in May 2010? | /wiki/Ben_Bradshaw#P39#7 | Ben Bradshaw Benjamin Peter James Bradshaw ( born 30 August 1960 ) is a British politician who served as Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport from 2009 to 2010 . A member of the Labour Party , he has been Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Exeter since 1997 . Before entering politics he worked as a BBC Radio reporter . Early life and career in journalism . Bradshaw is the son of a former Anglican vicar of Norwich Cathedral Canon Peter Bradshaw and his wife Daphne Murphy . Bradshaw was educated at Thorpe Grammar School , followed by the University of Sussex where he read for a degree in German . He also attended the University of Freiburg in Germany while an undergraduate . Between 1982 and 1983 , Bradshaw taught English at the Technikum , a school of technology in Winterthur in the Zurich canton of Switzerland . Bradshaw became a reporter with the Exeter Express and Echo in 1984 and subsequently joined the Eastern Daily Press in Norwich as a reporter in 1985 . In 1986 he joined the staff of BBC Radio Devon and became the Berlin correspondent for BBC Radio in 1989 and was working in the city when the Berlin Wall fell . In 1991 , he became a reporter with BBC Radios The World At One , contributing to the programme until his election to Westminster . He won the Sony News Reporter Award in 1993 . Parliamentary career . Election and first term as an MP . Bradshaw was selected to contest the marginal parliamentary seat of Exeter at the 1997 general election after the first choice candidate was deselected by the local Labour party on instructions from Labour party headquarters . The sitting Conservative MP , John Hannam had retired and the Conservatives chose Adrian Rogers to be their candidate . While Bradshaw is openly gay , Rogers is a leading member of the religious right . The campaign was vitriolic and bitter with allegations of homophobia and sin . The result , however , was not close , and Bradshaw was elected as the Labour MP for Exeter with a majority of 11,705 . He made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 4 July 1997 . He was the second British MP who was openly gay at the time of first election , 21 minutes after Stephen Twigg . In the Commons , Bradshaw introduced the Pesticides Act in 1998 , which gave more powers to inspectors . He became a Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of State at the Department of Health John Denham in 2000 . Initial ministerial posts . After the 2001 general election Bradshaw entered Tony Blairs government as the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office . Only days after being appointed to the Foreign Office , he had to answer questions following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 . On 6 March 2002 , while answering Parliamentary Questions , Bradshaw accused George Galloway of being not just an apologist but a mouthpiece for the Iraqi regime over many years . Galloway responded by accusing Bradshaw of being a liar , though after a suspension of the Commons sitting , both men withdrew their comments . Bradshaw became the Deputy to the Leader of the House of Commons Robin Cook in 2002 , and was an Under Secretary of State at the Department of Environment , Food and Rural Affairs from 2003 until 2006 , when he was made a Minister of State at the same department . During this period , he was sent to Brussels to negotiate changes to the Common Fisheries Policy on behalf of the British in-shore fishing fleet . When questioned , on Newsnight Scotland , by Gordon Brewer , as to the progress of these negotiations , he was unwilling/unable to answer questions relating to his brief , such as the size of the Scottish inshore fishing fleet , or the catch quotas relating to particular species . In 2003 , Bradshaw supported governments stance on Iraq and voted for the 2003 invasion of Iraq . In 2005 , Bradshaw supported the detention of terror suspects without trial and voted for the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 . Health minister . On 28 June 2007 , he was moved to become a Minister of State in the Department of Health and , in addition , was given the Minister for the South West portfolio . Bradshaw was the subject of controversy while Minister for Health . His responses to questioning on Radio 4 about the shortfall in NHS dentistry leading to patients unable to access NHS dentists and even resorting to treating themselves was to claim that those needing urgent treatment should go to see their GP , which prompted the British Medical Association to observe that a General Practitioner was no substitute for a qualified dentist . Bradshaw also claimed that GPs were operating gentlemens agreements to ensure patients didnt move between surgeries , claims dismissed as absolute nonsense by doctors leaders . On the subject of the National Programme for IT , a scheme dogged by cost overruns , delays , and doubts over its benefit to patients , he commented : Our use of computer technology in the NHS is becoming the envy of the world . It is saving lives , saving time and saving money . If you talk to health and IT experts anywhere in the world they point to Britain as example of computer technology being used successfully to improve health services to the public . He was also criticised for defending car parking fees at NHS hospitals at a time when Wales was removing parking fees . The BMA called such charges a tax on the sick , and questioned the legitimacy of trusts making up to £248,000 a month in parking fees . Bradshaws claims that such charges were necessary to pay for patient care were dismissed by a shadow health spokesman , who commented that it did not add up for the government to make such claims in the light of an NHS surplus of £1.8bn . His plan to introduce private management of some NHS trusts was also heavily criticised . The BMA called it a step towards privatising the NHS , Dr . Jonathan Fielden observed that there was no evidence private management was better than public sector management , commenting How many of us have seen our Trusts bring in the management consultants , paying through the nose , only to get a half baked solution and one that the real talent in the NHS could have delivered for less? , Professor Allyson Pollock , head of the Centre for International Public Health Policy at the University of Edinburgh , said : Bringing private management in will simply accelerate the process of privatisation of services which will have catastrophic effects for the patients and the public at large . It will mean less care for everyone , and more money for profits and shareholders . Nigel Edwards , of the NHS Confederation , said the government had tried drafting in private sector management before , at the Good Hope Hospital in Sutton Coldfield in 2003 , which was not successful . He commented : What it revealed is that the reason that hospitals tend to fail is often much more complicated and much more difficult than just poor management . Expenses and period as Culture Secretary . It was claimed in May 2009 that he exploited the MPs expenses system by claiming the entire interest bill on a property he shares with his partner in west London . Bradshaw has said claims made about his expenses were factually wrong . On 5 June 2009 he was appointed Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport . He held this position until the 2010 United Kingdom general election and served as Shadow Culture Secretary until the 2010 Labour Party ( UK ) Shadow Cabinet election . In opposition . On 7 October 2010 the Labour Party announced that he had failed to be elected to one of the 19 available places in the first Shadow Cabinet of new leader Ed Miliband . In 2011 , Bradshaw voted for the NATO-led military intervention in Libya . On 5 February 2013 , he voted in favour in the House of Commons Second Reading vote on the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill . Following Labours defeat in the 2015 general election , and the resignation of both Miliband and deputy leader Harriet Harman , Bradshaw announced his intention on 15 May to stand in the Labour Party deputy leadership election . He later gained the minimum 35 nominations required to stand in the ballot with the other candidates . Bradshaw came last in the election . Bradshaw is a former critic of Jeremy Corbyn , whom he accused in a September 2016 article of being a destructive combination of incompetence , deceit and menace . This comment was after Bradshaw was included on an internal Labour list of MPs , issued by mistake , who were implicated in abusing Corbyn and his supporters . He supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . However , Bradshaw has since changed his position on Jeremy Corbyn , praising his 2017 election performance . In November 2016 , Bradshaw opposed a motion in Parliament for the UK to withdraw support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . George Galloway accused Bradshaw of supporting Saudi Arabias regime where men like Bradshaw are beheaded . Bradshaw claimed during a Commons debate in December 2016 that it is highly probable that the result of the Brexit referendum was manipulated by Vladimir Putin . Bradshaw saw this as fitting a pattern of interfering in the business of other nations after the CIA accused Russian hackers of trying to influence US elections . Bradshaw also maintains that the Russians sent him an e-mail with sophisticated malware and maintains this was a cyberattack . Bradshaw said , “The email came to my gmail account , which is more vulnerable than my parliamentary one . What the sender was claiming was potentially extremely useful and political dynamite . It was drafted in a clever way to make it tempting to open.” Bradshaw added , “I was the first MP to raise Russia’s role in the Brexit vote in 2016 . Ever since I have been asking questions about the Kremlin’s subversion of our democracy.” In October 2019 , Bradhaw attracted controversy for saying that Michael Gove had been heckled by cries of humbug and nonsense at an event held by the German embassy . An audio recording later revealed that it was Bradshaw himself who had been the heckler . Other activities . In 2009 , Ben Bradshaw won the Stonewall Politician of the Year Award in 2009 for his work to support equality for lesbian , gay and bisexual people . He was given a score of 100% in favour of lesbian , gay and bisexual equality by Stonewall . Bradshaw was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 2009 , giving him the right to the honorific prefix The Right Honourable . Bradshaw is a member of the Henry Jackson Society Advisory Council . Personal life . On 24 June 2006 , Bradshaw and his partner Neal Dalgleish , who is a BBC producer , registered a civil partnership . He was one of the first MPs to do so , and he was the first Cabinet Minister to be in a civil partnership . Bradshaw has asked the Church of England to clarify whether a member of the Church of England clergy who married a same sex partner would be disciplined or defrocked . Bradshaws brother is Jonathan Bradshaw , CBE , Professor Emeritus of Social Policy at the University of York . |
[
"Dover High School"
] | easy | Which school did Zack Space go to from 1978 to 1979? | /wiki/Zack_Space#P69#0 | Zack Space Zachary T . Space ( born January 27 , 1961 ) is an American lawyer and politician and the former U.S . Representative for , serving from 2007 until 2011 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . After serving in Congress , Space became a lobbyist and was a principal for Vorys Advisors LLC , a subsidiary of the law firm Vorys , Sater , Seymour and Pease . He is currently serving as President of Sunday Creek Horizons , LLC , a firm that works to improve the lives of Appalachian Ohioans . Early life , education and career . Space was born on January 27 , 1961 in Dover , Ohio . His family is of Greek origin , originating from the island Icaria . His last name was an alteration of his grandfathers Greek name . His father , Socrates Space , was a Democratic chairman in Spaces home county of Tuscarawas . Space graduated from Dover High School in 1979 , and attended Kenyon College , where he earned All-American honors in football , and graduated with a B.A . in Political Science . Space then earned a Juris Doctor from the Ohio State University Moritz College of Law . In 1986 , Space started a law practice with his father , Socrates . Their firm , Space & Space Company , LPA , was in business for nearly 20 years and focused on consumer rights . The elder Space was also active in local politics , serving a long tenure as Chairman of the Tuscarawas County Democratic Party . Space is a member of the Tuscarawas County and State of Ohio Bar Associations . In addition to his private law practice , he has worked as a public defender and served as Special Counsel to two Attorneys General of Ohio , Anthony J . Celebrezze , Jr . and Lee Fisher . After the death of Dover Law Director Thomas Watson , Space was appointed to fill the vacancy . He won re-election in 2001 with 70 percent of the vote , and was unopposed in the 2003 election . As Law Director , Space served as general counsel to the Dover city government and tried misdemeanor cases in the citys municipal court . U.S . House of Representatives . Committee assignments . - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Commerce , Trade and Consumer Protection - Subcommittee on Communications , Technology and the Internet - Subcommittee on Health Space was a member of the Blue Dog Coalition . He is an advocate for embryonic stem cell research , a position he embraced after his son Nicholas was diagnosed with Type I diabetes at age six . Representative Space voted against the final Senate version of the Affordable Care Act after voting for the House version which included a public option . Rep . Space voted for the Waxman-Markey cap and trade bill allowing it to be brought out of committee and be passed by the House . American Electric Power and the Environmental Defense Fund ran a commercial congratulating Rep . Space for his vote . Political campaigns . 2006 . On May 2 , 2006 , Space won the Democratic primary for the House seat then held by Bob Ney , defeating Democrats Jennifer Stewart , Joe Sulzer , and Ralph Applegate . Space received 39 percent of the vote , Stewart 25 percent , Sulzer 24 percent , and Applegate received 11 percent . Republican Ney said much of the primary campaign was focused on attacking him , and said he would attempt to bring the campaign back to the issues . It has to get back to issues , he said . We are going to run an aggressive campaign . .. . We are going to stick to the issues and show the difference between me and Zack Space . In July , a poll commissioned by the Space campaign showed Space ahead of Ney , 46 percent to 35 percent , with 19 percent undecided . On August 7 , Ney withdrew from the race , citing concerns about legal issues facing him ; he pleaded guilty to charges related to the Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal on October 13 . In a special primary the Ohio Republican party selected State Senator Joy Padgett to replace Ney . She was dogged by questions about a business bankruptcy that she and her husband had filed . She was also seriously hampered by associations with Ney , as well as widespread scandals surrounding the Ohio Republican Party . On November 7 , Space defeated Padgett 62 percent to 38 percent . Although much more attention was paid to Brad Ellsworths 61 percent to 39 percent defeat of John Hostettler in Indianas 8th district , Spaces victory was the largest margin of any Democrat in a Republican-held seat nationwide in 2006 . 2008 . Space defeated Republican Fred Dailey , former director of the Ohio Department of Agriculture 60-40% . 2010 . Space was challenged by Republican State Senator Bob Gibbs and Constitution Party Lindsey Sutton . Gibbs won the election , securing 54% of the vote to 40% that went to Space . During the campaign , Gibbs attacked Space for his role in the financial meltdown and his support for policies like cap and trade , which Gibbs argued would have been devastating for Spaces district , which was predominantly made up of coal miners . Ohio Auditor of State campaign . Space formally announced his campaign for Ohio Auditor of State in August 2017 with stops in Martins Ferry , Zanesville , Columbus , and Lima . Space focused his campaign around using the auditors office to restore confidence in Ohios democratic process . He pledged to expose pay-to-play in Ohios state government and mitigate against the influence of money in politics . In addition , Space campaigned for an end to partisan gerrymandering . Space also embarked on an Ohio River Tour to Restore in November 2017 , holding 11 campaign events over three days in Scioto , Lawrence , Gallia , Meigs , Athens , Monroe , Belmont , and Jefferson counties along the Ohio River . In February 2018 , Spaces race for state auditor was named a National Priority Target by the National Democratic Redistricting Committee , an anti-gerrymandering organization . In January 2018 , as a campaign point Space called on politicians who took campaign contributions from the founders of the Electronic Classroom of Tomorrow ( ECOT ) to donate those monies back to local public schools . In May , Spaces Republican opponent , Keith Faber , returned over $36,000 in ECOT campaign contributions , also claiming he helped shut ECOT down . Politifact Ohio rated this Mostly False . In June 2018 , Space announced a plan to form a unit in the Auditors office to investigate the full extent of the for-profit charter school scam in Ohio . Spaces proposal was criticized by Faber , who argued that the auditor was already responsible for auditing all charter schools in Ohio . In August 2018 , Space announced a plan to investigate the effects of NAFTA-era free trade policies on Ohio communities and workers . The plan , called Working Families First , was announced at United Steelworkers halls in Youngstown and Martins Ferry . In September 2018 , The Columbus Dispatch criticized a website launched by Faber , which included false claims made against Space and an image of Spaces father which had been doctored to look like Space shaking hands with Nancy Pelosi . Space also criticized the doctored photograph as a campaign point . In October , three weeks before the election , the Associated Press reported that Faber had incurred penalties for failing to pay nearly $5,500 in taxes on time on multiple properties over multiple years . Space argued these failures would make Faber a hypocritical state auditor . After Space in September 2018 was endorsed by the Columbus Dispatch and Akron Beacon Journal , the Cleveland Plain Dealer endorsed Space in mid-October , citing Fabers reputation for partisanship . Space was defeated in the November election by less than 3.5% . Space led the Democratic ticket , running ahead of the four other statewide Democratic ticket , and ran between 5-10% ahead of the Democratic ticket across Appalachian Ohio . Personal life . Space is a managing member of several closely held companies that have constructed and operated hotels in Tuscarawas County . He has served as a board member for the Tuscarawas County Board of Elections , the Tuscarawas County Board of Intellectual Disabilities and Developmental Disabilities , the Ohio Association of Nonprofit Organizations , the Ohio Legislative Black Caucus Foundation , CoalBlue , the Rural Community Assistance Partnership , and as a steering committee member for the Central Ohio Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation and Clean Fuels Ohio . Space is a member of St . George Greek Orthodox Church of Massillon , Ohio . External links . - Profile at SourceWatch - Photos from Zack Spaces first day in office |
[
"Kenyon College"
] | easy | Zack Space went to which school in 1979? | /wiki/Zack_Space#P69#1 | Zack Space Zachary T . Space ( born January 27 , 1961 ) is an American lawyer and politician and the former U.S . Representative for , serving from 2007 until 2011 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . After serving in Congress , Space became a lobbyist and was a principal for Vorys Advisors LLC , a subsidiary of the law firm Vorys , Sater , Seymour and Pease . He is currently serving as President of Sunday Creek Horizons , LLC , a firm that works to improve the lives of Appalachian Ohioans . Early life , education and career . Space was born on January 27 , 1961 in Dover , Ohio . His family is of Greek origin , originating from the island Icaria . His last name was an alteration of his grandfathers Greek name . His father , Socrates Space , was a Democratic chairman in Spaces home county of Tuscarawas . Space graduated from Dover High School in 1979 , and attended Kenyon College , where he earned All-American honors in football , and graduated with a B.A . in Political Science . Space then earned a Juris Doctor from the Ohio State University Moritz College of Law . In 1986 , Space started a law practice with his father , Socrates . Their firm , Space & Space Company , LPA , was in business for nearly 20 years and focused on consumer rights . The elder Space was also active in local politics , serving a long tenure as Chairman of the Tuscarawas County Democratic Party . Space is a member of the Tuscarawas County and State of Ohio Bar Associations . In addition to his private law practice , he has worked as a public defender and served as Special Counsel to two Attorneys General of Ohio , Anthony J . Celebrezze , Jr . and Lee Fisher . After the death of Dover Law Director Thomas Watson , Space was appointed to fill the vacancy . He won re-election in 2001 with 70 percent of the vote , and was unopposed in the 2003 election . As Law Director , Space served as general counsel to the Dover city government and tried misdemeanor cases in the citys municipal court . U.S . House of Representatives . Committee assignments . - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Commerce , Trade and Consumer Protection - Subcommittee on Communications , Technology and the Internet - Subcommittee on Health Space was a member of the Blue Dog Coalition . He is an advocate for embryonic stem cell research , a position he embraced after his son Nicholas was diagnosed with Type I diabetes at age six . Representative Space voted against the final Senate version of the Affordable Care Act after voting for the House version which included a public option . Rep . Space voted for the Waxman-Markey cap and trade bill allowing it to be brought out of committee and be passed by the House . American Electric Power and the Environmental Defense Fund ran a commercial congratulating Rep . Space for his vote . Political campaigns . 2006 . On May 2 , 2006 , Space won the Democratic primary for the House seat then held by Bob Ney , defeating Democrats Jennifer Stewart , Joe Sulzer , and Ralph Applegate . Space received 39 percent of the vote , Stewart 25 percent , Sulzer 24 percent , and Applegate received 11 percent . Republican Ney said much of the primary campaign was focused on attacking him , and said he would attempt to bring the campaign back to the issues . It has to get back to issues , he said . We are going to run an aggressive campaign . .. . We are going to stick to the issues and show the difference between me and Zack Space . In July , a poll commissioned by the Space campaign showed Space ahead of Ney , 46 percent to 35 percent , with 19 percent undecided . On August 7 , Ney withdrew from the race , citing concerns about legal issues facing him ; he pleaded guilty to charges related to the Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal on October 13 . In a special primary the Ohio Republican party selected State Senator Joy Padgett to replace Ney . She was dogged by questions about a business bankruptcy that she and her husband had filed . She was also seriously hampered by associations with Ney , as well as widespread scandals surrounding the Ohio Republican Party . On November 7 , Space defeated Padgett 62 percent to 38 percent . Although much more attention was paid to Brad Ellsworths 61 percent to 39 percent defeat of John Hostettler in Indianas 8th district , Spaces victory was the largest margin of any Democrat in a Republican-held seat nationwide in 2006 . 2008 . Space defeated Republican Fred Dailey , former director of the Ohio Department of Agriculture 60-40% . 2010 . Space was challenged by Republican State Senator Bob Gibbs and Constitution Party Lindsey Sutton . Gibbs won the election , securing 54% of the vote to 40% that went to Space . During the campaign , Gibbs attacked Space for his role in the financial meltdown and his support for policies like cap and trade , which Gibbs argued would have been devastating for Spaces district , which was predominantly made up of coal miners . Ohio Auditor of State campaign . Space formally announced his campaign for Ohio Auditor of State in August 2017 with stops in Martins Ferry , Zanesville , Columbus , and Lima . Space focused his campaign around using the auditors office to restore confidence in Ohios democratic process . He pledged to expose pay-to-play in Ohios state government and mitigate against the influence of money in politics . In addition , Space campaigned for an end to partisan gerrymandering . Space also embarked on an Ohio River Tour to Restore in November 2017 , holding 11 campaign events over three days in Scioto , Lawrence , Gallia , Meigs , Athens , Monroe , Belmont , and Jefferson counties along the Ohio River . In February 2018 , Spaces race for state auditor was named a National Priority Target by the National Democratic Redistricting Committee , an anti-gerrymandering organization . In January 2018 , as a campaign point Space called on politicians who took campaign contributions from the founders of the Electronic Classroom of Tomorrow ( ECOT ) to donate those monies back to local public schools . In May , Spaces Republican opponent , Keith Faber , returned over $36,000 in ECOT campaign contributions , also claiming he helped shut ECOT down . Politifact Ohio rated this Mostly False . In June 2018 , Space announced a plan to form a unit in the Auditors office to investigate the full extent of the for-profit charter school scam in Ohio . Spaces proposal was criticized by Faber , who argued that the auditor was already responsible for auditing all charter schools in Ohio . In August 2018 , Space announced a plan to investigate the effects of NAFTA-era free trade policies on Ohio communities and workers . The plan , called Working Families First , was announced at United Steelworkers halls in Youngstown and Martins Ferry . In September 2018 , The Columbus Dispatch criticized a website launched by Faber , which included false claims made against Space and an image of Spaces father which had been doctored to look like Space shaking hands with Nancy Pelosi . Space also criticized the doctored photograph as a campaign point . In October , three weeks before the election , the Associated Press reported that Faber had incurred penalties for failing to pay nearly $5,500 in taxes on time on multiple properties over multiple years . Space argued these failures would make Faber a hypocritical state auditor . After Space in September 2018 was endorsed by the Columbus Dispatch and Akron Beacon Journal , the Cleveland Plain Dealer endorsed Space in mid-October , citing Fabers reputation for partisanship . Space was defeated in the November election by less than 3.5% . Space led the Democratic ticket , running ahead of the four other statewide Democratic ticket , and ran between 5-10% ahead of the Democratic ticket across Appalachian Ohio . Personal life . Space is a managing member of several closely held companies that have constructed and operated hotels in Tuscarawas County . He has served as a board member for the Tuscarawas County Board of Elections , the Tuscarawas County Board of Intellectual Disabilities and Developmental Disabilities , the Ohio Association of Nonprofit Organizations , the Ohio Legislative Black Caucus Foundation , CoalBlue , the Rural Community Assistance Partnership , and as a steering committee member for the Central Ohio Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation and Clean Fuels Ohio . Space is a member of St . George Greek Orthodox Church of Massillon , Ohio . External links . - Profile at SourceWatch - Photos from Zack Spaces first day in office |
[
""
] | easy | Where was Zack Space educated from 1983 to 1986? | /wiki/Zack_Space#P69#2 | Zack Space Zachary T . Space ( born January 27 , 1961 ) is an American lawyer and politician and the former U.S . Representative for , serving from 2007 until 2011 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . After serving in Congress , Space became a lobbyist and was a principal for Vorys Advisors LLC , a subsidiary of the law firm Vorys , Sater , Seymour and Pease . He is currently serving as President of Sunday Creek Horizons , LLC , a firm that works to improve the lives of Appalachian Ohioans . Early life , education and career . Space was born on January 27 , 1961 in Dover , Ohio . His family is of Greek origin , originating from the island Icaria . His last name was an alteration of his grandfathers Greek name . His father , Socrates Space , was a Democratic chairman in Spaces home county of Tuscarawas . Space graduated from Dover High School in 1979 , and attended Kenyon College , where he earned All-American honors in football , and graduated with a B.A . in Political Science . Space then earned a Juris Doctor from the Ohio State University Moritz College of Law . In 1986 , Space started a law practice with his father , Socrates . Their firm , Space & Space Company , LPA , was in business for nearly 20 years and focused on consumer rights . The elder Space was also active in local politics , serving a long tenure as Chairman of the Tuscarawas County Democratic Party . Space is a member of the Tuscarawas County and State of Ohio Bar Associations . In addition to his private law practice , he has worked as a public defender and served as Special Counsel to two Attorneys General of Ohio , Anthony J . Celebrezze , Jr . and Lee Fisher . After the death of Dover Law Director Thomas Watson , Space was appointed to fill the vacancy . He won re-election in 2001 with 70 percent of the vote , and was unopposed in the 2003 election . As Law Director , Space served as general counsel to the Dover city government and tried misdemeanor cases in the citys municipal court . U.S . House of Representatives . Committee assignments . - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Commerce , Trade and Consumer Protection - Subcommittee on Communications , Technology and the Internet - Subcommittee on Health Space was a member of the Blue Dog Coalition . He is an advocate for embryonic stem cell research , a position he embraced after his son Nicholas was diagnosed with Type I diabetes at age six . Representative Space voted against the final Senate version of the Affordable Care Act after voting for the House version which included a public option . Rep . Space voted for the Waxman-Markey cap and trade bill allowing it to be brought out of committee and be passed by the House . American Electric Power and the Environmental Defense Fund ran a commercial congratulating Rep . Space for his vote . Political campaigns . 2006 . On May 2 , 2006 , Space won the Democratic primary for the House seat then held by Bob Ney , defeating Democrats Jennifer Stewart , Joe Sulzer , and Ralph Applegate . Space received 39 percent of the vote , Stewart 25 percent , Sulzer 24 percent , and Applegate received 11 percent . Republican Ney said much of the primary campaign was focused on attacking him , and said he would attempt to bring the campaign back to the issues . It has to get back to issues , he said . We are going to run an aggressive campaign . .. . We are going to stick to the issues and show the difference between me and Zack Space . In July , a poll commissioned by the Space campaign showed Space ahead of Ney , 46 percent to 35 percent , with 19 percent undecided . On August 7 , Ney withdrew from the race , citing concerns about legal issues facing him ; he pleaded guilty to charges related to the Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal on October 13 . In a special primary the Ohio Republican party selected State Senator Joy Padgett to replace Ney . She was dogged by questions about a business bankruptcy that she and her husband had filed . She was also seriously hampered by associations with Ney , as well as widespread scandals surrounding the Ohio Republican Party . On November 7 , Space defeated Padgett 62 percent to 38 percent . Although much more attention was paid to Brad Ellsworths 61 percent to 39 percent defeat of John Hostettler in Indianas 8th district , Spaces victory was the largest margin of any Democrat in a Republican-held seat nationwide in 2006 . 2008 . Space defeated Republican Fred Dailey , former director of the Ohio Department of Agriculture 60-40% . 2010 . Space was challenged by Republican State Senator Bob Gibbs and Constitution Party Lindsey Sutton . Gibbs won the election , securing 54% of the vote to 40% that went to Space . During the campaign , Gibbs attacked Space for his role in the financial meltdown and his support for policies like cap and trade , which Gibbs argued would have been devastating for Spaces district , which was predominantly made up of coal miners . Ohio Auditor of State campaign . Space formally announced his campaign for Ohio Auditor of State in August 2017 with stops in Martins Ferry , Zanesville , Columbus , and Lima . Space focused his campaign around using the auditors office to restore confidence in Ohios democratic process . He pledged to expose pay-to-play in Ohios state government and mitigate against the influence of money in politics . In addition , Space campaigned for an end to partisan gerrymandering . Space also embarked on an Ohio River Tour to Restore in November 2017 , holding 11 campaign events over three days in Scioto , Lawrence , Gallia , Meigs , Athens , Monroe , Belmont , and Jefferson counties along the Ohio River . In February 2018 , Spaces race for state auditor was named a National Priority Target by the National Democratic Redistricting Committee , an anti-gerrymandering organization . In January 2018 , as a campaign point Space called on politicians who took campaign contributions from the founders of the Electronic Classroom of Tomorrow ( ECOT ) to donate those monies back to local public schools . In May , Spaces Republican opponent , Keith Faber , returned over $36,000 in ECOT campaign contributions , also claiming he helped shut ECOT down . Politifact Ohio rated this Mostly False . In June 2018 , Space announced a plan to form a unit in the Auditors office to investigate the full extent of the for-profit charter school scam in Ohio . Spaces proposal was criticized by Faber , who argued that the auditor was already responsible for auditing all charter schools in Ohio . In August 2018 , Space announced a plan to investigate the effects of NAFTA-era free trade policies on Ohio communities and workers . The plan , called Working Families First , was announced at United Steelworkers halls in Youngstown and Martins Ferry . In September 2018 , The Columbus Dispatch criticized a website launched by Faber , which included false claims made against Space and an image of Spaces father which had been doctored to look like Space shaking hands with Nancy Pelosi . Space also criticized the doctored photograph as a campaign point . In October , three weeks before the election , the Associated Press reported that Faber had incurred penalties for failing to pay nearly $5,500 in taxes on time on multiple properties over multiple years . Space argued these failures would make Faber a hypocritical state auditor . After Space in September 2018 was endorsed by the Columbus Dispatch and Akron Beacon Journal , the Cleveland Plain Dealer endorsed Space in mid-October , citing Fabers reputation for partisanship . Space was defeated in the November election by less than 3.5% . Space led the Democratic ticket , running ahead of the four other statewide Democratic ticket , and ran between 5-10% ahead of the Democratic ticket across Appalachian Ohio . Personal life . Space is a managing member of several closely held companies that have constructed and operated hotels in Tuscarawas County . He has served as a board member for the Tuscarawas County Board of Elections , the Tuscarawas County Board of Intellectual Disabilities and Developmental Disabilities , the Ohio Association of Nonprofit Organizations , the Ohio Legislative Black Caucus Foundation , CoalBlue , the Rural Community Assistance Partnership , and as a steering committee member for the Central Ohio Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation and Clean Fuels Ohio . Space is a member of St . George Greek Orthodox Church of Massillon , Ohio . External links . - Profile at SourceWatch - Photos from Zack Spaces first day in office |
[
"Russian Empire"
] | easy | Which country did Khiva belong to from Aug 1873 to Apr 1920? | /wiki/Khiva#P17#0 | Khiva Khiva ( / , خىۋا ; , ; alternative or historical names include Kheeva , Khorasam , Khoresm , Khwarezm , Khwarizm , Khwarazm , Chorezm , and ) is a city of approximately 90,000 people in Xorazm Region , Uzbekistan . According to archaeological data , the city was established around 1500 years ago . It is the former capital of Khwarezmia and the Khanate of Khiva . Itchan Kala in Khiva was the first site in Uzbekistan to be inscribed in the World Heritage List ( 1991 ) . The astronomer , historian and polymath , Al-Biruni ( 973-1048 CE ) was born in either Khiva or the nearby city of Kath . Etymology . The origin of the name Khiva is unknown , but many contradictory stories have been told to explain it . A traditional story attributes the name to one of the sons of the prophet Noah : It is said that Shem [ from whence the word Semitic is derived ] , after the flood , he found himself wandering in the desert alone . Having fallen asleep , he dreamt of 300 burning torches . On waking up , he was pleased with this omen , he founded the city with outlines in the form of a ship mapped out according to the placement of the torches , about which he had dreamt . Then Shem dug the Kheyvak well , the water from which had a surprising taste . It is possible to see this well in Ichan-Kala ( an internal town of Khiva City ) even today . Another story relates that travellers passing through the city , upon drinking the excellent water , would exclaim Khey vakh ! ( What a pleasure! ) and hence the city became known as Kheyvakh , whence Khiva . In Hindi , Hey vah is equivalent to What a pleasure . Russian language used in the region for quite long , has no equivalence of h and its closest alternative is kh . This transforms Hey vah into Khey vakh . A third proposal is that the name comes from the word Khwarezm , altered by borrowing into Turkic as Khivarezem , then shortened to Khiva . History . In the early part of its history , the inhabitants of the area came from Iranian stock and spoke an Eastern Iranian language called Khwarezmian . Turks replaced the Iranian ruling-class in the 10th century A.D. , and the region gradually turned into an area with a majority of Turkic speakers . Russia joined Khiva Khanate in the 19th century . The last Khan was liquidated from the ruling dynasty in 1919 a century later . Thus the new Soviet Peoples Republic of Khorezm became capital . Khorezm oasis was converted into a modern part of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan in 1924 . The earliest records of the city of Khiva appear in Muslim travel accounts from the 10th century , although archaeological evidence indicates habitation in the 6th century . By the early 17th century , Khiva had become the capital of the Khanate of Khiva , ruled by a branch of the Astrakhans , a Genghisid dynasty . In the 17th century Khiva began to develop as a slave market . During the first half of the 19th century , around one million Persians and an unknown number of Russians , were enslaved there before being sold . A large part of them were involved in the construction of buildings in the walled Ichan-Kala . Campaigns . In the course of the Russian conquest of Central Asia , in 1873 the Russian General Konstantin von Kaufman launched an attack on the city of Khiva , which fell on 28 May 1873 . Although the Russian Empire now controlled the Khanate , it allowed Khiva to remain as a nominally quasi-independent protectorate . Following the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia after the October Revolution of 1917 , a short-lived ( 1920-1925 ) Khorezm Peoples Soviet Republic formed out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva before its incorporation into the USSR in 1925 . The city of Khiva became part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic . Sights . Khiva is split into two parts . The outer town , called Dichan Kala , was formerly protected by a wall with 11 gates . The inner town , or Itchan Kala , is encircled by brick walls , whose foundations are believed to have been laid in the 10th century . Present-day crenellated walls date back to the late 17th century and attain the height of 10 meters . Kalta Minor , the large blue tower in the central city square , was supposed to be a minaret , but the Khan died and the succeeding Khan did not complete it . The old town retains more than 50 historic monuments and 250 old houses , mostly dating from the 18th or the 19th centuries . Djuma Mosque , for instance , was established in the 10th century and rebuilt in 1788–89 , although its celebrated hypostyle hall still retains 112 columns taken from ancient structures . Sister Cities . The following list is Khivas sister and twinned cities : - Nishapur , Iran - Yazd , Iran ( 2020 ) - San Lorenzo del Escorial , Spain ( 2019 ) |
[
"Khorezm Peoples Soviet Republic",
"USSR",
"Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic"
] | easy | Which country did Khiva belong to from Apr 1920 to Aug 1991? | /wiki/Khiva#P17#1 | Khiva Khiva ( / , خىۋا ; , ; alternative or historical names include Kheeva , Khorasam , Khoresm , Khwarezm , Khwarizm , Khwarazm , Chorezm , and ) is a city of approximately 90,000 people in Xorazm Region , Uzbekistan . According to archaeological data , the city was established around 1500 years ago . It is the former capital of Khwarezmia and the Khanate of Khiva . Itchan Kala in Khiva was the first site in Uzbekistan to be inscribed in the World Heritage List ( 1991 ) . The astronomer , historian and polymath , Al-Biruni ( 973-1048 CE ) was born in either Khiva or the nearby city of Kath . Etymology . The origin of the name Khiva is unknown , but many contradictory stories have been told to explain it . A traditional story attributes the name to one of the sons of the prophet Noah : It is said that Shem [ from whence the word Semitic is derived ] , after the flood , he found himself wandering in the desert alone . Having fallen asleep , he dreamt of 300 burning torches . On waking up , he was pleased with this omen , he founded the city with outlines in the form of a ship mapped out according to the placement of the torches , about which he had dreamt . Then Shem dug the Kheyvak well , the water from which had a surprising taste . It is possible to see this well in Ichan-Kala ( an internal town of Khiva City ) even today . Another story relates that travellers passing through the city , upon drinking the excellent water , would exclaim Khey vakh ! ( What a pleasure! ) and hence the city became known as Kheyvakh , whence Khiva . In Hindi , Hey vah is equivalent to What a pleasure . Russian language used in the region for quite long , has no equivalence of h and its closest alternative is kh . This transforms Hey vah into Khey vakh . A third proposal is that the name comes from the word Khwarezm , altered by borrowing into Turkic as Khivarezem , then shortened to Khiva . History . In the early part of its history , the inhabitants of the area came from Iranian stock and spoke an Eastern Iranian language called Khwarezmian . Turks replaced the Iranian ruling-class in the 10th century A.D. , and the region gradually turned into an area with a majority of Turkic speakers . Russia joined Khiva Khanate in the 19th century . The last Khan was liquidated from the ruling dynasty in 1919 a century later . Thus the new Soviet Peoples Republic of Khorezm became capital . Khorezm oasis was converted into a modern part of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan in 1924 . The earliest records of the city of Khiva appear in Muslim travel accounts from the 10th century , although archaeological evidence indicates habitation in the 6th century . By the early 17th century , Khiva had become the capital of the Khanate of Khiva , ruled by a branch of the Astrakhans , a Genghisid dynasty . In the 17th century Khiva began to develop as a slave market . During the first half of the 19th century , around one million Persians and an unknown number of Russians , were enslaved there before being sold . A large part of them were involved in the construction of buildings in the walled Ichan-Kala . Campaigns . In the course of the Russian conquest of Central Asia , in 1873 the Russian General Konstantin von Kaufman launched an attack on the city of Khiva , which fell on 28 May 1873 . Although the Russian Empire now controlled the Khanate , it allowed Khiva to remain as a nominally quasi-independent protectorate . Following the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia after the October Revolution of 1917 , a short-lived ( 1920-1925 ) Khorezm Peoples Soviet Republic formed out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva before its incorporation into the USSR in 1925 . The city of Khiva became part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic . Sights . Khiva is split into two parts . The outer town , called Dichan Kala , was formerly protected by a wall with 11 gates . The inner town , or Itchan Kala , is encircled by brick walls , whose foundations are believed to have been laid in the 10th century . Present-day crenellated walls date back to the late 17th century and attain the height of 10 meters . Kalta Minor , the large blue tower in the central city square , was supposed to be a minaret , but the Khan died and the succeeding Khan did not complete it . The old town retains more than 50 historic monuments and 250 old houses , mostly dating from the 18th or the 19th centuries . Djuma Mosque , for instance , was established in the 10th century and rebuilt in 1788–89 , although its celebrated hypostyle hall still retains 112 columns taken from ancient structures . Sister Cities . The following list is Khivas sister and twinned cities : - Nishapur , Iran - Yazd , Iran ( 2020 ) - San Lorenzo del Escorial , Spain ( 2019 ) |
[
"Uzbekistan"
] | easy | Which country did Khiva belong to from Aug 1991 to Aug 1992? | /wiki/Khiva#P17#2 | Khiva Khiva ( / , خىۋا ; , ; alternative or historical names include Kheeva , Khorasam , Khoresm , Khwarezm , Khwarizm , Khwarazm , Chorezm , and ) is a city of approximately 90,000 people in Xorazm Region , Uzbekistan . According to archaeological data , the city was established around 1500 years ago . It is the former capital of Khwarezmia and the Khanate of Khiva . Itchan Kala in Khiva was the first site in Uzbekistan to be inscribed in the World Heritage List ( 1991 ) . The astronomer , historian and polymath , Al-Biruni ( 973-1048 CE ) was born in either Khiva or the nearby city of Kath . Etymology . The origin of the name Khiva is unknown , but many contradictory stories have been told to explain it . A traditional story attributes the name to one of the sons of the prophet Noah : It is said that Shem [ from whence the word Semitic is derived ] , after the flood , he found himself wandering in the desert alone . Having fallen asleep , he dreamt of 300 burning torches . On waking up , he was pleased with this omen , he founded the city with outlines in the form of a ship mapped out according to the placement of the torches , about which he had dreamt . Then Shem dug the Kheyvak well , the water from which had a surprising taste . It is possible to see this well in Ichan-Kala ( an internal town of Khiva City ) even today . Another story relates that travellers passing through the city , upon drinking the excellent water , would exclaim Khey vakh ! ( What a pleasure! ) and hence the city became known as Kheyvakh , whence Khiva . In Hindi , Hey vah is equivalent to What a pleasure . Russian language used in the region for quite long , has no equivalence of h and its closest alternative is kh . This transforms Hey vah into Khey vakh . A third proposal is that the name comes from the word Khwarezm , altered by borrowing into Turkic as Khivarezem , then shortened to Khiva . History . In the early part of its history , the inhabitants of the area came from Iranian stock and spoke an Eastern Iranian language called Khwarezmian . Turks replaced the Iranian ruling-class in the 10th century A.D. , and the region gradually turned into an area with a majority of Turkic speakers . Russia joined Khiva Khanate in the 19th century . The last Khan was liquidated from the ruling dynasty in 1919 a century later . Thus the new Soviet Peoples Republic of Khorezm became capital . Khorezm oasis was converted into a modern part of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan in 1924 . The earliest records of the city of Khiva appear in Muslim travel accounts from the 10th century , although archaeological evidence indicates habitation in the 6th century . By the early 17th century , Khiva had become the capital of the Khanate of Khiva , ruled by a branch of the Astrakhans , a Genghisid dynasty . In the 17th century Khiva began to develop as a slave market . During the first half of the 19th century , around one million Persians and an unknown number of Russians , were enslaved there before being sold . A large part of them were involved in the construction of buildings in the walled Ichan-Kala . Campaigns . In the course of the Russian conquest of Central Asia , in 1873 the Russian General Konstantin von Kaufman launched an attack on the city of Khiva , which fell on 28 May 1873 . Although the Russian Empire now controlled the Khanate , it allowed Khiva to remain as a nominally quasi-independent protectorate . Following the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia after the October Revolution of 1917 , a short-lived ( 1920-1925 ) Khorezm Peoples Soviet Republic formed out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva before its incorporation into the USSR in 1925 . The city of Khiva became part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic . Sights . Khiva is split into two parts . The outer town , called Dichan Kala , was formerly protected by a wall with 11 gates . The inner town , or Itchan Kala , is encircled by brick walls , whose foundations are believed to have been laid in the 10th century . Present-day crenellated walls date back to the late 17th century and attain the height of 10 meters . Kalta Minor , the large blue tower in the central city square , was supposed to be a minaret , but the Khan died and the succeeding Khan did not complete it . The old town retains more than 50 historic monuments and 250 old houses , mostly dating from the 18th or the 19th centuries . Djuma Mosque , for instance , was established in the 10th century and rebuilt in 1788–89 , although its celebrated hypostyle hall still retains 112 columns taken from ancient structures . Sister Cities . The following list is Khivas sister and twinned cities : - Nishapur , Iran - Yazd , Iran ( 2020 ) - San Lorenzo del Escorial , Spain ( 2019 ) |
[
"Industrial High School",
"Talladega College"
