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"Changan"
] | easy | What’s the capital of Han dynasty from 190 to 195? | /wiki/Han_dynasty#P36#2 | Han dynasty The Han dynasty ( ) was the second imperial dynasty of China ( 202 BC – 220 AD ) , established by the rebel leader Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu . Preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty ( 221–206 BC ) and a warring interregnum known as the ChuHan contention ( 206–202 BC ) , it was briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty ( 9–23 AD ) established by the usurping regent Wang Mang , and was separated into two periods—the Western Han ( 202 BC–9 AD ) and the Eastern Han ( 25–220 AD ) —before being succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period ( 220–280 AD ) . Spanning over four centuries , the Han dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history , and influenced the identity of the Chinese civilization ever since . Modern Chinas majority ethnic group refers to themselves as the Han people , the Sinitic language is known as Han language , and the written Chinese is referred to as Han characters . The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society . He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class . The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the Qin known as commanderies , and a number of semi-autonomous kingdoms . These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of their independence , particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States . From the reign of Emperor Wu ( BC ) onward , the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics , synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu . This policy endured until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 AD . The Han dynasty saw an age of economic prosperity and witnessed a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty ( BC ) . The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty ( 618–907 AD ) . The period saw a number of limited institutional innovations . To finance its military campaigns and the settlement of newly conquered frontier territories , the Han government nationalized the private salt and iron industries in 117 BC , but these government monopolies were repealed during the Eastern Han dynasty . Science and technology during the Han period saw significant advances , including the process of papermaking , the nautical steering ship rudder , the use of negative numbers in mathematics , the raised-relief map , the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere for astronomy , and a seismometer employing an inverted pendulum that could be used to discern the cardinal direction of distant earthquakes . The Xiongnu , a nomadic steppe confederation , defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior and vassal partner for several decades , but continued their military raids on the Han borders . Emperor Wu launched several military campaigns against them . The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced the Xiongnu to accept vassal status as Han tributaries . These campaigns expanded Han sovereignty and control into the Tarim Basin of Central Asia , divided the Xiongnu into two separate confederations , and helped establish the vast trade network known as the Silk Road , which reached as far as the Mediterranean world . The territories north of Hans borders were quickly overrun by the nomadic Xianbei confederation . Emperor Wu also launched successful military expeditions in the south , annexing Nanyue in 111 BC and Dian in 109 BC , and in the Korean Peninsula where the Xuantu and Lelang Commanderies were established in 108 BC . After 92 AD , the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics , engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empresses dowager , causing the Hans ultimate downfall . Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion . Following the death of Emperor Ling ( AD ) , the palace eunuchs suffered wholesale massacre by military officers , allowing members of the aristocracy and military governors to become warlords and divide the empire . When Cao Pi , king of Wei , usurped the throne from Emperor Xian , the Han dynasty ceased to exist . Etymology . According to the Records of the Grand Historian , after the collapse of the Qin dynasty the hegemon Xiang Yu appointed Liu Bang as prince of the small fief of Hanzhong , named after its location on the Han River ( in modern southwest Shaanxi ) . Following Liu Bangs victory in the Chu–Han Contention , the resulting Han dynasty was named after the Hanzhong fief . History . Western Han . Chinas first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty ( 221–207 BC ) . The Qin united the Chinese Warring States by conquest , but their regime became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huang . Within four years , the dynastys authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion . Two former rebel leaders , Xiang Yu ( d . 202 BC ) of Chu and Liu Bang ( d . 195 BC ) of Han , engaged in a war to decide who would become hegemon of China , which had fissured into 18 kingdoms , each claiming allegiance to either Xiang Yu or Liu Bang . Although Xiang Yu proved to be an effective commander , Liu Bang defeated him at Battle of Gaixia ( 202 BC ) , in modern-day Anhui . Liu Bang assumed the title emperor ( huangdi ) at the urging of his followers and is known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu ( BC ) . Changan ( known today as Xian ) was chosen as the new capital of the reunified empire under Han . At the beginning of the Western Han ( ) , also known as the Former Han ( ) dynasty , thirteen centrally controlled commanderies—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire , while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms . To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu , Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed some of them as kings . By 196 BC , the Han court had replaced all but one of these kings ( the exception being in Changsha ) with royal Liu family members , since the loyalty of non-relatives to the throne was questioned . After several insurrections by Han kings—the largest being the Rebellion of the Seven States in 154 BC—the imperial court enacted a series of reforms beginning in 145 BC limiting the size and power of these kingdoms and dividing their former territories into new centrally controlled commanderies . Kings were no longer able to appoint their own staff ; this duty was assumed by the imperial court . Kings became nominal heads of their fiefs and collected a portion of tax revenues as their personal incomes . The kingdoms were never entirely abolished and existed throughout the remainder of Western and Eastern Han . To the north of China proper , the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu ( BC ) conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the Eurasian Steppe . By the end of his reign , he controlled Manchuria , Mongolia , and the Tarim Basin , subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand . Emperor Gaozu was troubled about the abundant Han-manufactured iron weapons traded to the Xiongnu along the northern borders , and he established a trade embargo against the group . In retaliation , the Xiongnu invaded what is now Shanxi province , where they defeated the Han forces at Baideng in 200 BC . After negotiations , the heqin agreement in 198 BC nominally held the leaders of the Xiongnu and the Han as equal partners in a royal marriage alliance , but the Han were forced to send large amounts of tribute items such as silk clothes , food , and wine to the Xiongnu . Despite the tribute and a negotiation between Laoshang Chanyu ( BC ) and Emperor Wen ( BC ) to reopen border markets , many of the Chanyus Xiongnu subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the Great Wall for additional goods . In a court conference assembled by Emperor Wu ( BC ) in 135 BC , the majority consensus of the ministers was to retain the heqin agreement . Emperor Wu accepted this , despite continuing Xiongnu raids . However , a court conference the following year convinced the majority that a limited engagement at Mayi involving the assassination of the Chanyu would throw the Xiongnu realm into chaos and benefit the Han . When this plot failed in 133 BC , Emperor Wu launched a series of massive military invasions into Xiongnu territory . The assault culminated in 119 BC at the Battle of Mobei , where the Han commanders Huo Qubing ( d . 117 BC ) and Wei Qing ( d . 106 BC ) forced the Xiongnu court to flee north of the Gobi Desert . After Wus reign , Han forces continued to prevail against the Xiongnu . The Xiongnu leader Huhanye Chanyu ( BC ) finally submitted to Han as a tributary vassal in 51 BC . His rival claimant to the throne , Zhizhi Chanyu ( BC ) , was killed by Chen Tang and Gan Yanshou ( 甘延壽/甘延寿 ) at the Battle of Zhizhi , in modern Taraz , Kazakhstan . In 121 BC , Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur . They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC . In that year , the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region : Jiuquan , Zhangyi , Dunhuang , and Wuwei . The majority of people on the frontier were soldiers . On occasion , the court forcibly moved peasant farmers to new frontier settlements , along with government-owned slaves and convicts who performed hard labor . The court also encouraged commoners , such as farmers , merchants , landowners , and hired laborers , to voluntarily migrate to the frontier . Even before Hans expansion into Central Asia , diplomat Zhang Qians travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations . Zhang encountered Dayuan ( Fergana ) , Kangju ( Sogdiana ) , and Daxia ( Bactria , formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom ) ; he also gathered information on Shendu ( Indus River valley of North India ) and Anxi ( the Parthian Empire ) . All of these countries eventually received Han embassies . These connections marked the beginning of the Silk Road trade network that extended to the Roman Empire , bringing Han items like silk to Rome and Roman goods such as glasswares to China . From roughly 115 to 60 BC , Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin . Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC , which dealt with the regions defense and foreign affairs . The Han also expanded southward . The naval conquest of Nanyue in 111 BC expanded the Han realm into what are now modern Guangdong , Guangxi , and northern Vietnam . Yunnan was brought into the Han realm with the conquest of the Dian Kingdom in 109 BC , followed by parts of the Korean Peninsula with the Han conquest of Gojoseon and colonial establishments of Xuantu Commandery and Lelang Commandery in 108 BC . In Chinas first known nationwide census taken in 2 AD , the population was registered as having 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households . To pay for his military campaigns and colonial expansion , Emperor Wu nationalized several private industries . He created central government monopolies administered largely by former merchants . These monopolies included salt , iron , and liquor production , as well as bronze-coin currency . The liquor monopoly lasted only from 98 to 81 BC , and the salt and iron monopolies were eventually abolished in early Eastern Han . The issuing of coinage remained a central government monopoly throughout the rest of the Han dynasty . The government monopolies were eventually repealed when a political faction known as the Reformists gained greater influence in the court . The Reformists opposed the Modernist faction that had dominated court politics in Emperor Wus reign and during the subsequent regency of Huo Guang ( d . 68 BC ) . The Modernists argued for an aggressive and expansionary foreign policy supported by revenues from heavy government intervention in the private economy . The Reformists , however , overturned these policies , favoring a cautious , non-expansionary approach to foreign policy , frugal budget reform , and lower tax-rates imposed on private entrepreneurs . Wang Mangs reign and civil war . Wang Zhengjun ( 71 BC–13 AD ) was first empress , then empress dowager , and finally grand empress dowager during the reigns of the Emperors Yuan ( BC ) , Cheng ( BC ) , and Ai ( BC ) , respectively . During this time , a succession of her male relatives held the title of regent . Following the death of Ai , Wang Zhengjuns nephew Wang Mang ( 45 BC–23 AD ) was appointed regent as Marshall of State on 16 August under Emperor Ping ( AD ) . When Ping died on 3 February 6 AD , Ruzi Ying ( d . 25 AD ) was chosen as the heir and Wang Mang was appointed to serve as acting emperor for the child . Wang promised to relinquish his control to Liu Ying once he came of age . Despite this promise , and against protest and revolts from the nobility , Wang Mang claimed on 10 January that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the Han dynasty and the beginning of his own : the Xin dynasty ( 9–23 AD ) . Wang Mang initiated a series of major reforms that were ultimately unsuccessful . These reforms included outlawing slavery , nationalizing land to equally distribute between households , and introducing new currencies , a change which debased the value of coinage . Although these reforms provoked considerable opposition , Wangs regime met its ultimate downfall with the massive floods of AD and 11 AD . Gradual silt buildup in the Yellow River had raised its water level and overwhelmed the flood control works . The Yellow River split into two new branches : one emptying to the north and the other to the south of the Shandong Peninsula , though Han engineers managed to dam the southern branch by 70 AD . The flood dislodged thousands of peasant farmers , many of whom joined roving bandit and rebel groups such as the Red Eyebrows to survive . Wang Mangs armies were incapable of quelling these enlarged rebel groups . Eventually , an insurgent mob forced their way into the Weiyang Palace and killed Wang Mang . The Gengshi Emperor ( AD ) , a descendant of Emperor Jing ( BC ) , attempted to restore the Han dynasty and occupied Changan as his capital . However , he was overwhelmed by the Red Eyebrow rebels who deposed , assassinated , and replaced him with the puppet monarch Liu Penzi . Gengshis distant cousin Liu Xiu , known posthumously as Emperor Guangwu ( AD ) , after distinguishing himself at the Battle of Kunyang in 23 AD , was urged to succeed Gengshi as emperor . Under Guangwus rule the Han Empire was restored . Guangwu made Luoyang his capital in 25 AD , and by 27 AD his officers Deng Yu and Feng Yi had forced the Red Eyebrows to surrender and executed their leaders for treason . From 26 until 36 AD , Emperor Guangwu had to wage war against other regional warlords who claimed the title of emperor ; when these warlords were defeated , China reunified under the Han . The period between the foundation of the Han dynasty and Wang Mangs reign is known as the Western Han ( ) or Former Han ( ) ( 206 BC–9 AD ) . During this period the capital was at Changan ( modern Xian ) . From the reign of Guangwu the capital was moved eastward to Luoyang . The era from his reign until the fall of Han is known as the Eastern Han or Later Han ( 25–220 AD ) . Eastern Han . The Eastern Han ( ) , also known as the Later Han ( ) , formally began on 5 August AD 25 , when Liu Xiu became Emperor Guangwu of Han . During the widespread rebellion against Wang Mang , the state of Goguryeo was free to raid Hans Korean commanderies ; Han did not reaffirm its control over the region until AD 30 . The Trưng Sisters of Vietnam rebelled against Han in AD 40 . Their rebellion was crushed by Han general Ma Yuan ( d . AD 49 ) in a campaign from AD 42–43 . Wang Mang renewed hostilities against the Xiongnu , who were estranged from Han until their leader Bi ( 比 ) , a rival claimant to the throne against his cousin Punu ( 蒲奴 ) , submitted to Han as a tributary vassal in AD 50 . This created two rival Xiongnu states : the Southern Xiongnu led by Bi , an ally of Han , and the Northern Xiongnu led by Punu , an enemy of Han . During the turbulent reign of Wang Mang , China lost control over the Tarim Basin , which was conquered by the Northern Xiongnu in AD 63 and used as a base to invade the Hexi Corridor in Gansu . Dou Gu ( d . 88 AD ) defeated the Northern Xiongnu at the Battle of Yiwulu in AD 73 , evicting them from Turpan and chasing them as far as Lake Barkol before establishing a garrison at Hami . After the new Protector General of the Western Regions Chen Mu ( d . AD 75 ) was killed by allies of the Xiongnu in Karasahr and Kucha , the garrison at Hami was withdrawn . At the Battle of Ikh Bayan in AD 89 , Dou Xian ( d . AD 92 ) defeated the Northern Xiongnu chanyu who then retreated into the Altai Mountains . After the Northern Xiongnu fled into the Ili River valley in AD 91 , the nomadic Xianbei occupied the area from the borders of the Buyeo Kingdom in Manchuria to the Ili River of the Wusun people . The Xianbei reached their apogee under Tanshihuai ( 檀石槐 ) ( d . AD 180 ) , who consistently defeated Chinese armies . However , Tanshihuais confederation disintegrated after his death . Ban Chao ( d . AD 102 ) enlisted the aid of the Kushan Empire , occupying the area of modern India , Pakistan , Afghanistan , and Tajikistan , to subdue Kashgar and its ally Sogdiana . When a request by Kushan ruler Vima Kadphises ( ) for a marriage alliance with the Han was rejected in AD 90 , he sent his forces to Wakhan ( Afghanistan ) to attack Ban Chao . The conflict ended with the Kushans withdrawing because of lack of supplies . In AD 91 , the office of Protector General of the Western Regions was reinstated when it was bestowed on Ban Chao . Foreign travelers to Eastern-Han China include Buddhist monks who translated works into Chinese , such as An Shigao from Parthia , and Lokaksema from Kushan-era Gandhara , India . In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans , the Han Empire received gifts from the Parthian Empire , from a king in modern Burma , from a ruler in Japan , and initiated an unsuccessful mission to Daqin ( Rome ) in AD 97 with Gan Ying as emissary . A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius ( AD ) is recorded in the Weilüe and Hou Hanshu to have reached the court of Emperor Huan of Han ( AD ) in AD 166 , yet Rafe de Crespigny asserts that this was most likely a group of Roman merchants . In addition to Roman glasswares and coins found in China , Roman medallions from the reign of Antoninus Pius and his adopted son Marcus Aurelius have been found at Óc Eo in Vietnam . This was near the commandery of Rinan ( also Jiaozhi ) where Chinese sources claim the Romans first landed , as well as embassies from Tianzhu ( in northern India ) in the years 159 and 161 . Óc Eo is also thought to be the port city Cattigara described by Ptolemy in his Geography ( AD ) as lying east of the Golden Chersonese ( Malay Peninsula ) along the Magnus Sinus ( i.e . Gulf of Thailand and South China Sea ) , where a Greek sailor had visited . Emperor Zhangs ( AD ) reign came to be viewed by later Eastern Han scholars as the high point of the dynastic house . Subsequent reigns were increasingly marked by eunuch intervention in court politics and their involvement in the violent power struggles of the imperial consort clans . In 92 AD , with the aid of the eunuch Zheng Zhong ( d . 107 AD ) , Emperor He ( AD ) had Empress Dowager Dou ( d . 97 AD ) put under house arrest and her clan stripped of power . This was in revenge for Dous purging of the clan of his natural mother—Consort Liang—and then concealing her identity from him . After Emperor Hes death , his wife Empress Deng Sui ( d . 121 AD ) managed state affairs as the regent empress dowager during a turbulent financial crisis and widespread Qiang rebellion that lasted from 107 to 118 AD . When Empress Dowager Deng died , Emperor An ( AD ) was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs Li Run ( ) and Jiang Jing ( ) that Deng and her family had planned to depose him . An dismissed Dengs clan members from office , exiled them and forced many to commit suicide . After Ans death , his wife , Empress Dowager Yan ( d . 126 AD ) placed the child Marquess of Beixiang on the throne in an attempt to retain power within her family . However , palace eunuch Sun Cheng ( d . 132 AD ) masterminded a successful overthrow of her regime to enthrone Emperor Shun of Han ( AD ) . Yan was placed under house arrest , her relatives were either killed or exiled , and her eunuch allies were slaughtered . The regent Liang Ji ( d . 159 AD ) , brother of Empress Liang Na ( d . 150 AD ) , had the brother-in-law of Consort Deng Mengnü ( later empress ) ( d . 165 AD ) killed after Deng Mengnü resisted Liang Jis attempts to control her . Afterward , Emperor Huan employed eunuchs to depose Liang Ji , who was then forced to commit suicide . Students from the Imperial University organized a widespread student protest against the eunuchs of Emperor Huans court . Huan further alienated the bureaucracy when he initiated grandiose construction projects and hosted thousands of concubines in his harem at a time of economic crisis . Palace eunuchs imprisoned the official Li Ying ( ) and his associates from the Imperial University on a dubious charge of treason . In 167 AD , the Grand Commandant Dou Wu ( d . 168 AD ) convinced his son-in-law , Emperor Huan , to release them . However the emperor permanently barred Li Ying and his associates from serving in office , marking the beginning of the Partisan Prohibitions . Following Huans death , Dou Wu and the Grand Tutor Chen Fan ( d . 168 AD ) attempted a coup détat against the eunuchs Hou Lan ( d . 172 AD ) , Cao Jie ( d . 181 AD ) , and Wang Fu ( ) . When the plot was uncovered , the eunuchs arrested Empress Dowager Dou ( d . 172 AD ) and Chen Fan . General Zhang Huan ( ) favored the eunuchs . He and his troops confronted Dou Wu and his retainers at the palace gate where each side shouted accusations of treason against the other . When the retainers gradually deserted Dou Wu , he was forced to commit suicide . Under Emperor Ling ( AD ) the eunuchs had the partisan prohibitions renewed and expanded , while also auctioning off top government offices . Many affairs of state were entrusted to the eunuchs Zhao Zhong ( d . 189 AD ) and Zhang Rang ( d . 189 AD ) while Emperor Ling spent much of his time roleplaying with concubines and participating in military parades . End of the Han dynasty . The Partisan Prohibitions were repealed during the Yellow Turban Rebellion and Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion in 184 AD , largely because the court did not want to continue to alienate a significant portion of the gentry class who might otherwise join the rebellions . The Yellow Turbans and Five-Pecks-of-Rice adherents belonged to two different hierarchical Daoist religious societies led by faith healers Zhang Jue ( d . 184 AD ) and Zhang Lu ( d . 216 AD ) , respectively . Zhang Lus rebellion , in modern northern Sichuan and southern Shaanxi , was not quelled until 215 AD . Zhang Jues massive rebellion across eight provinces was annihilated by Han forces within a year , however the following decades saw much smaller recurrent uprisings . Although the Yellow Turbans were defeated , many generals appointed during the crisis never disbanded their assembled militia forces and used these troops to amass power outside of the collapsing imperial authority . General-in-Chief He Jin ( d . 189 AD ) , half-brother to Empress He ( d . 189 AD ) , plotted with Yuan Shao ( d . 202 AD ) to overthrow the eunuchs by having several generals march to the outskirts of the capital . There , in a written petition to Empress He , they demanded the eunuchs execution . After a period of hesitation , Empress He consented . When the eunuchs discovered this , however , they had her brother He Miao ( ) rescind the order . The eunuchs assassinated He Jin on September 22 , 189 AD . Yuan Shao then besieged Luoyangs Northern Palace while his brother Yuan Shu ( d . 199 AD ) besieged the Southern Palace . On September 25 both palaces were breached and approximately two thousand eunuchs were killed . Zhang Rang had previously fled with Emperor Shao ( AD ) and his brother Liu Xie—the future Emperor Xian of Han ( AD ) . While being pursued by the Yuan brothers , Zhang committed suicide by jumping into the Yellow River . General Dong Zhuo ( d . 192 AD ) found the young emperor and his brother wandering in the countryside . He escorted them safely back to the capital and was made Minister of Works , taking control of Luoyang and forcing Yuan Shao to flee . After Dong Zhuo demoted Emperor Shao and promoted his brother Liu Xie as Emperor Xian , Yuan Shao led a coalition of former officials and officers against Dong , who burned Luoyang to the ground and resettled the court at Changan in May 191 AD . Dong Zhuo later poisoned Emperor Shao . Dong was killed by his adopted son Lü Bu ( d . 198 AD ) in a plot hatched by Wang Yun ( d . 192 AD ) . Emperor Xian fled from Changan in 195 AD to the ruins of Luoyang . Xian was persuaded by Cao Cao ( 155–220 AD ) , then Governor of Yan Province in modern western Shandong and eastern Henan , to move the capital to Xuchang in 196 AD . Yuan Shao challenged Cao Cao for control over the emperor . Yuans power was greatly diminished after Cao defeated him at the Battle of Guandu in 200 AD . After Yuan died , Cao killed Yuan Shaos son Yuan Tan ( 173–205 AD ) , who had fought with his brothers over the family inheritance . His brothers Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi were killed in 207 AD by Gongsun Kang ( d . 221 AD ) , who sent their heads to Cao Cao . After Caos defeat at the naval Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD , China was divided into three spheres of influence , with Cao Cao dominating the north , Sun Quan ( 182–252 AD ) dominating the south , and Liu Bei ( 161–223 AD ) dominating the west . Cao Cao died in March 220 AD . By December his son Cao Pi ( 187–226 AD ) had Emperor Xian relinquish the throne to him and is known posthumously as Emperor Wen of Wei . This formally ended the Han dynasty and initiated an age of conflict between three states : Cao Wei , Eastern Wu , and Shu Han . Culture and society . Social class . In the hierarchical social order , the emperor was at the apex of Han society and government . However the emperor was often a minor , ruled over by a regent such as the empress dowager or one of her male relatives . Ranked immediately below the emperor were the kings who were of the same Liu family clan . The rest of society , including nobles lower than kings and all commoners excluding slaves belonged to one of twenty ranks ( ershi gongcheng ) . Each successive rank gave its holder greater pensions and legal privileges . The highest rank , of full marquess , came with a state pension and a territorial fiefdom . Holders of the rank immediately below , that of ordinary marquess , received a pension , but had no territorial rule . Officials who served in government belonged to the wider commoner social class and were ranked just below nobles in social prestige . The highest government officials could be enfeoffed as marquesses . By the Eastern Han period , local elites of unattached scholars , teachers , students , and government officials began to identify themselves as members of a larger , nationwide gentry class with shared values and a commitment to mainstream scholarship . When the government became noticeably corrupt in mid-to-late Eastern Han , many gentrymen even considered the cultivation of morally grounded personal relationships more important than serving in public office . The farmer , or specifically the small landowner-cultivator , was ranked just below scholars and officials in the social hierarchy . Other agricultural cultivators were of a lower status , such as tenants , wage laborers , and slaves . The Han dynasty made adjustments to slavery in China and saw an increase in agricultural slaves . Artisans , technicians , tradespeople and craftsmen had a legal and socioeconomic status between that of owner-cultivator farmers and common merchants . State-registered merchants , who were forced by law to wear white-colored clothes and pay high commercial taxes , were considered by the gentry as social parasites with a contemptible status . These were often petty shopkeepers of urban marketplaces ; merchants such as industrialists and itinerant traders working between a network of cities could avoid registering as merchants and were often wealthier and more powerful than the vast majority of government officials . Wealthy landowners , such as nobles and officials , often provided lodging for retainers who provided valuable work or duties , sometimes including fighting bandits or riding into battle . Unlike slaves , retainers could come and go from their masters home as they pleased . Medical physicians , pig breeders , and butchers had a fairly high social status , while occultist diviners , runners , and messengers had low status . Marriage , gender , and kinship . The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household . Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house , unlike families of later dynasties . According to Confucian family norms , various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy . For example , there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle . Marriages were highly ritualized , particularly for the wealthy , and included many important steps . The giving of betrothal gifts , known as bridewealth and dowry , were especially important . A lack of either was considered dishonorable and the woman would have been seen not as a wife , but as a concubine . Arranged marriages were normal , with the fathers input on his offsprings spouse being considered more important than the mothers . Monogamous marriages were also normal , although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers . Under certain conditions dictated by custom , not law , both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry . However , a woman who had been widowed continued to belong to her husbands family after his death . In order to remarry , the widow would have to be returned to her family in exchange for a ransom fee . Her children would not be allowed to go with her . Apart from the passing of noble titles or ranks , inheritance practices did not involve primogeniture ; each son received an equal share of the family property . Unlike the practice in later dynasties , the father usually sent his adult married sons away with their portions of the family fortune . Daughters received a portion of the family fortune through their marriage dowries , though this was usually much less than the shares of sons . A different distribution of the remainder could be specified in a will , but it is unclear how common this was . Women were expected to obey the will of their father , then their husband , and then their adult son in old age . However , it is known from contemporary sources that there were many deviations to this rule , especially in regard to mothers over their sons , and empresses who ordered around and openly humiliated their fathers and brothers . Women were exempt from the annual corvée labor duties , but often engaged in a range of income-earning occupations aside from their domestic chores of cooking and cleaning . The most common occupation for women was weaving clothes for the family , sale at market or for large textile enterprises that employed hundreds of women . Other women helped on their brothers farms or became singers , dancers , sorceresses , respected medical physicians , and successful merchants who could afford their own silk clothes . Some women formed spinning collectives , aggregating the resources of several different families . Education , literature , and philosophy . The early Western Han court simultaneously accepted the philosophical teachings of Legalism , Huang-Lao Daoism , and Confucianism in making state decisions and shaping government policy . However , the Han court under Emperor Wu gave Confucianism exclusive patronage . He abolished all academic chairs or erudites ( bóshì 博士 ) not dealing with the Confucian Five Classics in 136 BCE and encouraged nominees for office to receive a Confucian-based education at the Imperial University that he established in 124 BCE . Unlike the original ideology espoused by Confucius , or Kongzi ( 551–479 BCE ) , Han Confucianism in Emperor Wus reign was the creation of Dong Zhongshu ( 179–104 BCE ) . Dong was a scholar and minor official who aggregated the ethical Confucian ideas of ritual , filial piety , and harmonious relationships with five phases and yin-yang cosmologies . Much to the interest of the ruler , Dongs synthesis justified the imperial system of government within the natural order of the universe . The Imperial University grew in importance as the student body grew to over 30,000 by the 2nd century CE . A Confucian-based education was also made available at commandery-level schools and private schools opened in small towns , where teachers earned respectable incomes from tuition payments . Some important texts were created and studied by scholars . Philosophical works written by Yang Xiong ( 53 BCE – 18 CE ) , Huan Tan ( 43 BCE – 28 CE ) , Wang Chong ( 27–100 CE ) , and Wang Fu ( 78–163 CE ) questioned whether human nature was innately good or evil and posed challenges to Dongs universal order . The Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Tan ( d . 110 BCE ) and his son Sima Qian ( 145–86 BCE ) established the standard model for all of imperial Chinas Standard Histories , such as the Book of Han written by Ban Biao ( 3–54 CE ) , his son Ban Gu ( 32–92 CE ) , and his daughter Ban Zhao ( 45–116 CE ) . There were dictionaries such as the Shuowen Jiezi by Xu Shen ( – CE ) and the Fangyan by Yang Xiong . Biographies on important figures were written by various gentrymen . Han dynasty poetry was dominated by the fu genre , which achieved its greatest prominence during the reign of Emperor Wu . Law and order . Han scholars such as Jia Yi ( 201–169 BCE ) portrayed the previous Qin dynasty as a brutal regime . However , archaeological evidence from Zhangjiashan and Shuihudi reveal that many of the statutes in the Han law code compiled by Chancellor Xiao He ( d . 193 BCE ) were derived from Qin law . Various cases for rape , physical abuse and murder were prosecuted in court . Women , although usually having fewer rights by custom , were allowed to level civil and criminal charges against men . While suspects were jailed , convicted criminals were never imprisoned . Instead , punishments were commonly monetary fines , periods of forced hard labor for convicts , and the penalty of death by beheading . Early Han punishments of torturous mutilation were borrowed from Qin law . A series of reforms abolished mutilation punishments with progressively less-severe beatings by the bastinado . Acting as a judge in lawsuits was one of many duties of the county magistrate and Administrators of commanderies . Complex , high-profile or unresolved cases were often deferred to the Minister of Justice in the capital or even the emperor . In each Han county was several districts , each overseen by a chief of police . Order in the cities was maintained by government officers in the marketplaces and constables in the neighborhoods . Food . The most common staple crops consumed during Han were wheat , barley , foxtail millet , proso millet , rice , and beans . Commonly eaten fruits and vegetables included chestnuts , pears , plums , peaches , melons , apricots , strawberries , red bayberries , jujubes , calabash , bamboo shoots , mustard plant , and taro . Domesticated animals that were also eaten included chickens , Mandarin ducks , geese , cows , sheep , pigs , camels , and dogs ( various types were bred specifically for food , while most were used as pets ) . Turtles and fish were taken from streams and lakes . Commonly hunted game , such as owl , pheasant , magpie , sika deer , and Chinese bamboo partridge were consumed . Seasonings included sugar , honey , salt , and soy sauce . Beer and wine were regularly consumed . Clothing . The types of clothing worn and the materials used during the Han period depended upon social class . Wealthy folk could afford silk robes , skirts , socks , and mittens , coats made of badger or fox fur , duck plumes , and slippers with inlaid leather , pearls , and silk lining . Peasants commonly wore clothes made of hemp , wool , and ferret skins . Religion , cosmology , and metaphysics . Families throughout Han China made ritual sacrifices of animals and food to deities , spirits , and ancestors at temples and shrines . They believed that these items could be utilized by those in the spiritual realm . It was thought that each person had a two-part soul : the spirit-soul ( hun 魂 ) which journeyed to the afterlife paradise of immortals ( xian ) , and the body-soul ( po 魄 ) which remained in its grave or tomb on earth and was only reunited with the spirit-soul through a ritual ceremony . In addition to his many other roles , the emperor acted as the highest priest in the land who made sacrifices to Heaven , the main deities known as the Five Powers , and the spirits ( shen 神 ) of mountains and rivers . It was believed that the three realms of Heaven , Earth , and Mankind were linked by natural cycles of yin and yang and the five phases . If the emperor did not behave according to proper ritual , ethics , and morals , he could disrupt the fine balance of these cosmological cycles and cause calamities such as earthquakes , floods , droughts , epidemics , and swarms of locusts . It was believed that immortality could be achieved if one reached the lands of the Queen Mother of the West or Mount Penglai . Han-era Daoists assembled into small groups of hermits who attempted to achieve immortality through breathing exercises , sexual techniques and use of medical elixirs . By the 2nd century CE , Daoists formed large hierarchical religious societies such as the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice . Its followers believed that the sage-philosopher Laozi ( ) was a holy prophet who would offer salvation and good health if his devout followers would confess their sins , ban the worship of unclean gods who accepted meat sacrifices and chant sections of the Daodejing . Buddhism first entered Imperial China through the Silk Road during the Eastern Han , and was first mentioned in 65 CE . Liu Ying ( d . 71 CE ) , a half-brother to Emperor Ming of Han ( CE ) , was one of its earliest Chinese adherents , although Chinese Buddhism at this point was heavily associated with Huang-Lao Daoism . Chinas first known Buddhist temple , the White Horse Temple , was constructed outside the wall of the capital , Luoyang , during Emperor Mings reign . Important Buddhist canons were translated into Chinese during the 2nd century CE , including the Sutra of Forty-two Chapters , Perfection of Wisdom , Shurangama Sutra , and Pratyutpanna Sutra . Government and politics . Central government . In Han government , the emperor was the supreme judge and lawgiver , the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and sole designator of official nominees appointed to the top posts in central and local administrations ; those who earned a 600-bushel salary-rank or higher . Theoretically , there were no limits to his power . However , state organs with competing interests and institutions such as the court conference ( tingyi 廷議 ) —where ministers were convened to reach majority consensus on an issue—pressured the emperor to accept the advice of his ministers on policy decisions . If the emperor rejected a court conference decision , he risked alienating his high ministers . Nevertheless , emperors sometimes did reject the majority opinion reached at court conferences . Below the emperor were his cabinet members known as the Three Councillors of State ( San gong 三公 ) . These were the Chancellor or Minister over the Masses ( Chengxiang 丞相 or Da situ 大司徒 ) , the Imperial Counselor or Excellency of Works ( Yushi dafu 御史大夫 or Da sikong 大司空 ) , and Grand Commandant or Grand Marshal ( Taiwei 太尉 or Da sima 大司馬 ) . The Chancellor , whose title was changed to Minister over the Masses in 8 BC , was chiefly responsible for drafting the government budget . The Chancellors other duties included managing provincial registers for land and population , leading court conferences , acting as judge in lawsuits and recommending nominees for high office . He could appoint officials below the salary-rank of 600 bushels . The Imperial Counselors chief duty was to conduct disciplinary procedures for officials . He shared similar duties with the Chancellor , such as receiving annual provincial reports . However , when his title was changed to Minister of Works in 8 BC , his chief duty became oversight of public works projects . The Grand Commandant , whose title was changed to Grand Marshal in 119 BC before reverting to Grand Commandant in 51 AD , was the irregularly posted commander of the military and then regent during the Western Han period . In the Eastern Han era he was chiefly a civil official who shared many of the same censorial powers as the other two Councillors of State . Ranked below the Three Councillors of State were the Nine Ministers ( Jiu qing 九卿 ) , who each headed a specialized ministry . The Minister of Ceremonies ( Taichang 太常 ) was the chief official in charge of religious rites , rituals , prayers and the maintenance of ancestral temples and altars . The Minister of the Household ( Guang lu xun 光祿勳 ) was in charge of the emperors security within the palace grounds , external imperial parks and wherever the emperor made an outing by chariot . The Minister of the Guards ( Weiwei 衛尉 ) was responsible for securing and patrolling the walls , towers , and gates of the imperial palaces . The Minister Coachman ( Taipu 太僕 ) was responsible for the maintenance of imperial stables , horses , carriages and coach-houses for the emperor and his palace attendants , as well as the supply of horses for the armed forces . The Minister of Justice ( Tingwei 廷尉 ) was the chief official in charge of upholding , administering , and interpreting the law . The Minister Herald ( Da honglu 大鴻臚 ) was the chief official in charge of receiving honored guests at the imperial court , such as nobles and foreign ambassadors . The Minister of the Imperial Clan ( Zongzheng 宗正 ) oversaw the imperial courts interactions with the empires nobility and extended imperial family , such as granting fiefs and titles . The Minister of Finance ( Da sinong 大司農 ) was the treasurer for the official bureaucracy and the armed forces who handled tax revenues and set standards for units of measurement . The Minister Steward ( Shaofu 少府 ) served the emperor exclusively , providing him with entertainment and amusements , proper food and clothing , medicine and physical care , valuables and equipment . Local government . The Han empire , excluding kingdoms and marquessates , was divided , in descending order of size , into political units of provinces , commanderies , and counties . A county was divided into several districts ( xiang 鄉 ) , the latter composed of a group of hamlets ( li 里 ) , each containing about a hundred families . The heads of provinces , whose official title was changed from Inspector to Governor and vice versa several times during Han , were responsible for inspecting several commandery-level and kingdom-level administrations . On the basis of their reports , the officials in these local administrations would be promoted , demoted , dismissed or prosecuted by the imperial court . A governor could take various actions without permission from the imperial court . The lower-ranked inspector had executive powers only during times of crisis , such as raising militias across the commanderies under his jurisdiction to suppress a rebellion . A commandery consisted of a group of counties , and was headed by an Administrator . He was the top civil and military leader of the commandery and handled defense , lawsuits , seasonal instructions to farmers and recommendations of nominees for office sent annually to the capital in a quota system first established by Emperor Wu . The head of a large county of about 10,000 households was called a Prefect , while the heads of smaller counties were called Chiefs , and both could be referred to as Magistrates . A Magistrate maintained law and order in his county , registered the populace for taxation , mobilized commoners for annual corvée duties , repaired schools and supervised public works . Kingdoms and marquessates . Kingdoms—roughly the size of commanderies—were ruled exclusively by the emperors male relatives as semi-autonomous fiefdoms . Before 157 BC some kingdoms were ruled by non-relatives , granted to them in return for their services to Emperor Gaozu . The administration of each kingdom was very similar to that of the central government . Although the emperor appointed the Chancellor of each kingdom , kings appointed all the remaining civil officials in their fiefs . However , in 145 BC , after several insurrections by the kings , Emperor Jing removed the kings rights to appoint officials whose salaries were higher than 400 bushels . The Imperial Counselors and Nine Ministers ( excluding the Minister Coachman ) of every kingdom were abolished , although the Chancellor was still appointed by the central government . With these reforms , kings were reduced to being nominal heads of their fiefs , gaining a personal income from only a portion of the taxes collected in their kingdom . Similarly , the officials in the administrative staff of a full marquesss fief were appointed by the central government . A marquesss Chancellor was ranked as the equivalent of a county Prefect . Like a king , the marquess collected a portion of the tax revenues in his fief as personal income . Up until the reign of Emperor Jing of Han , the Emperors of the Han had great difficulty bringing the vassal kings under control , as kings often switched their allegiance to the Xiongnu Chanyu whenever threatened by Imperial attempts to centralize power . Within the seven years of Han Gaozus reign , three vassal kings and one marquess either defected to or allied with the Xiongnu . Even imperial princes in control of fiefdoms would sometimes invite the Xiongnu to invade in response to threats by the Emperor to remove their power . The Han emperors moved to secure a treaty with the Chanyu to demarcate authority between them , recognizing each other as the two masters ( 兩主 ) , the sole representatives of their respective peoples , cemented with a marriage alliance ( heqin ) , before eliminating the rebellious vassal kings in 154 BC . This prompted some vassal kings of the Xiongnu to switch their allegiance to the Han emperor from 147 BC . Han court officials were initially hostile to the idea of disrupting the status quo and expanding into the Xiongnu steppe territory . The surrendered Xiongnu were integrated into a parallel military and political structure under the Han Emperor , and opened the avenue for the Han dynasty to challenge the Xiongnu cavalry on the steppe . This also introduced the Han to the interstate networks in the Tarim Basin ( Xinjiang ) , allowing for the expansion of the Han dynasty from a limited regional state to a universalist and cosmopolitan empire through further marriage alliances with another steppe power , the Wusun . Military . At the beginning of the Han dynasty , every male commoner aged twenty-three was liable for conscription into the military . The minimum age for the military draft was reduced to twenty after Emperor Zhaos ( BC ) reign . Conscripted soldiers underwent one year of training and one year of service as non-professional soldiers . The year of training was served in one of three branches of the armed forces : infantry , cavalry or navy . The year of active service was served either on the frontier , in a kings court or under the Minister of the Guards in the capital . A small professional ( paid ) standing army was stationed near the capital . During the Eastern Han , conscription could be avoided if one paid a commutable tax . The Eastern Han court favored the recruitment of a volunteer army . The volunteer army comprised the Southern Army ( Nanjun 南軍 ) , while the standing army stationed in and near the capital was the Northern Army ( Beijun 北軍 ) . Led by Colonels ( Xiaowei 校尉 ) , the Northern Army consisted of five regiments , each composed of several thousand soldiers . When central authority collapsed after 189 AD , wealthy landowners , members of the aristocracy/nobility , and regional military-governors relied upon their retainers to act as their own personal troops . The latter were known as 部曲 , a special social class in Chinese history . During times of war , the volunteer army was increased , and a much larger militia was raised across the country to supplement the Northern Army . In these circumstances , a General ( Jiangjun 將軍 ) led a division , which was divided into regiments led by Colonels and sometimes Majors ( Sima 司馬 ) . Regiments were divided into companies and led by Captains . Platoons were the smallest units of soldiers . Economy . Currency . The Han dynasty inherited the ban liang coin type from the Qin . In the beginning of the Han , Emperor Gaozu closed the government mint in favor of private minting of coins . This decision was reversed in 186 BC by his widow Grand Empress Dowager Lü Zhi ( d . 