] | easy | Geraldine Pittman Woods went to which school from 1937 to 1938? | /wiki/Geraldine_Pittman_Woods#P69#0 | Geraldine Pittman Woods Geraldine Pittman Woods ( January 29 , 1921 – December 27 , 1999 ) was an American science administrator . She is known for her lifelong dedication to community service and for establishing programs that promote minorities in STEM fields , scientific research , and basic research . Early life and education . Woods was born January 29 , 1921 , in West Palm Beach , Florida to Susie ( King ) and Oscar Pittman . In the fourth grade , Woods transferred from a private Episcopalian school to Industrial High School , the only public school in the area that allowed African-American students . She graduated from high school in 1938 and attended Talladega College , a historically black college in Talladega , Alabama . Neither of her parents had higher than an eighth grade education , and Woodss father died when she was a teenager , but her mother was very adamant about Woods doing well in school . Woods once stated : My mother paid for everything . She had a tremendous commitment to education in general and my education in particular.. . Since she was always aware that she never had the opportunity to get an education , she wanted me , her only child , to have all the education I desired.In 1940 , Woodss mother fell ill and was admitted to Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore , Maryland . In order to be closer to her , Woods transferred to Howard University in Washington , D.C . At Howard University , Woods excelled in biology and other science classes . Dr . Louis Hansborough , a professor at Howard , encouraged her to continue studying embryology after graduation in 1942 . Woods then attended a Radcliffe College and Harvard University partnership program to earn a master of science degree in 1943 and a Ph.D . in neuro-embryology in 1945 . In 1945 she was also elected into Phi Beta Kappa , a national honors society , for her scholastic achievements . Career . 1940s–1950s . After earning her doctorate , Woods briefly took a position as an instructor at Howard University , her alma mater , until 1946 . She then took a 25-year hiatus from science to focus on her family . 1960s . Woods became heavily involved with local volunteering and community affairs , particularly those pertaining to minorities . Over time , her volunteer efforts expanded to national levels . Starting in 1963 , she served a four-year term on the Personnel Board of the California Department of Employment . The following year , she became a member of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences ( NIGMS ) , an institute of the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) . Later , in 1964 , Dr . Geraldine P . Woods became the first African American woman appointed to the National Advisory General Medical Services ( NAGMS ) Council , an advisory board for NIGMS . In this position , she addressed the need to improve science education and research opportunities at minority institutions . In 1969 NIGMS appointed her as a special consultant , a highly revered position . She was a member of the Delta Sigma Theta , a historically African American sorority , for decades , and she served two terms as national president from 1963 to 1967 . Under her leadership , in 1967 Delta Sigma Theta founded The Delta Research and Educational Foundation ( DREF ) , a nonprofit that aids organizations with foundations in community service . Woodss feats in community development caught the eye of First Lady Claudia Alta Taylor Lady Bird Johnson in 1965 , thus Woods was invited to the White House to help launch the Head Start Program , a US anti-poverty program , with Delta Sigma Theta . Then , in 1968 , President Lyndon B . Johnson himself appointed her Chairman of the Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services , a committee that aids women serving in the US Armed Forces . 1970s . From 1968 through 1972 she continued her work in community service as the vice chair of the Community Relations Conference of Southern California . In 1972 two national programs Woods worked on at NIGMS , the Minority Access to Research Careers Program ( MARC ) and the Minority Biomedical Research Support Program ( MBRS ) , were finally initiated , though she had trouble persuading administrators at Black colleges to get involved . At that point many were wary because of the long years theyd been out of the spotlight . As of 1978 , Woods served as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Howard University . During her tenure , she spoke at the dedication of Elizabeth Catletts sculpture Students Aspire . 1980s–1990s . By 1980 the MARC and MBRS had increased in popularity and hundreds of students were benefitting from the programs across the country . Along with her other notable leadership positions , Woods headed Howard Universitys Board of Trustees from 1975 to 1988 . She eventually retired from the NIH and many of her leadership positions in 1991 . Awards and honors . Woods has earned numerous awards for her dedication to community service and minority rights , including the Mary Church Terrell Award of Delta Sigma Theta and the Scroll of Merit of the National Medical Association in 1979 , the Howard University Achievement Award in 1980 , and a Distinguished Leadership Achievement Award from the National Association for Equal Opportunity in Higher Education in 1987 . In 1978 , the sixth annual NIGMS Minority Biomedical Support ( MBS ) symposium held at the Atlanta University Center in Georgia was dedicated to Woods . The Federal City Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority , Inc . recognized Woodss contributions to the sorority by establishing the Geraldine P . Woods Sciences Award in 1994 . At the Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students ( ABRCMS ) in 2003 , NIGMS unveiled the Geraldine Woods Award because of her pivotal role in the development of the MBRS and MARC , two NIH minority programs . This award recognizes individuals who have had a significant impact in promoting the advancement of underrepresented minorities in biomedical science . A fellowship in biology at Howard University and one in chemistry at Atlanta University have both been established in her name . She has also earned honorary degrees at Benedict College , Talladega College , Fisk University , Bennett College , Meharry Medical College , and Howard University . Personal life . During her time as an instructor at Howard , she met and married Robert Woods , a dentistry student at Meharry Medical College . After he graduated from dentistry school they moved to Los Angeles , California where Woods put her career on hold to raise their three children , Jan , Jerri , and Robert . Woods once said , I was so busy driving that I couldnt find time to research and write . But I think I made a lasting contribution to science nevertheless . After a long illness Woods died on December 27 , 1999 in her Aliso Viejo home . |
[
"Talladega College",
"Howard University"
] | easy | Where was Geraldine Pittman Woods educated from 1938 to 1940? | /wiki/Geraldine_Pittman_Woods#P69#1 | Geraldine Pittman Woods Geraldine Pittman Woods ( January 29 , 1921 – December 27 , 1999 ) was an American science administrator . She is known for her lifelong dedication to community service and for establishing programs that promote minorities in STEM fields , scientific research , and basic research . Early life and education . Woods was born January 29 , 1921 , in West Palm Beach , Florida to Susie ( King ) and Oscar Pittman . In the fourth grade , Woods transferred from a private Episcopalian school to Industrial High School , the only public school in the area that allowed African-American students . She graduated from high school in 1938 and attended Talladega College , a historically black college in Talladega , Alabama . Neither of her parents had higher than an eighth grade education , and Woodss father died when she was a teenager , but her mother was very adamant about Woods doing well in school . Woods once stated : My mother paid for everything . She had a tremendous commitment to education in general and my education in particular.. . Since she was always aware that she never had the opportunity to get an education , she wanted me , her only child , to have all the education I desired.In 1940 , Woodss mother fell ill and was admitted to Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore , Maryland . In order to be closer to her , Woods transferred to Howard University in Washington , D.C . At Howard University , Woods excelled in biology and other science classes . Dr . Louis Hansborough , a professor at Howard , encouraged her to continue studying embryology after graduation in 1942 . Woods then attended a Radcliffe College and Harvard University partnership program to earn a master of science degree in 1943 and a Ph.D . in neuro-embryology in 1945 . In 1945 she was also elected into Phi Beta Kappa , a national honors society , for her scholastic achievements . Career . 1940s–1950s . After earning her doctorate , Woods briefly took a position as an instructor at Howard University , her alma mater , until 1946 . She then took a 25-year hiatus from science to focus on her family . 1960s . Woods became heavily involved with local volunteering and community affairs , particularly those pertaining to minorities . Over time , her volunteer efforts expanded to national levels . Starting in 1963 , she served a four-year term on the Personnel Board of the California Department of Employment . The following year , she became a member of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences ( NIGMS ) , an institute of the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) . Later , in 1964 , Dr . Geraldine P . Woods became the first African American woman appointed to the National Advisory General Medical Services ( NAGMS ) Council , an advisory board for NIGMS . In this position , she addressed the need to improve science education and research opportunities at minority institutions . In 1969 NIGMS appointed her as a special consultant , a highly revered position . She was a member of the Delta Sigma Theta , a historically African American sorority , for decades , and she served two terms as national president from 1963 to 1967 . Under her leadership , in 1967 Delta Sigma Theta founded The Delta Research and Educational Foundation ( DREF ) , a nonprofit that aids organizations with foundations in community service . Woodss feats in community development caught the eye of First Lady Claudia Alta Taylor Lady Bird Johnson in 1965 , thus Woods was invited to the White House to help launch the Head Start Program , a US anti-poverty program , with Delta Sigma Theta . Then , in 1968 , President Lyndon B . Johnson himself appointed her Chairman of the Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services , a committee that aids women serving in the US Armed Forces . 1970s . From 1968 through 1972 she continued her work in community service as the vice chair of the Community Relations Conference of Southern California . In 1972 two national programs Woods worked on at NIGMS , the Minority Access to Research Careers Program ( MARC ) and the Minority Biomedical Research Support Program ( MBRS ) , were finally initiated , though she had trouble persuading administrators at Black colleges to get involved . At that point many were wary because of the long years theyd been out of the spotlight . As of 1978 , Woods served as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Howard University . During her tenure , she spoke at the dedication of Elizabeth Catletts sculpture Students Aspire . 1980s–1990s . By 1980 the MARC and MBRS had increased in popularity and hundreds of students were benefitting from the programs across the country . Along with her other notable leadership positions , Woods headed Howard Universitys Board of Trustees from 1975 to 1988 . She eventually retired from the NIH and many of her leadership positions in 1991 . Awards and honors . Woods has earned numerous awards for her dedication to community service and minority rights , including the Mary Church Terrell Award of Delta Sigma Theta and the Scroll of Merit of the National Medical Association in 1979 , the Howard University Achievement Award in 1980 , and a Distinguished Leadership Achievement Award from the National Association for Equal Opportunity in Higher Education in 1987 . In 1978 , the sixth annual NIGMS Minority Biomedical Support ( MBS ) symposium held at the Atlanta University Center in Georgia was dedicated to Woods . The Federal City Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority , Inc . recognized Woodss contributions to the sorority by establishing the Geraldine P . Woods Sciences Award in 1994 . At the Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students ( ABRCMS ) in 2003 , NIGMS unveiled the Geraldine Woods Award because of her pivotal role in the development of the MBRS and MARC , two NIH minority programs . This award recognizes individuals who have had a significant impact in promoting the advancement of underrepresented minorities in biomedical science . A fellowship in biology at Howard University and one in chemistry at Atlanta University have both been established in her name . She has also earned honorary degrees at Benedict College , Talladega College , Fisk University , Bennett College , Meharry Medical College , and Howard University . Personal life . During her time as an instructor at Howard , she met and married Robert Woods , a dentistry student at Meharry Medical College . After he graduated from dentistry school they moved to Los Angeles , California where Woods put her career on hold to raise their three children , Jan , Jerri , and Robert . Woods once said , I was so busy driving that I couldnt find time to research and write . But I think I made a lasting contribution to science nevertheless . After a long illness Woods died on December 27 , 1999 in her Aliso Viejo home . |
[
"Howard University",
"Radcliffe College",
"Harvard University"
] | easy | Which school did Geraldine Pittman Woods go to from 1940 to 1945? | /wiki/Geraldine_Pittman_Woods#P69#2 | Geraldine Pittman Woods Geraldine Pittman Woods ( January 29 , 1921 – December 27 , 1999 ) was an American science administrator . She is known for her lifelong dedication to community service and for establishing programs that promote minorities in STEM fields , scientific research , and basic research . Early life and education . Woods was born January 29 , 1921 , in West Palm Beach , Florida to Susie ( King ) and Oscar Pittman . In the fourth grade , Woods transferred from a private Episcopalian school to Industrial High School , the only public school in the area that allowed African-American students . She graduated from high school in 1938 and attended Talladega College , a historically black college in Talladega , Alabama . Neither of her parents had higher than an eighth grade education , and Woodss father died when she was a teenager , but her mother was very adamant about Woods doing well in school . Woods once stated : My mother paid for everything . She had a tremendous commitment to education in general and my education in particular.. . Since she was always aware that she never had the opportunity to get an education , she wanted me , her only child , to have all the education I desired.In 1940 , Woodss mother fell ill and was admitted to Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore , Maryland . In order to be closer to her , Woods transferred to Howard University in Washington , D.C . At Howard University , Woods excelled in biology and other science classes . Dr . Louis Hansborough , a professor at Howard , encouraged her to continue studying embryology after graduation in 1942 . Woods then attended a Radcliffe College and Harvard University partnership program to earn a master of science degree in 1943 and a Ph.D . in neuro-embryology in 1945 . In 1945 she was also elected into Phi Beta Kappa , a national honors society , for her scholastic achievements . Career . 1940s–1950s . After earning her doctorate , Woods briefly took a position as an instructor at Howard University , her alma mater , until 1946 . She then took a 25-year hiatus from science to focus on her family . 1960s . Woods became heavily involved with local volunteering and community affairs , particularly those pertaining to minorities . Over time , her volunteer efforts expanded to national levels . Starting in 1963 , she served a four-year term on the Personnel Board of the California Department of Employment . The following year , she became a member of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences ( NIGMS ) , an institute of the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) . Later , in 1964 , Dr . Geraldine P . Woods became the first African American woman appointed to the National Advisory General Medical Services ( NAGMS ) Council , an advisory board for NIGMS . In this position , she addressed the need to improve science education and research opportunities at minority institutions . In 1969 NIGMS appointed her as a special consultant , a highly revered position . She was a member of the Delta Sigma Theta , a historically African American sorority , for decades , and she served two terms as national president from 1963 to 1967 . Under her leadership , in 1967 Delta Sigma Theta founded The Delta Research and Educational Foundation ( DREF ) , a nonprofit that aids organizations with foundations in community service . Woodss feats in community development caught the eye of First Lady Claudia Alta Taylor Lady Bird Johnson in 1965 , thus Woods was invited to the White House to help launch the Head Start Program , a US anti-poverty program , with Delta Sigma Theta . Then , in 1968 , President Lyndon B . Johnson himself appointed her Chairman of the Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services , a committee that aids women serving in the US Armed Forces . 1970s . From 1968 through 1972 she continued her work in community service as the vice chair of the Community Relations Conference of Southern California . In 1972 two national programs Woods worked on at NIGMS , the Minority Access to Research Careers Program ( MARC ) and the Minority Biomedical Research Support Program ( MBRS ) , were finally initiated , though she had trouble persuading administrators at Black colleges to get involved . At that point many were wary because of the long years theyd been out of the spotlight . As of 1978 , Woods served as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Howard University . During her tenure , she spoke at the dedication of Elizabeth Catletts sculpture Students Aspire . 1980s–1990s . By 1980 the MARC and MBRS had increased in popularity and hundreds of students were benefitting from the programs across the country . Along with her other notable leadership positions , Woods headed Howard Universitys Board of Trustees from 1975 to 1988 . She eventually retired from the NIH and many of her leadership positions in 1991 . Awards and honors . Woods has earned numerous awards for her dedication to community service and minority rights , including the Mary Church Terrell Award of Delta Sigma Theta and the Scroll of Merit of the National Medical Association in 1979 , the Howard University Achievement Award in 1980 , and a Distinguished Leadership Achievement Award from the National Association for Equal Opportunity in Higher Education in 1987 . In 1978 , the sixth annual NIGMS Minority Biomedical Support ( MBS ) symposium held at the Atlanta University Center in Georgia was dedicated to Woods . The Federal City Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority , Inc . recognized Woodss contributions to the sorority by establishing the Geraldine P . Woods Sciences Award in 1994 . At the Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students ( ABRCMS ) in 2003 , NIGMS unveiled the Geraldine Woods Award because of her pivotal role in the development of the MBRS and MARC , two NIH minority programs . This award recognizes individuals who have had a significant impact in promoting the advancement of underrepresented minorities in biomedical science . A fellowship in biology at Howard University and one in chemistry at Atlanta University have both been established in her name . She has also earned honorary degrees at Benedict College , Talladega College , Fisk University , Bennett College , Meharry Medical College , and Howard University . Personal life . During her time as an instructor at Howard , she met and married Robert Woods , a dentistry student at Meharry Medical College . After he graduated from dentistry school they moved to Los Angeles , California where Woods put her career on hold to raise their three children , Jan , Jerri , and Robert . Woods once said , I was so busy driving that I couldnt find time to research and write . But I think I made a lasting contribution to science nevertheless . After a long illness Woods died on December 27 , 1999 in her Aliso Viejo home . |
[
"Count of Tripoli"
] | easy | What was the noble title of Bohemond IV of Antioch from 1189 to 1201? | /wiki/Bohemond_IV_of_Antioch#P97#0 | Bohemond IV of Antioch Bohemond IV of Antioch , also known as Bohemond the One-Eyed ( ; 1175–1233 ) , was Count of Tripoli from 1187 to 1233 , and Prince of Antioch from 1201 to 1216 and from 1219 to 1233 . He was the younger son of Bohemond III of Antioch . The dying Raymond III of Tripoli offered his county to Bohemonds elder brother , Raymond , but their father sent Bohemond to Tripoli in late 1187 . Saladin , the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria , conquered the county , save for the capital and two fortresses , in summer 1188 . Raymond died in early 1197 , leaving a posthumous son , Raymond-Roupen . Raymond-Roupens mother , Alice , was the niece of Leo I of Cilicia who persuaded the Antiochene noblemen to acknowledge Raymond-Roupens right to succeed his grandfather . However , the Latin and Greek burghers proclaimed Bohemond heir to his father . After his father died in April 1201 , Bohemond seized Antioch with the support of the burghers , the Knights Templar and Hospitallers , and the Italian merchants . Bohemond made an alliance with Az-Zahir Ghazi , the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo , and Kaykaus I , the Seljuq sultan of Rum , who often invaded Cilicia during the following years , to prevent Leo I from attacking Antioch . Conflicts between Bohemond and the Latin Patriarchs of Antioch enabled Raymond-Roupen to seize Antioch in 1216 , but Bohemond regained the principality in 1219 . After Leo Is death , Bohemond tried to secure Cilicia to his younger son , Philip , but Constantine of Baberon , who had administered Cilicia during the previous years , imprisoned Philip in 1224 . Bohemond allied with Kayqubad I , sultan of Rum , but he could not prevent Philips murder in 1225 . Early life . Bohemond was the younger son of Bohemond III of Antioch by his first wife , Orgueilleuse of Harenc . He was born around 1175 . His mother was last mentioned in a charter issued in 1175 . Bohemonds widowed father married a relative of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos , Theodora , but he repudiated her shortly after Manuels death in 1180 . He married Sybil , an Antiochene noblewoman , described as a prostitute or sorcerer by 12th-century authors . She was a spy of Saladin , the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria . Aimery of Limoges , Latin Patriarch of Antioch , excommunicated Bohemonds father for his third marriage . Reign . Count of Tripoli . The childless Raymond III of Tripoli decided to bequeath his county to his godson , Raymond , who was Bohemonds elder brother . Bohemond III of Antioch sent Bohemond to Tripoli , because the union of Antioch and Tripoli under one monarch could jeopardize the defence of both crusader states . Raymond III of Tripoli ordered his vassals to do homage to Bohemond . The dying count , who was a member of the House of Toulouse , also prescribed that should another member of his family come from Toulouse , Bohemond should cede the County of Tripoli to him . Raymond died in late 1187 . Charters issued during the first years of Bohemonds rule imply that his elder brother was regarded a titular count of Tripoli for a while . After Saladin conquered almost the whole Kingdom of Jerusalem in the second half of 1187 , Queen Sibylla sought shelter in Tripoli , which became a center of her supporters . The noblemen who condemned her husband , Guy of Lusignan , for the fall of the kingdom , joined Conrad of Montferrat at Tyros . Saladin decided to invade the crusader states in Syria . He started his military campaign against Tripoli in May 1188 , but the arrival of the fleet of William II of Sicily saved the town . After Saladin captured Tortosa and Jabala ( present-day Tartus and Jableh in Syria ) in July , only Tripoli , Krak des Chevaliers , and the citadel at Tortosa remained under Christian rule in the county . Saladin released Guy of Lusignan who joined his wife . Guy , Sybilla , and their supporters left Tripoli and laid siege to Acre in August 1189 . The siege was the first sign of a new Christian offensive . Richard I of England could not reoccupy Jerusalem during the Third Crusade , but he ensured the survival of the Kingdom of Jerusalem before leaving the Holy Land on 9 October 1192 . Taking advantage of the crusade , Bohemonds father made a ten-year truce with Saladin on 30 October 1192 . The truce covered both Antioch and Tripoli . Bohemonds stepmother , Sybil , wanted to secure the succession of Antioch to her son , William . Leo , Lord of Armenian Cilicia exploited her ambitions . With her assistance , he captured and imprisoned Bohemond III in early 1194 . Leo also forced Bohemond III to surrender Antioch to him , but the Latin and Greek burghers formed a commune and prevented the Armenian soldiers from seizing the town . The commune proclaimed Bohemond IIIs elder son , Raymond , regent . Bohemond hurried from Tripoli to Antioch at the head of his army to help his brother , compelling the Armenian troops to return to Cilicia . Leo released their father only after Bohemond III renounced his claim to suzerainty over Cilicia . Raymond died in early 1197 . His widow , Alice , was Leo of Cilicias niece and heir . Bohemond III sent Alice and her posthumous son , Raymond-Roupen , to Leo , implying that he wanted to disinherit his grandson . Leo of Cilicia persuaded the papal legate , Conrad of Wittelsbach , Archbishop of Mainz , to visit Antioch . On the archbishops demand , Bohemond III declared Raymond-Roupen his heir and ordered the Antiochene noblemen to swear fealty to the boy . Raymond-Roupen was the only son of the first-born son of Bohemond III and thus heir by primogeniture , but Bohemond was Bohemond IIIs closest male relative and so heir by proximity of blood . In early 1198 , Bohemond marched to Antioch and gained the support of the military orders and the Italian merchants , promising new grants to them . The commune also acknowledged his claim to rule , because the burghers feared that the Armenians influence would increase if Raymond-Roupen succeeded his grandfather . Bohemond returned to Tripoli shortly after his claim was confirmed , because Leo of Cilicia broke into the principality to restore Bohemond III . Bohemond styled himself son of Prince Bohemond of Antioch and by the grace of God count of Tripoli to emphasize his right to inherit Antioch . War of Succession . Bohemond hurried to Antioch when his father died in April 1201 . The commune confirmed his right to rule . The military orders also supported him , but the noblemen who remained loyal to Raymond-Roupen fled to Cilicia . Leo of Cilicia besieged Antioch to assert Raymond-Roupens claim . Bohemond made an alliance with Az-Zahir Ghazi , the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo , and Kaykaus I , the Seljuq sultan of Rum , who forced the Armenian troops to return to Cilicia . Leo tried to gain the support of the Holy See against Bohemond , promising to unite the Armenian Church with Rome . Pope Innocent III sent Cardinal Soffred Gaetani to Antioch in late spring 1203 . Bohemond declined to meet the papal legate , stating that the patriarchs of Antioch and Jerusalem had excommunicated him for his debate with the Hospitallers . Gaetani mediated a reconciliation between Bohemond and the Hospitallers , but Bohemond insisted that the papal legate could not be mentioned in the agreement , because the Holy See could not make a judgement about feudal rights in the principality . In 1203 , Renoart of Nephin , Bohemonds vassal , married Isabel the heiress of Gibelcar , without his authorization . The High Court of Tripoli ordered the confiscation of Renoarts fiefs . However , he decided to resist and gained the support of Leo and Aimery , the king of Cyprus and Jerusalem . Bohemond traveled to Acre in summer 1204 to meet Marie of Champagne . Her husband , Baldwin I , had been recently crowned emperor in Constantinople . He did homage to her , acknowledging the suzerainty of the Latin emperors over Antioch . Marie tried to mediate a reconciliation between Bohemond and Leo of Cilicia , but she died in August . Renoart of Nephin pillaged the countryside and led his troops to Tripoli in late 1204 . Bohemond lost an eye in a battle at the gates of the town . He could only crush the rebellion after Aimery died in April 1205 . He captured both Nephin and Gibelcar before the end of the year , forcing Renart to flee to Cyprus . Before long , Bohemond returned to Antioch . Bohemond had already been on bad terms with the Latin patriarch of Antioch , Peter of Angoulême . Taking advantage of a conflict between the patriarch and the papal legate , Peter Capuano , Bohemond restored the Eastern Orthodox patriarch of Antioch , Symeon II , in early 1206 or 1207 . Peter of Angoulême and the papal legate were reconciled and the patriarch excommunicated Bohemond , Symeon and the commune with the approval of the Holy See . He also imposed an interdict on Antioch , but the burghers ignored his decision and visited the Greek churches . Peter of Angoulême helped Raymond-Roupens supporters to return from Cilicia to Antioch in late 1207 . Surprised by the coup , Bohemond sought refuge in the citadel . Although Leo of Cilicia also entered the town , Bohemond was able to muster his troops and defeat his enemies . He captured and imprisoned the Latin patriarch who refused to acknowledge him as the lawful prince . After Peter of Angoulême died of thirst , Pope Innocent III ordered Albert Avogadro , the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem , to excommunicate Bohemond . Bohemond continued to support the Eastern Orthodox patriarch and did not allow Peter of Ivrea , the new Latin patriarch of Antioch , to visit his see . He also debated the right of the Holy See to make a judgement about the succession in Antioch , stating that the principality was a fief of the Latin emperors of Constantinople . The Hospitallers made raids against Hama , Homs and Latakia from their castles in Bohemonds realms . Al-Adil I , the Ayyubid ruler of Damascus and Egypt , blamed Bohemond for the knights actions . Al-Adil broke into the County of Tripoli , forcing Bohemond to pay a compensation in 1208 or 1209 . Az-Zahir Ghazi invaded Cilicia to prevent Leo from attacking Antioch in 1209 . Cilician soldiers who tried to seize a caravan wounded the grand master of the Knights Templar Guillaume de Chartres , in a skirmish on the plains near Antioch in 1211 . Their action annoyed Pope Innocent who excommunicated Leo of Cilicia . Bohemond expelled the Eastern Orthodox patriarch from Antioch , allowing Peter of Ivrea to take charge of his see . John of Brienne , King of Jerusalem , sent reinforcements to Antioch to fight against the Armenians . Leo dispatched Raymond-Roupen to attack the Templars domains in Bohemonds principality in 1212 . A group of Assassins murdered Bohemonds eldest son , Raymond , in 1213 . At the time , the Assassins were tributaries to the Hospitallers and Bohemond suspected the Hospitallers had been involved in the murder . After Bohemond and the Templars laid siege their fortress at Khawabi , the Assassins sought assistance from Bohemonds old ally , Az-Zahir Ghazi . Az-Zahir Ghazi appealed to Al-Adil , although they had been enemies . Their alliance forced Bohemond to lift the siege and to send an apology to Az-Zahir Ghazi . Bohemond preferred to stay in Tripoli which caused discontent among the citizens of Antioch . Peter of Ivrea , the Hospitallers and Acharie of Sermin , who was the senechal of Antioch and head of the commune , started negotiations with Leo of Cilicia about the surrender of Antioch to Raymond-Roupen . They helped the Cilician troops to enter Antioch on 14 February 1216 . The Templars abandoned the citadel without resistance and Raymond-Roupen was installed as prince . Duke Leopold VI of Austria , who landed at Acre in late summer 1217 , invited Bohemond to join the Fifth Crusade . Bohemond and his vassals marched to Acre . However , the crusade ended in failure because of the lack of a united command . Bohemond left the Kingdom of Jerusalem together with Andrew II of Hungary and Hugh I of Cyprus in January 1218 . Andrew attended at the wedding of Bohemond and Hughs half-sister Melisende in Tripoli . During the same year , Moslem troops made a plundering raid against the County of Tripoli . Conflicts . In 1219 , a group of Antiochene noblemen rose up against Raymond-Roupen who had lost Leo of Cilicias support . Their leader , William Farabel , urged Bohemond to come to Antioch . Raymond-Roupen sought refuge in the citadel , but he was forced to leave Antioch . He entrusted the citadel to the Hospitallers . Bohemond hurried to Antioch and seized the principality . The Hospitallers abandoned the citadel without resistance . Before long , Bohemond granted Jabala ( which was still to be conquered ) to the Templars although Raymond-Roupen had promised the town to the Hospitallers . The papal legate , Cardinal Pelagius , brokered an agreement between the military orders , dividing the town between them . However , Bohemond remained hostile to the Hospitallers . After he confiscated their property in Antioch , Pelagius excommunicated him . Constantine of Baberon , the regent for Isabella of Cilicia , offered her hand to Bohemonds son , Philip , because he needed Bohemonds assistance against Kayqubad I , Sultan of Rum . Bohemond accepted the offer and his son married Isabella in June 1222 . Bohemond and Philip repelled a Seldjuq attack against Cilicia . Philips blatant favoritism towards his Frankish retainers enabled Constantine of Baberon to hatch a plot against him . Philip and his supporters were captured and imprisoned at the end of 1224 . Bohemond tried to ensure his sons liberation through negotiations . He appealed to Pope Honorius III , but the pope confirmed his excommunication and forbade the Templars to assist him . Bohemond persuaded Kayqubad I to invade Cilicia . Although Bohemonds son had already been poisoned , Constantine of Baberon promised that Philip would be released if Bohemond come to Cilicia . Shortly after Bohemonds departure , Shihab ad-Din Toghril , atabeg of Aleppo , broke into the Principality of Antioch . After learning of his sons death and Toghrils invasion , Bohemond hurried back . The Holy Roman Emperor , Frederick II , summoned the Christian rulers of Syria and the Holy Land to Cyprus . Bohemond joined him while Frederick was marching from Limassol to Nicosia in August 1228 . Frederick demanded an oath of fealty for Antioch and Tripoli from Bohemond , but Bohemond feigned a nervous breakdown and returned to Nephin . Bohemond again met Frederick in Acre in 1229 , but Bohemonds realms were not included in the peace treaty between Frederick and Al-Kamil , sultan of Egypt , on 18 February 1229 . At the Hospitallers request , Pope Gregory IX repeated the excommunication of Bohemond in March 1230 . He authorized Gerald of Lausanne , Patriarch of Jerusalem , to lift the ban if Bohemond agreed to make peace with the Hospitallers . With the mediation of Gerald and the Ibelins , Bohemond and the Hospitallers made a treaty which was signed on 26 October 1231 . Bohemond confirmed the Hospitallers right to hold Jabala and a nearby fortress and granted them money fiefs in both Tripoli and Antioch . The knights renounced the privileges that Raymond-Roupen had granted to them . Before long , Gerald of Lausanne lifted the excommunication and sent the treaty to Rome to be confirmed by the Holy See . John of Ibelin , who was the leader of Emperor Fredericks opponents in the kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus , tried to convince Bohemond to support their cause . John sent his son , Balian , to Tripoli to negotiate with Bohemond , but the elderly Bohemond remained neutral in the conflict . Bohemond died in March 1233 , a few weeks before the popes confirmation of his treaty with the Hospitallers came to Tripoli . He was regarded as a great jurist by his contemporaries . Family . Bohemonds first wife , Plaisance , was the daughter of Hugh III Embriaco , Lord of Jabala , and Stephanie of Milly . The marriage secured Bohemonds position in the County of Tripoli . Raymond , the eldest son of Bohemond and Plaisance , was murdered at the Cathedral of Our Lady of Tortosa in 1213 at the age of 18 . Bohemond was succeeded by his second son , Bohemond , in both Antioch and Tripoli . Bohemonds and Plaisances third son , Philip , who was the first husband of Isabella of Cilicia , ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia between 1222 and 1224 . He died in prison . Bohemonds youngest son , Henry , married Isabella of Cyprus ; their son , Hugh inherited Cyprus in 1267 and the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1268 . Bohemonds second wife , Melisende de Lusignan , was the youngest daughter of Aimery , King of Cyprus and Jerusalem , and Isabella I of Jerusalem . Their daughter , Mary , laid claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem against her nephew , Hugh , in 1268 . She died after 1307 . |
[
"Prince of Antioch",
"Count of Tripoli"
] | easy | What was the noble title of Bohemond IV of Antioch from 1201 to 1216? | /wiki/Bohemond_IV_of_Antioch#P97#1 | Bohemond IV of Antioch Bohemond IV of Antioch , also known as Bohemond the One-Eyed ( ; 1175–1233 ) , was Count of Tripoli from 1187 to 1233 , and Prince of Antioch from 1201 to 1216 and from 1219 to 1233 . He was the younger son of Bohemond III of Antioch . The dying Raymond III of Tripoli offered his county to Bohemonds elder brother , Raymond , but their father sent Bohemond to Tripoli in late 1187 . Saladin , the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria , conquered the county , save for the capital and two fortresses , in summer 1188 . Raymond died in early 1197 , leaving a posthumous son , Raymond-Roupen . Raymond-Roupens mother , Alice , was the niece of Leo I of Cilicia who persuaded the Antiochene noblemen to acknowledge Raymond-Roupens right to succeed his grandfather . However , the Latin and Greek burghers proclaimed Bohemond heir to his father . After his father died in April 1201 , Bohemond seized Antioch with the support of the burghers , the Knights Templar and Hospitallers , and the Italian merchants . Bohemond made an alliance with Az-Zahir Ghazi , the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo , and Kaykaus I , the Seljuq sultan of Rum , who often invaded Cilicia during the following years , to prevent Leo I from attacking Antioch . Conflicts between Bohemond and the Latin Patriarchs of Antioch enabled Raymond-Roupen to seize Antioch in 1216 , but Bohemond regained the principality in 1219 . After Leo Is death , Bohemond tried to secure Cilicia to his younger son , Philip , but Constantine of Baberon , who had administered Cilicia during the previous years , imprisoned Philip in 1224 . Bohemond allied with Kayqubad I , sultan of Rum , but he could not prevent Philips murder in 1225 . Early life . Bohemond was the younger son of Bohemond III of Antioch by his first wife , Orgueilleuse of Harenc . He was born around 1175 . His mother was last mentioned in a charter issued in 1175 . Bohemonds widowed father married a relative of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos , Theodora , but he repudiated her shortly after Manuels death in 1180 . He married Sybil , an Antiochene noblewoman , described as a prostitute or sorcerer by 12th-century authors . She was a spy of Saladin , the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria . Aimery of Limoges , Latin Patriarch of Antioch , excommunicated Bohemonds father for his third marriage . Reign . Count of Tripoli . The childless Raymond III of Tripoli decided to bequeath his county to his godson , Raymond , who was Bohemonds elder brother . Bohemond III of Antioch sent Bohemond to Tripoli , because the union of Antioch and Tripoli under one monarch could jeopardize the defence of both crusader states . Raymond III of Tripoli ordered his vassals to do homage to Bohemond . The dying count , who was a member of the House of Toulouse , also prescribed that should another member of his family come from Toulouse , Bohemond should cede the County of Tripoli to him . Raymond died in late 1187 . Charters issued during the first years of Bohemonds rule imply that his elder brother was regarded a titular count of Tripoli for a while . After Saladin conquered almost the whole Kingdom of Jerusalem in the second half of 1187 , Queen Sibylla sought shelter in Tripoli , which became a center of her supporters . The noblemen who condemned her husband , Guy of Lusignan , for the fall of the kingdom , joined Conrad of Montferrat at Tyros . Saladin decided to invade the crusader states in Syria . He started his military campaign against Tripoli in May 1188 , but the arrival of the fleet of William II of Sicily saved the town . After Saladin captured Tortosa and Jabala ( present-day Tartus and Jableh in Syria ) in July , only Tripoli , Krak des Chevaliers , and the citadel at Tortosa remained under Christian rule in the county . Saladin released Guy of Lusignan who joined his wife . Guy , Sybilla , and their supporters left Tripoli and laid siege to Acre in August 1189 . The siege was the first sign of a new Christian offensive . Richard I of England could not reoccupy Jerusalem during the Third Crusade , but he ensured the survival of the Kingdom of Jerusalem before leaving the Holy Land on 9 October 1192 . Taking advantage of the crusade , Bohemonds father made a ten-year truce with Saladin on 30 October 1192 . The truce covered both Antioch and Tripoli . Bohemonds stepmother , Sybil , wanted to secure the succession of Antioch to her son , William . Leo , Lord of Armenian Cilicia exploited her ambitions . With her assistance , he captured and imprisoned Bohemond III in early 1194 . Leo also forced Bohemond III to surrender Antioch to him , but the Latin and Greek burghers formed a commune and prevented the Armenian soldiers from seizing the town . The commune proclaimed Bohemond IIIs elder son , Raymond , regent . Bohemond hurried from Tripoli to Antioch at the head of his army to help his brother , compelling the Armenian troops to return to Cilicia . Leo released their father only after Bohemond III renounced his claim to suzerainty over Cilicia . Raymond died in early 1197 . His widow , Alice , was Leo of Cilicias niece and heir . Bohemond III sent Alice and her posthumous son , Raymond-Roupen , to Leo , implying that he wanted to disinherit his grandson . Leo of Cilicia persuaded the papal legate , Conrad of Wittelsbach , Archbishop of Mainz , to visit Antioch . On the archbishops demand , Bohemond III declared Raymond-Roupen his heir and ordered the Antiochene noblemen to swear fealty to the boy . Raymond-Roupen was the only son of the first-born son of Bohemond III and thus heir by primogeniture , but Bohemond was Bohemond IIIs closest male relative and so heir by proximity of blood . In early 1198 , Bohemond marched to Antioch and gained the support of the military orders and the Italian merchants , promising new grants to them . The commune also acknowledged his claim to rule , because the burghers feared that the Armenians influence would increase if Raymond-Roupen succeeded his grandfather . Bohemond returned to Tripoli shortly after his claim was confirmed , because Leo of Cilicia broke into the principality to restore Bohemond III . Bohemond styled himself son of Prince Bohemond of Antioch and by the grace of God count of Tripoli to emphasize his right to inherit Antioch . War of Succession . Bohemond hurried to Antioch when his father died in April 1201 . The commune confirmed his right to rule . The military orders also supported him , but the noblemen who remained loyal to Raymond-Roupen fled to Cilicia . Leo of Cilicia besieged Antioch to assert Raymond-Roupens claim . Bohemond made an alliance with Az-Zahir Ghazi , the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo , and Kaykaus I , the Seljuq sultan of Rum , who forced the Armenian troops to return to Cilicia . Leo tried to gain the support of the Holy See against Bohemond , promising to unite the Armenian Church with Rome . Pope Innocent III sent Cardinal Soffred Gaetani to Antioch in late spring 1203 . Bohemond declined to meet the papal legate , stating that the patriarchs of Antioch and Jerusalem had excommunicated him for his debate with the Hospitallers . Gaetani mediated a reconciliation between Bohemond and the Hospitallers , but Bohemond insisted that the papal legate could not be mentioned in the agreement , because the Holy See could not make a judgement about feudal rights in the principality . In 1203 , Renoart of Nephin , Bohemonds vassal , married Isabel the heiress of Gibelcar , without his authorization . The High Court of Tripoli ordered the confiscation of Renoarts fiefs . However , he decided to resist and gained the support of Leo and Aimery , the king of Cyprus and Jerusalem . Bohemond traveled to Acre in summer 1204 to meet Marie of Champagne . Her husband , Baldwin I , had been recently crowned emperor in Constantinople . He did homage to her , acknowledging the suzerainty of the Latin emperors over Antioch . Marie tried to mediate a reconciliation between Bohemond and Leo of Cilicia , but she died in August . Renoart of Nephin pillaged the countryside and led his troops to Tripoli in late 1204 . Bohemond lost an eye in a battle at the gates of the town . He could only crush the rebellion after Aimery died in April 1205 . He captured both Nephin and Gibelcar before the end of the year , forcing Renart to flee to Cyprus . Before long , Bohemond returned to Antioch . Bohemond had already been on bad terms with the Latin patriarch of Antioch , Peter of Angoulême . Taking advantage of a conflict between the patriarch and the papal legate , Peter Capuano , Bohemond restored the Eastern Orthodox patriarch of Antioch , Symeon II , in early 1206 or 1207 . Peter of Angoulême and the papal legate were reconciled and the patriarch excommunicated Bohemond , Symeon and the commune with the approval of the Holy See . He also imposed an interdict on Antioch , but the burghers ignored his decision and visited the Greek churches . Peter of Angoulême helped Raymond-Roupens supporters to return from Cilicia to Antioch in late 1207 . Surprised by the coup , Bohemond sought refuge in the citadel . Although Leo of Cilicia also entered the town , Bohemond was able to muster his troops and defeat his enemies . He captured and imprisoned the Latin patriarch who refused to acknowledge him as the lawful prince . After Peter of Angoulême died of thirst , Pope Innocent III ordered Albert Avogadro , the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem , to excommunicate Bohemond . Bohemond continued to support the Eastern Orthodox patriarch and did not allow Peter of Ivrea , the new Latin patriarch of Antioch , to visit his see . He also debated the right of the Holy See to make a judgement about the succession in Antioch , stating that the principality was a fief of the Latin emperors of Constantinople . The Hospitallers made raids against Hama , Homs and Latakia from their castles in Bohemonds realms . Al-Adil I , the Ayyubid ruler of Damascus and Egypt , blamed Bohemond for the knights actions . Al-Adil broke into the County of Tripoli , forcing Bohemond to pay a compensation in 1208 or 1209 . Az-Zahir Ghazi invaded Cilicia to prevent Leo from attacking Antioch in 1209 . Cilician soldiers who tried to seize a caravan wounded the grand master of the Knights Templar Guillaume de Chartres , in a skirmish on the plains near Antioch in 1211 . Their action annoyed Pope Innocent who excommunicated Leo of Cilicia . Bohemond expelled the Eastern Orthodox patriarch from Antioch , allowing Peter of Ivrea to take charge of his see . John of Brienne , King of Jerusalem , sent reinforcements to Antioch to fight against the Armenians . Leo dispatched Raymond-Roupen to attack the Templars domains in Bohemonds principality in 1212 . A group of Assassins murdered Bohemonds eldest son , Raymond , in 1213 . At the time , the Assassins were tributaries to the Hospitallers and Bohemond suspected the Hospitallers had been involved in the murder . After Bohemond and the Templars laid siege their fortress at Khawabi , the Assassins sought assistance from Bohemonds old ally , Az-Zahir Ghazi . Az-Zahir Ghazi appealed to Al-Adil , although they had been enemies . Their alliance forced Bohemond to lift the siege and to send an apology to Az-Zahir Ghazi . Bohemond preferred to stay in Tripoli which caused discontent among the citizens of Antioch . Peter of Ivrea , the Hospitallers and Acharie of Sermin , who was the senechal of Antioch and head of the commune , started negotiations with Leo of Cilicia about the surrender of Antioch to Raymond-Roupen . They helped the Cilician troops to enter Antioch on 14 February 1216 . The Templars abandoned the citadel without resistance and Raymond-Roupen was installed as prince . Duke Leopold VI of Austria , who landed at Acre in late summer 1217 , invited Bohemond to join the Fifth Crusade . Bohemond and his vassals marched to Acre . However , the crusade ended in failure because of the lack of a united command . Bohemond left the Kingdom of Jerusalem together with Andrew II of Hungary and Hugh I of Cyprus in January 1218 . Andrew attended at the wedding of Bohemond and Hughs half-sister Melisende in Tripoli . During the same year , Moslem troops made a plundering raid against the County of Tripoli . Conflicts . In 1219 , a group of Antiochene noblemen rose up against Raymond-Roupen who had lost Leo of Cilicias support . Their leader , William Farabel , urged Bohemond to come to Antioch . Raymond-Roupen sought refuge in the citadel , but he was forced to leave Antioch . He entrusted the citadel to the Hospitallers . Bohemond hurried to Antioch and seized the principality . The Hospitallers abandoned the citadel without resistance . Before long , Bohemond granted Jabala ( which was still to be conquered ) to the Templars although Raymond-Roupen had promised the town to the Hospitallers . The papal legate , Cardinal Pelagius , brokered an agreement between the military orders , dividing the town between them . However , Bohemond remained hostile to the Hospitallers . After he confiscated their property in Antioch , Pelagius excommunicated him . Constantine of Baberon , the regent for Isabella of Cilicia , offered her hand to Bohemonds son , Philip , because he needed Bohemonds assistance against Kayqubad I , Sultan of Rum . Bohemond accepted the offer and his son married Isabella in June 1222 . Bohemond and Philip repelled a Seldjuq attack against Cilicia . Philips blatant favoritism towards his Frankish retainers enabled Constantine of Baberon to hatch a plot against him . Philip and his supporters were captured and imprisoned at the end of 1224 . Bohemond tried to ensure his sons liberation through negotiations . He appealed to Pope Honorius III , but the pope confirmed his excommunication and forbade the Templars to assist him . Bohemond persuaded Kayqubad I to invade Cilicia . Although Bohemonds son had already been poisoned , Constantine of Baberon promised that Philip would be released if Bohemond come to Cilicia . Shortly after Bohemonds departure , Shihab ad-Din Toghril , atabeg of Aleppo , broke into the Principality of Antioch . After learning of his sons death and Toghrils invasion , Bohemond hurried back . The Holy Roman Emperor , Frederick II , summoned the Christian rulers of Syria and the Holy Land to Cyprus . Bohemond joined him while Frederick was marching from Limassol to Nicosia in August 1228 . Frederick demanded an oath of fealty for Antioch and Tripoli from Bohemond , but Bohemond feigned a nervous breakdown and returned to Nephin . Bohemond again met Frederick in Acre in 1229 , but Bohemonds realms were not included in the peace treaty between Frederick and Al-Kamil , sultan of Egypt , on 18 February 1229 . At the Hospitallers request , Pope Gregory IX repeated the excommunication of Bohemond in March 1230 . He authorized Gerald of Lausanne , Patriarch of Jerusalem , to lift the ban if Bohemond agreed to make peace with the Hospitallers . With the mediation of Gerald and the Ibelins , Bohemond and the Hospitallers made a treaty which was signed on 26 October 1231 . Bohemond confirmed the Hospitallers right to hold Jabala and a nearby fortress and granted them money fiefs in both Tripoli and Antioch . The knights renounced the privileges that Raymond-Roupen had granted to them . Before long , Gerald of Lausanne lifted the excommunication and sent the treaty to Rome to be confirmed by the Holy See . John of Ibelin , who was the leader of Emperor Fredericks opponents in the kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus , tried to convince Bohemond to support their cause . John sent his son , Balian , to Tripoli to negotiate with Bohemond , but the elderly Bohemond remained neutral in the conflict . Bohemond died in March 1233 , a few weeks before the popes confirmation of his treaty with the Hospitallers came to Tripoli . He was regarded as a great jurist by his contemporaries . Family . Bohemonds first wife , Plaisance , was the daughter of Hugh III Embriaco , Lord of Jabala , and Stephanie of Milly . The marriage secured Bohemonds position in the County of Tripoli . Raymond , the eldest son of Bohemond and Plaisance , was murdered at the Cathedral of Our Lady of Tortosa in 1213 at the age of 18 . Bohemond was succeeded by his second son , Bohemond , in both Antioch and Tripoli . Bohemonds and Plaisances third son , Philip , who was the first husband of Isabella of Cilicia , ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia between 1222 and 1224 . He died in prison . Bohemonds youngest son , Henry , married Isabella of Cyprus ; their son , Hugh inherited Cyprus in 1267 and the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1268 . Bohemonds second wife , Melisende de Lusignan , was the youngest daughter of Aimery , King of Cyprus and Jerusalem , and Isabella I of Jerusalem . Their daughter , Mary , laid claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem against her nephew , Hugh , in 1268 . She died after 1307 . |
[
"Count of Tripoli",
"Prince of Antioch"
] | easy | What was the noble title of Bohemond IV of Antioch from 1219 to 1233? | /wiki/Bohemond_IV_of_Antioch#P97#2 | Bohemond IV of Antioch Bohemond IV of Antioch , also known as Bohemond the One-Eyed ( ; 1175–1233 ) , was Count of Tripoli from 1187 to 1233 , and Prince of Antioch from 1201 to 1216 and from 1219 to 1233 . He was the younger son of Bohemond III of Antioch . The dying Raymond III of Tripoli offered his county to Bohemonds elder brother , Raymond , but their father sent Bohemond to Tripoli in late 1187 . Saladin , the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria , conquered the county , save for the capital and two fortresses , in summer 1188 . Raymond died in early 1197 , leaving a posthumous son , Raymond-Roupen . Raymond-Roupens mother , Alice , was the niece of Leo I of Cilicia who persuaded the Antiochene noblemen to acknowledge Raymond-Roupens right to succeed his grandfather . However , the Latin and Greek burghers proclaimed Bohemond heir to his father . After his father died in April 1201 , Bohemond seized Antioch with the support of the burghers , the Knights Templar and Hospitallers , and the Italian merchants . Bohemond made an alliance with Az-Zahir Ghazi , the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo , and Kaykaus I , the Seljuq sultan of Rum , who often invaded Cilicia during the following years , to prevent Leo I from attacking Antioch . Conflicts between Bohemond and the Latin Patriarchs of Antioch enabled Raymond-Roupen to seize Antioch in 1216 , but Bohemond regained the principality in 1219 . After Leo Is death , Bohemond tried to secure Cilicia to his younger son , Philip , but Constantine of Baberon , who had administered Cilicia during the previous years , imprisoned Philip in 1224 . Bohemond allied with Kayqubad I , sultan of Rum , but he could not prevent Philips murder in 1225 . Early life . Bohemond was the younger son of Bohemond III of Antioch by his first wife , Orgueilleuse of Harenc . He was born around 1175 . His mother was last mentioned in a charter issued in 1175 . Bohemonds widowed father married a relative of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos , Theodora , but he repudiated her shortly after Manuels death in 1180 . He married Sybil , an Antiochene noblewoman , described as a prostitute or sorcerer by 12th-century authors . She was a spy of Saladin , the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria . Aimery of Limoges , Latin Patriarch of Antioch , excommunicated Bohemonds father for his third marriage . Reign . Count of Tripoli . The childless Raymond III of Tripoli decided to bequeath his county to his godson , Raymond , who was Bohemonds elder brother . Bohemond III of Antioch sent Bohemond to Tripoli , because the union of Antioch and Tripoli under one monarch could jeopardize the defence of both crusader states . Raymond III of Tripoli ordered his vassals to do homage to Bohemond . The dying count , who was a member of the House of Toulouse , also prescribed that should another member of his family come from Toulouse , Bohemond should cede the County of Tripoli to him . Raymond died in late 1187 . Charters issued during the first years of Bohemonds rule imply that his elder brother was regarded a titular count of Tripoli for a while . After Saladin conquered almost the whole Kingdom of Jerusalem in the second half of 1187 , Queen Sibylla sought shelter in Tripoli , which became a center of her supporters . The noblemen who condemned her husband , Guy of Lusignan , for the fall of the kingdom , joined Conrad of Montferrat at Tyros . Saladin decided to invade the crusader states in Syria . He started his military campaign against Tripoli in May 1188 , but the arrival of the fleet of William II of Sicily saved the town . After Saladin captured Tortosa and Jabala ( present-day Tartus and Jableh in Syria ) in July , only Tripoli , Krak des Chevaliers , and the citadel at Tortosa remained under Christian rule in the county . Saladin released Guy of Lusignan who joined his wife . Guy , Sybilla , and their supporters left Tripoli and laid siege to Acre in August 1189 . The siege was the first sign of a new Christian offensive . Richard I of England could not reoccupy Jerusalem during the Third Crusade , but he ensured the survival of the Kingdom of Jerusalem before leaving the Holy Land on 9 October 1192 . Taking advantage of the crusade , Bohemonds father made a ten-year truce with Saladin on 30 October 1192 . The truce covered both Antioch and Tripoli . Bohemonds stepmother , Sybil , wanted to secure the succession of Antioch to her son , William . Leo , Lord of Armenian Cilicia exploited her ambitions . With her assistance , he captured and imprisoned Bohemond III in early 1194 . Leo also forced Bohemond III to surrender Antioch to him , but the Latin and Greek burghers formed a commune and prevented the Armenian soldiers from seizing the town . The commune proclaimed Bohemond IIIs elder son , Raymond , regent . Bohemond hurried from Tripoli to Antioch at the head of his army to help his brother , compelling the Armenian troops to return to Cilicia . Leo released their father only after Bohemond III renounced his claim to suzerainty over Cilicia . Raymond died in early 1197 . His widow , Alice , was Leo of Cilicias niece and heir . Bohemond III sent Alice and her posthumous son , Raymond-Roupen , to Leo , implying that he wanted to disinherit his grandson . Leo of Cilicia persuaded the papal legate , Conrad of Wittelsbach , Archbishop of Mainz , to visit Antioch . On the archbishops demand , Bohemond III declared Raymond-Roupen his heir and ordered the Antiochene noblemen to swear fealty to the boy . Raymond-Roupen was the only son of the first-born son of Bohemond III and thus heir by primogeniture , but Bohemond was Bohemond IIIs closest male relative and so heir by proximity of blood . In early 1198 , Bohemond marched to Antioch and gained the support of the military orders and the Italian merchants , promising new grants to them . The commune also acknowledged his claim to rule , because the burghers feared that the Armenians influence would increase if Raymond-Roupen succeeded his grandfather . Bohemond returned to Tripoli shortly after his claim was confirmed , because Leo of Cilicia broke into the principality to restore Bohemond III . Bohemond styled himself son of Prince Bohemond of Antioch and by the grace of God count of Tripoli to emphasize his right to inherit Antioch . War of Succession . Bohemond hurried to Antioch when his father died in April 1201 . The commune confirmed his right to rule . The military orders also supported him , but the noblemen who remained loyal to Raymond-Roupen fled to Cilicia . Leo of Cilicia besieged Antioch to assert Raymond-Roupens claim . Bohemond made an alliance with Az-Zahir Ghazi , the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo , and Kaykaus I , the Seljuq sultan of Rum , who forced the Armenian troops to return to Cilicia . Leo tried to gain the support of the Holy See against Bohemond , promising to unite the Armenian Church with Rome . Pope Innocent III sent Cardinal Soffred Gaetani to Antioch in late spring 1203 . Bohemond declined to meet the papal legate , stating that the patriarchs of Antioch and Jerusalem had excommunicated him for his debate with the Hospitallers . Gaetani mediated a reconciliation between Bohemond and the Hospitallers , but Bohemond insisted that the papal legate could not be mentioned in the agreement , because the Holy See could not make a judgement about feudal rights in the principality . In 1203 , Renoart of Nephin , Bohemonds vassal , married Isabel the heiress of Gibelcar , without his authorization . The High Court of Tripoli ordered the confiscation of Renoarts fiefs . However , he decided to resist and gained the support of Leo and Aimery , the king of Cyprus and Jerusalem . Bohemond traveled to Acre in summer 1204 to meet Marie of Champagne . Her husband , Baldwin I , had been recently crowned emperor in Constantinople . He did homage to her , acknowledging the suzerainty of the Latin emperors over Antioch . Marie tried to mediate a reconciliation between Bohemond and Leo of Cilicia , but she died in August . Renoart of Nephin pillaged the countryside and led his troops to Tripoli in late 1204 . Bohemond lost an eye in a battle at the gates of the town . He could only crush the rebellion after Aimery died in April 1205 . He captured both Nephin and Gibelcar before the end of the year , forcing Renart to flee to Cyprus . Before long , Bohemond returned to Antioch . Bohemond had already been on bad terms with the Latin patriarch of Antioch , Peter of Angoulême . Taking advantage of a conflict between the patriarch and the papal legate , Peter Capuano , Bohemond restored the Eastern Orthodox patriarch of Antioch , Symeon II , in early 1206 or 1207 . Peter of Angoulême and the papal legate were reconciled and the patriarch excommunicated Bohemond , Symeon and the commune with the approval of the Holy See . He also imposed an interdict on Antioch , but the burghers ignored his decision and visited the Greek churches . Peter of Angoulême helped Raymond-Roupens supporters to return from Cilicia to Antioch in late 1207 . Surprised by the coup , Bohemond sought refuge in the citadel . Although Leo of Cilicia also entered the town , Bohemond was able to muster his troops and defeat his enemies . He captured and imprisoned the Latin patriarch who refused to acknowledge him as the lawful prince . After Peter of Angoulême died of thirst , Pope Innocent III ordered Albert Avogadro , the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem , to excommunicate Bohemond . Bohemond continued to support the Eastern Orthodox patriarch and did not allow Peter of Ivrea , the new Latin patriarch of Antioch , to visit his see . He also debated the right of the Holy See to make a judgement about the succession in Antioch , stating that the principality was a fief of the Latin emperors of Constantinople . The Hospitallers made raids against Hama , Homs and Latakia from their castles in Bohemonds realms . Al-Adil I , the Ayyubid ruler of Damascus and Egypt , blamed Bohemond for the knights actions . Al-Adil broke into the County of Tripoli , forcing Bohemond to pay a compensation in 1208 or 1209 . Az-Zahir Ghazi invaded Cilicia to prevent Leo from attacking Antioch in 1209 . Cilician soldiers who tried to seize a caravan wounded the grand master of the Knights Templar Guillaume de Chartres , in a skirmish on the plains near Antioch in 1211 . Their action annoyed Pope Innocent who excommunicated Leo of Cilicia . Bohemond expelled the Eastern Orthodox patriarch from Antioch , allowing Peter of Ivrea to take charge of his see . John of Brienne , King of Jerusalem , sent reinforcements to Antioch to fight against the Armenians . Leo dispatched Raymond-Roupen to attack the Templars domains in Bohemonds principality in 1212 . A group of Assassins murdered Bohemonds eldest son , Raymond , in 1213 . At the time , the Assassins were tributaries to the Hospitallers and Bohemond suspected the Hospitallers had been involved in the murder . After Bohemond and the Templars laid siege their fortress at Khawabi , the Assassins sought assistance from Bohemonds old ally , Az-Zahir Ghazi . Az-Zahir Ghazi appealed to Al-Adil , although they had been enemies . Their alliance forced Bohemond to lift the siege and to send an apology to Az-Zahir Ghazi . Bohemond preferred to stay in Tripoli which caused discontent among the citizens of Antioch . Peter of Ivrea , the Hospitallers and Acharie of Sermin , who was the senechal of Antioch and head of the commune , started negotiations with Leo of Cilicia about the surrender of Antioch to Raymond-Roupen . They helped the Cilician troops to enter Antioch on 14 February 1216 . The Templars abandoned the citadel without resistance and Raymond-Roupen was installed as prince . Duke Leopold VI of Austria , who landed at Acre in late summer 1217 , invited Bohemond to join the Fifth Crusade . Bohemond and his vassals marched to Acre . However , the crusade ended in failure because of the lack of a united command . Bohemond left the Kingdom of Jerusalem together with Andrew II of Hungary and Hugh I of Cyprus in January 1218 . Andrew attended at the wedding of Bohemond and Hughs half-sister Melisende in Tripoli . During the same year , Moslem troops made a plundering raid against the County of Tripoli . Conflicts . In 1219 , a group of Antiochene noblemen rose up against Raymond-Roupen who had lost Leo of Cilicias support . Their leader , William Farabel , urged Bohemond to come to Antioch . Raymond-Roupen sought refuge in the citadel , but he was forced to leave Antioch . He entrusted the citadel to the Hospitallers . Bohemond hurried to Antioch and seized the principality . The Hospitallers abandoned the citadel without resistance . Before long , Bohemond granted Jabala ( which was still to be conquered ) to the Templars although Raymond-Roupen had promised the town to the Hospitallers . The papal legate , Cardinal Pelagius , brokered an agreement between the military orders , dividing the town between them . However , Bohemond remained hostile to the Hospitallers . After he confiscated their property in Antioch , Pelagius excommunicated him . Constantine of Baberon , the regent for Isabella of Cilicia , offered her hand to Bohemonds son , Philip , because he needed Bohemonds assistance against Kayqubad I , Sultan of Rum . Bohemond accepted the offer and his son married Isabella in June 1222 . Bohemond and Philip repelled a Seldjuq attack against Cilicia . Philips blatant favoritism towards his Frankish retainers enabled Constantine of Baberon to hatch a plot against him . Philip and his supporters were captured and imprisoned at the end of 1224 . Bohemond tried to ensure his sons liberation through negotiations . He appealed to Pope Honorius III , but the pope confirmed his excommunication and forbade the Templars to assist him . Bohemond persuaded Kayqubad I to invade Cilicia . Although Bohemonds son had already been poisoned , Constantine of Baberon promised that Philip would be released if Bohemond come to Cilicia . Shortly after Bohemonds departure , Shihab ad-Din Toghril , atabeg of Aleppo , broke into the Principality of Antioch . After learning of his sons death and Toghrils invasion , Bohemond hurried back . The Holy Roman Emperor , Frederick II , summoned the Christian rulers of Syria and the Holy Land to Cyprus . Bohemond joined him while Frederick was marching from Limassol to Nicosia in August 1228 . Frederick demanded an oath of fealty for Antioch and Tripoli from Bohemond , but Bohemond feigned a nervous breakdown and returned to Nephin . Bohemond again met Frederick in Acre in 1229 , but Bohemonds realms were not included in the peace treaty between Frederick and Al-Kamil , sultan of Egypt , on 18 February 1229 . At the Hospitallers request , Pope Gregory IX repeated the excommunication of Bohemond in March 1230 . He authorized Gerald of Lausanne , Patriarch of Jerusalem , to lift the ban if Bohemond agreed to make peace with the Hospitallers . With the mediation of Gerald and the Ibelins , Bohemond and the Hospitallers made a treaty which was signed on 26 October 1231 . Bohemond confirmed the Hospitallers right to hold Jabala and a nearby fortress and granted them money fiefs in both Tripoli and Antioch . The knights renounced the privileges that Raymond-Roupen had granted to them . Before long , Gerald of Lausanne lifted the excommunication and sent the treaty to Rome to be confirmed by the Holy See . John of Ibelin , who was the leader of Emperor Fredericks opponents in the kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus , tried to convince Bohemond to support their cause . John sent his son , Balian , to Tripoli to negotiate with Bohemond , but the elderly Bohemond remained neutral in the conflict . Bohemond died in March 1233 , a few weeks before the popes confirmation of his treaty with the Hospitallers came to Tripoli . He was regarded as a great jurist by his contemporaries . Family . Bohemonds first wife , Plaisance , was the daughter of Hugh III Embriaco , Lord of Jabala , and Stephanie of Milly . The marriage secured Bohemonds position in the County of Tripoli . Raymond , the eldest son of Bohemond and Plaisance , was murdered at the Cathedral of Our Lady of Tortosa in 1213 at the age of 18 . Bohemond was succeeded by his second son , Bohemond , in both Antioch and Tripoli . Bohemonds and Plaisances third son , Philip , who was the first husband of Isabella of Cilicia , ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia between 1222 and 1224 . He died in prison . Bohemonds youngest son , Henry , married Isabella of Cyprus ; their son , Hugh inherited Cyprus in 1267 and the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1268 . Bohemonds second wife , Melisende de Lusignan , was the youngest daughter of Aimery , King of Cyprus and Jerusalem , and Isabella I of Jerusalem . Their daughter , Mary , laid claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem against her nephew , Hugh , in 1268 . She died after 1307 . |
[
"Leiden"
] | easy | Where did Evert Collier work from 1667 to 1693? | /wiki/Evert_Collier#P937#0 | Evert Collier Evert Collier ( 26 January 1642 – few days before 8 September 1708 ) was a Dutch Golden Age still-life painter known for vanitas and trompe-lœil paintings . His first name is sometimes spelled Edward or Edwaert or Eduwaert or Edwart , and his last name is sometimes spelled Colyer or Kollier . Life . Collier was baptized Evert Calier in Breda , North Brabant . He was trained in Haarlem , where his earliest paintings show the influence of Vincent Laurensz van der Vinne , who became a member of the Haarlem Guild of St . Luke in 1649 , and whose son Laurens van der Vinne listed Evert Colier in 1702 as one of the Haarlem guild members who had known his father . Van der Vinne was probably his teacher when Collier registered with the Haarlem guild in 1664 . They both later influenced the Haarlem still-life painter Barend van Eisen . By 1667 , Collier had moved to Leiden , where he became a member of the Leiden Guild of St . Luke in 1673 . He moved to Amsterdam by 1686 and to London in 1693 . He returned to Leiden in the years 1702–1706 , based on signed and dated works there , but was back in London at the end of his life where he was buried September 8 , 1708 at St . Jamess , Piccadilly . The Denver Art Museum , the Honolulu Museum of Art , the Indianapolis Museum of Art , the National Portrait Gallery ( United Kingdom ) , the Rijksmuseum ( Amsterdam ) and the Tate ( London ) are among the public collections having paintings by Evert Collier . The US historian , Dror Wahrman , has written a book on Colliers trompe-lœil works , Mr . Colliers Letter Racks ( OUP , 2014 ) . The book brings together a wide range of the painters still lifes from the late 17th and early 18th centuries , mostly from the time when Collier was living in London . Their themes were almost exclusively arrangements of journals , engravings , letters , medals , combs , sealing wax sticks and other ephemera , signifying an updating of the older memento mori still life model . Works . His works tend to be an arrangement of pieces of paper painted to pop out of the surface in a trompe-lœil fashion . Like Van der Vinne before him , he often included prints , but these tended to be popular prints of the day . 1 . A Trompe-lœil of Newspapers , Letters and Writing Implements on a Wooden Board ( 1699 ) , 58.8 × 46.2 cm 2 . Edward Collier ( 1683 ) , Oil on Canvas , 44.4 × 52.8 cm 3 . Still Life ( 1699 ) , Oil on Canvas , 76.2 × 63.5 cm 4 . Still Life : The Smell ( 1695 ) , Oil on Canvas , 24 5/8 × 20 1/2 in 5 . Still Life : Parliament ( 1695 ) , Oil on Canvas , 24 1/2 x 29 3/4 in , M.S . Rau Antiques , New Orleans 6 . Still Life with a volume of Withers Emblemes ( 1696 ) , Oil on Canvas , 83.8 × 107.9 cm 7 . A Vanitas 8 . Vanitas ( 1662 ) , Oil on Wood , 94 × 112.1 cm 9 . Vanitas Still Life ( 1684 ) , Oil on Canvas , 99 × 123 cm 10 . Self Portrait with Vanitas Still Life ( 1684 ) , Oil on Canvas , Honolulu Museum of Art Notes . Attribution : References . - Netherlands Institute for Art History ( Dutch only ) - Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart / unter Mitwirkung von 300 Fachgelehrten des In- und Auslandes ; hrsg . von Ulrich Thieme und Felix Becker ( 1907–1950 ) - Adriaan van der Willigen en Fred G . Meijer , A Dictionary of Dutch and Flemish Still-life Painters Working in Oils , 1525–1725 , Leiden 2003 Further reading . - Tuominen , Minna : The Still Lifes of Edwaert Collier ( 1642–1708 ) . Ph.D . thesis . University of Helsinki , 2014 . ( On-line version. ) - Wahrman , Dror : Mr . Colliers Letter Racks , Oxford University Press , 2014 . External links . - Web Gallery of Art |
[
"London"
] | easy | What was the working location for Evert Collier from 1693 to 1702? | /wiki/Evert_Collier#P937#1 | Evert Collier Evert Collier ( 26 January 1642 – few days before 8 September 1708 ) was a Dutch Golden Age still-life painter known for vanitas and trompe-lœil paintings . His first name is sometimes spelled Edward or Edwaert or Eduwaert or Edwart , and his last name is sometimes spelled Colyer or Kollier . Life . Collier was baptized Evert Calier in Breda , North Brabant . He was trained in Haarlem , where his earliest paintings show the influence of Vincent Laurensz van der Vinne , who became a member of the Haarlem Guild of St . Luke in 1649 , and whose son Laurens van der Vinne listed Evert Colier in 1702 as one of the Haarlem guild members who had known his father . Van der Vinne was probably his teacher when Collier registered with the Haarlem guild in 1664 . They both later influenced the Haarlem still-life painter Barend van Eisen . By 1667 , Collier had moved to Leiden , where he became a member of the Leiden Guild of St . Luke in 1673 . He moved to Amsterdam by 1686 and to London in 1693 . He returned to Leiden in the years 1702–1706 , based on signed and dated works there , but was back in London at the end of his life where he was buried September 8 , 1708 at St . Jamess , Piccadilly . The Denver Art Museum , the Honolulu Museum of Art , the Indianapolis Museum of Art , the National Portrait Gallery ( United Kingdom ) , the Rijksmuseum ( Amsterdam ) and the Tate ( London ) are among the public collections having paintings by Evert Collier . The US historian , Dror Wahrman , has written a book on Colliers trompe-lœil works , Mr . Colliers Letter Racks ( OUP , 2014 ) . The book brings together a wide range of the painters still lifes from the late 17th and early 18th centuries , mostly from the time when Collier was living in London . Their themes were almost exclusively arrangements of journals , engravings , letters , medals , combs , sealing wax sticks and other ephemera , signifying an updating of the older memento mori still life model . Works . His works tend to be an arrangement of pieces of paper painted to pop out of the surface in a trompe-lœil fashion . Like Van der Vinne before him , he often included prints , but these tended to be popular prints of the day . 1 . A Trompe-lœil of Newspapers , Letters and Writing Implements on a Wooden Board ( 1699 ) , 58.8 × 46.2 cm 2 . Edward Collier ( 1683 ) , Oil on Canvas , 44.4 × 52.8 cm 3 . Still Life ( 1699 ) , Oil on Canvas , 76.2 × 63.5 cm 4 . Still Life : The Smell ( 1695 ) , Oil on Canvas , 24 5/8 × 20 1/2 in 5 . Still Life : Parliament ( 1695 ) , Oil on Canvas , 24 1/2 x 29 3/4 in , M.S . Rau Antiques , New Orleans 6 . Still Life with a volume of Withers Emblemes ( 1696 ) , Oil on Canvas , 83.8 × 107.9 cm 7 . A Vanitas 8 . Vanitas ( 1662 ) , Oil on Wood , 94 × 112.1 cm 9 . Vanitas Still Life ( 1684 ) , Oil on Canvas , 99 × 123 cm 10 . Self Portrait with Vanitas Still Life ( 1684 ) , Oil on Canvas , Honolulu Museum of Art Notes . Attribution : References . - Netherlands Institute for Art History ( Dutch only ) - Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart / unter Mitwirkung von 300 Fachgelehrten des In- und Auslandes ; hrsg . von Ulrich Thieme und Felix Becker ( 1907–1950 ) - Adriaan van der Willigen en Fred G . Meijer , A Dictionary of Dutch and Flemish Still-life Painters Working in Oils , 1525–1725 , Leiden 2003 Further reading . - Tuominen , Minna : The Still Lifes of Edwaert Collier ( 1642–1708 ) . Ph.D . thesis . University of Helsinki , 2014 . ( On-line version. ) - Wahrman , Dror : Mr . Colliers Letter Racks , Oxford University Press , 2014 . External links . - Web Gallery of Art |
[
"Leiden"
] | easy | Where did Evert Collier work from 1702 to 1706? | /wiki/Evert_Collier#P937#2 | Evert Collier Evert Collier ( 26 January 1642 – few days before 8 September 1708 ) was a Dutch Golden Age still-life painter known for vanitas and trompe-lœil paintings . His first name is sometimes spelled Edward or Edwaert or Eduwaert or Edwart , and his last name is sometimes spelled Colyer or Kollier . Life . Collier was baptized Evert Calier in Breda , North Brabant . He was trained in Haarlem , where his earliest paintings show the influence of Vincent Laurensz van der Vinne , who became a member of the Haarlem Guild of St . Luke in 1649 , and whose son Laurens van der Vinne listed Evert Colier in 1702 as one of the Haarlem guild members who had known his father . Van der Vinne was probably his teacher when Collier registered with the Haarlem guild in 1664 . They both later influenced the Haarlem still-life painter Barend van Eisen . By 1667 , Collier had moved to Leiden , where he became a member of the Leiden Guild of St . Luke in 1673 . He moved to Amsterdam by 1686 and to London in 1693 . He returned to Leiden in the years 1702–1706 , based on signed and dated works there , but was back in London at the end of his life where he was buried September 8 , 1708 at St . Jamess , Piccadilly . The Denver Art Museum , the Honolulu Museum of Art , the Indianapolis Museum of Art , the National Portrait Gallery ( United Kingdom ) , the Rijksmuseum ( Amsterdam ) and the Tate ( London ) are among the public collections having paintings by Evert Collier . The US historian , Dror Wahrman , has written a book on Colliers trompe-lœil works , Mr . Colliers Letter Racks ( OUP , 2014 ) . The book brings together a wide range of the painters still lifes from the late 17th and early 18th centuries , mostly from the time when Collier was living in London . Their themes were almost exclusively arrangements of journals , engravings , letters , medals , combs , sealing wax sticks and other ephemera , signifying an updating of the older memento mori still life model . Works . His works tend to be an arrangement of pieces of paper painted to pop out of the surface in a trompe-lœil fashion . Like Van der Vinne before him , he often included prints , but these tended to be popular prints of the day . 1 . A Trompe-lœil of Newspapers , Letters and Writing Implements on a Wooden Board ( 1699 ) , 58.8 × 46.2 cm 2 . Edward Collier ( 1683 ) , Oil on Canvas , 44.4 × 52.8 cm 3 . Still Life ( 1699 ) , Oil on Canvas , 76.2 × 63.5 cm 4 . Still Life : The Smell ( 1695 ) , Oil on Canvas , 24 5/8 × 20 1/2 in 5 . Still Life : Parliament ( 1695 ) , Oil on Canvas , 24 1/2 x 29 3/4 in , M.S . Rau Antiques , New Orleans 6 . Still Life with a volume of Withers Emblemes ( 1696 ) , Oil on Canvas , 83.8 × 107.9 cm 7 . A Vanitas 8 . Vanitas ( 1662 ) , Oil on Wood , 94 × 112.1 cm 9 . Vanitas Still Life ( 1684 ) , Oil on Canvas , 99 × 123 cm 10 . Self Portrait with Vanitas Still Life ( 1684 ) , Oil on Canvas , Honolulu Museum of Art Notes . Attribution : References . - Netherlands Institute for Art History ( Dutch only ) - Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart / unter Mitwirkung von 300 Fachgelehrten des In- und Auslandes ; hrsg . von Ulrich Thieme und Felix Becker ( 1907–1950 ) - Adriaan van der Willigen en Fred G . Meijer , A Dictionary of Dutch and Flemish Still-life Painters Working in Oils , 1525–1725 , Leiden 2003 Further reading . - Tuominen , Minna : The Still Lifes of Edwaert Collier ( 1642–1708 ) . Ph.D . thesis . University of Helsinki , 2014 . ( On-line version. ) - Wahrman , Dror : Mr . Colliers Letter Racks , Oxford University Press , 2014 . External links . - Web Gallery of Art |
[
"London"
] | easy | What was the working location for Evert Collier from 1706 to 1708? | /wiki/Evert_Collier#P937#3 | Evert Collier Evert Collier ( 26 January 1642 – few days before 8 September 1708 ) was a Dutch Golden Age still-life painter known for vanitas and trompe-lœil paintings . His first name is sometimes spelled Edward or Edwaert or Eduwaert or Edwart , and his last name is sometimes spelled Colyer or Kollier . Life . Collier was baptized Evert Calier in Breda , North Brabant . He was trained in Haarlem , where his earliest paintings show the influence of Vincent Laurensz van der Vinne , who became a member of the Haarlem Guild of St . Luke in 1649 , and whose son Laurens van der Vinne listed Evert Colier in 1702 as one of the Haarlem guild members who had known his father . Van der Vinne was probably his teacher when Collier registered with the Haarlem guild in 1664 . They both later influenced the Haarlem still-life painter Barend van Eisen . By 1667 , Collier had moved to Leiden , where he became a member of the Leiden Guild of St . Luke in 1673 . He moved to Amsterdam by 1686 and to London in 1693 . He returned to Leiden in the years 1702–1706 , based on signed and dated works there , but was back in London at the end of his life where he was buried September 8 , 1708 at St . Jamess , Piccadilly . The Denver Art Museum , the Honolulu Museum of Art , the Indianapolis Museum of Art , the National Portrait Gallery ( United Kingdom ) , the Rijksmuseum ( Amsterdam ) and the Tate ( London ) are among the public collections having paintings by Evert Collier . The US historian , Dror Wahrman , has written a book on Colliers trompe-lœil works , Mr . Colliers Letter Racks ( OUP , 2014 ) . The book brings together a wide range of the painters still lifes from the late 17th and early 18th centuries , mostly from the time when Collier was living in London . Their themes were almost exclusively arrangements of journals , engravings , letters , medals , combs , sealing wax sticks and other ephemera , signifying an updating of the older memento mori still life model . Works . His works tend to be an arrangement of pieces of paper painted to pop out of the surface in a trompe-lœil fashion . Like Van der Vinne before him , he often included prints , but these tended to be popular prints of the day . 1 . A Trompe-lœil of Newspapers , Letters and Writing Implements on a Wooden Board ( 1699 ) , 58.8 × 46.2 cm 2 . Edward Collier ( 1683 ) , Oil on Canvas , 44.4 × 52.8 cm 3 . Still Life ( 1699 ) , Oil on Canvas , 76.2 × 63.5 cm 4 . Still Life : The Smell ( 1695 ) , Oil on Canvas , 24 5/8 × 20 1/2 in 5 . Still Life : Parliament ( 1695 ) , Oil on Canvas , 24 1/2 x 29 3/4 in , M.S . Rau Antiques , New Orleans 6 . Still Life with a volume of Withers Emblemes ( 1696 ) , Oil on Canvas , 83.8 × 107.9 cm 7 . A Vanitas 8 . Vanitas ( 1662 ) , Oil on Wood , 94 × 112.1 cm 9 . Vanitas Still Life ( 1684 ) , Oil on Canvas , 99 × 123 cm 10 . Self Portrait with Vanitas Still Life ( 1684 ) , Oil on Canvas , Honolulu Museum of Art Notes . Attribution : References . - Netherlands Institute for Art History ( Dutch only ) - Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart / unter Mitwirkung von 300 Fachgelehrten des In- und Auslandes ; hrsg . von Ulrich Thieme und Felix Becker ( 1907–1950 ) - Adriaan van der Willigen en Fred G . Meijer , A Dictionary of Dutch and Flemish Still-life Painters Working in Oils , 1525–1725 , Leiden 2003 Further reading . - Tuominen , Minna : The Still Lifes of Edwaert Collier ( 1642–1708 ) . Ph.D . thesis . University of Helsinki , 2014 . ( On-line version. ) - Wahrman , Dror : Mr . Colliers Letter Racks , Oxford University Press , 2014 . External links . - Web Gallery of Art |
[
"Antioch"
] | easy | Where was Thyrsa Frazier Svager educated from 1950 to 1951? | /wiki/Thyrsa_Frazier_Svager#P69#0 | Thyrsa Frazier Svager Thyrsa Anne Frazier Svager ( June 16 , 1930 – July 23 , 1999 ) was an American academic who was one of the first African-American woman to gain a PhD in mathematics . Born in Ohio , she graduated from high school at the age of 16 , going to Antioch College in Ohio and then doing her postgraduate degrees at Ohio State University . Frazier Svager was the head of the Department of Mathematics at Central State University ( CSU ) in Ohio for decades , ending her academic career as provost and dean for academic affairs . She and her husband , physics professor Aleksandar Svager , invested one of their salaries during their careers to build a legacy for scholarships . After her death , the Thyrsa Frazier Svager Fund was established to provide scholarships for African-American women majoring in mathematics . Early life and education . Frazier Svager was born Thyrsa Anne Frazier on June 16 , 1930 in Wilberforce , Ohio . Her mother , Elizabeth Anne Frazier , taught speech at Central State University ( CSU ) , a historically black university in Wilberforce , Ohio . Her father , G . Thurston Frazier , headed the Logistics Department at the Wright–Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton , Ohio . He was a member of the Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity , holding the position of Polemarch in the province . Frazier Svager had three sisters , Gail , Constance and Jane , and a brother , William Lafayette . Frazier Svager graduated from Wilberforce University Preparatory Academy in Ohio at the age of 16 in 1947 , as class valedictorian . She attended Antioch College , a private liberal arts college in Yellow Springs , Ohio , majoring in mathematics , with a minor in chemistry , and placed in the 99th percentile in the Princeton Senior Student Examination . Frazier Svager was one of only four black students at Antioch : one of the others was Coretta Scott King , with whom she was friends . She gained a bachelor of arts degree from Antioch in 1951 , going on to gain a masters ( 1952 ) and PhD from Ohio State University ( OSU ) in Columbus in 1965 , where Paul Reichelderfer was her doctoral advisor . Her dissertation was titled On the product of absolutely continuous transformations of measure spaces . Career . Frazier Svager worked for a year at Wright–Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton , before teaching at Texas Southern University in Houston . In 1954 , she joined the faculty of CSU in Wilberforce . In 1967 , Frazier Svager was appointed chairman of the department of mathematics . She was awarded tenure in 1970 . She spent a summer in DC in 1966 as a systems analyst at NASA , as visiting faculty at MIT in 1969 , and in 1985 , she undertook postdoctoral study at OSU during the summer . She was provost and vice president for academic affairs when she retired in 1993 . In March 1995 , she returned for a short time to CSU as Interim President . Frazier Svager was active on the issue of scholarships , serving as the president of the local chapter of MOLES , a national association that provided scholarships for college students . She was also a member of Beta Kappa Chi , the National Association of Mathematicians , and the Mathematical Association of America , and was involved with Jack and Jill of America . Frazier Svager participated in the meeting that founded the National Association of Mathematics in 1969 . She wrote two books , CSUs Modern Elementary Algebra Workbook ( 1969 ) , and Essential Mathematics for College Freshmen ( 1976 ) . Personal life . While on the CSU faculty , Frazier met Aleksandar Svager , a Holocaust survivor from Yugoslavia and physics professor at CSU . They married in June 1968 at her parents home . Thyrsa Frazier Svager died on July 23 , 1999 . Philanthropy . Both university professors with a strong commitment to furthering education opportunities , the Svagers lived on one income , investing the other to build a scholarship fund . After her death , her husband established the Thyrsa Frazier Svager Fund at the Dayton Foundation , for African-American women who major in mathematics at one of six universities , with a legacy contribution planned . As of February 2017 , 33 women had received support from the Fund . An annual contribution is also being made to the American Physical Societys Minority Scholarship . Honors . Frazier Svager was honored with an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters by CSU on her retirement , and she was inducted into the Hall of Fame in Greene County , Ohio . External links . - Tribute to Thyrsa Frazier Svager on YouTube ( Dayton Foundation ) . - Thyrsa Frazier Svager Scholarship Fund . |
[
"Ohio State University"
] | easy | Thyrsa Frazier Svager went to which school from 1951 to 1965? | /wiki/Thyrsa_Frazier_Svager#P69#1 | Thyrsa Frazier Svager Thyrsa Anne Frazier Svager ( June 16 , 1930 – July 23 , 1999 ) was an American academic who was one of the first African-American woman to gain a PhD in mathematics . Born in Ohio , she graduated from high school at the age of 16 , going to Antioch College in Ohio and then doing her postgraduate degrees at Ohio State University . Frazier Svager was the head of the Department of Mathematics at Central State University ( CSU ) in Ohio for decades , ending her academic career as provost and dean for academic affairs . She and her husband , physics professor Aleksandar Svager , invested one of their salaries during their careers to build a legacy for scholarships . After her death , the Thyrsa Frazier Svager Fund was established to provide scholarships for African-American women majoring in mathematics . Early life and education . Frazier Svager was born Thyrsa Anne Frazier on June 16 , 1930 in Wilberforce , Ohio . Her mother , Elizabeth Anne Frazier , taught speech at Central State University ( CSU ) , a historically black university in Wilberforce , Ohio . Her father , G . Thurston Frazier , headed the Logistics Department at the Wright–Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton , Ohio . He was a member of the Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity , holding the position of Polemarch in the province . Frazier Svager had three sisters , Gail , Constance and Jane , and a brother , William Lafayette . Frazier Svager graduated from Wilberforce University Preparatory Academy in Ohio at the age of 16 in 1947 , as class valedictorian . She attended Antioch College , a private liberal arts college in Yellow Springs , Ohio , majoring in mathematics , with a minor in chemistry , and placed in the 99th percentile in the Princeton Senior Student Examination . Frazier Svager was one of only four black students at Antioch : one of the others was Coretta Scott King , with whom she was friends . She gained a bachelor of arts degree from Antioch in 1951 , going on to gain a masters ( 1952 ) and PhD from Ohio State University ( OSU ) in Columbus in 1965 , where Paul Reichelderfer was her doctoral advisor . Her dissertation was titled On the product of absolutely continuous transformations of measure spaces . Career . Frazier Svager worked for a year at Wright–Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton , before teaching at Texas Southern University in Houston . In 1954 , she joined the faculty of CSU in Wilberforce . In 1967 , Frazier Svager was appointed chairman of the department of mathematics . She was awarded tenure in 1970 . She spent a summer in DC in 1966 as a systems analyst at NASA , as visiting faculty at MIT in 1969 , and in 1985 , she undertook postdoctoral study at OSU during the summer . She was provost and vice president for academic affairs when she retired in 1993 . In March 1995 , she returned for a short time to CSU as Interim President . Frazier Svager was active on the issue of scholarships , serving as the president of the local chapter of MOLES , a national association that provided scholarships for college students . She was also a member of Beta Kappa Chi , the National Association of Mathematicians , and the Mathematical Association of America , and was involved with Jack and Jill of America . Frazier Svager participated in the meeting that founded the National Association of Mathematics in 1969 . She wrote two books , CSUs Modern Elementary Algebra Workbook ( 1969 ) , and Essential Mathematics for College Freshmen ( 1976 ) . Personal life . While on the CSU faculty , Frazier met Aleksandar Svager , a Holocaust survivor from Yugoslavia and physics professor at CSU . They married in June 1968 at her parents home . Thyrsa Frazier Svager died on July 23 , 1999 . Philanthropy . Both university professors with a strong commitment to furthering education opportunities , the Svagers lived on one income , investing the other to build a scholarship fund . After her death , her husband established the Thyrsa Frazier Svager Fund at the Dayton Foundation , for African-American women who major in mathematics at one of six universities , with a legacy contribution planned . As of February 2017 , 33 women had received support from the Fund . An annual contribution is also being made to the American Physical Societys Minority Scholarship . Honors . Frazier Svager was honored with an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters by CSU on her retirement , and she was inducted into the Hall of Fame in Greene County , Ohio . External links . - Tribute to Thyrsa Frazier Svager on YouTube ( Dayton Foundation ) . - Thyrsa Frazier Svager Scholarship Fund . |
[
"Vice-Chair , Chair-Elect , and the Chair of Chemical Physics Division of the American Physical Society"
] | easy | What organization did James L. Skinner join in 2012? | /wiki/James_L._Skinner#P463#0 | James L . Skinner James L . Skinner ( born August 17 , 1953 ) is an American theoretical chemist . He is the Joseph O . and Elizabeth S . Hirschfelder Professor Emeritus at the University Wisconsin-Madison . He is also a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Welch Foundation . Most recently , Skinner was the Crown Family Professor of Molecular Engineering , Professor of Chemistry , Director of the Water Research Initiative and Deputy Dean for Faculty Affairs of the Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering at the University of Chicago . Skinner is recognized for his contributions to the fields of theoretical chemistry , nonequilibrium statistical mechanics , linear and nonlinear spectroscopy of liquids , amorphous and crystalline solids , surfaces , proteins , and supercritical fluids . Skinner is the co-author of over 230 peer-reviewed research articles . Education . Skinner received his A . B . in Chemistry and Physics , both with highest honors , from the University of California , Santa Cruz in 1975 . He received a Ph.D . in Chemical Physics from Harvard University in 1979 where he was a recipient of an NSF Graduate Fellowship and studied under the guidance of Peter G . Wolynes . The following year Skinner spent as an NSF Postdoctoral Fellow at Stanford University where he worked with Hans Andersen and Michael Fayer . Career . Skinner joined the Department of Chemistry at Columbia University as an Assistant Professor of Chemistry in 1981 . He was promoted to Associate Professor in 1985 and became a Professor of Chemistry in 1986 . In 1990 Skinner was appointed as the Director of the Theoretical Chemistry Institute and became the Joseph O . and Elizabeth S . Hirschfelder Professor of Chemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison . From 2004 to 2007 Skinner served as the chair of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison . In 2015-2016 he served on the University of Wisconsin Campus Planning Committee and the Academic Planning Council . Skinner resigned his position as the Director of the Theoretical Chemistry Institute and retired from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in December 2016 , where he currently holds the title of Joseph O . and Elizabeth S . Hirschfelder Professor Emeritus . In January 2017 Skinner joined the Institute for Molecular Engineering ( now Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering ) at the University of Chicago as the Crown Family Professor of Molecular Engineering . He also served as the Director of the Water Research Initiative and Deputy Dean for Faculty Affairs at the Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering . In 2020 he moved back to his position at the University of Wisconsin . Professional service . During his career Professor Skinner has held multiple professional appointments . From 1993 to 1996 he was , consequently , the Vice-Chair , Chair-Elect , and Chair of the Theoretical subdivision of the Physical Division of the American Chemical Society and from 2000 to 2004 he was the Vice-Chair-Elect , Vice-Chair , Chair-Elect , and the Chair of the Physical Division of the American Chemical Society . From 2000 to 2003 Skinner was a Vice-Chair and then Chair of the Gordon Conference on Molecular Electronic Spectroscopy . In 2007 he was a member of the Committee of Visitors of the NSF Chemistry Division . From 2007 to 2010 Skinner was a member-at-large of the Chemical Physics Division of the American Physical Society . From 2011 to 2014 he was the Vice-Chair , Chair-Elect , and the Chair of Chemical Physics Division of the American Physical Society . Since 2008 Skinner was a vice-chair and in 2014 he was the chair of American Conference on Theoretical Chemistry . While at the University of Chicago , Skinner actively participated in the University of Chicago-Argonne National Laboratory partnership by serving on the advisory board of the Midwest Integrated Center for Computational Materials in 2016 . Since 2015 he is an active member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Welch Foundation . Since 2017 Skinner has been actively involved in the governance of the Telluride Science and Research Center ( TSRC ) . From 2017 to 2019 he was a member of the Board of Directors of TSRC , becoming President of TSRC in 2018 . Editorial service . Skinner has served on editorial boards of several scientific journals including Single Molecules ( 2000-2003 ) , Journal of Physical Chemistry ( 2004-2006 ) , Chemical Physics ( 2005-2009 ) , and Molecular Physics ( 2008-2014 ) . Skinner had a long-standing relationship with the Journal of Chemical Physics . In 1999 he joined the editorial board , and became an Associate Editor in 2009 . Since 2015 Skinner served as a Deputy Editor of the Journal of Chemical Physics , retiring from his editorial service in 2019 . Honors and awards . Throughout his career Skinner has received numerous awards including the ACS Irving Langmuir Award in Chemical Physics ( 2012 ) , ACS Division of Physical Chemistry Award in Theoretical Chemistry ( 2011 ) , Hilldale Award in the Physical Sciences , University of Wisconsin-Madison ( 2015 ) , Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation ( WARF ) named professorship , University of Wisconsin Chancellor’s Distinguished Teaching Award ( 2003 ) , Pharmacia Teaching Award , Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison ( 2000 ) , Phi Lambda Upsilon Fresenius Award ( 1989 ) , Camille and Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award ( 1984–89 ) , National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator ( 1984-1989 ) , National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship ( 1980-1981 ) , and National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship ( 1975-1978 ) . Skinner is a member of the National Academy of Sciences ( 2012 ) , American Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 2006 ) , American Association for the Advancement of Science ( 2003 ) . He is an Alfred P . Sloan Fellow ( 1984–88 ) , Guggenheim Fellow ( 1993-94 ) , Humboldt Foundation Senior Scientist ( 1993–97 ) , Fellow of the American Chemical Society ( 2012 ) and American Physical Society ( 1997 ) . Named and Distinguished Lectures . - Kistiakowsky Prize Lecture , Harvard University , 2019 . - Rockwell Lecture , University of Houston , 2019 . - Joe L . Franklin Memorial Lecture , Rice University , 2019 . - A . D . Little Lectures , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 2019 . - Borden Lecture , University of Washington , 2019 . - Daniel Kivelson Lecture , University of California Los Angeles , 2017 . - Frontiers in Spectroscopy Lectures , Ohio State University , 2016 . - Malcolm Dole Lectures in Physical Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2015 . - Sessler Lecture , Stanford University , 2015 . - E . U . Condon Lecture , University of Colorado Boulder , 2013 . - Priestley Lecture , Pennsylvania State University , 2013 . - Vasser Woolley Distinguished Lecture , Georgia Tech , 2013 . - Hirschmann Visiting Professor Lectures , University of Pennsylvania , 2013 . - TSRC R . Stephen Berry Lecture , Telluride CO , 2012 . - University of Missouri Chancellor’s Distinguished Visitor , 2012 . - W . Albert Noyes , Jr . Memorial Lecturer , University of Rochester , 2008 . - Bryan Earl Kohler Lecturer , University of California , Riverside , 2005 . - Reilly Lecturer , University of Notre Dame , 2003 . - Norman Hascoe Distinguished Lecturer , University of Connecticut , 1998 . - Gerhard Closs Lecturer , University of Chicago , 1997 . - Davidson Lecturer , University of Kansas , 1995 . Personal life . James Skinner has been married to Wendy Skinner since 1986 . They have two sons , Colin and Duncan . External links . - Google Scholar Profile - Research Group website at the University of Wisconsin-Madison . |
[
""
] | easy | What organization did James L. Skinner join in 2006? | /wiki/James_L._Skinner#P463#1 | James L . Skinner James L . Skinner ( born August 17 , 1953 ) is an American theoretical chemist . He is the Joseph O . and Elizabeth S . Hirschfelder Professor Emeritus at the University Wisconsin-Madison . He is also a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Welch Foundation . Most recently , Skinner was the Crown Family Professor of Molecular Engineering , Professor of Chemistry , Director of the Water Research Initiative and Deputy Dean for Faculty Affairs of the Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering at the University of Chicago . Skinner is recognized for his contributions to the fields of theoretical chemistry , nonequilibrium statistical mechanics , linear and nonlinear spectroscopy of liquids , amorphous and crystalline solids , surfaces , proteins , and supercritical fluids . Skinner is the co-author of over 230 peer-reviewed research articles . Education . Skinner received his A . B . in Chemistry and Physics , both with highest honors , from the University of California , Santa Cruz in 1975 . He received a Ph.D . in Chemical Physics from Harvard University in 1979 where he was a recipient of an NSF Graduate Fellowship and studied under the guidance of Peter G . Wolynes . The following year Skinner spent as an NSF Postdoctoral Fellow at Stanford University where he worked with Hans Andersen and Michael Fayer . Career . Skinner joined the Department of Chemistry at Columbia University as an Assistant Professor of Chemistry in 1981 . He was promoted to Associate Professor in 1985 and became a Professor of Chemistry in 1986 . In 1990 Skinner was appointed as the Director of the Theoretical Chemistry Institute and became the Joseph O . and Elizabeth S . Hirschfelder Professor of Chemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison . From 2004 to 2007 Skinner served as the chair of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison . In 2015-2016 he served on the University of Wisconsin Campus Planning Committee and the Academic Planning Council . Skinner resigned his position as the Director of the Theoretical Chemistry Institute and retired from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in December 2016 , where he currently holds the title of Joseph O . and Elizabeth S . Hirschfelder Professor Emeritus . In January 2017 Skinner joined the Institute for Molecular Engineering ( now Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering ) at the University of Chicago as the Crown Family Professor of Molecular Engineering . He also served as the Director of the Water Research Initiative and Deputy Dean for Faculty Affairs at the Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering . In 2020 he moved back to his position at the University of Wisconsin . Professional service . During his career Professor Skinner has held multiple professional appointments . From 1993 to 1996 he was , consequently , the Vice-Chair , Chair-Elect , and Chair of the Theoretical subdivision of the Physical Division of the American Chemical Society and from 2000 to 2004 he was the Vice-Chair-Elect , Vice-Chair , Chair-Elect , and the Chair of the Physical Division of the American Chemical Society . From 2000 to 2003 Skinner was a Vice-Chair and then Chair of the Gordon Conference on Molecular Electronic Spectroscopy . In 2007 he was a member of the Committee of Visitors of the NSF Chemistry Division . From 2007 to 2010 Skinner was a member-at-large of the Chemical Physics Division of the American Physical Society . From 2011 to 2014 he was the Vice-Chair , Chair-Elect , and the Chair of Chemical Physics Division of the American Physical Society . Since 2008 Skinner was a vice-chair and in 2014 he was the chair of American Conference on Theoretical Chemistry . While at the University of Chicago , Skinner actively participated in the University of Chicago-Argonne National Laboratory partnership by serving on the advisory board of the Midwest Integrated Center for Computational Materials in 2016 . Since 2015 he is an active member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Welch Foundation . Since 2017 Skinner has been actively involved in the governance of the Telluride Science and Research Center ( TSRC ) . From 2017 to 2019 he was a member of the Board of Directors of TSRC , becoming President of TSRC in 2018 . Editorial service . Skinner has served on editorial boards of several scientific journals including Single Molecules ( 2000-2003 ) , Journal of Physical Chemistry ( 2004-2006 ) , Chemical Physics ( 2005-2009 ) , and Molecular Physics ( 2008-2014 ) . Skinner had a long-standing relationship with the Journal of Chemical Physics . In 1999 he joined the editorial board , and became an Associate Editor in 2009 . Since 2015 Skinner served as a Deputy Editor of the Journal of Chemical Physics , retiring from his editorial service in 2019 . Honors and awards . Throughout his career Skinner has received numerous awards including the ACS Irving Langmuir Award in Chemical Physics ( 2012 ) , ACS Division of Physical Chemistry Award in Theoretical Chemistry ( 2011 ) , Hilldale Award in the Physical Sciences , University of Wisconsin-Madison ( 2015 ) , Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation ( WARF ) named professorship , University of Wisconsin Chancellor’s Distinguished Teaching Award ( 2003 ) , Pharmacia Teaching Award , Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison ( 2000 ) , Phi Lambda Upsilon Fresenius Award ( 1989 ) , Camille and Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award ( 1984–89 ) , National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator ( 1984-1989 ) , National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship ( 1980-1981 ) , and National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship ( 1975-1978 ) . Skinner is a member of the National Academy of Sciences ( 2012 ) , American Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 2006 ) , American Association for the Advancement of Science ( 2003 ) . He is an Alfred P . Sloan Fellow ( 1984–88 ) , Guggenheim Fellow ( 1993-94 ) , Humboldt Foundation Senior Scientist ( 1993–97 ) , Fellow of the American Chemical Society ( 2012 ) and American Physical Society ( 1997 ) . Named and Distinguished Lectures . - Kistiakowsky Prize Lecture , Harvard University , 2019 . - Rockwell Lecture , University of Houston , 2019 . - Joe L . Franklin Memorial Lecture , Rice University , 2019 . - A . D . Little Lectures , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 2019 . - Borden Lecture , University of Washington , 2019 . - Daniel Kivelson Lecture , University of California Los Angeles , 2017 . - Frontiers in Spectroscopy Lectures , Ohio State University , 2016 . - Malcolm Dole Lectures in Physical Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2015 . - Sessler Lecture , Stanford University , 2015 . - E . U . Condon Lecture , University of Colorado Boulder , 2013 . - Priestley Lecture , Pennsylvania State University , 2013 . - Vasser Woolley Distinguished Lecture , Georgia Tech , 2013 . - Hirschmann Visiting Professor Lectures , University of Pennsylvania , 2013 . - TSRC R . Stephen Berry Lecture , Telluride CO , 2012 . - University of Missouri Chancellor’s Distinguished Visitor , 2012 . - W . Albert Noyes , Jr . Memorial Lecturer , University of Rochester , 2008 . - Bryan Earl Kohler Lecturer , University of California , Riverside , 2005 . - Reilly Lecturer , University of Notre Dame , 2003 . - Norman Hascoe Distinguished Lecturer , University of Connecticut , 1998 . - Gerhard Closs Lecturer , University of Chicago , 1997 . - Davidson Lecturer , University of Kansas , 1995 . Personal life . James Skinner has been married to Wendy Skinner since 1986 . They have two sons , Colin and Duncan . External links . - Google Scholar Profile - Research Group website at the University of Wisconsin-Madison . |