180 BC ) , who abolished private minting . In 182 BC , Lü Zhi issued a bronze coin that was much lighter in weight than previous coins . This caused widespread inflation that was not reduced until 175 BC when Emperor Wen allowed private minters to manufacture coins that were precisely 2.6 g ( 0.09 oz ) in weight . In 144 BC Emperor Jing abolished private minting in favor of central-government and commandery-level minting ; he also introduced a new coin . Emperor Wu introduced another in 120 BC , but a year later he abandoned the ban liangs entirely in favor of the wuzhu ( 五銖 ) coin , weighing 3.2 g ( 0.11 oz ) . The wuzhu became Chinas standard coin until the Tang dynasty ( 618–907 AD ) . Its use was interrupted briefly by several new currencies introduced during Wang Mangs regime until it was reinstated in 40 AD by Emperor Guangwu . Since commandery-issued coins were often of inferior quality and lighter weight , the central government closed commandery mints and monopolized the issue of coinage in 113 BC . This Central government issuance of coinage was overseen by the Superintendent of Waterways and Parks , this duty being transferred to the Minister of Finance during Eastern Han . Taxation and property . Aside from the landowners land tax paid in a portion of their crop yield , the poll tax and property taxes were paid in coin cash . The annual poll tax rate for adult men and women was 120 coins and 20 coins for minors . Merchants were required to pay a higher rate of 240 coins . The poll tax stimulated a money economy that necessitated the minting of over 28,000,000,000 coins from 118 BC to 5 AD , an average of 220,000,000 coins a year . The widespread circulation of coin cash allowed successful merchants to invest money in land , empowering the very social class the government attempted to suppress through heavy commercial and property taxes . Emperor Wu even enacted laws which banned registered merchants from owning land , yet powerful merchants were able to avoid registration and own large tracts of land . The small landowner-cultivators formed the majority of the Han tax base ; this revenue was threatened during the latter half of Eastern Han when many peasants fell into debt and were forced to work as farming tenants for wealthy landlords . The Han government enacted reforms in order to keep small landowner-cultivators out of debt and on their own farms . These reforms included reducing taxes , temporary remissions of taxes , granting loans and providing landless peasants temporary lodging and work in agricultural colonies until they could recover from their debts . In 168 BC , the land tax rate was reduced from one-fifteenth of a farming households crop yield to one-thirtieth , and later to a one-hundredth of a crop yield for the last decades of the dynasty . The consequent loss of government revenue was compensated for by increasing property taxes . The labor tax took the form of conscripted labor for one month per year , which was imposed upon male commoners aged fifteen to fifty-six . This could be avoided in Eastern Han with a commutable tax , since hired labor became more popular . Private manufacture and government monopolies . In the early Western Han , a wealthy salt or iron industrialist , whether a semi-autonomous king or wealthy merchant , could boast funds that rivaled the imperial treasury and amass a peasant workforce of over a thousand . This kept many peasants away from their farms and denied the government a significant portion of its land tax revenue . To eliminate the influence of such private entrepreneurs , Emperor Wu nationalized the salt and iron industries in 117 BC and allowed many of the former industrialists to become officials administering the state monopolies . By Eastern Han times , the central government monopolies were repealed in favor of production by commandery and county administrations , as well as private businessmen . Liquor was another profitable private industry nationalized by the central government in 98 BC . However , this was repealed in 81 BC and a property tax rate of two coins for every 0.2 L ( 0.05 gallons ) was levied for those who traded it privately . By 110 BC Emperor Wu also interfered with the profitable trade in grain when he eliminated speculation by selling government-stored grain at a lower price than demanded by merchants . Apart from Emperor Mings creation of a short-lived Office for Price Adjustment and Stabilization , which was abolished in 68 AD , central-government price control regulations were largely absent during the Eastern Han . Science and technology . The Han dynasty was a unique period in the development of premodern Chinese science and technology , comparable to the level of scientific and technological growth during the Song dynasty ( 960–1279 ) . Writing materials . In the 1st millennium BC , typical ancient Chinese writing materials were bronzewares , animal bones , and bamboo slips or wooden boards . By the beginning of the Han dynasty , the chief writing materials were clay tablets , silk cloth , hemp paper , and rolled scrolls made from bamboo strips sewn together with hempen string ; these were passed through drilled holes and secured with clay stamps . The oldest known Chinese piece of hempen paper dates to the 2nd century BC . The standard papermaking process was invented by Cai Lun ( AD 50–121 ) in 105 . The oldest known surviving piece of paper with writing on it was found in the ruins of a Han watchtower that had been abandoned in AD 110 , in Inner Mongolia . Metallurgy and agriculture . Evidence suggests that blast furnaces , that convert raw iron ore into pig iron , which can be remelted in a cupola furnace to produce cast iron by means of a cold blast and hot blast , were operational in China by the late Spring and Autumn period ( 722–481 BC ) . The bloomery was nonexistent in ancient China ; however , the Han-era Chinese produced wrought iron by injecting excess oxygen into a furnace and causing decarburization . Cast iron and pig iron could be converted into wrought iron and steel using a fining process . The Han dynasty Chinese used bronze and iron to make a range of weapons , culinary tools , carpenters tools and domestic wares . A significant product of these improved iron-smelting techniques was the manufacture of new agricultural tools . The three-legged iron seed drill , invented by the 2nd century BC , enabled farmers to carefully plant crops in rows instead of casting seeds out by hand . The heavy moldboard iron plow , also invented during the Han dynasty , required only one man to control it , two oxen to pull it . It had three plowshares , a seed box for the drills , a tool which turned down the soil and could sow roughly 45,730 m ( 11.3 acres ) of land in a single day . To protect crops from wind and drought , the grain intendant Zhao Guo ( 趙過 ) created the alternating fields system ( daitianfa 代田法 ) during Emperor Wus reign . This system switched the positions of furrows and ridges between growing seasons . Once experiments with this system yielded successful results , the government officially sponsored it and encouraged peasants to use it . Han farmers also used the pit field system ( 凹田 ) for growing crops , which involved heavily fertilized pits that did not require plows or oxen and could be placed on sloping terrain . In southern and small parts of central Han-era China , paddy fields were chiefly used to grow rice , while farmers along the Huai River used transplantation methods of rice production . Structural and geotechnical engineering . Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty ; it was used to build palace halls , multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses . Because wood decays rapidly , the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles . The oldest surviving wooden halls in China date to the Tang dynasty ( AD 618–907 ) . Architectural historian Robert L . Thorp points out the scarcity of Han-era archaeological remains , and claims that often unreliable Han-era literary and artistic sources are used by historians for clues about lost Han architecture . Though Han wooden structures decayed , some Han-dynasty ruins made of brick , stone , and rammed earth remain intact . This includes stone pillar-gates , brick tomb chambers , rammed-earth city walls , rammed-earth and brick beacon towers , rammed-earth sections of the Great Wall , rammed-earth platforms where elevated halls once stood , and two rammed-earth castles in Gansu . The ruins of rammed-earth walls that once surrounded the capitals Changan and Luoyang still stand , along with their drainage systems of brick arches , ditches , and ceramic water pipes . Monumental stone pillar-gates , twenty-nine of which survive from the Han period , formed entrances of walled enclosures at shrine and tomb sites . These pillars feature artistic imitations of wooden and ceramic building components such as roof tiles , eaves , and balustrades . The courtyard house is the most common type of home portrayed in Han artwork . Ceramic architectural models of buildings , like houses and towers , were found in Han tombs , perhaps to provide lodging for the dead in the afterlife . These provide valuable clues about lost wooden architecture . The artistic designs found on ceramic roof tiles of tower models are in some cases exact matches to Han roof tiles found at archaeological sites . Over ten Han-era underground tombs have been found , many of them featuring archways , vaulted chambers , and domed roofs . Underground vaults and domes did not require buttress supports since they were held in place by earthen pits . The use of brick vaults and domes in aboveground Han structures is unknown . From Han literary sources , it is known that wooden-trestle beam bridges , arch bridges , simple suspension bridges , and floating pontoon bridges existed in Han China . However , there are only two known references to arch bridges in Han literature , and only a single Han relief sculpture in Sichuan depicts an arch bridge . Underground mine shafts , some reaching depths over , were created for the extraction of metal ores . Borehole drilling and derricks were used to lift brine to iron pans where it was distilled into salt . The distillation furnaces were heated by natural gas funneled to the surface through bamboo pipelines . These boreholes perhaps reached a depth of 600 m ( 2000 ft ) . Mechanical and hydraulic engineering . Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes-disinterested Confucian scholars who generally considered scientific and engineering endeavors to be far beneath them . Professional artisan-engineers ( jiang 匠 ) did not leave behind detailed records of their work . Han scholars , who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering , sometimes provided insufficient information on the various technologies they described . Nevertheless , some Han literary sources provide crucial information . For example , in 15 BC the philosopher and writer Yang Xiong described the invention of the belt drive for a quilling machine , which was of great importance to early textile manufacturing . The inventions of mechanical engineer and craftsman Ding Huan are mentioned in the Miscellaneous Notes on the Western Capital . Around AD 180 , Ding created a manually operated rotary fan used for air conditioning within palace buildings . Ding also used gimbals as pivotal supports for one of his incense burners and invented the worlds first known zoetrope lamp . Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources . As observed in Han miniature tomb models , but not in literary sources , the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff . The odometer cart , invented during Han , measured journey lengths , using mechanical figures banging drums and gongs to indicate each distance traveled . This invention is depicted in Han artwork by the 2nd century , yet detailed written descriptions were not offered until the 3rd century . Modern archaeologists have also unearthed specimens of devices used during the Han dynasty , for example a pair of sliding metal calipers used by craftsmen for making minute measurements . These calipers contain inscriptions of the exact day and year they were manufactured . These tools are not mentioned in any Han literary sources . The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han . As mentioned by Huan Tan about AD 20 , they were used to turn gears that lifted iron trip hammers , and were used in pounding , threshing and polishing grain . However , there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century . The Nanyang Commandery Administrator and mechanical engineer Du Shi ( d . 38 AD ) created a waterwheel-powered reciprocator that worked the bellows for the smelting of iron . Waterwheels were also used to power chain pumps that lifted water to raised irrigation ditches . The chain pump was first mentioned in China by the philosopher Wang Chong in his 1st-century Balanced Discourse . The armillary sphere , a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere , was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC . Using a water clock , waterwheel and a series of gears , the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng ( AD 78–139 ) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere . To address the problem of slowed timekeeping in the pressure head of the inflow water clock , Zhang was the first in China to install an additional tank between the reservoir and inflow vessel . Zhang also invented a device he termed an earthquake weathervane ( 候風地動儀 ) , which the British biochemist , sinologist , and historian Joseph Needham described as the ancestor of all seismographs . This device was able to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away . It employed an inverted pendulum that , when disturbed by ground tremors , would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths ( representing all eight directions ) into a metal toads mouth . The account of this device in the Book of the Later Han describes how , on one occasion , one of the metal balls was triggered without any of the observers feeling a disturbance . Several days later , a messenger arrived bearing news that an earthquake had struck in Longxi Commandery ( in modern Gansu Province ) , the direction the device had indicated , which forced the officials at court to admit the efficacy of Zhangs device . Mathematics . Three Han mathematical treatises still exist . These are the Book on Numbers and Computation , the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art . Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles , square roots , cube roots , and matrix methods , finding more accurate approximations for pi , providing mathematical proof of the Pythagorean theorem , use of the decimal fraction , Gaussian elimination to solve linear equations , and continued fractions to find the roots of equations . One of the Hans greatest mathematical advancements was the worlds first use of negative numbers . Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods , where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods . Negative numbers were also used by the Greek mathematician Diophantus around AD 275 , and in the 7th-century Bakhshali manuscript of Gandhara , South Asia , but were not widely accepted in Europe until the 16th century . The Han applied mathematics to various diverse disciplines . In musical tuning , Jing Fang ( 78–37 BC ) realized that 53 perfect fifths was approximate to 31 octaves while creating a musical scale of 60 tones , calculating the difference at ⁄ ( the same value of 53 equal temperament discovered by the German mathematician Nicholas Mercator [ 1620–1687 ] , i.e . 3/2 ) . Astronomy . Mathematics were essential in drafting the astronomical calendar , a lunisolar calendar that used the Sun and Moon as time-markers throughout the year . During the spring and autumn periods of the 5th century BC , the Chinese established the Sifen calendar ( 古四分历 ) , which measured the tropical year at 365.25 days . This was replaced in 104 BC with the Taichu calendar ( 太初曆 ) that measured the tropical year at ( ~ 365.25016 ) days and the lunar month at days . However , Emperor Zhang later reinstated the Sifen calendar . Han Chinese astronomers made star catalogues and detailed records of comets that appeared in the night sky , including recording the 12 BC appearance of the comet now known as Halleys Comet . Han dynasty astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe , theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center . They assumed that the Sun , Moon , and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped . They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight , that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon , and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth . Although others disagreed with his model , Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle of the evaporation of water into clouds . Cartography , ships , and vehicles . Evidence found in Chinese literature , and archaeological evidence , show that cartography existed in China before the Han . Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd-century-BC tomb . The general Ma Yuan created the worlds first known raised-relief map from rice in the 1st century . This date could be revised if the tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huang is excavated and the account in the Records of the Grand Historian concerning a model map of the empire is proven to be true . Although the use of the graduated scale and grid reference for maps was not thoroughly described until the published work of Pei Xiu ( AD 224–271 ) , there is evidence that in the early 2nd century , cartographer Zhang Heng was the first to use scales and grids for maps . Han dynasty Chinese sailed in a variety of ships different from those of previous eras , such as the tower ship . The junk design was developed and realized during the Han era . Junk ships featured a square-ended bow and stern , a flat-bottomed hull or carvel-shaped hull with no keel or sternpost , and solid transverse bulkheads in the place of structural ribs found in Western vessels . Moreover , Han ships were the first in the world to be steered using a rudder at the stern , in contrast to the simpler steering oar used for riverine transport , allowing them to sail on the high seas . Although ox-carts and chariots were previously used in China , the wheelbarrow was first used in Han China in the 1st century BC . Han artwork of horse-drawn chariots shows that the Warring-States-Era heavy wooden yoke placed around a horses chest was replaced by the softer breast strap . Later , during the Northern Wei ( 386–534 ) , the fully developed horse collar was invented . Medicine . Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe , namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases . Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase . Illness was viewed as a sign that qi or vital energy channels leading to a certain organ had been disrupted . Thus , Han-era physicians prescribed medicine that was believed to counteract this imbalance . For example , since the wood phase was believed to promote the fire phase , medicinal ingredients associated with the wood phase could be used to heal an organ associated with the fire phase . Besides dieting , Han physicians also prescribed moxibustion , acupuncture , and calisthenics as methods of maintaining ones health . When surgery was performed by the Chinese physician Hua Tuo ( d . AD 208 ) , he used anesthesia to numb his patients pain and prescribed a rubbing ointment that allegedly sped the process of healing surgical wounds . Whereas the physician Zhang Zhongjing ( – ) is known to have written the Shanghan lun ( Dissertation on Typhoid Fever ) , it is thought that both he and Hua Tuo collaborated in compiling the Shennong Ben Cao Jing medical text . |
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] | easy | What’s the capital of Han dynasty from 196 to 220? | /wiki/Han_dynasty#P36#3 | Han dynasty The Han dynasty ( ) was the second imperial dynasty of China ( 202 BC – 220 AD ) , established by the rebel leader Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu . Preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty ( 221–206 BC ) and a warring interregnum known as the ChuHan contention ( 206–202 BC ) , it was briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty ( 9–23 AD ) established by the usurping regent Wang Mang , and was separated into two periods—the Western Han ( 202 BC–9 AD ) and the Eastern Han ( 25–220 AD ) —before being succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period ( 220–280 AD ) . Spanning over four centuries , the Han dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history , and influenced the identity of the Chinese civilization ever since . Modern Chinas majority ethnic group refers to themselves as the Han people , the Sinitic language is known as Han language , and the written Chinese is referred to as Han characters . The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society . He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class . The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the Qin known as commanderies , and a number of semi-autonomous kingdoms . These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of their independence , particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States . From the reign of Emperor Wu ( BC ) onward , the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics , synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu . This policy endured until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 AD . The Han dynasty saw an age of economic prosperity and witnessed a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty ( BC ) . The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty ( 618–907 AD ) . The period saw a number of limited institutional innovations . To finance its military campaigns and the settlement of newly conquered frontier territories , the Han government nationalized the private salt and iron industries in 117 BC , but these government monopolies were repealed during the Eastern Han dynasty . Science and technology during the Han period saw significant advances , including the process of papermaking , the nautical steering ship rudder , the use of negative numbers in mathematics , the raised-relief map , the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere for astronomy , and a seismometer employing an inverted pendulum that could be used to discern the cardinal direction of distant earthquakes . The Xiongnu , a nomadic steppe confederation , defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior and vassal partner for several decades , but continued their military raids on the Han borders . Emperor Wu launched several military campaigns against them . The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced the Xiongnu to accept vassal status as Han tributaries . These campaigns expanded Han sovereignty and control into the Tarim Basin of Central Asia , divided the Xiongnu into two separate confederations , and helped establish the vast trade network known as the Silk Road , which reached as far as the Mediterranean world . The territories north of Hans borders were quickly overrun by the nomadic Xianbei confederation . Emperor Wu also launched successful military expeditions in the south , annexing Nanyue in 111 BC and Dian in 109 BC , and in the Korean Peninsula where the Xuantu and Lelang Commanderies were established in 108 BC . After 92 AD , the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics , engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empresses dowager , causing the Hans ultimate downfall . Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion . Following the death of Emperor Ling ( AD ) , the palace eunuchs suffered wholesale massacre by military officers , allowing members of the aristocracy and military governors to become warlords and divide the empire . When Cao Pi , king of Wei , usurped the throne from Emperor Xian , the Han dynasty ceased to exist . Etymology . According to the Records of the Grand Historian , after the collapse of the Qin dynasty the hegemon Xiang Yu appointed Liu Bang as prince of the small fief of Hanzhong , named after its location on the Han River ( in modern southwest Shaanxi ) . Following Liu Bangs victory in the Chu–Han Contention , the resulting Han dynasty was named after the Hanzhong fief . History . Western Han . Chinas first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty ( 221–207 BC ) . The Qin united the Chinese Warring States by conquest , but their regime became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huang . Within four years , the dynastys authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion . Two former rebel leaders , Xiang Yu ( d . 202 BC ) of Chu and Liu Bang ( d . 195 BC ) of Han , engaged in a war to decide who would become hegemon of China , which had fissured into 18 kingdoms , each claiming allegiance to either Xiang Yu or Liu Bang . Although Xiang Yu proved to be an effective commander , Liu Bang defeated him at Battle of Gaixia ( 202 BC ) , in modern-day Anhui . Liu Bang assumed the title emperor ( huangdi ) at the urging of his followers and is known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu ( BC ) . Changan ( known today as Xian ) was chosen as the new capital of the reunified empire under Han . At the beginning of the Western Han ( ) , also known as the Former Han ( ) dynasty , thirteen centrally controlled commanderies—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire , while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms . To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu , Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed some of them as kings . By 196 BC , the Han court had replaced all but one of these kings ( the exception being in Changsha ) with royal Liu family members , since the loyalty of non-relatives to the throne was questioned . After several insurrections by Han kings—the largest being the Rebellion of the Seven States in 154 BC—the imperial court enacted a series of reforms beginning in 145 BC limiting the size and power of these kingdoms and dividing their former territories into new centrally controlled commanderies . Kings were no longer able to appoint their own staff ; this duty was assumed by the imperial court . Kings became nominal heads of their fiefs and collected a portion of tax revenues as their personal incomes . The kingdoms were never entirely abolished and existed throughout the remainder of Western and Eastern Han . To the north of China proper , the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu ( BC ) conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the Eurasian Steppe . By the end of his reign , he controlled Manchuria , Mongolia , and the Tarim Basin , subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand . Emperor Gaozu was troubled about the abundant Han-manufactured iron weapons traded to the Xiongnu along the northern borders , and he established a trade embargo against the group . In retaliation , the Xiongnu invaded what is now Shanxi province , where they defeated the Han forces at Baideng in 200 BC . After negotiations , the heqin agreement in 198 BC nominally held the leaders of the Xiongnu and the Han as equal partners in a royal marriage alliance , but the Han were forced to send large amounts of tribute items such as silk clothes , food , and wine to the Xiongnu . Despite the tribute and a negotiation between Laoshang Chanyu ( BC ) and Emperor Wen ( BC ) to reopen border markets , many of the Chanyus Xiongnu subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the Great Wall for additional goods . In a court conference assembled by Emperor Wu ( BC ) in 135 BC , the majority consensus of the ministers was to retain the heqin agreement . Emperor Wu accepted this , despite continuing Xiongnu raids . However , a court conference the following year convinced the majority that a limited engagement at Mayi involving the assassination of the Chanyu would throw the Xiongnu realm into chaos and benefit the Han . When this plot failed in 133 BC , Emperor Wu launched a series of massive military invasions into Xiongnu territory . The assault culminated in 119 BC at the Battle of Mobei , where the Han commanders Huo Qubing ( d . 117 BC ) and Wei Qing ( d . 106 BC ) forced the Xiongnu court to flee north of the Gobi Desert . After Wus reign , Han forces continued to prevail against the Xiongnu . The Xiongnu leader Huhanye Chanyu ( BC ) finally submitted to Han as a tributary vassal in 51 BC . His rival claimant to the throne , Zhizhi Chanyu ( BC ) , was killed by Chen Tang and Gan Yanshou ( 甘延壽/甘延寿 ) at the Battle of Zhizhi , in modern Taraz , Kazakhstan . In 121 BC , Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur . They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC . In that year , the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region : Jiuquan , Zhangyi , Dunhuang , and Wuwei . The majority of people on the frontier were soldiers . On occasion , the court forcibly moved peasant farmers to new frontier settlements , along with government-owned slaves and convicts who performed hard labor . The court also encouraged commoners , such as farmers , merchants , landowners , and hired laborers , to voluntarily migrate to the frontier . Even before Hans expansion into Central Asia , diplomat Zhang Qians travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations . Zhang encountered Dayuan ( Fergana ) , Kangju ( Sogdiana ) , and Daxia ( Bactria , formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom ) ; he also gathered information on Shendu ( Indus River valley of North India ) and Anxi ( the Parthian Empire ) . All of these countries eventually received Han embassies . These connections marked the beginning of the Silk Road trade network that extended to the Roman Empire , bringing Han items like silk to Rome and Roman goods such as glasswares to China . From roughly 115 to 60 BC , Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin . Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC , which dealt with the regions defense and foreign affairs . The Han also expanded southward . The naval conquest of Nanyue in 111 BC expanded the Han realm into what are now modern Guangdong , Guangxi , and northern Vietnam . Yunnan was brought into the Han realm with the conquest of the Dian Kingdom in 109 BC , followed by parts of the Korean Peninsula with the Han conquest of Gojoseon and colonial establishments of Xuantu Commandery and Lelang Commandery in 108 BC . In Chinas first known nationwide census taken in 2 AD , the population was registered as having 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households . To pay for his military campaigns and colonial expansion , Emperor Wu nationalized several private industries . He created central government monopolies administered largely by former merchants . These monopolies included salt , iron , and liquor production , as well as bronze-coin currency . The liquor monopoly lasted only from 98 to 81 BC , and the salt and iron monopolies were eventually abolished in early Eastern Han . The issuing of coinage remained a central government monopoly throughout the rest of the Han dynasty . The government monopolies were eventually repealed when a political faction known as the Reformists gained greater influence in the court . The Reformists opposed the Modernist faction that had dominated court politics in Emperor Wus reign and during the subsequent regency of Huo Guang ( d . 68 BC ) . The Modernists argued for an aggressive and expansionary foreign policy supported by revenues from heavy government intervention in the private economy . The Reformists , however , overturned these policies , favoring a cautious , non-expansionary approach to foreign policy , frugal budget reform , and lower tax-rates imposed on private entrepreneurs . Wang Mangs reign and civil war . Wang Zhengjun ( 71 BC–13 AD ) was first empress , then empress dowager , and finally grand empress dowager during the reigns of the Emperors Yuan ( BC ) , Cheng ( BC ) , and Ai ( BC ) , respectively . During this time , a succession of her male relatives held the title of regent . Following the death of Ai , Wang Zhengjuns nephew Wang Mang ( 45 BC–23 AD ) was appointed regent as Marshall of State on 16 August under Emperor Ping ( AD ) . When Ping died on 3 February 6 AD , Ruzi Ying ( d . 25 AD ) was chosen as the heir and Wang Mang was appointed to serve as acting emperor for the child . Wang promised to relinquish his control to Liu Ying once he came of age . Despite this promise , and against protest and revolts from the nobility , Wang Mang claimed on 10 January that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the Han dynasty and the beginning of his own : the Xin dynasty ( 9–23 AD ) . Wang Mang initiated a series of major reforms that were ultimately unsuccessful . These reforms included outlawing slavery , nationalizing land to equally distribute between households , and introducing new currencies , a change which debased the value of coinage . Although these reforms provoked considerable opposition , Wangs regime met its ultimate downfall with the massive floods of AD and 11 AD . Gradual silt buildup in the Yellow River had raised its water level and overwhelmed the flood control works . The Yellow River split into two new branches : one emptying to the north and the other to the south of the Shandong Peninsula , though Han engineers managed to dam the southern branch by 70 AD . The flood dislodged thousands of peasant farmers , many of whom joined roving bandit and rebel groups such as the Red Eyebrows to survive . Wang Mangs armies were incapable of quelling these enlarged rebel groups . Eventually , an insurgent mob forced their way into the Weiyang Palace and killed Wang Mang . The Gengshi Emperor ( AD ) , a descendant of Emperor Jing ( BC ) , attempted to restore the Han dynasty and occupied Changan as his capital . However , he was overwhelmed by the Red Eyebrow rebels who deposed , assassinated , and replaced him with the puppet monarch Liu Penzi . Gengshis distant cousin Liu Xiu , known posthumously as Emperor Guangwu ( AD ) , after distinguishing himself at the Battle of Kunyang in 23 AD , was urged to succeed Gengshi as emperor . Under Guangwus rule the Han Empire was restored . Guangwu made Luoyang his capital in 25 AD , and by 27 AD his officers Deng Yu and Feng Yi had forced the Red Eyebrows to surrender and executed their leaders for treason . From 26 until 36 AD , Emperor Guangwu had to wage war against other regional warlords who claimed the title of emperor ; when these warlords were defeated , China reunified under the Han . The period between the foundation of the Han dynasty and Wang Mangs reign is known as the Western Han ( ) or Former Han ( ) ( 206 BC–9 AD ) . During this period the capital was at Changan ( modern Xian ) . From the reign of Guangwu the capital was moved eastward to Luoyang . The era from his reign until the fall of Han is known as the Eastern Han or Later Han ( 25–220 AD ) . Eastern Han . The Eastern Han ( ) , also known as the Later Han ( ) , formally began on 5 August AD 25 , when Liu Xiu became Emperor Guangwu of Han . During the widespread rebellion against Wang Mang , the state of Goguryeo was free to raid Hans Korean commanderies ; Han did not reaffirm its control over the region until AD 30 . The Trưng Sisters of Vietnam rebelled against Han in AD 40 . Their rebellion was crushed by Han general Ma Yuan ( d . AD 49 ) in a campaign from AD 42–43 . Wang Mang renewed hostilities against the Xiongnu , who were estranged from Han until their leader Bi ( 比 ) , a rival claimant to the throne against his cousin Punu ( 蒲奴 ) , submitted to Han as a tributary vassal in AD 50 . This created two rival Xiongnu states : the Southern Xiongnu led by Bi , an ally of Han , and the Northern Xiongnu led by Punu , an enemy of Han . During the turbulent reign of Wang Mang , China lost control over the Tarim Basin , which was conquered by the Northern Xiongnu in AD 63 and used as a base to invade the Hexi Corridor in Gansu . Dou Gu ( d . 88 AD ) defeated the Northern Xiongnu at the Battle of Yiwulu in AD 73 , evicting them from Turpan and chasing them as far as Lake Barkol before establishing a garrison at Hami . After the new Protector General of the Western Regions Chen Mu ( d . AD 75 ) was killed by allies of the Xiongnu in Karasahr and Kucha , the garrison at Hami was withdrawn . At the Battle of Ikh Bayan in AD 89 , Dou Xian ( d . AD 92 ) defeated the Northern Xiongnu chanyu who then retreated into the Altai Mountains . After the Northern Xiongnu fled into the Ili River valley in AD 91 , the nomadic Xianbei occupied the area from the borders of the Buyeo Kingdom in Manchuria to the Ili River of the Wusun people . The Xianbei reached their apogee under Tanshihuai ( 檀石槐 ) ( d . AD 180 ) , who consistently defeated Chinese armies . However , Tanshihuais confederation disintegrated after his death . Ban Chao ( d . AD 102 ) enlisted the aid of the Kushan Empire , occupying the area of modern India , Pakistan , Afghanistan , and Tajikistan , to subdue Kashgar and its ally Sogdiana . When a request by Kushan ruler Vima Kadphises ( ) for a marriage alliance with the Han was rejected in AD 90 , he sent his forces to Wakhan ( Afghanistan ) to attack Ban Chao . The conflict ended with the Kushans withdrawing because of lack of supplies . In AD 91 , the office of Protector General of the Western Regions was reinstated when it was bestowed on Ban Chao . Foreign travelers to Eastern-Han China include Buddhist monks who translated works into Chinese , such as An Shigao from Parthia , and Lokaksema from Kushan-era Gandhara , India . In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans , the Han Empire received gifts from the Parthian Empire , from a king in modern Burma , from a ruler in Japan , and initiated an unsuccessful mission to Daqin ( Rome ) in AD 97 with Gan Ying as emissary . A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius ( AD ) is recorded in the Weilüe and Hou Hanshu to have reached the court of Emperor Huan of Han ( AD ) in AD 166 , yet Rafe de Crespigny asserts that this was most likely a group of Roman merchants . In addition to Roman glasswares and coins found in China , Roman medallions from the reign of Antoninus Pius and his adopted son Marcus Aurelius have been found at Óc Eo in Vietnam . This was near the commandery of Rinan ( also Jiaozhi ) where Chinese sources claim the Romans first landed , as well as embassies from Tianzhu ( in northern India ) in the years 159 and 161 . Óc Eo is also thought to be the port city Cattigara described by Ptolemy in his Geography ( AD ) as lying east of the Golden Chersonese ( Malay Peninsula ) along the Magnus Sinus ( i.e . Gulf of Thailand and South China Sea ) , where a Greek sailor had visited . Emperor Zhangs ( AD ) reign came to be viewed by later Eastern Han scholars as the high point of the dynastic house . Subsequent reigns were increasingly marked by eunuch intervention in court politics and their involvement in the violent power struggles of the imperial consort clans . In 92 AD , with the aid of the eunuch Zheng Zhong ( d . 107 AD ) , Emperor He ( AD ) had Empress Dowager Dou ( d . 97 AD ) put under house arrest and her clan stripped of power . This was in revenge for Dous purging of the clan of his natural mother—Consort Liang—and then concealing her identity from him . After Emperor Hes death , his wife Empress Deng Sui ( d . 121 AD ) managed state affairs as the regent empress dowager during a turbulent financial crisis and widespread Qiang rebellion that lasted from 107 to 118 AD . When Empress Dowager Deng died , Emperor An ( AD ) was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs Li Run ( ) and Jiang Jing ( ) that Deng and her family had planned to depose him . An dismissed Dengs clan members from office , exiled them and forced many to commit suicide . After Ans death , his wife , Empress Dowager Yan ( d . 126 AD ) placed the child Marquess of Beixiang on the throne in an attempt to retain power within her family . However , palace eunuch Sun Cheng ( d . 132 AD ) masterminded a successful overthrow of her regime to enthrone Emperor Shun of Han ( AD ) . Yan was placed under house arrest , her relatives were either killed or exiled , and her eunuch allies were slaughtered . The regent Liang Ji ( d . 159 AD ) , brother of Empress Liang Na ( d . 150 AD ) , had the brother-in-law of Consort Deng Mengnü ( later empress ) ( d . 165 AD ) killed after Deng Mengnü resisted Liang Jis attempts to control her . Afterward , Emperor Huan employed eunuchs to depose Liang Ji , who was then forced to commit suicide . Students from the Imperial University organized a widespread student protest against the eunuchs of Emperor Huans court . Huan further alienated the bureaucracy when he initiated grandiose construction projects and hosted thousands of concubines in his harem at a time of economic crisis . Palace eunuchs imprisoned the official Li Ying ( ) and his associates from the Imperial University on a dubious charge of treason . In 167 AD , the Grand Commandant Dou Wu ( d . 168 AD ) convinced his son-in-law , Emperor Huan , to release them . However the emperor permanently barred Li Ying and his associates from serving in office , marking the beginning of the Partisan Prohibitions . Following Huans death , Dou Wu and the Grand Tutor Chen Fan ( d . 168 AD ) attempted a coup détat against the eunuchs Hou Lan ( d . 172 AD ) , Cao Jie ( d . 181 AD ) , and Wang Fu ( ) . When the plot was uncovered , the eunuchs arrested Empress Dowager Dou ( d . 172 AD ) and Chen Fan . General Zhang Huan ( ) favored the eunuchs . He and his troops confronted Dou Wu and his retainers at the palace gate where each side shouted accusations of treason against the other . When the retainers gradually deserted Dou Wu , he was forced to commit suicide . Under Emperor Ling ( AD ) the eunuchs had the partisan prohibitions renewed and expanded , while also auctioning off top government offices . Many affairs of state were entrusted to the eunuchs Zhao Zhong ( d . 189 AD ) and Zhang Rang ( d . 189 AD ) while Emperor Ling spent much of his time roleplaying with concubines and participating in military parades . End of the Han dynasty . The Partisan Prohibitions were repealed during the Yellow Turban Rebellion and Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion in 184 AD , largely because the court did not want to continue to alienate a significant portion of the gentry class who might otherwise join the rebellions . The Yellow Turbans and Five-Pecks-of-Rice adherents belonged to two different hierarchical Daoist religious societies led by faith healers Zhang Jue ( d . 184 AD ) and Zhang Lu ( d . 216 AD ) , respectively . Zhang Lus rebellion , in modern northern Sichuan and southern Shaanxi , was not quelled until 215 AD . Zhang Jues massive rebellion across eight provinces was annihilated by Han forces within a year , however the following decades saw much smaller recurrent uprisings . Although the Yellow Turbans were defeated , many generals appointed during the crisis never disbanded their assembled militia forces and used these troops to amass power outside of the collapsing imperial authority . General-in-Chief He Jin ( d . 189 AD ) , half-brother to Empress He ( d . 189 AD ) , plotted with Yuan Shao ( d . 202 AD ) to overthrow the eunuchs by having several generals march to the outskirts of the capital . There , in a written petition to Empress He , they demanded the eunuchs execution . After a period of hesitation , Empress He consented . When the eunuchs discovered this , however , they had her brother He Miao ( ) rescind the order . The eunuchs assassinated He Jin on September 22 , 189 AD . Yuan Shao then besieged Luoyangs Northern Palace while his brother Yuan Shu ( d . 199 AD ) besieged the Southern Palace . On September 25 both palaces were breached and approximately two thousand eunuchs were killed . Zhang Rang had previously fled with Emperor Shao ( AD ) and his brother Liu Xie—the future Emperor Xian of Han ( AD ) . While being pursued by the Yuan brothers , Zhang committed suicide by jumping into the Yellow River . General Dong Zhuo ( d . 192 AD ) found the young emperor and his brother wandering in the countryside . He escorted them safely back to the capital and was made Minister of Works , taking control of Luoyang and forcing Yuan Shao to flee . After Dong Zhuo demoted Emperor Shao and promoted his brother Liu Xie as Emperor Xian , Yuan Shao led a coalition of former officials and officers against Dong , who burned Luoyang to the ground and resettled the court at Changan in May 191 AD . Dong Zhuo later poisoned Emperor Shao . Dong was killed by his adopted son Lü Bu ( d . 198 AD ) in a plot hatched by Wang Yun ( d . 192 AD ) . Emperor Xian fled from Changan in 195 AD to the ruins of Luoyang . Xian was persuaded by Cao Cao ( 155–220 AD ) , then Governor of Yan Province in modern western Shandong and eastern Henan , to move the capital to Xuchang in 196 AD . Yuan Shao challenged Cao Cao for control over the emperor . Yuans power was greatly diminished after Cao defeated him at the Battle of Guandu in 200 AD . After Yuan died , Cao killed Yuan Shaos son Yuan Tan ( 173–205 AD ) , who had fought with his brothers over the family inheritance . His brothers Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi were killed in 207 AD by Gongsun Kang ( d . 221 AD ) , who sent their heads to Cao Cao . After Caos defeat at the naval Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD , China was divided into three spheres of influence , with Cao Cao dominating the north , Sun Quan ( 182–252 AD ) dominating the south , and Liu Bei ( 161–223 AD ) dominating the west . Cao Cao died in March 220 AD . By December his son Cao Pi ( 187–226 AD ) had Emperor Xian relinquish the throne to him and is known posthumously as Emperor Wen of Wei . This formally ended the Han dynasty and initiated an age of conflict between three states : Cao Wei , Eastern Wu , and Shu Han . Culture and society . Social class . In the hierarchical social order , the emperor was at the apex of Han society and government . However the emperor was often a minor , ruled over by a regent such as the empress dowager or one of her male relatives . Ranked immediately below the emperor were the kings who were of the same Liu family clan . The rest of society , including nobles lower than kings and all commoners excluding slaves belonged to one of twenty ranks ( ershi gongcheng ) . Each successive rank gave its holder greater pensions and legal privileges . The highest rank , of full marquess , came with a state pension and a territorial fiefdom . Holders of the rank immediately below , that of ordinary marquess , received a pension , but had no territorial rule . Officials who served in government belonged to the wider commoner social class and were ranked just below nobles in social prestige . The highest government officials could be enfeoffed as marquesses . By the Eastern Han period , local elites of unattached scholars , teachers , students , and government officials began to identify themselves as members of a larger , nationwide gentry class with shared values and a commitment to mainstream scholarship . When the government became noticeably corrupt in mid-to-late Eastern Han , many gentrymen even considered the cultivation of morally grounded personal relationships more important than serving in public office . The farmer , or specifically the small landowner-cultivator , was ranked just below scholars and officials in the social hierarchy . Other agricultural cultivators were of a lower status , such as tenants , wage laborers , and slaves . The Han dynasty made adjustments to slavery in China and saw an increase in agricultural slaves . Artisans , technicians , tradespeople and craftsmen had a legal and socioeconomic status between that of owner-cultivator farmers and common merchants . State-registered merchants , who were forced by law to wear white-colored clothes and pay high commercial taxes , were considered by the gentry as social parasites with a contemptible status . These were often petty shopkeepers of urban marketplaces ; merchants such as industrialists and itinerant traders working between a network of cities could avoid registering as merchants and were often wealthier and more powerful than the vast majority of government officials . Wealthy landowners , such as nobles and officials , often provided lodging for retainers who provided valuable work or duties , sometimes including fighting bandits or riding into battle . Unlike slaves , retainers could come and go from their masters home as they pleased . Medical physicians , pig breeders , and butchers had a fairly high social status , while occultist diviners , runners , and messengers had low status . Marriage , gender , and kinship . The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household . Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house , unlike families of later dynasties . According to Confucian family norms , various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy . For example , there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle . Marriages were highly ritualized , particularly for the wealthy , and included many important steps . The giving of betrothal gifts , known as bridewealth and dowry , were especially important . A lack of either was considered dishonorable and the woman would have been seen not as a wife , but as a concubine . Arranged marriages were normal , with the fathers input on his offsprings spouse being considered more important than the mothers . Monogamous marriages were also normal , although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers . Under certain conditions dictated by custom , not law , both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry . However , a woman who had been widowed continued to belong to her husbands family after his death . In order to remarry , the widow would have to be returned to her family in exchange for a ransom fee . Her children would not be allowed to go with her . Apart from the passing of noble titles or ranks , inheritance practices did not involve primogeniture ; each son received an equal share of the family property . Unlike the practice in later dynasties , the father usually sent his adult married sons away with their portions of the family fortune . Daughters received a portion of the family fortune through their marriage dowries , though this was usually much less than the shares of sons . A different distribution of the remainder could be specified in a will , but it is unclear how common this was . Women were expected to obey the will of their father , then their husband , and then their adult son in old age . However , it is known from contemporary sources that there were many deviations to this rule , especially in regard to mothers over their sons , and empresses who ordered around and openly humiliated their fathers and brothers . Women were exempt from the annual corvée labor duties , but often engaged in a range of income-earning occupations aside from their domestic chores of cooking and cleaning . The most common occupation for women was weaving clothes for the family , sale at market or for large textile enterprises that employed hundreds of women . Other women helped on their brothers farms or became singers , dancers , sorceresses , respected medical physicians , and successful merchants who could afford their own silk clothes . Some women formed spinning collectives , aggregating the resources of several different families . Education , literature , and philosophy . The early Western Han court simultaneously accepted the philosophical teachings of Legalism , Huang-Lao Daoism , and Confucianism in making state decisions and shaping government policy . However , the Han court under Emperor Wu gave Confucianism exclusive patronage . He abolished all academic chairs or erudites ( bóshì 博士 ) not dealing with the Confucian Five Classics in 136 BCE and encouraged nominees for office to receive a Confucian-based education at the Imperial University that he established in 124 BCE . Unlike the original ideology espoused by Confucius , or Kongzi ( 551–479 BCE ) , Han Confucianism in Emperor Wus reign was the creation of Dong Zhongshu ( 179–104 BCE ) . Dong was a scholar and minor official who aggregated the ethical Confucian ideas of ritual , filial piety , and harmonious relationships with five phases and yin-yang cosmologies . Much to the interest of the ruler , Dongs synthesis justified the imperial system of government within the natural order of the universe . The Imperial University grew in importance as the student body grew to over 30,000 by the 2nd century CE . A Confucian-based education was also made available at commandery-level schools and private schools opened in small towns , where teachers earned respectable incomes from tuition payments . Some important texts were created and studied by scholars . Philosophical works written by Yang Xiong ( 53 BCE – 18 CE ) , Huan Tan ( 43 BCE – 28 CE ) , Wang Chong ( 27–100 CE ) , and Wang Fu ( 78–163 CE ) questioned whether human nature was innately good or evil and posed challenges to Dongs universal order . The Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Tan ( d . 110 BCE ) and his son Sima Qian ( 145–86 BCE ) established the standard model for all of imperial Chinas Standard Histories , such as the Book of Han written by Ban Biao ( 3–54 CE ) , his son Ban Gu ( 32–92 CE ) , and his daughter Ban Zhao ( 45–116 CE ) . There were dictionaries such as the Shuowen Jiezi by Xu Shen ( – CE ) and the Fangyan by Yang Xiong . Biographies on important figures were written by various gentrymen . Han dynasty poetry was dominated by the fu genre , which achieved its greatest prominence during the reign of Emperor Wu . Law and order . Han scholars such as Jia Yi ( 201–169 BCE ) portrayed the previous Qin dynasty as a brutal regime . However , archaeological evidence from Zhangjiashan and Shuihudi reveal that many of the statutes in the Han law code compiled by Chancellor Xiao He ( d . 193 BCE ) were derived from Qin law . Various cases for rape , physical abuse and murder were prosecuted in court . Women , although usually having fewer rights by custom , were allowed to level civil and criminal charges against men . While suspects were jailed , convicted criminals were never imprisoned . Instead , punishments were commonly monetary fines , periods of forced hard labor for convicts , and the penalty of death by beheading . Early Han punishments of torturous mutilation were borrowed from Qin law . A series of reforms abolished mutilation punishments with progressively less-severe beatings by the bastinado . Acting as a judge in lawsuits was one of many duties of the county magistrate and Administrators of commanderies . Complex , high-profile or unresolved cases were often deferred to the Minister of Justice in the capital or even the emperor . In each Han county was several districts , each overseen by a chief of police . Order in the cities was maintained by government officers in the marketplaces and constables in the neighborhoods . Food . The most common staple crops consumed during Han were wheat , barley , foxtail millet , proso millet , rice , and beans . Commonly eaten fruits and vegetables included chestnuts , pears , plums , peaches , melons , apricots , strawberries , red bayberries , jujubes , calabash , bamboo shoots , mustard plant , and taro . Domesticated animals that were also eaten included chickens , Mandarin ducks , geese , cows , sheep , pigs , camels , and dogs ( various types were bred specifically for food , while most were used as pets ) . Turtles and fish were taken from streams and lakes . Commonly hunted game , such as owl , pheasant , magpie , sika deer , and Chinese bamboo partridge were consumed . Seasonings included sugar , honey , salt , and soy sauce . Beer and wine were regularly consumed . Clothing . The types of clothing worn and the materials used during the Han period depended upon social class . Wealthy folk could afford silk robes , skirts , socks , and mittens , coats made of badger or fox fur , duck plumes , and slippers with inlaid leather , pearls , and silk lining . Peasants commonly wore clothes made of hemp , wool , and ferret skins . Religion , cosmology , and metaphysics . Families throughout Han China made ritual sacrifices of animals and food to deities , spirits , and ancestors at temples and shrines . They believed that these items could be utilized by those in the spiritual realm . It was thought that each person had a two-part soul : the spirit-soul ( hun 魂 ) which journeyed to the afterlife paradise of immortals ( xian ) , and the body-soul ( po 魄 ) which remained in its grave or tomb on earth and was only reunited with the spirit-soul through a ritual ceremony . In addition to his many other roles , the emperor acted as the highest priest in the land who made sacrifices to Heaven , the main deities known as the Five Powers , and the spirits ( shen 神 ) of mountains and rivers . It was believed that the three realms of Heaven , Earth , and Mankind were linked by natural cycles of yin and yang and the five phases . If the emperor did not behave according to proper ritual , ethics , and morals , he could disrupt the fine balance of these cosmological cycles and cause calamities such as earthquakes , floods , droughts , epidemics , and swarms of locusts . It was believed that immortality could be achieved if one reached the lands of the Queen Mother of the West or Mount Penglai . Han-era Daoists assembled into small groups of hermits who attempted to achieve immortality through breathing exercises , sexual techniques and use of medical elixirs . By the 2nd century CE , Daoists formed large hierarchical religious societies such as the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice . Its followers believed that the sage-philosopher Laozi ( ) was a holy prophet who would offer salvation and good health if his devout followers would confess their sins , ban the worship of unclean gods who accepted meat sacrifices and chant sections of the Daodejing . Buddhism first entered Imperial China through the Silk Road during the Eastern Han , and was first mentioned in 65 CE . Liu Ying ( d . 71 CE ) , a half-brother to Emperor Ming of Han ( CE ) , was one of its earliest Chinese adherents , although Chinese Buddhism at this point was heavily associated with Huang-Lao Daoism . Chinas first known Buddhist temple , the White Horse Temple , was constructed outside the wall of the capital , Luoyang , during Emperor Mings reign . Important Buddhist canons were translated into Chinese during the 2nd century CE , including the Sutra of Forty-two Chapters , Perfection of Wisdom , Shurangama Sutra , and Pratyutpanna Sutra . Government and politics . Central government . In Han government , the emperor was the supreme judge and lawgiver , the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and sole designator of official nominees appointed to the top posts in central and local administrations ; those who earned a 600-bushel salary-rank or higher . Theoretically , there were no limits to his power . However , state organs with competing interests and institutions such as the court conference ( tingyi 廷議 ) —where ministers were convened to reach majority consensus on an issue—pressured the emperor to accept the advice of his ministers on policy decisions . If the emperor rejected a court conference decision , he risked alienating his high ministers . Nevertheless , emperors sometimes did reject the majority opinion reached at court conferences . Below the emperor were his cabinet members known as the Three Councillors of State ( San gong 三公 ) . These were the Chancellor or Minister over the Masses ( Chengxiang 丞相 or Da situ 大司徒 ) , the Imperial Counselor or Excellency of Works ( Yushi dafu 御史大夫 or Da sikong 大司空 ) , and Grand Commandant or Grand Marshal ( Taiwei 太尉 or Da sima 大司馬 ) . The Chancellor , whose title was changed to Minister over the Masses in 8 BC , was chiefly responsible for drafting the government budget . The Chancellors other duties included managing provincial registers for land and population , leading court conferences , acting as judge in lawsuits and recommending nominees for high office . He could appoint officials below the salary-rank of 600 bushels . The Imperial Counselors chief duty was to conduct disciplinary procedures for officials . He shared similar duties with the Chancellor , such as receiving annual provincial reports . However , when his title was changed to Minister of Works in 8 BC , his chief duty became oversight of public works projects . The Grand Commandant , whose title was changed to Grand Marshal in 119 BC before reverting to Grand Commandant in 51 AD , was the irregularly posted commander of the military and then regent during the Western Han period . In the Eastern Han era he was chiefly a civil official who shared many of the same censorial powers as the other two Councillors of State . Ranked below the Three Councillors of State were the Nine Ministers ( Jiu qing 九卿 ) , who each headed a specialized ministry . The Minister of Ceremonies ( Taichang 太常 ) was the chief official in charge of religious rites , rituals , prayers and the maintenance of ancestral temples and altars . The Minister of the Household ( Guang lu xun 光祿勳 ) was in charge of the emperors security within the palace grounds , external imperial parks and wherever the emperor made an outing by chariot . The Minister of the Guards ( Weiwei 衛尉 ) was responsible for securing and patrolling the walls , towers , and gates of the imperial palaces . The Minister Coachman ( Taipu 太僕 ) was responsible for the maintenance of imperial stables , horses , carriages and coach-houses for the emperor and his palace attendants , as well as the supply of horses for the armed forces . The Minister of Justice ( Tingwei 廷尉 ) was the chief official in charge of upholding , administering , and interpreting the law . The Minister Herald ( Da honglu 大鴻臚 ) was the chief official in charge of receiving honored guests at the imperial court , such as nobles and foreign ambassadors . The Minister of the Imperial Clan ( Zongzheng 宗正 ) oversaw the imperial courts interactions with the empires nobility and extended imperial family , such as granting fiefs and titles . The Minister of Finance ( Da sinong 大司農 ) was the treasurer for the official bureaucracy and the armed forces who handled tax revenues and set standards for units of measurement . The Minister Steward ( Shaofu 少府 ) served the emperor exclusively , providing him with entertainment and amusements , proper food and clothing , medicine and physical care , valuables and equipment . Local government . The Han empire , excluding kingdoms and marquessates , was divided , in descending order of size , into political units of provinces , commanderies , and counties . A county was divided into several districts ( xiang 鄉 ) , the latter composed of a group of hamlets ( li 里 ) , each containing about a hundred families . The heads of provinces , whose official title was changed from Inspector to Governor and vice versa several times during Han , were responsible for inspecting several commandery-level and kingdom-level administrations . On the basis of their reports , the officials in these local administrations would be promoted , demoted , dismissed or prosecuted by the imperial court . A governor could take various actions without permission from the imperial court . The lower-ranked inspector had executive powers only during times of crisis , such as raising militias across the commanderies under his jurisdiction to suppress a rebellion . A commandery consisted of a group of counties , and was headed by an Administrator . He was the top civil and military leader of the commandery and handled defense , lawsuits , seasonal instructions to farmers and recommendations of nominees for office sent annually to the capital in a quota system first established by Emperor Wu . The head of a large county of about 10,000 households was called a Prefect , while the heads of smaller counties were called Chiefs , and both could be referred to as Magistrates . A Magistrate maintained law and order in his county , registered the populace for taxation , mobilized commoners for annual corvée duties , repaired schools and supervised public works . Kingdoms and marquessates . Kingdoms—roughly the size of commanderies—were ruled exclusively by the emperors male relatives as semi-autonomous fiefdoms . Before 157 BC some kingdoms were ruled by non-relatives , granted to them in return for their services to Emperor Gaozu . The administration of each kingdom was very similar to that of the central government . Although the emperor appointed the Chancellor of each kingdom , kings appointed all the remaining civil officials in their fiefs . However , in 145 BC , after several insurrections by the kings , Emperor Jing removed the kings rights to appoint officials whose salaries were higher than 400 bushels . The Imperial Counselors and Nine Ministers ( excluding the Minister Coachman ) of every kingdom were abolished , although the Chancellor was still appointed by the central government . With these reforms , kings were reduced to being nominal heads of their fiefs , gaining a personal income from only a portion of the taxes collected in their kingdom . Similarly , the officials in the administrative staff of a full marquesss fief were appointed by the central government . A marquesss Chancellor was ranked as the equivalent of a county Prefect . Like a king , the marquess collected a portion of the tax revenues in his fief as personal income . Up until the reign of Emperor Jing of Han , the Emperors of the Han had great difficulty bringing the vassal kings under control , as kings often switched their allegiance to the Xiongnu Chanyu whenever threatened by Imperial attempts to centralize power . Within the seven years of Han Gaozus reign , three vassal kings and one marquess either defected to or allied with the Xiongnu . Even imperial princes in control of fiefdoms would sometimes invite the Xiongnu to invade in response to threats by the Emperor to remove their power . The Han emperors moved to secure a treaty with the Chanyu to demarcate authority between them , recognizing each other as the two masters ( 兩主 ) , the sole representatives of their respective peoples , cemented with a marriage alliance ( heqin ) , before eliminating the rebellious vassal kings in 154 BC . This prompted some vassal kings of the Xiongnu to switch their allegiance to the Han emperor from 147 BC . Han court officials were initially hostile to the idea of disrupting the status quo and expanding into the Xiongnu steppe territory . The surrendered Xiongnu were integrated into a parallel military and political structure under the Han Emperor , and opened the avenue for the Han dynasty to challenge the Xiongnu cavalry on the steppe . This also introduced the Han to the interstate networks in the Tarim Basin ( Xinjiang ) , allowing for the expansion of the Han dynasty from a limited regional state to a universalist and cosmopolitan empire through further marriage alliances with another steppe power , the Wusun . Military . At the beginning of the Han dynasty , every male commoner aged twenty-three was liable for conscription into the military . The minimum age for the military draft was reduced to twenty after Emperor Zhaos ( BC ) reign . Conscripted soldiers underwent one year of training and one year of service as non-professional soldiers . The year of training was served in one of three branches of the armed forces : infantry , cavalry or navy . The year of active service was served either on the frontier , in a kings court or under the Minister of the Guards in the capital . A small professional ( paid ) standing army was stationed near the capital . During the Eastern Han , conscription could be avoided if one paid a commutable tax . The Eastern Han court favored the recruitment of a volunteer army . The volunteer army comprised the Southern Army ( Nanjun 南軍 ) , while the standing army stationed in and near the capital was the Northern Army ( Beijun 北軍 ) . Led by Colonels ( Xiaowei 校尉 ) , the Northern Army consisted of five regiments , each composed of several thousand soldiers . When central authority collapsed after 189 AD , wealthy landowners , members of the aristocracy/nobility , and regional military-governors relied upon their retainers to act as their own personal troops . The latter were known as 部曲 , a special social class in Chinese history . During times of war , the volunteer army was increased , and a much larger militia was raised across the country to supplement the Northern Army . In these circumstances , a General ( Jiangjun 將軍 ) led a division , which was divided into regiments led by Colonels and sometimes Majors ( Sima 司馬 ) . Regiments were divided into companies and led by Captains . Platoons were the smallest units of soldiers . Economy . Currency . The Han dynasty inherited the ban liang coin type from the Qin . In the beginning of the Han , Emperor Gaozu closed the government mint in favor of private minting of coins . This decision was reversed in 186 BC by his widow Grand Empress Dowager Lü Zhi ( d . 180 BC ) , who abolished private minting . In 182 BC , Lü Zhi issued a bronze coin that was much lighter in weight than previous coins . This caused widespread inflation that was not reduced until 175 BC when Emperor Wen allowed private minters to manufacture coins that were precisely 2.6 g ( 0.09 oz ) in weight . In 144 BC Emperor Jing abolished private minting in favor of central-government and commandery-level minting ; he also introduced a new coin . Emperor Wu introduced another in 120 BC , but a year later he abandoned the ban liangs entirely in favor of the wuzhu ( 五銖 ) coin , weighing 3.2 g ( 0.11 oz ) . The wuzhu became Chinas standard coin until the Tang dynasty ( 618–907 AD ) . Its use was interrupted briefly by several new currencies introduced during Wang Mangs regime until it was reinstated in 40 AD by Emperor Guangwu . Since commandery-issued coins were often of inferior quality and lighter weight , the central government closed commandery mints and monopolized the issue of coinage in 113 BC . This Central government issuance of coinage was overseen by the Superintendent of Waterways and Parks , this duty being transferred to the Minister of Finance during Eastern Han . Taxation and property . Aside from the landowners land tax paid in a portion of their crop yield , the poll tax and property taxes were paid in coin cash . The annual poll tax rate for adult men and women was 120 coins and 20 coins for minors . Merchants were required to pay a higher rate of 240 coins . The poll tax stimulated a money economy that necessitated the minting of over 28,000,000,000 coins from 118 BC to 5 AD , an average of 220,000,000 coins a year . The widespread circulation of coin cash allowed successful merchants to invest money in land , empowering the very social class the government attempted to suppress through heavy commercial and property taxes . Emperor Wu even enacted laws which banned registered merchants from owning land , yet powerful merchants were able to avoid registration and own large tracts of land . The small landowner-cultivators formed the majority of the Han tax base ; this revenue was threatened during the latter half of Eastern Han when many peasants fell into debt and were forced to work as farming tenants for wealthy landlords . The Han government enacted reforms in order to keep small landowner-cultivators out of debt and on their own farms . These reforms included reducing taxes , temporary remissions of taxes , granting loans and providing landless peasants temporary lodging and work in agricultural colonies until they could recover from their debts . In 168 BC , the land tax rate was reduced from one-fifteenth of a farming households crop yield to one-thirtieth , and later to a one-hundredth of a crop yield for the last decades of the dynasty . The consequent loss of government revenue was compensated for by increasing property taxes . The labor tax took the form of conscripted labor for one month per year , which was imposed upon male commoners aged fifteen to fifty-six . This could be avoided in Eastern Han with a commutable tax , since hired labor became more popular . Private manufacture and government monopolies . In the early Western Han , a wealthy salt or iron industrialist , whether a semi-autonomous king or wealthy merchant , could boast funds that rivaled the imperial treasury and amass a peasant workforce of over a thousand . This kept many peasants away from their farms and denied the government a significant portion of its land tax revenue . To eliminate the influence of such private entrepreneurs , Emperor Wu nationalized the salt and iron industries in 117 BC and allowed many of the former industrialists to become officials administering the state monopolies . By Eastern Han times , the central government monopolies were repealed in favor of production by commandery and county administrations , as well as private businessmen . Liquor was another profitable private industry nationalized by the central government in 98 BC . However , this was repealed in 81 BC and a property tax rate of two coins for every 0.2 L ( 0.05 gallons ) was levied for those who traded it privately . By 110 BC Emperor Wu also interfered with the profitable trade in grain when he eliminated speculation by selling government-stored grain at a lower price than demanded by merchants . Apart from Emperor Mings creation of a short-lived Office for Price Adjustment and Stabilization , which was abolished in 68 AD , central-government price control regulations were largely absent during the Eastern Han . Science and technology . The Han dynasty was a unique period in the development of premodern Chinese science and technology , comparable to the level of scientific and technological growth during the Song dynasty ( 960–1279 ) . Writing materials . In the 1st millennium BC , typical ancient Chinese writing materials were bronzewares , animal bones , and bamboo slips or wooden boards . By the beginning of the Han dynasty , the chief writing materials were clay tablets , silk cloth , hemp paper , and rolled scrolls made from bamboo strips sewn together with hempen string ; these were passed through drilled holes and secured with clay stamps . The oldest known Chinese piece of hempen paper dates to the 2nd century BC . The standard papermaking process was invented by Cai Lun ( AD 50–121 ) in 105 . The oldest known surviving piece of paper with writing on it was found in the ruins of a Han watchtower that had been abandoned in AD 110 , in Inner Mongolia . Metallurgy and agriculture . Evidence suggests that blast furnaces , that convert raw iron ore into pig iron , which can be remelted in a cupola furnace to produce cast iron by means of a cold blast and hot blast , were operational in China by the late Spring and Autumn period ( 722–481 BC ) . The bloomery was nonexistent in ancient China ; however , the Han-era Chinese produced wrought iron by injecting excess oxygen into a furnace and causing decarburization . Cast iron and pig iron could be converted into wrought iron and steel using a fining process . The Han dynasty Chinese used bronze and iron to make a range of weapons , culinary tools , carpenters tools and domestic wares . A significant product of these improved iron-smelting techniques was the manufacture of new agricultural tools . The three-legged iron seed drill , invented by the 2nd century BC , enabled farmers to carefully plant crops in rows instead of casting seeds out by hand . The heavy moldboard iron plow , also invented during the Han dynasty , required only one man to control it , two oxen to pull it . It had three plowshares , a seed box for the drills , a tool which turned down the soil and could sow roughly 45,730 m ( 11.3 acres ) of land in a single day . To protect crops from wind and drought , the grain intendant Zhao Guo ( 趙過 ) created the alternating fields system ( daitianfa 代田法 ) during Emperor Wus reign . This system switched the positions of furrows and ridges between growing seasons . Once experiments with this system yielded successful results , the government officially sponsored it and encouraged peasants to use it . Han farmers also used the pit field system ( 凹田 ) for growing crops , which involved heavily fertilized pits that did not require plows or oxen and could be placed on sloping terrain . In southern and small parts of central Han-era China , paddy fields were chiefly used to grow rice , while farmers along the Huai River used transplantation methods of rice production . Structural and geotechnical engineering . Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty ; it was used to build palace halls , multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses . Because wood decays rapidly , the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles . The oldest surviving wooden halls in China date to the Tang dynasty ( AD 618–907 ) . Architectural historian Robert L . Thorp points out the scarcity of Han-era archaeological remains , and claims that often unreliable Han-era literary and artistic sources are used by historians for clues about lost Han architecture . Though Han wooden structures decayed , some Han-dynasty ruins made of brick , stone , and rammed earth remain intact . This includes stone pillar-gates , brick tomb chambers , rammed-earth city walls , rammed-earth and brick beacon towers , rammed-earth sections of the Great Wall , rammed-earth platforms where elevated halls once stood , and two rammed-earth castles in Gansu . The ruins of rammed-earth walls that once surrounded the capitals Changan and Luoyang still stand , along with their drainage systems of brick arches , ditches , and ceramic water pipes . Monumental stone pillar-gates , twenty-nine of which survive from the Han period , formed entrances of walled enclosures at shrine and tomb sites . These pillars feature artistic imitations of wooden and ceramic building components such as roof tiles , eaves , and balustrades . The courtyard house is the most common type of home portrayed in Han artwork . Ceramic architectural models of buildings , like houses and towers , were found in Han tombs , perhaps to provide lodging for the dead in the afterlife . These provide valuable clues about lost wooden architecture . The artistic designs found on ceramic roof tiles of tower models are in some cases exact matches to Han roof tiles found at archaeological sites . Over ten Han-era underground tombs have been found , many of them featuring archways , vaulted chambers , and domed roofs . Underground vaults and domes did not require buttress supports since they were held in place by earthen pits . The use of brick vaults and domes in aboveground Han structures is unknown . From Han literary sources , it is known that wooden-trestle beam bridges , arch bridges , simple suspension bridges , and floating pontoon bridges existed in Han China . However , there are only two known references to arch bridges in Han literature , and only a single Han relief sculpture in Sichuan depicts an arch bridge . Underground mine shafts , some reaching depths over , were created for the extraction of metal ores . Borehole drilling and derricks were used to lift brine to iron pans where it was distilled into salt . The distillation furnaces were heated by natural gas funneled to the surface through bamboo pipelines . These boreholes perhaps reached a depth of 600 m ( 2000 ft ) . Mechanical and hydraulic engineering . Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes-disinterested Confucian scholars who generally considered scientific and engineering endeavors to be far beneath them . Professional artisan-engineers ( jiang 匠 ) did not leave behind detailed records of their work . Han scholars , who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering , sometimes provided insufficient information on the various technologies they described . Nevertheless , some Han literary sources provide crucial information . For example , in 15 BC the philosopher and writer Yang Xiong described the invention of the belt drive for a quilling machine , which was of great importance to early textile manufacturing . The inventions of mechanical engineer and craftsman Ding Huan are mentioned in the Miscellaneous Notes on the Western Capital . Around AD 180 , Ding created a manually operated rotary fan used for air conditioning within palace buildings . Ding also used gimbals as pivotal supports for one of his incense burners and invented the worlds first known zoetrope lamp . Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources . As observed in Han miniature tomb models , but not in literary sources , the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff . The odometer cart , invented during Han , measured journey lengths , using mechanical figures banging drums and gongs to indicate each distance traveled . This invention is depicted in Han artwork by the 2nd century , yet detailed written descriptions were not offered until the 3rd century . Modern archaeologists have also unearthed specimens of devices used during the Han dynasty , for example a pair of sliding metal calipers used by craftsmen for making minute measurements . These calipers contain inscriptions of the exact day and year they were manufactured . These tools are not mentioned in any Han literary sources . The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han . As mentioned by Huan Tan about AD 20 , they were used to turn gears that lifted iron trip hammers , and were used in pounding , threshing and polishing grain . However , there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century . The Nanyang Commandery Administrator and mechanical engineer Du Shi ( d . 38 AD ) created a waterwheel-powered reciprocator that worked the bellows for the smelting of iron . Waterwheels were also used to power chain pumps that lifted water to raised irrigation ditches . The chain pump was first mentioned in China by the philosopher Wang Chong in his 1st-century Balanced Discourse . The armillary sphere , a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere , was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC . Using a water clock , waterwheel and a series of gears , the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng ( AD 78–139 ) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere . To address the problem of slowed timekeeping in the pressure head of the inflow water clock , Zhang was the first in China to install an additional tank between the reservoir and inflow vessel . Zhang also invented a device he termed an earthquake weathervane ( 候風地動儀 ) , which the British biochemist , sinologist , and historian Joseph Needham described as the ancestor of all seismographs . This device was able to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away . It employed an inverted pendulum that , when disturbed by ground tremors , would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths ( representing all eight directions ) into a metal toads mouth . The account of this device in the Book of the Later Han describes how , on one occasion , one of the metal balls was triggered without any of the observers feeling a disturbance . Several days later , a messenger arrived bearing news that an earthquake had struck in Longxi Commandery ( in modern Gansu Province ) , the direction the device had indicated , which forced the officials at court to admit the efficacy of Zhangs device . Mathematics . Three Han mathematical treatises still exist . These are the Book on Numbers and Computation , the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art . Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles , square roots , cube roots , and matrix methods , finding more accurate approximations for pi , providing mathematical proof of the Pythagorean theorem , use of the decimal fraction , Gaussian elimination to solve linear equations , and continued fractions to find the roots of equations . One of the Hans greatest mathematical advancements was the worlds first use of negative numbers . Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods , where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods . Negative numbers were also used by the Greek mathematician Diophantus around AD 275 , and in the 7th-century Bakhshali manuscript of Gandhara , South Asia , but were not widely accepted in Europe until the 16th century . The Han applied mathematics to various diverse disciplines . In musical tuning , Jing Fang ( 78–37 BC ) realized that 53 perfect fifths was approximate to 31 octaves while creating a musical scale of 60 tones , calculating the difference at ⁄ ( the same value of 53 equal temperament discovered by the German mathematician Nicholas Mercator [ 1620–1687 ] , i.e . 3/2 ) . Astronomy . Mathematics were essential in drafting the astronomical calendar , a lunisolar calendar that used the Sun and Moon as time-markers throughout the year . During the spring and autumn periods of the 5th century BC , the Chinese established the Sifen calendar ( 古四分历 ) , which measured the tropical year at 365.25 days . This was replaced in 104 BC with the Taichu calendar ( 太初曆 ) that measured the tropical year at ( ~ 365.25016 ) days and the lunar month at days . However , Emperor Zhang later reinstated the Sifen calendar . Han Chinese astronomers made star catalogues and detailed records of comets that appeared in the night sky , including recording the 12 BC appearance of the comet now known as Halleys Comet . Han dynasty astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe , theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center . They assumed that the Sun , Moon , and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped . They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight , that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon , and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth . Although others disagreed with his model , Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle of the evaporation of water into clouds . Cartography , ships , and vehicles . Evidence found in Chinese literature , and archaeological evidence , show that cartography existed in China before the Han . Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd-century-BC tomb . The general Ma Yuan created the worlds first known raised-relief map from rice in the 1st century . This date could be revised if the tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huang is excavated and the account in the Records of the Grand Historian concerning a model map of the empire is proven to be true . Although the use of the graduated scale and grid reference for maps was not thoroughly described until the published work of Pei Xiu ( AD 224–271 ) , there is evidence that in the early 2nd century , cartographer Zhang Heng was the first to use scales and grids for maps . Han dynasty Chinese sailed in a variety of ships different from those of previous eras , such as the tower ship . The junk design was developed and realized during the Han era . Junk ships featured a square-ended bow and stern , a flat-bottomed hull or carvel-shaped hull with no keel or sternpost , and solid transverse bulkheads in the place of structural ribs found in Western vessels . Moreover , Han ships were the first in the world to be steered using a rudder at the stern , in contrast to the simpler steering oar used for riverine transport , allowing them to sail on the high seas . Although ox-carts and chariots were previously used in China , the wheelbarrow was first used in Han China in the 1st century BC . Han artwork of horse-drawn chariots shows that the Warring-States-Era heavy wooden yoke placed around a horses chest was replaced by the softer breast strap . Later , during the Northern Wei ( 386–534 ) , the fully developed horse collar was invented . Medicine . Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe , namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases . Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase . Illness was viewed as a sign that qi or vital energy channels leading to a certain organ had been disrupted . Thus , Han-era physicians prescribed medicine that was believed to counteract this imbalance . For example , since the wood phase was believed to promote the fire phase , medicinal ingredients associated with the wood phase could be used to heal an organ associated with the fire phase . Besides dieting , Han physicians also prescribed moxibustion , acupuncture , and calisthenics as methods of maintaining ones health . When surgery was performed by the Chinese physician Hua Tuo ( d . AD 208 ) , he used anesthesia to numb his patients pain and prescribed a rubbing ointment that allegedly sped the process of healing surgical wounds . Whereas the physician Zhang Zhongjing ( – ) is known to have written the Shanghan lun ( Dissertation on Typhoid Fever ) , it is thought that both he and Hua Tuo collaborated in compiling the Shennong Ben Cao Jing medical text . |
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"Provincial Heritage Property"
] | easy | Which site was the heritage designation of Wanuskewin Heritage Park from Feb 1984 to Apr 2018? | /wiki/Wanuskewin_Heritage_Park#P1435#0 | Wanuskewin Heritage Park Wanuskewin Heritage Park is a non-profit cultural and historical centre of the First Nations . ( In the Cree language : ᐋᐧᓇᐢᑫᐃᐧᐣ / wânaskêwin means , being at peace with oneself. ) The site is a National Historic Site of Canada due to the importance of its archaeological resources representing nearly 6000 years of the history of the Northern Plains peoples . In 2016 , it was announced that Wanuskewin intends to seek UNESCO World Heritage designation , which would make it the first World Heritage Site in Saskatchewan . Background . The Saskatchewan Wanuskewin Indian Heritage Incorporated ( WIHI ) organization was established to present the interests of regional First Nations in planning the park . The Wanuskewin Heritage Park Authority ( WHPA ) is in turn a 12 member organization responsible for the operation of the park . The WHPA board has representation from the first nations community , Government of Canada , Province of Saskatchewan , City of Saskatoon , University of Saskatchewan and Meewasin Valley Authority and the Friends of Wanuskewin . For more than 6,000 years people have gathered at this place . The migratory nations who roamed the Northern Plains came to hunt bison , gather food and herbs , and to find shelter from the winter winds . Some of the sites uncovered date back thousands of years . Wanuskewin is also the site of an arrangement of boulders called a medicine wheel , of which fewer than 100 remain on the northern plains . Wanuskewin Heritage Park is located near the west bank of the South Saskatchewan River , just three kilometers north of Saskatoon , Saskatchewan ( ) . Within its 240 hectares ( about 600 acres ) there are 19 sites that represent the active and historical society of Northern Plains Peoples composed of Cree , Assiniboine , Saulteaux , Atsina , Dakota , and Blackfoot . On site there are summer and winter camp sites , bison kill sites , tipi rings , and artifacts such as pottery fragments , plant seeds , projectile points , egg shells and animal bones , all within a compact area . Wanuskewin Heritage Park officially opened in June 1992 ; however scientific investigations in the area began in the early 1930s . Today , the University of Saskatchewan manages an archaeological research program at Wanuskewin with active archaeological digs . The Park was designated a Provincial Heritage Property in 1984 , the only such site in Saskatchewan featuring prehistoric artifacts . It was named a National Historic Site in 1986 . The following year Queen Elizabeth II unveiled a dedication plaque . In 2001 , Prince Charles , was named Pisimwa Kamiwohkitahpamikohk , or , “the sun looks at him in a good way” , by an elder in a ceremony at Wanuskewin . Wanuskewins mission is to operate , on a sustainable basis , a Heritage Park under the leadership and guidance of First Nations people that contributes to increasing public awareness , understanding and appreciation of the cultural legacy of the Northern Plains First Nations people . During the peak summer season about 40–45 people are employed at the park . The place serves as : - a tourist attraction , - human resource development agency - scientific , cultural and educational authority - Gathering place for present day spiritual uses such a Sweats , Pipe Ceremonies and more Wildlife . A herd of plains bison were reintroduced to this historic bison hunting ground for numerous Indigenous groups in December 2019 . Six calves were brought from Grasslands National Park and a bull and four pregnant cows from a ranch in South Dakota . The herd grew by one on 22 April 2021 when for the first time a calf was born on the territory since 1876 . External links . - Wanuskewin Heritage Park - Significance of Treaties Reaffirmed Through Historic Royal Visit ( 2001 ) - Award Winner Receives Royal Treatment ( 2003 ) |
[
""
] | easy | Which site was the heritage designation of Wanuskewin Heritage Park from Apr 2018 to Apr 2019? | /wiki/Wanuskewin_Heritage_Park#P1435#1 | Wanuskewin Heritage Park Wanuskewin Heritage Park is a non-profit cultural and historical centre of the First Nations . ( In the Cree language : ᐋᐧᓇᐢᑫᐃᐧᐣ / wânaskêwin means , being at peace with oneself. ) The site is a National Historic Site of Canada due to the importance of its archaeological resources representing nearly 6000 years of the history of the Northern Plains peoples . In 2016 , it was announced that Wanuskewin intends to seek UNESCO World Heritage designation , which would make it the first World Heritage Site in Saskatchewan . Background . The Saskatchewan Wanuskewin Indian Heritage Incorporated ( WIHI ) organization was established to present the interests of regional First Nations in planning the park . The Wanuskewin Heritage Park Authority ( WHPA ) is in turn a 12 member organization responsible for the operation of the park . The WHPA board has representation from the first nations community , Government of Canada , Province of Saskatchewan , City of Saskatoon , University of Saskatchewan and Meewasin Valley Authority and the Friends of Wanuskewin . For more than 6,000 years people have gathered at this place . The migratory nations who roamed the Northern Plains came to hunt bison , gather food and herbs , and to find shelter from the winter winds . Some of the sites uncovered date back thousands of years . Wanuskewin is also the site of an arrangement of boulders called a medicine wheel , of which fewer than 100 remain on the northern plains . Wanuskewin Heritage Park is located near the west bank of the South Saskatchewan River , just three kilometers north of Saskatoon , Saskatchewan ( ) . Within its 240 hectares ( about 600 acres ) there are 19 sites that represent the active and historical society of Northern Plains Peoples composed of Cree , Assiniboine , Saulteaux , Atsina , Dakota , and Blackfoot . On site there are summer and winter camp sites , bison kill sites , tipi rings , and artifacts such as pottery fragments , plant seeds , projectile points , egg shells and animal bones , all within a compact area . Wanuskewin Heritage Park officially opened in June 1992 ; however scientific investigations in the area began in the early 1930s . Today , the University of Saskatchewan manages an archaeological research program at Wanuskewin with active archaeological digs . The Park was designated a Provincial Heritage Property in 1984 , the only such site in Saskatchewan featuring prehistoric artifacts . It was named a National Historic Site in 1986 . The following year Queen Elizabeth II unveiled a dedication plaque . In 2001 , Prince Charles , was named Pisimwa Kamiwohkitahpamikohk , or , “the sun looks at him in a good way” , by an elder in a ceremony at Wanuskewin . Wanuskewins mission is to operate , on a sustainable basis , a Heritage Park under the leadership and guidance of First Nations people that contributes to increasing public awareness , understanding and appreciation of the cultural legacy of the Northern Plains First Nations people . During the peak summer season about 40–45 people are employed at the park . The place serves as : - a tourist attraction , - human resource development agency - scientific , cultural and educational authority - Gathering place for present day spiritual uses such a Sweats , Pipe Ceremonies and more Wildlife . A herd of plains bison were reintroduced to this historic bison hunting ground for numerous Indigenous groups in December 2019 . Six calves were brought from Grasslands National Park and a bull and four pregnant cows from a ranch in South Dakota . The herd grew by one on 22 April 2021 when for the first time a calf was born on the territory since 1876 . External links . - Wanuskewin Heritage Park - Significance of Treaties Reaffirmed Through Historic Royal Visit ( 2001 ) - Award Winner Receives Royal Treatment ( 2003 ) |
[
"field director"
] | easy | Walt Maddox took which position from 1996 to 2001? | /wiki/Walt_Maddox#P39#0 | Walt Maddox Walter Thomas Maddox ( born December 27 , 1972 ) is an American politician who has served as the 36th Mayor of Tuscaloosa , Alabama since 2005 . From 2001 to present , he served on the Tuscaloosa City Council and served as executive director of personnel for Tuscaloosa City Schools . Maddox was a field director for the Alabama Education Association from 1996 to 2001 . In 2005 , he successfully ran for Mayor of Tuscaloosa and has been re-elected three times . In 2018 , Maddox was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Alabama , losing to incumbent Republican Kay Ivey in the general election . Early life and career . Maddox was born and raised in Tuscaloosa , attended the Tuscaloosa City Schools , and graduated from Central High School in 1991 . He attended the University of Alabama at Birmingham , where he received a bachelors degree in political science and a Masters in Public Administration . From 1996 to 2001 , Maddox served as a field director for the Alabama Education Association . In 2001 , Maddox was appointed executive director of personnel for Tuscaloosa City Schools , serving until his election as mayor . On August 28 , 2001 , Maddox was elected to the Tuscaloosa City Council , defeating incumbent Clell Hobson , 61% to 39% . Maddox ran on a platform of education reform and crime reduction . Mayor of Tuscaloosa . In 2005 , longtime Tuscaloosa mayor Al DuPont retired . Maddox was an underdog against former city councilman Sammy Watson . Maddox came in second place in the initial round of voting , receiving 31.1% to Watsons 38% . This forced a runoff on September 13 , which Maddox won with 54% of the vote to Watsons 46% . Maddox was inaugurated on October 3 , in front of Tuscaloosa City Hall . On August 25 , 2009 , Maddox was re-elected without opposition . Maddox was re-elected again without opposition on August 27 , 2013 . On November 4 , 2013 , Walter Maddox was sworn in for his third term as Tuscaloosa’s 36th Mayor . Since his first inauguration , he has led initiatives to increase economic development , improve customer service with the implementation of Tuscaloosa 311 and provide quality pre-k education for academically at-risk four-year-old children . For the first time since 2005 , Maddox faced a challenger in the 2017 mayoral election . His opponent was the founder of the Urban Progressive Party , Stepfon Lewis . Maddox defeated Lewis by receiving 89% of the vote to Lewiss 11% . Maddox was sworn into his fourth term as Mayor on May 22 , 2017 . On March 2 , 2021 , Maddox was elected to his fifth term as Mayor , garnering 56% of the vote . He defeated University of Alabama professor Dr . Serena Fortenberry , and former University of Alabama football player Martin Houston . 2011 Tuscaloosa tornado . On April 27 , 2011 , a large tornado struck Tuscaloosa and Birmingham , killing 53 people in Tuscaloosa and inflicting $927 million in damage to the city . Two days later , Maddox toured the tornado damage with public officials including President Barack Obama and Governor Robert Bentley . The EF-4 tornado destroyed 12 percent of the city and severely damaged or destroyed 5,300 homes and businesses . Maddox was widely praised for his leadership in the aftermath of the storm . The The Wall Street Journal described the Tuscaloosa disaster response as an attempt to courageously create a showpiece of unique neighborhoods that are healthy , safe , accessible , connected , and sustainable . Harvard Kennedy School crisis leadership fellow . Maddox is currently a fellow with the Program on Crisis Leadership at the Harvard Universitys Kennedy School of Government . He was promoted to senior fellow within the program in August 2019 , where he will partner with the Bloomberg Harvard City Leadership Initiative’s executive education courses to discuss lessons he learned during Tuscaloosas tornado recovery efforts . 2018 Alabama gubernatorial election . On October 5 , 2017 Maddox announced his plans to run for Governor of the state of Alabama , saying Republican leadership had failed the state , which still ranks near the bottom in every quality-of-life indicator from education to healthcare . He won the June 5 primary with 54.6% of the vote , defeating former Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice Sue Bell Cobb . In November he was defeated by the Republican incumbent governor , Kay Ivey in the general election . Maddox ran as a pro-life , pro-Second Amendment candidate . Endorsements . - January 2 , 2018 : Lars Anderson writer and journalist - April 19 , 2018 : The Crimson White - April 26 , 2018 : New South Coalition - April 30 , 2018 : Ron Sparks - May 16 , 2018 : West Alabama Labor Council - May 17 , 2018 : Birmingham Mayor Randall Woodfin - May 19 , 2018 : Alabama Democratic Conference - Mar 23 , 2018 : Roger Bedford Personal life . On December 27 , 1998 , Maddox married Robin Maddox , a realtor . After having one daughter , Taylor , together , Walt and Robin divorced in 2008 . On June 26 , 2010 , Maddox remarried , to Stephanie Nicole Roberts . Their son , Eli , was born in 2013 . |