[
""
] | easy | James L. Skinner became a member of what organization or association in 2003? | /wiki/James_L._Skinner#P463#2 | James L . Skinner James L . Skinner ( born August 17 , 1953 ) is an American theoretical chemist . He is the Joseph O . and Elizabeth S . Hirschfelder Professor Emeritus at the University Wisconsin-Madison . He is also a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Welch Foundation . Most recently , Skinner was the Crown Family Professor of Molecular Engineering , Professor of Chemistry , Director of the Water Research Initiative and Deputy Dean for Faculty Affairs of the Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering at the University of Chicago . Skinner is recognized for his contributions to the fields of theoretical chemistry , nonequilibrium statistical mechanics , linear and nonlinear spectroscopy of liquids , amorphous and crystalline solids , surfaces , proteins , and supercritical fluids . Skinner is the co-author of over 230 peer-reviewed research articles . Education . Skinner received his A . B . in Chemistry and Physics , both with highest honors , from the University of California , Santa Cruz in 1975 . He received a Ph.D . in Chemical Physics from Harvard University in 1979 where he was a recipient of an NSF Graduate Fellowship and studied under the guidance of Peter G . Wolynes . The following year Skinner spent as an NSF Postdoctoral Fellow at Stanford University where he worked with Hans Andersen and Michael Fayer . Career . Skinner joined the Department of Chemistry at Columbia University as an Assistant Professor of Chemistry in 1981 . He was promoted to Associate Professor in 1985 and became a Professor of Chemistry in 1986 . In 1990 Skinner was appointed as the Director of the Theoretical Chemistry Institute and became the Joseph O . and Elizabeth S . Hirschfelder Professor of Chemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison . From 2004 to 2007 Skinner served as the chair of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison . In 2015-2016 he served on the University of Wisconsin Campus Planning Committee and the Academic Planning Council . Skinner resigned his position as the Director of the Theoretical Chemistry Institute and retired from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in December 2016 , where he currently holds the title of Joseph O . and Elizabeth S . Hirschfelder Professor Emeritus . In January 2017 Skinner joined the Institute for Molecular Engineering ( now Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering ) at the University of Chicago as the Crown Family Professor of Molecular Engineering . He also served as the Director of the Water Research Initiative and Deputy Dean for Faculty Affairs at the Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering . In 2020 he moved back to his position at the University of Wisconsin . Professional service . During his career Professor Skinner has held multiple professional appointments . From 1993 to 1996 he was , consequently , the Vice-Chair , Chair-Elect , and Chair of the Theoretical subdivision of the Physical Division of the American Chemical Society and from 2000 to 2004 he was the Vice-Chair-Elect , Vice-Chair , Chair-Elect , and the Chair of the Physical Division of the American Chemical Society . From 2000 to 2003 Skinner was a Vice-Chair and then Chair of the Gordon Conference on Molecular Electronic Spectroscopy . In 2007 he was a member of the Committee of Visitors of the NSF Chemistry Division . From 2007 to 2010 Skinner was a member-at-large of the Chemical Physics Division of the American Physical Society . From 2011 to 2014 he was the Vice-Chair , Chair-Elect , and the Chair of Chemical Physics Division of the American Physical Society . Since 2008 Skinner was a vice-chair and in 2014 he was the chair of American Conference on Theoretical Chemistry . While at the University of Chicago , Skinner actively participated in the University of Chicago-Argonne National Laboratory partnership by serving on the advisory board of the Midwest Integrated Center for Computational Materials in 2016 . Since 2015 he is an active member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Welch Foundation . Since 2017 Skinner has been actively involved in the governance of the Telluride Science and Research Center ( TSRC ) . From 2017 to 2019 he was a member of the Board of Directors of TSRC , becoming President of TSRC in 2018 . Editorial service . Skinner has served on editorial boards of several scientific journals including Single Molecules ( 2000-2003 ) , Journal of Physical Chemistry ( 2004-2006 ) , Chemical Physics ( 2005-2009 ) , and Molecular Physics ( 2008-2014 ) . Skinner had a long-standing relationship with the Journal of Chemical Physics . In 1999 he joined the editorial board , and became an Associate Editor in 2009 . Since 2015 Skinner served as a Deputy Editor of the Journal of Chemical Physics , retiring from his editorial service in 2019 . Honors and awards . Throughout his career Skinner has received numerous awards including the ACS Irving Langmuir Award in Chemical Physics ( 2012 ) , ACS Division of Physical Chemistry Award in Theoretical Chemistry ( 2011 ) , Hilldale Award in the Physical Sciences , University of Wisconsin-Madison ( 2015 ) , Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation ( WARF ) named professorship , University of Wisconsin Chancellor’s Distinguished Teaching Award ( 2003 ) , Pharmacia Teaching Award , Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison ( 2000 ) , Phi Lambda Upsilon Fresenius Award ( 1989 ) , Camille and Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award ( 1984–89 ) , National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator ( 1984-1989 ) , National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship ( 1980-1981 ) , and National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship ( 1975-1978 ) . Skinner is a member of the National Academy of Sciences ( 2012 ) , American Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 2006 ) , American Association for the Advancement of Science ( 2003 ) . He is an Alfred P . Sloan Fellow ( 1984–88 ) , Guggenheim Fellow ( 1993-94 ) , Humboldt Foundation Senior Scientist ( 1993–97 ) , Fellow of the American Chemical Society ( 2012 ) and American Physical Society ( 1997 ) . Named and Distinguished Lectures . - Kistiakowsky Prize Lecture , Harvard University , 2019 . - Rockwell Lecture , University of Houston , 2019 . - Joe L . Franklin Memorial Lecture , Rice University , 2019 . - A . D . Little Lectures , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 2019 . - Borden Lecture , University of Washington , 2019 . - Daniel Kivelson Lecture , University of California Los Angeles , 2017 . - Frontiers in Spectroscopy Lectures , Ohio State University , 2016 . - Malcolm Dole Lectures in Physical Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2015 . - Sessler Lecture , Stanford University , 2015 . - E . U . Condon Lecture , University of Colorado Boulder , 2013 . - Priestley Lecture , Pennsylvania State University , 2013 . - Vasser Woolley Distinguished Lecture , Georgia Tech , 2013 . - Hirschmann Visiting Professor Lectures , University of Pennsylvania , 2013 . - TSRC R . Stephen Berry Lecture , Telluride CO , 2012 . - University of Missouri Chancellor’s Distinguished Visitor , 2012 . - W . Albert Noyes , Jr . Memorial Lecturer , University of Rochester , 2008 . - Bryan Earl Kohler Lecturer , University of California , Riverside , 2005 . - Reilly Lecturer , University of Notre Dame , 2003 . - Norman Hascoe Distinguished Lecturer , University of Connecticut , 1998 . - Gerhard Closs Lecturer , University of Chicago , 1997 . - Davidson Lecturer , University of Kansas , 1995 . Personal life . James Skinner has been married to Wendy Skinner since 1986 . They have two sons , Colin and Duncan . External links . - Google Scholar Profile - Research Group website at the University of Wisconsin-Madison . |
[
""
] | easy | James L. Skinner became a member of what organization or association in 1997? | /wiki/James_L._Skinner#P463#3 | James L . Skinner James L . Skinner ( born August 17 , 1953 ) is an American theoretical chemist . He is the Joseph O . and Elizabeth S . Hirschfelder Professor Emeritus at the University Wisconsin-Madison . He is also a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Welch Foundation . Most recently , Skinner was the Crown Family Professor of Molecular Engineering , Professor of Chemistry , Director of the Water Research Initiative and Deputy Dean for Faculty Affairs of the Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering at the University of Chicago . Skinner is recognized for his contributions to the fields of theoretical chemistry , nonequilibrium statistical mechanics , linear and nonlinear spectroscopy of liquids , amorphous and crystalline solids , surfaces , proteins , and supercritical fluids . Skinner is the co-author of over 230 peer-reviewed research articles . Education . Skinner received his A . B . in Chemistry and Physics , both with highest honors , from the University of California , Santa Cruz in 1975 . He received a Ph.D . in Chemical Physics from Harvard University in 1979 where he was a recipient of an NSF Graduate Fellowship and studied under the guidance of Peter G . Wolynes . The following year Skinner spent as an NSF Postdoctoral Fellow at Stanford University where he worked with Hans Andersen and Michael Fayer . Career . Skinner joined the Department of Chemistry at Columbia University as an Assistant Professor of Chemistry in 1981 . He was promoted to Associate Professor in 1985 and became a Professor of Chemistry in 1986 . In 1990 Skinner was appointed as the Director of the Theoretical Chemistry Institute and became the Joseph O . and Elizabeth S . Hirschfelder Professor of Chemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison . From 2004 to 2007 Skinner served as the chair of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison . In 2015-2016 he served on the University of Wisconsin Campus Planning Committee and the Academic Planning Council . Skinner resigned his position as the Director of the Theoretical Chemistry Institute and retired from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in December 2016 , where he currently holds the title of Joseph O . and Elizabeth S . Hirschfelder Professor Emeritus . In January 2017 Skinner joined the Institute for Molecular Engineering ( now Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering ) at the University of Chicago as the Crown Family Professor of Molecular Engineering . He also served as the Director of the Water Research Initiative and Deputy Dean for Faculty Affairs at the Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering . In 2020 he moved back to his position at the University of Wisconsin . Professional service . During his career Professor Skinner has held multiple professional appointments . From 1993 to 1996 he was , consequently , the Vice-Chair , Chair-Elect , and Chair of the Theoretical subdivision of the Physical Division of the American Chemical Society and from 2000 to 2004 he was the Vice-Chair-Elect , Vice-Chair , Chair-Elect , and the Chair of the Physical Division of the American Chemical Society . From 2000 to 2003 Skinner was a Vice-Chair and then Chair of the Gordon Conference on Molecular Electronic Spectroscopy . In 2007 he was a member of the Committee of Visitors of the NSF Chemistry Division . From 2007 to 2010 Skinner was a member-at-large of the Chemical Physics Division of the American Physical Society . From 2011 to 2014 he was the Vice-Chair , Chair-Elect , and the Chair of Chemical Physics Division of the American Physical Society . Since 2008 Skinner was a vice-chair and in 2014 he was the chair of American Conference on Theoretical Chemistry . While at the University of Chicago , Skinner actively participated in the University of Chicago-Argonne National Laboratory partnership by serving on the advisory board of the Midwest Integrated Center for Computational Materials in 2016 . Since 2015 he is an active member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Welch Foundation . Since 2017 Skinner has been actively involved in the governance of the Telluride Science and Research Center ( TSRC ) . From 2017 to 2019 he was a member of the Board of Directors of TSRC , becoming President of TSRC in 2018 . Editorial service . Skinner has served on editorial boards of several scientific journals including Single Molecules ( 2000-2003 ) , Journal of Physical Chemistry ( 2004-2006 ) , Chemical Physics ( 2005-2009 ) , and Molecular Physics ( 2008-2014 ) . Skinner had a long-standing relationship with the Journal of Chemical Physics . In 1999 he joined the editorial board , and became an Associate Editor in 2009 . Since 2015 Skinner served as a Deputy Editor of the Journal of Chemical Physics , retiring from his editorial service in 2019 . Honors and awards . Throughout his career Skinner has received numerous awards including the ACS Irving Langmuir Award in Chemical Physics ( 2012 ) , ACS Division of Physical Chemistry Award in Theoretical Chemistry ( 2011 ) , Hilldale Award in the Physical Sciences , University of Wisconsin-Madison ( 2015 ) , Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation ( WARF ) named professorship , University of Wisconsin Chancellor’s Distinguished Teaching Award ( 2003 ) , Pharmacia Teaching Award , Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison ( 2000 ) , Phi Lambda Upsilon Fresenius Award ( 1989 ) , Camille and Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award ( 1984–89 ) , National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator ( 1984-1989 ) , National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship ( 1980-1981 ) , and National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship ( 1975-1978 ) . Skinner is a member of the National Academy of Sciences ( 2012 ) , American Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 2006 ) , American Association for the Advancement of Science ( 2003 ) . He is an Alfred P . Sloan Fellow ( 1984–88 ) , Guggenheim Fellow ( 1993-94 ) , Humboldt Foundation Senior Scientist ( 1993–97 ) , Fellow of the American Chemical Society ( 2012 ) and American Physical Society ( 1997 ) . Named and Distinguished Lectures . - Kistiakowsky Prize Lecture , Harvard University , 2019 . - Rockwell Lecture , University of Houston , 2019 . - Joe L . Franklin Memorial Lecture , Rice University , 2019 . - A . D . Little Lectures , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 2019 . - Borden Lecture , University of Washington , 2019 . - Daniel Kivelson Lecture , University of California Los Angeles , 2017 . - Frontiers in Spectroscopy Lectures , Ohio State University , 2016 . - Malcolm Dole Lectures in Physical Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2015 . - Sessler Lecture , Stanford University , 2015 . - E . U . Condon Lecture , University of Colorado Boulder , 2013 . - Priestley Lecture , Pennsylvania State University , 2013 . - Vasser Woolley Distinguished Lecture , Georgia Tech , 2013 . - Hirschmann Visiting Professor Lectures , University of Pennsylvania , 2013 . - TSRC R . Stephen Berry Lecture , Telluride CO , 2012 . - University of Missouri Chancellor’s Distinguished Visitor , 2012 . - W . Albert Noyes , Jr . Memorial Lecturer , University of Rochester , 2008 . - Bryan Earl Kohler Lecturer , University of California , Riverside , 2005 . - Reilly Lecturer , University of Notre Dame , 2003 . - Norman Hascoe Distinguished Lecturer , University of Connecticut , 1998 . - Gerhard Closs Lecturer , University of Chicago , 1997 . - Davidson Lecturer , University of Kansas , 1995 . Personal life . James Skinner has been married to Wendy Skinner since 1986 . They have two sons , Colin and Duncan . External links . - Google Scholar Profile - Research Group website at the University of Wisconsin-Madison . |
[
"Fulk V became count of Anjou upon his fathers death in 1109"
] | easy | What was the noble title of Fulk, King of Jerusalem from 1109 to 1110? | /wiki/Fulk,_King_of_Jerusalem#P97#0 | Fulk , King of Jerusalem Fulk ( , or Foulques ; c . 1089/92 – 13 November 1143 ) , also known as Fulk the Younger , was the count of Anjou ( as Fulk V ) from 1109 to 1129 and the king of Jerusalem from 1131 to his death . During his reign , the Kingdom of Jerusalem reached its largest territorial extent . Count of Anjou . Fulk was born at Angers , between 1089 and 1092 , the son of Count Fulk IV of Anjou and Bertrade de Montfort . In 1092 , Bertrade deserted her husband , and bigamously married King Philip I of France . Fulk V became count of Anjou upon his fathers death in 1109 . In the next year , he married Countess Ermengarde of Maine , cementing Angevin control over the County of Maine . Fulk was originally an opponent of King Henry I of England and a supporter of King Louis VI of France , but in 1118 or 1119 he allied with Henry when he arranged for his daughter Matilda to marry Henrys son William Adelin . Fulk went on crusade in 1119 or 1120 , and became attached to the Knights Templar ( Orderic Vitalis ) . He returned , late in 1121 , after which he began to subsidize the Templars , maintaining two knights in the Holy Land for a year . Much later , Henry arranged for his own daughter Matilda to marry Fulks son Geoffrey , which she did in 1127 or 1128 . Crusader and king . By 1127 Fulk was preparing to return to Anjou when he received an embassy from King Baldwin II of Jerusalem . Baldwin II had no male heirs but had already designated his daughter Melisende to succeed him . Baldwin II wanted to safeguard his daughters inheritance by marrying her to a powerful lord . Fulk was a wealthy crusader and experienced military commander , and a widower . His experience in the field would prove invaluable in a frontier state always in the grip of war . However , Fulk held out for better terms than mere consort of the queen ; he wanted to be king alongside Melisende . Baldwin II , reflecting on Fulks fortune and military exploits , acquiesced . Fulk abdicated his county seat of Anjou to his son Geoffrey and left for Jerusalem , where he married Melisende on 2 June 1129 . Later Baldwin II bolstered Melisendes position in the kingdom by making her sole guardian of her son by Fulk , Baldwin III , born in 1130 . Fulk and Melisende became joint rulers of Jerusalem in 1131 with Baldwin IIs death . From the start Fulk assumed sole control of the government , excluding Melisende altogether . He favored fellow countrymen from Anjou to the native nobility . The other crusader states to the north feared that Fulk would attempt to impose the suzerainty of Jerusalem over them , as Baldwin II had done ; but as Fulk was far less powerful than his deceased father-in-law , the northern states rejected his authority . Melisendes sister Alice of Antioch , exiled from the Principality by Baldwin II , took control of Antioch once more after the death of her father . She allied with Pons of Tripoli and Joscelin II of Edessa to prevent Fulk from marching north in 1132 ; Fulk and Pons fought a brief battle before peace was made and Alice was exiled again . In Jerusalem as well , Fulk was resented by the second generation of Jerusalem Christians who had grown up there since the First Crusade . These natives focused on Melisendes cousin , the popular Hugh II of Le Puiset , count of Jaffa , who was devotedly loyal to Melisende . Fulk saw Hugh as a rival , and it did not help matters when Hughs own stepson accused him of disloyalty . In 1134 , in order to expose Hugh , Fulk accused him of infidelity with Melisende . Hugh rebelled in protest . Hugh secured himself to Jaffa , and allied himself with the Muslims of Ascalon . He was able to defeat the army set against him by Fulk , but this situation could not hold . The patriarch interceded in the conflict , perhaps at the behest of Melisende . Fulk agreed to peace and Hugh was exiled from the kingdom for three years , a lenient sentence . However , an assassination attempt was made against Hugh . Fulk , or his supporters , were commonly believed responsible , though direct proof never surfaced . The scandal was all that was needed for the queens party to take over the government in what amounted to a palace coup . Author and historian wrote that Fulks supporters went in terror of their lives in the palace . Contemporary author and historian William of Tyre wrote of Fulk : He never attempted to take the initiative , even in trivial matters , without ( Melisendes ) consent . The result was that Melisende held direct and unquestioned control over the government from 1136 onwards . Sometime before 1136 Fulk reconciled with his wife , and a second son , Amalric , was born . Securing the borders . Jerusalems northern border was of great concern . Fulk had been appointed regent of the Principality of Antioch by Baldwin II . As regent he had Raymond of Poitou marry the infant Princess Constance of Antioch , his and Melisendes niece . However , the greatest concern during Fulks reign was the rise of Atabeg Zengi of Mosul . In 1137 Fulk was defeated in battle near Baarin but allied with Muin ad-Din Unur , the vizier of Damascus . Damascus was also threatened by Zengi . Fulk captured the fort of Banias , to the north of Lake Tiberias and thus secured the northern frontier . Fulk also strengthened the kingdoms southern border . His butler Paganus built the fortress of Kerak to the east of the Dead Sea , and to help give the kingdom access to the Red Sea , Fulk had Blanchegarde , Ibelin , and other forts built in the south-west to overpower the Egyptian fortress at Ascalon . This city was a base from which the Egyptian Fatimids launched frequent raids on the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Fulk sought to neutralise this threat . In 1137 and 1142 , Byzantine emperor John II Comnenus arrived in Syria attempting to impose Byzantine control over the crusader states . Johns intention of making a pilgrimage , accompanied by his impressive army , to Jerusalem alarmed Fulk , who wrote to John pointing out that his kingdom was poor and could not support the passage of a large army . This lukewarm response dissuaded John from carrying through his intention , and he postponed his pilgrimage . John died before he could make good his proposed journey to Jerusalem . Death . In 1143 , while the king and queen were in Acre , Fulk was killed in a hunting accident . His horse stumbled , fell , and Fulks skull was crushed by the saddle , and his brains gushed forth from both ears and nostrils , as William of Tyre describes . He was carried back to Acre , where he lay unconscious for three days before he died . He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem . Though their marriage started in conflict , Melisende mourned for him privately as well as publicly . Fulk was survived by his son Geoffrey by his first wife , and Baldwin and Amalric by Melisende . Legacy . Depictions . According to William , Fulk was a ruddy man , like David.. . faithful and gentle , affable and kind.. . an experienced warrior full of patience and wisdom in military affairs . His chief fault was an inability to remember names and faces . William of Tyre described Fulk as a capable soldier and able politician , but observed that Fulk did not adequately attend to the defense of the crusader states to the north . Ibn al-Qalanisi ( who calls him al-Kund Anjur , an Arabic rendering of Count of Anjou ) says that he was not sound in his judgment nor was he successful in his administration . The Zengids continued their march on the crusader states , culminating in the fall of the County of Edessa in 1144 , which led to the Second Crusade ( see Siege of Edessa ) . Family . In 1110 , Fulk married Ermengarde of Maine ( died 1126 ) , the daughter of Elias I of Maine . Their four children were : 1 . Geoffrey V of Anjou ( 1113–1151 ) , father of Henry II of England . 2 . Sibylla of Anjou ( 1112–1165 , Bethlehem ) , married in 1123 William Clito ( div . 1124 ) , married in 1134 Thierry , Count of Flanders . 3 . Matilda of Anjou ( 1106–1154 , Fontevrault ) , married William Adelin ; after his death in the White Ship disaster of 1120 , she became a nun and later Abbess of Fontevrault . 4 . Elias II of Maine ( died 1151 ) His second wife was Melisende , Queen of Jerusalem 1 . Baldwin III of Jerusalem 2 . Amalric of Jerusalem Sources . - Orderic Vitalis - Robert of Torigny - William of Tyre - Runciman , Steven ( 1952 ) A History of the Crusades , Vol . II : The Kingdom of Jerusalem , Cambridge University Press . - Medieval Women , edited by Derek Baker , the Ecclesiastical History Society , 1978 - Payne , Robert . The Dream and the Tomb , 1984 - The Damascus Chronicle of Crusades , trans . H.A.R . Gibb , 1932 . |
[
"cementing Angevin control over the County of Maine"
] | easy | What was the noble title of Fulk, King of Jerusalem from 1110 to 1129? | /wiki/Fulk,_King_of_Jerusalem#P97#1 | Fulk , King of Jerusalem Fulk ( , or Foulques ; c . 1089/92 – 13 November 1143 ) , also known as Fulk the Younger , was the count of Anjou ( as Fulk V ) from 1109 to 1129 and the king of Jerusalem from 1131 to his death . During his reign , the Kingdom of Jerusalem reached its largest territorial extent . Count of Anjou . Fulk was born at Angers , between 1089 and 1092 , the son of Count Fulk IV of Anjou and Bertrade de Montfort . In 1092 , Bertrade deserted her husband , and bigamously married King Philip I of France . Fulk V became count of Anjou upon his fathers death in 1109 . In the next year , he married Countess Ermengarde of Maine , cementing Angevin control over the County of Maine . Fulk was originally an opponent of King Henry I of England and a supporter of King Louis VI of France , but in 1118 or 1119 he allied with Henry when he arranged for his daughter Matilda to marry Henrys son William Adelin . Fulk went on crusade in 1119 or 1120 , and became attached to the Knights Templar ( Orderic Vitalis ) . He returned , late in 1121 , after which he began to subsidize the Templars , maintaining two knights in the Holy Land for a year . Much later , Henry arranged for his own daughter Matilda to marry Fulks son Geoffrey , which she did in 1127 or 1128 . Crusader and king . By 1127 Fulk was preparing to return to Anjou when he received an embassy from King Baldwin II of Jerusalem . Baldwin II had no male heirs but had already designated his daughter Melisende to succeed him . Baldwin II wanted to safeguard his daughters inheritance by marrying her to a powerful lord . Fulk was a wealthy crusader and experienced military commander , and a widower . His experience in the field would prove invaluable in a frontier state always in the grip of war . However , Fulk held out for better terms than mere consort of the queen ; he wanted to be king alongside Melisende . Baldwin II , reflecting on Fulks fortune and military exploits , acquiesced . Fulk abdicated his county seat of Anjou to his son Geoffrey and left for Jerusalem , where he married Melisende on 2 June 1129 . Later Baldwin II bolstered Melisendes position in the kingdom by making her sole guardian of her son by Fulk , Baldwin III , born in 1130 . Fulk and Melisende became joint rulers of Jerusalem in 1131 with Baldwin IIs death . From the start Fulk assumed sole control of the government , excluding Melisende altogether . He favored fellow countrymen from Anjou to the native nobility . The other crusader states to the north feared that Fulk would attempt to impose the suzerainty of Jerusalem over them , as Baldwin II had done ; but as Fulk was far less powerful than his deceased father-in-law , the northern states rejected his authority . Melisendes sister Alice of Antioch , exiled from the Principality by Baldwin II , took control of Antioch once more after the death of her father . She allied with Pons of Tripoli and Joscelin II of Edessa to prevent Fulk from marching north in 1132 ; Fulk and Pons fought a brief battle before peace was made and Alice was exiled again . In Jerusalem as well , Fulk was resented by the second generation of Jerusalem Christians who had grown up there since the First Crusade . These natives focused on Melisendes cousin , the popular Hugh II of Le Puiset , count of Jaffa , who was devotedly loyal to Melisende . Fulk saw Hugh as a rival , and it did not help matters when Hughs own stepson accused him of disloyalty . In 1134 , in order to expose Hugh , Fulk accused him of infidelity with Melisende . Hugh rebelled in protest . Hugh secured himself to Jaffa , and allied himself with the Muslims of Ascalon . He was able to defeat the army set against him by Fulk , but this situation could not hold . The patriarch interceded in the conflict , perhaps at the behest of Melisende . Fulk agreed to peace and Hugh was exiled from the kingdom for three years , a lenient sentence . However , an assassination attempt was made against Hugh . Fulk , or his supporters , were commonly believed responsible , though direct proof never surfaced . The scandal was all that was needed for the queens party to take over the government in what amounted to a palace coup . Author and historian wrote that Fulks supporters went in terror of their lives in the palace . Contemporary author and historian William of Tyre wrote of Fulk : He never attempted to take the initiative , even in trivial matters , without ( Melisendes ) consent . The result was that Melisende held direct and unquestioned control over the government from 1136 onwards . Sometime before 1136 Fulk reconciled with his wife , and a second son , Amalric , was born . Securing the borders . Jerusalems northern border was of great concern . Fulk had been appointed regent of the Principality of Antioch by Baldwin II . As regent he had Raymond of Poitou marry the infant Princess Constance of Antioch , his and Melisendes niece . However , the greatest concern during Fulks reign was the rise of Atabeg Zengi of Mosul . In 1137 Fulk was defeated in battle near Baarin but allied with Muin ad-Din Unur , the vizier of Damascus . Damascus was also threatened by Zengi . Fulk captured the fort of Banias , to the north of Lake Tiberias and thus secured the northern frontier . Fulk also strengthened the kingdoms southern border . His butler Paganus built the fortress of Kerak to the east of the Dead Sea , and to help give the kingdom access to the Red Sea , Fulk had Blanchegarde , Ibelin , and other forts built in the south-west to overpower the Egyptian fortress at Ascalon . This city was a base from which the Egyptian Fatimids launched frequent raids on the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Fulk sought to neutralise this threat . In 1137 and 1142 , Byzantine emperor John II Comnenus arrived in Syria attempting to impose Byzantine control over the crusader states . Johns intention of making a pilgrimage , accompanied by his impressive army , to Jerusalem alarmed Fulk , who wrote to John pointing out that his kingdom was poor and could not support the passage of a large army . This lukewarm response dissuaded John from carrying through his intention , and he postponed his pilgrimage . John died before he could make good his proposed journey to Jerusalem . Death . In 1143 , while the king and queen were in Acre , Fulk was killed in a hunting accident . His horse stumbled , fell , and Fulks skull was crushed by the saddle , and his brains gushed forth from both ears and nostrils , as William of Tyre describes . He was carried back to Acre , where he lay unconscious for three days before he died . He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem . Though their marriage started in conflict , Melisende mourned for him privately as well as publicly . Fulk was survived by his son Geoffrey by his first wife , and Baldwin and Amalric by Melisende . Legacy . Depictions . According to William , Fulk was a ruddy man , like David.. . faithful and gentle , affable and kind.. . an experienced warrior full of patience and wisdom in military affairs . His chief fault was an inability to remember names and faces . William of Tyre described Fulk as a capable soldier and able politician , but observed that Fulk did not adequately attend to the defense of the crusader states to the north . Ibn al-Qalanisi ( who calls him al-Kund Anjur , an Arabic rendering of Count of Anjou ) says that he was not sound in his judgment nor was he successful in his administration . The Zengids continued their march on the crusader states , culminating in the fall of the County of Edessa in 1144 , which led to the Second Crusade ( see Siege of Edessa ) . Family . In 1110 , Fulk married Ermengarde of Maine ( died 1126 ) , the daughter of Elias I of Maine . Their four children were : 1 . Geoffrey V of Anjou ( 1113–1151 ) , father of Henry II of England . 2 . Sibylla of Anjou ( 1112–1165 , Bethlehem ) , married in 1123 William Clito ( div . 1124 ) , married in 1134 Thierry , Count of Flanders . 3 . Matilda of Anjou ( 1106–1154 , Fontevrault ) , married William Adelin ; after his death in the White Ship disaster of 1120 , she became a nun and later Abbess of Fontevrault . 4 . Elias II of Maine ( died 1151 ) His second wife was Melisende , Queen of Jerusalem 1 . Baldwin III of Jerusalem 2 . Amalric of Jerusalem Sources . - Orderic Vitalis - Robert of Torigny - William of Tyre - Runciman , Steven ( 1952 ) A History of the Crusades , Vol . II : The Kingdom of Jerusalem , Cambridge University Press . - Medieval Women , edited by Derek Baker , the Ecclesiastical History Society , 1978 - Payne , Robert . The Dream and the Tomb , 1984 - The Damascus Chronicle of Crusades , trans . H.A.R . Gibb , 1932 . |
[
""
] | easy | What was the noble title of Fulk, King of Jerusalem from 1131 to 1143? | /wiki/Fulk,_King_of_Jerusalem#P97#2 | Fulk , King of Jerusalem Fulk ( , or Foulques ; c . 1089/92 – 13 November 1143 ) , also known as Fulk the Younger , was the count of Anjou ( as Fulk V ) from 1109 to 1129 and the king of Jerusalem from 1131 to his death . During his reign , the Kingdom of Jerusalem reached its largest territorial extent . Count of Anjou . Fulk was born at Angers , between 1089 and 1092 , the son of Count Fulk IV of Anjou and Bertrade de Montfort . In 1092 , Bertrade deserted her husband , and bigamously married King Philip I of France . Fulk V became count of Anjou upon his fathers death in 1109 . In the next year , he married Countess Ermengarde of Maine , cementing Angevin control over the County of Maine . Fulk was originally an opponent of King Henry I of England and a supporter of King Louis VI of France , but in 1118 or 1119 he allied with Henry when he arranged for his daughter Matilda to marry Henrys son William Adelin . Fulk went on crusade in 1119 or 1120 , and became attached to the Knights Templar ( Orderic Vitalis ) . He returned , late in 1121 , after which he began to subsidize the Templars , maintaining two knights in the Holy Land for a year . Much later , Henry arranged for his own daughter Matilda to marry Fulks son Geoffrey , which she did in 1127 or 1128 . Crusader and king . By 1127 Fulk was preparing to return to Anjou when he received an embassy from King Baldwin II of Jerusalem . Baldwin II had no male heirs but had already designated his daughter Melisende to succeed him . Baldwin II wanted to safeguard his daughters inheritance by marrying her to a powerful lord . Fulk was a wealthy crusader and experienced military commander , and a widower . His experience in the field would prove invaluable in a frontier state always in the grip of war . However , Fulk held out for better terms than mere consort of the queen ; he wanted to be king alongside Melisende . Baldwin II , reflecting on Fulks fortune and military exploits , acquiesced . Fulk abdicated his county seat of Anjou to his son Geoffrey and left for Jerusalem , where he married Melisende on 2 June 1129 . Later Baldwin II bolstered Melisendes position in the kingdom by making her sole guardian of her son by Fulk , Baldwin III , born in 1130 . Fulk and Melisende became joint rulers of Jerusalem in 1131 with Baldwin IIs death . From the start Fulk assumed sole control of the government , excluding Melisende altogether . He favored fellow countrymen from Anjou to the native nobility . The other crusader states to the north feared that Fulk would attempt to impose the suzerainty of Jerusalem over them , as Baldwin II had done ; but as Fulk was far less powerful than his deceased father-in-law , the northern states rejected his authority . Melisendes sister Alice of Antioch , exiled from the Principality by Baldwin II , took control of Antioch once more after the death of her father . She allied with Pons of Tripoli and Joscelin II of Edessa to prevent Fulk from marching north in 1132 ; Fulk and Pons fought a brief battle before peace was made and Alice was exiled again . In Jerusalem as well , Fulk was resented by the second generation of Jerusalem Christians who had grown up there since the First Crusade . These natives focused on Melisendes cousin , the popular Hugh II of Le Puiset , count of Jaffa , who was devotedly loyal to Melisende . Fulk saw Hugh as a rival , and it did not help matters when Hughs own stepson accused him of disloyalty . In 1134 , in order to expose Hugh , Fulk accused him of infidelity with Melisende . Hugh rebelled in protest . Hugh secured himself to Jaffa , and allied himself with the Muslims of Ascalon . He was able to defeat the army set against him by Fulk , but this situation could not hold . The patriarch interceded in the conflict , perhaps at the behest of Melisende . Fulk agreed to peace and Hugh was exiled from the kingdom for three years , a lenient sentence . However , an assassination attempt was made against Hugh . Fulk , or his supporters , were commonly believed responsible , though direct proof never surfaced . The scandal was all that was needed for the queens party to take over the government in what amounted to a palace coup . Author and historian wrote that Fulks supporters went in terror of their lives in the palace . Contemporary author and historian William of Tyre wrote of Fulk : He never attempted to take the initiative , even in trivial matters , without ( Melisendes ) consent . The result was that Melisende held direct and unquestioned control over the government from 1136 onwards . Sometime before 1136 Fulk reconciled with his wife , and a second son , Amalric , was born . Securing the borders . Jerusalems northern border was of great concern . Fulk had been appointed regent of the Principality of Antioch by Baldwin II . As regent he had Raymond of Poitou marry the infant Princess Constance of Antioch , his and Melisendes niece . However , the greatest concern during Fulks reign was the rise of Atabeg Zengi of Mosul . In 1137 Fulk was defeated in battle near Baarin but allied with Muin ad-Din Unur , the vizier of Damascus . Damascus was also threatened by Zengi . Fulk captured the fort of Banias , to the north of Lake Tiberias and thus secured the northern frontier . Fulk also strengthened the kingdoms southern border . His butler Paganus built the fortress of Kerak to the east of the Dead Sea , and to help give the kingdom access to the Red Sea , Fulk had Blanchegarde , Ibelin , and other forts built in the south-west to overpower the Egyptian fortress at Ascalon . This city was a base from which the Egyptian Fatimids launched frequent raids on the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Fulk sought to neutralise this threat . In 1137 and 1142 , Byzantine emperor John II Comnenus arrived in Syria attempting to impose Byzantine control over the crusader states . Johns intention of making a pilgrimage , accompanied by his impressive army , to Jerusalem alarmed Fulk , who wrote to John pointing out that his kingdom was poor and could not support the passage of a large army . This lukewarm response dissuaded John from carrying through his intention , and he postponed his pilgrimage . John died before he could make good his proposed journey to Jerusalem . Death . In 1143 , while the king and queen were in Acre , Fulk was killed in a hunting accident . His horse stumbled , fell , and Fulks skull was crushed by the saddle , and his brains gushed forth from both ears and nostrils , as William of Tyre describes . He was carried back to Acre , where he lay unconscious for three days before he died . He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem . Though their marriage started in conflict , Melisende mourned for him privately as well as publicly . Fulk was survived by his son Geoffrey by his first wife , and Baldwin and Amalric by Melisende . Legacy . Depictions . According to William , Fulk was a ruddy man , like David.. . faithful and gentle , affable and kind.. . an experienced warrior full of patience and wisdom in military affairs . His chief fault was an inability to remember names and faces . William of Tyre described Fulk as a capable soldier and able politician , but observed that Fulk did not adequately attend to the defense of the crusader states to the north . Ibn al-Qalanisi ( who calls him al-Kund Anjur , an Arabic rendering of Count of Anjou ) says that he was not sound in his judgment nor was he successful in his administration . The Zengids continued their march on the crusader states , culminating in the fall of the County of Edessa in 1144 , which led to the Second Crusade ( see Siege of Edessa ) . Family . In 1110 , Fulk married Ermengarde of Maine ( died 1126 ) , the daughter of Elias I of Maine . Their four children were : 1 . Geoffrey V of Anjou ( 1113–1151 ) , father of Henry II of England . 2 . Sibylla of Anjou ( 1112–1165 , Bethlehem ) , married in 1123 William Clito ( div . 1124 ) , married in 1134 Thierry , Count of Flanders . 3 . Matilda of Anjou ( 1106–1154 , Fontevrault ) , married William Adelin ; after his death in the White Ship disaster of 1120 , she became a nun and later Abbess of Fontevrault . 4 . Elias II of Maine ( died 1151 ) His second wife was Melisende , Queen of Jerusalem 1 . Baldwin III of Jerusalem 2 . Amalric of Jerusalem Sources . - Orderic Vitalis - Robert of Torigny - William of Tyre - Runciman , Steven ( 1952 ) A History of the Crusades , Vol . II : The Kingdom of Jerusalem , Cambridge University Press . - Medieval Women , edited by Derek Baker , the Ecclesiastical History Society , 1978 - Payne , Robert . The Dream and the Tomb , 1984 - The Damascus Chronicle of Crusades , trans . H.A.R . Gibb , 1932 . |
[
"England at under-16"
] | easy | Which team did the player Ryan Tunnicliffe belong to from 2007 to 2008? | /wiki/Ryan_Tunnicliffe#P54#0 | Ryan Tunnicliffe Ryan Tunnicliffe ( born 30 December 1992 ) is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder for Luton Town . Born in Heywood , Greater Manchester , he began his career with Manchester United but failed to break into the first team and joined Peterborough United , Barnsley and Ipswich Town on loan before making a permanent move to Fulham in January 2014 . After loan spells with Wigan Athletic ( twice ) and Blackburn Rovers , Tunnicliffe left Fulham for Millwall in 2017 . Two years later , he left for Luton Town . He has also played internationally for England at under-16 and under-17 levels . Club career . Manchester United . Born in Heywood , Greater Manchester , Tunnicliffe was first scouted by Manchester United at the age of nine , while playing for local side Roach Dynamos . He progressed through the Manchester United academy and signed as a scholar in July 2009 . He turned professional in December the same year . Tunnicliffe was a key performer as the United under-18 side won the FA Youth Cup in 2011 . His performances that season earned him the clubs Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year award . Peterborough United ( loan ) . On 1 July 2011 , Manchester United agreed for Tunnicliffe to spend a six-month loan spell at Peterborough United , alongside teammate Scott Wootton . He made his debut in the opening game of the season on 6 August in a 2–1 home win over Crystal Palace , coming on as a substitute for Lee Frecklington in the 87th minute . He then made his first start in a League Cup game against Stevenage and set up the opening goal for teammate David Ball . Return to Manchester United . After returning from the loan spell at Peterborough United , Tunnicliffe was a regular in the Reserves and helped the team win two trophies at the end of the campaign , scoring his first goal for Warren Joyces team at Chelsea . Tunnicliffe made his senior Manchester United debut on 26 September 2012 , when he came on as a substitute in the 2–1 League Cup win over Newcastle United ; he came on in the 77th minute for Marnick Vermijl to win his father a bet that he had made 10 years earlier , with a return of £10,000 . Barnsley ( loan ) . On 21 February 2013 , Barnsley signed Tunnicliffe on a 28-day loan after Scott Golbourne was ruled out for the rest of the season following knee surgery . Ipswich Town ( loan ) . On 26 July 2013 , Tunnicliffe joined Ipswich Town on a six-month loan . He was a regular in the Ipswich side throughout the first half of the 2013–14 season , but although manager Mick McCarthy expressed an interest in extending Tunnicliffes loan deal , Tunnicliffe returned to Manchester United in January 2014 . Fulham . After just two appearances for the Manchester United first team , Tunnicliffe joined Fulham for an undisclosed fee on 31 January 2014 , along with fellow Manchester United reserve midfielder Larnell Cole . There he was reunited with former Manchester United coach René Meulensteen , then in charge of Fulham . He made his debut for Fulham in a 2–2 draw against his former club Manchester United nine days later . After Meulensteens sacking as Fulham manager , Tunnicliffe and Cole were deemed by Meulensteens successor Felix Magath to be surplus to requirements at the club , despite being played in every match eligible under Meulensteen . On 25 February 2014 , just 25 days after signing for Fulham , Tunnicliffe joined Wigan Athletic on loan until the end of the season as cover for the injured Ben Watson . On 10 April , it was reported that Wigan manager Uwe Rösler had attempted to terminate Tunnicliffes loan but Fulham refused to take the player back . On 1 September 2014 , Tunnicliffe joined Blackburn Rovers on a season-long loan deal . On 1 January 2015 , he was called by his parent club thus ending the loan deal . Tunnicliffe was given a two-match ban for the start of the 2015–16 season , a £5,000 fine and ordered to take an educational course after calling Middlesbroughs Patrick Bamford a sausage boy over Twitter . Millwall . On 29 July 2017 , Tunnicliffe signed with Millwall on a two-year deal following his release from Fulham . After appearing for 31 times in the 2018–2019 season , he was released by Millwall in July 2019 . Luton Town . On 1 July 2019 , Tunnicliffe became Luton Towns third signing since winning promotion to the Championship . International career . Tunnicliffe made his England under-16 debut in October 2007 at the age of 14 , captaining the side to a 2–2 draw against Northern Ireland in the Victory Shield . He played for the under-16s a further seven times . In August 2008 he made his first appearance for the England under-17 team against Portugal . He was part of the squad for the 2009 European Championship . He has played a total of ten times for the under-17s , scoring four goals . Personal life . Tunnicliffe attended Siddal Moor Sports College . On 14 October 2012 , Tunnicliffe was charged for drink-driving by Greater Manchester Police , after his car collided with a van in Green Lane , Heywood . Honours . Individual - Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year : 2010–11 External links . - Profile at the Luton Town F.C . website |
[
"England under-17"
] | easy | Ryan Tunnicliffe played for which team from 2008 to 2009? | /wiki/Ryan_Tunnicliffe#P54#1 | Ryan Tunnicliffe Ryan Tunnicliffe ( born 30 December 1992 ) is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder for Luton Town . Born in Heywood , Greater Manchester , he began his career with Manchester United but failed to break into the first team and joined Peterborough United , Barnsley and Ipswich Town on loan before making a permanent move to Fulham in January 2014 . After loan spells with Wigan Athletic ( twice ) and Blackburn Rovers , Tunnicliffe left Fulham for Millwall in 2017 . Two years later , he left for Luton Town . He has also played internationally for England at under-16 and under-17 levels . Club career . Manchester United . Born in Heywood , Greater Manchester , Tunnicliffe was first scouted by Manchester United at the age of nine , while playing for local side Roach Dynamos . He progressed through the Manchester United academy and signed as a scholar in July 2009 . He turned professional in December the same year . Tunnicliffe was a key performer as the United under-18 side won the FA Youth Cup in 2011 . His performances that season earned him the clubs Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year award . Peterborough United ( loan ) . On 1 July 2011 , Manchester United agreed for Tunnicliffe to spend a six-month loan spell at Peterborough United , alongside teammate Scott Wootton . He made his debut in the opening game of the season on 6 August in a 2–1 home win over Crystal Palace , coming on as a substitute for Lee Frecklington in the 87th minute . He then made his first start in a League Cup game against Stevenage and set up the opening goal for teammate David Ball . Return to Manchester United . After returning from the loan spell at Peterborough United , Tunnicliffe was a regular in the Reserves and helped the team win two trophies at the end of the campaign , scoring his first goal for Warren Joyces team at Chelsea . Tunnicliffe made his senior Manchester United debut on 26 September 2012 , when he came on as a substitute in the 2–1 League Cup win over Newcastle United ; he came on in the 77th minute for Marnick Vermijl to win his father a bet that he had made 10 years earlier , with a return of £10,000 . Barnsley ( loan ) . On 21 February 2013 , Barnsley signed Tunnicliffe on a 28-day loan after Scott Golbourne was ruled out for the rest of the season following knee surgery . Ipswich Town ( loan ) . On 26 July 2013 , Tunnicliffe joined Ipswich Town on a six-month loan . He was a regular in the Ipswich side throughout the first half of the 2013–14 season , but although manager Mick McCarthy expressed an interest in extending Tunnicliffes loan deal , Tunnicliffe returned to Manchester United in January 2014 . Fulham . After just two appearances for the Manchester United first team , Tunnicliffe joined Fulham for an undisclosed fee on 31 January 2014 , along with fellow Manchester United reserve midfielder Larnell Cole . There he was reunited with former Manchester United coach René Meulensteen , then in charge of Fulham . He made his debut for Fulham in a 2–2 draw against his former club Manchester United nine days later . After Meulensteens sacking as Fulham manager , Tunnicliffe and Cole were deemed by Meulensteens successor Felix Magath to be surplus to requirements at the club , despite being played in every match eligible under Meulensteen . On 25 February 2014 , just 25 days after signing for Fulham , Tunnicliffe joined Wigan Athletic on loan until the end of the season as cover for the injured Ben Watson . On 10 April , it was reported that Wigan manager Uwe Rösler had attempted to terminate Tunnicliffes loan but Fulham refused to take the player back . On 1 September 2014 , Tunnicliffe joined Blackburn Rovers on a season-long loan deal . On 1 January 2015 , he was called by his parent club thus ending the loan deal . Tunnicliffe was given a two-match ban for the start of the 2015–16 season , a £5,000 fine and ordered to take an educational course after calling Middlesbroughs Patrick Bamford a sausage boy over Twitter . Millwall . On 29 July 2017 , Tunnicliffe signed with Millwall on a two-year deal following his release from Fulham . After appearing for 31 times in the 2018–2019 season , he was released by Millwall in July 2019 . Luton Town . On 1 July 2019 , Tunnicliffe became Luton Towns third signing since winning promotion to the Championship . International career . Tunnicliffe made his England under-16 debut in October 2007 at the age of 14 , captaining the side to a 2–2 draw against Northern Ireland in the Victory Shield . He played for the under-16s a further seven times . In August 2008 he made his first appearance for the England under-17 team against Portugal . He was part of the squad for the 2009 European Championship . He has played a total of ten times for the under-17s , scoring four goals . Personal life . Tunnicliffe attended Siddal Moor Sports College . On 14 October 2012 , Tunnicliffe was charged for drink-driving by Greater Manchester Police , after his car collided with a van in Green Lane , Heywood . Honours . Individual - Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year : 2010–11 External links . - Profile at the Luton Town F.C . website |
[
"Manchester United academy",
"United under-18",
"Peterborough United"