[
"Tuscaloosa City Council"
] | easy | Which position did Walt Maddox hold from Oct 2001 to Oct 2005? | /wiki/Walt_Maddox#P39#1 | Walt Maddox Walter Thomas Maddox ( born December 27 , 1972 ) is an American politician who has served as the 36th Mayor of Tuscaloosa , Alabama since 2005 . From 2001 to present , he served on the Tuscaloosa City Council and served as executive director of personnel for Tuscaloosa City Schools . Maddox was a field director for the Alabama Education Association from 1996 to 2001 . In 2005 , he successfully ran for Mayor of Tuscaloosa and has been re-elected three times . In 2018 , Maddox was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Alabama , losing to incumbent Republican Kay Ivey in the general election . Early life and career . Maddox was born and raised in Tuscaloosa , attended the Tuscaloosa City Schools , and graduated from Central High School in 1991 . He attended the University of Alabama at Birmingham , where he received a bachelors degree in political science and a Masters in Public Administration . From 1996 to 2001 , Maddox served as a field director for the Alabama Education Association . In 2001 , Maddox was appointed executive director of personnel for Tuscaloosa City Schools , serving until his election as mayor . On August 28 , 2001 , Maddox was elected to the Tuscaloosa City Council , defeating incumbent Clell Hobson , 61% to 39% . Maddox ran on a platform of education reform and crime reduction . Mayor of Tuscaloosa . In 2005 , longtime Tuscaloosa mayor Al DuPont retired . Maddox was an underdog against former city councilman Sammy Watson . Maddox came in second place in the initial round of voting , receiving 31.1% to Watsons 38% . This forced a runoff on September 13 , which Maddox won with 54% of the vote to Watsons 46% . Maddox was inaugurated on October 3 , in front of Tuscaloosa City Hall . On August 25 , 2009 , Maddox was re-elected without opposition . Maddox was re-elected again without opposition on August 27 , 2013 . On November 4 , 2013 , Walter Maddox was sworn in for his third term as Tuscaloosa’s 36th Mayor . Since his first inauguration , he has led initiatives to increase economic development , improve customer service with the implementation of Tuscaloosa 311 and provide quality pre-k education for academically at-risk four-year-old children . For the first time since 2005 , Maddox faced a challenger in the 2017 mayoral election . His opponent was the founder of the Urban Progressive Party , Stepfon Lewis . Maddox defeated Lewis by receiving 89% of the vote to Lewiss 11% . Maddox was sworn into his fourth term as Mayor on May 22 , 2017 . On March 2 , 2021 , Maddox was elected to his fifth term as Mayor , garnering 56% of the vote . He defeated University of Alabama professor Dr . Serena Fortenberry , and former University of Alabama football player Martin Houston . 2011 Tuscaloosa tornado . On April 27 , 2011 , a large tornado struck Tuscaloosa and Birmingham , killing 53 people in Tuscaloosa and inflicting $927 million in damage to the city . Two days later , Maddox toured the tornado damage with public officials including President Barack Obama and Governor Robert Bentley . The EF-4 tornado destroyed 12 percent of the city and severely damaged or destroyed 5,300 homes and businesses . Maddox was widely praised for his leadership in the aftermath of the storm . The The Wall Street Journal described the Tuscaloosa disaster response as an attempt to courageously create a showpiece of unique neighborhoods that are healthy , safe , accessible , connected , and sustainable . Harvard Kennedy School crisis leadership fellow . Maddox is currently a fellow with the Program on Crisis Leadership at the Harvard Universitys Kennedy School of Government . He was promoted to senior fellow within the program in August 2019 , where he will partner with the Bloomberg Harvard City Leadership Initiative’s executive education courses to discuss lessons he learned during Tuscaloosas tornado recovery efforts . 2018 Alabama gubernatorial election . On October 5 , 2017 Maddox announced his plans to run for Governor of the state of Alabama , saying Republican leadership had failed the state , which still ranks near the bottom in every quality-of-life indicator from education to healthcare . He won the June 5 primary with 54.6% of the vote , defeating former Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice Sue Bell Cobb . In November he was defeated by the Republican incumbent governor , Kay Ivey in the general election . Maddox ran as a pro-life , pro-Second Amendment candidate . Endorsements . - January 2 , 2018 : Lars Anderson writer and journalist - April 19 , 2018 : The Crimson White - April 26 , 2018 : New South Coalition - April 30 , 2018 : Ron Sparks - May 16 , 2018 : West Alabama Labor Council - May 17 , 2018 : Birmingham Mayor Randall Woodfin - May 19 , 2018 : Alabama Democratic Conference - Mar 23 , 2018 : Roger Bedford Personal life . On December 27 , 1998 , Maddox married Robin Maddox , a realtor . After having one daughter , Taylor , together , Walt and Robin divorced in 2008 . On June 26 , 2010 , Maddox remarried , to Stephanie Nicole Roberts . Their son , Eli , was born in 2013 . |
[
"Tuscaloosa mayor"
] | easy | What position did Walt Maddox take from Oct 2005 to Oct 2006? | /wiki/Walt_Maddox#P39#2 | Walt Maddox Walter Thomas Maddox ( born December 27 , 1972 ) is an American politician who has served as the 36th Mayor of Tuscaloosa , Alabama since 2005 . From 2001 to present , he served on the Tuscaloosa City Council and served as executive director of personnel for Tuscaloosa City Schools . Maddox was a field director for the Alabama Education Association from 1996 to 2001 . In 2005 , he successfully ran for Mayor of Tuscaloosa and has been re-elected three times . In 2018 , Maddox was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Alabama , losing to incumbent Republican Kay Ivey in the general election . Early life and career . Maddox was born and raised in Tuscaloosa , attended the Tuscaloosa City Schools , and graduated from Central High School in 1991 . He attended the University of Alabama at Birmingham , where he received a bachelors degree in political science and a Masters in Public Administration . From 1996 to 2001 , Maddox served as a field director for the Alabama Education Association . In 2001 , Maddox was appointed executive director of personnel for Tuscaloosa City Schools , serving until his election as mayor . On August 28 , 2001 , Maddox was elected to the Tuscaloosa City Council , defeating incumbent Clell Hobson , 61% to 39% . Maddox ran on a platform of education reform and crime reduction . Mayor of Tuscaloosa . In 2005 , longtime Tuscaloosa mayor Al DuPont retired . Maddox was an underdog against former city councilman Sammy Watson . Maddox came in second place in the initial round of voting , receiving 31.1% to Watsons 38% . This forced a runoff on September 13 , which Maddox won with 54% of the vote to Watsons 46% . Maddox was inaugurated on October 3 , in front of Tuscaloosa City Hall . On August 25 , 2009 , Maddox was re-elected without opposition . Maddox was re-elected again without opposition on August 27 , 2013 . On November 4 , 2013 , Walter Maddox was sworn in for his third term as Tuscaloosa’s 36th Mayor . Since his first inauguration , he has led initiatives to increase economic development , improve customer service with the implementation of Tuscaloosa 311 and provide quality pre-k education for academically at-risk four-year-old children . For the first time since 2005 , Maddox faced a challenger in the 2017 mayoral election . His opponent was the founder of the Urban Progressive Party , Stepfon Lewis . Maddox defeated Lewis by receiving 89% of the vote to Lewiss 11% . Maddox was sworn into his fourth term as Mayor on May 22 , 2017 . On March 2 , 2021 , Maddox was elected to his fifth term as Mayor , garnering 56% of the vote . He defeated University of Alabama professor Dr . Serena Fortenberry , and former University of Alabama football player Martin Houston . 2011 Tuscaloosa tornado . On April 27 , 2011 , a large tornado struck Tuscaloosa and Birmingham , killing 53 people in Tuscaloosa and inflicting $927 million in damage to the city . Two days later , Maddox toured the tornado damage with public officials including President Barack Obama and Governor Robert Bentley . The EF-4 tornado destroyed 12 percent of the city and severely damaged or destroyed 5,300 homes and businesses . Maddox was widely praised for his leadership in the aftermath of the storm . The The Wall Street Journal described the Tuscaloosa disaster response as an attempt to courageously create a showpiece of unique neighborhoods that are healthy , safe , accessible , connected , and sustainable . Harvard Kennedy School crisis leadership fellow . Maddox is currently a fellow with the Program on Crisis Leadership at the Harvard Universitys Kennedy School of Government . He was promoted to senior fellow within the program in August 2019 , where he will partner with the Bloomberg Harvard City Leadership Initiative’s executive education courses to discuss lessons he learned during Tuscaloosas tornado recovery efforts . 2018 Alabama gubernatorial election . On October 5 , 2017 Maddox announced his plans to run for Governor of the state of Alabama , saying Republican leadership had failed the state , which still ranks near the bottom in every quality-of-life indicator from education to healthcare . He won the June 5 primary with 54.6% of the vote , defeating former Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice Sue Bell Cobb . In November he was defeated by the Republican incumbent governor , Kay Ivey in the general election . Maddox ran as a pro-life , pro-Second Amendment candidate . Endorsements . - January 2 , 2018 : Lars Anderson writer and journalist - April 19 , 2018 : The Crimson White - April 26 , 2018 : New South Coalition - April 30 , 2018 : Ron Sparks - May 16 , 2018 : West Alabama Labor Council - May 17 , 2018 : Birmingham Mayor Randall Woodfin - May 19 , 2018 : Alabama Democratic Conference - Mar 23 , 2018 : Roger Bedford Personal life . On December 27 , 1998 , Maddox married Robin Maddox , a realtor . After having one daughter , Taylor , together , Walt and Robin divorced in 2008 . On June 26 , 2010 , Maddox remarried , to Stephanie Nicole Roberts . Their son , Eli , was born in 2013 . |
[
"Harvard"
] | easy | Samuel Eliot Morison went to which school from 1907 to 1908? | /wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison#P69#0 | Samuel Eliot Morison Samuel Eliot Morison ( July 9 , 1887 – May 15 , 1976 ) was an American historian noted for his works of maritime history and American history that were both authoritative and popular . He received his Ph.D . from Harvard University in 1912 , and taught history at the university for 40 years . He won Pulitzer Prizes for Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) , a biography of Christopher Columbus , and John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) . In 1942 , he was commissioned to write a history of United States naval operations in World War II , which was published in 15 volumes between 1947 and 1962 . Morison wrote the popular Oxford History of the American People ( 1965 ) , and co-authored the classic textbook The Growth of the American Republic ( 1930 ) with Henry Steele Commager . Over the course of his career , Morison received eleven honorary doctoral degrees , and garnered numerous literary prizes , military honors , and national awards from both foreign countries and the United States , including two Pulitzer Prizes , two Bancroft Prizes , the Balzan Prize , the Legion of Merit , and the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Early life ( 1887–1912 ) . Samuel Eliot Morison was born July 9 , 1887 , in Boston , Massachusetts , to John Holmes Morison ( 1856–1911 ) and Emily Marshall ( Eliot ) Morison ( 1857–1925 ) . He was named for his maternal grandfather Samuel Eliot—a historian , educator , and public-minded citizen of Boston and Hartford , Connecticut . The Eliot family , which produced generations of prominent American intellectuals , descended from Andrew Eliot , who moved to Boston in the 1660s from the English village of East Coker . The most famous of this Andrew Eliots direct descendants was poet T.S . Eliot , who titled the second of his Four Quartets East Coker . Morison attended Noble and Greenough School ( 1897–1901 ) and St . Pauls ( 1901–1903 ) prior to entering Harvard University , where he was a member of the Phoenix S K Club . At the age of fourteen , he learned to sail , and soon after learned horsemanship—both skills would serve him well in his later historical writings . He earned both a Bachelor of Arts and Masters degree from Harvard in 1908 . After studying at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques ( 1908–1909 ) , Morison returned to Harvard . Scholar and historian ( 1913–1941 ) . Morison originally intended to major in mathematics until Albert Bushnell Hart talked him into researching some papers of an ancestor stored in his wine cellar . His Harvard dissertation was the basis for his first book The Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis , Federalist , 1765–1848 ( 1913 ) , which sold 700 copies . After earning his Ph.D . at Harvard , Morison became an instructor in history at the University of California , Berkeley in 1912 . In 1915 he returned to Harvard and took a position as an instructor . During World War I he served as a private in the US Army . He also served as the American Delegate on the Baltic Commission of the Paris Peace Conference until June 17 , 1919 . In 1922–1925 Morison taught at Oxford University as the first Harmsworth Professor of American History . In 1925 he returned to Harvard , where he was appointed a full professor . One of several subjects that fascinated Morison was the history of New England . As early as 1921 he published The Maritime History of Massachusetts , 1783–1860 . In the 1930s Morison published a series of books on the history of Harvard University and New England , including Builders of the Bay Colony : A Gallery of Our Intellectual Ancestors ( 1930 ) , The Founding of Harvard College ( 1935 ) , Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century ( 1936 ) , Three Centuries of Harvard : 1636–1936 ( 1936 ) , and The Puritan Pronaos ( 1936 ) . In later years , he returned to the subject of New England history , writing The Ropemakers of Plymouth ( 1950 ) and The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth ( 1956 ) and editing the definitive work , Of Plymouth Plantation , 1620–1647 ( 1952 ) . During his time at Harvard , Morison became the last professor to arrive on campus on horseback . He was chosen to speak at the 300th Anniversary celebration of Harvard in 1936 and a recording of his speech is included as part of the Harvard Voices collection . In 1938 Morison was elected as an honorary member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati . In 1940 , Morison published Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century , a book that presaged his succeeding publications on the explorer , Christopher Columbus . In 1941 , Morison was named Jonathan Trumbull Professor of American History at Harvard . For Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) , Morison combined his personal interest in sailing with his scholarship by actually sailing to the various places that Columbus explored . The Harvard Columbus Expedition , led by Morison and including his wife and Captain John W . McElroy , Herbert F . Hossmer , Jr. , Richard S . Colley , Dr . Clifton W . Anderson , Kenneth R . Spear and Richard Spear , left on 28 August 1939 aboard the 147 foot ketch Capitana for the Azores and Lisbon , Portugal from which they sailed on the 45 foot ketch Mary Otis to retrace Columbus route using manuscripts and records of his voyages reaching Trinidad by way of Cadiz , Madeira , and the Canary Islands . After following the coast of South and Central America the expedition returned to Trinidad on 15 December 1939 . The expedition returned to New York on 2 February 1940 aboard the United Fruit liner . The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1943 . Naval war service ( 1942–1952 ) . In 1942 , Morison met with his friend President Franklin D . Roosevelt and offered to write a history of United States Navy operations during the war from an insiders perspective by taking part in operations and documenting them . The President and Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox agreed to the proposal . On May 5 , 1942 , Morison was commissioned a lieutenant commander in the US Naval Reserve , and was called at once to active duty . Gregory Pfitzer explained his procedures : Morison worked with a team of researchers to prepare the History of United States Naval Operations in World War II , published in 15 volumes between 1947 and 1962 , documenting everything from strategy and tactics to technology and the exploits of individuals . British military historian Sir John Keegan called it the best to come out of that conflict . Issued as The Rising Sun in the Pacific in 1948 , Volume 3 won the Bancroft Prize in 1949 . Morison was promoted to the rank of captain on December 15 , 1945 . On August 1 , 1951 , he was transferred to the Honorary Retired List of the Naval Reserve and was promoted to rear admiral on the basis of combat awards . In History as a Literary Art : An Appeal to Young Historians ( 1946 ) , Morison argued that vivid writing springs from the synergy of experience and research : Later years ( 1953–1976 ) . In 1955 , Morison retired from Harvard University . He devoted the rest of his life to writing . In quick succession , Morison wrote Christopher Columbus , Mariner ( 1955 ) , Freedom in Contemporary Society ( 1956 ) , The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth , 1620–1692 ( 1956 ) , Nathaniel Holmes Morison ( 1957 ) , William Hickling Prescott ( 1958 ) , Strategy and Compromise ( 1958 ) , and John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) , which earned Morison his second Pulitzer Prize . In the early 1960s , Morisons focus returned to his New England youth , writing The Story of Mount Desert Island , Maine ( 1960 ) , One Boys Boston , 1887–1901 ( 1962 ) , Introduction to Whaler Out of New Bedford ( 1962 ) , and A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts ( 1963 ) . In 1963 , The Two-Ocean War was published , a one-volume abridged history of the United States Navy in World War II . In 1964 , Morison received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Lyndon B . Johnson . In presenting the distinguished historian with the highest civilian award in the United States , Johnson noted : Morisons later years were devoted to books on exploration , such as The Caribbean as Columbus Saw It , written jointly with Mauricio Obregón ( 1964 ) , Spring Tides ( 1965 ) , The European Discovery of America ( 1971–1974 ) , and Samuel de Champlain : Father of New France ( 1972 ) . His research for the latter book included sailing many of the routes taken by Champlain , and tracing others by airplane . Morisons first marriage to Elizabeth S . Greene produced four children—one of whom , Emily Morison Beck , became editor of Bartletts Familiar Quotations . Elizabeth died August 20 , 1945 . In 1949 , Morison married Baltimore widow Priscilla Barton . Priscilla died February 22 , 1973 . Death and legacy . Morison died of a stroke on May 15 , 1976 . His ashes are buried at Forest Hill Cemetery in Northeast Harbor , Maine . During his life Morison had received two Pulitzer Prizes , two Bancroft Prizes , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Emerson-Thoreau Medal ( 1961 ) , and numerous honorary degrees , military awards , and honors from foreign nations . On July 19 , 1979 , the frigate USS Samuel Eliot Morison was launched , honoring Morison and his contributions to the United States Navy . Morisons legacy is also sustained by the United States Naval History and Heritage Commands Samuel Eliot Morison Naval History Scholarship . Bostons Commonwealth Avenue Mall features a bronze statue depicting Morison in sailors oilskin . Morisons last known public appearance was on April 8 , 1976 , when he served as the ribbon cutter to open the USS Constitution Museum . The Museums research library and an annual award given by the Museum for scholarship in history are both named in his honor . The museum gives the annual Samuel Eliot Morison Award to a person whose public service has enhanced the image of the USS Constitution , and who reflects the best of Samuel Eliot Morison : artful scholarship , patriotic pride , and eclectic interest in the sea and things maritime . In 1976 , the American Heritage magazine initiated an award named in honor of Morison called the Samuel Eliot Morison Award , honoring an American author whose work shows that good history is literature as well as high scholarship . It lasted two years . Since 1982 , the Naval Order of the United States gives an honor in Morisons name , the Samuel Eliot Morison Award for Naval Literature , for significant works about the US Navy . In 1985 , the Society for Military History established the Samuel Eliot Morison Prize , recognizing an authors body of contributions in the field of military history . Criticism . Slavery . Morison was criticized by some African-American scholars for his treatment of American slavery in early editions of his book The Growth of the American Republic , which he co-wrote with Henry Steele Commager and later with Commagers student William E . Leuchtenburg . The book originated as Morisons two-volume Oxford History of the United States ( Oxford University Press , 1927 ) . First published in 1930 , the first two editions of the textbook , according to these critics , echoed the thesis of American Negro Slavery ( 1918 ) by Ulrich Bonnell Phillips . This view , sometimes called the Phillips school of slavery historiography , was considered an authoritative interpretation of the history of American slavery during the first half of the twentieth century , despite the intense criticism by some African-American scholars for its alleged racist underpinnings . Phillipss theories remained authoritative , considered by many white scholars to be ground-breaking and progressive when first proposed . In 1944 , the NAACP began its criticism of The Growth of the American Republic . In 1950 , despite denying any racist intent ( he noted his daughters marriage to the son of Joel Elias Spingarn , the former President of the NAACP ) , Morison reluctantly agreed to most of the demanded changes . Morison refused to eliminate references to slaves who were loyal and devoted to their masters because they were treated well and to some positive civilizing effects of the American system of slavery . Morison also refused to remove references to stereotypes of African Americans that he believed were vital in accurately depicting the racist nature of American culture in the 19th and the early 20th centuries , an era during which even the most enlightened progressive thinkers routinely explained many aspects of human behavior as a result of innate racial or ethnic characteristics . In the 1962 edition of the textbook , Morison removed additional content that his critics had found to be offensive . Battle of Savo Island . In his semi-official account of the Battle of Savo Island , a disastrous defeat for the US Navy during World War II , Morison partly blamed the defeat on the failure of an Australian aircrew to inform the Americans of the approaching Japanese forces . Morison appears to have based that story on inaccurate information that has since been refuted . On October 21 , 2014 , the US Navy issued a letter of apology to the last surviving member of the RAAF Hudson crew , which had sighted and duly reported the approach of the Japanese Naval Task Force . The letter states that RAdm . Morisons criticism was unwarranted . Honors and awards . Award ribbons Other honors - Honorary Member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati ( 1938 ) - Vuelo Panamericano Medal ( Republic of Cuba ) ( 1943 ) Honorary degrees - Trinity College , Hartford ( 1935 ) - Amherst College ( 1936 ) - Harvard University ( 1936 ) - Union College ( 1939 ) - Columbia University ( 1942 ) - Yale University ( 1949 ) - Williams College ( 1950 ) - University of Oxford ( 1951 ) - Bucknell University ( 1960 ) - Boston College ( 1961 ) - College of the Holy Cross ( 1962 ) Literary prizes - Loubat Prize ( 1938 ) for The Founding of Harvard College ( 1935 ) and Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century ( 1936 ) - Pulitzer Prize ( 1943 ) for Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) - Bancroft Prize ( 1949 ) for The Rising Sun in the Pacific ( 1948 ) - Pulitzer Prize ( 1960 ) for John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) - American Academy of Arts and Sciences Emerson-Thoreau Medal ( 1961 ) - American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal ( 1962 ) - Balzan Prize ( 1962 ) for History of United States Naval Operations in World War II ( 1963 ) - Bancroft Prize ( 1972 ) for The European Discovery of America : The Northern Voyages ( 1971 ) Works . The following is a list of books written by Samuel Eliot Morison , arranged alphabetically . - Admiral of the Ocean Sea . 2 vols . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1942 . - American Contributions to the Strategy of World War II . London : Oxford University Press , 1958 . - The Ancient Classics in a Modern Democracy . New York : Oxford University Press , 1939 . - Builders of the Bay Colony . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1930 . - By Land and By Sea . New York : Knopf , 1953 . - The Caribbean as Columbus Saw It . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1964 . ( with Mauricio Obregon ) - Christopher Columbus , Mariner . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1955 . - The Class Lives of Samuel Eliot and Nathaniel Homes Morison , Harvard 1839 . Boston : Privately printed , 1926 . - The Conservative American Revolution . Washington , DC : Society of the Cincinnati , 1976 . - Doctor Morisons Farewell to the Colonial Society of Massachusetts . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1939 . - The European Discovery of America . 2 vols . New York : Oxford University Press , 1971–1974 . - The Events of the Year MDCCCCXXXV . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1936 . - The Founding of Harvard College . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1935 . - Francis Parkman . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society , 1973 . - Freedom in Contemporary Society . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1956 . - The Growth of the American Republic 2 vols . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1930 . - Harrison Gray Otis , 1765–1848 : The Urbane Federalist . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1969 . - Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century . 2 vols . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1936 . - Harvard Guide to American History . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1963 . ( with Arthur Meier Schlesinger , Frederick Merk , Arthur Meier Schlesinger , Jr. , and Paul Herman Buck ) - Historical Background for the Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary in 1930 . Boston : Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary , Inc. , 1928 , 1930 . - Historical Markers Erected by Massachusetts Bay Colony Tercentenary Commission . Texts of Inscriptions As Revised By Samuel Eliot Morison . Boston : Commonwealth of Massachusetts , 1930 . - History As A Literary Art . Boston : Old South Association , 1946 . - A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts . Boston : Special Commission on Revision of the Constitution , 1963 . - A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts . Boston : Wright & Potter , 1917 . - History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . 15 vols . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1947–1962 . - An Hour of American History : From Columbus to Coolidge . Philadelphia : J . B . Lippincott & Co. , 1929 . - Introduction to Whaler Out of New Bedford . New Bedford : Old Dartmouth Historical Society , 1962 . - John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1959 . - Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis . 2 vols . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1913 . - Life in Washington a Century and a Half Ago . Washington , DC : Cosmos Club , 1968 . - The Maritime History of Massachusetts , 1783–1860 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1921 . - Nathaniel Homes Morison . Baltimore : Peabody Institute , 1957 . - A New and Fresh English Translation of the Letter of Columbus Announcing the Discovery of America . Madrid : Graficas Yagues , 1959 . - Of Plymouth Plantation , 1620–1647 . Editor . New York : Knopf , 1952 . - Old Bruin : Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry , 1796–1858 . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1967 . - One Boys Boston , 1887–1901 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1962 . - The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press , 1965 . - Oxford History of the United States . 2 vols . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1927 . - The Pilgrim Fathers : Their Significance in History . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1937 . - Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1940 . - A Prologue to American History : An Inaugural Lecture . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1922 . - The Proprietors of Peterborough , New Hampshire . Peterborough : Historical Society , 1930 . - The Puritan Pronaos . New York : New York University Press , 1936 . - Ropemakers of Plymouth . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1950 . - Sailor Historian : The Best of Samuel Eliot Morison . Edited by Emily Morison Beck . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1977 . - Samuel de Champlain : Father of New France . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1972 . - The Scholar in American : Past , Present , and Future . New York : Oxford University Press , 1961 . - The Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus . New York : Oxford University Press , 1939 . - Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution , 1764–1788 , and the Formation of the Federal Constitution . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1923 . - Spring Tides . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1965 . - The Story of Mount Desert Island , Maine . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1960 . - The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth , 1620–1692 . New York : Knopf , 1956 . - Strategy and Compromise . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1958 . - These Forty Years . Boston : Privately printed , 1948 . ( Address to the 40th Reunion , Harvard Class of 1908 ) - Three Centuries of Harvard , 1636–1936 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1936 . - The Two Ocean War . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1963 . - Vistas of History . New York : Knopf , 1964 . - William Hickling Prescott . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society , 1958 . - The Young Man Washington . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1932 . Further reading . - Cunliffe , Marcus , and Robin W . Winks , eds . Pastmasters : some essays on American historians ( Harper & Row , 1975 ) . - Keegan , John . The Price of Admiralty : The Evolution of Naval Warfare . New York : Viking , 1989 . - Morison , Samuel Eliot . The Gilberts & Marshalls in Life Magazine , May 22 , 1944 . - Pfitzer , Gregory M . Samuel Eliot Morisons Historical World : In Quest of a New Parkman . Boston : Northeastern , 1991 . - Taylor , P.A.M . Samuel Eliot Morison , Historian Journal of American Studies ( 1977 ) 11#1 13–26 . - Washburn , Wilcomb E . Samuel Eliot Morison , Historian The William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd Series , Vol . XXXVI , July 1979 . in JSTOR - Faith of a Historian Presidential address read at the annual dinner of the American Historical Association in Chicago on December 29 , 1950 . American Historical Review 56:2 ( January 1951 ) : 261–275 . External links . - Official United States Navy Biography |
[
"École Libre des Sciences Politiques"
] | easy | Samuel Eliot Morison went to which school from 1908 to 1909? | /wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison#P69#1 | Samuel Eliot Morison Samuel Eliot Morison ( July 9 , 1887 – May 15 , 1976 ) was an American historian noted for his works of maritime history and American history that were both authoritative and popular . He received his Ph.D . from Harvard University in 1912 , and taught history at the university for 40 years . He won Pulitzer Prizes for Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) , a biography of Christopher Columbus , and John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) . In 1942 , he was commissioned to write a history of United States naval operations in World War II , which was published in 15 volumes between 1947 and 1962 . Morison wrote the popular Oxford History of the American People ( 1965 ) , and co-authored the classic textbook The Growth of the American Republic ( 1930 ) with Henry Steele Commager . Over the course of his career , Morison received eleven honorary doctoral degrees , and garnered numerous literary prizes , military honors , and national awards from both foreign countries and the United States , including two Pulitzer Prizes , two Bancroft Prizes , the Balzan Prize , the Legion of Merit , and the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Early life ( 1887–1912 ) . Samuel Eliot Morison was born July 9 , 1887 , in Boston , Massachusetts , to John Holmes Morison ( 1856–1911 ) and Emily Marshall ( Eliot ) Morison ( 1857–1925 ) . He was named for his maternal grandfather Samuel Eliot—a historian , educator , and public-minded citizen of Boston and Hartford , Connecticut . The Eliot family , which produced generations of prominent American intellectuals , descended from Andrew Eliot , who moved to Boston in the 1660s from the English village of East Coker . The most famous of this Andrew Eliots direct descendants was poet T.S . Eliot , who titled the second of his Four Quartets East Coker . Morison attended Noble and Greenough School ( 1897–1901 ) and St . Pauls ( 1901–1903 ) prior to entering Harvard University , where he was a member of the Phoenix S K Club . At the age of fourteen , he learned to sail , and soon after learned horsemanship—both skills would serve him well in his later historical writings . He earned both a Bachelor of Arts and Masters degree from Harvard in 1908 . After studying at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques ( 1908–1909 ) , Morison returned to Harvard . Scholar and historian ( 1913–1941 ) . Morison originally intended to major in mathematics until Albert Bushnell Hart talked him into researching some papers of an ancestor stored in his wine cellar . His Harvard dissertation was the basis for his first book The Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis , Federalist , 1765–1848 ( 1913 ) , which sold 700 copies . After earning his Ph.D . at Harvard , Morison became an instructor in history at the University of California , Berkeley in 1912 . In 1915 he returned to Harvard and took a position as an instructor . During World War I he served as a private in the US Army . He also served as the American Delegate on the Baltic Commission of the Paris Peace Conference until June 17 , 1919 . In 1922–1925 Morison taught at Oxford University as the first Harmsworth Professor of American History . In 1925 he returned to Harvard , where he was appointed a full professor . One of several subjects that fascinated Morison was the history of New England . As early as 1921 he published The Maritime History of Massachusetts , 1783–1860 . In the 1930s Morison published a series of books on the history of Harvard University and New England , including Builders of the Bay Colony : A Gallery of Our Intellectual Ancestors ( 1930 ) , The Founding of Harvard College ( 1935 ) , Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century ( 1936 ) , Three Centuries of Harvard : 1636–1936 ( 1936 ) , and The Puritan Pronaos ( 1936 ) . In later years , he returned to the subject of New England history , writing The Ropemakers of Plymouth ( 1950 ) and The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth ( 1956 ) and editing the definitive work , Of Plymouth Plantation , 1620–1647 ( 1952 ) . During his time at Harvard , Morison became the last professor to arrive on campus on horseback . He was chosen to speak at the 300th Anniversary celebration of Harvard in 1936 and a recording of his speech is included as part of the Harvard Voices collection . In 1938 Morison was elected as an honorary member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati . In 1940 , Morison published Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century , a book that presaged his succeeding publications on the explorer , Christopher Columbus . In 1941 , Morison was named Jonathan Trumbull Professor of American History at Harvard . For Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) , Morison combined his personal interest in sailing with his scholarship by actually sailing to the various places that Columbus explored . The Harvard Columbus Expedition , led by Morison and including his wife and Captain John W . McElroy , Herbert F . Hossmer , Jr. , Richard S . Colley , Dr . Clifton W . Anderson , Kenneth R . Spear and Richard Spear , left on 28 August 1939 aboard the 147 foot ketch Capitana for the Azores and Lisbon , Portugal from which they sailed on the 45 foot ketch Mary Otis to retrace Columbus route using manuscripts and records of his voyages reaching Trinidad by way of Cadiz , Madeira , and the Canary Islands . After following the coast of South and Central America the expedition returned to Trinidad on 15 December 1939 . The expedition returned to New York on 2 February 1940 aboard the United Fruit liner . The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1943 . Naval war service ( 1942–1952 ) . In 1942 , Morison met with his friend President Franklin D . Roosevelt and offered to write a history of United States Navy operations during the war from an insiders perspective by taking part in operations and documenting them . The President and Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox agreed to the proposal . On May 5 , 1942 , Morison was commissioned a lieutenant commander in the US Naval Reserve , and was called at once to active duty . Gregory Pfitzer explained his procedures : Morison worked with a team of researchers to prepare the History of United States Naval Operations in World War II , published in 15 volumes between 1947 and 1962 , documenting everything from strategy and tactics to technology and the exploits of individuals . British military historian Sir John Keegan called it the best to come out of that conflict . Issued as The Rising Sun in the Pacific in 1948 , Volume 3 won the Bancroft Prize in 1949 . Morison was promoted to the rank of captain on December 15 , 1945 . On August 1 , 1951 , he was transferred to the Honorary Retired List of the Naval Reserve and was promoted to rear admiral on the basis of combat awards . In History as a Literary Art : An Appeal to Young Historians ( 1946 ) , Morison argued that vivid writing springs from the synergy of experience and research : Later years ( 1953–1976 ) . In 1955 , Morison retired from Harvard University . He devoted the rest of his life to writing . In quick succession , Morison wrote Christopher Columbus , Mariner ( 1955 ) , Freedom in Contemporary Society ( 1956 ) , The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth , 1620–1692 ( 1956 ) , Nathaniel Holmes Morison ( 1957 ) , William Hickling Prescott ( 1958 ) , Strategy and Compromise ( 1958 ) , and John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) , which earned Morison his second Pulitzer Prize . In the early 1960s , Morisons focus returned to his New England youth , writing The Story of Mount Desert Island , Maine ( 1960 ) , One Boys Boston , 1887–1901 ( 1962 ) , Introduction to Whaler Out of New Bedford ( 1962 ) , and A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts ( 1963 ) . In 1963 , The Two-Ocean War was published , a one-volume abridged history of the United States Navy in World War II . In 1964 , Morison received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Lyndon B . Johnson . In presenting the distinguished historian with the highest civilian award in the United States , Johnson noted : Morisons later years were devoted to books on exploration , such as The Caribbean as Columbus Saw It , written jointly with Mauricio Obregón ( 1964 ) , Spring Tides ( 1965 ) , The European Discovery of America ( 1971–1974 ) , and Samuel de Champlain : Father of New France ( 1972 ) . His research for the latter book included sailing many of the routes taken by Champlain , and tracing others by airplane . Morisons first marriage to Elizabeth S . Greene produced four children—one of whom , Emily Morison Beck , became editor of Bartletts Familiar Quotations . Elizabeth died August 20 , 1945 . In 1949 , Morison married Baltimore widow Priscilla Barton . Priscilla died February 22 , 1973 . Death and legacy . Morison died of a stroke on May 15 , 1976 . His ashes are buried at Forest Hill Cemetery in Northeast Harbor , Maine . During his life Morison had received two Pulitzer Prizes , two Bancroft Prizes , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Emerson-Thoreau Medal ( 1961 ) , and numerous honorary degrees , military awards , and honors from foreign nations . On July 19 , 1979 , the frigate USS Samuel Eliot Morison was launched , honoring Morison and his contributions to the United States Navy . Morisons legacy is also sustained by the United States Naval History and Heritage Commands Samuel Eliot Morison Naval History Scholarship . Bostons Commonwealth Avenue Mall features a bronze statue depicting Morison in sailors oilskin . Morisons last known public appearance was on April 8 , 1976 , when he served as the ribbon cutter to open the USS Constitution Museum . The Museums research library and an annual award given by the Museum for scholarship in history are both named in his honor . The museum gives the annual Samuel Eliot Morison Award to a person whose public service has enhanced the image of the USS Constitution , and who reflects the best of Samuel Eliot Morison : artful scholarship , patriotic pride , and eclectic interest in the sea and things maritime . In 1976 , the American Heritage magazine initiated an award named in honor of Morison called the Samuel Eliot Morison Award , honoring an American author whose work shows that good history is literature as well as high scholarship . It lasted two years . Since 1982 , the Naval Order of the United States gives an honor in Morisons name , the Samuel Eliot Morison Award for Naval Literature , for significant works about the US Navy . In 1985 , the Society for Military History established the Samuel Eliot Morison Prize , recognizing an authors body of contributions in the field of military history . Criticism . Slavery . Morison was criticized by some African-American scholars for his treatment of American slavery in early editions of his book The Growth of the American Republic , which he co-wrote with Henry Steele Commager and later with Commagers student William E . Leuchtenburg . The book originated as Morisons two-volume Oxford History of the United States ( Oxford University Press , 1927 ) . First published in 1930 , the first two editions of the textbook , according to these critics , echoed the thesis of American Negro Slavery ( 1918 ) by Ulrich Bonnell Phillips . This view , sometimes called the Phillips school of slavery historiography , was considered an authoritative interpretation of the history of American slavery during the first half of the twentieth century , despite the intense criticism by some African-American scholars for its alleged racist underpinnings . Phillipss theories remained authoritative , considered by many white scholars to be ground-breaking and progressive when first proposed . In 1944 , the NAACP began its criticism of The Growth of the American Republic . In 1950 , despite denying any racist intent ( he noted his daughters marriage to the son of Joel Elias Spingarn , the former President of the NAACP ) , Morison reluctantly agreed to most of the demanded changes . Morison refused to eliminate references to slaves who were loyal and devoted to their masters because they were treated well and to some positive civilizing effects of the American system of slavery . Morison also refused to remove references to stereotypes of African Americans that he believed were vital in accurately depicting the racist nature of American culture in the 19th and the early 20th centuries , an era during which even the most enlightened progressive thinkers routinely explained many aspects of human behavior as a result of innate racial or ethnic characteristics . In the 1962 edition of the textbook , Morison removed additional content that his critics had found to be offensive . Battle of Savo Island . In his semi-official account of the Battle of Savo Island , a disastrous defeat for the US Navy during World War II , Morison partly blamed the defeat on the failure of an Australian aircrew to inform the Americans of the approaching Japanese forces . Morison appears to have based that story on inaccurate information that has since been refuted . On October 21 , 2014 , the US Navy issued a letter of apology to the last surviving member of the RAAF Hudson crew , which had sighted and duly reported the approach of the Japanese Naval Task Force . The letter states that RAdm . Morisons criticism was unwarranted . Honors and awards . Award ribbons Other honors - Honorary Member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati ( 1938 ) - Vuelo Panamericano Medal ( Republic of Cuba ) ( 1943 ) Honorary degrees - Trinity College , Hartford ( 1935 ) - Amherst College ( 1936 ) - Harvard University ( 1936 ) - Union College ( 1939 ) - Columbia University ( 1942 ) - Yale University ( 1949 ) - Williams College ( 1950 ) - University of Oxford ( 1951 ) - Bucknell University ( 1960 ) - Boston College ( 1961 ) - College of the Holy Cross ( 1962 ) Literary prizes - Loubat Prize ( 1938 ) for The Founding of Harvard College ( 1935 ) and Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century ( 1936 ) - Pulitzer Prize ( 1943 ) for Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) - Bancroft Prize ( 1949 ) for The Rising Sun in the Pacific ( 1948 ) - Pulitzer Prize ( 1960 ) for John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) - American Academy of Arts and Sciences Emerson-Thoreau Medal ( 1961 ) - American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal ( 1962 ) - Balzan Prize ( 1962 ) for History of United States Naval Operations in World War II ( 1963 ) - Bancroft Prize ( 1972 ) for The European Discovery of America : The Northern Voyages ( 1971 ) Works . The following is a list of books written by Samuel Eliot Morison , arranged alphabetically . - Admiral of the Ocean Sea . 2 vols . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1942 . - American Contributions to the Strategy of World War II . London : Oxford University Press , 1958 . - The Ancient Classics in a Modern Democracy . New York : Oxford University Press , 1939 . - Builders of the Bay Colony . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1930 . - By Land and By Sea . New York : Knopf , 1953 . - The Caribbean as Columbus Saw It . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1964 . ( with Mauricio Obregon ) - Christopher Columbus , Mariner . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1955 . - The Class Lives of Samuel Eliot and Nathaniel Homes Morison , Harvard 1839 . Boston : Privately printed , 1926 . - The Conservative American Revolution . Washington , DC : Society of the Cincinnati , 1976 . - Doctor Morisons Farewell to the Colonial Society of Massachusetts . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1939 . - The European Discovery of America . 2 vols . New York : Oxford University Press , 1971–1974 . - The Events of the Year MDCCCCXXXV . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1936 . - The Founding of Harvard College . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1935 . - Francis Parkman . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society , 1973 . - Freedom in Contemporary Society . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1956 . - The Growth of the American Republic 2 vols . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1930 . - Harrison Gray Otis , 1765–1848 : The Urbane Federalist . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1969 . - Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century . 2 vols . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1936 . - Harvard Guide to American History . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1963 . ( with Arthur Meier Schlesinger , Frederick Merk , Arthur Meier Schlesinger , Jr. , and Paul Herman Buck ) - Historical Background for the Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary in 1930 . Boston : Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary , Inc. , 1928 , 1930 . - Historical Markers Erected by Massachusetts Bay Colony Tercentenary Commission . Texts of Inscriptions As Revised By Samuel Eliot Morison . Boston : Commonwealth of Massachusetts , 1930 . - History As A Literary Art . Boston : Old South Association , 1946 . - A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts . Boston : Special Commission on Revision of the Constitution , 1963 . - A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts . Boston : Wright & Potter , 1917 . - History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . 15 vols . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1947–1962 . - An Hour of American History : From Columbus to Coolidge . Philadelphia : J . B . Lippincott & Co. , 1929 . - Introduction to Whaler Out of New Bedford . New Bedford : Old Dartmouth Historical Society , 1962 . - John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1959 . - Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis . 2 vols . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1913 . - Life in Washington a Century and a Half Ago . Washington , DC : Cosmos Club , 1968 . - The Maritime History of Massachusetts , 1783–1860 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1921 . - Nathaniel Homes Morison . Baltimore : Peabody Institute , 1957 . - A New and Fresh English Translation of the Letter of Columbus Announcing the Discovery of America . Madrid : Graficas Yagues , 1959 . - Of Plymouth Plantation , 1620–1647 . Editor . New York : Knopf , 1952 . - Old Bruin : Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry , 1796–1858 . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1967 . - One Boys Boston , 1887–1901 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1962 . - The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press , 1965 . - Oxford History of the United States . 2 vols . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1927 . - The Pilgrim Fathers : Their Significance in History . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1937 . - Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1940 . - A Prologue to American History : An Inaugural Lecture . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1922 . - The Proprietors of Peterborough , New Hampshire . Peterborough : Historical Society , 1930 . - The Puritan Pronaos . New York : New York University Press , 1936 . - Ropemakers of Plymouth . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1950 . - Sailor Historian : The Best of Samuel Eliot Morison . Edited by Emily Morison Beck . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1977 . - Samuel de Champlain : Father of New France . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1972 . - The Scholar in American : Past , Present , and Future . New York : Oxford University Press , 1961 . - The Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus . New York : Oxford University Press , 1939 . - Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution , 1764–1788 , and the Formation of the Federal Constitution . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1923 . - Spring Tides . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1965 . - The Story of Mount Desert Island , Maine . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1960 . - The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth , 1620–1692 . New York : Knopf , 1956 . - Strategy and Compromise . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1958 . - These Forty Years . Boston : Privately printed , 1948 . ( Address to the 40th Reunion , Harvard Class of 1908 ) - Three Centuries of Harvard , 1636–1936 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1936 . - The Two Ocean War . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1963 . - Vistas of History . New York : Knopf , 1964 . - William Hickling Prescott . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society , 1958 . - The Young Man Washington . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1932 . Further reading . - Cunliffe , Marcus , and Robin W . Winks , eds . Pastmasters : some essays on American historians ( Harper & Row , 1975 ) . - Keegan , John . The Price of Admiralty : The Evolution of Naval Warfare . New York : Viking , 1989 . - Morison , Samuel Eliot . The Gilberts & Marshalls in Life Magazine , May 22 , 1944 . - Pfitzer , Gregory M . Samuel Eliot Morisons Historical World : In Quest of a New Parkman . Boston : Northeastern , 1991 . - Taylor , P.A.M . Samuel Eliot Morison , Historian Journal of American Studies ( 1977 ) 11#1 13–26 . - Washburn , Wilcomb E . Samuel Eliot Morison , Historian The William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd Series , Vol . XXXVI , July 1979 . in JSTOR - Faith of a Historian Presidential address read at the annual dinner of the American Historical Association in Chicago on December 29 , 1950 . American Historical Review 56:2 ( January 1951 ) : 261–275 . External links . - Official United States Navy Biography |
[
"Harvard"
] | easy | Which school did Samuel Eliot Morison go to from 1909 to 1912? | /wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison#P69#2 | Samuel Eliot Morison Samuel Eliot Morison ( July 9 , 1887 – May 15 , 1976 ) was an American historian noted for his works of maritime history and American history that were both authoritative and popular . He received his Ph.D . from Harvard University in 1912 , and taught history at the university for 40 years . He won Pulitzer Prizes for Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) , a biography of Christopher Columbus , and John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) . In 1942 , he was commissioned to write a history of United States naval operations in World War II , which was published in 15 volumes between 1947 and 1962 . Morison wrote the popular Oxford History of the American People ( 1965 ) , and co-authored the classic textbook The Growth of the American Republic ( 1930 ) with Henry Steele Commager . Over the course of his career , Morison received eleven honorary doctoral degrees , and garnered numerous literary prizes , military honors , and national awards from both foreign countries and the United States , including two Pulitzer Prizes , two Bancroft Prizes , the Balzan Prize , the Legion of Merit , and the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Early life ( 1887–1912 ) . Samuel Eliot Morison was born July 9 , 1887 , in Boston , Massachusetts , to John Holmes Morison ( 1856–1911 ) and Emily Marshall ( Eliot ) Morison ( 1857–1925 ) . He was named for his maternal grandfather Samuel Eliot—a historian , educator , and public-minded citizen of Boston and Hartford , Connecticut . The Eliot family , which produced generations of prominent American intellectuals , descended from Andrew Eliot , who moved to Boston in the 1660s from the English village of East Coker . The most famous of this Andrew Eliots direct descendants was poet T.S . Eliot , who titled the second of his Four Quartets East Coker . Morison attended Noble and Greenough School ( 1897–1901 ) and St . Pauls ( 1901–1903 ) prior to entering Harvard University , where he was a member of the Phoenix S K Club . At the age of fourteen , he learned to sail , and soon after learned horsemanship—both skills would serve him well in his later historical writings . He earned both a Bachelor of Arts and Masters degree from Harvard in 1908 . After studying at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques ( 1908–1909 ) , Morison returned to Harvard . Scholar and historian ( 1913–1941 ) . Morison originally intended to major in mathematics until Albert Bushnell Hart talked him into researching some papers of an ancestor stored in his wine cellar . His Harvard dissertation was the basis for his first book The Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis , Federalist , 1765–1848 ( 1913 ) , which sold 700 copies . After earning his Ph.D . at Harvard , Morison became an instructor in history at the University of California , Berkeley in 1912 . In 1915 he returned to Harvard and took a position as an instructor . During World War I he served as a private in the US Army . He also served as the American Delegate on the Baltic Commission of the Paris Peace Conference until June 17 , 1919 . In 1922–1925 Morison taught at Oxford University as the first Harmsworth Professor of American History . In 1925 he returned to Harvard , where he was appointed a full professor . One of several subjects that fascinated Morison was the history of New England . As early as 1921 he published The Maritime History of Massachusetts , 1783–1860 . In the 1930s Morison published a series of books on the history of Harvard University and New England , including Builders of the Bay Colony : A Gallery of Our Intellectual Ancestors ( 1930 ) , The Founding of Harvard College ( 1935 ) , Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century ( 1936 ) , Three Centuries of Harvard : 1636–1936 ( 1936 ) , and The Puritan Pronaos ( 1936 ) . In later years , he returned to the subject of New England history , writing The Ropemakers of Plymouth ( 1950 ) and The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth ( 1956 ) and editing the definitive work , Of Plymouth Plantation , 1620–1647 ( 1952 ) . During his time at Harvard , Morison became the last professor to arrive on campus on horseback . He was chosen to speak at the 300th Anniversary celebration of Harvard in 1936 and a recording of his speech is included as part of the Harvard Voices collection . In 1938 Morison was elected as an honorary member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati . In 1940 , Morison published Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century , a book that presaged his succeeding publications on the explorer , Christopher Columbus . In 1941 , Morison was named Jonathan Trumbull Professor of American History at Harvard . For Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) , Morison combined his personal interest in sailing with his scholarship by actually sailing to the various places that Columbus explored . The Harvard Columbus Expedition , led by Morison and including his wife and Captain John W . McElroy , Herbert F . Hossmer , Jr. , Richard S . Colley , Dr . Clifton W . Anderson , Kenneth R . Spear and Richard Spear , left on 28 August 1939 aboard the 147 foot ketch Capitana for the Azores and Lisbon , Portugal from which they sailed on the 45 foot ketch Mary Otis to retrace Columbus route using manuscripts and records of his voyages reaching Trinidad by way of Cadiz , Madeira , and the Canary Islands . After following the coast of South and Central America the expedition returned to Trinidad on 15 December 1939 . The expedition returned to New York on 2 February 1940 aboard the United Fruit liner . The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1943 . Naval war service ( 1942–1952 ) . In 1942 , Morison met with his friend President Franklin D . Roosevelt and offered to write a history of United States Navy operations during the war from an insiders perspective by taking part in operations and documenting them . The President and Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox agreed to the proposal . On May 5 , 1942 , Morison was commissioned a lieutenant commander in the US Naval Reserve , and was called at once to active duty . Gregory Pfitzer explained his procedures : Morison worked with a team of researchers to prepare the History of United States Naval Operations in World War II , published in 15 volumes between 1947 and 1962 , documenting everything from strategy and tactics to technology and the exploits of individuals . British military historian Sir John Keegan called it the best to come out of that conflict . Issued as The Rising Sun in the Pacific in 1948 , Volume 3 won the Bancroft Prize in 1949 . Morison was promoted to the rank of captain on December 15 , 1945 . On August 1 , 1951 , he was transferred to the Honorary Retired List of the Naval Reserve and was promoted to rear admiral on the basis of combat awards . In History as a Literary Art : An Appeal to Young Historians ( 1946 ) , Morison argued that vivid writing springs from the synergy of experience and research : Later years ( 1953–1976 ) . In 1955 , Morison retired from Harvard University . He devoted the rest of his life to writing . In quick succession , Morison wrote Christopher Columbus , Mariner ( 1955 ) , Freedom in Contemporary Society ( 1956 ) , The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth , 1620–1692 ( 1956 ) , Nathaniel Holmes Morison ( 1957 ) , William Hickling Prescott ( 1958 ) , Strategy and Compromise ( 1958 ) , and John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) , which earned Morison his second Pulitzer Prize . In the early 1960s , Morisons focus returned to his New England youth , writing The Story of Mount Desert Island , Maine ( 1960 ) , One Boys Boston , 1887–1901 ( 1962 ) , Introduction to Whaler Out of New Bedford ( 1962 ) , and A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts ( 1963 ) . In 1963 , The Two-Ocean War was published , a one-volume abridged history of the United States Navy in World War II . In 1964 , Morison received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Lyndon B . Johnson . In presenting the distinguished historian with the highest civilian award in the United States , Johnson noted : Morisons later years were devoted to books on exploration , such as The Caribbean as Columbus Saw It , written jointly with Mauricio Obregón ( 1964 ) , Spring Tides ( 1965 ) , The European Discovery of America ( 1971–1974 ) , and Samuel de Champlain : Father of New France ( 1972 ) . His research for the latter book included sailing many of the routes taken by Champlain , and tracing others by airplane . Morisons first marriage to Elizabeth S . Greene produced four children—one of whom , Emily Morison Beck , became editor of Bartletts Familiar Quotations . Elizabeth died August 20 , 1945 . In 1949 , Morison married Baltimore widow Priscilla Barton . Priscilla died February 22 , 1973 . Death and legacy . Morison died of a stroke on May 15 , 1976 . His ashes are buried at Forest Hill Cemetery in Northeast Harbor , Maine . During his life Morison had received two Pulitzer Prizes , two Bancroft Prizes , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Emerson-Thoreau Medal ( 1961 ) , and numerous honorary degrees , military awards , and honors from foreign nations . On July 19 , 1979 , the frigate USS Samuel Eliot Morison was launched , honoring Morison and his contributions to the United States Navy . Morisons legacy is also sustained by the United States Naval History and Heritage Commands Samuel Eliot Morison Naval History Scholarship . Bostons Commonwealth Avenue Mall features a bronze statue depicting Morison in sailors oilskin . Morisons last known public appearance was on April 8 , 1976 , when he served as the ribbon cutter to open the USS Constitution Museum . The Museums research library and an annual award given by the Museum for scholarship in history are both named in his honor . The museum gives the annual Samuel Eliot Morison Award to a person whose public service has enhanced the image of the USS Constitution , and who reflects the best of Samuel Eliot Morison : artful scholarship , patriotic pride , and eclectic interest in the sea and things maritime . In 1976 , the American Heritage magazine initiated an award named in honor of Morison called the Samuel Eliot Morison Award , honoring an American author whose work shows that good history is literature as well as high scholarship . It lasted two years . Since 1982 , the Naval Order of the United States gives an honor in Morisons name , the Samuel Eliot Morison Award for Naval Literature , for significant works about the US Navy . In 1985 , the Society for Military History established the Samuel Eliot Morison Prize , recognizing an authors body of contributions in the field of military history . Criticism . Slavery . Morison was criticized by some African-American scholars for his treatment of American slavery in early editions of his book The Growth of the American Republic , which he co-wrote with Henry Steele Commager and later with Commagers student William E . Leuchtenburg . The book originated as Morisons two-volume Oxford History of the United States ( Oxford University Press , 1927 ) . First published in 1930 , the first two editions of the textbook , according to these critics , echoed the thesis of American Negro Slavery ( 1918 ) by Ulrich Bonnell Phillips . This view , sometimes called the Phillips school of slavery historiography , was considered an authoritative interpretation of the history of American slavery during the first half of the twentieth century , despite the intense criticism by some African-American scholars for its alleged racist underpinnings . Phillipss theories remained authoritative , considered by many white scholars to be ground-breaking and progressive when first proposed . In 1944 , the NAACP began its criticism of The Growth of the American Republic . In 1950 , despite denying any racist intent ( he noted his daughters marriage to the son of Joel Elias Spingarn , the former President of the NAACP ) , Morison reluctantly agreed to most of the demanded changes . Morison refused to eliminate references to slaves who were loyal and devoted to their masters because they were treated well and to some positive civilizing effects of the American system of slavery . Morison also refused to remove references to stereotypes of African Americans that he believed were vital in accurately depicting the racist nature of American culture in the 19th and the early 20th centuries , an era during which even the most enlightened progressive thinkers routinely explained many aspects of human behavior as a result of innate racial or ethnic characteristics . In the 1962 edition of the textbook , Morison removed additional content that his critics had found to be offensive . Battle of Savo Island . In his semi-official account of the Battle of Savo Island , a disastrous defeat for the US Navy during World War II , Morison partly blamed the defeat on the failure of an Australian aircrew to inform the Americans of the approaching Japanese forces . Morison appears to have based that story on inaccurate information that has since been refuted . On October 21 , 2014 , the US Navy issued a letter of apology to the last surviving member of the RAAF Hudson crew , which had sighted and duly reported the approach of the Japanese Naval Task Force . The letter states that RAdm . Morisons criticism was unwarranted . Honors and awards . Award ribbons Other honors - Honorary Member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati ( 1938 ) - Vuelo Panamericano Medal ( Republic of Cuba ) ( 1943 ) Honorary degrees - Trinity College , Hartford ( 1935 ) - Amherst College ( 1936 ) - Harvard University ( 1936 ) - Union College ( 1939 ) - Columbia University ( 1942 ) - Yale University ( 1949 ) - Williams College ( 1950 ) - University of Oxford ( 1951 ) - Bucknell University ( 1960 ) - Boston College ( 1961 ) - College of the Holy Cross ( 1962 ) Literary prizes - Loubat Prize ( 1938 ) for The Founding of Harvard College ( 1935 ) and Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century ( 1936 ) - Pulitzer Prize ( 1943 ) for Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) - Bancroft Prize ( 1949 ) for The Rising Sun in the Pacific ( 1948 ) - Pulitzer Prize ( 1960 ) for John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) - American Academy of Arts and Sciences Emerson-Thoreau Medal ( 1961 ) - American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal ( 1962 ) - Balzan Prize ( 1962 ) for History of United States Naval Operations in World War II ( 1963 ) - Bancroft Prize ( 1972 ) for The European Discovery of America : The Northern Voyages ( 1971 ) Works . The following is a list of books written by Samuel Eliot Morison , arranged alphabetically . - Admiral of the Ocean Sea . 2 vols . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1942 . - American Contributions to the Strategy of World War II . London : Oxford University Press , 1958 . - The Ancient Classics in a Modern Democracy . New York : Oxford University Press , 1939 . - Builders of the Bay Colony . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1930 . - By Land and By Sea . New York : Knopf , 1953 . - The Caribbean as Columbus Saw It . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1964 . ( with Mauricio Obregon ) - Christopher Columbus , Mariner . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1955 . - The Class Lives of Samuel Eliot and Nathaniel Homes Morison , Harvard 1839 . Boston : Privately printed , 1926 . - The Conservative American Revolution . Washington , DC : Society of the Cincinnati , 1976 . - Doctor Morisons Farewell to the Colonial Society of Massachusetts . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1939 . - The European Discovery of America . 2 vols . New York : Oxford University Press , 1971–1974 . - The Events of the Year MDCCCCXXXV . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1936 . - The Founding of Harvard College . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1935 . - Francis Parkman . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society , 1973 . - Freedom in Contemporary Society . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1956 . - The Growth of the American Republic 2 vols . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1930 . - Harrison Gray Otis , 1765–1848 : The Urbane Federalist . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1969 . - Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century . 2 vols . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1936 . - Harvard Guide to American History . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1963 . ( with Arthur Meier Schlesinger , Frederick Merk , Arthur Meier Schlesinger , Jr. , and Paul Herman Buck ) - Historical Background for the Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary in 1930 . Boston : Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary , Inc. , 1928 , 1930 . - Historical Markers Erected by Massachusetts Bay Colony Tercentenary Commission . Texts of Inscriptions As Revised By Samuel Eliot Morison . Boston : Commonwealth of Massachusetts , 1930 . - History As A Literary Art . Boston : Old South Association , 1946 . - A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts . Boston : Special Commission on Revision of the Constitution , 1963 . - A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts . Boston : Wright & Potter , 1917 . - History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . 15 vols . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1947–1962 . - An Hour of American History : From Columbus to Coolidge . Philadelphia : J . B . Lippincott & Co. , 1929 . - Introduction to Whaler Out of New Bedford . New Bedford : Old Dartmouth Historical Society , 1962 . - John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1959 . - Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis . 2 vols . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1913 . - Life in Washington a Century and a Half Ago . Washington , DC : Cosmos Club , 1968 . - The Maritime History of Massachusetts , 1783–1860 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1921 . - Nathaniel Homes Morison . Baltimore : Peabody Institute , 1957 . - A New and Fresh English Translation of the Letter of Columbus Announcing the Discovery of America . Madrid : Graficas Yagues , 1959 . - Of Plymouth Plantation , 1620–1647 . Editor . New York : Knopf , 1952 . - Old Bruin : Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry , 1796–1858 . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1967 . - One Boys Boston , 1887–1901 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1962 . - The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press , 1965 . - Oxford History of the United States . 2 vols . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1927 . - The Pilgrim Fathers : Their Significance in History . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1937 . - Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1940 . - A Prologue to American History : An Inaugural Lecture . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1922 . - The Proprietors of Peterborough , New Hampshire . Peterborough : Historical Society , 1930 . - The Puritan Pronaos . New York : New York University Press , 1936 . - Ropemakers of Plymouth . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1950 . - Sailor Historian : The Best of Samuel Eliot Morison . Edited by Emily Morison Beck . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1977 . - Samuel de Champlain : Father of New France . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1972 . - The Scholar in American : Past , Present , and Future . New York : Oxford University Press , 1961 . - The Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus . New York : Oxford University Press , 1939 . - Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution , 1764–1788 , and the Formation of the Federal Constitution . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1923 . - Spring Tides . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1965 . - The Story of Mount Desert Island , Maine . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1960 . - The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth , 1620–1692 . New York : Knopf , 1956 . - Strategy and Compromise . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1958 . - These Forty Years . Boston : Privately printed , 1948 . ( Address to the 40th Reunion , Harvard Class of 1908 ) - Three Centuries of Harvard , 1636–1936 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1936 . - The Two Ocean War . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1963 . - Vistas of History . New York : Knopf , 1964 . - William Hickling Prescott . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society , 1958 . - The Young Man Washington . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1932 . Further reading . - Cunliffe , Marcus , and Robin W . Winks , eds . Pastmasters : some essays on American historians ( Harper & Row , 1975 ) . - Keegan , John . The Price of Admiralty : The Evolution of Naval Warfare . New York : Viking , 1989 . - Morison , Samuel Eliot . The Gilberts & Marshalls in Life Magazine , May 22 , 1944 . - Pfitzer , Gregory M . Samuel Eliot Morisons Historical World : In Quest of a New Parkman . Boston : Northeastern , 1991 . - Taylor , P.A.M . Samuel Eliot Morison , Historian Journal of American Studies ( 1977 ) 11#1 13–26 . - Washburn , Wilcomb E . Samuel Eliot Morison , Historian The William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd Series , Vol . XXXVI , July 1979 . in JSTOR - Faith of a Historian Presidential address read at the annual dinner of the American Historical Association in Chicago on December 29 , 1950 . American Historical Review 56:2 ( January 1951 ) : 261–275 . External links . - Official United States Navy Biography |
[
"St . Patrick"
] | easy | Which team did Adrian Pulis play for from 1998 to 2000? | /wiki/Adrian_Pulis#P54#0 | Adrian Pulis Adrian Pulis ( born 30 March 1979 in Malta ) is a professional footballer currently playing for Gozo Football League First Division side Nadur Youngsters , where he plays as a defender . Playing career . St . Patrick . Pulis started his career with Maltese Premier League side St . Patrick , and made his debut during the 1998–99 season . Pulis went on to make 15 appearances and scored one goal , however St . Patrick finished the season in ninth position in the Maltese Premier League , and were relegated to the Maltese First Division . Pulis remained with St . Patrick for the 1999-2000 season , hoping to help the club gain an immediate return to the Maltese Premier League . Unfortunately , Pulis could not help St . Patrick make an instant return to the Maltese Premier League , with the club securing a mid table finish . Hibernians . Pulis joined Maltese Premier League side Hibernians for the 2000–01 season . In his first season , Pulis was a bit part player in the Hibernians squad , making the odd appearance , but never having a clear run in the first team . He went on to make nine appearances , failing to score , as Hibernians recorded a fourth-place finish in the Maltese Premier League . The 2001–02 season was the season Pulis made his mark with Hibernians , he was a member of the Hibernians squad that won the Maltese Premier League title . Pulis went on to make 20 appearances and score one goal during that season . Despite the success of the previous season , Pulis and Hibernians could not emulate the same achievement during the 2002–03 season . The club went on to finish the season in fourth position in the Maltese Premier League , with Pulis making 24 appearances , but failing to score any goals . The 2003–04 season was another that Pulis was heavily involved . Hibernians went on to finish one place better than the previous season , in third position . Pulis made 21 appearances and scored one goal during the season . The 2004–05 season , Pulis helped Hibernians to another third-place finish in the Maltese Premier League . He made 23 appearances and scoring one goal . Pulis received his first cap for the Maltese national team during the season . His form continued into the 2005–06 season , he helped Hibernians secure a fourth-place finish in the Maltese Premier League , making 24 appearances and scored one goal . Pulis also helped the club win the Maltese Cup . Pulis went into the 2006–07 season , and added to his medals collection , as Hibernians secured the Maltese Cup for the second consecutive season . On the domestic front , Hibernians finished in fifth position in the Maltese Premier League , with Pulis making 20 appearances and scoring one goal . The 2007–08 season turned out to be a very disappointing one for Hibernians , as the club finished the first phase of the season in the relegation pool . However , they finished the season in seventh position . Pulis went on to make 16 appearances , but failed to score any goals . The club did however went on to win the Maltese Super Cup . Hibernians went from one extreme to the other during the 2008–09 season . Under the guidance of new manager Mark Miller , the club surprised the odds and beat Valletta by two points to win the Maltese Premier League title . Pulis played a big role making 24 appearances and scored two goals . Honours . Hibernians Winner - 2001–02 , 2008–09 Maltese Premier League - 2006 , 2007 Maltese Cup - 2007–08 Maltese Super Cup Career statistics . Statistics accurate as of match played 9 August 2009 . External links . - Adrian Pulis at MaltaFootball.com |
[
"Hibernians"
] | easy | Which team did the player Adrian Pulis belong to from 2000 to 2013? | /wiki/Adrian_Pulis#P54#1 | Adrian Pulis Adrian Pulis ( born 30 March 1979 in Malta ) is a professional footballer currently playing for Gozo Football League First Division side Nadur Youngsters , where he plays as a defender . Playing career . St . Patrick . Pulis started his career with Maltese Premier League side St . Patrick , and made his debut during the 1998–99 season . Pulis went on to make 15 appearances and scored one goal , however St . Patrick finished the season in ninth position in the Maltese Premier League , and were relegated to the Maltese First Division . Pulis remained with St . Patrick for the 1999-2000 season , hoping to help the club gain an immediate return to the Maltese Premier League . Unfortunately , Pulis could not help St . Patrick make an instant return to the Maltese Premier League , with the club securing a mid table finish . Hibernians . Pulis joined Maltese Premier League side Hibernians for the 2000–01 season . In his first season , Pulis was a bit part player in the Hibernians squad , making the odd appearance , but never having a clear run in the first team . He went on to make nine appearances , failing to score , as Hibernians recorded a fourth-place finish in the Maltese Premier League . The 2001–02 season was the season Pulis made his mark with Hibernians , he was a member of the Hibernians squad that won the Maltese Premier League title . Pulis went on to make 20 appearances and score one goal during that season . Despite the success of the previous season , Pulis and Hibernians could not emulate the same achievement during the 2002–03 season . The club went on to finish the season in fourth position in the Maltese Premier League , with Pulis making 24 appearances , but failing to score any goals . The 2003–04 season was another that Pulis was heavily involved . Hibernians went on to finish one place better than the previous season , in third position . Pulis made 21 appearances and scored one goal during the season . The 2004–05 season , Pulis helped Hibernians to another third-place finish in the Maltese Premier League . He made 23 appearances and scoring one goal . Pulis received his first cap for the Maltese national team during the season . His form continued into the 2005–06 season , he helped Hibernians secure a fourth-place finish in the Maltese Premier League , making 24 appearances and scored one goal . Pulis also helped the club win the Maltese Cup . Pulis went into the 2006–07 season , and added to his medals collection , as Hibernians secured the Maltese Cup for the second consecutive season . On the domestic front , Hibernians finished in fifth position in the Maltese Premier League , with Pulis making 20 appearances and scoring one goal . The 2007–08 season turned out to be a very disappointing one for Hibernians , as the club finished the first phase of the season in the relegation pool . However , they finished the season in seventh position . Pulis went on to make 16 appearances , but failed to score any goals . The club did however went on to win the Maltese Super Cup . Hibernians went from one extreme to the other during the 2008–09 season . Under the guidance of new manager Mark Miller , the club surprised the odds and beat Valletta by two points to win the Maltese Premier League title . Pulis played a big role making 24 appearances and scored two goals . Honours . Hibernians Winner - 2001–02 , 2008–09 Maltese Premier League - 2006 , 2007 Maltese Cup - 2007–08 Maltese Super Cup Career statistics . Statistics accurate as of match played 9 August 2009 . External links . - Adrian Pulis at MaltaFootball.com |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did the player Adrian Pulis belong to from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Adrian_Pulis#P54#2 | Adrian Pulis Adrian Pulis ( born 30 March 1979 in Malta ) is a professional footballer currently playing for Gozo Football League First Division side Nadur Youngsters , where he plays as a defender . Playing career . St . Patrick . Pulis started his career with Maltese Premier League side St . Patrick , and made his debut during the 1998–99 season . Pulis went on to make 15 appearances and scored one goal , however St . Patrick finished the season in ninth position in the Maltese Premier League , and were relegated to the Maltese First Division . Pulis remained with St . Patrick for the 1999-2000 season , hoping to help the club gain an immediate return to the Maltese Premier League . Unfortunately , Pulis could not help St . Patrick make an instant return to the Maltese Premier League , with the club securing a mid table finish . Hibernians . Pulis joined Maltese Premier League side Hibernians for the 2000–01 season . In his first season , Pulis was a bit part player in the Hibernians squad , making the odd appearance , but never having a clear run in the first team . He went on to make nine appearances , failing to score , as Hibernians recorded a fourth-place finish in the Maltese Premier League . The 2001–02 season was the season Pulis made his mark with Hibernians , he was a member of the Hibernians squad that won the Maltese Premier League title . Pulis went on to make 20 appearances and score one goal during that season . Despite the success of the previous season , Pulis and Hibernians could not emulate the same achievement during the 2002–03 season . The club went on to finish the season in fourth position in the Maltese Premier League , with Pulis making 24 appearances , but failing to score any goals . The 2003–04 season was another that Pulis was heavily involved . Hibernians went on to finish one place better than the previous season , in third position . Pulis made 21 appearances and scored one goal during the season . The 2004–05 season , Pulis helped Hibernians to another third-place finish in the Maltese Premier League . He made 23 appearances and scoring one goal . Pulis received his first cap for the Maltese national team during the season . His form continued into the 2005–06 season , he helped Hibernians secure a fourth-place finish in the Maltese Premier League , making 24 appearances and scored one goal . Pulis also helped the club win the Maltese Cup . Pulis went into the 2006–07 season , and added to his medals collection , as Hibernians secured the Maltese Cup for the second consecutive season . On the domestic front , Hibernians finished in fifth position in the Maltese Premier League , with Pulis making 20 appearances and scoring one goal . The 2007–08 season turned out to be a very disappointing one for Hibernians , as the club finished the first phase of the season in the relegation pool . However , they finished the season in seventh position . Pulis went on to make 16 appearances , but failed to score any goals . The club did however went on to win the Maltese Super Cup . Hibernians went from one extreme to the other during the 2008–09 season . Under the guidance of new manager Mark Miller , the club surprised the odds and beat Valletta by two points to win the Maltese Premier League title . Pulis played a big role making 24 appearances and scored two goals . Honours . Hibernians Winner - 2001–02 , 2008–09 Maltese Premier League - 2006 , 2007 Maltese Cup - 2007–08 Maltese Super Cup Career statistics . Statistics accurate as of match played 9 August 2009 . External links . - Adrian Pulis at MaltaFootball.com |
[
"Member of the European Parliament"
] | easy | What position did Theresa Villiers take from Jul 1999 to May 2005? | /wiki/Theresa_Villiers#P39#0 | Theresa Villiers Theresa Anne Villiers ( born 5 March 1968 ) is a British Conservative Party politician who served as Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs from 2019 to 2020 . She has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Chipping Barnet since 2005 . Villiers was Minister of State for Transport from 2010 to 2012 and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from 2012 until 2016 . Early life . Villiers was born in Hunstanton , Norfolk in 1968 , the third child of George Edward Villiers by his marriage to Anne Virginia Threlfall ; she has two elder brothers , Edward and Henry . On her fathers side , she is a descendant of Edward Ernest Villiers ( 1806–1843 ) , brother of George Villiers , 4th Earl of Clarendon , Thomas Hyde Villiers , Charles Pelham Villiers , and Henry Montagu Villiers and a direct descendant of King Edward II . Growing up in North London , she was educated at the independent Francis Holland School . Villiers gained a Bachelor of Laws ( LLB ) degree with first-class honours in 1990 from the University of Bristol , and a year later the postgraduate degree of Bachelor of Civil Law ( BCL ) from Jesus College , Oxford . After university , she qualified for the bar at the Inner Temple , and worked as a lecturer at Kings College London from 1994 until 1999 . Member of the European Parliament . Villiers was elected as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the London constituency in 1999 , and was re-elected in 2004 . She stood down after the 2005 general election when she was elected as the Member of Parliament ( United Kingdom ) ( MP ) for Chipping Barnet . She served as Deputy Leader of the Conservatives in the European Parliament between 2001 and 2002 . She also served as a member of the governing board of the Conservative Party during this period . Member of Parliament . In 2003 , following Sir Sydney Chapmans announcement that he would retire at the following election , Villiers was selected as the Conservative prospective parliamentary candidate for Chipping Barnet . Although Chapmans majority at the 2001 general election had only been 2,701 votes , the party viewed Chipping Barnet to be quite a safe Conservative seat , and Villiers held it at the 2005 general election with an increased majority of 5,960 votes , which she increased again to 11,927 in 2010 . Her majority dropped to 7,656 in 2015 , and was reduced to just 353 in 2017 . However , Villiers majority rose to 1,212 in the 2019 general election , despite her percentage share of the vote going down . Upon her election to the House of Commons in 2005 , she resigned from her seat in the European Parliament ; it went to Syed Kamall , the next candidate on the Conservatives regional list for London . Villiers now lives at Arkley in her constituency , and formerly lived at Hillsborough Castle . Villiers was sworn of the Privy Council on 9 June 2010 . Shadow Cabinet . In December 2005 , following the election of David Cameron as Conservative Party Leader , Villiers was promoted to the Shadow Cabinet after just seven months in the UK Parliament , as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury . In July 2007 , Cameron promoted her to Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . Government . Following the 2010 general election , the Conservatives , short of an overall majority , formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats . This required positions in Cabinet to be awarded to Lib Dem MPs , so Villiers did not become Secretary of State for Transport as might have been expected in the event of a majority Conservative government taking office . That role went instead to Philip Hammond , who had shadowed the post of Chief Secretary to the Treasury . Villiers instead became a Minister of State at the Department for Transport . Villiers was appointed Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in September 2012 , but continued to spend three days a week in her North London constituency of Chipping Barnet . Her time in Northern Ireland gained mixed reviews . She made a speech in February 2016 defending the Royal Ulster Constabulary and the British Army , which had been accused of colluding with loyalist murderers in the Loughinisland massacre . The Police Ombudsman who investigated the murders , Dr . Michael Maguire , later stated with regard to law enforcement authorities colluding with the murderers : I have no hesitation in unambiguously determining that collusion is a significant feature of the Loughinisland murders . Villiers had said that a pernicious counter-narrative of the Troubles was emerging whereby responsibility for acts of terrorism was being shifted onto the security forces through allegations of collusion , misuse of agents and informers or other forms of unlawful activity . Villiers was one of the six cabinet ministers who came out in support of Brexit during the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . Following the referendum , on 14 July 2016 , Villiers resigned from her position as Northern Ireland Secretary after stating that new Prime Minister Theresa May had offered her a post in the Cabinet which was not one which I felt I could take on . During the referendum , 62.2% of voters in her constituency ( based on a 72.1% turnout ) , voted to remain in the European Union . After the referendum , Villiers has continued to support efforts to leave the EU . Villiers was appointed Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs by Boris Johnson upon him becoming Prime Minister in July 2019 . She left the government in the post-Brexit cabinet reshuffle . In June 2020 The Times newspaper reported that the hold up in the formation of the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament since the 2019 United Kingdom general election had been due to Villiers appointment having been dismissed by the Prime Minister for her defiance of the Governments whip on a vote where she supported an amendment which would have banned the import of chlorinated chicken products from the US in upcoming post-Brexit trade negotiations . Queens portraits . In July 2019 , Lord Maginnis claimed that Villiers had signed off a £10,000 settlement with a Northern Ireland Offices civil servant , Lee Hegarty , who claimed that under human rights legislation it was unfair to him to have to work where he was offended by portraits of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh . Lord Maginnis also claimed in the House of Lords that , following the settlement , Villiers continued removing portraits and substituted them with Northern Irish landscapes . Villiers did not consider Hegartys suggestion of replacing the said portraits of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh with photographs of the Queen meeting people during engagements in Northern Ireland . Following the media reports , her successor as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Julian Smith , requested an internal review into the decision to take down portraits of the Queen from Stormont House , while Arlene Foster , DUPs leader , stated on Twitter : It is beyond parody that there is a dispute over a portrait of Her Majesty the Queen , our head of state . Parliamentary expenses and second home . She also has a house in Arkley in her North London constituency of Chipping Barnet . The house , a semi-detached property that she bought for £296,500 in May 2004 , is an eight-minute drive away from High Barnet tube station , from which commuters can reach Westminster in about forty-five minutes . Political opinions . Villiers supported the temporary suspension of Ken Livingstone , then-Mayor of London , by the Adjudication Panel for England , which examined the case after a complaint from the Board of Deputies of British Jews to the Standards Board for England . Theresa Villiers is a member of , and since 2017 Vice-Chair , of Conservative Friends of Israel . On 19 July 2018 she was the only MP of any party to attend a rally of about 200–300 Jewish and other persons called by the Campaign Against Antisemitism ( CAA ) in Parliament Square , London , to protest against Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party . She has , on previous occasions , attended CAA protests similar to that of 19 July 2018 against anti-semitism within Labour . She has spoken out publicly in support of Iranian resistance to the Iranian regime at an event in Paris in 2017 , organised by the National Council of Resistance of Iran . The NCRI is considered by some analysts to be a front organisation for the Mojahedin-e-Khalq ( MEK ) , which was once listed by the US as a terror organisation . Since September 2008 , Villiers has dedicated a considerable proportion of her public announcements to aviation policy , specifically the expansion of airports in the South East of England . Villiers underlined that despite differences of opinion , the Coalition governments policy was opposed to a third runway at Heathrow airport . She has also spoken out against Boris Johnsons favoured proposal for a new London airport to be built in the Thames Estuary , and alternative expansions at Gatwick and Stansted airports , arguing that airlines should make greater use of the UKs regional airports , though some regional airports themselves have expressed concern about being adversely affected by capacity shortages in the South East . Villiers favours construction of a high-speed rail link from London to Birmingham and Manchester , arguing that flyers could use capacity at airports such as Birmingham International and Manchester International Airport . In May 2017 , Villiers announced that she fundamentally supports the ban on hunting of wild animals with dogs but suggested that there remains scope for reform of the Hunting Act 2004 . In September 2019 at that years Conservative Party Conference , Villiers set out plans to end live exports of farm animals , ban primates from being kept as pets and for cats to be microchipped . Personal life . Villiers married fellow barrister Sean Wilken in 1997 , and the following year they co-wrote a book on matters of contract and quasi-contract law , which was published by a major publishing house . They are now divorced . External links . - Question Time February 2006 BBC ( RealPlayer ) |
[
"Member of Parliament ( United Kingdom )"