] | easy | Which team did Ryan Tunnicliffe play for from 2009 to 2011? | /wiki/Ryan_Tunnicliffe#P54#2 | Ryan Tunnicliffe Ryan Tunnicliffe ( born 30 December 1992 ) is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder for Luton Town . Born in Heywood , Greater Manchester , he began his career with Manchester United but failed to break into the first team and joined Peterborough United , Barnsley and Ipswich Town on loan before making a permanent move to Fulham in January 2014 . After loan spells with Wigan Athletic ( twice ) and Blackburn Rovers , Tunnicliffe left Fulham for Millwall in 2017 . Two years later , he left for Luton Town . He has also played internationally for England at under-16 and under-17 levels . Club career . Manchester United . Born in Heywood , Greater Manchester , Tunnicliffe was first scouted by Manchester United at the age of nine , while playing for local side Roach Dynamos . He progressed through the Manchester United academy and signed as a scholar in July 2009 . He turned professional in December the same year . Tunnicliffe was a key performer as the United under-18 side won the FA Youth Cup in 2011 . His performances that season earned him the clubs Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year award . Peterborough United ( loan ) . On 1 July 2011 , Manchester United agreed for Tunnicliffe to spend a six-month loan spell at Peterborough United , alongside teammate Scott Wootton . He made his debut in the opening game of the season on 6 August in a 2–1 home win over Crystal Palace , coming on as a substitute for Lee Frecklington in the 87th minute . He then made his first start in a League Cup game against Stevenage and set up the opening goal for teammate David Ball . Return to Manchester United . After returning from the loan spell at Peterborough United , Tunnicliffe was a regular in the Reserves and helped the team win two trophies at the end of the campaign , scoring his first goal for Warren Joyces team at Chelsea . Tunnicliffe made his senior Manchester United debut on 26 September 2012 , when he came on as a substitute in the 2–1 League Cup win over Newcastle United ; he came on in the 77th minute for Marnick Vermijl to win his father a bet that he had made 10 years earlier , with a return of £10,000 . Barnsley ( loan ) . On 21 February 2013 , Barnsley signed Tunnicliffe on a 28-day loan after Scott Golbourne was ruled out for the rest of the season following knee surgery . Ipswich Town ( loan ) . On 26 July 2013 , Tunnicliffe joined Ipswich Town on a six-month loan . He was a regular in the Ipswich side throughout the first half of the 2013–14 season , but although manager Mick McCarthy expressed an interest in extending Tunnicliffes loan deal , Tunnicliffe returned to Manchester United in January 2014 . Fulham . After just two appearances for the Manchester United first team , Tunnicliffe joined Fulham for an undisclosed fee on 31 January 2014 , along with fellow Manchester United reserve midfielder Larnell Cole . There he was reunited with former Manchester United coach René Meulensteen , then in charge of Fulham . He made his debut for Fulham in a 2–2 draw against his former club Manchester United nine days later . After Meulensteens sacking as Fulham manager , Tunnicliffe and Cole were deemed by Meulensteens successor Felix Magath to be surplus to requirements at the club , despite being played in every match eligible under Meulensteen . On 25 February 2014 , just 25 days after signing for Fulham , Tunnicliffe joined Wigan Athletic on loan until the end of the season as cover for the injured Ben Watson . On 10 April , it was reported that Wigan manager Uwe Rösler had attempted to terminate Tunnicliffes loan but Fulham refused to take the player back . On 1 September 2014 , Tunnicliffe joined Blackburn Rovers on a season-long loan deal . On 1 January 2015 , he was called by his parent club thus ending the loan deal . Tunnicliffe was given a two-match ban for the start of the 2015–16 season , a £5,000 fine and ordered to take an educational course after calling Middlesbroughs Patrick Bamford a sausage boy over Twitter . Millwall . On 29 July 2017 , Tunnicliffe signed with Millwall on a two-year deal following his release from Fulham . After appearing for 31 times in the 2018–2019 season , he was released by Millwall in July 2019 . Luton Town . On 1 July 2019 , Tunnicliffe became Luton Towns third signing since winning promotion to the Championship . International career . Tunnicliffe made his England under-16 debut in October 2007 at the age of 14 , captaining the side to a 2–2 draw against Northern Ireland in the Victory Shield . He played for the under-16s a further seven times . In August 2008 he made his first appearance for the England under-17 team against Portugal . He was part of the squad for the 2009 European Championship . He has played a total of ten times for the under-17s , scoring four goals . Personal life . Tunnicliffe attended Siddal Moor Sports College . On 14 October 2012 , Tunnicliffe was charged for drink-driving by Greater Manchester Police , after his car collided with a van in Green Lane , Heywood . Honours . Individual - Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year : 2010–11 External links . - Profile at the Luton Town F.C . website |
[
"Peterborough United",
"Manchester United"
] | easy | Ryan Tunnicliffe played for which team from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Ryan_Tunnicliffe#P54#3 | Ryan Tunnicliffe Ryan Tunnicliffe ( born 30 December 1992 ) is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder for Luton Town . Born in Heywood , Greater Manchester , he began his career with Manchester United but failed to break into the first team and joined Peterborough United , Barnsley and Ipswich Town on loan before making a permanent move to Fulham in January 2014 . After loan spells with Wigan Athletic ( twice ) and Blackburn Rovers , Tunnicliffe left Fulham for Millwall in 2017 . Two years later , he left for Luton Town . He has also played internationally for England at under-16 and under-17 levels . Club career . Manchester United . Born in Heywood , Greater Manchester , Tunnicliffe was first scouted by Manchester United at the age of nine , while playing for local side Roach Dynamos . He progressed through the Manchester United academy and signed as a scholar in July 2009 . He turned professional in December the same year . Tunnicliffe was a key performer as the United under-18 side won the FA Youth Cup in 2011 . His performances that season earned him the clubs Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year award . Peterborough United ( loan ) . On 1 July 2011 , Manchester United agreed for Tunnicliffe to spend a six-month loan spell at Peterborough United , alongside teammate Scott Wootton . He made his debut in the opening game of the season on 6 August in a 2–1 home win over Crystal Palace , coming on as a substitute for Lee Frecklington in the 87th minute . He then made his first start in a League Cup game against Stevenage and set up the opening goal for teammate David Ball . Return to Manchester United . After returning from the loan spell at Peterborough United , Tunnicliffe was a regular in the Reserves and helped the team win two trophies at the end of the campaign , scoring his first goal for Warren Joyces team at Chelsea . Tunnicliffe made his senior Manchester United debut on 26 September 2012 , when he came on as a substitute in the 2–1 League Cup win over Newcastle United ; he came on in the 77th minute for Marnick Vermijl to win his father a bet that he had made 10 years earlier , with a return of £10,000 . Barnsley ( loan ) . On 21 February 2013 , Barnsley signed Tunnicliffe on a 28-day loan after Scott Golbourne was ruled out for the rest of the season following knee surgery . Ipswich Town ( loan ) . On 26 July 2013 , Tunnicliffe joined Ipswich Town on a six-month loan . He was a regular in the Ipswich side throughout the first half of the 2013–14 season , but although manager Mick McCarthy expressed an interest in extending Tunnicliffes loan deal , Tunnicliffe returned to Manchester United in January 2014 . Fulham . After just two appearances for the Manchester United first team , Tunnicliffe joined Fulham for an undisclosed fee on 31 January 2014 , along with fellow Manchester United reserve midfielder Larnell Cole . There he was reunited with former Manchester United coach René Meulensteen , then in charge of Fulham . He made his debut for Fulham in a 2–2 draw against his former club Manchester United nine days later . After Meulensteens sacking as Fulham manager , Tunnicliffe and Cole were deemed by Meulensteens successor Felix Magath to be surplus to requirements at the club , despite being played in every match eligible under Meulensteen . On 25 February 2014 , just 25 days after signing for Fulham , Tunnicliffe joined Wigan Athletic on loan until the end of the season as cover for the injured Ben Watson . On 10 April , it was reported that Wigan manager Uwe Rösler had attempted to terminate Tunnicliffes loan but Fulham refused to take the player back . On 1 September 2014 , Tunnicliffe joined Blackburn Rovers on a season-long loan deal . On 1 January 2015 , he was called by his parent club thus ending the loan deal . Tunnicliffe was given a two-match ban for the start of the 2015–16 season , a £5,000 fine and ordered to take an educational course after calling Middlesbroughs Patrick Bamford a sausage boy over Twitter . Millwall . On 29 July 2017 , Tunnicliffe signed with Millwall on a two-year deal following his release from Fulham . After appearing for 31 times in the 2018–2019 season , he was released by Millwall in July 2019 . Luton Town . On 1 July 2019 , Tunnicliffe became Luton Towns third signing since winning promotion to the Championship . International career . Tunnicliffe made his England under-16 debut in October 2007 at the age of 14 , captaining the side to a 2–2 draw against Northern Ireland in the Victory Shield . He played for the under-16s a further seven times . In August 2008 he made his first appearance for the England under-17 team against Portugal . He was part of the squad for the 2009 European Championship . He has played a total of ten times for the under-17s , scoring four goals . Personal life . Tunnicliffe attended Siddal Moor Sports College . On 14 October 2012 , Tunnicliffe was charged for drink-driving by Greater Manchester Police , after his car collided with a van in Green Lane , Heywood . Honours . Individual - Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year : 2010–11 External links . - Profile at the Luton Town F.C . website |
[
"Barnsley",
"Ipswich Town",
"Manchester United"
] | easy | Ryan Tunnicliffe played for which team from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Ryan_Tunnicliffe#P54#4 | Ryan Tunnicliffe Ryan Tunnicliffe ( born 30 December 1992 ) is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder for Luton Town . Born in Heywood , Greater Manchester , he began his career with Manchester United but failed to break into the first team and joined Peterborough United , Barnsley and Ipswich Town on loan before making a permanent move to Fulham in January 2014 . After loan spells with Wigan Athletic ( twice ) and Blackburn Rovers , Tunnicliffe left Fulham for Millwall in 2017 . Two years later , he left for Luton Town . He has also played internationally for England at under-16 and under-17 levels . Club career . Manchester United . Born in Heywood , Greater Manchester , Tunnicliffe was first scouted by Manchester United at the age of nine , while playing for local side Roach Dynamos . He progressed through the Manchester United academy and signed as a scholar in July 2009 . He turned professional in December the same year . Tunnicliffe was a key performer as the United under-18 side won the FA Youth Cup in 2011 . His performances that season earned him the clubs Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year award . Peterborough United ( loan ) . On 1 July 2011 , Manchester United agreed for Tunnicliffe to spend a six-month loan spell at Peterborough United , alongside teammate Scott Wootton . He made his debut in the opening game of the season on 6 August in a 2–1 home win over Crystal Palace , coming on as a substitute for Lee Frecklington in the 87th minute . He then made his first start in a League Cup game against Stevenage and set up the opening goal for teammate David Ball . Return to Manchester United . After returning from the loan spell at Peterborough United , Tunnicliffe was a regular in the Reserves and helped the team win two trophies at the end of the campaign , scoring his first goal for Warren Joyces team at Chelsea . Tunnicliffe made his senior Manchester United debut on 26 September 2012 , when he came on as a substitute in the 2–1 League Cup win over Newcastle United ; he came on in the 77th minute for Marnick Vermijl to win his father a bet that he had made 10 years earlier , with a return of £10,000 . Barnsley ( loan ) . On 21 February 2013 , Barnsley signed Tunnicliffe on a 28-day loan after Scott Golbourne was ruled out for the rest of the season following knee surgery . Ipswich Town ( loan ) . On 26 July 2013 , Tunnicliffe joined Ipswich Town on a six-month loan . He was a regular in the Ipswich side throughout the first half of the 2013–14 season , but although manager Mick McCarthy expressed an interest in extending Tunnicliffes loan deal , Tunnicliffe returned to Manchester United in January 2014 . Fulham . After just two appearances for the Manchester United first team , Tunnicliffe joined Fulham for an undisclosed fee on 31 January 2014 , along with fellow Manchester United reserve midfielder Larnell Cole . There he was reunited with former Manchester United coach René Meulensteen , then in charge of Fulham . He made his debut for Fulham in a 2–2 draw against his former club Manchester United nine days later . After Meulensteens sacking as Fulham manager , Tunnicliffe and Cole were deemed by Meulensteens successor Felix Magath to be surplus to requirements at the club , despite being played in every match eligible under Meulensteen . On 25 February 2014 , just 25 days after signing for Fulham , Tunnicliffe joined Wigan Athletic on loan until the end of the season as cover for the injured Ben Watson . On 10 April , it was reported that Wigan manager Uwe Rösler had attempted to terminate Tunnicliffes loan but Fulham refused to take the player back . On 1 September 2014 , Tunnicliffe joined Blackburn Rovers on a season-long loan deal . On 1 January 2015 , he was called by his parent club thus ending the loan deal . Tunnicliffe was given a two-match ban for the start of the 2015–16 season , a £5,000 fine and ordered to take an educational course after calling Middlesbroughs Patrick Bamford a sausage boy over Twitter . Millwall . On 29 July 2017 , Tunnicliffe signed with Millwall on a two-year deal following his release from Fulham . After appearing for 31 times in the 2018–2019 season , he was released by Millwall in July 2019 . Luton Town . On 1 July 2019 , Tunnicliffe became Luton Towns third signing since winning promotion to the Championship . International career . Tunnicliffe made his England under-16 debut in October 2007 at the age of 14 , captaining the side to a 2–2 draw against Northern Ireland in the Victory Shield . He played for the under-16s a further seven times . In August 2008 he made his first appearance for the England under-17 team against Portugal . He was part of the squad for the 2009 European Championship . He has played a total of ten times for the under-17s , scoring four goals . Personal life . Tunnicliffe attended Siddal Moor Sports College . On 14 October 2012 , Tunnicliffe was charged for drink-driving by Greater Manchester Police , after his car collided with a van in Green Lane , Heywood . Honours . Individual - Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year : 2010–11 External links . - Profile at the Luton Town F.C . website |
[
"Fulham",
"Wigan Athletic",
"Blackburn Rovers"
] | easy | Which team did the player Ryan Tunnicliffe belong to from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/Ryan_Tunnicliffe#P54#5 | Ryan Tunnicliffe Ryan Tunnicliffe ( born 30 December 1992 ) is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder for Luton Town . Born in Heywood , Greater Manchester , he began his career with Manchester United but failed to break into the first team and joined Peterborough United , Barnsley and Ipswich Town on loan before making a permanent move to Fulham in January 2014 . After loan spells with Wigan Athletic ( twice ) and Blackburn Rovers , Tunnicliffe left Fulham for Millwall in 2017 . Two years later , he left for Luton Town . He has also played internationally for England at under-16 and under-17 levels . Club career . Manchester United . Born in Heywood , Greater Manchester , Tunnicliffe was first scouted by Manchester United at the age of nine , while playing for local side Roach Dynamos . He progressed through the Manchester United academy and signed as a scholar in July 2009 . He turned professional in December the same year . Tunnicliffe was a key performer as the United under-18 side won the FA Youth Cup in 2011 . His performances that season earned him the clubs Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year award . Peterborough United ( loan ) . On 1 July 2011 , Manchester United agreed for Tunnicliffe to spend a six-month loan spell at Peterborough United , alongside teammate Scott Wootton . He made his debut in the opening game of the season on 6 August in a 2–1 home win over Crystal Palace , coming on as a substitute for Lee Frecklington in the 87th minute . He then made his first start in a League Cup game against Stevenage and set up the opening goal for teammate David Ball . Return to Manchester United . After returning from the loan spell at Peterborough United , Tunnicliffe was a regular in the Reserves and helped the team win two trophies at the end of the campaign , scoring his first goal for Warren Joyces team at Chelsea . Tunnicliffe made his senior Manchester United debut on 26 September 2012 , when he came on as a substitute in the 2–1 League Cup win over Newcastle United ; he came on in the 77th minute for Marnick Vermijl to win his father a bet that he had made 10 years earlier , with a return of £10,000 . Barnsley ( loan ) . On 21 February 2013 , Barnsley signed Tunnicliffe on a 28-day loan after Scott Golbourne was ruled out for the rest of the season following knee surgery . Ipswich Town ( loan ) . On 26 July 2013 , Tunnicliffe joined Ipswich Town on a six-month loan . He was a regular in the Ipswich side throughout the first half of the 2013–14 season , but although manager Mick McCarthy expressed an interest in extending Tunnicliffes loan deal , Tunnicliffe returned to Manchester United in January 2014 . Fulham . After just two appearances for the Manchester United first team , Tunnicliffe joined Fulham for an undisclosed fee on 31 January 2014 , along with fellow Manchester United reserve midfielder Larnell Cole . There he was reunited with former Manchester United coach René Meulensteen , then in charge of Fulham . He made his debut for Fulham in a 2–2 draw against his former club Manchester United nine days later . After Meulensteens sacking as Fulham manager , Tunnicliffe and Cole were deemed by Meulensteens successor Felix Magath to be surplus to requirements at the club , despite being played in every match eligible under Meulensteen . On 25 February 2014 , just 25 days after signing for Fulham , Tunnicliffe joined Wigan Athletic on loan until the end of the season as cover for the injured Ben Watson . On 10 April , it was reported that Wigan manager Uwe Rösler had attempted to terminate Tunnicliffes loan but Fulham refused to take the player back . On 1 September 2014 , Tunnicliffe joined Blackburn Rovers on a season-long loan deal . On 1 January 2015 , he was called by his parent club thus ending the loan deal . Tunnicliffe was given a two-match ban for the start of the 2015–16 season , a £5,000 fine and ordered to take an educational course after calling Middlesbroughs Patrick Bamford a sausage boy over Twitter . Millwall . On 29 July 2017 , Tunnicliffe signed with Millwall on a two-year deal following his release from Fulham . After appearing for 31 times in the 2018–2019 season , he was released by Millwall in July 2019 . Luton Town . On 1 July 2019 , Tunnicliffe became Luton Towns third signing since winning promotion to the Championship . International career . Tunnicliffe made his England under-16 debut in October 2007 at the age of 14 , captaining the side to a 2–2 draw against Northern Ireland in the Victory Shield . He played for the under-16s a further seven times . In August 2008 he made his first appearance for the England under-17 team against Portugal . He was part of the squad for the 2009 European Championship . He has played a total of ten times for the under-17s , scoring four goals . Personal life . Tunnicliffe attended Siddal Moor Sports College . On 14 October 2012 , Tunnicliffe was charged for drink-driving by Greater Manchester Police , after his car collided with a van in Green Lane , Heywood . Honours . Individual - Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year : 2010–11 External links . - Profile at the Luton Town F.C . website |
[
"Universidad Nacional",
"Pumas",
"Primera División"
] | easy | Pablo Barrera played for which team from 2005 to 2010? | /wiki/Pablo_Barrera#P54#0 | Pablo Barrera Pablo Edson Barrera Acosta ( born 21 June 1987 ) is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a winger for Liga MX club Atlético San Luis . He spent the early part of his career playing for Club Universidad Nacional in Mexico , before transferring to Premier League club West Ham United . He has also spent a loan period with La Liga club Real Zaragoza . He has represented the Mexico national team . Club career . Club Universidad Nacional . Born in Tlalnepantla , Mexico , Barrera began his career as a midfielder for Mexico City-based club Universidad Nacional , also known as Pumas . He joined Pumas youth system at the age of 11 and worked his way through the ranks to make his debut in the Primera División in 2005 . He was involved in all the plays in Pumas 8–0 victory over Veracruz . In July 2008 , Barrera had surgery to repair a ruptured cruciate ligament in his left knee that would sideline him for six months . In early January , Barrera came back from his injury and in his very first game back he scored a goal against Necaxa . He was a starter until manager Ricardo Ferreti put him on the bench . He scored another goal that same season against Puebla . He would help Pumas reach the final in which they faced Pachuca and scored the winning goal that gave Pumas the win in the second half of overtime . Barrera enjoyed his finest season in the Torneo Bicentenario 2010 scoring six goals in 13 games , though his season was cut short as he was called up to the Mexico national football team pre-World Cup training camp . West Ham United . On 16 July 2010 Barrera signed for West Ham United on a four-year contract , with a one-year option , for fee of £4m . He became West Hams second summer signing of 2010 . He made his Premier League debut , on 14 August , in a 3–0 loss to Aston Villa , coming on as a second-half substitute for Luis Boa Morte . After making only six Premier League starts , scoring no goals and having zero assists , and not being able to help keep West Ham out of relegation , Barreras first season in England was considered a flop . It was reported during the summer 2011 transfer window that La Liga club Real Zaragoza wanted to sign Barrera , which would have re-united him with ex-Mexico national team coach Javier Aguirre . Real Zaragoza ( loan ) . On 25 August 2011 , Barrera joined Spanish club Real Zaragoza on a season-long loan , which would reunite him with former Mexico national team manager Javier Aguirre and teammate Efraín Juárez . He scored his first La Liga goal for Zaragoza in a 2–2 draw against Villareal . After the sacking of Aguirre , and the appointment of Manolo Jiménez as new manager , Barrera was slowly relegated to the bench . Cruz Azul . On 3 July 2012 , Cruz Azul announced the signing of Barrera who returned to Mexico after a two-year stint in Europe . International career . U20 National Team . Barrera participated at the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada , where he scored two goals . Mexico National Team . Debut , 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Barrera has appeared for the Mexico national football team , making his debut in a friendly against Guatemala on 17 October 2007 . He scored his first international goal against Nicaragua on 5 July 2009 at the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup . He scored his second goal with El Tri in a game against Haiti national football team at the Gold Cup . 2010 FIFA World Cup . Barrera appeared in three matches at the 2010 FIFA World Cup for Mexico . Barrera made his debut in the second match against France , coming on in the 31st minute for an injured Carlos Vela . Barrera caused the second goal for Mexico when French defender Eric Abidal knocked him down in the penalty area and was given a penalty which Cuauhtémoc Blanco scored and Mexico ended up winning the match 2–0 . 2011 Gold Cup . He was called up to participate in the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup . He scored the fourth goal in the 4–1 win against Costa Rica . On 25 June Barerra scored a brace against the United States in the final where Mexico won 4–2 . Statistics . Career statistics . As of 17 August 2012 . Honours . Club . - UNAM - Mexican Primera División : Clausura 2009 - Cruz Azul - Copa MX : Clausura 2013 - CONCACAF Champions League : 2013–14 International . - Mexico - CONCACAF Gold Cup : 2009 , 2011 Individual . - Mexican Primera División Rookie of the Tournament : Apertura 2007 External links . - Pablo Barrera at Official Liga MX Profile - Real Zaragoza official profile - Premier League profile - 2010 FIFA World Cup profile |
[
"West Ham United"
] | easy | Which team did the player Pablo Barrera belong to from 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/Pablo_Barrera#P54#1 | Pablo Barrera Pablo Edson Barrera Acosta ( born 21 June 1987 ) is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a winger for Liga MX club Atlético San Luis . He spent the early part of his career playing for Club Universidad Nacional in Mexico , before transferring to Premier League club West Ham United . He has also spent a loan period with La Liga club Real Zaragoza . He has represented the Mexico national team . Club career . Club Universidad Nacional . Born in Tlalnepantla , Mexico , Barrera began his career as a midfielder for Mexico City-based club Universidad Nacional , also known as Pumas . He joined Pumas youth system at the age of 11 and worked his way through the ranks to make his debut in the Primera División in 2005 . He was involved in all the plays in Pumas 8–0 victory over Veracruz . In July 2008 , Barrera had surgery to repair a ruptured cruciate ligament in his left knee that would sideline him for six months . In early January , Barrera came back from his injury and in his very first game back he scored a goal against Necaxa . He was a starter until manager Ricardo Ferreti put him on the bench . He scored another goal that same season against Puebla . He would help Pumas reach the final in which they faced Pachuca and scored the winning goal that gave Pumas the win in the second half of overtime . Barrera enjoyed his finest season in the Torneo Bicentenario 2010 scoring six goals in 13 games , though his season was cut short as he was called up to the Mexico national football team pre-World Cup training camp . West Ham United . On 16 July 2010 Barrera signed for West Ham United on a four-year contract , with a one-year option , for fee of £4m . He became West Hams second summer signing of 2010 . He made his Premier League debut , on 14 August , in a 3–0 loss to Aston Villa , coming on as a second-half substitute for Luis Boa Morte . After making only six Premier League starts , scoring no goals and having zero assists , and not being able to help keep West Ham out of relegation , Barreras first season in England was considered a flop . It was reported during the summer 2011 transfer window that La Liga club Real Zaragoza wanted to sign Barrera , which would have re-united him with ex-Mexico national team coach Javier Aguirre . Real Zaragoza ( loan ) . On 25 August 2011 , Barrera joined Spanish club Real Zaragoza on a season-long loan , which would reunite him with former Mexico national team manager Javier Aguirre and teammate Efraín Juárez . He scored his first La Liga goal for Zaragoza in a 2–2 draw against Villareal . After the sacking of Aguirre , and the appointment of Manolo Jiménez as new manager , Barrera was slowly relegated to the bench . Cruz Azul . On 3 July 2012 , Cruz Azul announced the signing of Barrera who returned to Mexico after a two-year stint in Europe . International career . U20 National Team . Barrera participated at the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada , where he scored two goals . Mexico National Team . Debut , 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Barrera has appeared for the Mexico national football team , making his debut in a friendly against Guatemala on 17 October 2007 . He scored his first international goal against Nicaragua on 5 July 2009 at the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup . He scored his second goal with El Tri in a game against Haiti national football team at the Gold Cup . 2010 FIFA World Cup . Barrera appeared in three matches at the 2010 FIFA World Cup for Mexico . Barrera made his debut in the second match against France , coming on in the 31st minute for an injured Carlos Vela . Barrera caused the second goal for Mexico when French defender Eric Abidal knocked him down in the penalty area and was given a penalty which Cuauhtémoc Blanco scored and Mexico ended up winning the match 2–0 . 2011 Gold Cup . He was called up to participate in the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup . He scored the fourth goal in the 4–1 win against Costa Rica . On 25 June Barerra scored a brace against the United States in the final where Mexico won 4–2 . Statistics . Career statistics . As of 17 August 2012 . Honours . Club . - UNAM - Mexican Primera División : Clausura 2009 - Cruz Azul - Copa MX : Clausura 2013 - CONCACAF Champions League : 2013–14 International . - Mexico - CONCACAF Gold Cup : 2009 , 2011 Individual . - Mexican Primera División Rookie of the Tournament : Apertura 2007 External links . - Pablo Barrera at Official Liga MX Profile - Real Zaragoza official profile - Premier League profile - 2010 FIFA World Cup profile |
[
"Real Zaragoza",
"West Ham United"
] | easy | Pablo Barrera played for which team from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Pablo_Barrera#P54#2 | Pablo Barrera Pablo Edson Barrera Acosta ( born 21 June 1987 ) is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a winger for Liga MX club Atlético San Luis . He spent the early part of his career playing for Club Universidad Nacional in Mexico , before transferring to Premier League club West Ham United . He has also spent a loan period with La Liga club Real Zaragoza . He has represented the Mexico national team . Club career . Club Universidad Nacional . Born in Tlalnepantla , Mexico , Barrera began his career as a midfielder for Mexico City-based club Universidad Nacional , also known as Pumas . He joined Pumas youth system at the age of 11 and worked his way through the ranks to make his debut in the Primera División in 2005 . He was involved in all the plays in Pumas 8–0 victory over Veracruz . In July 2008 , Barrera had surgery to repair a ruptured cruciate ligament in his left knee that would sideline him for six months . In early January , Barrera came back from his injury and in his very first game back he scored a goal against Necaxa . He was a starter until manager Ricardo Ferreti put him on the bench . He scored another goal that same season against Puebla . He would help Pumas reach the final in which they faced Pachuca and scored the winning goal that gave Pumas the win in the second half of overtime . Barrera enjoyed his finest season in the Torneo Bicentenario 2010 scoring six goals in 13 games , though his season was cut short as he was called up to the Mexico national football team pre-World Cup training camp . West Ham United . On 16 July 2010 Barrera signed for West Ham United on a four-year contract , with a one-year option , for fee of £4m . He became West Hams second summer signing of 2010 . He made his Premier League debut , on 14 August , in a 3–0 loss to Aston Villa , coming on as a second-half substitute for Luis Boa Morte . After making only six Premier League starts , scoring no goals and having zero assists , and not being able to help keep West Ham out of relegation , Barreras first season in England was considered a flop . It was reported during the summer 2011 transfer window that La Liga club Real Zaragoza wanted to sign Barrera , which would have re-united him with ex-Mexico national team coach Javier Aguirre . Real Zaragoza ( loan ) . On 25 August 2011 , Barrera joined Spanish club Real Zaragoza on a season-long loan , which would reunite him with former Mexico national team manager Javier Aguirre and teammate Efraín Juárez . He scored his first La Liga goal for Zaragoza in a 2–2 draw against Villareal . After the sacking of Aguirre , and the appointment of Manolo Jiménez as new manager , Barrera was slowly relegated to the bench . Cruz Azul . On 3 July 2012 , Cruz Azul announced the signing of Barrera who returned to Mexico after a two-year stint in Europe . International career . U20 National Team . Barrera participated at the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada , where he scored two goals . Mexico National Team . Debut , 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Barrera has appeared for the Mexico national football team , making his debut in a friendly against Guatemala on 17 October 2007 . He scored his first international goal against Nicaragua on 5 July 2009 at the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup . He scored his second goal with El Tri in a game against Haiti national football team at the Gold Cup . 2010 FIFA World Cup . Barrera appeared in three matches at the 2010 FIFA World Cup for Mexico . Barrera made his debut in the second match against France , coming on in the 31st minute for an injured Carlos Vela . Barrera caused the second goal for Mexico when French defender Eric Abidal knocked him down in the penalty area and was given a penalty which Cuauhtémoc Blanco scored and Mexico ended up winning the match 2–0 . 2011 Gold Cup . He was called up to participate in the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup . He scored the fourth goal in the 4–1 win against Costa Rica . On 25 June Barerra scored a brace against the United States in the final where Mexico won 4–2 . Statistics . Career statistics . As of 17 August 2012 . Honours . Club . - UNAM - Mexican Primera División : Clausura 2009 - Cruz Azul - Copa MX : Clausura 2013 - CONCACAF Champions League : 2013–14 International . - Mexico - CONCACAF Gold Cup : 2009 , 2011 Individual . - Mexican Primera División Rookie of the Tournament : Apertura 2007 External links . - Pablo Barrera at Official Liga MX Profile - Real Zaragoza official profile - Premier League profile - 2010 FIFA World Cup profile |
[
"Cruz Azul"
] | easy | Which team did the player Pablo Barrera belong to from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Pablo_Barrera#P54#3 | Pablo Barrera Pablo Edson Barrera Acosta ( born 21 June 1987 ) is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a winger for Liga MX club Atlético San Luis . He spent the early part of his career playing for Club Universidad Nacional in Mexico , before transferring to Premier League club West Ham United . He has also spent a loan period with La Liga club Real Zaragoza . He has represented the Mexico national team . Club career . Club Universidad Nacional . Born in Tlalnepantla , Mexico , Barrera began his career as a midfielder for Mexico City-based club Universidad Nacional , also known as Pumas . He joined Pumas youth system at the age of 11 and worked his way through the ranks to make his debut in the Primera División in 2005 . He was involved in all the plays in Pumas 8–0 victory over Veracruz . In July 2008 , Barrera had surgery to repair a ruptured cruciate ligament in his left knee that would sideline him for six months . In early January , Barrera came back from his injury and in his very first game back he scored a goal against Necaxa . He was a starter until manager Ricardo Ferreti put him on the bench . He scored another goal that same season against Puebla . He would help Pumas reach the final in which they faced Pachuca and scored the winning goal that gave Pumas the win in the second half of overtime . Barrera enjoyed his finest season in the Torneo Bicentenario 2010 scoring six goals in 13 games , though his season was cut short as he was called up to the Mexico national football team pre-World Cup training camp . West Ham United . On 16 July 2010 Barrera signed for West Ham United on a four-year contract , with a one-year option , for fee of £4m . He became West Hams second summer signing of 2010 . He made his Premier League debut , on 14 August , in a 3–0 loss to Aston Villa , coming on as a second-half substitute for Luis Boa Morte . After making only six Premier League starts , scoring no goals and having zero assists , and not being able to help keep West Ham out of relegation , Barreras first season in England was considered a flop . It was reported during the summer 2011 transfer window that La Liga club Real Zaragoza wanted to sign Barrera , which would have re-united him with ex-Mexico national team coach Javier Aguirre . Real Zaragoza ( loan ) . On 25 August 2011 , Barrera joined Spanish club Real Zaragoza on a season-long loan , which would reunite him with former Mexico national team manager Javier Aguirre and teammate Efraín Juárez . He scored his first La Liga goal for Zaragoza in a 2–2 draw against Villareal . After the sacking of Aguirre , and the appointment of Manolo Jiménez as new manager , Barrera was slowly relegated to the bench . Cruz Azul . On 3 July 2012 , Cruz Azul announced the signing of Barrera who returned to Mexico after a two-year stint in Europe . International career . U20 National Team . Barrera participated at the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada , where he scored two goals . Mexico National Team . Debut , 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Barrera has appeared for the Mexico national football team , making his debut in a friendly against Guatemala on 17 October 2007 . He scored his first international goal against Nicaragua on 5 July 2009 at the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup . He scored his second goal with El Tri in a game against Haiti national football team at the Gold Cup . 2010 FIFA World Cup . Barrera appeared in three matches at the 2010 FIFA World Cup for Mexico . Barrera made his debut in the second match against France , coming on in the 31st minute for an injured Carlos Vela . Barrera caused the second goal for Mexico when French defender Eric Abidal knocked him down in the penalty area and was given a penalty which Cuauhtémoc Blanco scored and Mexico ended up winning the match 2–0 . 2011 Gold Cup . He was called up to participate in the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup . He scored the fourth goal in the 4–1 win against Costa Rica . On 25 June Barerra scored a brace against the United States in the final where Mexico won 4–2 . Statistics . Career statistics . As of 17 August 2012 . Honours . Club . - UNAM - Mexican Primera División : Clausura 2009 - Cruz Azul - Copa MX : Clausura 2013 - CONCACAF Champions League : 2013–14 International . - Mexico - CONCACAF Gold Cup : 2009 , 2011 Individual . - Mexican Primera División Rookie of the Tournament : Apertura 2007 External links . - Pablo Barrera at Official Liga MX Profile - Real Zaragoza official profile - Premier League profile - 2010 FIFA World Cup profile |
[
""
] | easy | Pablo Barrera played for which team from 2015 to 2016? | /wiki/Pablo_Barrera#P54#4 | Pablo Barrera Pablo Edson Barrera Acosta ( born 21 June 1987 ) is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a winger for Liga MX club Atlético San Luis . He spent the early part of his career playing for Club Universidad Nacional in Mexico , before transferring to Premier League club West Ham United . He has also spent a loan period with La Liga club Real Zaragoza . He has represented the Mexico national team . Club career . Club Universidad Nacional . Born in Tlalnepantla , Mexico , Barrera began his career as a midfielder for Mexico City-based club Universidad Nacional , also known as Pumas . He joined Pumas youth system at the age of 11 and worked his way through the ranks to make his debut in the Primera División in 2005 . He was involved in all the plays in Pumas 8–0 victory over Veracruz . In July 2008 , Barrera had surgery to repair a ruptured cruciate ligament in his left knee that would sideline him for six months . In early January , Barrera came back from his injury and in his very first game back he scored a goal against Necaxa . He was a starter until manager Ricardo Ferreti put him on the bench . He scored another goal that same season against Puebla . He would help Pumas reach the final in which they faced Pachuca and scored the winning goal that gave Pumas the win in the second half of overtime . Barrera enjoyed his finest season in the Torneo Bicentenario 2010 scoring six goals in 13 games , though his season was cut short as he was called up to the Mexico national football team pre-World Cup training camp . West Ham United . On 16 July 2010 Barrera signed for West Ham United on a four-year contract , with a one-year option , for fee of £4m . He became West Hams second summer signing of 2010 . He made his Premier League debut , on 14 August , in a 3–0 loss to Aston Villa , coming on as a second-half substitute for Luis Boa Morte . After making only six Premier League starts , scoring no goals and having zero assists , and not being able to help keep West Ham out of relegation , Barreras first season in England was considered a flop . It was reported during the summer 2011 transfer window that La Liga club Real Zaragoza wanted to sign Barrera , which would have re-united him with ex-Mexico national team coach Javier Aguirre . Real Zaragoza ( loan ) . On 25 August 2011 , Barrera joined Spanish club Real Zaragoza on a season-long loan , which would reunite him with former Mexico national team manager Javier Aguirre and teammate Efraín Juárez . He scored his first La Liga goal for Zaragoza in a 2–2 draw against Villareal . After the sacking of Aguirre , and the appointment of Manolo Jiménez as new manager , Barrera was slowly relegated to the bench . Cruz Azul . On 3 July 2012 , Cruz Azul announced the signing of Barrera who returned to Mexico after a two-year stint in Europe . International career . U20 National Team . Barrera participated at the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada , where he scored two goals . Mexico National Team . Debut , 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Barrera has appeared for the Mexico national football team , making his debut in a friendly against Guatemala on 17 October 2007 . He scored his first international goal against Nicaragua on 5 July 2009 at the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup . He scored his second goal with El Tri in a game against Haiti national football team at the Gold Cup . 2010 FIFA World Cup . Barrera appeared in three matches at the 2010 FIFA World Cup for Mexico . Barrera made his debut in the second match against France , coming on in the 31st minute for an injured Carlos Vela . Barrera caused the second goal for Mexico when French defender Eric Abidal knocked him down in the penalty area and was given a penalty which Cuauhtémoc Blanco scored and Mexico ended up winning the match 2–0 . 2011 Gold Cup . He was called up to participate in the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup . He scored the fourth goal in the 4–1 win against Costa Rica . On 25 June Barerra scored a brace against the United States in the final where Mexico won 4–2 . Statistics . Career statistics . As of 17 August 2012 . Honours . Club . - UNAM - Mexican Primera División : Clausura 2009 - Cruz Azul - Copa MX : Clausura 2013 - CONCACAF Champions League : 2013–14 International . - Mexico - CONCACAF Gold Cup : 2009 , 2011 Individual . - Mexican Primera División Rookie of the Tournament : Apertura 2007 External links . - Pablo Barrera at Official Liga MX Profile - Real Zaragoza official profile - Premier League profile - 2010 FIFA World Cup profile |
[
"Bahia"
] | easy | Which team did Dani Alves play for from 2001 to 2002? | /wiki/Dani_Alves#P54#0 | Dani Alves Daniel Alves da Silva ( ; born 6 May 1983 ) , known simply as Dani Alves , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right-back for São Paulo FC and the Brazil national team . Considered one of the greatest right backs of all time , Alves is the most decorated player in the history of football with 42 trophies and the second most decorated defender of all time in European competitions . Before joining Barcelona in 2008 , Alves spent a successful six-year spell with Sevilla , winning two UEFA Cups and the Copa del Rey with the Andalusian side . He joined Barcelona for €32.5 million , becoming the third-most expensive defender of all-time . He won the treble in his first season with the club and in the next season , won the Supercopa de España , UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup . Additionally , he helped the club to clinch another two Supercopa de España , five La Liga titles and two UEFA Champions League titles in the years that followed . In 2016 , Juventus signed Alves on a free transfer . Alves won the 2016–17 Serie A title and 2016–17 Coppa Italia in his only season with the side , also reaching the Champions League Final . In 2017 , Alves joined French side Paris Saint-Germain on a free transfer , winning a domestic treble in his first season , followed by another league title the following season . In 2019 , he returned to his home country , joining São Paulo . Two years later , Alves won his first title with the club , winning the Campeonato Paulista . A full international for Brazil since 2006 , Alves was included in their squads for two FIFA World Cups and five Copa América tournaments , winning the 2007 and 2019 editions of the latter competition , as well as the 2009 and 2013 FIFA Confederations Cups . Early life . Alves was born in Juazeiro , a city in the Brazilian state of Bahia , to father Domingos Alves da Silva , a farmer . He played football with the neighboring kids . Alves father had a passion for football as well , and eventually managed to organize his own football team . Alves , at age 6 , started as a winger , but because of the lack of goals he scored , his father re-positioned him as a right back , a position he still plays up to this day . Alves worked as a farmer and a trader in his youth . Club career . Bahia . Alves made his professional debut for Bahia in a match against Paraná Clube for the 2001 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A . Bahia won 3–0 , with Alves providing two assists and winning a penalty for the other goal . Head coach Evaristo de Macedo thereafter gave him a starting place in the team . In Bahia , he won the and two times the Northeast Cup and . His consistently good performances landed him a transfer , at first on loan , to Spanish side Sevilla , midway through 2002 . Sevilla . After 2002–03 , on loan to Sevilla from Bahia , Alves travelled to play in the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship , where he impressed as Brazil won the tournament . He was named the third-best player of the tournament and , after this , the Sevilla move was made permanent . In June 2006 , Sevilla agreed to sell Alves to Liverpool , but Liverpool were unable to match Sevillas asking price of around £8 million . In December 2006 , he signed a new contract with Sevilla , tying him to the club until 2012 . He had a successful 2006–07 season , making 47 appearances and scoring 5 goals . He played in every one of Sevillas UEFA Cup matches , in a competition which the club went on to win . From his years in Spain , Alves acquired Spanish citizenship , thus allowing him to bypass any non-EU quota restrictions and exempting him from needing a work permit to play in any EU countries . On 1 August 2007 , Alves told SporTV he wanted to leave Sevilla for a European giant , later reiterating his desire to leave Sevilla to Marca , saying he was flattered by Chelseas interest and that he could never turn down such an opportunity . In an interview with Antena 3 on 8 August , Alves confirmed his agent had been in England for some time handling Chelseas offer , urging Sevilla to at least consider the offer . On 16 August 2007 , Sevilla rejected an unspecified Chelsea bid and , six days later , rejected another two bids from Chelsea , considering them to be way below what was expected . Alves later revealed his dismay with Sevilla club president José María del Nido for having knocked back Chelseas offers for his services after his move to Stamford Bridge collapsed , with Chelsea signing fellow Brazilian full back Juliano Belletti for a much lower fee . After a public war of words between Alves and Del Nido , as well as the death of teammate Antonio Puerta , Alves decided to stay with Sevilla , with player and president ostensibly reconciled . Barcelona . On 2 July 2008 , Alves joined Barcelona , leaving Sevilla in tears and saying he would love to play for the club again . He said he came to Sevilla as a boy and was leaving as a man . The official price of the transfer stood at £23 million up-front , with approximately £7 million more depending on a number of performance-related factors over the next few seasons of Alves Barcelona career , making him one of the most expensive defenders in history and the third-most expensive player bought by Barça . He signed a four-year contract with Barcelona , which included a buy-out clause of €90 million . Alves made his competitive and European debuts for Barcelona against Wisła Kraków in the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League third-round qualifiers on 13 August 2008 . He made his La Liga debut in the Liga season-opener away to Numancia on 31 August 2008 . Later on in his debut season , he missed the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final due to a yellow-card suspension , although Barcelona nonetheless defeated Manchester United 2–0 to complete the treble after also winning La Liga and the 2008–09 Copa del Rey . In his second season at Barça , the club retained the Liga title and won the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup . In the 2010–11 season , Alves was instrumental in Barcelonas winning of their third consecutive Liga title . On 28 May 2011 , Alves played in his first Champions League final as Barcelona defeated Manchester United 3–1 at Wembley Stadium to win its fourth European Cup . In 2011–12 , Alves was part of a Barcelona team that won the Copa del Rey and the Club World Cup . In 2012–13 , Alves won the Liga title for the fourth time in his five seasons at Barça . In 2013–14 , Alves wore shirt number 22 , formerly worn by his friend Eric Abidal , to whom he offered to donate part of his liver during Abidals treatment for liver cancer . Third Champions League title . On 6 June 2015 , Alves started for Barça in the 2015 Champions League final as the club won its fifth European Cup by beating Juventus at the Olympiastadion in Berlin . This made Barcelona the first club in history to win the treble of domestic league , domestic cup and European Cup twice . Alves , Lionel Messi , Andrés Iniesta , Xavi , Gerard Piqué , Pedro and Sergio Busquets are the only players to have been a part of both treble-winning teams . On 9 June 2015 , Alves signed a two-year contract with Barcelona , keeping him at the club until 30 June 2017 , with the option to extend a further year . Final season . After Barcelona were eliminated by compatriots Atlético Madrid in the quarter-finals of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League , Alves recorded a bizarre video in which he impersonated his wife consoling him for the defeat , and posted it on Instagram ; manager Luis Enrique subsequently dropped him from the following match against Valencia . On 2 June 2016 , Roberto Fernández , Barcelonas technical secretary , announced Alves was leaving Barcelona that summer after eight years . Although under contract until 30 June 2017 , Alves contract had a clause allowing him to leave as a free agent . Juventus . On 27 June 2016 , Juventus announced the signing of Alves on a two-year deal with the option of a third year . He made his Juventus debut on 20 August in a 2–1 home win over Fiorentina in Serie A . On 21 September , Alves scored his first goal with Juventus in a 4–0 home win over Cagliari , before opening his Champions League account with the club against Dinamo Zagreb six days later . On 27 November , he suffered a broken leg in Juventus 3–1 defeat to Genoa . Alves made his return from injury as a substitute in a 1–0 Derby dItalia win over Internazionale on 5 February 2017 . On 9 May 2017 , Alves scored once and assisted a goal for Mario Mandžukić as Juventus defeated Monaco 2–1 to qualify for the 2017 Champions League final . Six days earlier , Alves had assisted both goals for Gonzalo Higuaín in the first leg of the tie at the Stade Louis II . On 17 May , Alves scored the opening goal of a 2–0 win over Lazio in the 2017 Coppa Italia Final . On 3 June , Alves appeared in his third UEFA Champions League final as Juventus were defeated 4–1 by Real Madrid at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff . On 29 June 2017 , Alves had his contract with Juventus terminated by mutual consent . He made 33 appearances , winning the 2016–17 Serie A title and 2016–17 Coppa Italia in his one season in Turin . Paris Saint-Germain . On 12 July 2017 , Alves joined French side Paris Saint-Germain on a free transfer , signing a two-year contract . He made his debut for the club on 29 July in the 2017 Trophée des Champions , scoring once and assisting the winning goal for Adrien Rabiot in a 2–1 victory over 2016–17 Ligue 1 champions Monaco . On 5 August , Alves assisted Edinson Cavani for PSGs first goal of the 2017–18 Ligue 1 season in a 2–0 win over Amiens at the Parc des Princes . On 8 May 2018 , he started in the 2018 Coupe de France Final , as PSG defeated Les Herbiers VF 2–0 to clinch the 2017–18 Coupe de France title ; he came off in the 86th minute for Thomas Meunier , after sustaining an injury . On 28 August 2018 , Alves announced through a post on his Instagram page changing his squad number from 32 to 13 in tribute to Brazilian legend and four-time World Cup winner Mário Zagallo . After his contract with the club expired on 30 June 2019 , Alves became a free agent . São Paulo . On 1 August 2019 , São Paulo FC announced the signing of Dani Alves on a contract that runs until December 2022 . A lifelong supporter of São Paulo , Alves had previously on numerous occasions declared his wish of playing for the club . He was received at the Morumbi stadium , in front of 44,000 fans . Idols of the clubs recent history , such as Hernanes , Kaká and Luís Fabiano were responsible for welcoming him . Despite playing as a right-back throughout his career , since his arrival he has taken a position in the midfield and received the number 10 shirt upon his arrival . He made his debut on 18 August 2019 , scoring the sole goal in a 1–0 league win over Ceará at the Morumbi.Currently , he is one of the main articulators and captain of the team . Target of racism incident . On 27 April 2014 , during a match at Villarreals stadium , El Madrigal , Alves was targeted by Villareal supporter David Campaya Lleo , who threw a banana at him . Alves picked up the banana , peeled it and took a bite . He responded to the incident by saying : Teammate Neymars response – to post a photograph of himself on social media also eating a banana – went viral . Other footballers have also since taken photographs of themselves eating bananas . Cyrille Regis , who had been racially abused while a player in the 1970s and 1980s , expressed concern that the viral campaign would detract from the important issues of combating racism in the game . Alves said that whoever threw the banana at him should be publicly shamed , and on 30 April 2014 , a man was arrested in connection with the incident . Villarreal were later fined €12,000 for the incident . International career . Early career and 2007 Copa América title . Alves made his Brazil debut as a substitute in an unofficial friendly match against Kuwaiti club Al-Kuwait Selection on 7 October 2006 . Three days later , he earned his first international cap in a friendly against Ecuador . He was included in Brazils team for the 2007 Copa América . He appeared in four matches including the final against Argentina on 15 July , where he gave an assist to Roberto Ayalas own goal and scored a goal himself in the 3–0 victory . 