] | easy | What was the position of Theresa Villiers from May 2005 to Dec 2005? | /wiki/Theresa_Villiers#P39#1 | Theresa Villiers Theresa Anne Villiers ( born 5 March 1968 ) is a British Conservative Party politician who served as Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs from 2019 to 2020 . She has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Chipping Barnet since 2005 . Villiers was Minister of State for Transport from 2010 to 2012 and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from 2012 until 2016 . Early life . Villiers was born in Hunstanton , Norfolk in 1968 , the third child of George Edward Villiers by his marriage to Anne Virginia Threlfall ; she has two elder brothers , Edward and Henry . On her fathers side , she is a descendant of Edward Ernest Villiers ( 1806–1843 ) , brother of George Villiers , 4th Earl of Clarendon , Thomas Hyde Villiers , Charles Pelham Villiers , and Henry Montagu Villiers and a direct descendant of King Edward II . Growing up in North London , she was educated at the independent Francis Holland School . Villiers gained a Bachelor of Laws ( LLB ) degree with first-class honours in 1990 from the University of Bristol , and a year later the postgraduate degree of Bachelor of Civil Law ( BCL ) from Jesus College , Oxford . After university , she qualified for the bar at the Inner Temple , and worked as a lecturer at Kings College London from 1994 until 1999 . Member of the European Parliament . Villiers was elected as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the London constituency in 1999 , and was re-elected in 2004 . She stood down after the 2005 general election when she was elected as the Member of Parliament ( United Kingdom ) ( MP ) for Chipping Barnet . She served as Deputy Leader of the Conservatives in the European Parliament between 2001 and 2002 . She also served as a member of the governing board of the Conservative Party during this period . Member of Parliament . In 2003 , following Sir Sydney Chapmans announcement that he would retire at the following election , Villiers was selected as the Conservative prospective parliamentary candidate for Chipping Barnet . Although Chapmans majority at the 2001 general election had only been 2,701 votes , the party viewed Chipping Barnet to be quite a safe Conservative seat , and Villiers held it at the 2005 general election with an increased majority of 5,960 votes , which she increased again to 11,927 in 2010 . Her majority dropped to 7,656 in 2015 , and was reduced to just 353 in 2017 . However , Villiers majority rose to 1,212 in the 2019 general election , despite her percentage share of the vote going down . Upon her election to the House of Commons in 2005 , she resigned from her seat in the European Parliament ; it went to Syed Kamall , the next candidate on the Conservatives regional list for London . Villiers now lives at Arkley in her constituency , and formerly lived at Hillsborough Castle . Villiers was sworn of the Privy Council on 9 June 2010 . Shadow Cabinet . In December 2005 , following the election of David Cameron as Conservative Party Leader , Villiers was promoted to the Shadow Cabinet after just seven months in the UK Parliament , as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury . In July 2007 , Cameron promoted her to Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . Government . Following the 2010 general election , the Conservatives , short of an overall majority , formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats . This required positions in Cabinet to be awarded to Lib Dem MPs , so Villiers did not become Secretary of State for Transport as might have been expected in the event of a majority Conservative government taking office . That role went instead to Philip Hammond , who had shadowed the post of Chief Secretary to the Treasury . Villiers instead became a Minister of State at the Department for Transport . Villiers was appointed Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in September 2012 , but continued to spend three days a week in her North London constituency of Chipping Barnet . Her time in Northern Ireland gained mixed reviews . She made a speech in February 2016 defending the Royal Ulster Constabulary and the British Army , which had been accused of colluding with loyalist murderers in the Loughinisland massacre . The Police Ombudsman who investigated the murders , Dr . Michael Maguire , later stated with regard to law enforcement authorities colluding with the murderers : I have no hesitation in unambiguously determining that collusion is a significant feature of the Loughinisland murders . Villiers had said that a pernicious counter-narrative of the Troubles was emerging whereby responsibility for acts of terrorism was being shifted onto the security forces through allegations of collusion , misuse of agents and informers or other forms of unlawful activity . Villiers was one of the six cabinet ministers who came out in support of Brexit during the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . Following the referendum , on 14 July 2016 , Villiers resigned from her position as Northern Ireland Secretary after stating that new Prime Minister Theresa May had offered her a post in the Cabinet which was not one which I felt I could take on . During the referendum , 62.2% of voters in her constituency ( based on a 72.1% turnout ) , voted to remain in the European Union . After the referendum , Villiers has continued to support efforts to leave the EU . Villiers was appointed Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs by Boris Johnson upon him becoming Prime Minister in July 2019 . She left the government in the post-Brexit cabinet reshuffle . In June 2020 The Times newspaper reported that the hold up in the formation of the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament since the 2019 United Kingdom general election had been due to Villiers appointment having been dismissed by the Prime Minister for her defiance of the Governments whip on a vote where she supported an amendment which would have banned the import of chlorinated chicken products from the US in upcoming post-Brexit trade negotiations . Queens portraits . In July 2019 , Lord Maginnis claimed that Villiers had signed off a £10,000 settlement with a Northern Ireland Offices civil servant , Lee Hegarty , who claimed that under human rights legislation it was unfair to him to have to work where he was offended by portraits of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh . Lord Maginnis also claimed in the House of Lords that , following the settlement , Villiers continued removing portraits and substituted them with Northern Irish landscapes . Villiers did not consider Hegartys suggestion of replacing the said portraits of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh with photographs of the Queen meeting people during engagements in Northern Ireland . Following the media reports , her successor as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Julian Smith , requested an internal review into the decision to take down portraits of the Queen from Stormont House , while Arlene Foster , DUPs leader , stated on Twitter : It is beyond parody that there is a dispute over a portrait of Her Majesty the Queen , our head of state . Parliamentary expenses and second home . She also has a house in Arkley in her North London constituency of Chipping Barnet . The house , a semi-detached property that she bought for £296,500 in May 2004 , is an eight-minute drive away from High Barnet tube station , from which commuters can reach Westminster in about forty-five minutes . Political opinions . Villiers supported the temporary suspension of Ken Livingstone , then-Mayor of London , by the Adjudication Panel for England , which examined the case after a complaint from the Board of Deputies of British Jews to the Standards Board for England . Theresa Villiers is a member of , and since 2017 Vice-Chair , of Conservative Friends of Israel . On 19 July 2018 she was the only MP of any party to attend a rally of about 200–300 Jewish and other persons called by the Campaign Against Antisemitism ( CAA ) in Parliament Square , London , to protest against Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party . She has , on previous occasions , attended CAA protests similar to that of 19 July 2018 against anti-semitism within Labour . She has spoken out publicly in support of Iranian resistance to the Iranian regime at an event in Paris in 2017 , organised by the National Council of Resistance of Iran . The NCRI is considered by some analysts to be a front organisation for the Mojahedin-e-Khalq ( MEK ) , which was once listed by the US as a terror organisation . Since September 2008 , Villiers has dedicated a considerable proportion of her public announcements to aviation policy , specifically the expansion of airports in the South East of England . Villiers underlined that despite differences of opinion , the Coalition governments policy was opposed to a third runway at Heathrow airport . She has also spoken out against Boris Johnsons favoured proposal for a new London airport to be built in the Thames Estuary , and alternative expansions at Gatwick and Stansted airports , arguing that airlines should make greater use of the UKs regional airports , though some regional airports themselves have expressed concern about being adversely affected by capacity shortages in the South East . Villiers favours construction of a high-speed rail link from London to Birmingham and Manchester , arguing that flyers could use capacity at airports such as Birmingham International and Manchester International Airport . In May 2017 , Villiers announced that she fundamentally supports the ban on hunting of wild animals with dogs but suggested that there remains scope for reform of the Hunting Act 2004 . In September 2019 at that years Conservative Party Conference , Villiers set out plans to end live exports of farm animals , ban primates from being kept as pets and for cats to be microchipped . Personal life . Villiers married fellow barrister Sean Wilken in 1997 , and the following year they co-wrote a book on matters of contract and quasi-contract law , which was published by a major publishing house . They are now divorced . External links . - Question Time February 2006 BBC ( RealPlayer ) |
[
"Chief Secretary to the Treasury"
] | easy | What was the position of Theresa Villiers from Dec 2005 to Jul 2007? | /wiki/Theresa_Villiers#P39#2 | Theresa Villiers Theresa Anne Villiers ( born 5 March 1968 ) is a British Conservative Party politician who served as Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs from 2019 to 2020 . She has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Chipping Barnet since 2005 . Villiers was Minister of State for Transport from 2010 to 2012 and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from 2012 until 2016 . Early life . Villiers was born in Hunstanton , Norfolk in 1968 , the third child of George Edward Villiers by his marriage to Anne Virginia Threlfall ; she has two elder brothers , Edward and Henry . On her fathers side , she is a descendant of Edward Ernest Villiers ( 1806–1843 ) , brother of George Villiers , 4th Earl of Clarendon , Thomas Hyde Villiers , Charles Pelham Villiers , and Henry Montagu Villiers and a direct descendant of King Edward II . Growing up in North London , she was educated at the independent Francis Holland School . Villiers gained a Bachelor of Laws ( LLB ) degree with first-class honours in 1990 from the University of Bristol , and a year later the postgraduate degree of Bachelor of Civil Law ( BCL ) from Jesus College , Oxford . After university , she qualified for the bar at the Inner Temple , and worked as a lecturer at Kings College London from 1994 until 1999 . Member of the European Parliament . Villiers was elected as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the London constituency in 1999 , and was re-elected in 2004 . She stood down after the 2005 general election when she was elected as the Member of Parliament ( United Kingdom ) ( MP ) for Chipping Barnet . She served as Deputy Leader of the Conservatives in the European Parliament between 2001 and 2002 . She also served as a member of the governing board of the Conservative Party during this period . Member of Parliament . In 2003 , following Sir Sydney Chapmans announcement that he would retire at the following election , Villiers was selected as the Conservative prospective parliamentary candidate for Chipping Barnet . Although Chapmans majority at the 2001 general election had only been 2,701 votes , the party viewed Chipping Barnet to be quite a safe Conservative seat , and Villiers held it at the 2005 general election with an increased majority of 5,960 votes , which she increased again to 11,927 in 2010 . Her majority dropped to 7,656 in 2015 , and was reduced to just 353 in 2017 . However , Villiers majority rose to 1,212 in the 2019 general election , despite her percentage share of the vote going down . Upon her election to the House of Commons in 2005 , she resigned from her seat in the European Parliament ; it went to Syed Kamall , the next candidate on the Conservatives regional list for London . Villiers now lives at Arkley in her constituency , and formerly lived at Hillsborough Castle . Villiers was sworn of the Privy Council on 9 June 2010 . Shadow Cabinet . In December 2005 , following the election of David Cameron as Conservative Party Leader , Villiers was promoted to the Shadow Cabinet after just seven months in the UK Parliament , as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury . In July 2007 , Cameron promoted her to Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . Government . Following the 2010 general election , the Conservatives , short of an overall majority , formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats . This required positions in Cabinet to be awarded to Lib Dem MPs , so Villiers did not become Secretary of State for Transport as might have been expected in the event of a majority Conservative government taking office . That role went instead to Philip Hammond , who had shadowed the post of Chief Secretary to the Treasury . Villiers instead became a Minister of State at the Department for Transport . Villiers was appointed Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in September 2012 , but continued to spend three days a week in her North London constituency of Chipping Barnet . Her time in Northern Ireland gained mixed reviews . She made a speech in February 2016 defending the Royal Ulster Constabulary and the British Army , which had been accused of colluding with loyalist murderers in the Loughinisland massacre . The Police Ombudsman who investigated the murders , Dr . Michael Maguire , later stated with regard to law enforcement authorities colluding with the murderers : I have no hesitation in unambiguously determining that collusion is a significant feature of the Loughinisland murders . Villiers had said that a pernicious counter-narrative of the Troubles was emerging whereby responsibility for acts of terrorism was being shifted onto the security forces through allegations of collusion , misuse of agents and informers or other forms of unlawful activity . Villiers was one of the six cabinet ministers who came out in support of Brexit during the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . Following the referendum , on 14 July 2016 , Villiers resigned from her position as Northern Ireland Secretary after stating that new Prime Minister Theresa May had offered her a post in the Cabinet which was not one which I felt I could take on . During the referendum , 62.2% of voters in her constituency ( based on a 72.1% turnout ) , voted to remain in the European Union . After the referendum , Villiers has continued to support efforts to leave the EU . Villiers was appointed Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs by Boris Johnson upon him becoming Prime Minister in July 2019 . She left the government in the post-Brexit cabinet reshuffle . In June 2020 The Times newspaper reported that the hold up in the formation of the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament since the 2019 United Kingdom general election had been due to Villiers appointment having been dismissed by the Prime Minister for her defiance of the Governments whip on a vote where she supported an amendment which would have banned the import of chlorinated chicken products from the US in upcoming post-Brexit trade negotiations . Queens portraits . In July 2019 , Lord Maginnis claimed that Villiers had signed off a £10,000 settlement with a Northern Ireland Offices civil servant , Lee Hegarty , who claimed that under human rights legislation it was unfair to him to have to work where he was offended by portraits of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh . Lord Maginnis also claimed in the House of Lords that , following the settlement , Villiers continued removing portraits and substituted them with Northern Irish landscapes . Villiers did not consider Hegartys suggestion of replacing the said portraits of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh with photographs of the Queen meeting people during engagements in Northern Ireland . Following the media reports , her successor as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Julian Smith , requested an internal review into the decision to take down portraits of the Queen from Stormont House , while Arlene Foster , DUPs leader , stated on Twitter : It is beyond parody that there is a dispute over a portrait of Her Majesty the Queen , our head of state . Parliamentary expenses and second home . She also has a house in Arkley in her North London constituency of Chipping Barnet . The house , a semi-detached property that she bought for £296,500 in May 2004 , is an eight-minute drive away from High Barnet tube station , from which commuters can reach Westminster in about forty-five minutes . Political opinions . Villiers supported the temporary suspension of Ken Livingstone , then-Mayor of London , by the Adjudication Panel for England , which examined the case after a complaint from the Board of Deputies of British Jews to the Standards Board for England . Theresa Villiers is a member of , and since 2017 Vice-Chair , of Conservative Friends of Israel . On 19 July 2018 she was the only MP of any party to attend a rally of about 200–300 Jewish and other persons called by the Campaign Against Antisemitism ( CAA ) in Parliament Square , London , to protest against Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party . She has , on previous occasions , attended CAA protests similar to that of 19 July 2018 against anti-semitism within Labour . She has spoken out publicly in support of Iranian resistance to the Iranian regime at an event in Paris in 2017 , organised by the National Council of Resistance of Iran . The NCRI is considered by some analysts to be a front organisation for the Mojahedin-e-Khalq ( MEK ) , which was once listed by the US as a terror organisation . Since September 2008 , Villiers has dedicated a considerable proportion of her public announcements to aviation policy , specifically the expansion of airports in the South East of England . Villiers underlined that despite differences of opinion , the Coalition governments policy was opposed to a third runway at Heathrow airport . She has also spoken out against Boris Johnsons favoured proposal for a new London airport to be built in the Thames Estuary , and alternative expansions at Gatwick and Stansted airports , arguing that airlines should make greater use of the UKs regional airports , though some regional airports themselves have expressed concern about being adversely affected by capacity shortages in the South East . Villiers favours construction of a high-speed rail link from London to Birmingham and Manchester , arguing that flyers could use capacity at airports such as Birmingham International and Manchester International Airport . In May 2017 , Villiers announced that she fundamentally supports the ban on hunting of wild animals with dogs but suggested that there remains scope for reform of the Hunting Act 2004 . In September 2019 at that years Conservative Party Conference , Villiers set out plans to end live exports of farm animals , ban primates from being kept as pets and for cats to be microchipped . Personal life . Villiers married fellow barrister Sean Wilken in 1997 , and the following year they co-wrote a book on matters of contract and quasi-contract law , which was published by a major publishing house . They are now divorced . External links . - Question Time February 2006 BBC ( RealPlayer ) |
[
"Shadow Secretary of State for Transport"
] | easy | Theresa Villiers took which position from Jul 2007 to Apr 2010? | /wiki/Theresa_Villiers#P39#3 | Theresa Villiers Theresa Anne Villiers ( born 5 March 1968 ) is a British Conservative Party politician who served as Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs from 2019 to 2020 . She has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Chipping Barnet since 2005 . Villiers was Minister of State for Transport from 2010 to 2012 and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from 2012 until 2016 . Early life . Villiers was born in Hunstanton , Norfolk in 1968 , the third child of George Edward Villiers by his marriage to Anne Virginia Threlfall ; she has two elder brothers , Edward and Henry . On her fathers side , she is a descendant of Edward Ernest Villiers ( 1806–1843 ) , brother of George Villiers , 4th Earl of Clarendon , Thomas Hyde Villiers , Charles Pelham Villiers , and Henry Montagu Villiers and a direct descendant of King Edward II . Growing up in North London , she was educated at the independent Francis Holland School . Villiers gained a Bachelor of Laws ( LLB ) degree with first-class honours in 1990 from the University of Bristol , and a year later the postgraduate degree of Bachelor of Civil Law ( BCL ) from Jesus College , Oxford . After university , she qualified for the bar at the Inner Temple , and worked as a lecturer at Kings College London from 1994 until 1999 . Member of the European Parliament . Villiers was elected as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the London constituency in 1999 , and was re-elected in 2004 . She stood down after the 2005 general election when she was elected as the Member of Parliament ( United Kingdom ) ( MP ) for Chipping Barnet . She served as Deputy Leader of the Conservatives in the European Parliament between 2001 and 2002 . She also served as a member of the governing board of the Conservative Party during this period . Member of Parliament . In 2003 , following Sir Sydney Chapmans announcement that he would retire at the following election , Villiers was selected as the Conservative prospective parliamentary candidate for Chipping Barnet . Although Chapmans majority at the 2001 general election had only been 2,701 votes , the party viewed Chipping Barnet to be quite a safe Conservative seat , and Villiers held it at the 2005 general election with an increased majority of 5,960 votes , which she increased again to 11,927 in 2010 . Her majority dropped to 7,656 in 2015 , and was reduced to just 353 in 2017 . However , Villiers majority rose to 1,212 in the 2019 general election , despite her percentage share of the vote going down . Upon her election to the House of Commons in 2005 , she resigned from her seat in the European Parliament ; it went to Syed Kamall , the next candidate on the Conservatives regional list for London . Villiers now lives at Arkley in her constituency , and formerly lived at Hillsborough Castle . Villiers was sworn of the Privy Council on 9 June 2010 . Shadow Cabinet . In December 2005 , following the election of David Cameron as Conservative Party Leader , Villiers was promoted to the Shadow Cabinet after just seven months in the UK Parliament , as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury . In July 2007 , Cameron promoted her to Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . Government . Following the 2010 general election , the Conservatives , short of an overall majority , formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats . This required positions in Cabinet to be awarded to Lib Dem MPs , so Villiers did not become Secretary of State for Transport as might have been expected in the event of a majority Conservative government taking office . That role went instead to Philip Hammond , who had shadowed the post of Chief Secretary to the Treasury . Villiers instead became a Minister of State at the Department for Transport . Villiers was appointed Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in September 2012 , but continued to spend three days a week in her North London constituency of Chipping Barnet . Her time in Northern Ireland gained mixed reviews . She made a speech in February 2016 defending the Royal Ulster Constabulary and the British Army , which had been accused of colluding with loyalist murderers in the Loughinisland massacre . The Police Ombudsman who investigated the murders , Dr . Michael Maguire , later stated with regard to law enforcement authorities colluding with the murderers : I have no hesitation in unambiguously determining that collusion is a significant feature of the Loughinisland murders . Villiers had said that a pernicious counter-narrative of the Troubles was emerging whereby responsibility for acts of terrorism was being shifted onto the security forces through allegations of collusion , misuse of agents and informers or other forms of unlawful activity . Villiers was one of the six cabinet ministers who came out in support of Brexit during the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . Following the referendum , on 14 July 2016 , Villiers resigned from her position as Northern Ireland Secretary after stating that new Prime Minister Theresa May had offered her a post in the Cabinet which was not one which I felt I could take on . During the referendum , 62.2% of voters in her constituency ( based on a 72.1% turnout ) , voted to remain in the European Union . After the referendum , Villiers has continued to support efforts to leave the EU . Villiers was appointed Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs by Boris Johnson upon him becoming Prime Minister in July 2019 . She left the government in the post-Brexit cabinet reshuffle . In June 2020 The Times newspaper reported that the hold up in the formation of the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament since the 2019 United Kingdom general election had been due to Villiers appointment having been dismissed by the Prime Minister for her defiance of the Governments whip on a vote where she supported an amendment which would have banned the import of chlorinated chicken products from the US in upcoming post-Brexit trade negotiations . Queens portraits . In July 2019 , Lord Maginnis claimed that Villiers had signed off a £10,000 settlement with a Northern Ireland Offices civil servant , Lee Hegarty , who claimed that under human rights legislation it was unfair to him to have to work where he was offended by portraits of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh . Lord Maginnis also claimed in the House of Lords that , following the settlement , Villiers continued removing portraits and substituted them with Northern Irish landscapes . Villiers did not consider Hegartys suggestion of replacing the said portraits of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh with photographs of the Queen meeting people during engagements in Northern Ireland . Following the media reports , her successor as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Julian Smith , requested an internal review into the decision to take down portraits of the Queen from Stormont House , while Arlene Foster , DUPs leader , stated on Twitter : It is beyond parody that there is a dispute over a portrait of Her Majesty the Queen , our head of state . Parliamentary expenses and second home . She also has a house in Arkley in her North London constituency of Chipping Barnet . The house , a semi-detached property that she bought for £296,500 in May 2004 , is an eight-minute drive away from High Barnet tube station , from which commuters can reach Westminster in about forty-five minutes . Political opinions . Villiers supported the temporary suspension of Ken Livingstone , then-Mayor of London , by the Adjudication Panel for England , which examined the case after a complaint from the Board of Deputies of British Jews to the Standards Board for England . Theresa Villiers is a member of , and since 2017 Vice-Chair , of Conservative Friends of Israel . On 19 July 2018 she was the only MP of any party to attend a rally of about 200–300 Jewish and other persons called by the Campaign Against Antisemitism ( CAA ) in Parliament Square , London , to protest against Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party . She has , on previous occasions , attended CAA protests similar to that of 19 July 2018 against anti-semitism within Labour . She has spoken out publicly in support of Iranian resistance to the Iranian regime at an event in Paris in 2017 , organised by the National Council of Resistance of Iran . The NCRI is considered by some analysts to be a front organisation for the Mojahedin-e-Khalq ( MEK ) , which was once listed by the US as a terror organisation . Since September 2008 , Villiers has dedicated a considerable proportion of her public announcements to aviation policy , specifically the expansion of airports in the South East of England . Villiers underlined that despite differences of opinion , the Coalition governments policy was opposed to a third runway at Heathrow airport . She has also spoken out against Boris Johnsons favoured proposal for a new London airport to be built in the Thames Estuary , and alternative expansions at Gatwick and Stansted airports , arguing that airlines should make greater use of the UKs regional airports , though some regional airports themselves have expressed concern about being adversely affected by capacity shortages in the South East . Villiers favours construction of a high-speed rail link from London to Birmingham and Manchester , arguing that flyers could use capacity at airports such as Birmingham International and Manchester International Airport . In May 2017 , Villiers announced that she fundamentally supports the ban on hunting of wild animals with dogs but suggested that there remains scope for reform of the Hunting Act 2004 . In September 2019 at that years Conservative Party Conference , Villiers set out plans to end live exports of farm animals , ban primates from being kept as pets and for cats to be microchipped . Personal life . Villiers married fellow barrister Sean Wilken in 1997 , and the following year they co-wrote a book on matters of contract and quasi-contract law , which was published by a major publishing house . They are now divorced . External links . - Question Time February 2006 BBC ( RealPlayer ) |
[
"Minister of State at the Department for Transport"
] | easy | What position did Theresa Villiers take in Apr 2010? | /wiki/Theresa_Villiers#P39#4 | Theresa Villiers Theresa Anne Villiers ( born 5 March 1968 ) is a British Conservative Party politician who served as Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs from 2019 to 2020 . She has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Chipping Barnet since 2005 . Villiers was Minister of State for Transport from 2010 to 2012 and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from 2012 until 2016 . Early life . Villiers was born in Hunstanton , Norfolk in 1968 , the third child of George Edward Villiers by his marriage to Anne Virginia Threlfall ; she has two elder brothers , Edward and Henry . On her fathers side , she is a descendant of Edward Ernest Villiers ( 1806–1843 ) , brother of George Villiers , 4th Earl of Clarendon , Thomas Hyde Villiers , Charles Pelham Villiers , and Henry Montagu Villiers and a direct descendant of King Edward II . Growing up in North London , she was educated at the independent Francis Holland School . Villiers gained a Bachelor of Laws ( LLB ) degree with first-class honours in 1990 from the University of Bristol , and a year later the postgraduate degree of Bachelor of Civil Law ( BCL ) from Jesus College , Oxford . After university , she qualified for the bar at the Inner Temple , and worked as a lecturer at Kings College London from 1994 until 1999 . Member of the European Parliament . Villiers was elected as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the London constituency in 1999 , and was re-elected in 2004 . She stood down after the 2005 general election when she was elected as the Member of Parliament ( United Kingdom ) ( MP ) for Chipping Barnet . She served as Deputy Leader of the Conservatives in the European Parliament between 2001 and 2002 . She also served as a member of the governing board of the Conservative Party during this period . Member of Parliament . In 2003 , following Sir Sydney Chapmans announcement that he would retire at the following election , Villiers was selected as the Conservative prospective parliamentary candidate for Chipping Barnet . Although Chapmans majority at the 2001 general election had only been 2,701 votes , the party viewed Chipping Barnet to be quite a safe Conservative seat , and Villiers held it at the 2005 general election with an increased majority of 5,960 votes , which she increased again to 11,927 in 2010 . Her majority dropped to 7,656 in 2015 , and was reduced to just 353 in 2017 . However , Villiers majority rose to 1,212 in the 2019 general election , despite her percentage share of the vote going down . Upon her election to the House of Commons in 2005 , she resigned from her seat in the European Parliament ; it went to Syed Kamall , the next candidate on the Conservatives regional list for London . Villiers now lives at Arkley in her constituency , and formerly lived at Hillsborough Castle . Villiers was sworn of the Privy Council on 9 June 2010 . Shadow Cabinet . In December 2005 , following the election of David Cameron as Conservative Party Leader , Villiers was promoted to the Shadow Cabinet after just seven months in the UK Parliament , as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury . In July 2007 , Cameron promoted her to Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . Government . Following the 2010 general election , the Conservatives , short of an overall majority , formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats . This required positions in Cabinet to be awarded to Lib Dem MPs , so Villiers did not become Secretary of State for Transport as might have been expected in the event of a majority Conservative government taking office . That role went instead to Philip Hammond , who had shadowed the post of Chief Secretary to the Treasury . Villiers instead became a Minister of State at the Department for Transport . Villiers was appointed Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in September 2012 , but continued to spend three days a week in her North London constituency of Chipping Barnet . Her time in Northern Ireland gained mixed reviews . She made a speech in February 2016 defending the Royal Ulster Constabulary and the British Army , which had been accused of colluding with loyalist murderers in the Loughinisland massacre . The Police Ombudsman who investigated the murders , Dr . Michael Maguire , later stated with regard to law enforcement authorities colluding with the murderers : I have no hesitation in unambiguously determining that collusion is a significant feature of the Loughinisland murders . Villiers had said that a pernicious counter-narrative of the Troubles was emerging whereby responsibility for acts of terrorism was being shifted onto the security forces through allegations of collusion , misuse of agents and informers or other forms of unlawful activity . Villiers was one of the six cabinet ministers who came out in support of Brexit during the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . Following the referendum , on 14 July 2016 , Villiers resigned from her position as Northern Ireland Secretary after stating that new Prime Minister Theresa May had offered her a post in the Cabinet which was not one which I felt I could take on . During the referendum , 62.2% of voters in her constituency ( based on a 72.1% turnout ) , voted to remain in the European Union . After the referendum , Villiers has continued to support efforts to leave the EU . Villiers was appointed Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs by Boris Johnson upon him becoming Prime Minister in July 2019 . She left the government in the post-Brexit cabinet reshuffle . In June 2020 The Times newspaper reported that the hold up in the formation of the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament since the 2019 United Kingdom general election had been due to Villiers appointment having been dismissed by the Prime Minister for her defiance of the Governments whip on a vote where she supported an amendment which would have banned the import of chlorinated chicken products from the US in upcoming post-Brexit trade negotiations . Queens portraits . In July 2019 , Lord Maginnis claimed that Villiers had signed off a £10,000 settlement with a Northern Ireland Offices civil servant , Lee Hegarty , who claimed that under human rights legislation it was unfair to him to have to work where he was offended by portraits of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh . Lord Maginnis also claimed in the House of Lords that , following the settlement , Villiers continued removing portraits and substituted them with Northern Irish landscapes . Villiers did not consider Hegartys suggestion of replacing the said portraits of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh with photographs of the Queen meeting people during engagements in Northern Ireland . Following the media reports , her successor as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Julian Smith , requested an internal review into the decision to take down portraits of the Queen from Stormont House , while Arlene Foster , DUPs leader , stated on Twitter : It is beyond parody that there is a dispute over a portrait of Her Majesty the Queen , our head of state . Parliamentary expenses and second home . She also has a house in Arkley in her North London constituency of Chipping Barnet . The house , a semi-detached property that she bought for £296,500 in May 2004 , is an eight-minute drive away from High Barnet tube station , from which commuters can reach Westminster in about forty-five minutes . Political opinions . Villiers supported the temporary suspension of Ken Livingstone , then-Mayor of London , by the Adjudication Panel for England , which examined the case after a complaint from the Board of Deputies of British Jews to the Standards Board for England . Theresa Villiers is a member of , and since 2017 Vice-Chair , of Conservative Friends of Israel . On 19 July 2018 she was the only MP of any party to attend a rally of about 200–300 Jewish and other persons called by the Campaign Against Antisemitism ( CAA ) in Parliament Square , London , to protest against Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party . She has , on previous occasions , attended CAA protests similar to that of 19 July 2018 against anti-semitism within Labour . She has spoken out publicly in support of Iranian resistance to the Iranian regime at an event in Paris in 2017 , organised by the National Council of Resistance of Iran . The NCRI is considered by some analysts to be a front organisation for the Mojahedin-e-Khalq ( MEK ) , which was once listed by the US as a terror organisation . Since September 2008 , Villiers has dedicated a considerable proportion of her public announcements to aviation policy , specifically the expansion of airports in the South East of England . Villiers underlined that despite differences of opinion , the Coalition governments policy was opposed to a third runway at Heathrow airport . She has also spoken out against Boris Johnsons favoured proposal for a new London airport to be built in the Thames Estuary , and alternative expansions at Gatwick and Stansted airports , arguing that airlines should make greater use of the UKs regional airports , though some regional airports themselves have expressed concern about being adversely affected by capacity shortages in the South East . Villiers favours construction of a high-speed rail link from London to Birmingham and Manchester , arguing that flyers could use capacity at airports such as Birmingham International and Manchester International Airport . In May 2017 , Villiers announced that she fundamentally supports the ban on hunting of wild animals with dogs but suggested that there remains scope for reform of the Hunting Act 2004 . In September 2019 at that years Conservative Party Conference , Villiers set out plans to end live exports of farm animals , ban primates from being kept as pets and for cats to be microchipped . Personal life . Villiers married fellow barrister Sean Wilken in 1997 , and the following year they co-wrote a book on matters of contract and quasi-contract law , which was published by a major publishing house . They are now divorced . External links . - Question Time February 2006 BBC ( RealPlayer ) |
[
"Member of Parliament"
] | easy | What position did Theresa Villiers take in May 2010? | /wiki/Theresa_Villiers#P39#5 | Theresa Villiers Theresa Anne Villiers ( born 5 March 1968 ) is a British Conservative Party politician who served as Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs from 2019 to 2020 . She has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Chipping Barnet since 2005 . Villiers was Minister of State for Transport from 2010 to 2012 and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from 2012 until 2016 . Early life . Villiers was born in Hunstanton , Norfolk in 1968 , the third child of George Edward Villiers by his marriage to Anne Virginia Threlfall ; she has two elder brothers , Edward and Henry . On her fathers side , she is a descendant of Edward Ernest Villiers ( 1806–1843 ) , brother of George Villiers , 4th Earl of Clarendon , Thomas Hyde Villiers , Charles Pelham Villiers , and Henry Montagu Villiers and a direct descendant of King Edward II . Growing up in North London , she was educated at the independent Francis Holland School . Villiers gained a Bachelor of Laws ( LLB ) degree with first-class honours in 1990 from the University of Bristol , and a year later the postgraduate degree of Bachelor of Civil Law ( BCL ) from Jesus College , Oxford . After university , she qualified for the bar at the Inner Temple , and worked as a lecturer at Kings College London from 1994 until 1999 . Member of the European Parliament . Villiers was elected as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the London constituency in 1999 , and was re-elected in 2004 . She stood down after the 2005 general election when she was elected as the Member of Parliament ( United Kingdom ) ( MP ) for Chipping Barnet . She served as Deputy Leader of the Conservatives in the European Parliament between 2001 and 2002 . She also served as a member of the governing board of the Conservative Party during this period . Member of Parliament . In 2003 , following Sir Sydney Chapmans announcement that he would retire at the following election , Villiers was selected as the Conservative prospective parliamentary candidate for Chipping Barnet . Although Chapmans majority at the 2001 general election had only been 2,701 votes , the party viewed Chipping Barnet to be quite a safe Conservative seat , and Villiers held it at the 2005 general election with an increased majority of 5,960 votes , which she increased again to 11,927 in 2010 . Her majority dropped to 7,656 in 2015 , and was reduced to just 353 in 2017 . However , Villiers majority rose to 1,212 in the 2019 general election , despite her percentage share of the vote going down . Upon her election to the House of Commons in 2005 , she resigned from her seat in the European Parliament ; it went to Syed Kamall , the next candidate on the Conservatives regional list for London . Villiers now lives at Arkley in her constituency , and formerly lived at Hillsborough Castle . Villiers was sworn of the Privy Council on 9 June 2010 . Shadow Cabinet . In December 2005 , following the election of David Cameron as Conservative Party Leader , Villiers was promoted to the Shadow Cabinet after just seven months in the UK Parliament , as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury . In July 2007 , Cameron promoted her to Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . Government . Following the 2010 general election , the Conservatives , short of an overall majority , formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats . This required positions in Cabinet to be awarded to Lib Dem MPs , so Villiers did not become Secretary of State for Transport as might have been expected in the event of a majority Conservative government taking office . That role went instead to Philip Hammond , who had shadowed the post of Chief Secretary to the Treasury . Villiers instead became a Minister of State at the Department for Transport . Villiers was appointed Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in September 2012 , but continued to spend three days a week in her North London constituency of Chipping Barnet . Her time in Northern Ireland gained mixed reviews . She made a speech in February 2016 defending the Royal Ulster Constabulary and the British Army , which had been accused of colluding with loyalist murderers in the Loughinisland massacre . The Police Ombudsman who investigated the murders , Dr . Michael Maguire , later stated with regard to law enforcement authorities colluding with the murderers : I have no hesitation in unambiguously determining that collusion is a significant feature of the Loughinisland murders . Villiers had said that a pernicious counter-narrative of the Troubles was emerging whereby responsibility for acts of terrorism was being shifted onto the security forces through allegations of collusion , misuse of agents and informers or other forms of unlawful activity . Villiers was one of the six cabinet ministers who came out in support of Brexit during the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . Following the referendum , on 14 July 2016 , Villiers resigned from her position as Northern Ireland Secretary after stating that new Prime Minister Theresa May had offered her a post in the Cabinet which was not one which I felt I could take on . During the referendum , 62.2% of voters in her constituency ( based on a 72.1% turnout ) , voted to remain in the European Union . After the referendum , Villiers has continued to support efforts to leave the EU . Villiers was appointed Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs by Boris Johnson upon him becoming Prime Minister in July 2019 . She left the government in the post-Brexit cabinet reshuffle . In June 2020 The Times newspaper reported that the hold up in the formation of the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament since the 2019 United Kingdom general election had been due to Villiers appointment having been dismissed by the Prime Minister for her defiance of the Governments whip on a vote where she supported an amendment which would have banned the import of chlorinated chicken products from the US in upcoming post-Brexit trade negotiations . Queens portraits . In July 2019 , Lord Maginnis claimed that Villiers had signed off a £10,000 settlement with a Northern Ireland Offices civil servant , Lee Hegarty , who claimed that under human rights legislation it was unfair to him to have to work where he was offended by portraits of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh . Lord Maginnis also claimed in the House of Lords that , following the settlement , Villiers continued removing portraits and substituted them with Northern Irish landscapes . Villiers did not consider Hegartys suggestion of replacing the said portraits of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh with photographs of the Queen meeting people during engagements in Northern Ireland . Following the media reports , her successor as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Julian Smith , requested an internal review into the decision to take down portraits of the Queen from Stormont House , while Arlene Foster , DUPs leader , stated on Twitter : It is beyond parody that there is a dispute over a portrait of Her Majesty the Queen , our head of state . Parliamentary expenses and second home . She also has a house in Arkley in her North London constituency of Chipping Barnet . The house , a semi-detached property that she bought for £296,500 in May 2004 , is an eight-minute drive away from High Barnet tube station , from which commuters can reach Westminster in about forty-five minutes . Political opinions . Villiers supported the temporary suspension of Ken Livingstone , then-Mayor of London , by the Adjudication Panel for England , which examined the case after a complaint from the Board of Deputies of British Jews to the Standards Board for England . Theresa Villiers is a member of , and since 2017 Vice-Chair , of Conservative Friends of Israel . On 19 July 2018 she was the only MP of any party to attend a rally of about 200–300 Jewish and other persons called by the Campaign Against Antisemitism ( CAA ) in Parliament Square , London , to protest against Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party . She has , on previous occasions , attended CAA protests similar to that of 19 July 2018 against anti-semitism within Labour . She has spoken out publicly in support of Iranian resistance to the Iranian regime at an event in Paris in 2017 , organised by the National Council of Resistance of Iran . The NCRI is considered by some analysts to be a front organisation for the Mojahedin-e-Khalq ( MEK ) , which was once listed by the US as a terror organisation . Since September 2008 , Villiers has dedicated a considerable proportion of her public announcements to aviation policy , specifically the expansion of airports in the South East of England . Villiers underlined that despite differences of opinion , the Coalition governments policy was opposed to a third runway at Heathrow airport . She has also spoken out against Boris Johnsons favoured proposal for a new London airport to be built in the Thames Estuary , and alternative expansions at Gatwick and Stansted airports , arguing that airlines should make greater use of the UKs regional airports , though some regional airports themselves have expressed concern about being adversely affected by capacity shortages in the South East . Villiers favours construction of a high-speed rail link from London to Birmingham and Manchester , arguing that flyers could use capacity at airports such as Birmingham International and Manchester International Airport . In May 2017 , Villiers announced that she fundamentally supports the ban on hunting of wild animals with dogs but suggested that there remains scope for reform of the Hunting Act 2004 . In September 2019 at that years Conservative Party Conference , Villiers set out plans to end live exports of farm animals , ban primates from being kept as pets and for cats to be microchipped . Personal life . Villiers married fellow barrister Sean Wilken in 1997 , and the following year they co-wrote a book on matters of contract and quasi-contract law , which was published by a major publishing house . They are now divorced . External links . - Question Time February 2006 BBC ( RealPlayer ) |
[
"Minister of State at the Department for Transport ."
] | easy | What position did Theresa Villiers take from May 2010 to Sep 2012? | /wiki/Theresa_Villiers#P39#6 | Theresa Villiers Theresa Anne Villiers ( born 5 March 1968 ) is a British Conservative Party politician who served as Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs from 2019 to 2020 . She has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Chipping Barnet since 2005 . Villiers was Minister of State for Transport from 2010 to 2012 and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from 2012 until 2016 . Early life . Villiers was born in Hunstanton , Norfolk in 1968 , the third child of George Edward Villiers by his marriage to Anne Virginia Threlfall ; she has two elder brothers , Edward and Henry . On her fathers side , she is a descendant of Edward Ernest Villiers ( 1806–1843 ) , brother of George Villiers , 4th Earl of Clarendon , Thomas Hyde Villiers , Charles Pelham Villiers , and Henry Montagu Villiers and a direct descendant of King Edward II . Growing up in North London , she was educated at the independent Francis Holland School . Villiers gained a Bachelor of Laws ( LLB ) degree with first-class honours in 1990 from the University of Bristol , and a year later the postgraduate degree of Bachelor of Civil Law ( BCL ) from Jesus College , Oxford . After university , she qualified for the bar at the Inner Temple , and worked as a lecturer at Kings College London from 1994 until 1999 . Member of the European Parliament . Villiers was elected as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the London constituency in 1999 , and was re-elected in 2004 . She stood down after the 2005 general election when she was elected as the Member of Parliament ( United Kingdom ) ( MP ) for Chipping Barnet . She served as Deputy Leader of the Conservatives in the European Parliament between 2001 and 2002 . She also served as a member of the governing board of the Conservative Party during this period . Member of Parliament . In 2003 , following Sir Sydney Chapmans announcement that he would retire at the following election , Villiers was selected as the Conservative prospective parliamentary candidate for Chipping Barnet . Although Chapmans majority at the 2001 general election had only been 2,701 votes , the party viewed Chipping Barnet to be quite a safe Conservative seat , and Villiers held it at the 2005 general election with an increased majority of 5,960 votes , which she increased again to 11,927 in 2010 . Her majority dropped to 7,656 in 2015 , and was reduced to just 353 in 2017 . However , Villiers majority rose to 1,212 in the 2019 general election , despite her percentage share of the vote going down . Upon her election to the House of Commons in 2005 , she resigned from her seat in the European Parliament ; it went to Syed Kamall , the next candidate on the Conservatives regional list for London . Villiers now lives at Arkley in her constituency , and formerly lived at Hillsborough Castle . Villiers was sworn of the Privy Council on 9 June 2010 . Shadow Cabinet . In December 2005 , following the election of David Cameron as Conservative Party Leader , Villiers was promoted to the Shadow Cabinet after just seven months in the UK Parliament , as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury . In July 2007 , Cameron promoted her to Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . Government . Following the 2010 general election , the Conservatives , short of an overall majority , formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats . This required positions in Cabinet to be awarded to Lib Dem MPs , so Villiers did not become Secretary of State for Transport as might have been expected in the event of a majority Conservative government taking office . That role went instead to Philip Hammond , who had shadowed the post of Chief Secretary to the Treasury . Villiers instead became a Minister of State at the Department for Transport . Villiers was appointed Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in September 2012 , but continued to spend three days a week in her North London constituency of Chipping Barnet . Her time in Northern Ireland gained mixed reviews . She made a speech in February 2016 defending the Royal Ulster Constabulary and the British Army , which had been accused of colluding with loyalist murderers in the Loughinisland massacre . The Police Ombudsman who investigated the murders , Dr . Michael Maguire , later stated with regard to law enforcement authorities colluding with the murderers : I have no hesitation in unambiguously determining that collusion is a significant feature of the Loughinisland murders . Villiers had said that a pernicious counter-narrative of the Troubles was emerging whereby responsibility for acts of terrorism was being shifted onto the security forces through allegations of collusion , misuse of agents and informers or other forms of unlawful activity . Villiers was one of the six cabinet ministers who came out in support of Brexit during the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . Following the referendum , on 14 July 2016 , Villiers resigned from her position as Northern Ireland Secretary after stating that new Prime Minister Theresa May had offered her a post in the Cabinet which was not one which I felt I could take on . During the referendum , 62.2% of voters in her constituency ( based on a 72.1% turnout ) , voted to remain in the European Union . After the referendum , Villiers has continued to support efforts to leave the EU . Villiers was appointed Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs by Boris Johnson upon him becoming Prime Minister in July 2019 . She left the government in the post-Brexit cabinet reshuffle . In June 2020 The Times newspaper reported that the hold up in the formation of the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament since the 2019 United Kingdom general election had been due to Villiers appointment having been dismissed by the Prime Minister for her defiance of the Governments whip on a vote where she supported an amendment which would have banned the import of chlorinated chicken products from the US in upcoming post-Brexit trade negotiations . Queens portraits . In July 2019 , Lord Maginnis claimed that Villiers had signed off a £10,000 settlement with a Northern Ireland Offices civil servant , Lee Hegarty , who claimed that under human rights legislation it was unfair to him to have to work where he was offended by portraits of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh . Lord Maginnis also claimed in the House of Lords that , following the settlement , Villiers continued removing portraits and substituted them with Northern Irish landscapes . Villiers did not consider Hegartys suggestion of replacing the said portraits of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh with photographs of the Queen meeting people during engagements in Northern Ireland . Following the media reports , her successor as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Julian Smith , requested an internal review into the decision to take down portraits of the Queen from Stormont House , while Arlene Foster , DUPs leader , stated on Twitter : It is beyond parody that there is a dispute over a portrait of Her Majesty the Queen , our head of state . Parliamentary expenses and second home . She also has a house in Arkley in her North London constituency of Chipping Barnet . The house , a semi-detached property that she bought for £296,500 in May 2004 , is an eight-minute drive away from High Barnet tube station , from which commuters can reach Westminster in about forty-five minutes . Political opinions . Villiers supported the temporary suspension of Ken Livingstone , then-Mayor of London , by the Adjudication Panel for England , which examined the case after a complaint from the Board of Deputies of British Jews to the Standards Board for England . Theresa Villiers is a member of , and since 2017 Vice-Chair , of Conservative Friends of Israel . On 19 July 2018 she was the only MP of any party to attend a rally of about 200–300 Jewish and other persons called by the Campaign Against Antisemitism ( CAA ) in Parliament Square , London , to protest against Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party . She has , on previous occasions , attended CAA protests similar to that of 19 July 2018 against anti-semitism within Labour . She has spoken out publicly in support of Iranian resistance to the Iranian regime at an event in Paris in 2017 , organised by the National Council of Resistance of Iran . The NCRI is considered by some analysts to be a front organisation for the Mojahedin-e-Khalq ( MEK ) , which was once listed by the US as a terror organisation . Since September 2008 , Villiers has dedicated a considerable proportion of her public announcements to aviation policy , specifically the expansion of airports in the South East of England . Villiers underlined that despite differences of opinion , the Coalition governments policy was opposed to a third runway at Heathrow airport . She has also spoken out against Boris Johnsons favoured proposal for a new London airport to be built in the Thames Estuary , and alternative expansions at Gatwick and Stansted airports , arguing that airlines should make greater use of the UKs regional airports , though some regional airports themselves have expressed concern about being adversely affected by capacity shortages in the South East . Villiers favours construction of a high-speed rail link from London to Birmingham and Manchester , arguing that flyers could use capacity at airports such as Birmingham International and Manchester International Airport . In May 2017 , Villiers announced that she fundamentally supports the ban on hunting of wild animals with dogs but suggested that there remains scope for reform of the Hunting Act 2004 . In September 2019 at that years Conservative Party Conference , Villiers set out plans to end live exports of farm animals , ban primates from being kept as pets and for cats to be microchipped . Personal life . Villiers married fellow barrister Sean Wilken in 1997 , and the following year they co-wrote a book on matters of contract and quasi-contract law , which was published by a major publishing house . They are now divorced . External links . - Question Time February 2006 BBC ( RealPlayer ) |
[
"Secretary of State for Northern Ireland"
] | easy | What position did Theresa Villiers take from Sep 2012 to Mar 2015? | /wiki/Theresa_Villiers#P39#7 | Theresa Villiers Theresa Anne Villiers ( born 5 March 1968 ) is a British Conservative Party politician who served as Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs from 2019 to 2020 . She has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Chipping Barnet since 2005 . Villiers was Minister of State for Transport from 2010 to 2012 and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from 2012 until 2016 . Early life . Villiers was born in Hunstanton , Norfolk in 1968 , the third child of George Edward Villiers by his marriage to Anne Virginia Threlfall ; she has two elder brothers , Edward and Henry . On her fathers side , she is a descendant of Edward Ernest Villiers ( 1806–1843 ) , brother of George Villiers , 4th Earl of Clarendon , Thomas Hyde Villiers , Charles Pelham Villiers , and Henry Montagu Villiers and a direct descendant of King Edward II . Growing up in North London , she was educated at the independent Francis Holland School . Villiers gained a Bachelor of Laws ( LLB ) degree with first-class honours in 1990 from the University of Bristol , and a year later the postgraduate degree of Bachelor of Civil Law ( BCL ) from Jesus College , Oxford . After university , she qualified for the bar at the Inner Temple , and worked as a lecturer at Kings College London from 1994 until 1999 . Member of the European Parliament . Villiers was elected as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the London constituency in 1999 , and was re-elected in 2004 . She stood down after the 2005 general election when she was elected as the Member of Parliament ( United Kingdom ) ( MP ) for Chipping Barnet . She served as Deputy Leader of the Conservatives in the European Parliament between 2001 and 2002 . She also served as a member of the governing board of the Conservative Party during this period . Member of Parliament . In 2003 , following Sir Sydney Chapmans announcement that he would retire at the following election , Villiers was selected as the Conservative prospective parliamentary candidate for Chipping Barnet . Although Chapmans majority at the 2001 general election had only been 2,701 votes , the party viewed Chipping Barnet to be quite a safe Conservative seat , and Villiers held it at the 2005 general election with an increased majority of 5,960 votes , which she increased again to 11,927 in 2010 . Her majority dropped to 7,656 in 2015 , and was reduced to just 353 in 2017 . However , Villiers majority rose to 1,212 in the 2019 general election , despite her percentage share of the vote going down . Upon her election to the House of Commons in 2005 , she resigned from her seat in the European Parliament ; it went to Syed Kamall , the next candidate on the Conservatives regional list for London . Villiers now lives at Arkley in her constituency , and formerly lived at Hillsborough Castle . Villiers was sworn of the Privy Council on 9 June 2010 . Shadow Cabinet . In December 2005 , following the election of David Cameron as Conservative Party Leader , Villiers was promoted to the Shadow Cabinet after just seven months in the UK Parliament , as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury . In July 2007 , Cameron promoted her to Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . Government . Following the 2010 general election , the Conservatives , short of an overall majority , formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats . This required positions in Cabinet to be awarded to Lib Dem MPs , so Villiers did not become Secretary of State for Transport as might have been expected in the event of a majority Conservative government taking office . That role went instead to Philip Hammond , who had shadowed the post of Chief Secretary to the Treasury . Villiers instead became a Minister of State at the Department for Transport . Villiers was appointed Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in September 2012 , but continued to spend three days a week in her North London constituency of Chipping Barnet . Her time in Northern Ireland gained mixed reviews . She made a speech in February 2016 defending the Royal Ulster Constabulary and the British Army , which had been accused of colluding with loyalist murderers in the Loughinisland massacre . The Police Ombudsman who investigated the murders , Dr . Michael Maguire , later stated with regard to law enforcement authorities colluding with the murderers : I have no hesitation in unambiguously determining that collusion is a significant feature of the Loughinisland murders . Villiers had said that a pernicious counter-narrative of the Troubles was emerging whereby responsibility for acts of terrorism was being shifted onto the security forces through allegations of collusion , misuse of agents and informers or other forms of unlawful activity . Villiers was one of the six cabinet ministers who came out in support of Brexit during the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . Following the referendum , on 14 July 2016 , Villiers resigned from her position as Northern Ireland Secretary after stating that new Prime Minister Theresa May had offered her a post in the Cabinet which was not one which I felt I could take on . During the referendum , 62.2% of voters in her constituency ( based on a 72.1% turnout ) , voted to remain in the European Union . After the referendum , Villiers has continued to support efforts to leave the EU . Villiers was appointed Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs by Boris Johnson upon him becoming Prime Minister in July 2019 . She left the government in the post-Brexit cabinet reshuffle . In June 2020 The Times newspaper reported that the hold up in the formation of the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament since the 2019 United Kingdom general election had been due to Villiers appointment having been dismissed by the Prime Minister for her defiance of the Governments whip on a vote where she supported an amendment which would have banned the import of chlorinated chicken products from the US in upcoming post-Brexit trade negotiations . Queens portraits . In July 2019 , Lord Maginnis claimed that Villiers had signed off a £10,000 settlement with a Northern Ireland Offices civil servant , Lee Hegarty , who claimed that under human rights legislation it was unfair to him to have to work where he was offended by portraits of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh . Lord Maginnis also claimed in the House of Lords that , following the settlement , Villiers continued removing portraits and substituted them with Northern Irish landscapes . Villiers did not consider Hegartys suggestion of replacing the said portraits of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh with photographs of the Queen meeting people during engagements in Northern Ireland . Following the media reports , her successor as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Julian Smith , requested an internal review into the decision to take down portraits of the Queen from Stormont House , while Arlene Foster , DUPs leader , stated on Twitter : It is beyond parody that there is a dispute over a portrait of Her Majesty the Queen , our head of state . Parliamentary expenses and second home . She also has a house in Arkley in her North London constituency of Chipping Barnet . The house , a semi-detached property that she bought for £296,500 in May 2004 , is an eight-minute drive away from High Barnet tube station , from which commuters can reach Westminster in about forty-five minutes . Political opinions . Villiers supported the temporary suspension of Ken Livingstone , then-Mayor of London , by the Adjudication Panel for England , which examined the case after a complaint from the Board of Deputies of British Jews to the Standards Board for England . Theresa Villiers is a member of , and since 2017 Vice-Chair , of Conservative Friends of Israel . On 19 July 2018 she was the only MP of any party to attend a rally of about 200–300 Jewish and other persons called by the Campaign Against Antisemitism ( CAA ) in Parliament Square , London , to protest against Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party . She has , on previous occasions , attended CAA protests similar to that of 19 July 2018 against anti-semitism within Labour . She has spoken out publicly in support of Iranian resistance to the Iranian regime at an event in Paris in 2017 , organised by the National Council of Resistance of Iran . The NCRI is considered by some analysts to be a front organisation for the Mojahedin-e-Khalq ( MEK ) , which was once listed by the US as a terror organisation . Since September 2008 , Villiers has dedicated a considerable proportion of her public announcements to aviation policy , specifically the expansion of airports in the South East of England . Villiers underlined that despite differences of opinion , the Coalition governments policy was opposed to a third runway at Heathrow airport . She has also spoken out against Boris Johnsons favoured proposal for a new London airport to be built in the Thames Estuary , and alternative expansions at Gatwick and Stansted airports , arguing that airlines should make greater use of the UKs regional airports , though some regional airports themselves have expressed concern about being adversely affected by capacity shortages in the South East . Villiers favours construction of a high-speed rail link from London to Birmingham and Manchester , arguing that flyers could use capacity at airports such as Birmingham International and Manchester International Airport . In May 2017 , Villiers announced that she fundamentally supports the ban on hunting of wild animals with dogs but suggested that there remains scope for reform of the Hunting Act 2004 . In September 2019 at that years Conservative Party Conference , Villiers set out plans to end live exports of farm animals , ban primates from being kept as pets and for cats to be microchipped . Personal life . Villiers married fellow barrister Sean Wilken in 1997 , and the following year they co-wrote a book on matters of contract and quasi-contract law , which was published by a major publishing house . They are now divorced . External links . - Question Time February 2006 BBC ( RealPlayer ) |
[
"Secretary of State"
] | easy | What was the position of John Kennedy (Louisiana politician) from 1996 to 1999? | /wiki/John_Kennedy_(Louisiana_politician)#P39#0 | John Kennedy ( Louisiana politician ) John Neely Kennedy ( born November 21 , 1951 ) is an American lawyer and politician who has served as the junior United States Senator from Louisiana since 2017 . A Democrat turned Republican , he served as the Louisiana State Treasurer from 2000 to 2017 . Born in Centreville , Mississippi , Kennedy graduated from Vanderbilt University and the University of Virginia School of Law before attending Magdalen College at the University of Oxford . He was a member of Governor Buddy Roemers staff before running as the Democratic nominee for state attorney general in the 1991 election . In 1999 , he was elected Louisiana State Treasurer ; he was reelected to that position in 2003 , 2007 , 2011 , and 2015 . Kennedy was an unsuccessful candidate for U.S . Senate in 2004 and 2008 . In 2007 , he switched parties and became a Republican . In 2016 , when U.S . Senator David Vitter opted not to seek reelection , Kennedy once again ran for Senate . He finished in first place in the November nonpartisan blanket primary and defeated Democrat Foster Campbell 61–39% in the December runoff . He was sworn in on January 3 , 2017 . Kennedy was one of eight Republican senators to object to the certification of the 2020 presidential election . Early life and education . Kennedy was born in Centreville , Mississippi , and raised in Zachary , Louisiana . After graduating from Zachary High School as co-valedictorian in 1969 , he entered Vanderbilt University , where his interdepartmental major was in political science , philosophy and economics . He graduated magna cum laude . At Vanderbilt , Kennedy was elected president of his senior class and named to Phi Beta Kappa . He received a Juris Doctor in 1977 from the University of Virginia School of Law in Charlottesville , Virginia , where he was an executive editor of the Virginia Law Review and elected to the Order of the Coif . In 1979 , he earned a Bachelor of Civil Law degree with first class honours from Oxford University ( Magdalen College ) in England , where he studied under Sir Rupert Cross and John H.C . Morris . Early career . Kennedy has written and published the following books and articles : Louisiana State Constitutional Law ( LSU Publications Institute , Jan . 1 , 2012 ) , The Dimension of Time in the Louisiana Products Liability Act ( 42 Louisiana Bar Journal , Jan . 1 , 1994 ) , The Role of the Consumer Expectation Test Under Louisianas Products Liability Doctrine ( 69 Tulane Law Review 117 , Jan . 1 , 1994 ) , A Primer on the Louisiana Products Liability Act ( 49 Louisiana Law Review 565 , Jan . 1 , 1989 ) , Assumption of the Risk , Comparative Fault and Strict Liability After Rozell ( 47 Louisiana Law Review 791 , Jan . 1 , 1987 ) and The Federal Power Commission , Job Bias , and NAACP v . FPC ( 10 Akron Law Review 556 , Jan . 1 , 1977 ) . Kennedy was a partner in the New Orleans law firm Chaffe McCall . He also served as an adjunct professor at Louisiana State Universitys Paul M . Hebert Law Center in Baton Rouge from 2002 to 2016 . Political career . In 1988 , Kennedy became special counsel to Governor Buddy Roemer . In 1991 , he was appointed as cabinet secretary and served in that post until 1992 . In 1991 , he was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for state attorney general to succeed the retiring William J . Guste . Following his first stint in state government , Kennedy returned to private law practice until 1996 . That year , he was appointed Secretary of the state Department of Revenue in the cabinet of Governor Mike Foster . Treasurer of Louisiana . Kennedy left the Foster administration when he was elected Louisiana State Treasurer in 1999 , having unseated incumbent Democrat Ken Duncan , 621,796 votes ( 55.6% ) to 497,319 ( 44.4% ) . Kennedy was reelected treasurer without opposition in 2003 , 2007 and 2011 . In 2015 , he defeated his sole challenger with 80% of the vote . In the 2004 election , Kennedy endorsed Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry over George W . Bush . After being courted by the Republican Party for months , Kennedy announced in a letter to his constituents that he was leaving the Democratic Party and joining the Republicans , effective August 27 , 2007 . In his letter , he announced that he would run again for state treasurer . During his third term as state treasurer , Kennedy devised a 24-point plan by which the state could save money . Governor Bobby Jindal said Kennedy could streamline his own department . Many of Kennedys ideas were derived from the Louisiana Commission for Streamlining Government , on which he served in his official capacity as state treasurer . U.S . Senate . Elections . In 2004 , Kennedy campaigned for the U.S . Senate seat held by John Breaux , who was retiring . He ran as a Democrat in the states jungle primary , losing to Republican David Vitter and Democrat Chris John . Vitter won the runoff election . Kennedy ran for the Senate again in 2008 , this time as a Republican . He was defeated , 52.1% to 45.7% , by incumbent Democratic Senator Mary Landrieu ; the same year , Republican presidential nominee John McCain defeated Barack Obama in Louisiana , but Obama was elected . On January 26 , 2016 , Kennedy announced that he would run for Senate a third time . In seeking to succeed the retiring Vitter , he faced more than 20 opponents . Vitter announced his retirement from the Senate in 2015 after losing a bid for governor to John Bel Edwards . Kennedys senatorial campaign was endorsed by the U.S . Chamber of Commerce , the National Federation of Independent Business , the National Rifle Association , the National Right to Life Committee , the American Conservative Union , Vice President-elect Mike Pence and President-elect Donald Trump . Kennedy , who had supported Vitter for governor the previous year , won the jungle primary and faced Democrat Foster Campbell in a December 10 runoff election . President-elect Donald Trump—who had received Kennedys support in the 2016 presidential election—campaigned for Kennedy the day before the runoff . Kennedy defeated Campbell , 536,204 votes ( 61% ) to 347,813 ( 39% ) . He lost the largest populated parishes of Orleans and East Baton Rouge , in which he had been reared , but was a runaway winner in Campbells home parish of Bossier . Tenure . Kennedy was sworn in as Louisianas junior U.S . Senator on January 3 , 2017 . In June 2017 , Kennedy grilled Education Secretary Betsy DeVos in a hearing before the Appropriations subcommittee on Labor , Health and Human Service , Education and Related Agencies . In the exchange , he contrasted the lack of school choice available for younger pupils in many rural areas of the country to the widespread brands of mayonnaise available on the grocery store shelf : Now I can go down to my overpriced Capitol Hill grocery this afternoon and choose among about six different types of mayonnaise . How come I cant do that for my kid ? Kennedy asked . The remark attracted national attention . DeVos replied that the Trump administration budget proposal would give parents and students more power and opportunity so that American education could again become the envy of the world . Kennedy has attracted comment for his manner in the Senate . A January 2018 Huffington Post article reported : Since being elected to the Senate a year ago , Kennedy .. . has made a name for himself on Capitol Hill with his wit , humor and penchant for folksy expressions―a notable feat in a place where jargon and arcane procedure tend to reign supreme . In the months leading up to the 2019 election , Kennedy was mentioned as a prospective candidate for governor in the nonpartisan blanket primary against Democratic incumbent John Bel Edwards . But on December 3 , 2018 , he announced that he would not run for governor , saying he preferred to remain in the Senate . 2020 presidential election . After Joe Biden won the 2020 presidential election and Trump refused to concede , Kennedy announced that he would , along with 11 other Republican senators , object to certain states electoral votes in the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count on January 6 , unless there was an audit of the vote , citing unproven election fraud claims . He was participating in the certification when Trump supporters stormed the United States Capitol . He described the attack as despicable and shameful and called for the rioters to go to jail and pay for the destruction they caused . When the Capitol was secure and Congress returned to complete the certification , Kennedy objected to the certification of Arizona’s electoral votes . As a result of his vote , Big Easy Magazine called for Kennedy to be expelled from Congress . Committee assignments - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Agriculture , Rural Development , Food and Drug Administration , and Related Agencies - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies - Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development - Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government - Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs - Subcommittee on Economic Policy - Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Protection - Subcommittee on Housing , Transportation , and Community Development - Committee on the Budget - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on Border Security and Immigration - Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism - Subcommittee on Privacy , Technology and the Law - Subcommittee on Intellectual Property - Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship Caucuses - Senate Republican Conference Political positions . Kennedy received a lifetime Liberty Score of 65% from Conservative Review . He holds a score of 89% for the 116th Congress and a lifetime score of 78% from Heritage Action for America . The American Conservative Unions Center of Legislative Accountability gives Kennedy a lifetime rating of 83.74 . Animal rights . Kennedy said he would file a bill to prohibit airlines from putting animals in overhead bins after a dog died in an overhead bin while flying United Airlines in March 2018 . He said officials would face significant fines if noncompliant . In March 2018 , Kennedy introduced the Welfare Of Our Furry Friends ( WOOFF ) Act , but the bill died in committee . Abortion . Kennedy is strongly opposed to abortion . Guns . Kennedy has an A rating from the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) , which endorsed him during his 2016 Senate run . Judicial nominees . Kennedy crossed party lines to oppose the appointment of three of Trumps U.S . District Court judicial nominees who Kennedy believed were not qualified : Jeff Mateer , Brett Talley , and Matthew S . Petersen . The White House withdrew all three nominations . On December 13 , 2017 , during Petersens confirmation hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee , Kennedy asked Petersen about basic legal procedure , whether he knew what the Daubert standard was , and what a motion in limine was . Petersen struggled to answer . Kennedy also voted against the nomination of Gregory G . Katsas to the D.C . Circuit , but Katsas was confirmed . Criminal justice . Kennedy opposed the First Step Act . The bill passed 87–12 on December 18 , 2018 . Net neutrality . On March 7 , 2018 , Kennedy introduced a bill that would prohibit companies like Comcast and Verizon from blocking or throttling web content . He was one of three Republican senators , with Susan Collins and Lisa Murkowski , to vote with the entirety of the Democratic caucus on May 16 , 2018 , to overturn the FCCs repeal of net neutrality . Foreign policy . In April 2018 , Kennedy was one of eight Republican senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of the Treasury Steve Mnuchin and acting Secretary of State John Sullivan expressing deep concern over a report by the United Nations exposing North Korean sanctions evasion involving Russia and China and asserting that the findings demonstrate an elaborate and alarming military-venture between rogue , tyrannical states to avoid United States and international sanctions and inflict terror and death upon thousands of innocent people while calling it imperative that the United States provides a swift and appropriate response to the continued use of chemical weapons used by Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and his forces , and works to address the shortcomings in sanctions enforcement . In January 2019 , Kennedy was one of 11 Republican senators to vote to advance legislation intended to block Trumps intent to lift sanctions against three Russian companies . National security . On May 28 , 2021 , Kennedy voted against creating an independent commission to investigate the January 6 insurrection . Personal life . Kennedy resides in Madisonville in St . Tammany Parish outside New Orleans with his wife Becky and son Preston . He is a founding member of his local Methodist church in Madisonville . He is not related to the Kennedy family of Massachusetts . |
[
"State Treasurer"
] | easy | John Kennedy (Louisiana politician) took which position from 1999 to 2016? | /wiki/John_Kennedy_(Louisiana_politician)#P39#1 | John Kennedy ( Louisiana politician ) John Neely Kennedy ( born November 21 , 1951 ) is an American lawyer and politician who has served as the junior United States Senator from Louisiana since 2017 . A Democrat turned Republican , he served as the Louisiana State Treasurer from 2000 to 2017 . Born in Centreville , Mississippi , Kennedy graduated from Vanderbilt University and the University of Virginia School of Law before attending Magdalen College at the University of Oxford . He was a member of Governor Buddy Roemers staff before running as the Democratic nominee for state attorney general in the 1991 election . In 1999 , he was elected Louisiana State Treasurer ; he was reelected to that position in 2003 , 2007 , 2011 , and 2015 . Kennedy was an unsuccessful candidate for U.S . Senate in 2004 and 2008 . In 2007 , he switched parties and became a Republican . In 2016 , when U.S . Senator David Vitter opted not to seek reelection , Kennedy once again ran for Senate . He finished in first place in the November nonpartisan blanket primary and defeated Democrat Foster Campbell 61–39% in the December runoff . He was sworn in on January 3 , 2017 . Kennedy was one of eight Republican senators to object to the certification of the 2020 presidential election . Early life and education . Kennedy was born in Centreville , Mississippi , and raised in Zachary , Louisiana . After graduating from Zachary High School as co-valedictorian in 1969 , he entered Vanderbilt University , where his interdepartmental major was in political science , philosophy and economics . He graduated magna cum laude . At Vanderbilt , Kennedy was elected president of his senior class and named to Phi Beta Kappa . He received a Juris Doctor in 1977 from the University of Virginia School of Law in Charlottesville , Virginia , where he was an executive editor of the Virginia Law Review and elected to the Order of the Coif . In 1979 , he earned a Bachelor of Civil Law degree with first class honours from Oxford University ( Magdalen College ) in England , where he studied under Sir Rupert Cross and John H.C . Morris . Early career . Kennedy has written and published the following books and articles : Louisiana State Constitutional Law ( LSU Publications Institute , Jan . 1 , 2012 ) , The Dimension of Time in the Louisiana Products Liability Act ( 42 Louisiana Bar Journal , Jan . 1 , 1994 ) , The Role of the Consumer Expectation Test Under Louisianas Products Liability Doctrine ( 69 Tulane Law Review 117 , Jan . 1 , 1994 ) , A Primer on the Louisiana Products Liability Act ( 49 Louisiana Law Review 565 , Jan . 1 , 1989 ) , Assumption of the Risk , Comparative Fault and Strict Liability After Rozell ( 47 Louisiana Law Review 791 , Jan . 1 , 1987 ) and The Federal Power Commission , Job Bias , and NAACP v . FPC ( 10 Akron Law Review 556 , Jan . 1 , 1977 ) . Kennedy was a partner in the New Orleans law firm Chaffe McCall . He also served as an adjunct professor at Louisiana State Universitys Paul M . Hebert Law Center in Baton Rouge from 2002 to 2016 . Political career . In 1988 , Kennedy became special counsel to Governor Buddy Roemer . In 1991 , he was appointed as cabinet secretary and served in that post until 1992 . In 1991 , he was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for state attorney general to succeed the retiring William J . Guste . Following his first stint in state government , Kennedy returned to private law practice until 1996 . That year , he was appointed Secretary of the state Department of Revenue in the cabinet of Governor Mike Foster . Treasurer of Louisiana . Kennedy left the Foster administration when he was elected Louisiana State Treasurer in 1999 , having unseated incumbent Democrat Ken Duncan , 621,796 votes ( 55.6% ) to 497,319 ( 44.4% ) . Kennedy was reelected treasurer without opposition in 2003 , 2007 and 2011 . In 2015 , he defeated his sole challenger with 80% of the vote . In the 2004 election , Kennedy endorsed Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry over George W . Bush . After being courted by the Republican Party for months , Kennedy announced in a letter to his constituents that he was leaving the Democratic Party and joining the Republicans , effective August 27 , 2007 . In his letter , he announced that he would run again for state treasurer . During his third term as state treasurer , Kennedy devised a 24-point plan by which the state could save money . Governor Bobby Jindal said Kennedy could streamline his own department . Many of Kennedys ideas were derived from the Louisiana Commission for Streamlining Government , on which he served in his official capacity as state treasurer . U.S . Senate . Elections . In 2004 , Kennedy campaigned for the U.S . Senate seat held by John Breaux , who was retiring . He ran as a Democrat in the states jungle primary , losing to Republican David Vitter and Democrat Chris John . Vitter won the runoff election . Kennedy ran for the Senate again in 2008 , this time as a Republican . He was defeated , 52.1% to 45.7% , by incumbent Democratic Senator Mary Landrieu ; the same year , Republican presidential nominee John McCain defeated Barack Obama in Louisiana , but Obama was elected . On January 26 , 2016 , Kennedy announced that he would run for Senate a third time . In seeking to succeed the retiring Vitter , he faced more than 20 opponents . Vitter announced his retirement from the Senate in 2015 after losing a bid for governor to John Bel Edwards . Kennedys senatorial campaign was endorsed by the U.S . Chamber of Commerce , the National Federation of Independent Business , the National Rifle Association , the National Right to Life Committee , the American Conservative Union , Vice President-elect Mike Pence and President-elect Donald Trump . Kennedy , who had supported Vitter for governor the previous year , won the jungle primary and faced Democrat Foster Campbell in a December 10 runoff election . President-elect Donald Trump—who had received Kennedys support in the 2016 presidential election—campaigned for Kennedy the day before the runoff . Kennedy defeated Campbell , 536,204 votes ( 61% ) to 347,813 ( 39% ) . He lost the largest populated parishes of Orleans and East Baton Rouge , in which he had been reared , but was a runaway winner in Campbells home parish of Bossier . Tenure . Kennedy was sworn in as Louisianas junior U.S . Senator on January 3 , 2017 . In June 2017 , Kennedy grilled Education Secretary Betsy DeVos in a hearing before the Appropriations subcommittee on Labor , Health and Human Service , Education and Related Agencies . In the exchange , he contrasted the lack of school choice available for younger pupils in many rural areas of the country to the widespread brands of mayonnaise available on the grocery store shelf : Now I can go down to my overpriced Capitol Hill grocery this afternoon and choose among about six different types of mayonnaise . How come I cant do that for my kid ? Kennedy asked . The remark attracted national attention . DeVos replied that the Trump administration budget proposal would give parents and students more power and opportunity so that American education could again become the envy of the world . Kennedy has attracted comment for his manner in the Senate . A January 2018 Huffington Post article reported : Since being elected to the Senate a year ago , Kennedy .. . has made a name for himself on Capitol Hill with his wit , humor and penchant for folksy expressions―a notable feat in a place where jargon and arcane procedure tend to reign supreme . In the months leading up to the 2019 election , Kennedy was mentioned as a prospective candidate for governor in the nonpartisan blanket primary against Democratic incumbent John Bel Edwards . But on December 3 , 2018 , he announced that he would not run for governor , saying he preferred to remain in the Senate . 2020 presidential election . After Joe Biden won the 2020 presidential election and Trump refused to concede , Kennedy announced that he would , along with 11 other Republican senators , object to certain states electoral votes in the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count on January 6 , unless there was an audit of the vote , citing unproven election fraud claims . He was participating in the certification when Trump supporters stormed the United States Capitol . He described the attack as despicable and shameful and called for the rioters to go to jail and pay for the destruction they caused . When the Capitol was secure and Congress returned to complete the certification , Kennedy objected to the certification of Arizona’s electoral votes . As a result of his vote , Big Easy Magazine called for Kennedy to be expelled from Congress . Committee assignments - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Agriculture , Rural Development , Food and Drug Administration , and Related Agencies - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies - Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development - Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government - Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs - Subcommittee on Economic Policy - Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Protection - Subcommittee on Housing , Transportation , and Community Development - Committee on the Budget - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on Border Security and Immigration - Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism - Subcommittee on Privacy , Technology and the Law - Subcommittee on Intellectual Property - Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship Caucuses - Senate Republican Conference Political positions . Kennedy received a lifetime Liberty Score of 65% from Conservative Review . He holds a score of 89% for the 116th Congress and a lifetime score of 78% from Heritage Action for America . The American Conservative Unions Center of Legislative Accountability gives Kennedy a lifetime rating of 83.74 . Animal rights . Kennedy said he would file a bill to prohibit airlines from putting animals in overhead bins after a dog died in an overhead bin while flying United Airlines in March 2018 . He said officials would face significant fines if noncompliant . In March 2018 , Kennedy introduced the Welfare Of Our Furry Friends ( WOOFF ) Act , but the bill died in committee . Abortion . Kennedy is strongly opposed to abortion . Guns . Kennedy has an A rating from the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) , which endorsed him during his 2016 Senate run . Judicial nominees . Kennedy crossed party lines to oppose the appointment of three of Trumps U.S . District Court judicial nominees who Kennedy believed were not qualified : Jeff Mateer , Brett Talley , and Matthew S . Petersen . The White House withdrew all three nominations . On December 13 , 2017 , during Petersens confirmation hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee , Kennedy asked Petersen about basic legal procedure , whether he knew what the Daubert standard was , and what a motion in limine was . Petersen struggled to answer . Kennedy also voted against the nomination of Gregory G . Katsas to the D.C . Circuit , but Katsas was confirmed . Criminal justice . Kennedy opposed the First Step Act . The bill passed 87–12 on December 18 , 2018 . Net neutrality . On March 7 , 2018 , Kennedy introduced a bill that would prohibit companies like Comcast and Verizon from blocking or throttling web content . He was one of three Republican senators , with Susan Collins and Lisa Murkowski , to vote with the entirety of the Democratic caucus on May 16 , 2018 , to overturn the FCCs repeal of net neutrality . Foreign policy . In April 2018 , Kennedy was one of eight Republican senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of the Treasury Steve Mnuchin and acting Secretary of State John Sullivan expressing deep concern over a report by the United Nations exposing North Korean sanctions evasion involving Russia and China and asserting that the findings demonstrate an elaborate and alarming military-venture between rogue , tyrannical states to avoid United States and international sanctions and inflict terror and death upon thousands of innocent people while calling it imperative that the United States provides a swift and appropriate response to the continued use of chemical weapons used by Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and his forces , and works to address the shortcomings in sanctions enforcement . In January 2019 , Kennedy was one of 11 Republican senators to vote to advance legislation intended to block Trumps intent to lift sanctions against three Russian companies . National security . On May 28 , 2021 , Kennedy voted against creating an independent commission to investigate the January 6 insurrection . Personal life . Kennedy resides in Madisonville in St . Tammany Parish outside New Orleans with his wife Becky and son Preston . He is a founding member of his local Methodist church in Madisonville . He is not related to the Kennedy family of Massachusetts . |