2009 Confederations Cup title , 2010 World Cup , and 2011 Copa América . Despite being the most expensive right-back in history at the time , he was initially unable to hold down a regular starting spot in the Brazilian national team , with Maicon being the first choice ahead of him . Alves came on as a substitute in the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup semi-final against South Africa and scored the winner , a free-kick and a goal in the 88th minute in a 1–0 win . The following summer , he was named to Brazils squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . He scored another long-range free-kick against Iran on 7 October 2010 . The following year , Alves was included in Brazils 23-man squad for the 2011 Copa América in Argentina . 2013 Confederations Cup title and 2014 World Cup . Alves was part of the 23 players called by coach Luiz Felipe Scolari to play in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup on home soil . He started in Brazils 3–0 victory over Spain in the final on 30 June , at the Maracanã Stadium . On 7 May 2014 , Alves was named to Brazils squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup on home soil . He lost his position as a starter during the competition due to poor performances . After Brazil defeated Colombia 2–1 in the quarter-finals , Alves and teammate David Luiz were applauded for comforting James Rodríguez , an act they were both commended for by both Rodríguez and the media for showing respect . 2015 Copa América , and Copa América Centenario , and 2018 World Cup qualifying . Alves was picked as a starter in both the 2015 and Centenario Copa América tournaments by manager Dunga . He retained his position following the appointment of Tite and helped Brazil secure qualification for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , but was ruled out of the tournament due to a knee injury suffered in the 2018 Coupe de France Final . 2019 Copa América title . In May 2019 , he was included in Brazils 23-man squad for the 2019 Copa América on home soil . He went on to replace Neymar as Brazil captain for the tournament . In the teams final group match against Peru in São Paulo on 22 June , Alves scored in a 5–0 win , which saw Brazil advance to the quarter-finals . In the final , on 7 July , at the Maracanã Stadium , Brazil faced Peru once again , and won the match 3–1 to win the title ; Alves was subsequently named the Most Valuable Player of the tournament . The 2019 edition of the Copa América was the 40th title of his career . Style of play . Regarded as one of the best full-backs of his generation , and of all time , Alves is an offensive right-back or wing-back who is known in particular for his pace , stamina , overlapping attacking runs , and technical skills , which also enable him to play in midfield , or as a winger ; he is also gifted with good crossing accuracy and distribution , which allows him to link up with midfielders , and makes him an effective assist provider along the right flank . In addition to his ability to create chances , he is an accurate striker of the ball , and is known for his ability to score goals in particular from outside the area or long-range set-pieces . Despite not being particularly imposing physically , he possesses significant strength and tenacity , which along with his energy , anticipation and work-rate , enable him to intercept passes or chase down and press opponents when not in possession , thus allowing him to aid his team both offensively and defensively . However , despite his skill and offensive ability , he has drawn criticism at times in the media for neglecting the defensive aspect of his game . During his time with Paris Saint-Germain , he also played as a central midfielder on occasion . He continued to play in a free role in midfield during his time with São Paulo , citing his desire to play in the middle in order to have more touches on the ball as the reason for this tactical switch , as out wide he had felt more isolated , and less capable of creating chances for his team . Regarding his unique interpretation of the full-back role throughout his career , Alves commented in 2019 : Outside football . On 29 September 2011 , Alves was appointed as a Special Olympics Ambassador for its Global Football program , charged with promoting respect and inclusion in football for people with intellectual disabilities , particularly in the run up to the 2014 World Cup . Along with his ex-teammate turned rapper , José Manuel Pinto , Alves released a song called Suave on YouTube on 15 June 2018 . Honours . Club ( 38 ) . Bahia ( 1 ) - Copa do Nordeste ( 1 ) : Sevilla ( 5 ) - Copa del Rey ( 1 ) : 2006–07 - Supercopa de España ( 1 ) : 2007 - UEFA Cup ( 2 ) : 2005–06 , 2006–07 - UEFA Super Cup ( 1 ) : 2006 Barcelona ( 23 ) - La Liga ( 6 ) : 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2012–13 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Copa del Rey ( 4 ) : 2008–09 , 2011–12 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Supercopa de España ( 4 ) : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 - UEFA Champions League ( 3 ) : 2008–09 , 2010–11 , 2014–15 - UEFA Super Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 - FIFA Club World Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 Juventus ( 2 ) - Serie A ( 1 ) : 2016–17 - Coppa Italia ( 1 ) : 2016–17 Paris Saint-Germain ( 6 ) - Ligue 1 ( 2 ) : 2017–18 , 2018–19 - Coupe de France ( 1 ) : 2017–18 ; runner-up : 2018–19 - Coupe de la Ligue ( 1 ) : 2017–18 - Trophée des Champions ( 2 ) : 2017 , 2018 São Paulo ( 1 ) - Campeonato Paulista ( 1 ) : 2021 International ( 5 ) . Brazil ( 4 ) - Copa América ( 2 ) : 2007 , 2019 - FIFA Confederations Cup ( 2 ) : 2009 , 2013 Brazil Youth ( 1 ) - FIFA World Youth Championship ( 1 ) : 2003 Individual . - Campeonato Paulista Team of the Tournament : 2020 - FIFA U-20 World Cup Bronze Ball : 2003 - UEFA Cup Most Valuable Player : 2005–06 - UEFA Super Cup Man of the Match : 2006 - UEFA Team of the Year : 2007 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 , 2017 - ESM Team of the Year : 2006–07 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 - FIFA FIFPro World11 : 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - FIFA FIFPro World11 2nd team : 2014 - FIFA FIFPro World11 nominee : 2019 ( 4th defender ) - La Liga Defender of the Season : 2008–09 - FIFA Confederations Cup Team of the Tournament : 2013 - La Liga Team of the Season : 2014–15 - France Football World XI : 2015 - Serie A Team of the Year : 2016–17 - IFFHS Mens World Team : 2017 - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2017–18 - Copa América Most Valuable Player : 2019 - Copa América Team of the Tournament : 2019 - IFFHS CONMEBOL team of the decade 2011–2020 Records . - Most UEFA Super Cup titles : ( 4 ) ( shared with Paolo Maldini ) ( 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 ) - Most UEFA Super Cup final appearances : ( 5 ) ( shared with Paolo Maldini ) ( 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 ) - Player with most collective honours in football history : ( 43 ) |
[
"Sevilla"
] | easy | Which team did the player Dani Alves belong to from 2002 to 2008? | /wiki/Dani_Alves#P54#1 | Dani Alves Daniel Alves da Silva ( ; born 6 May 1983 ) , known simply as Dani Alves , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right-back for São Paulo FC and the Brazil national team . Considered one of the greatest right backs of all time , Alves is the most decorated player in the history of football with 42 trophies and the second most decorated defender of all time in European competitions . Before joining Barcelona in 2008 , Alves spent a successful six-year spell with Sevilla , winning two UEFA Cups and the Copa del Rey with the Andalusian side . He joined Barcelona for €32.5 million , becoming the third-most expensive defender of all-time . He won the treble in his first season with the club and in the next season , won the Supercopa de España , UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup . Additionally , he helped the club to clinch another two Supercopa de España , five La Liga titles and two UEFA Champions League titles in the years that followed . In 2016 , Juventus signed Alves on a free transfer . Alves won the 2016–17 Serie A title and 2016–17 Coppa Italia in his only season with the side , also reaching the Champions League Final . In 2017 , Alves joined French side Paris Saint-Germain on a free transfer , winning a domestic treble in his first season , followed by another league title the following season . In 2019 , he returned to his home country , joining São Paulo . Two years later , Alves won his first title with the club , winning the Campeonato Paulista . A full international for Brazil since 2006 , Alves was included in their squads for two FIFA World Cups and five Copa América tournaments , winning the 2007 and 2019 editions of the latter competition , as well as the 2009 and 2013 FIFA Confederations Cups . Early life . Alves was born in Juazeiro , a city in the Brazilian state of Bahia , to father Domingos Alves da Silva , a farmer . He played football with the neighboring kids . Alves father had a passion for football as well , and eventually managed to organize his own football team . Alves , at age 6 , started as a winger , but because of the lack of goals he scored , his father re-positioned him as a right back , a position he still plays up to this day . Alves worked as a farmer and a trader in his youth . Club career . Bahia . Alves made his professional debut for Bahia in a match against Paraná Clube for the 2001 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A . Bahia won 3–0 , with Alves providing two assists and winning a penalty for the other goal . Head coach Evaristo de Macedo thereafter gave him a starting place in the team . In Bahia , he won the and two times the Northeast Cup and . His consistently good performances landed him a transfer , at first on loan , to Spanish side Sevilla , midway through 2002 . Sevilla . After 2002–03 , on loan to Sevilla from Bahia , Alves travelled to play in the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship , where he impressed as Brazil won the tournament . He was named the third-best player of the tournament and , after this , the Sevilla move was made permanent . In June 2006 , Sevilla agreed to sell Alves to Liverpool , but Liverpool were unable to match Sevillas asking price of around £8 million . In December 2006 , he signed a new contract with Sevilla , tying him to the club until 2012 . He had a successful 2006–07 season , making 47 appearances and scoring 5 goals . He played in every one of Sevillas UEFA Cup matches , in a competition which the club went on to win . From his years in Spain , Alves acquired Spanish citizenship , thus allowing him to bypass any non-EU quota restrictions and exempting him from needing a work permit to play in any EU countries . On 1 August 2007 , Alves told SporTV he wanted to leave Sevilla for a European giant , later reiterating his desire to leave Sevilla to Marca , saying he was flattered by Chelseas interest and that he could never turn down such an opportunity . In an interview with Antena 3 on 8 August , Alves confirmed his agent had been in England for some time handling Chelseas offer , urging Sevilla to at least consider the offer . On 16 August 2007 , Sevilla rejected an unspecified Chelsea bid and , six days later , rejected another two bids from Chelsea , considering them to be way below what was expected . Alves later revealed his dismay with Sevilla club president José María del Nido for having knocked back Chelseas offers for his services after his move to Stamford Bridge collapsed , with Chelsea signing fellow Brazilian full back Juliano Belletti for a much lower fee . After a public war of words between Alves and Del Nido , as well as the death of teammate Antonio Puerta , Alves decided to stay with Sevilla , with player and president ostensibly reconciled . Barcelona . On 2 July 2008 , Alves joined Barcelona , leaving Sevilla in tears and saying he would love to play for the club again . He said he came to Sevilla as a boy and was leaving as a man . The official price of the transfer stood at £23 million up-front , with approximately £7 million more depending on a number of performance-related factors over the next few seasons of Alves Barcelona career , making him one of the most expensive defenders in history and the third-most expensive player bought by Barça . He signed a four-year contract with Barcelona , which included a buy-out clause of €90 million . Alves made his competitive and European debuts for Barcelona against Wisła Kraków in the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League third-round qualifiers on 13 August 2008 . He made his La Liga debut in the Liga season-opener away to Numancia on 31 August 2008 . Later on in his debut season , he missed the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final due to a yellow-card suspension , although Barcelona nonetheless defeated Manchester United 2–0 to complete the treble after also winning La Liga and the 2008–09 Copa del Rey . In his second season at Barça , the club retained the Liga title and won the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup . In the 2010–11 season , Alves was instrumental in Barcelonas winning of their third consecutive Liga title . On 28 May 2011 , Alves played in his first Champions League final as Barcelona defeated Manchester United 3–1 at Wembley Stadium to win its fourth European Cup . In 2011–12 , Alves was part of a Barcelona team that won the Copa del Rey and the Club World Cup . In 2012–13 , Alves won the Liga title for the fourth time in his five seasons at Barça . In 2013–14 , Alves wore shirt number 22 , formerly worn by his friend Eric Abidal , to whom he offered to donate part of his liver during Abidals treatment for liver cancer . Third Champions League title . On 6 June 2015 , Alves started for Barça in the 2015 Champions League final as the club won its fifth European Cup by beating Juventus at the Olympiastadion in Berlin . This made Barcelona the first club in history to win the treble of domestic league , domestic cup and European Cup twice . Alves , Lionel Messi , Andrés Iniesta , Xavi , Gerard Piqué , Pedro and Sergio Busquets are the only players to have been a part of both treble-winning teams . On 9 June 2015 , Alves signed a two-year contract with Barcelona , keeping him at the club until 30 June 2017 , with the option to extend a further year . Final season . After Barcelona were eliminated by compatriots Atlético Madrid in the quarter-finals of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League , Alves recorded a bizarre video in which he impersonated his wife consoling him for the defeat , and posted it on Instagram ; manager Luis Enrique subsequently dropped him from the following match against Valencia . On 2 June 2016 , Roberto Fernández , Barcelonas technical secretary , announced Alves was leaving Barcelona that summer after eight years . Although under contract until 30 June 2017 , Alves contract had a clause allowing him to leave as a free agent . Juventus . On 27 June 2016 , Juventus announced the signing of Alves on a two-year deal with the option of a third year . He made his Juventus debut on 20 August in a 2–1 home win over Fiorentina in Serie A . On 21 September , Alves scored his first goal with Juventus in a 4–0 home win over Cagliari , before opening his Champions League account with the club against Dinamo Zagreb six days later . On 27 November , he suffered a broken leg in Juventus 3–1 defeat to Genoa . Alves made his return from injury as a substitute in a 1–0 Derby dItalia win over Internazionale on 5 February 2017 . On 9 May 2017 , Alves scored once and assisted a goal for Mario Mandžukić as Juventus defeated Monaco 2–1 to qualify for the 2017 Champions League final . Six days earlier , Alves had assisted both goals for Gonzalo Higuaín in the first leg of the tie at the Stade Louis II . On 17 May , Alves scored the opening goal of a 2–0 win over Lazio in the 2017 Coppa Italia Final . On 3 June , Alves appeared in his third UEFA Champions League final as Juventus were defeated 4–1 by Real Madrid at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff . On 29 June 2017 , Alves had his contract with Juventus terminated by mutual consent . He made 33 appearances , winning the 2016–17 Serie A title and 2016–17 Coppa Italia in his one season in Turin . Paris Saint-Germain . On 12 July 2017 , Alves joined French side Paris Saint-Germain on a free transfer , signing a two-year contract . He made his debut for the club on 29 July in the 2017 Trophée des Champions , scoring once and assisting the winning goal for Adrien Rabiot in a 2–1 victory over 2016–17 Ligue 1 champions Monaco . On 5 August , Alves assisted Edinson Cavani for PSGs first goal of the 2017–18 Ligue 1 season in a 2–0 win over Amiens at the Parc des Princes . On 8 May 2018 , he started in the 2018 Coupe de France Final , as PSG defeated Les Herbiers VF 2–0 to clinch the 2017–18 Coupe de France title ; he came off in the 86th minute for Thomas Meunier , after sustaining an injury . On 28 August 2018 , Alves announced through a post on his Instagram page changing his squad number from 32 to 13 in tribute to Brazilian legend and four-time World Cup winner Mário Zagallo . After his contract with the club expired on 30 June 2019 , Alves became a free agent . São Paulo . On 1 August 2019 , São Paulo FC announced the signing of Dani Alves on a contract that runs until December 2022 . A lifelong supporter of São Paulo , Alves had previously on numerous occasions declared his wish of playing for the club . He was received at the Morumbi stadium , in front of 44,000 fans . Idols of the clubs recent history , such as Hernanes , Kaká and Luís Fabiano were responsible for welcoming him . Despite playing as a right-back throughout his career , since his arrival he has taken a position in the midfield and received the number 10 shirt upon his arrival . He made his debut on 18 August 2019 , scoring the sole goal in a 1–0 league win over Ceará at the Morumbi.Currently , he is one of the main articulators and captain of the team . Target of racism incident . On 27 April 2014 , during a match at Villarreals stadium , El Madrigal , Alves was targeted by Villareal supporter David Campaya Lleo , who threw a banana at him . Alves picked up the banana , peeled it and took a bite . He responded to the incident by saying : Teammate Neymars response – to post a photograph of himself on social media also eating a banana – went viral . Other footballers have also since taken photographs of themselves eating bananas . Cyrille Regis , who had been racially abused while a player in the 1970s and 1980s , expressed concern that the viral campaign would detract from the important issues of combating racism in the game . Alves said that whoever threw the banana at him should be publicly shamed , and on 30 April 2014 , a man was arrested in connection with the incident . Villarreal were later fined €12,000 for the incident . International career . Early career and 2007 Copa América title . Alves made his Brazil debut as a substitute in an unofficial friendly match against Kuwaiti club Al-Kuwait Selection on 7 October 2006 . Three days later , he earned his first international cap in a friendly against Ecuador . He was included in Brazils team for the 2007 Copa América . He appeared in four matches including the final against Argentina on 15 July , where he gave an assist to Roberto Ayalas own goal and scored a goal himself in the 3–0 victory . 2009 Confederations Cup title , 2010 World Cup , and 2011 Copa América . Despite being the most expensive right-back in history at the time , he was initially unable to hold down a regular starting spot in the Brazilian national team , with Maicon being the first choice ahead of him . Alves came on as a substitute in the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup semi-final against South Africa and scored the winner , a free-kick and a goal in the 88th minute in a 1–0 win . The following summer , he was named to Brazils squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . He scored another long-range free-kick against Iran on 7 October 2010 . The following year , Alves was included in Brazils 23-man squad for the 2011 Copa América in Argentina . 2013 Confederations Cup title and 2014 World Cup . Alves was part of the 23 players called by coach Luiz Felipe Scolari to play in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup on home soil . He started in Brazils 3–0 victory over Spain in the final on 30 June , at the Maracanã Stadium . On 7 May 2014 , Alves was named to Brazils squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup on home soil . He lost his position as a starter during the competition due to poor performances . After Brazil defeated Colombia 2–1 in the quarter-finals , Alves and teammate David Luiz were applauded for comforting James Rodríguez , an act they were both commended for by both Rodríguez and the media for showing respect . 2015 Copa América , and Copa América Centenario , and 2018 World Cup qualifying . Alves was picked as a starter in both the 2015 and Centenario Copa América tournaments by manager Dunga . He retained his position following the appointment of Tite and helped Brazil secure qualification for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , but was ruled out of the tournament due to a knee injury suffered in the 2018 Coupe de France Final . 2019 Copa América title . In May 2019 , he was included in Brazils 23-man squad for the 2019 Copa América on home soil . He went on to replace Neymar as Brazil captain for the tournament . In the teams final group match against Peru in São Paulo on 22 June , Alves scored in a 5–0 win , which saw Brazil advance to the quarter-finals . In the final , on 7 July , at the Maracanã Stadium , Brazil faced Peru once again , and won the match 3–1 to win the title ; Alves was subsequently named the Most Valuable Player of the tournament . The 2019 edition of the Copa América was the 40th title of his career . Style of play . Regarded as one of the best full-backs of his generation , and of all time , Alves is an offensive right-back or wing-back who is known in particular for his pace , stamina , overlapping attacking runs , and technical skills , which also enable him to play in midfield , or as a winger ; he is also gifted with good crossing accuracy and distribution , which allows him to link up with midfielders , and makes him an effective assist provider along the right flank . In addition to his ability to create chances , he is an accurate striker of the ball , and is known for his ability to score goals in particular from outside the area or long-range set-pieces . Despite not being particularly imposing physically , he possesses significant strength and tenacity , which along with his energy , anticipation and work-rate , enable him to intercept passes or chase down and press opponents when not in possession , thus allowing him to aid his team both offensively and defensively . However , despite his skill and offensive ability , he has drawn criticism at times in the media for neglecting the defensive aspect of his game . During his time with Paris Saint-Germain , he also played as a central midfielder on occasion . He continued to play in a free role in midfield during his time with São Paulo , citing his desire to play in the middle in order to have more touches on the ball as the reason for this tactical switch , as out wide he had felt more isolated , and less capable of creating chances for his team . Regarding his unique interpretation of the full-back role throughout his career , Alves commented in 2019 : Outside football . On 29 September 2011 , Alves was appointed as a Special Olympics Ambassador for its Global Football program , charged with promoting respect and inclusion in football for people with intellectual disabilities , particularly in the run up to the 2014 World Cup . Along with his ex-teammate turned rapper , José Manuel Pinto , Alves released a song called Suave on YouTube on 15 June 2018 . Honours . Club ( 38 ) . Bahia ( 1 ) - Copa do Nordeste ( 1 ) : Sevilla ( 5 ) - Copa del Rey ( 1 ) : 2006–07 - Supercopa de España ( 1 ) : 2007 - UEFA Cup ( 2 ) : 2005–06 , 2006–07 - UEFA Super Cup ( 1 ) : 2006 Barcelona ( 23 ) - La Liga ( 6 ) : 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2012–13 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Copa del Rey ( 4 ) : 2008–09 , 2011–12 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Supercopa de España ( 4 ) : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 - UEFA Champions League ( 3 ) : 2008–09 , 2010–11 , 2014–15 - UEFA Super Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 - FIFA Club World Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 Juventus ( 2 ) - Serie A ( 1 ) : 2016–17 - Coppa Italia ( 1 ) : 2016–17 Paris Saint-Germain ( 6 ) - Ligue 1 ( 2 ) : 2017–18 , 2018–19 - Coupe de France ( 1 ) : 2017–18 ; runner-up : 2018–19 - Coupe de la Ligue ( 1 ) : 2017–18 - Trophée des Champions ( 2 ) : 2017 , 2018 São Paulo ( 1 ) - Campeonato Paulista ( 1 ) : 2021 International ( 5 ) . Brazil ( 4 ) - Copa América ( 2 ) : 2007 , 2019 - FIFA Confederations Cup ( 2 ) : 2009 , 2013 Brazil Youth ( 1 ) - FIFA World Youth Championship ( 1 ) : 2003 Individual . - Campeonato Paulista Team of the Tournament : 2020 - FIFA U-20 World Cup Bronze Ball : 2003 - UEFA Cup Most Valuable Player : 2005–06 - UEFA Super Cup Man of the Match : 2006 - UEFA Team of the Year : 2007 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 , 2017 - ESM Team of the Year : 2006–07 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 - FIFA FIFPro World11 : 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - FIFA FIFPro World11 2nd team : 2014 - FIFA FIFPro World11 nominee : 2019 ( 4th defender ) - La Liga Defender of the Season : 2008–09 - FIFA Confederations Cup Team of the Tournament : 2013 - La Liga Team of the Season : 2014–15 - France Football World XI : 2015 - Serie A Team of the Year : 2016–17 - IFFHS Mens World Team : 2017 - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2017–18 - Copa América Most Valuable Player : 2019 - Copa América Team of the Tournament : 2019 - IFFHS CONMEBOL team of the decade 2011–2020 Records . - Most UEFA Super Cup titles : ( 4 ) ( shared with Paolo Maldini ) ( 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 ) - Most UEFA Super Cup final appearances : ( 5 ) ( shared with Paolo Maldini ) ( 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 ) - Player with most collective honours in football history : ( 43 ) |
[
"Barcelona"
] | easy | Dani Alves played for which team from 2008 to 2016? | /wiki/Dani_Alves#P54#2 | Dani Alves Daniel Alves da Silva ( ; born 6 May 1983 ) , known simply as Dani Alves , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right-back for São Paulo FC and the Brazil national team . Considered one of the greatest right backs of all time , Alves is the most decorated player in the history of football with 42 trophies and the second most decorated defender of all time in European competitions . Before joining Barcelona in 2008 , Alves spent a successful six-year spell with Sevilla , winning two UEFA Cups and the Copa del Rey with the Andalusian side . He joined Barcelona for €32.5 million , becoming the third-most expensive defender of all-time . He won the treble in his first season with the club and in the next season , won the Supercopa de España , UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup . Additionally , he helped the club to clinch another two Supercopa de España , five La Liga titles and two UEFA Champions League titles in the years that followed . In 2016 , Juventus signed Alves on a free transfer . Alves won the 2016–17 Serie A title and 2016–17 Coppa Italia in his only season with the side , also reaching the Champions League Final . In 2017 , Alves joined French side Paris Saint-Germain on a free transfer , winning a domestic treble in his first season , followed by another league title the following season . In 2019 , he returned to his home country , joining São Paulo . Two years later , Alves won his first title with the club , winning the Campeonato Paulista . A full international for Brazil since 2006 , Alves was included in their squads for two FIFA World Cups and five Copa América tournaments , winning the 2007 and 2019 editions of the latter competition , as well as the 2009 and 2013 FIFA Confederations Cups . Early life . Alves was born in Juazeiro , a city in the Brazilian state of Bahia , to father Domingos Alves da Silva , a farmer . He played football with the neighboring kids . Alves father had a passion for football as well , and eventually managed to organize his own football team . Alves , at age 6 , started as a winger , but because of the lack of goals he scored , his father re-positioned him as a right back , a position he still plays up to this day . Alves worked as a farmer and a trader in his youth . Club career . Bahia . Alves made his professional debut for Bahia in a match against Paraná Clube for the 2001 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A . Bahia won 3–0 , with Alves providing two assists and winning a penalty for the other goal . Head coach Evaristo de Macedo thereafter gave him a starting place in the team . In Bahia , he won the and two times the Northeast Cup and . His consistently good performances landed him a transfer , at first on loan , to Spanish side Sevilla , midway through 2002 . Sevilla . After 2002–03 , on loan to Sevilla from Bahia , Alves travelled to play in the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship , where he impressed as Brazil won the tournament . He was named the third-best player of the tournament and , after this , the Sevilla move was made permanent . In June 2006 , Sevilla agreed to sell Alves to Liverpool , but Liverpool were unable to match Sevillas asking price of around £8 million . In December 2006 , he signed a new contract with Sevilla , tying him to the club until 2012 . He had a successful 2006–07 season , making 47 appearances and scoring 5 goals . He played in every one of Sevillas UEFA Cup matches , in a competition which the club went on to win . From his years in Spain , Alves acquired Spanish citizenship , thus allowing him to bypass any non-EU quota restrictions and exempting him from needing a work permit to play in any EU countries . On 1 August 2007 , Alves told SporTV he wanted to leave Sevilla for a European giant , later reiterating his desire to leave Sevilla to Marca , saying he was flattered by Chelseas interest and that he could never turn down such an opportunity . In an interview with Antena 3 on 8 August , Alves confirmed his agent had been in England for some time handling Chelseas offer , urging Sevilla to at least consider the offer . On 16 August 2007 , Sevilla rejected an unspecified Chelsea bid and , six days later , rejected another two bids from Chelsea , considering them to be way below what was expected . Alves later revealed his dismay with Sevilla club president José María del Nido for having knocked back Chelseas offers for his services after his move to Stamford Bridge collapsed , with Chelsea signing fellow Brazilian full back Juliano Belletti for a much lower fee . After a public war of words between Alves and Del Nido , as well as the death of teammate Antonio Puerta , Alves decided to stay with Sevilla , with player and president ostensibly reconciled . Barcelona . On 2 July 2008 , Alves joined Barcelona , leaving Sevilla in tears and saying he would love to play for the club again . He said he came to Sevilla as a boy and was leaving as a man . The official price of the transfer stood at £23 million up-front , with approximately £7 million more depending on a number of performance-related factors over the next few seasons of Alves Barcelona career , making him one of the most expensive defenders in history and the third-most expensive player bought by Barça . He signed a four-year contract with Barcelona , which included a buy-out clause of €90 million . Alves made his competitive and European debuts for Barcelona against Wisła Kraków in the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League third-round qualifiers on 13 August 2008 . He made his La Liga debut in the Liga season-opener away to Numancia on 31 August 2008 . Later on in his debut season , he missed the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final due to a yellow-card suspension , although Barcelona nonetheless defeated Manchester United 2–0 to complete the treble after also winning La Liga and the 2008–09 Copa del Rey . In his second season at Barça , the club retained the Liga title and won the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup . In the 2010–11 season , Alves was instrumental in Barcelonas winning of their third consecutive Liga title . On 28 May 2011 , Alves played in his first Champions League final as Barcelona defeated Manchester United 3–1 at Wembley Stadium to win its fourth European Cup . In 2011–12 , Alves was part of a Barcelona team that won the Copa del Rey and the Club World Cup . In 2012–13 , Alves won the Liga title for the fourth time in his five seasons at Barça . In 2013–14 , Alves wore shirt number 22 , formerly worn by his friend Eric Abidal , to whom he offered to donate part of his liver during Abidals treatment for liver cancer . Third Champions League title . On 6 June 2015 , Alves started for Barça in the 2015 Champions League final as the club won its fifth European Cup by beating Juventus at the Olympiastadion in Berlin . This made Barcelona the first club in history to win the treble of domestic league , domestic cup and European Cup twice . Alves , Lionel Messi , Andrés Iniesta , Xavi , Gerard Piqué , Pedro and Sergio Busquets are the only players to have been a part of both treble-winning teams . On 9 June 2015 , Alves signed a two-year contract with Barcelona , keeping him at the club until 30 June 2017 , with the option to extend a further year . Final season . After Barcelona were eliminated by compatriots Atlético Madrid in the quarter-finals of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League , Alves recorded a bizarre video in which he impersonated his wife consoling him for the defeat , and posted it on Instagram ; manager Luis Enrique subsequently dropped him from the following match against Valencia . On 2 June 2016 , Roberto Fernández , Barcelonas technical secretary , announced Alves was leaving Barcelona that summer after eight years . Although under contract until 30 June 2017 , Alves contract had a clause allowing him to leave as a free agent . Juventus . On 27 June 2016 , Juventus announced the signing of Alves on a two-year deal with the option of a third year . He made his Juventus debut on 20 August in a 2–1 home win over Fiorentina in Serie A . On 21 September , Alves scored his first goal with Juventus in a 4–0 home win over Cagliari , before opening his Champions League account with the club against Dinamo Zagreb six days later . On 27 November , he suffered a broken leg in Juventus 3–1 defeat to Genoa . Alves made his return from injury as a substitute in a 1–0 Derby dItalia win over Internazionale on 5 February 2017 . On 9 May 2017 , Alves scored once and assisted a goal for Mario Mandžukić as Juventus defeated Monaco 2–1 to qualify for the 2017 Champions League final . Six days earlier , Alves had assisted both goals for Gonzalo Higuaín in the first leg of the tie at the Stade Louis II . On 17 May , Alves scored the opening goal of a 2–0 win over Lazio in the 2017 Coppa Italia Final . On 3 June , Alves appeared in his third UEFA Champions League final as Juventus were defeated 4–1 by Real Madrid at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff . On 29 June 2017 , Alves had his contract with Juventus terminated by mutual consent . He made 33 appearances , winning the 2016–17 Serie A title and 2016–17 Coppa Italia in his one season in Turin . Paris Saint-Germain . On 12 July 2017 , Alves joined French side Paris Saint-Germain on a free transfer , signing a two-year contract . He made his debut for the club on 29 July in the 2017 Trophée des Champions , scoring once and assisting the winning goal for Adrien Rabiot in a 2–1 victory over 2016–17 Ligue 1 champions Monaco . On 5 August , Alves assisted Edinson Cavani for PSGs first goal of the 2017–18 Ligue 1 season in a 2–0 win over Amiens at the Parc des Princes . On 8 May 2018 , he started in the 2018 Coupe de France Final , as PSG defeated Les Herbiers VF 2–0 to clinch the 2017–18 Coupe de France title ; he came off in the 86th minute for Thomas Meunier , after sustaining an injury . On 28 August 2018 , Alves announced through a post on his Instagram page changing his squad number from 32 to 13 in tribute to Brazilian legend and four-time World Cup winner Mário Zagallo . After his contract with the club expired on 30 June 2019 , Alves became a free agent . São Paulo . On 1 August 2019 , São Paulo FC announced the signing of Dani Alves on a contract that runs until December 2022 . A lifelong supporter of São Paulo , Alves had previously on numerous occasions declared his wish of playing for the club . He was received at the Morumbi stadium , in front of 44,000 fans . Idols of the clubs recent history , such as Hernanes , Kaká and Luís Fabiano were responsible for welcoming him . Despite playing as a right-back throughout his career , since his arrival he has taken a position in the midfield and received the number 10 shirt upon his arrival . He made his debut on 18 August 2019 , scoring the sole goal in a 1–0 league win over Ceará at the Morumbi.Currently , he is one of the main articulators and captain of the team . Target of racism incident . On 27 April 2014 , during a match at Villarreals stadium , El Madrigal , Alves was targeted by Villareal supporter David Campaya Lleo , who threw a banana at him . Alves picked up the banana , peeled it and took a bite . He responded to the incident by saying : Teammate Neymars response – to post a photograph of himself on social media also eating a banana – went viral . Other footballers have also since taken photographs of themselves eating bananas . Cyrille Regis , who had been racially abused while a player in the 1970s and 1980s , expressed concern that the viral campaign would detract from the important issues of combating racism in the game . Alves said that whoever threw the banana at him should be publicly shamed , and on 30 April 2014 , a man was arrested in connection with the incident . Villarreal were later fined €12,000 for the incident . International career . Early career and 2007 Copa América title . Alves made his Brazil debut as a substitute in an unofficial friendly match against Kuwaiti club Al-Kuwait Selection on 7 October 2006 . Three days later , he earned his first international cap in a friendly against Ecuador . He was included in Brazils team for the 2007 Copa América . He appeared in four matches including the final against Argentina on 15 July , where he gave an assist to Roberto Ayalas own goal and scored a goal himself in the 3–0 victory . 2009 Confederations Cup title , 2010 World Cup , and 2011 Copa América . Despite being the most expensive right-back in history at the time , he was initially unable to hold down a regular starting spot in the Brazilian national team , with Maicon being the first choice ahead of him . Alves came on as a substitute in the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup semi-final against South Africa and scored the winner , a free-kick and a goal in the 88th minute in a 1–0 win . The following summer , he was named to Brazils squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . He scored another long-range free-kick against Iran on 7 October 2010 . The following year , Alves was included in Brazils 23-man squad for the 2011 Copa América in Argentina . 2013 Confederations Cup title and 2014 World Cup . Alves was part of the 23 players called by coach Luiz Felipe Scolari to play in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup on home soil . He started in Brazils 3–0 victory over Spain in the final on 30 June , at the Maracanã Stadium . On 7 May 2014 , Alves was named to Brazils squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup on home soil . He lost his position as a starter during the competition due to poor performances . After Brazil defeated Colombia 2–1 in the quarter-finals , Alves and teammate David Luiz were applauded for comforting James Rodríguez , an act they were both commended for by both Rodríguez and the media for showing respect . 2015 Copa América , and Copa América Centenario , and 2018 World Cup qualifying . Alves was picked as a starter in both the 2015 and Centenario Copa América tournaments by manager Dunga . He retained his position following the appointment of Tite and helped Brazil secure qualification for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , but was ruled out of the tournament due to a knee injury suffered in the 2018 Coupe de France Final . 2019 Copa América title . In May 2019 , he was included in Brazils 23-man squad for the 2019 Copa América on home soil . He went on to replace Neymar as Brazil captain for the tournament . In the teams final group match against Peru in São Paulo on 22 June , Alves scored in a 5–0 win , which saw Brazil advance to the quarter-finals . In the final , on 7 July , at the Maracanã Stadium , Brazil faced Peru once again , and won the match 3–1 to win the title ; Alves was subsequently named the Most Valuable Player of the tournament . The 2019 edition of the Copa América was the 40th title of his career . Style of play . Regarded as one of the best full-backs of his generation , and of all time , Alves is an offensive right-back or wing-back who is known in particular for his pace , stamina , overlapping attacking runs , and technical skills , which also enable him to play in midfield , or as a winger ; he is also gifted with good crossing accuracy and distribution , which allows him to link up with midfielders , and makes him an effective assist provider along the right flank . In addition to his ability to create chances , he is an accurate striker of the ball , and is known for his ability to score goals in particular from outside the area or long-range set-pieces . Despite not being particularly imposing physically , he possesses significant strength and tenacity , which along with his energy , anticipation and work-rate , enable him to intercept passes or chase down and press opponents when not in possession , thus allowing him to aid his team both offensively and defensively . However , despite his skill and offensive ability , he has drawn criticism at times in the media for neglecting the defensive aspect of his game . During his time with Paris Saint-Germain , he also played as a central midfielder on occasion . He continued to play in a free role in midfield during his time with São Paulo , citing his desire to play in the middle in order to have more touches on the ball as the reason for this tactical switch , as out wide he had felt more isolated , and less capable of creating chances for his team . Regarding his unique interpretation of the full-back role throughout his career , Alves commented in 2019 : Outside football . On 29 September 2011 , Alves was appointed as a Special Olympics Ambassador for its Global Football program , charged with promoting respect and inclusion in football for people with intellectual disabilities , particularly in the run up to the 2014 World Cup . Along with his ex-teammate turned rapper , José Manuel Pinto , Alves released a song called Suave on YouTube on 15 June 2018 . Honours . Club ( 38 ) . Bahia ( 1 ) - Copa do Nordeste ( 1 ) : Sevilla ( 5 ) - Copa del Rey ( 1 ) : 2006–07 - Supercopa de España ( 1 ) : 2007 - UEFA Cup ( 2 ) : 2005–06 , 2006–07 - UEFA Super Cup ( 1 ) : 2006 Barcelona ( 23 ) - La Liga ( 6 ) : 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2012–13 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Copa del Rey ( 4 ) : 2008–09 , 2011–12 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Supercopa de España ( 4 ) : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 - UEFA Champions League ( 3 ) : 2008–09 , 2010–11 , 2014–15 - UEFA Super Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 - FIFA Club World Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 Juventus ( 2 ) - Serie A ( 1 ) : 2016–17 - Coppa Italia ( 1 ) : 2016–17 Paris Saint-Germain ( 6 ) - Ligue 1 ( 2 ) : 2017–18 , 2018–19 - Coupe de France ( 1 ) : 2017–18 ; runner-up : 2018–19 - Coupe de la Ligue ( 1 ) : 2017–18 - Trophée des Champions ( 2 ) : 2017 , 2018 São Paulo ( 1 ) - Campeonato Paulista ( 1 ) : 2021 International ( 5 ) . Brazil ( 4 ) - Copa América ( 2 ) : 2007 , 2019 - FIFA Confederations Cup ( 2 ) : 2009 , 2013 Brazil Youth ( 1 ) - FIFA World Youth Championship ( 1 ) : 2003 Individual . - Campeonato Paulista Team of the Tournament : 2020 - FIFA U-20 World Cup Bronze Ball : 2003 - UEFA Cup Most Valuable Player : 2005–06 - UEFA Super Cup Man of the Match : 2006 - UEFA Team of the Year : 2007 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 , 2017 - ESM Team of the Year : 2006–07 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 - FIFA FIFPro World11 : 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - FIFA FIFPro World11 2nd team : 2014 - FIFA FIFPro World11 nominee : 2019 ( 4th defender ) - La Liga Defender of the Season : 2008–09 - FIFA Confederations Cup Team of the Tournament : 2013 - La Liga Team of the Season : 2014–15 - France Football World XI : 2015 - Serie A Team of the Year : 2016–17 - IFFHS Mens World Team : 2017 - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2017–18 - Copa América Most Valuable Player : 2019 - Copa América Team of the Tournament : 2019 - IFFHS CONMEBOL team of the decade 2011–2020 Records . - Most UEFA Super Cup titles : ( 4 ) ( shared with Paolo Maldini ) ( 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 ) - Most UEFA Super Cup final appearances : ( 5 ) ( shared with Paolo Maldini ) ( 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 ) - Player with most collective honours in football history : ( 43 ) |
[
"Juventus"
] | easy | Which team did Dani Alves play for from 2016 to 2017? | /wiki/Dani_Alves#P54#3 | Dani Alves Daniel Alves da Silva ( ; born 6 May 1983 ) , known simply as Dani Alves , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right-back for São Paulo FC and the Brazil national team . Considered one of the greatest right backs of all time , Alves is the most decorated player in the history of football with 42 trophies and the second most decorated defender of all time in European competitions . Before joining Barcelona in 2008 , Alves spent a successful six-year spell with Sevilla , winning two UEFA Cups and the Copa del Rey with the Andalusian side . He joined Barcelona for €32.5 million , becoming the third-most expensive defender of all-time . He won the treble in his first season with the club and in the next season , won the Supercopa de España , UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup . Additionally , he helped the club to clinch another two Supercopa de España , five La Liga titles and two UEFA Champions League titles in the years that followed . In 2016 , Juventus signed Alves on a free transfer . Alves won the 2016–17 Serie A title and 2016–17 Coppa Italia in his only season with the side , also reaching the Champions League Final . In 2017 , Alves joined French side Paris Saint-Germain on a free transfer , winning a domestic treble in his first season , followed by another league title the following season . In 2019 , he returned to his home country , joining São Paulo . Two years later , Alves won his first title with the club , winning the Campeonato Paulista . A full international for Brazil since 2006 , Alves was included in their squads for two FIFA World Cups and five Copa América tournaments , winning the 2007 and 2019 editions of the latter competition , as well as the 2009 and 2013 FIFA Confederations Cups . Early life . Alves was born in Juazeiro , a city in the Brazilian state of Bahia , to father Domingos Alves da Silva , a farmer . He played football with the neighboring kids . Alves father had a passion for football as well , and eventually managed to organize his own football team . Alves , at age 6 , started as a winger , but because of the lack of goals he scored , his father re-positioned him as a right back , a position he still plays up to this day . Alves worked as a farmer and a trader in his youth . Club career . Bahia . Alves made his professional debut for Bahia in a match against Paraná Clube for the 2001 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A . Bahia won 3–0 , with Alves providing two assists and winning a penalty for the other goal . Head coach Evaristo de Macedo thereafter gave him a starting place in the team . In Bahia , he won the and two times the Northeast Cup and . His consistently good performances landed him a transfer , at first on loan , to Spanish side Sevilla , midway through 2002 . Sevilla . After 2002–03 , on loan to Sevilla from Bahia , Alves travelled to play in the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship , where he impressed as Brazil won the tournament . He was named the third-best player of the tournament and , after this , the Sevilla move was made permanent . In June 2006 , Sevilla agreed to sell Alves to Liverpool , but Liverpool were unable to match Sevillas asking price of around £8 million . In December 2006 , he signed a new contract with Sevilla , tying him to the club until 2012 . He had a successful 2006–07 season , making 47 appearances and scoring 5 goals . He played in every one of Sevillas UEFA Cup matches , in a competition which the club went on to win . From his years in Spain , Alves acquired Spanish citizenship , thus allowing him to bypass any non-EU quota restrictions and exempting him from needing a work permit to play in any EU countries . On 1 August 2007 , Alves told SporTV he wanted to leave Sevilla for a European giant , later reiterating his desire to leave Sevilla to Marca , saying he was flattered by Chelseas interest and that he could never turn down such an opportunity . In an interview with Antena 3 on 8 August , Alves confirmed his agent had been in England for some time handling Chelseas offer , urging Sevilla to at least consider the offer . On 16 August 2007 , Sevilla rejected an unspecified Chelsea bid and , six days later , rejected another two bids from Chelsea , considering them to be way below what was expected . Alves later revealed his dismay with Sevilla club president José María del Nido for having knocked back Chelseas offers for his services after his move to Stamford Bridge collapsed , with Chelsea signing fellow Brazilian full back Juliano Belletti for a much lower fee . After a public war of words between Alves and Del Nido , as well as the death of teammate Antonio Puerta , Alves decided to stay with Sevilla , with player and president ostensibly reconciled . Barcelona . On 2 July 2008 , Alves joined Barcelona , leaving Sevilla in tears and saying he would love to play for the club again . He said he came to Sevilla as a boy and was leaving as a man . The official price of the transfer stood at £23 million up-front , with approximately £7 million more depending on a number of performance-related factors over the next few seasons of Alves Barcelona career , making him one of the most expensive defenders in history and the third-most expensive player bought by Barça . He signed a four-year contract with Barcelona , which included a buy-out clause of €90 million . Alves made his competitive and European debuts for Barcelona against Wisła Kraków in the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League third-round qualifiers on 13 August 2008 . He made his La Liga debut in the Liga season-opener away to Numancia on 31 August 2008 . Later on in his debut season , he missed the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final due to a yellow-card suspension , although Barcelona nonetheless defeated Manchester United 2–0 to complete the treble after also winning La Liga and the 2008–09 Copa del Rey . In his second season at Barça , the club retained the Liga title and won the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup . In the 2010–11 season , Alves was instrumental in Barcelonas winning of their third consecutive Liga title . On 28 May 2011 , Alves played in his first Champions League final as Barcelona defeated Manchester United 3–1 at Wembley Stadium to win its fourth European Cup . In 2011–12 , Alves was part of a Barcelona team that won the Copa del Rey and the Club World Cup . In 2012–13 , Alves won the Liga title for the fourth time in his five seasons at Barça . In 2013–14 , Alves wore shirt number 22 , formerly worn by his friend Eric Abidal , to whom he offered to donate part of his liver during Abidals treatment for liver cancer . Third Champions League title . On 6 June 2015 , Alves started for Barça in the 2015 Champions League final as the club won its fifth European Cup by beating Juventus at the Olympiastadion in Berlin . This made Barcelona the first club in history to win the treble of domestic league , domestic cup and European Cup twice . Alves , Lionel Messi , Andrés Iniesta , Xavi , Gerard Piqué , Pedro and Sergio Busquets are the only players to have been a part of both treble-winning teams . On 9 June 2015 , Alves signed a two-year contract with Barcelona , keeping him at the club until 30 June 2017 , with the option to extend a further year . Final season . After Barcelona were eliminated by compatriots Atlético Madrid in the quarter-finals of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League , Alves recorded a bizarre video in which he impersonated his wife consoling him for the defeat , and posted it on Instagram ; manager Luis Enrique subsequently dropped him from the following match against Valencia . On 2 June 2016 , Roberto Fernández , Barcelonas technical secretary , announced Alves was leaving Barcelona that summer after eight years . Although under contract until 30 June 2017 , Alves contract had a clause allowing him to leave as a free agent . Juventus . On 27 June 2016 , Juventus announced the signing of Alves on a two-year deal with the option of a third year . He made his Juventus debut on 20 August in a 2–1 home win over Fiorentina in Serie A . On 21 September , Alves scored his first goal with Juventus in a 4–0 home win over Cagliari , before opening his Champions League account with the club against Dinamo Zagreb six days later . On 27 November , he suffered a broken leg in Juventus 3–1 defeat to Genoa . Alves made his return from injury as a substitute in a 1–0 Derby dItalia win over Internazionale on 5 February 2017 . On 9 May 2017 , Alves scored once and assisted a goal for Mario Mandžukić as Juventus defeated Monaco 2–1 to qualify for the 2017 Champions League final . Six days earlier , Alves had assisted both goals for Gonzalo Higuaín in the first leg of the tie at the Stade Louis II . On 17 May , Alves scored the opening goal of a 2–0 win over Lazio in the 2017 Coppa Italia Final . On 3 June , Alves appeared in his third UEFA Champions League final as Juventus were defeated 4–1 by Real Madrid at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff . On 29 June 2017 , Alves had his contract with Juventus terminated by mutual consent . He made 33 appearances , winning the 2016–17 Serie A title and 2016–17 Coppa Italia in his one season in Turin . Paris Saint-Germain . On 12 July 2017 , Alves joined French side Paris Saint-Germain on a free transfer , signing a two-year contract . He made his debut for the club on 29 July in the 2017 Trophée des Champions , scoring once and assisting the winning goal for Adrien Rabiot in a 2–1 victory over 2016–17 Ligue 1 champions Monaco . On 5 August , Alves assisted Edinson Cavani for PSGs first goal of the 2017–18 Ligue 1 season in a 2–0 win over Amiens at the Parc des Princes . On 8 May 2018 , he started in the 2018 Coupe de France Final , as PSG defeated Les Herbiers VF 2–0 to clinch the 2017–18 Coupe de France title ; he came off in the 86th minute for Thomas Meunier , after sustaining an injury . On 28 August 2018 , Alves announced through a post on his Instagram page changing his squad number from 32 to 13 in tribute to Brazilian legend and four-time World Cup winner Mário Zagallo . After his contract with the club expired on 30 June 2019 , Alves became a free agent . São Paulo . On 1 August 2019 , São Paulo FC announced the signing of Dani Alves on a contract that runs until December 2022 . A lifelong supporter of São Paulo , Alves had previously on numerous occasions declared his wish of playing for the club . He was received at the Morumbi stadium , in front of 44,000 fans . Idols of the clubs recent history , such as Hernanes , Kaká and Luís Fabiano were responsible for welcoming him . Despite playing as a right-back throughout his career , since his arrival he has taken a position in the midfield and received the number 10 shirt upon his arrival . He made his debut on 18 August 2019 , scoring the sole goal in a 1–0 league win over Ceará at the Morumbi.Currently , he is one of the main articulators and captain of the team . Target of racism incident . On 27 April 2014 , during a match at Villarreals stadium , El Madrigal , Alves was targeted by Villareal supporter David Campaya Lleo , who threw a banana at him . Alves picked up the banana , peeled it and took a bite . He responded to the incident by saying : Teammate Neymars response – to post a photograph of himself on social media also eating a banana – went viral . Other footballers have also since taken photographs of themselves eating bananas . Cyrille Regis , who had been racially abused while a player in the 1970s and 1980s , expressed concern that the viral campaign would detract from the important issues of combating racism in the game . Alves said that whoever threw the banana at him should be publicly shamed , and on 30 April 2014 , a man was arrested in connection with the incident . Villarreal were later fined €12,000 for the incident . International career . Early career and 2007 Copa América title . Alves made his Brazil debut as a substitute in an unofficial friendly match against Kuwaiti club Al-Kuwait Selection on 7 October 2006 . Three days later , he earned his first international cap in a friendly against Ecuador . He was included in Brazils team for the 2007 Copa América . He appeared in four matches including the final against Argentina on 15 July , where he gave an assist to Roberto Ayalas own goal and scored a goal himself in the 3–0 victory . 2009 Confederations Cup title , 2010 World Cup , and 2011 Copa América . Despite being the most expensive right-back in history at the time , he was initially unable to hold down a regular starting spot in the Brazilian national team , with Maicon being the first choice ahead of him . Alves came on as a substitute in the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup semi-final against South Africa and scored the winner , a free-kick and a goal in the 88th minute in a 1–0 win . The following summer , he was named to Brazils squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . He scored another long-range free-kick against Iran on 7 October 2010 . The following year , Alves was included in Brazils 23-man squad for the 2011 Copa América in Argentina . 2013 Confederations Cup title and 2014 World Cup . Alves was part of the 23 players called by coach Luiz Felipe Scolari to play in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup on home soil . He started in Brazils 3–0 victory over Spain in the final on 30 June , at the Maracanã Stadium . On 7 May 2014 , Alves was named to Brazils squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup on home soil . He lost his position as a starter during the competition due to poor performances . After Brazil defeated Colombia 2–1 in the quarter-finals , Alves and teammate David Luiz were applauded for comforting James Rodríguez , an act they were both commended for by both Rodríguez and the media for showing respect . 2015 Copa América , and Copa América Centenario , and 2018 World Cup qualifying . Alves was picked as a starter in both the 2015 and Centenario Copa América tournaments by manager Dunga . He retained his position following the appointment of Tite and helped Brazil secure qualification for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , but was ruled out of the tournament due to a knee injury suffered in the 2018 Coupe de France Final . 2019 Copa América title . In May 2019 , he was included in Brazils 23-man squad for the 2019 Copa América on home soil . He went on to replace Neymar as Brazil captain for the tournament . In the teams final group match against Peru in São Paulo on 22 June , Alves scored in a 5–0 win , which saw Brazil advance to the quarter-finals . In the final , on 7 July , at the Maracanã Stadium , Brazil faced Peru once again , and won the match 3–1 to win the title ; Alves was subsequently named the Most Valuable Player of the tournament . The 2019 edition of the Copa América was the 40th title of his career . Style of play . Regarded as one of the best full-backs of his generation , and of all time , Alves is an offensive right-back or wing-back who is known in particular for his pace , stamina , overlapping attacking runs , and technical skills , which also enable him to play in midfield , or as a winger ; he is also gifted with good crossing accuracy and distribution , which allows him to link up with midfielders , and makes him an effective assist provider along the right flank . In addition to his ability to create chances , he is an accurate striker of the ball , and is known for his ability to score goals in particular from outside the area or long-range set-pieces . Despite not being particularly imposing physically , he possesses significant strength and tenacity , which along with his energy , anticipation and work-rate , enable him to intercept passes or chase down and press opponents when not in possession , thus allowing him to aid his team both offensively and defensively . However , despite his skill and offensive ability , he has drawn criticism at times in the media for neglecting the defensive aspect of his game . During his time with Paris Saint-Germain , he also played as a central midfielder on occasion . He continued to play in a free role in midfield during his time with São Paulo , citing his desire to play in the middle in order to have more touches on the ball as the reason for this tactical switch , as out wide he had felt more isolated , and less capable of creating chances for his team . Regarding his unique interpretation of the full-back role throughout his career , Alves commented in 2019 : Outside football . On 29 September 2011 , Alves was appointed as a Special Olympics Ambassador for its Global Football program , charged with promoting respect and inclusion in football for people with intellectual disabilities , particularly in the run up to the 2014 World Cup . Along with his ex-teammate turned rapper , José Manuel Pinto , Alves released a song called Suave on YouTube on 15 June 2018 . Honours . Club ( 38 ) . Bahia ( 1 ) - Copa do Nordeste ( 1 ) : Sevilla ( 5 ) - Copa del Rey ( 1 ) : 2006–07 - Supercopa de España ( 1 ) : 2007 - UEFA Cup ( 2 ) : 2005–06 , 2006–07 - UEFA Super Cup ( 1 ) : 2006 Barcelona ( 23 ) - La Liga ( 6 ) : 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2012–13 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Copa del Rey ( 4 ) : 2008–09 , 2011–12 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Supercopa de España ( 4 ) : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 - UEFA Champions League ( 3 ) : 2008–09 , 2010–11 , 2014–15 - UEFA Super Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 - FIFA Club World Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 Juventus ( 2 ) - Serie A ( 1 ) : 2016–17 - Coppa Italia ( 1 ) : 2016–17 Paris Saint-Germain ( 6 ) - Ligue 1 ( 2 ) : 2017–18 , 2018–19 - Coupe de France ( 1 ) : 2017–18 ; runner-up : 2018–19 - Coupe de la Ligue ( 1 ) : 2017–18 - Trophée des Champions ( 2 ) : 2017 , 2018 São Paulo ( 1 ) - Campeonato Paulista ( 1 ) : 2021 International ( 5 ) . Brazil ( 4 ) - Copa América ( 2 ) : 2007 , 2019 - FIFA Confederations Cup ( 2 ) : 2009 , 2013 Brazil Youth ( 1 ) - FIFA World Youth Championship ( 1 ) : 2003 Individual . - Campeonato Paulista Team of the Tournament : 2020 - FIFA U-20 World Cup Bronze Ball : 2003 - UEFA Cup Most Valuable Player : 2005–06 - UEFA Super Cup Man of the Match : 2006 - UEFA Team of the Year : 2007 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 , 2017 - ESM Team of the Year : 2006–07 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 - FIFA FIFPro World11 : 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - FIFA FIFPro World11 2nd team : 2014 - FIFA FIFPro World11 nominee : 2019 ( 4th defender ) - La Liga Defender of the Season : 2008–09 - FIFA Confederations Cup Team of the Tournament : 2013 - La Liga Team of the Season : 2014–15 - France Football World XI : 2015 - Serie A Team of the Year : 2016–17 - IFFHS Mens World Team : 2017 - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2017–18 - Copa América Most Valuable Player : 2019 - Copa América Team of the Tournament : 2019 - IFFHS CONMEBOL team of the decade 2011–2020 Records . - Most UEFA Super Cup titles : ( 4 ) ( shared with Paolo Maldini ) ( 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 ) - Most UEFA Super Cup final appearances : ( 5 ) ( shared with Paolo Maldini ) ( 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 ) - Player with most collective honours in football history : ( 43 ) |
[
"Paris Saint-Germain"
] | easy | Which team did Dani Alves play for from 2017 to 2019? | /wiki/Dani_Alves#P54#4 | Dani Alves Daniel Alves da Silva ( ; born 6 May 1983 ) , known simply as Dani Alves , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right-back for São Paulo FC and the Brazil national team . Considered one of the greatest right backs of all time , Alves is the most decorated player in the history of football with 42 trophies and the second most decorated defender of all time in European competitions . Before joining Barcelona in 2008 , Alves spent a successful six-year spell with Sevilla , winning two UEFA Cups and the Copa del Rey with the Andalusian side . He joined Barcelona for €32.5 million , becoming the third-most expensive defender of all-time . He won the treble in his first season with the club and in the next season , won the Supercopa de España , UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup . Additionally , he helped the club to clinch another two Supercopa de España , five La Liga titles and two UEFA Champions League titles in the years that followed . In 2016 , Juventus signed Alves on a free transfer . Alves won the 2016–17 Serie A title and 2016–17 Coppa Italia in his only season with the side , also reaching the Champions League Final . In 2017 , Alves joined French side Paris Saint-Germain on a free transfer , winning a domestic treble in his first season , followed by another league title the following season . In 2019 , he returned to his home country , joining São Paulo . Two years later , Alves won his first title with the club , winning the Campeonato Paulista . A full international for Brazil since 2006 , Alves was included in their squads for two FIFA World Cups and five Copa América tournaments , winning the 2007 and 2019 editions of the latter competition , as well as the 2009 and 2013 FIFA Confederations Cups . Early life . Alves was born in Juazeiro , a city in the Brazilian state of Bahia , to father Domingos Alves da Silva , a farmer . He played football with the neighboring kids . Alves father had a passion for football as well , and eventually managed to organize his own football team . Alves , at age 6 , started as a winger , but because of the lack of goals he scored , his father re-positioned him as a right back , a position he still plays up to this day . Alves worked as a farmer and a trader in his youth . Club career . Bahia . Alves made his professional debut for Bahia in a match against Paraná Clube for the 2001 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A . Bahia won 3–0 , with Alves providing two assists and winning a penalty for the other goal . Head coach Evaristo de Macedo thereafter gave him a starting place in the team . In Bahia , he won the and two times the Northeast Cup and . His consistently good performances landed him a transfer , at first on loan , to Spanish side Sevilla , midway through 2002 . Sevilla . After 2002–03 , on loan to Sevilla from Bahia , Alves travelled to play in the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship , where he impressed as Brazil won the tournament . He was named the third-best player of the tournament and , after this , the Sevilla move was made permanent . In June 2006 , Sevilla agreed to sell Alves to Liverpool , but Liverpool were unable to match Sevillas asking price of around £8 million . In December 2006 , he signed a new contract with Sevilla , tying him to the club until 2012 . He had a successful 2006–07 season , making 47 appearances and scoring 5 goals . He played in every one of Sevillas UEFA Cup matches , in a competition which the club went on to win . From his years in Spain , Alves acquired Spanish citizenship , thus allowing him to bypass any non-EU quota restrictions and exempting him from needing a work permit to play in any EU countries . On 1 August 2007 , Alves told SporTV he wanted to leave Sevilla for a European giant , later reiterating his desire to leave Sevilla to Marca , saying he was flattered by Chelseas interest and that he could never turn down such an opportunity . In an interview with Antena 3 on 8 August , Alves confirmed his agent had been in England for some time handling Chelseas offer , urging Sevilla to at least consider the offer . On 16 August 2007 , Sevilla rejected an unspecified Chelsea bid and , six days later , rejected another two bids from Chelsea , considering them to be way below what was expected . Alves later revealed his dismay with Sevilla club president José María del Nido for having knocked back Chelseas offers for his services after his move to Stamford Bridge collapsed , with Chelsea signing fellow Brazilian full back Juliano Belletti for a much lower fee . After a public war of words between Alves and Del Nido , as well as the death of teammate Antonio Puerta , Alves decided to stay with Sevilla , with player and president ostensibly reconciled . Barcelona . On 2 July 2008 , Alves joined Barcelona , leaving Sevilla in tears and saying he would love to play for the club again . He said he came to Sevilla as a boy and was leaving as a man . The official price of the transfer stood at £23 million up-front , with approximately £7 million more depending on a number of performance-related factors over the next few seasons of Alves Barcelona career , making him one of the most expensive defenders in history and the third-most expensive player bought by Barça . He signed a four-year contract with Barcelona , which included a buy-out clause of €90 million . Alves made his competitive and European debuts for Barcelona against Wisła Kraków in the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League third-round qualifiers on 13 August 2008 . He made his La Liga debut in the Liga season-opener away to Numancia on 31 August 2008 . Later on in his debut season , he missed the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final due to a yellow-card suspension , although Barcelona nonetheless defeated Manchester United 2–0 to complete the treble after also winning La Liga and the 2008–09 Copa del Rey . In his second season at Barça , the club retained the Liga title and won the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup . In the 2010–11 season , Alves was instrumental in Barcelonas winning of their third consecutive Liga title . On 28 May 2011 , Alves played in his first Champions League final as Barcelona defeated Manchester United 3–1 at Wembley Stadium to win its fourth European Cup . In 2011–12 , Alves was part of a Barcelona team that won the Copa del Rey and the Club World Cup . In 2012–13 , Alves won the Liga title for the fourth time in his five seasons at Barça . In 2013–14 , Alves wore shirt number 22 , formerly worn by his friend Eric Abidal , to whom he offered to donate part of his liver during Abidals treatment for liver cancer . Third Champions League title . On 6 June 2015 , Alves started for Barça in the 2015 Champions League final as the club won its fifth European Cup by beating Juventus at the Olympiastadion in Berlin . This made Barcelona the first club in history to win the treble of domestic league , domestic cup and European Cup twice . Alves , Lionel Messi , Andrés Iniesta , Xavi , Gerard Piqué , Pedro and Sergio Busquets are the only players to have been a part of both treble-winning teams . On 9 June 2015 , Alves signed a two-year contract with Barcelona , keeping him at the club until 30 June 2017 , with the option to extend a further year . Final season . After Barcelona were eliminated by compatriots Atlético Madrid in the quarter-finals of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League , Alves recorded a bizarre video in which he impersonated his wife consoling him for the defeat , and posted it on Instagram ; manager Luis Enrique subsequently dropped him from the following match against Valencia . On 2 June 2016 , Roberto Fernández , Barcelonas technical secretary , announced Alves was leaving Barcelona that summer after eight years . Although under contract until 30 June 2017 , Alves contract had a clause allowing him to leave as a free agent . Juventus . On 27 June 2016 , Juventus announced the signing of Alves on a two-year deal with the option of a third year . He made his Juventus debut on 20 August in a 2–1 home win over Fiorentina in Serie A . On 21 September , Alves scored his first goal with Juventus in a 4–0 home win over Cagliari , before opening his Champions League account with the club against Dinamo Zagreb six days later . On 27 November , he suffered a broken leg in Juventus 3–1 defeat to Genoa . Alves made his return from injury as a substitute in a 1–0 Derby dItalia win over Internazionale on 5 February 2017 . On 9 May 2017 , Alves scored once and assisted a goal for Mario Mandžukić as Juventus defeated Monaco 2–1 to qualify for the 2017 Champions League final . Six days earlier , Alves had assisted both goals for Gonzalo Higuaín in the first leg of the tie at the Stade Louis II . On 17 May , Alves scored the opening goal of a 2–0 win over Lazio in the 2017 Coppa Italia Final . On 3 June , Alves appeared in his third UEFA Champions League final as Juventus were defeated 4–1 by Real Madrid at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff . On 29 June 2017 , Alves had his contract with Juventus terminated by mutual consent . He made 33 appearances , winning the 2016–17 Serie A title and 2016–17 Coppa Italia in his one season in Turin . Paris Saint-Germain . On 12 July 2017 , Alves joined French side Paris Saint-Germain on a free transfer , signing a two-year contract . He made his debut for the club on 29 July in the 2017 Trophée des Champions , scoring once and assisting the winning goal for Adrien Rabiot in a 2–1 victory over 2016–17 Ligue 1 champions Monaco . On 5 August , Alves assisted Edinson Cavani for PSGs first goal of the 2017–18 Ligue 1 season in a 2–0 win over Amiens at the Parc des Princes . On 8 May 2018 , he started in the 2018 Coupe de France Final , as PSG defeated Les Herbiers VF 2–0 to clinch the 2017–18 Coupe de France title ; he came off in the 86th minute for Thomas Meunier , after sustaining an injury . On 28 August 2018 , Alves announced through a post on his Instagram page changing his squad number from 32 to 13 in tribute to Brazilian legend and four-time World Cup winner Mário Zagallo . After his contract with the club expired on 30 June 2019 , Alves became a free agent . São Paulo . On 1 August 2019 , São Paulo FC announced the signing of Dani Alves on a contract that runs until December 2022 . A lifelong supporter of São Paulo , Alves had previously on numerous occasions declared his wish of playing for the club . He was received at the Morumbi stadium , in front of 44,000 fans . Idols of the clubs recent history , such as Hernanes , Kaká and Luís Fabiano were responsible for welcoming him . Despite playing as a right-back throughout his career , since his arrival he has taken a position in the midfield and received the number 10 shirt upon his arrival . He made his debut on 18 August 2019 , scoring the sole goal in a 1–0 league win over Ceará at the Morumbi.Currently , he is one of the main articulators and captain of the team . Target of racism incident . On 27 April 2014 , during a match at Villarreals stadium , El Madrigal , Alves was targeted by Villareal supporter David Campaya Lleo , who threw a banana at him . Alves picked up the banana , peeled it and took a bite . He responded to the incident by saying : Teammate Neymars response – to post a photograph of himself on social media also eating a banana – went viral . Other footballers have also since taken photographs of themselves eating bananas . Cyrille Regis , who had been racially abused while a player in the 1970s and 1980s , expressed concern that the viral campaign would detract from the important issues of combating racism in the game . Alves said that whoever threw the banana at him should be publicly shamed , and on 30 April 2014 , a man was arrested in connection with the incident . Villarreal were later fined €12,000 for the incident . International career . Early career and 2007 Copa América title . Alves made his Brazil debut as a substitute in an unofficial friendly match against Kuwaiti club Al-Kuwait Selection on 7 October 2006 . Three days later , he earned his first international cap in a friendly against Ecuador . He was included in Brazils team for the 2007 Copa América . He appeared in four matches including the final against Argentina on 15 July , where he gave an assist to Roberto Ayalas own goal and scored a goal himself in the 3–0 victory . 2009 Confederations Cup title , 2010 World Cup , and 2011 Copa América . Despite being the most expensive right-back in history at the time , he was initially unable to hold down a regular starting spot in the Brazilian national team , with Maicon being the first choice ahead of him . Alves came on as a substitute in the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup semi-final against South Africa and scored the winner , a free-kick and a goal in the 88th minute in a 1–0 win . The following summer , he was named to Brazils squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . He scored another long-range free-kick against Iran on 7 October 2010 . The following year , Alves was included in Brazils 23-man squad for the 2011 Copa América in Argentina . 2013 Confederations Cup title and 2014 World Cup . Alves was part of the 23 players called by coach Luiz Felipe Scolari to play in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup on home soil . He started in Brazils 3–0 victory over Spain in the final on 30 June , at the Maracanã Stadium . On 7 May 2014 , Alves was named to Brazils squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup on home soil . He lost his position as a starter during the competition due to poor performances . After Brazil defeated Colombia 2–1 in the quarter-finals , Alves and teammate David Luiz were applauded for comforting James Rodríguez , an act they were both commended for by both Rodríguez and the media for showing respect . 2015 Copa América , and Copa América Centenario , and 2018 World Cup qualifying . Alves was picked as a starter in both the 2015 and Centenario Copa América tournaments by manager Dunga . He retained his position following the appointment of Tite and helped Brazil secure qualification for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , but was ruled out of the tournament due to a knee injury suffered in the 2018 Coupe de France Final . 2019 Copa América title . In May 2019 , he was included in Brazils 23-man squad for the 2019 Copa América on home soil . He went on to replace Neymar as Brazil captain for the tournament . In the teams final group match against Peru in São Paulo on 22 June , Alves scored in a 5–0 win , which saw Brazil advance to the quarter-finals . In the final , on 7 July , at the Maracanã Stadium , Brazil faced Peru once again , and won the match 3–1 to win the title ; Alves was subsequently named the Most Valuable Player of the tournament . The 2019 edition of the Copa América was the 40th title of his career . Style of play . Regarded as one of the best full-backs of his generation , and of all time , Alves is an offensive right-back or wing-back who is known in particular for his pace , stamina , overlapping attacking runs , and technical skills , which also enable him to play in midfield , or as a winger ; he is also gifted with good crossing accuracy and distribution , which allows him to link up with midfielders , and makes him an effective assist provider along the right flank . In addition to his ability to create chances , he is an accurate striker of the ball , and is known for his ability to score goals in particular from outside the area or long-range set-pieces . Despite not being particularly imposing physically , he possesses significant strength and tenacity , which along with his energy , anticipation and work-rate , enable him to intercept passes or chase down and press opponents when not in possession , thus allowing him to aid his team both offensively and defensively . However , despite his skill and offensive ability , he has drawn criticism at times in the media for neglecting the defensive aspect of his game . During his time with Paris Saint-Germain , he also played as a central midfielder on occasion . He continued to play in a free role in midfield during his time with São Paulo , citing his desire to play in the middle in order to have more touches on the ball as the reason for this tactical switch , as out wide he had felt more isolated , and less capable of creating chances for his team . Regarding his unique interpretation of the full-back role throughout his career , Alves commented in 2019 : Outside football . On 29 September 2011 , Alves was appointed as a Special Olympics Ambassador for its Global Football program , charged with promoting respect and inclusion in football for people with intellectual disabilities , particularly in the run up to the 2014 World Cup . Along with his ex-teammate turned rapper , José Manuel Pinto , Alves released a song called Suave on YouTube on 15 June 2018 . Honours . Club ( 38 ) . Bahia ( 1 ) - Copa do Nordeste ( 1 ) : Sevilla ( 5 ) - Copa del Rey ( 1 ) : 2006–07 - Supercopa de España ( 1 ) : 2007 - UEFA Cup ( 2 ) : 2005–06 , 2006–07 - UEFA Super Cup ( 1 ) : 2006 Barcelona ( 23 ) - La Liga ( 6 ) : 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2012–13 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Copa del Rey ( 4 ) : 2008–09 , 2011–12 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Supercopa de España ( 4 ) : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 - UEFA Champions League ( 3 ) : 2008–09 , 2010–11 , 2014–15 - UEFA Super Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 - FIFA Club World Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 Juventus ( 2 ) - Serie A ( 1 ) : 2016–17 - Coppa Italia ( 1 ) : 2016–17 Paris Saint-Germain ( 6 ) - Ligue 1 ( 2 ) : 2017–18 , 2018–19 - Coupe de France ( 1 ) : 2017–18 ; runner-up : 2018–19 - Coupe de la Ligue ( 1 ) : 2017–18 - Trophée des Champions ( 2 ) : 2017 , 2018 São Paulo ( 1 ) - Campeonato Paulista ( 1 ) : 2021 International ( 5 ) . Brazil ( 4 ) - Copa América ( 2 ) : 2007 , 2019 - FIFA Confederations Cup ( 2 ) : 2009 , 2013 Brazil Youth ( 1 ) - FIFA World Youth Championship ( 1 ) : 2003 Individual . - Campeonato Paulista Team of the Tournament : 2020 - FIFA U-20 World Cup Bronze Ball : 2003 - UEFA Cup Most Valuable Player : 2005–06 - UEFA Super Cup Man of the Match : 2006 - UEFA Team of the Year : 2007 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 , 2017 - ESM Team of the Year : 2006–07 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 - FIFA FIFPro World11 : 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - FIFA FIFPro World11 2nd team : 2014 - FIFA FIFPro World11 nominee : 2019 ( 4th defender ) - La Liga Defender of the Season : 2008–09 - FIFA Confederations Cup Team of the Tournament : 2013 - La Liga Team of the Season : 2014–15 - France Football World XI : 2015 - Serie A Team of the Year : 2016–17 - IFFHS Mens World Team : 2017 - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2017–18 - Copa América Most Valuable Player : 2019 - Copa América Team of the Tournament : 2019 - IFFHS CONMEBOL team of the decade 2011–2020 Records . - Most UEFA Super Cup titles : ( 4 ) ( shared with Paolo Maldini ) ( 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 ) - Most UEFA Super Cup final appearances : ( 5 ) ( shared with Paolo Maldini ) ( 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 ) - Player with most collective honours in football history : ( 43 ) |
[
"São Paulo FC"
] | easy | Which team did the player Dani Alves belong to from 2019 to 2020? | /wiki/Dani_Alves#P54#5 | Dani Alves Daniel Alves da Silva ( ; born 6 May 1983 ) , known simply as Dani Alves , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right-back for São Paulo FC and the Brazil national team . Considered one of the greatest right backs of all time , Alves is the most decorated player in the history of football with 42 trophies and the second most decorated defender of all time in European competitions . Before joining Barcelona in 2008 , Alves spent a successful six-year spell with Sevilla , winning two UEFA Cups and the Copa del Rey with the Andalusian side . He joined Barcelona for €32.5 million , becoming the third-most expensive defender of all-time . He won the treble in his first season with the club and in the next season , won the Supercopa de España , UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup . Additionally , he helped the club to clinch another two Supercopa de España , five La Liga titles and two UEFA Champions League titles in the years that followed . In 2016 , Juventus signed Alves on a free transfer . Alves won the 2016–17 Serie A title and 2016–17 Coppa Italia in his only season with the side , also reaching the Champions League Final . In 2017 , Alves joined French side Paris Saint-Germain on a free transfer , winning a domestic treble in his first season , followed by another league title the following season . In 2019 , he returned to his home country , joining São Paulo . Two years later , Alves won his first title with the club , winning the Campeonato Paulista . A full international for Brazil since 2006 , Alves was included in their squads for two FIFA World Cups and five Copa América tournaments , winning the 2007 and 2019 editions of the latter competition , as well as the 2009 and 2013 FIFA Confederations Cups . Early life . Alves was born in Juazeiro , a city in the Brazilian state of Bahia , to father Domingos Alves da Silva , a farmer . He played football with the neighboring kids . Alves father had a passion for football as well , and eventually managed to organize his own football team . Alves , at age 6 , started as a winger , but because of the lack of goals he scored , his father re-positioned him as a right back , a position he still plays up to this day . Alves worked as a farmer and a trader in his youth . Club career . Bahia . Alves made his professional debut for Bahia in a match against Paraná Clube for the 2001 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A . Bahia won 3–0 , with Alves providing two assists and winning a penalty for the other goal . Head coach Evaristo de Macedo thereafter gave him a starting place in the team . In Bahia , he won the and two times the Northeast Cup and . His consistently good performances landed him a transfer , at first on loan , to Spanish side Sevilla , midway through 2002 . Sevilla . After 2002–03 , on loan to Sevilla from Bahia , Alves travelled to play in the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship , where he impressed as Brazil won the tournament . He was named the third-best player of the tournament and , after this , the Sevilla move was made permanent . In June 2006 , Sevilla agreed to sell Alves to Liverpool , but Liverpool were unable to match Sevillas asking price of around £8 million . In December 2006 , he signed a new contract with Sevilla , tying him to the club until 2012 . He had a successful 2006–07 season , making 47 appearances and scoring 5 goals . He played in every one of Sevillas UEFA Cup matches , in a competition which the club went on to win . From his years in Spain , Alves acquired Spanish citizenship , thus allowing him to bypass any non-EU quota restrictions and exempting him from needing a work permit to play in any EU countries . On 1 August 2007 , Alves told SporTV he wanted to leave Sevilla for a European giant , later reiterating his desire to leave Sevilla to Marca , saying he was flattered by Chelseas interest and that he could never turn down such an opportunity . In an interview with Antena 3 on 8 August , Alves confirmed his agent had been in England for some time handling Chelseas offer , urging Sevilla to at least consider the offer . On 16 August 2007 , Sevilla rejected an unspecified Chelsea bid and , six days later , rejected another two bids from Chelsea , considering them to be way below what was expected . Alves later revealed his dismay with Sevilla club president José María del Nido for having knocked back Chelseas offers for his services after his move to Stamford Bridge collapsed , with Chelsea signing fellow Brazilian full back Juliano Belletti for a much lower fee . After a public war of words between Alves and Del Nido , as well as the death of teammate Antonio Puerta , Alves decided to stay with Sevilla , with player and president ostensibly reconciled . Barcelona . On 2 July 2008 , Alves joined Barcelona , leaving Sevilla in tears and saying he would love to play for the club again . He said he came to Sevilla as a boy and was leaving as a man . The official price of the transfer stood at £23 million up-front , with approximately £7 million more depending on a number of performance-related factors over the next few seasons of Alves Barcelona career , making him one of the most expensive defenders in history and the third-most expensive player bought by Barça . He signed a four-year contract with Barcelona , which included a buy-out clause of €90 million . Alves made his competitive and European debuts for Barcelona against Wisła Kraków in the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League third-round qualifiers on 13 August 2008 . He made his La Liga debut in the Liga season-opener away to Numancia on 31 August 2008 . Later on in his debut season , he missed the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final due to a yellow-card suspension , although Barcelona nonetheless defeated Manchester United 2–0 to complete the treble after also winning La Liga and the 2008–09 Copa del Rey . In his second season at Barça , the club retained the Liga title and won the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup . In the 2010–11 season , Alves was instrumental in Barcelonas winning of their third consecutive Liga title . On 28 May 2011 , Alves played in his first Champions League final as Barcelona defeated Manchester United 3–1 at Wembley Stadium to win its fourth European Cup . In 2011–12 , Alves was part of a Barcelona team that won the Copa del Rey and the Club World Cup . In 2012–13 , Alves won the Liga title for the fourth time in his five seasons at Barça . In 2013–14 , Alves wore shirt number 22 , formerly worn by his friend Eric Abidal , to whom he offered to donate part of his liver during Abidals treatment for liver cancer . Third Champions League title . On 6 June 2015 , Alves started for Barça in the 2015 Champions League final as the club won its fifth European Cup by beating Juventus at the Olympiastadion in Berlin . This made Barcelona the first club in history to win the treble of domestic league , domestic cup and European Cup twice . Alves , Lionel Messi , Andrés Iniesta , Xavi , Gerard Piqué , Pedro and Sergio Busquets are the only players to have been a part of both treble-winning teams . On 9 June 2015 , Alves signed a two-year contract with Barcelona , keeping him at the club until 30 June 2017 , with the option to extend a further year . Final season . After Barcelona were eliminated by compatriots Atlético Madrid in the quarter-finals of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League , Alves recorded a bizarre video in which he impersonated his wife consoling him for the defeat , and posted it on Instagram ; manager Luis Enrique subsequently dropped him from the following match against Valencia . On 2 June 2016 , Roberto Fernández , Barcelonas technical secretary , announced Alves was leaving Barcelona that summer after eight years . Although under contract until 30 June 2017 , Alves contract had a clause allowing him to leave as a free agent . Juventus . On 27 June 2016 , Juventus announced the signing of Alves on a two-year deal with the option of a third year . He made his Juventus debut on 20 August in a 2–1 home win over Fiorentina in Serie A . On 21 September , Alves scored his first goal with Juventus in a 4–0 home win over Cagliari , before opening his Champions League account with the club against Dinamo Zagreb six days later . On 27 November , he suffered a broken leg in Juventus 3–1 defeat to Genoa . Alves made his return from injury as a substitute in a 1–0 Derby dItalia win over Internazionale on 5 February 2017 . On 9 May 2017 , Alves scored once and assisted a goal for Mario Mandžukić as Juventus defeated Monaco 2–1 to qualify for the 2017 Champions League final . Six days earlier , Alves had assisted both goals for Gonzalo Higuaín in the first leg of the tie at the Stade Louis II . On 17 May , Alves scored the opening goal of a 2–0 win over Lazio in the 2017 Coppa Italia Final . On 3 June , Alves appeared in his third UEFA Champions League final as Juventus were defeated 4–1 by Real Madrid at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff . On 29 June 2017 , Alves had his contract with Juventus terminated by mutual consent . He made 33 appearances , winning the 2016–17 Serie A title and 2016–17 Coppa Italia in his one season in Turin . Paris Saint-Germain . On 12 July 2017 , Alves joined French side Paris Saint-Germain on a free transfer , signing a two-year contract . He made his debut for the club on 29 July in the 2017 Trophée des Champions , scoring once and assisting the winning goal for Adrien Rabiot in a 2–1 victory over 2016–17 Ligue 1 champions Monaco . On 5 August , Alves assisted Edinson Cavani for PSGs first goal of the 2017–18 Ligue 1 season in a 2–0 win over Amiens at the Parc des Princes . On 8 May 2018 , he started in the 2018 Coupe de France Final , as PSG defeated Les Herbiers VF 2–0 to clinch the 2017–18 Coupe de France title ; he came off in the 86th minute for Thomas Meunier , after sustaining an injury . On 28 August 2018 , Alves announced through a post on his Instagram page changing his squad number from 32 to 13 in tribute to Brazilian legend and four-time World Cup winner Mário Zagallo . After his contract with the club expired on 30 June 2019 , Alves became a free agent . São Paulo . On 1 August 2019 , São Paulo FC announced the signing of Dani Alves on a contract that runs until December 2022 . A lifelong supporter of São Paulo , Alves had previously on numerous occasions declared his wish of playing for the club . He was received at the Morumbi stadium , in front of 44,000 fans . Idols of the clubs recent history , such as Hernanes , Kaká and Luís Fabiano were responsible for welcoming him . Despite playing as a right-back throughout his career , since his arrival he has taken a position in the midfield and received the number 10 shirt upon his arrival . He made his debut on 18 August 2019 , scoring the sole goal in a 1–0 league win over Ceará at the Morumbi.Currently , he is one of the main articulators and captain of the team . Target of racism incident . On 27 April 2014 , during a match at Villarreals stadium , El Madrigal , Alves was targeted by Villareal supporter David Campaya Lleo , who threw a banana at him . Alves picked up the banana , peeled it and took a bite . He responded to the incident by saying : Teammate Neymars response – to post a photograph of himself on social media also eating a banana – went viral . Other footballers have also since taken photographs of themselves eating bananas . Cyrille Regis , who had been racially abused while a player in the 1970s and 1980s , expressed concern that the viral campaign would detract from the important issues of combating racism in the game . Alves said that whoever threw the banana at him should be publicly shamed , and on 30 April 2014 , a man was arrested in connection with the incident . Villarreal were later fined €12,000 for the incident . International career . Early career and 2007 Copa América title . Alves made his Brazil debut as a substitute in an unofficial friendly match against Kuwaiti club Al-Kuwait Selection on 7 October 2006 . Three days later , he earned his first international cap in a friendly against Ecuador . He was included in Brazils team for the 2007 Copa América . He appeared in four matches including the final against Argentina on 15 July , where he gave an assist to Roberto Ayalas own goal and scored a goal himself in the 3–0 victory . 2009 Confederations Cup title , 2010 World Cup , and 2011 Copa América . Despite being the most expensive right-back in history at the time , he was initially unable to hold down a regular starting spot in the Brazilian national team , with Maicon being the first choice ahead of him . Alves came on as a substitute in the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup semi-final against South Africa and scored the winner , a free-kick and a goal in the 88th minute in a 1–0 win . The following summer , he was named to Brazils squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . He scored another long-range free-kick against Iran on 7 October 2010 . The following year , Alves was included in Brazils 23-man squad for the 2011 Copa América in Argentina . 2013 Confederations Cup title and 2014 World Cup . Alves was part of the 23 players called by coach Luiz Felipe Scolari to play in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup on home soil . He started in Brazils 3–0 victory over Spain in the final on 30 June , at the Maracanã Stadium . On 7 May 2014 , Alves was named to Brazils squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup on home soil . He lost his position as a starter during the competition due to poor performances . After Brazil defeated Colombia 2–1 in the quarter-finals , Alves and teammate David Luiz were applauded for comforting James Rodríguez , an act they were both commended for by both Rodríguez and the media for showing respect . 2015 Copa América , and Copa América Centenario , and 2018 World Cup qualifying . Alves was picked as a starter in both the 2015 and Centenario Copa América tournaments by manager Dunga . He retained his position following the appointment of Tite and helped Brazil secure qualification for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , but was ruled out of the tournament due to a knee injury suffered in the 2018 Coupe de France Final . 2019 Copa América title . In May 2019 , he was included in Brazils 23-man squad for the 2019 Copa América on home soil . He went on to replace Neymar as Brazil captain for the tournament . In the teams final group match against Peru in São Paulo on 22 June , Alves scored in a 5–0 win , which saw Brazil advance to the quarter-finals . In the final , on 7 July , at the Maracanã Stadium , Brazil faced Peru once again , and won the match 3–1 to win the title ; Alves was subsequently named the Most Valuable Player of the tournament . The 2019 edition of the Copa América was the 40th title of his career . Style of play . Regarded as one of the best full-backs of his generation , and of all time , Alves is an offensive right-back or wing-back who is known in particular for his pace , stamina , overlapping attacking runs , and technical skills , which also enable him to play in midfield , or as a winger ; he is also gifted with good crossing accuracy and distribution , which allows him to link up with midfielders , and makes him an effective assist provider along the right flank . In addition to his ability to create chances , he is an accurate striker of the ball , and is known for his ability to score goals in particular from outside the area or long-range set-pieces . Despite not being particularly imposing physically , he possesses significant strength and tenacity , which along with his energy , anticipation and work-rate , enable him to intercept passes or chase down and press opponents when not in possession , thus allowing him to aid his team both offensively and defensively . However , despite his skill and offensive ability , he has drawn criticism at times in the media for neglecting the defensive aspect of his game . During his time with Paris Saint-Germain , he also played as a central midfielder on occasion . He continued to play in a free role in midfield during his time with São Paulo , citing his desire to play in the middle in order to have more touches on the ball as the reason for this tactical switch , as out wide he had felt more isolated , and less capable of creating chances for his team . Regarding his unique interpretation of the full-back role throughout his career , Alves commented in 2019 : Outside football . On 29 September 2011 , Alves was appointed as a Special Olympics Ambassador for its Global Football program , charged with promoting respect and inclusion in football for people with intellectual disabilities , particularly in the run up to the 2014 World Cup . Along with his ex-teammate turned rapper , José Manuel Pinto , Alves released a song called Suave on YouTube on 15 June 2018 . Honours . Club ( 38 ) . Bahia ( 1 ) - Copa do Nordeste ( 1 ) : Sevilla ( 5 ) - Copa del Rey ( 1 ) : 2006–07 - Supercopa de España ( 1 ) : 2007 - UEFA Cup ( 2 ) : 2005–06 , 2006–07 - UEFA Super Cup ( 1 ) : 2006 Barcelona ( 23 ) - La Liga ( 6 ) : 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2012–13 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Copa del Rey ( 4 ) : 2008–09 , 2011–12 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Supercopa de España ( 4 ) : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 - UEFA Champions League ( 3 ) : 2008–09 , 2010–11 , 2014–15 - UEFA Super Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 - FIFA Club World Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 Juventus ( 2 ) - Serie A ( 1 ) : 2016–17 - Coppa Italia ( 1 ) : 2016–17 Paris Saint-Germain ( 6 ) - Ligue 1 ( 2 ) : 2017–18 , 2018–19 - Coupe de France ( 1 ) : 2017–18 ; runner-up : 2018–19 - Coupe de la Ligue ( 1 ) : 2017–18 - Trophée des Champions ( 2 ) : 2017 , 2018 São Paulo ( 1 ) - Campeonato Paulista ( 1 ) : 2021 International ( 5 ) . Brazil ( 4 ) - Copa América ( 2 ) : 2007 , 2019 - FIFA Confederations Cup ( 2 ) : 2009 , 2013 Brazil Youth ( 1 ) - FIFA World Youth Championship ( 1 ) : 2003 Individual . - Campeonato Paulista Team of the Tournament : 2020 - FIFA U-20 World Cup Bronze Ball : 2003 - UEFA Cup Most Valuable Player : 2005–06 - UEFA Super Cup Man of the Match : 2006 - UEFA Team of the Year : 2007 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 , 2017 - ESM Team of the Year : 2006–07 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 - FIFA FIFPro World11 : 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - FIFA FIFPro World11 2nd team : 2014 - FIFA FIFPro World11 nominee : 2019 ( 4th defender ) - La Liga Defender of the Season : 2008–09 - FIFA Confederations Cup Team of the Tournament : 2013 - La Liga Team of the Season : 2014–15 - France Football World XI : 2015 - Serie A Team of the Year : 2016–17 - IFFHS Mens World Team : 2017 - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2017–18 - Copa América Most Valuable Player : 2019 - Copa América Team of the Tournament : 2019 - IFFHS CONMEBOL team of the decade 2011–2020 Records . - Most UEFA Super Cup titles : ( 4 ) ( shared with Paolo Maldini ) ( 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 ) - Most UEFA Super Cup final appearances : ( 5 ) ( shared with Paolo Maldini ) ( 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 ) - Player with most collective honours in football history : ( 43 ) |
[
""
] | easy | Which employer did Douglas Engelbart work for from 1955 to 1956? | /wiki/Douglas_Engelbart#P108#0 | Douglas Engelbart Douglas Carl Engelbart ( January 30 , 1925 – July 2 , 2013 ) was an American engineer and inventor , and an early computer and Internet pioneer . He is best known for his work on founding the field of human–computer interaction , particularly while at his Augmentation Research Center Lab in SRI International , which resulted in creation of the computer mouse , and the development of hypertext , networked computers , and precursors to graphical user interfaces . These were demonstrated at The Mother of All Demos in 1968 . Engelbarts law , the observation that the intrinsic rate of human performance is exponential , is named after him . NLS , the oN-Line System , developed by the Augmentation Research Center under Engelbarts guidance with funding primarily from ARPA ( as DARPA was then known ) , demonstrated numerous technologies , most of which are now in widespread use ; it included the computer mouse , bitmapped screens , hypertext ; all of which were displayed at The Mother of All Demos in 1968 . The lab was transferred from SRI to Tymshare in the late 1970s , which was acquired by McDonnell Douglas in 1984 , and NLS was renamed Augment ( now the Doug Engelbart Institute ) . At both Tymshare and McDonnell Douglas , Engelbart was limited by a lack of interest in his ideas and funding to pursue them , and retired in 1986 . In 1988 , Engelbart and his daughter Christina launched the Bootstrap Institute – later known as The Doug Engelbart Institute – to promote his vision , especially at Stanford University ; this effort did result in some DARPA funding to modernize the user interface of Augment . In December 2000 , United States President Bill Clinton awarded Engelbart the National Medal of Technology , the U.S.s highest technology award . In December 2008 , Engelbart was honored by SRI at the 40th anniversary of the Mother of All Demos . Early life and education . Engelbart was born in Portland , Oregon , on January 30 , 1925 , to Carl Louis Engelbart and Gladys Charlotte Amelia Munson Engelbart . His ancestors were of German , Swedish and Norwegian descent . He was the middle of three children , with a sister Dorianne ( three years older ) , and a brother David ( 14 months younger ) . The family lived in Portland , Oregon , in his early years , and moved to the surrounding countryside along Johnson Creek when he was 8 . His father died one year later . He graduated from Portlands Franklin High School in 1942 . Midway through his undergraduate years at Oregon State University , he served two years in the United States Navy as a radio and radar technician in the Philippines . It was there on a small island , in a tiny hut on stilts , he read Vannevar Bushs article As We May Think , which greatly inspired him . He returned to Oregon State and completed his bachelors degree in electrical engineering in 1948 . While at Oregon State , he was a member of Sigma Phi Epsilon social fraternity . He was hired by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics at the Ames Research Center , where he worked in wind tunnel maintenance . In his off hours he enjoyed hiking , camping , and folk dancing . It was there he met Ballard Fish ( August 18 , 1928 – June 18 , 1997 ) , who was just completing her training to become an occupational therapist . They were married in Portola State Park on May 5 , 1951 . Soon after , Engelbart left Ames to pursue graduate studies at the University of California , Berkeley . There , he received an M.S . in electrical engineering in 1953 and a Ph.D . in the discipline in 1955 . Career and accomplishments . Guiding philosophy . Engelbarts career was inspired in December 1950 when he was engaged to be married and realized he had no career goals other than a steady job , getting married and living happily ever after . Over several months he reasoned that : 1 . he would focus his career on making the world a better place 2 . any serious effort to make the world better would require some kind of organized effort that harnessed the collective human intellect of all people to contribute to effective solutions . 3 . if you could dramatically improve how we do that , youd be boosting every effort on the planet to solve important problems – the sooner the better 4 . computers could be the vehicle for dramatically improving this capability . In 1945 , Engelbart had read with interest Vannevar Bushs article As We May Think , a call to action for making knowledge widely available as a national peacetime grand challenge . He had also read something about the recent phenomenon of computers , and from his experience as a radar technician , he knew that information could be analyzed and displayed on a screen . He envisioned intellectual workers sitting at display working stations , flying through information space , harnessing their collective intellectual capacity to solve important problems together in much more powerful ways . Harnessing collective intellect , facilitated by interactive computers , became his lifes mission at a time when computers were viewed as number crunching tools . As a graduate student at Berkeley , he assisted in the construction of CALDIC . His graduate work led to eight patents . After completing his doctorate , Engelbart stayed on at Berkeley as an assistant professor for a year before departing when it became clear that he could not pursue his vision there . Engelbart then formed a startup company , Digital Techniques , to commercialize some of his doctoral research on storage devices , but after a year decided instead to pursue the research he had been dreaming of since 1951 . SRI and the Augmentation Research Center . Engelbart took a position at SRI International ( known then as Stanford Research Institute ) in Menlo Park , California in 1957 . He worked for Hewitt Crane on magnetic devices and miniaturization of electronics ; Engelbart and Crane became close friends . At SRI , Engelbart soon obtained a dozen patents , and by 1962 produced a report about his vision and proposed research agenda titled Augmenting Human Intellect : A Conceptual Framework . Among other highlights , this paper introduced Building Information Modelling , which architectural and engineering practice eventually adopted ( first as parametric design ) in the 1990s and after . This led to funding from ARPA to launch his work . Engelbart recruited a research team in his new Augmentation Research Center ( ARC , the lab he founded at SRI ) . Engelbart embedded a set of organizing principles in his lab , which he termed bootstrapping strategy . He designed the strategy to accelerate the rate of innovation of his lab . The ARC became the driving force behind the design and development of the oN-Line System ( NLS ) . He and his team developed computer interface elements such as bitmapped screens , the mouse , hypertext , collaborative tools , and precursors to the graphical user interface . He conceived and developed many of his user interface ideas in the mid-1960s , long before the personal computer revolution , at a time when most computers were inaccessible to individuals who could only use computers through intermediaries ( see batch processing ) , and when software tended to be written for vertical applications in proprietary systems . Engelbart applied for a patent in 1967 and received it in 1970 , for the wooden shell with two metal wheels ( computer mouse – ) , which he had developed with Bill English , his lead engineer , sometime before 1965 . In the patent application it is described as an X-Y position indicator for a display system . Engelbart later revealed that it was nicknamed the mouse because the tail came out the end . His group also called the on-screen cursor a bug , but this term was not widely adopted . He never received any royalties for the invention of the mouse . During an interview , he said SRI patented the mouse , but they really had no idea of its value . Some years later it was learned that they had licensed it to Apple Computer for something like $40,000 . Engelbart showcased the chorded keyboard and many more of his and ARCs inventions in 1968 at The Mother of All Demos . Tymshare and McDonnell Douglas . Engelbart slipped into relative obscurity by the mid-1970s . As early as 1970 , several of his researchers became alienated from him and left his organization for Xerox PARC , in part due to frustration , and in part due to differing views of the future of computing . Engelbart saw the future in collaborative , networked , timeshare ( client-server ) computers , which younger programmers rejected in favor of the personal computer . The conflict was both technical and ideological : the younger programmers came from an era where centralized power was highly suspect , and personal computing was just barely on the horizon . Beginning in 1972 , several key ARC personnel were involved in Erhard Seminars Training ( EST ) , with Engelbart ultimately serving on the corporations board of directors for many years . Although EST had been recommended by other researchers , the controversial nature of EST and other social experiments reduced the morale and social cohesion of the ARC community . The 1969 Mansfield Amendment , which ended military funding of non-military research , the end of the Vietnam War , and the end of the Apollo program gradually reduced ARCs funding from ARPA and NASA throughout the early 1970s . SRIs management , which disapproved of Engelbarts approach to running the center , placed the remains of ARC under the control of artificial intelligence researcher Bertram Raphael , who negotiated the transfer of the laboratory to a company called Tymshare in 1976 . Engelbarts house in Atherton , California burned down during this period , causing him and his family further problems . Tymshare took over NLS and the lab that Engelbart had founded , hired most of the labs staff ( including its creator as a Senior Scientist ) , renamed the software Augment , and offered it as a commercial service via its new Office Automation Division . Tymshare was already somewhat familiar with NLS ; when ARC was still operational , it had experimented with its own local copy of the NLS software on a minicomputer called OFFICE-1 , as part of a joint project with ARC . At Tymshare , Engelbart soon found himself further marginalized . Operational concerns at Tymshare overrode Engelbarts desire to conduct ongoing research . Various executives , first at Tymshare and later at McDonnell Douglas , which acquired Tymshare in 1984 , expressed interest in his ideas , but never committed the funds or the people to further develop them . His interest inside of McDonnell Douglas was focused on the enormous knowledge management and IT requirements involved in the life cycle of an aerospace program , which served to strengthen Engelbarts resolve to motivate the information technology arena toward global interoperability and an open hyperdocument system . Engelbart retired from McDonnell Douglas in 1986 , determined to pursue his work free from commercial pressure . Bootstrap and the Doug Engelbart Institute . Teaming with his daughter , Christina Engelbart , he founded the Bootstrap Institute in 1988 to coalesce his ideas into a series of three-day and half-day management seminars offered at Stanford University from 1989 to 2000 . By the early 1990s there was sufficient interest among his seminar graduates to launch a collaborative implementation of his work , and the Bootstrap Alliance was formed as a non-profit home base for this effort . Although the invasion of Iraq and subsequent recession spawned a rash of belt-tightening reorganizations which drastically redirected the efforts of their alliance partners , they continued with the management seminars , consulting , and small-scale collaborations . In the mid-1990s they were awarded some DARPA funding to develop a modern user interface to Augment , called Visual AugTerm ( VAT ) , while participating in a larger program addressing the IT requirements of the Joint Task Force . Engelbart was Founder Emeritus of the Doug Engelbart Institute , which he founded in 1988 with his daughter Christina Engelbart , who is Executive Director . The Institute promotes Engelbarts philosophy for boosting Collective IQ—the concept of dramatically improving how we can solve important problems together—using a strategic bootstrapping approach for accelerating our progress toward that goal . In 2005 , Engelbart received a National Science Foundation grant to fund the open source HyperScope project . The Hyperscope team built a browser component using Ajax and Dynamic HTML designed to replicate Augments multiple viewing and jumping capabilities ( linking within and across various documents ) . Later years and death . Engelbart attended the Program for the Future 2010 Conference where hundreds of people convened at The Tech Museum in San Jose and online to engage in dialog about how to pursue his vision to augment collective intelligence . The most complete coverage of Engelbarts bootstrapping ideas can be found in Boosting Our Collective IQ , by Douglas C . Engelbart , 1995 . This includes three of Engelbarts key papers , edited into book form by Yuri Rubinsky and Christina Engelbart to commemorate the presentation of the 1995 SoftQuad Web Award to Doug Engelbart at the World Wide Web conference in Boston in December 1995 . Only 2,000 softcover copies were printed , and 100 hardcover , numbered and signed by Engelbart and Tim Berners-Lee . Engelbarts book is now being republished by the Doug Engelbart Institute . Two comprehensive histories of Engelbarts laboratory and work are in What the Dormouse Said : How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry by John Markoff and A Heritage of Innovation : SRIs First Half Century by Donald Neilson . Other books on Engelbart and his laboratory include Bootstrapping : Douglas Engelbart , Coevolution , and the Origins of Personal Computing by Thierry Bardini and The Engelbart Hypothesis : Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart , by Valerie Landau and Eileen Clegg in conversation with Douglas Engelbart . All four of these books are based on interviews with Engelbart as well as other contributors in his laboratory . Engelbart served on the Advisory Boards of the University of Santa Clara Center for Science , Technology , and Society , Foresight Institute , Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility , The Technology Center of Silicon Valley , and The Liquid Information Company . Engelbart had four children , Gerda , Diana , Christina and Norman with his first wife Ballard , who died in 1997 after 47 years of marriage . He remarried on January 26 , 2008 to writer and producer Karen OLeary Engelbart . An 85th birthday celebration was held at the Tech Museum of Innovation . Engelbart died at his home in Atherton , California on July 2 , 2013 , due to kidney failure . His close friend and fellow internet pioneer , Ted Nelson , gave a speech paying tribute to Engelbart . According to the Doug Engelbart Institute , his death came after a long battle with Alzheimers disease , which he was diagnosed with in 2007 . Engelbart was 88 and was survived by his second wife , the four children from his first marriage , and nine grandchildren . Anecdotal notes . Historian of science Thierry Bardini argues that Engelbarts complex personal philosophy ( which drove all his research ) foreshadowed the modern application of the concept of coevolution to the philosophy and use of technology . Bardini points out that Engelbart was strongly influenced by the principle of linguistic relativity developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf . Where Whorf reasoned that the sophistication of a language controls the sophistication of the thoughts that can be expressed by a speaker of that language , Engelbart reasoned that the state of our current technology controls our ability to manipulate information , and that fact in turn will control our ability to develop new , improved technologies . He thus set himself to the revolutionary task of developing computer-based technologies for manipulating information directly , and also to improve individual and group processes for knowledge-work . Honors . Since the late 1980s , prominent individuals and organizations have recognized the seminal importance of Engelbarts contributions . In December 1995 , at the Fourth WWW Conference in Boston , he was the first recipient of what would later become the Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award . In 1997 he was awarded the Lemelson-MIT Prize of $500,000 , the worlds largest single prize for invention and innovation , and the ACM Turing Award . To mark the 30th anniversary of Engelbarts 1968 demo , in 1998 the Stanford Silicon Valley Archives and the Institute for the Future hosted Engelbarts Unfinished Revolution , a symposium at Stanford Universitys Memorial Auditorium , to honor Engelbart and his ideas . He was inducted into National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1998 . Also in 1998 , Association for Computing Machinery ( ACM ) SIGCHI awarded Engelbart the CHI Lifetime Achievement Award . ACM SIGCHI later inducted Engelbart into the CHI Academy in 2002 . Engelbart was awarded The Franklin Institutes Certificate of Merit in 1996 and the Benjamin Franklin Medal in 1999 in Computer and Cognitive Science . In early 2000 Engelbart produced , with volunteers and sponsors , what was called The Unfinished Revolution – II , also known as the Engelbart Colloquium at Stanford University , to document and publicize his work and ideas to a larger audience ( live , and online ) . In December 2000 , U.S . President Bill Clinton awarded Engelbart the National Medal of Technology , the countrys highest technology award . In 2001 he was awarded the British Computer Societys Lovelace Medal . In 2005 , he was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum for advancing the study of human–computer interaction , developing the mouse input device , and for the application of computers to improving organizational efficiency . He was honored with the Norbert Wiener Award , which is given annually by Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility . Robert X . Cringely did an hour-long interview with Engelbart on December 9 , 2005 in his NerdTV video podcast series . On December 9 , 2008 , Engelbart was honored at the 40th Anniversary celebration of the 1968 Mother of All Demos . This event , produced by SRI International , was held at Memorial Auditorium at Stanford University . Speakers included several members of Engelbarts original Augmentation Research Center ( ARC ) team including Don Andrews , Bill Paxton , Bill English , and Jeff Rulifson , Engelbarts chief government sponsor Bob Taylor , and other pioneers of interactive computing , including Andy van Dam and Alan Kay . In addition , Christina Engelbart spoke about her fathers early influences and the ongoing work of the Doug Engelbart Institute . In June 2009 , the New Media Consortium recognized Engelbart as an NMC Fellow for his lifetime of achievements . In 2011 , Engelbart was inducted into IEEE Intelligent Systems AIs Hall of Fame . Engelbart received the first honorary Doctor of Engineering and Technology degree from Yale University in May 2011 . |
[
"SRI International",
"Stanford Research Institute"
] | easy | Which employer did Douglas Engelbart work for from 1957 to 1977? | /wiki/Douglas_Engelbart#P108#1 | Douglas Engelbart Douglas Carl Engelbart ( January 30 , 1925 – July 2 , 2013 ) was an American engineer and inventor , and an early computer and Internet pioneer . He is best known for his work on founding the field of human–computer interaction , particularly while at his Augmentation Research Center Lab in SRI International , which resulted in creation of the computer mouse , and the development of hypertext , networked computers , and precursors to graphical user interfaces . These were demonstrated at The Mother of All Demos in 1968 . Engelbarts law , the observation that the intrinsic rate of human performance is exponential , is named after him . NLS , the oN-Line System , developed by the Augmentation Research Center under Engelbarts guidance with funding primarily from ARPA ( as DARPA was then known ) , demonstrated numerous technologies , most of which are now in widespread use ; it included the computer mouse , bitmapped screens , hypertext ; all of which were displayed at The Mother of All Demos in 1968 . The lab was transferred from SRI to Tymshare in the late 1970s , which was acquired by McDonnell Douglas in 1984 , and NLS was renamed Augment ( now the Doug Engelbart Institute ) . At both Tymshare and McDonnell Douglas , Engelbart was limited by a lack of interest in his ideas and funding to pursue them , and retired in 1986 . In 1988 , Engelbart and his daughter Christina launched the Bootstrap Institute – later known as The Doug Engelbart Institute – to promote his vision , especially at Stanford University ; this effort did result in some DARPA funding to modernize the user interface of Augment . In December 2000 , United States President Bill Clinton awarded Engelbart the National Medal of Technology , the U.S.s highest technology award . In December 2008 , Engelbart was honored by SRI at the 40th anniversary of the Mother of All Demos . Early life and education . Engelbart was born in Portland , Oregon , on January 30 , 1925 , to Carl Louis Engelbart and Gladys Charlotte Amelia Munson Engelbart . His ancestors were of German , Swedish and Norwegian descent . He was the middle of three children , with a sister Dorianne ( three years older ) , and a brother David ( 14 months younger ) . The family lived in Portland , Oregon , in his early years , and moved to the surrounding countryside along Johnson Creek when he was 8 . His father died one year later . He graduated from Portlands Franklin High School in 1942 . Midway through his undergraduate years at Oregon State University , he served two years in the United States Navy as a radio and radar technician in the Philippines . It was there on a small island , in a tiny hut on stilts , he read Vannevar Bushs article As We May Think , which greatly inspired him . He returned to Oregon State and completed his bachelors degree in electrical engineering in 1948 . While at Oregon State , he was a member of Sigma Phi Epsilon social fraternity . He was hired by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics at the Ames Research Center , where he worked in wind tunnel maintenance . In his off hours he enjoyed hiking , camping , and folk dancing . It was there he met Ballard Fish ( August 18 , 1928 – June 18 , 1997 ) , who was just completing her training to become an occupational therapist . They were married in Portola State Park on May 5 , 1951 . Soon after , Engelbart left Ames to pursue graduate studies at the University of California , Berkeley . There , he received an M.S . in electrical engineering in 1953 and a Ph.D . in the discipline in 1955 . Career and accomplishments . Guiding philosophy . Engelbarts career was inspired in December 1950 when he was engaged to be married and realized he had no career goals other than a steady job , getting married and living happily ever after . Over several months he reasoned that : 1 . he would focus his career on making the world a better place 2 . any serious effort to make the world better would require some kind of organized effort that harnessed the collective human intellect of all people to contribute to effective solutions . 3 . if you could dramatically improve how we do that , youd be boosting every effort on the planet to solve important problems – the sooner the better 4 . computers could be the vehicle for dramatically improving this capability . In 1945 , Engelbart had read with interest Vannevar Bushs article As We May Think , a call to action for making knowledge widely available as a national peacetime grand challenge . He had also read something about the recent phenomenon of computers , and from his experience as a radar technician , he knew that information could be analyzed and displayed on a screen . He envisioned intellectual workers sitting at display working stations , flying through information space , harnessing their collective intellectual capacity to solve important problems together in much more powerful ways . Harnessing collective intellect , facilitated by interactive computers , became his lifes mission at a time when computers were viewed as number crunching tools . As a graduate student at Berkeley , he assisted in the construction of CALDIC . His graduate work led to eight patents . After completing his doctorate , Engelbart stayed on at Berkeley as an assistant professor for a year before departing when it became clear that he could not pursue his vision there . Engelbart then formed a startup company , Digital Techniques , to commercialize some of his doctoral research on storage devices , but after a year decided instead to pursue the research he had been dreaming of since 1951 . SRI and the Augmentation Research Center . Engelbart took a position at SRI International ( known then as Stanford Research Institute ) in Menlo Park , California in 1957 . He worked for Hewitt Crane on magnetic devices and miniaturization of electronics ; Engelbart and Crane became close friends . At SRI , Engelbart soon obtained a dozen patents , and by 1962 produced a report about his vision and proposed research agenda titled Augmenting Human Intellect : A Conceptual Framework . Among other highlights , this paper introduced Building Information Modelling , which architectural and engineering practice eventually adopted ( first as parametric design ) in the 1990s and after . This led to funding from ARPA to launch his work . Engelbart recruited a research team in his new Augmentation Research Center ( ARC , the lab he founded at SRI ) . Engelbart embedded a set of organizing principles in his lab , which he termed bootstrapping strategy . He designed the strategy to accelerate the rate of innovation of his lab . The ARC became the driving force behind the design and development of the oN-Line System ( NLS ) . He and his team developed computer interface elements such as bitmapped screens , the mouse , hypertext , collaborative tools , and precursors to the graphical user interface . He conceived and developed many of his user interface ideas in the mid-1960s , long before the personal computer revolution , at a time when most computers were inaccessible to individuals who could only use computers through intermediaries ( see batch processing ) , and when software tended to be written for vertical applications in proprietary systems . Engelbart applied for a patent in 1967 and received it in 1970 , for the wooden shell with two metal wheels ( computer mouse – ) , which he had developed with Bill English , his lead engineer , sometime before 1965 . In the patent application it is described as an X-Y position indicator for a display system . Engelbart later revealed that it was nicknamed the mouse because the tail came out the end . His group also called the on-screen cursor a bug , but this term was not widely adopted . He never received any royalties for the invention of the mouse . During an interview , he said SRI patented the mouse , but they really had no idea of its value . Some years later it was learned that they had licensed it to Apple Computer for something like $40,000 . Engelbart showcased the chorded keyboard and many more of his and ARCs inventions in 1968 at The Mother of All Demos . Tymshare and McDonnell Douglas . Engelbart slipped into relative obscurity by the mid-1970s . As early as 1970 , several of his researchers became alienated from him and left his organization for Xerox PARC , in part due to frustration , and in part due to differing views of the future of computing . Engelbart saw the future in collaborative , networked , timeshare ( client-server ) computers , which younger programmers rejected in favor of the personal computer . The conflict was both technical and ideological : the younger programmers came from an era where centralized power was highly suspect , and personal computing was just barely on the horizon . Beginning in 1972 , several key ARC personnel were involved in Erhard Seminars Training ( EST ) , with Engelbart ultimately serving on the corporations board of directors for many years . Although EST had been recommended by other researchers , the controversial nature of EST and other social experiments reduced the morale and social cohesion of the ARC community . The 1969 Mansfield Amendment , which ended military funding of non-military research , the end of the Vietnam War , and the end of the Apollo program gradually reduced ARCs funding from ARPA and NASA throughout the early 1970s . SRIs management , which disapproved of Engelbarts approach to running the center , placed the remains of ARC under the control of artificial intelligence researcher Bertram Raphael , who negotiated the transfer of the laboratory to a company called Tymshare in 1976 . Engelbarts house in Atherton , California burned down during this period , causing him and his family further problems . Tymshare took over NLS and the lab that Engelbart had founded , hired most of the labs staff ( including its creator as a Senior Scientist ) , renamed the software Augment , and offered it as a commercial service via its new Office Automation Division . Tymshare was already somewhat familiar with NLS ; when ARC was still operational , it had experimented with its own local copy of the NLS software on a minicomputer called OFFICE-1 , as part of a joint project with ARC . At Tymshare , Engelbart soon found himself further marginalized . Operational concerns at Tymshare overrode Engelbarts desire to conduct ongoing research . Various executives , first at Tymshare and later at McDonnell Douglas , which acquired Tymshare in 1984 , expressed interest in his ideas , but never committed the funds or the people to further develop them . His interest inside of McDonnell Douglas was focused on the enormous knowledge management and IT requirements involved in the life cycle of an aerospace program , which served to strengthen Engelbarts resolve to motivate the information technology arena toward global interoperability and an open hyperdocument system . Engelbart retired from McDonnell Douglas in 1986 , determined to pursue his work free from commercial pressure . Bootstrap and the Doug Engelbart Institute . Teaming with his daughter , Christina Engelbart , he founded the Bootstrap Institute in 1988 to coalesce his ideas into a series of three-day and half-day management seminars offered at Stanford University from 1989 to 2000 . By the early 1990s there was sufficient interest among his seminar graduates to launch a collaborative implementation of his work , and the Bootstrap Alliance was formed as a non-profit home base for this effort . Although the invasion of Iraq and subsequent recession spawned a rash of belt-tightening reorganizations which drastically redirected the efforts of their alliance partners , they continued with the management seminars , consulting , and small-scale collaborations . In the mid-1990s they were awarded some DARPA funding to develop a modern user interface to Augment , called Visual AugTerm ( VAT ) , while participating in a larger program addressing the IT requirements of the Joint Task Force . Engelbart was Founder Emeritus of the Doug Engelbart Institute , which he founded in 1988 with his daughter Christina Engelbart , who is Executive Director . The Institute promotes Engelbarts philosophy for boosting Collective IQ—the concept of dramatically improving how we can solve important problems together—using a strategic bootstrapping approach for accelerating our progress toward that goal . In 2005 , Engelbart received a National Science Foundation grant to fund the open source HyperScope project . The Hyperscope team built a browser component using Ajax and Dynamic HTML designed to replicate Augments multiple viewing and jumping capabilities ( linking within and across various documents ) . Later years and death . Engelbart attended the Program for the Future 2010 Conference where hundreds of people convened at The Tech Museum in San Jose and online to engage in dialog about how to pursue his vision to augment collective intelligence . The most complete coverage of Engelbarts bootstrapping ideas can be found in Boosting Our Collective IQ , by Douglas C . Engelbart , 1995 . This includes three of Engelbarts key papers , edited into book form by Yuri Rubinsky and Christina Engelbart to commemorate the presentation of the 1995 SoftQuad Web Award to Doug Engelbart at the World Wide Web conference in Boston in December 1995 . Only 2,000 softcover copies were printed , and 100 hardcover , numbered and signed by Engelbart and Tim Berners-Lee . Engelbarts book is now being republished by the Doug Engelbart Institute . Two comprehensive histories of Engelbarts laboratory and work are in What the Dormouse Said : How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry by John Markoff and A Heritage of Innovation : SRIs First Half Century by Donald Neilson . Other books on Engelbart and his laboratory include Bootstrapping : Douglas Engelbart , Coevolution , and the Origins of Personal Computing by Thierry Bardini and The Engelbart Hypothesis : Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart , by Valerie Landau and Eileen Clegg in conversation with Douglas Engelbart . All four of these books are based on interviews with Engelbart as well as other contributors in his laboratory . Engelbart served on the Advisory Boards of the University of Santa Clara Center for Science , Technology , and Society , Foresight Institute , Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility , The Technology Center of Silicon Valley , and The Liquid Information Company . Engelbart had four children , Gerda , Diana , Christina and Norman with his first wife Ballard , who died in 1997 after 47 years of marriage . He remarried on January 26 , 2008 to writer and producer Karen OLeary Engelbart . An 85th birthday celebration was held at the Tech Museum of Innovation . Engelbart died at his home in Atherton , California on July 2 , 2013 , due to kidney failure . His close friend and fellow internet pioneer , Ted Nelson , gave a speech paying tribute to Engelbart . According to the Doug Engelbart Institute , his death came after a long battle with Alzheimers disease , which he was diagnosed with in 2007 . Engelbart was 88 and was survived by his second wife , the four children from his first marriage , and nine grandchildren . Anecdotal notes . Historian of science Thierry Bardini argues that Engelbarts complex personal philosophy ( which drove all his research ) foreshadowed the modern application of the concept of coevolution to the philosophy and use of technology . Bardini points out that Engelbart was strongly influenced by the principle of linguistic relativity developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf . Where Whorf reasoned that the sophistication of a language controls the sophistication of the thoughts that can be expressed by a speaker of that language , Engelbart reasoned that the state of our current technology controls our ability to manipulate information , and that fact in turn will control our ability to develop new , improved technologies . He thus set himself to the revolutionary task of developing computer-based technologies for manipulating information directly , and also to improve individual and group processes for knowledge-work . Honors . Since the late 1980s , prominent individuals and organizations have recognized the seminal importance of Engelbarts contributions . In December 1995 , at the Fourth WWW Conference in Boston , he was the first recipient of what would later become the Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award . In 1997 he was awarded the Lemelson-MIT Prize of $500,000 , the worlds largest single prize for invention and innovation , and the ACM Turing Award . To mark the 30th anniversary of Engelbarts 1968 demo , in 1998 the Stanford Silicon Valley Archives and the Institute for the Future hosted Engelbarts Unfinished Revolution , a symposium at Stanford Universitys Memorial Auditorium , to honor Engelbart and his ideas . He was inducted into National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1998 . Also in 1998 , Association for Computing Machinery ( ACM ) SIGCHI awarded Engelbart the CHI Lifetime Achievement Award . ACM SIGCHI later inducted Engelbart into the CHI Academy in 2002 . Engelbart was awarded The Franklin Institutes Certificate of Merit in 1996 and the Benjamin Franklin Medal in 1999 in Computer and Cognitive Science . In early 2000 Engelbart produced , with volunteers and sponsors , what was called The Unfinished Revolution – II , also known as the Engelbart Colloquium at Stanford University , to document and publicize his work and ideas to a larger audience ( live , and online ) . In December 2000 , U.S . President Bill Clinton awarded Engelbart the National Medal of Technology , the countrys highest technology award . In 2001 he was awarded the British Computer Societys Lovelace Medal . In 2005 , he was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum for advancing the study of human–computer interaction , developing the mouse input device , and for the application of computers to improving organizational efficiency . He was honored with the Norbert Wiener Award , which is given annually by Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility . Robert X . Cringely did an hour-long interview with Engelbart on December 9 , 2005 in his NerdTV video podcast series . On December 9 , 2008 , Engelbart was honored at the 40th Anniversary celebration of the 1968 Mother of All Demos . This event , produced by SRI International , was held at Memorial Auditorium at Stanford University . Speakers included several members of Engelbarts original Augmentation Research Center ( ARC ) team including Don Andrews , Bill Paxton , Bill English , and Jeff Rulifson , Engelbarts chief government sponsor Bob Taylor , and other pioneers of interactive computing , including Andy van Dam and Alan Kay . In addition , Christina Engelbart spoke about her fathers early influences and the ongoing work of the Doug Engelbart Institute . In June 2009 , the New Media Consortium recognized Engelbart as an NMC Fellow for his lifetime of achievements . In 2011 , Engelbart was inducted into IEEE Intelligent Systems AIs Hall of Fame . Engelbart received the first honorary Doctor of Engineering and Technology degree from Yale University in May 2011 . |
[
"Tymshare"
] | easy | Douglas Engelbart was an employee for whom from 1977 to 1984? | /wiki/Douglas_Engelbart#P108#2 | Douglas Engelbart Douglas Carl Engelbart ( January 30 , 1925 – July 2 , 2013 ) was an American engineer and inventor , and an early computer and Internet pioneer . He is best known for his work on founding the field of human–computer interaction , particularly while at his Augmentation Research Center Lab in SRI International , which resulted in creation of the computer mouse , and the development of hypertext , networked computers , and precursors to graphical user interfaces . These were demonstrated at The Mother of All Demos in 1968 . Engelbarts law , the observation that the intrinsic rate of human performance is exponential , is named after him . NLS , the oN-Line System , developed by the Augmentation Research Center under Engelbarts guidance with funding primarily from ARPA ( as DARPA was then known ) , demonstrated numerous technologies , most of which are now in widespread use ; it included the computer mouse , bitmapped screens , hypertext ; all of which were displayed at The Mother of All Demos in 1968 . The lab was transferred from SRI to Tymshare in the late 1970s , which was acquired by McDonnell Douglas in 1984 , and NLS was renamed Augment ( now the Doug Engelbart Institute ) . At both Tymshare and McDonnell Douglas , Engelbart was limited by a lack of interest in his ideas and funding to pursue them , and retired in 1986 . In 1988 , Engelbart and his daughter Christina launched the Bootstrap Institute – later known as The Doug Engelbart Institute – to promote his vision , especially at Stanford University ; this effort did result in some DARPA funding to modernize the user interface of Augment . In December 2000 , United States President Bill Clinton awarded Engelbart the National Medal of Technology , the U.S.s highest technology award . In December 2008 , Engelbart was honored by SRI at the 40th anniversary of the Mother of All Demos . Early life and education . Engelbart was born in Portland , Oregon , on January 30 , 1925 , to Carl Louis Engelbart and Gladys Charlotte Amelia Munson Engelbart . His ancestors were of German , Swedish and Norwegian descent . He was the middle of three children , with a sister Dorianne ( three years older ) , and a brother David ( 14 months younger ) . The family lived in Portland , Oregon , in his early years , and moved to the surrounding countryside along Johnson Creek when he was 8 . His father died one year later . He graduated from Portlands Franklin High School in 1942 . Midway through his undergraduate years at Oregon State University , he served two years in the United States Navy as a radio and radar technician in the Philippines . It was there on a small island , in a tiny hut on stilts , he read Vannevar Bushs article As We May Think , which greatly inspired him . He returned to Oregon State and completed his bachelors degree in electrical engineering in 1948 . While at Oregon State , he was a member of Sigma Phi Epsilon social fraternity . He was hired by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics at the Ames Research Center , where he worked in wind tunnel maintenance . In his off hours he enjoyed hiking , camping , and folk dancing . It was there he met Ballard Fish ( August 18 , 1928 – June 18 , 1997 ) , who was just completing her training to become an occupational therapist . They were married in Portola State Park on May 5 , 1951 . Soon after , Engelbart left Ames to pursue graduate studies at the University of California , Berkeley . There , he received an M.S . in electrical engineering in 1953 and a Ph.D . in the discipline in 1955 . Career and accomplishments . Guiding philosophy . Engelbarts career was inspired in December 1950 when he was engaged to be married and realized he had no career goals other than a steady job , getting married and living happily ever after . Over several months he reasoned that : 1 . he would focus his career on making the world a better place 2 . any serious effort to make the world better would require some kind of organized effort that harnessed the collective human intellect of all people to contribute to effective solutions . 3 . if you could dramatically improve how we do that , youd be boosting every effort on the planet to solve important problems – the sooner the better 4 . computers could be the vehicle for dramatically improving this capability . In 1945 , Engelbart had read with interest Vannevar Bushs article As We May Think , a call to action for making knowledge widely available as a national peacetime grand challenge . He had also read something about the recent phenomenon of computers , and from his experience as a radar technician , he knew that information could be analyzed and displayed on a screen . He envisioned intellectual workers sitting at display working stations , flying through information space , harnessing their collective intellectual capacity to solve important problems together in much more powerful ways . Harnessing collective intellect , facilitated by interactive computers , became his lifes mission at a time when computers were viewed as number crunching tools . As a graduate student at Berkeley , he assisted in the construction of CALDIC . His graduate work led to eight patents . After completing his doctorate , Engelbart stayed on at Berkeley as an assistant professor for a year before departing when it became clear that he could not pursue his vision there . Engelbart then formed a startup company , Digital Techniques , to commercialize some of his doctoral research on storage devices , but after a year decided instead to pursue the research he had been dreaming of since 1951 . SRI and the Augmentation Research Center . Engelbart took a position at SRI International ( known then as Stanford Research Institute ) in Menlo Park , California in 1957 . He worked for Hewitt Crane on magnetic devices and miniaturization of electronics ; Engelbart and Crane became close friends . At SRI , Engelbart soon obtained a dozen patents , and by 1962 produced a report about his vision and proposed research agenda titled Augmenting Human Intellect : A Conceptual Framework . Among other highlights , this paper introduced Building Information Modelling , which architectural and engineering practice eventually adopted ( first as parametric design ) in the 1990s and after . This led to funding from ARPA to launch his work . Engelbart recruited a research team in his new Augmentation Research Center ( ARC , the lab he founded at SRI ) . Engelbart embedded a set of organizing principles in his lab , which he termed bootstrapping strategy . He designed the strategy to accelerate the rate of innovation of his lab . The ARC became the driving force behind the design and development of the oN-Line System ( NLS ) . He and his team developed computer interface elements such as bitmapped screens , the mouse , hypertext , collaborative tools , and precursors to the graphical user interface . He conceived and developed many of his user interface ideas in the mid-1960s , long before the personal computer revolution , at a time when most computers were inaccessible to individuals who could only use computers through intermediaries ( see batch processing ) , and when software tended to be written for vertical applications in proprietary systems . Engelbart applied for a patent in 1967 and received it in 1970 , for the wooden shell with two metal wheels ( computer mouse – ) , which he had developed with Bill English , his lead engineer , sometime before 1965 . In the patent application it is described as an X-Y position indicator for a display system . Engelbart later revealed that it was nicknamed the mouse because the tail came out the end . His group also called the on-screen cursor a bug , but this term was not widely adopted . He never received any royalties for the invention of the mouse . During an interview , he said SRI patented the mouse , but they really had no idea of its value . Some years later it was learned that they had licensed it to Apple Computer for something like $40,000 . Engelbart showcased the chorded keyboard and many more of his and ARCs inventions in 1968 at The Mother of All Demos . Tymshare and McDonnell Douglas . Engelbart slipped into relative obscurity by the mid-1970s . As early as 1970 , several of his researchers became alienated from him and left his organization for Xerox PARC , in part due to frustration , and in part due to differing views of the future of computing . Engelbart saw the future in collaborative , networked , timeshare ( client-server ) computers , which younger programmers rejected in favor of the personal computer . The conflict was both technical and ideological : the younger programmers came from an era where centralized power was highly suspect , and personal computing was just barely on the horizon . Beginning in 1972 , several key ARC personnel were involved in Erhard Seminars Training ( EST ) , with Engelbart ultimately serving on the corporations board of directors for many years . Although EST had been recommended by other researchers , the controversial nature of EST and other social experiments reduced the morale and social cohesion of the ARC community . The 1969 Mansfield Amendment , which ended military funding of non-military research , the end of the Vietnam War , and the end of the Apollo program gradually reduced ARCs funding from ARPA and NASA throughout the early 1970s . SRIs management , which disapproved of Engelbarts approach to running the center , placed the remains of ARC under the control of artificial intelligence researcher Bertram Raphael , who negotiated the transfer of the laboratory to a company called Tymshare in 1976 . Engelbarts house in Atherton , California burned down during this period , causing him and his family further problems . Tymshare took over NLS and the lab that Engelbart had founded , hired most of the labs staff ( including its creator as a Senior Scientist ) , renamed the software Augment , and offered it as a commercial service via its new Office Automation Division . Tymshare was already somewhat familiar with NLS ; when ARC was still operational , it had experimented with its own local copy of the NLS software on a minicomputer called OFFICE-1 , as part of a joint project with ARC . At Tymshare , Engelbart soon found himself further marginalized . Operational concerns at Tymshare overrode Engelbarts desire to conduct ongoing research . Various executives , first at Tymshare and later at McDonnell Douglas , which acquired Tymshare in 1984 , expressed interest in his ideas , but never committed the funds or the people to further develop them . His interest inside of McDonnell Douglas was focused on the enormous knowledge management and IT requirements involved in the life cycle of an aerospace program , which served to strengthen Engelbarts resolve to motivate the information technology arena toward global interoperability and an open hyperdocument system . Engelbart retired from McDonnell Douglas in 1986 , determined to pursue his work free from commercial pressure . Bootstrap and the Doug Engelbart Institute . Teaming with his daughter , Christina Engelbart , he founded the Bootstrap Institute in 1988 to coalesce his ideas into a series of three-day and half-day management seminars offered at Stanford University from 1989 to 2000 . By the early 1990s there was sufficient interest among his seminar graduates to launch a collaborative implementation of his work , and the Bootstrap Alliance was formed as a non-profit home base for this effort . Although the invasion of Iraq and subsequent recession spawned a rash of belt-tightening reorganizations which drastically redirected the efforts of their alliance partners , they continued with the management seminars , consulting , and small-scale collaborations . In the mid-1990s they were awarded some DARPA funding to develop a modern user interface to Augment , called Visual AugTerm ( VAT ) , while participating in a larger program addressing the IT requirements of the Joint Task Force . Engelbart was Founder Emeritus of the Doug Engelbart Institute , which he founded in 1988 with his daughter Christina Engelbart , who is Executive Director . The Institute promotes Engelbarts philosophy for boosting Collective IQ—the concept of dramatically improving how we can solve important problems together—using a strategic bootstrapping approach for accelerating our progress toward that goal . In 2005 , Engelbart received a National Science Foundation grant to fund the open source HyperScope project . The Hyperscope team built a browser component using Ajax and Dynamic HTML designed to replicate Augments multiple viewing and jumping capabilities ( linking within and across various documents ) . Later years and death . Engelbart attended the Program for the Future 2010 Conference where hundreds of people convened at The Tech Museum in San Jose and online to engage in dialog about how to pursue his vision to augment collective intelligence . The most complete coverage of Engelbarts bootstrapping ideas can be found in Boosting Our Collective IQ , by Douglas C . Engelbart , 1995 . This includes three of Engelbarts key papers , edited into book form by Yuri Rubinsky and Christina Engelbart to commemorate the presentation of the 1995 SoftQuad Web Award to Doug Engelbart at the World Wide Web conference in Boston in December 1995 . Only 2,000 softcover copies were printed , and 100 hardcover , numbered and signed by Engelbart and Tim Berners-Lee . Engelbarts book is now being republished by the Doug Engelbart Institute . Two comprehensive histories of Engelbarts laboratory and work are in What the Dormouse Said : How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry by John Markoff and A Heritage of Innovation : SRIs First Half Century by Donald Neilson . Other books on Engelbart and his laboratory include Bootstrapping : Douglas Engelbart , Coevolution , and the Origins of Personal Computing by Thierry Bardini and The Engelbart Hypothesis : Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart , by Valerie Landau and Eileen Clegg in conversation with Douglas Engelbart . All four of these books are based on interviews with Engelbart as well as other contributors in his laboratory . Engelbart served on the Advisory Boards of the University of Santa Clara Center for Science , Technology , and Society , Foresight Institute , Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility , The Technology Center of Silicon Valley , and The Liquid Information Company . Engelbart had four children , Gerda , Diana , Christina and Norman with his first wife Ballard , who died in 1997 after 47 years of marriage . He remarried on January 26 , 2008 to writer and producer Karen OLeary Engelbart . An 85th birthday celebration was held at the Tech Museum of Innovation . Engelbart died at his home in Atherton , California on July 2 , 2013 , due to kidney failure . His close friend and fellow internet pioneer , Ted Nelson , gave a speech paying tribute to Engelbart . According to the Doug Engelbart Institute , his death came after a long battle with Alzheimers disease , which he was diagnosed with in 2007 . Engelbart was 88 and was survived by his second wife , the four children from his first marriage , and nine grandchildren . Anecdotal notes . Historian of science Thierry Bardini argues that Engelbarts complex personal philosophy ( which drove all his research ) foreshadowed the modern application of the concept of coevolution to the philosophy and use of technology . Bardini points out that Engelbart was strongly influenced by the principle of linguistic relativity developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf . Where Whorf reasoned that the sophistication of a language controls the sophistication of the thoughts that can be expressed by a speaker of that language , Engelbart reasoned that the state of our current technology controls our ability to manipulate information , and that fact in turn will control our ability to develop new , improved technologies . He thus set himself to the revolutionary task of developing computer-based technologies for manipulating information directly , and also to improve individual and group processes for knowledge-work . Honors . Since the late 1980s , prominent individuals and organizations have recognized the seminal importance of Engelbarts contributions . In December 1995 , at the Fourth WWW Conference in Boston , he was the first recipient of what would later become the Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award . In 1997 he was awarded the Lemelson-MIT Prize of $500,000 , the worlds largest single prize for invention and innovation , and the ACM Turing Award . To mark the 30th anniversary of Engelbarts 1968 demo , in 1998 the Stanford Silicon Valley Archives and the Institute for the Future hosted Engelbarts Unfinished Revolution , a symposium at Stanford Universitys Memorial Auditorium , to honor Engelbart and his ideas . He was inducted into National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1998 . Also in 1998 , Association for Computing Machinery ( ACM ) SIGCHI awarded Engelbart the CHI Lifetime Achievement Award . ACM SIGCHI later inducted Engelbart into the CHI Academy in 2002 . Engelbart was awarded The Franklin Institutes Certificate of Merit in 1996 and the Benjamin Franklin Medal in 1999 in Computer and Cognitive Science . In early 2000 Engelbart produced , with volunteers and sponsors , what was called The Unfinished Revolution – II , also known as the Engelbart Colloquium at Stanford University , to document and publicize his work and ideas to a larger audience ( live , and online ) . In December 2000 , U.S . President Bill Clinton awarded Engelbart the National Medal of Technology , the countrys highest technology award . In 2001 he was awarded the British Computer Societys Lovelace Medal . In 2005 , he was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum for advancing the study of human–computer interaction , developing the mouse input device , and for the application of computers to improving organizational efficiency . He was honored with the Norbert Wiener Award , which is given annually by Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility . Robert X . Cringely did an hour-long interview with Engelbart on December 9 , 2005 in his NerdTV video podcast series . On December 9 , 2008 , Engelbart was honored at the 40th Anniversary celebration of the 1968 Mother of All Demos . This event , produced by SRI International , was held at Memorial Auditorium at Stanford University . Speakers included several members of Engelbarts original Augmentation Research Center ( ARC ) team including Don Andrews , Bill Paxton , Bill English , and Jeff Rulifson , Engelbarts chief government sponsor Bob Taylor , and other pioneers of interactive computing , including Andy van Dam and Alan Kay . In addition , Christina Engelbart spoke about her fathers early influences and the ongoing work of the Doug Engelbart Institute . In June 2009 , the New Media Consortium recognized Engelbart as an NMC Fellow for his lifetime of achievements . In 2011 , Engelbart was inducted into IEEE Intelligent Systems AIs Hall of Fame . Engelbart received the first honorary Doctor of Engineering and Technology degree from Yale University in May 2011 . |
Subsets and Splits