[
"United States Senator"
] | easy | John Kennedy (Louisiana politician) took which position from 2017 to 2020? | /wiki/John_Kennedy_(Louisiana_politician)#P39#2 | John Kennedy ( Louisiana politician ) John Neely Kennedy ( born November 21 , 1951 ) is an American lawyer and politician who has served as the junior United States Senator from Louisiana since 2017 . A Democrat turned Republican , he served as the Louisiana State Treasurer from 2000 to 2017 . Born in Centreville , Mississippi , Kennedy graduated from Vanderbilt University and the University of Virginia School of Law before attending Magdalen College at the University of Oxford . He was a member of Governor Buddy Roemers staff before running as the Democratic nominee for state attorney general in the 1991 election . In 1999 , he was elected Louisiana State Treasurer ; he was reelected to that position in 2003 , 2007 , 2011 , and 2015 . Kennedy was an unsuccessful candidate for U.S . Senate in 2004 and 2008 . In 2007 , he switched parties and became a Republican . In 2016 , when U.S . Senator David Vitter opted not to seek reelection , Kennedy once again ran for Senate . He finished in first place in the November nonpartisan blanket primary and defeated Democrat Foster Campbell 61–39% in the December runoff . He was sworn in on January 3 , 2017 . Kennedy was one of eight Republican senators to object to the certification of the 2020 presidential election . Early life and education . Kennedy was born in Centreville , Mississippi , and raised in Zachary , Louisiana . After graduating from Zachary High School as co-valedictorian in 1969 , he entered Vanderbilt University , where his interdepartmental major was in political science , philosophy and economics . He graduated magna cum laude . At Vanderbilt , Kennedy was elected president of his senior class and named to Phi Beta Kappa . He received a Juris Doctor in 1977 from the University of Virginia School of Law in Charlottesville , Virginia , where he was an executive editor of the Virginia Law Review and elected to the Order of the Coif . In 1979 , he earned a Bachelor of Civil Law degree with first class honours from Oxford University ( Magdalen College ) in England , where he studied under Sir Rupert Cross and John H.C . Morris . Early career . Kennedy has written and published the following books and articles : Louisiana State Constitutional Law ( LSU Publications Institute , Jan . 1 , 2012 ) , The Dimension of Time in the Louisiana Products Liability Act ( 42 Louisiana Bar Journal , Jan . 1 , 1994 ) , The Role of the Consumer Expectation Test Under Louisianas Products Liability Doctrine ( 69 Tulane Law Review 117 , Jan . 1 , 1994 ) , A Primer on the Louisiana Products Liability Act ( 49 Louisiana Law Review 565 , Jan . 1 , 1989 ) , Assumption of the Risk , Comparative Fault and Strict Liability After Rozell ( 47 Louisiana Law Review 791 , Jan . 1 , 1987 ) and The Federal Power Commission , Job Bias , and NAACP v . FPC ( 10 Akron Law Review 556 , Jan . 1 , 1977 ) . Kennedy was a partner in the New Orleans law firm Chaffe McCall . He also served as an adjunct professor at Louisiana State Universitys Paul M . Hebert Law Center in Baton Rouge from 2002 to 2016 . Political career . In 1988 , Kennedy became special counsel to Governor Buddy Roemer . In 1991 , he was appointed as cabinet secretary and served in that post until 1992 . In 1991 , he was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for state attorney general to succeed the retiring William J . Guste . Following his first stint in state government , Kennedy returned to private law practice until 1996 . That year , he was appointed Secretary of the state Department of Revenue in the cabinet of Governor Mike Foster . Treasurer of Louisiana . Kennedy left the Foster administration when he was elected Louisiana State Treasurer in 1999 , having unseated incumbent Democrat Ken Duncan , 621,796 votes ( 55.6% ) to 497,319 ( 44.4% ) . Kennedy was reelected treasurer without opposition in 2003 , 2007 and 2011 . In 2015 , he defeated his sole challenger with 80% of the vote . In the 2004 election , Kennedy endorsed Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry over George W . Bush . After being courted by the Republican Party for months , Kennedy announced in a letter to his constituents that he was leaving the Democratic Party and joining the Republicans , effective August 27 , 2007 . In his letter , he announced that he would run again for state treasurer . During his third term as state treasurer , Kennedy devised a 24-point plan by which the state could save money . Governor Bobby Jindal said Kennedy could streamline his own department . Many of Kennedys ideas were derived from the Louisiana Commission for Streamlining Government , on which he served in his official capacity as state treasurer . U.S . Senate . Elections . In 2004 , Kennedy campaigned for the U.S . Senate seat held by John Breaux , who was retiring . He ran as a Democrat in the states jungle primary , losing to Republican David Vitter and Democrat Chris John . Vitter won the runoff election . Kennedy ran for the Senate again in 2008 , this time as a Republican . He was defeated , 52.1% to 45.7% , by incumbent Democratic Senator Mary Landrieu ; the same year , Republican presidential nominee John McCain defeated Barack Obama in Louisiana , but Obama was elected . On January 26 , 2016 , Kennedy announced that he would run for Senate a third time . In seeking to succeed the retiring Vitter , he faced more than 20 opponents . Vitter announced his retirement from the Senate in 2015 after losing a bid for governor to John Bel Edwards . Kennedys senatorial campaign was endorsed by the U.S . Chamber of Commerce , the National Federation of Independent Business , the National Rifle Association , the National Right to Life Committee , the American Conservative Union , Vice President-elect Mike Pence and President-elect Donald Trump . Kennedy , who had supported Vitter for governor the previous year , won the jungle primary and faced Democrat Foster Campbell in a December 10 runoff election . President-elect Donald Trump—who had received Kennedys support in the 2016 presidential election—campaigned for Kennedy the day before the runoff . Kennedy defeated Campbell , 536,204 votes ( 61% ) to 347,813 ( 39% ) . He lost the largest populated parishes of Orleans and East Baton Rouge , in which he had been reared , but was a runaway winner in Campbells home parish of Bossier . Tenure . Kennedy was sworn in as Louisianas junior U.S . Senator on January 3 , 2017 . In June 2017 , Kennedy grilled Education Secretary Betsy DeVos in a hearing before the Appropriations subcommittee on Labor , Health and Human Service , Education and Related Agencies . In the exchange , he contrasted the lack of school choice available for younger pupils in many rural areas of the country to the widespread brands of mayonnaise available on the grocery store shelf : Now I can go down to my overpriced Capitol Hill grocery this afternoon and choose among about six different types of mayonnaise . How come I cant do that for my kid ? Kennedy asked . The remark attracted national attention . DeVos replied that the Trump administration budget proposal would give parents and students more power and opportunity so that American education could again become the envy of the world . Kennedy has attracted comment for his manner in the Senate . A January 2018 Huffington Post article reported : Since being elected to the Senate a year ago , Kennedy .. . has made a name for himself on Capitol Hill with his wit , humor and penchant for folksy expressions―a notable feat in a place where jargon and arcane procedure tend to reign supreme . In the months leading up to the 2019 election , Kennedy was mentioned as a prospective candidate for governor in the nonpartisan blanket primary against Democratic incumbent John Bel Edwards . But on December 3 , 2018 , he announced that he would not run for governor , saying he preferred to remain in the Senate . 2020 presidential election . After Joe Biden won the 2020 presidential election and Trump refused to concede , Kennedy announced that he would , along with 11 other Republican senators , object to certain states electoral votes in the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count on January 6 , unless there was an audit of the vote , citing unproven election fraud claims . He was participating in the certification when Trump supporters stormed the United States Capitol . He described the attack as despicable and shameful and called for the rioters to go to jail and pay for the destruction they caused . When the Capitol was secure and Congress returned to complete the certification , Kennedy objected to the certification of Arizona’s electoral votes . As a result of his vote , Big Easy Magazine called for Kennedy to be expelled from Congress . Committee assignments - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Agriculture , Rural Development , Food and Drug Administration , and Related Agencies - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies - Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development - Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government - Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs - Subcommittee on Economic Policy - Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Protection - Subcommittee on Housing , Transportation , and Community Development - Committee on the Budget - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on Border Security and Immigration - Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism - Subcommittee on Privacy , Technology and the Law - Subcommittee on Intellectual Property - Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship Caucuses - Senate Republican Conference Political positions . Kennedy received a lifetime Liberty Score of 65% from Conservative Review . He holds a score of 89% for the 116th Congress and a lifetime score of 78% from Heritage Action for America . The American Conservative Unions Center of Legislative Accountability gives Kennedy a lifetime rating of 83.74 . Animal rights . Kennedy said he would file a bill to prohibit airlines from putting animals in overhead bins after a dog died in an overhead bin while flying United Airlines in March 2018 . He said officials would face significant fines if noncompliant . In March 2018 , Kennedy introduced the Welfare Of Our Furry Friends ( WOOFF ) Act , but the bill died in committee . Abortion . Kennedy is strongly opposed to abortion . Guns . Kennedy has an A rating from the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) , which endorsed him during his 2016 Senate run . Judicial nominees . Kennedy crossed party lines to oppose the appointment of three of Trumps U.S . District Court judicial nominees who Kennedy believed were not qualified : Jeff Mateer , Brett Talley , and Matthew S . Petersen . The White House withdrew all three nominations . On December 13 , 2017 , during Petersens confirmation hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee , Kennedy asked Petersen about basic legal procedure , whether he knew what the Daubert standard was , and what a motion in limine was . Petersen struggled to answer . Kennedy also voted against the nomination of Gregory G . Katsas to the D.C . Circuit , but Katsas was confirmed . Criminal justice . Kennedy opposed the First Step Act . The bill passed 87–12 on December 18 , 2018 . Net neutrality . On March 7 , 2018 , Kennedy introduced a bill that would prohibit companies like Comcast and Verizon from blocking or throttling web content . He was one of three Republican senators , with Susan Collins and Lisa Murkowski , to vote with the entirety of the Democratic caucus on May 16 , 2018 , to overturn the FCCs repeal of net neutrality . Foreign policy . In April 2018 , Kennedy was one of eight Republican senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of the Treasury Steve Mnuchin and acting Secretary of State John Sullivan expressing deep concern over a report by the United Nations exposing North Korean sanctions evasion involving Russia and China and asserting that the findings demonstrate an elaborate and alarming military-venture between rogue , tyrannical states to avoid United States and international sanctions and inflict terror and death upon thousands of innocent people while calling it imperative that the United States provides a swift and appropriate response to the continued use of chemical weapons used by Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and his forces , and works to address the shortcomings in sanctions enforcement . In January 2019 , Kennedy was one of 11 Republican senators to vote to advance legislation intended to block Trumps intent to lift sanctions against three Russian companies . National security . On May 28 , 2021 , Kennedy voted against creating an independent commission to investigate the January 6 insurrection . Personal life . Kennedy resides in Madisonville in St . Tammany Parish outside New Orleans with his wife Becky and son Preston . He is a founding member of his local Methodist church in Madisonville . He is not related to the Kennedy family of Massachusetts . |
[
"elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the Social Democrats"
] | easy | Which position did Jan Mládek hold from Jun 2002 to Nov 2005? | /wiki/Jan_Mládek#P39#0 | Jan Mládek Jan Mládek ( born June 1 , 1960 ) is a Czech economist and Social Democratic politician who served as Minister of Industry and Trade from 2014 to 2017 . Between 2005 and 2006 Mládek also was Minister of Agriculture in Paroubeks cabinet . He also served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies . Mládek graduated from University of Economics in Prague in 1983 . Then in the years 1985–1990 he studied at Forecasting Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences , where in April 1990 he received the title of Candidate of Sciences . Moreover , he studied for two years ( 1987–1989 ) Mathematics and Physics at Charles University in Prague . He is married and has five children . In 1991 he worked as an assistant at the Department of Economics at Faculty of Social Sciences of Charles University . In the years 1991–1992 he worked in the position of advisor to the Federal Minister of Economics and later as his Deputy Minister . In the period 1992–1995 Mládek worked as an external advisor to the Minister of Industry and Trade . In 1993–1998 he cooperated with the Central European University in Prague / Budapest in the study of transformation and privatization of the post-communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe . In the period 1998–1999 he served as Deputy Vice Prime Minister for Economic Policy and from 1999 to May 2001 he was the First Deputy Minister of Finance . In 1999–2001 he was Vice-Governor of the International Monetary Fund for the Czech Republic . In the 2002 elections Mládek was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the Social Democrats . He was a member of the Budget Committee and in 2002–2004 also the Foreign Committee . He remained in the Chamber of Deputies until December 2005 , when he resigned mandate . In 2004–2005 , he worked as an economic advisor to the Prime Minister and subsequently became a member of the Cabinet directly . In November 2005 he was appointed as the Minister of Agriculture in the Paroubeks government . At the post he remained until the end of the term of government , until August 2006 . In the Czech Social Democratic Party he is active as Chairman of the partys Economic Policy Committee . He hold the post of partys shadow finance minister . In 2001 he requested that the National Security Agency carry out a “classified” level screening but it refused to grant a screening at that level ( he only acquired the lowest ranking of “restricted” ) . In January 2014 he was the ČSSD candidate for the post of Minister of Industry and Trade in the Government of Bohuslav Sobotka . On 29 January 2014 he was appointed to this position . He has been active in the ČSSD as President of the party’s National Economic Commission . During the period from 2008–2009 he was Director of . In October 2006 he was again appointed Director of the Czech Institute of Applied Economics . Until the start of the year 2014 he was Chairman of FONTES RERUM , a cooperative for economic , political and social studies . Jan Mladek speaks fluent English , Russian and Polish . Bibliography ( selection ) . - Mládek , J . ( 1987 ) : Shortage – the Barrier of Modeling Consumption in Centrally Planned Economy . Ekonomicko-matematický obzor 23 , ISSN 0013-3027 , nr . 2 , pages 156 - 170 - Mládek , J . ( 1989 ) : Selected Problems of Modeling Consumption in a CPE : the Case of Czechoslovakia 1955–1986 . Jahrbuch der Wirtschaft Osteuropas 13 , nr . 2 , Munich , pages 195 - 205 - Mládek , J . ( 1993 ) : The Different Paths of Privatization ( Czechoslovakia 1990 - ? ) in : Earle , J. ; Frydman , R. ; Rapacyznski , A . ( eds. ) : Privatization in the Transition to a Market Economy ; Pinter Publishers , London , United Kingdom , 1993 , pages 121 - 146 - Hashi I. , Mládek , J . ( 1993 ) : Voucher Privatization , Investment Funds and Corporate Governance in Czechoslovakia , British Review of Economic Issues 15 , nr . 37 , October 1993 , pages 67 – 96 - Mládek , J . ( 1994 ) : Voucher Privatization in the Czech Republic and Slovakia , in : Mass Privatization – An Initial Assessment , OECD , Paris , 1994 - Mládek , J . ( 1994 ) : Czech Privatization Process : Time for Corporate Governance , Forschungsbericht 9410 , Ludwig Boltzmann Institute , Germany , 18 pages - Dlouhý , V. , Mládek , J . ( 1994 ) : Privatization and Corporate Control in the Czech Republic , Economic Policy , Lundy , December 1994 , pages 155 - 170 - Mládek , J . ( 1997 ) : Is Czech Voucher Privatization a Success ? Transitions , pages 92 – 95 - Mejstřík , M. , Mládek , J . ( 1997 ) : The Privatization Process in East-Central Europe – Evolutionary Process . Kluwer Academic Publishers , USA - Hashi , I. , Mládek , J . ( 2000 ) : Fiscal and Regulatory Impediments to the Entry of New Firms in Five TR , Journal of East-West Business , Haworth Press , Binghamton NY , USA , pages 59 – 94 - Mládek , J . ( 2001 ) : Hospodářský růst a veřejné rozpočty ( Economic growth and public budgets ) , Trend no . 3 , Volume 8 , July 2001 - Mládek , J . ( 2001 ) : Národní kapitalismus v Čechách a co sním dál ? ( National capitalism in the Czech Republic and what am I dreaming of now? ) Respekt , 10 . 9 . 2001 - Mládek , J . ( 2002 ) : Kupónová privatizace : politický úspěch , ekonomické selhání ( Coupon privatisation : political success , economic failure ) , Symposium of the Centre for Economics and Politics - Mládek , J . ( 2003 ) : Kdo neodjel , volil komunisty ( If they did not leave , they voted Communist ) , Respekt 28 . 1 . 2003 , p . 8 - Mládek , J . ( 2003 ) : Kousnutí do kyselého jablka ( Grasping the nettle ) , Literární noviny , July 2003 - Mládek , J . ( 2003 ) : Reforma veřejných financí : těžká zkouška pro ČSSD ( Public finance reform : tough test for the ČSSD ) , Trend no . 5 , Volume 10 October 2003 , p . 9 - Mládek , J . ( 2004 ) : Nalejme si čistého vína aneb o hospodářské politice ČR v 21 . století ( Coming clean , or the economic policy of the Czech Republic in the 21st century ) , Trend no . 4 , Volume 11 , page 3 - Mládek , J . ( 2005 ) : Rovná daň – pohled domácí – český ( Equal taxation – a domestic view – Czech ) , Právo , 21 . 5 . 2005 , page 23 - Mládek , J . ( 2006 ) : Budoucnost českého venkova je EAFRD ( The future of the Czech countryside lies with the EAFRD ) , Právo , 31 . 1 . 2006 , page 13 - Mládek , J . ( 2007 ) : Přijměme euro už v roce 2012 ( We will adopt the euro as early as 2012 ) , Hospodářské noviny 22 . 2 . 2007 |
[
"Minister of Agriculture"
] | easy | What position did Jan Mládek take in Nov 2005? | /wiki/Jan_Mládek#P39#1 | Jan Mládek Jan Mládek ( born June 1 , 1960 ) is a Czech economist and Social Democratic politician who served as Minister of Industry and Trade from 2014 to 2017 . Between 2005 and 2006 Mládek also was Minister of Agriculture in Paroubeks cabinet . He also served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies . Mládek graduated from University of Economics in Prague in 1983 . Then in the years 1985–1990 he studied at Forecasting Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences , where in April 1990 he received the title of Candidate of Sciences . Moreover , he studied for two years ( 1987–1989 ) Mathematics and Physics at Charles University in Prague . He is married and has five children . In 1991 he worked as an assistant at the Department of Economics at Faculty of Social Sciences of Charles University . In the years 1991–1992 he worked in the position of advisor to the Federal Minister of Economics and later as his Deputy Minister . In the period 1992–1995 Mládek worked as an external advisor to the Minister of Industry and Trade . In 1993–1998 he cooperated with the Central European University in Prague / Budapest in the study of transformation and privatization of the post-communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe . In the period 1998–1999 he served as Deputy Vice Prime Minister for Economic Policy and from 1999 to May 2001 he was the First Deputy Minister of Finance . In 1999–2001 he was Vice-Governor of the International Monetary Fund for the Czech Republic . In the 2002 elections Mládek was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the Social Democrats . He was a member of the Budget Committee and in 2002–2004 also the Foreign Committee . He remained in the Chamber of Deputies until December 2005 , when he resigned mandate . In 2004–2005 , he worked as an economic advisor to the Prime Minister and subsequently became a member of the Cabinet directly . In November 2005 he was appointed as the Minister of Agriculture in the Paroubeks government . At the post he remained until the end of the term of government , until August 2006 . In the Czech Social Democratic Party he is active as Chairman of the partys Economic Policy Committee . He hold the post of partys shadow finance minister . In 2001 he requested that the National Security Agency carry out a “classified” level screening but it refused to grant a screening at that level ( he only acquired the lowest ranking of “restricted” ) . In January 2014 he was the ČSSD candidate for the post of Minister of Industry and Trade in the Government of Bohuslav Sobotka . On 29 January 2014 he was appointed to this position . He has been active in the ČSSD as President of the party’s National Economic Commission . During the period from 2008–2009 he was Director of . In October 2006 he was again appointed Director of the Czech Institute of Applied Economics . Until the start of the year 2014 he was Chairman of FONTES RERUM , a cooperative for economic , political and social studies . Jan Mladek speaks fluent English , Russian and Polish . Bibliography ( selection ) . - Mládek , J . ( 1987 ) : Shortage – the Barrier of Modeling Consumption in Centrally Planned Economy . Ekonomicko-matematický obzor 23 , ISSN 0013-3027 , nr . 2 , pages 156 - 170 - Mládek , J . ( 1989 ) : Selected Problems of Modeling Consumption in a CPE : the Case of Czechoslovakia 1955–1986 . Jahrbuch der Wirtschaft Osteuropas 13 , nr . 2 , Munich , pages 195 - 205 - Mládek , J . ( 1993 ) : The Different Paths of Privatization ( Czechoslovakia 1990 - ? ) in : Earle , J. ; Frydman , R. ; Rapacyznski , A . ( eds. ) : Privatization in the Transition to a Market Economy ; Pinter Publishers , London , United Kingdom , 1993 , pages 121 - 146 - Hashi I. , Mládek , J . ( 1993 ) : Voucher Privatization , Investment Funds and Corporate Governance in Czechoslovakia , British Review of Economic Issues 15 , nr . 37 , October 1993 , pages 67 – 96 - Mládek , J . ( 1994 ) : Voucher Privatization in the Czech Republic and Slovakia , in : Mass Privatization – An Initial Assessment , OECD , Paris , 1994 - Mládek , J . ( 1994 ) : Czech Privatization Process : Time for Corporate Governance , Forschungsbericht 9410 , Ludwig Boltzmann Institute , Germany , 18 pages - Dlouhý , V. , Mládek , J . ( 1994 ) : Privatization and Corporate Control in the Czech Republic , Economic Policy , Lundy , December 1994 , pages 155 - 170 - Mládek , J . ( 1997 ) : Is Czech Voucher Privatization a Success ? Transitions , pages 92 – 95 - Mejstřík , M. , Mládek , J . ( 1997 ) : The Privatization Process in East-Central Europe – Evolutionary Process . Kluwer Academic Publishers , USA - Hashi , I. , Mládek , J . ( 2000 ) : Fiscal and Regulatory Impediments to the Entry of New Firms in Five TR , Journal of East-West Business , Haworth Press , Binghamton NY , USA , pages 59 – 94 - Mládek , J . ( 2001 ) : Hospodářský růst a veřejné rozpočty ( Economic growth and public budgets ) , Trend no . 3 , Volume 8 , July 2001 - Mládek , J . ( 2001 ) : Národní kapitalismus v Čechách a co sním dál ? ( National capitalism in the Czech Republic and what am I dreaming of now? ) Respekt , 10 . 9 . 2001 - Mládek , J . ( 2002 ) : Kupónová privatizace : politický úspěch , ekonomické selhání ( Coupon privatisation : political success , economic failure ) , Symposium of the Centre for Economics and Politics - Mládek , J . ( 2003 ) : Kdo neodjel , volil komunisty ( If they did not leave , they voted Communist ) , Respekt 28 . 1 . 2003 , p . 8 - Mládek , J . ( 2003 ) : Kousnutí do kyselého jablka ( Grasping the nettle ) , Literární noviny , July 2003 - Mládek , J . ( 2003 ) : Reforma veřejných financí : těžká zkouška pro ČSSD ( Public finance reform : tough test for the ČSSD ) , Trend no . 5 , Volume 10 October 2003 , p . 9 - Mládek , J . ( 2004 ) : Nalejme si čistého vína aneb o hospodářské politice ČR v 21 . století ( Coming clean , or the economic policy of the Czech Republic in the 21st century ) , Trend no . 4 , Volume 11 , page 3 - Mládek , J . ( 2005 ) : Rovná daň – pohled domácí – český ( Equal taxation – a domestic view – Czech ) , Právo , 21 . 5 . 2005 , page 23 - Mládek , J . ( 2006 ) : Budoucnost českého venkova je EAFRD ( The future of the Czech countryside lies with the EAFRD ) , Právo , 31 . 1 . 2006 , page 13 - Mládek , J . ( 2007 ) : Přijměme euro už v roce 2012 ( We will adopt the euro as early as 2012 ) , Hospodářské noviny 22 . 2 . 2007 |
[
""
] | easy | What was the position of Jan Mládek in Oct 2013? | /wiki/Jan_Mládek#P39#2 | Jan Mládek Jan Mládek ( born June 1 , 1960 ) is a Czech economist and Social Democratic politician who served as Minister of Industry and Trade from 2014 to 2017 . Between 2005 and 2006 Mládek also was Minister of Agriculture in Paroubeks cabinet . He also served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies . Mládek graduated from University of Economics in Prague in 1983 . Then in the years 1985–1990 he studied at Forecasting Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences , where in April 1990 he received the title of Candidate of Sciences . Moreover , he studied for two years ( 1987–1989 ) Mathematics and Physics at Charles University in Prague . He is married and has five children . In 1991 he worked as an assistant at the Department of Economics at Faculty of Social Sciences of Charles University . In the years 1991–1992 he worked in the position of advisor to the Federal Minister of Economics and later as his Deputy Minister . In the period 1992–1995 Mládek worked as an external advisor to the Minister of Industry and Trade . In 1993–1998 he cooperated with the Central European University in Prague / Budapest in the study of transformation and privatization of the post-communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe . In the period 1998–1999 he served as Deputy Vice Prime Minister for Economic Policy and from 1999 to May 2001 he was the First Deputy Minister of Finance . In 1999–2001 he was Vice-Governor of the International Monetary Fund for the Czech Republic . In the 2002 elections Mládek was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the Social Democrats . He was a member of the Budget Committee and in 2002–2004 also the Foreign Committee . He remained in the Chamber of Deputies until December 2005 , when he resigned mandate . In 2004–2005 , he worked as an economic advisor to the Prime Minister and subsequently became a member of the Cabinet directly . In November 2005 he was appointed as the Minister of Agriculture in the Paroubeks government . At the post he remained until the end of the term of government , until August 2006 . In the Czech Social Democratic Party he is active as Chairman of the partys Economic Policy Committee . He hold the post of partys shadow finance minister . In 2001 he requested that the National Security Agency carry out a “classified” level screening but it refused to grant a screening at that level ( he only acquired the lowest ranking of “restricted” ) . In January 2014 he was the ČSSD candidate for the post of Minister of Industry and Trade in the Government of Bohuslav Sobotka . On 29 January 2014 he was appointed to this position . He has been active in the ČSSD as President of the party’s National Economic Commission . During the period from 2008–2009 he was Director of . In October 2006 he was again appointed Director of the Czech Institute of Applied Economics . Until the start of the year 2014 he was Chairman of FONTES RERUM , a cooperative for economic , political and social studies . Jan Mladek speaks fluent English , Russian and Polish . Bibliography ( selection ) . - Mládek , J . ( 1987 ) : Shortage – the Barrier of Modeling Consumption in Centrally Planned Economy . Ekonomicko-matematický obzor 23 , ISSN 0013-3027 , nr . 2 , pages 156 - 170 - Mládek , J . ( 1989 ) : Selected Problems of Modeling Consumption in a CPE : the Case of Czechoslovakia 1955–1986 . Jahrbuch der Wirtschaft Osteuropas 13 , nr . 2 , Munich , pages 195 - 205 - Mládek , J . ( 1993 ) : The Different Paths of Privatization ( Czechoslovakia 1990 - ? ) in : Earle , J. ; Frydman , R. ; Rapacyznski , A . ( eds. ) : Privatization in the Transition to a Market Economy ; Pinter Publishers , London , United Kingdom , 1993 , pages 121 - 146 - Hashi I. , Mládek , J . ( 1993 ) : Voucher Privatization , Investment Funds and Corporate Governance in Czechoslovakia , British Review of Economic Issues 15 , nr . 37 , October 1993 , pages 67 – 96 - Mládek , J . ( 1994 ) : Voucher Privatization in the Czech Republic and Slovakia , in : Mass Privatization – An Initial Assessment , OECD , Paris , 1994 - Mládek , J . ( 1994 ) : Czech Privatization Process : Time for Corporate Governance , Forschungsbericht 9410 , Ludwig Boltzmann Institute , Germany , 18 pages - Dlouhý , V. , Mládek , J . ( 1994 ) : Privatization and Corporate Control in the Czech Republic , Economic Policy , Lundy , December 1994 , pages 155 - 170 - Mládek , J . ( 1997 ) : Is Czech Voucher Privatization a Success ? Transitions , pages 92 – 95 - Mejstřík , M. , Mládek , J . ( 1997 ) : The Privatization Process in East-Central Europe – Evolutionary Process . Kluwer Academic Publishers , USA - Hashi , I. , Mládek , J . ( 2000 ) : Fiscal and Regulatory Impediments to the Entry of New Firms in Five TR , Journal of East-West Business , Haworth Press , Binghamton NY , USA , pages 59 – 94 - Mládek , J . ( 2001 ) : Hospodářský růst a veřejné rozpočty ( Economic growth and public budgets ) , Trend no . 3 , Volume 8 , July 2001 - Mládek , J . ( 2001 ) : Národní kapitalismus v Čechách a co sním dál ? ( National capitalism in the Czech Republic and what am I dreaming of now? ) Respekt , 10 . 9 . 2001 - Mládek , J . ( 2002 ) : Kupónová privatizace : politický úspěch , ekonomické selhání ( Coupon privatisation : political success , economic failure ) , Symposium of the Centre for Economics and Politics - Mládek , J . ( 2003 ) : Kdo neodjel , volil komunisty ( If they did not leave , they voted Communist ) , Respekt 28 . 1 . 2003 , p . 8 - Mládek , J . ( 2003 ) : Kousnutí do kyselého jablka ( Grasping the nettle ) , Literární noviny , July 2003 - Mládek , J . ( 2003 ) : Reforma veřejných financí : těžká zkouška pro ČSSD ( Public finance reform : tough test for the ČSSD ) , Trend no . 5 , Volume 10 October 2003 , p . 9 - Mládek , J . ( 2004 ) : Nalejme si čistého vína aneb o hospodářské politice ČR v 21 . století ( Coming clean , or the economic policy of the Czech Republic in the 21st century ) , Trend no . 4 , Volume 11 , page 3 - Mládek , J . ( 2005 ) : Rovná daň – pohled domácí – český ( Equal taxation – a domestic view – Czech ) , Právo , 21 . 5 . 2005 , page 23 - Mládek , J . ( 2006 ) : Budoucnost českého venkova je EAFRD ( The future of the Czech countryside lies with the EAFRD ) , Právo , 31 . 1 . 2006 , page 13 - Mládek , J . ( 2007 ) : Přijměme euro už v roce 2012 ( We will adopt the euro as early as 2012 ) , Hospodářské noviny 22 . 2 . 2007 |
[
"Minister of Industry and Trade"
] | easy | What was the position of Jan Mládek from 2014 to Feb 2017? | /wiki/Jan_Mládek#P39#3 | Jan Mládek Jan Mládek ( born June 1 , 1960 ) is a Czech economist and Social Democratic politician who served as Minister of Industry and Trade from 2014 to 2017 . Between 2005 and 2006 Mládek also was Minister of Agriculture in Paroubeks cabinet . He also served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies . Mládek graduated from University of Economics in Prague in 1983 . Then in the years 1985–1990 he studied at Forecasting Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences , where in April 1990 he received the title of Candidate of Sciences . Moreover , he studied for two years ( 1987–1989 ) Mathematics and Physics at Charles University in Prague . He is married and has five children . In 1991 he worked as an assistant at the Department of Economics at Faculty of Social Sciences of Charles University . In the years 1991–1992 he worked in the position of advisor to the Federal Minister of Economics and later as his Deputy Minister . In the period 1992–1995 Mládek worked as an external advisor to the Minister of Industry and Trade . In 1993–1998 he cooperated with the Central European University in Prague / Budapest in the study of transformation and privatization of the post-communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe . In the period 1998–1999 he served as Deputy Vice Prime Minister for Economic Policy and from 1999 to May 2001 he was the First Deputy Minister of Finance . In 1999–2001 he was Vice-Governor of the International Monetary Fund for the Czech Republic . In the 2002 elections Mládek was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the Social Democrats . He was a member of the Budget Committee and in 2002–2004 also the Foreign Committee . He remained in the Chamber of Deputies until December 2005 , when he resigned mandate . In 2004–2005 , he worked as an economic advisor to the Prime Minister and subsequently became a member of the Cabinet directly . In November 2005 he was appointed as the Minister of Agriculture in the Paroubeks government . At the post he remained until the end of the term of government , until August 2006 . In the Czech Social Democratic Party he is active as Chairman of the partys Economic Policy Committee . He hold the post of partys shadow finance minister . In 2001 he requested that the National Security Agency carry out a “classified” level screening but it refused to grant a screening at that level ( he only acquired the lowest ranking of “restricted” ) . In January 2014 he was the ČSSD candidate for the post of Minister of Industry and Trade in the Government of Bohuslav Sobotka . On 29 January 2014 he was appointed to this position . He has been active in the ČSSD as President of the party’s National Economic Commission . During the period from 2008–2009 he was Director of . In October 2006 he was again appointed Director of the Czech Institute of Applied Economics . Until the start of the year 2014 he was Chairman of FONTES RERUM , a cooperative for economic , political and social studies . Jan Mladek speaks fluent English , Russian and Polish . Bibliography ( selection ) . - Mládek , J . ( 1987 ) : Shortage – the Barrier of Modeling Consumption in Centrally Planned Economy . Ekonomicko-matematický obzor 23 , ISSN 0013-3027 , nr . 2 , pages 156 - 170 - Mládek , J . ( 1989 ) : Selected Problems of Modeling Consumption in a CPE : the Case of Czechoslovakia 1955–1986 . Jahrbuch der Wirtschaft Osteuropas 13 , nr . 2 , Munich , pages 195 - 205 - Mládek , J . ( 1993 ) : The Different Paths of Privatization ( Czechoslovakia 1990 - ? ) in : Earle , J. ; Frydman , R. ; Rapacyznski , A . ( eds. ) : Privatization in the Transition to a Market Economy ; Pinter Publishers , London , United Kingdom , 1993 , pages 121 - 146 - Hashi I. , Mládek , J . ( 1993 ) : Voucher Privatization , Investment Funds and Corporate Governance in Czechoslovakia , British Review of Economic Issues 15 , nr . 37 , October 1993 , pages 67 – 96 - Mládek , J . ( 1994 ) : Voucher Privatization in the Czech Republic and Slovakia , in : Mass Privatization – An Initial Assessment , OECD , Paris , 1994 - Mládek , J . ( 1994 ) : Czech Privatization Process : Time for Corporate Governance , Forschungsbericht 9410 , Ludwig Boltzmann Institute , Germany , 18 pages - Dlouhý , V. , Mládek , J . ( 1994 ) : Privatization and Corporate Control in the Czech Republic , Economic Policy , Lundy , December 1994 , pages 155 - 170 - Mládek , J . ( 1997 ) : Is Czech Voucher Privatization a Success ? Transitions , pages 92 – 95 - Mejstřík , M. , Mládek , J . ( 1997 ) : The Privatization Process in East-Central Europe – Evolutionary Process . Kluwer Academic Publishers , USA - Hashi , I. , Mládek , J . ( 2000 ) : Fiscal and Regulatory Impediments to the Entry of New Firms in Five TR , Journal of East-West Business , Haworth Press , Binghamton NY , USA , pages 59 – 94 - Mládek , J . ( 2001 ) : Hospodářský růst a veřejné rozpočty ( Economic growth and public budgets ) , Trend no . 3 , Volume 8 , July 2001 - Mládek , J . ( 2001 ) : Národní kapitalismus v Čechách a co sním dál ? ( National capitalism in the Czech Republic and what am I dreaming of now? ) Respekt , 10 . 9 . 2001 - Mládek , J . ( 2002 ) : Kupónová privatizace : politický úspěch , ekonomické selhání ( Coupon privatisation : political success , economic failure ) , Symposium of the Centre for Economics and Politics - Mládek , J . ( 2003 ) : Kdo neodjel , volil komunisty ( If they did not leave , they voted Communist ) , Respekt 28 . 1 . 2003 , p . 8 - Mládek , J . ( 2003 ) : Kousnutí do kyselého jablka ( Grasping the nettle ) , Literární noviny , July 2003 - Mládek , J . ( 2003 ) : Reforma veřejných financí : těžká zkouška pro ČSSD ( Public finance reform : tough test for the ČSSD ) , Trend no . 5 , Volume 10 October 2003 , p . 9 - Mládek , J . ( 2004 ) : Nalejme si čistého vína aneb o hospodářské politice ČR v 21 . století ( Coming clean , or the economic policy of the Czech Republic in the 21st century ) , Trend no . 4 , Volume 11 , page 3 - Mládek , J . ( 2005 ) : Rovná daň – pohled domácí – český ( Equal taxation – a domestic view – Czech ) , Právo , 21 . 5 . 2005 , page 23 - Mládek , J . ( 2006 ) : Budoucnost českého venkova je EAFRD ( The future of the Czech countryside lies with the EAFRD ) , Právo , 31 . 1 . 2006 , page 13 - Mládek , J . ( 2007 ) : Přijměme euro už v roce 2012 ( We will adopt the euro as early as 2012 ) , Hospodářské noviny 22 . 2 . 2007 |
[
""
] | easy | Which position did Jan Mládek hold from Feb 2017 to Oct 2017? | /wiki/Jan_Mládek#P39#4 | Jan Mládek Jan Mládek ( born June 1 , 1960 ) is a Czech economist and Social Democratic politician who served as Minister of Industry and Trade from 2014 to 2017 . Between 2005 and 2006 Mládek also was Minister of Agriculture in Paroubeks cabinet . He also served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies . Mládek graduated from University of Economics in Prague in 1983 . Then in the years 1985–1990 he studied at Forecasting Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences , where in April 1990 he received the title of Candidate of Sciences . Moreover , he studied for two years ( 1987–1989 ) Mathematics and Physics at Charles University in Prague . He is married and has five children . In 1991 he worked as an assistant at the Department of Economics at Faculty of Social Sciences of Charles University . In the years 1991–1992 he worked in the position of advisor to the Federal Minister of Economics and later as his Deputy Minister . In the period 1992–1995 Mládek worked as an external advisor to the Minister of Industry and Trade . In 1993–1998 he cooperated with the Central European University in Prague / Budapest in the study of transformation and privatization of the post-communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe . In the period 1998–1999 he served as Deputy Vice Prime Minister for Economic Policy and from 1999 to May 2001 he was the First Deputy Minister of Finance . In 1999–2001 he was Vice-Governor of the International Monetary Fund for the Czech Republic . In the 2002 elections Mládek was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the Social Democrats . He was a member of the Budget Committee and in 2002–2004 also the Foreign Committee . He remained in the Chamber of Deputies until December 2005 , when he resigned mandate . In 2004–2005 , he worked as an economic advisor to the Prime Minister and subsequently became a member of the Cabinet directly . In November 2005 he was appointed as the Minister of Agriculture in the Paroubeks government . At the post he remained until the end of the term of government , until August 2006 . In the Czech Social Democratic Party he is active as Chairman of the partys Economic Policy Committee . He hold the post of partys shadow finance minister . In 2001 he requested that the National Security Agency carry out a “classified” level screening but it refused to grant a screening at that level ( he only acquired the lowest ranking of “restricted” ) . In January 2014 he was the ČSSD candidate for the post of Minister of Industry and Trade in the Government of Bohuslav Sobotka . On 29 January 2014 he was appointed to this position . He has been active in the ČSSD as President of the party’s National Economic Commission . During the period from 2008–2009 he was Director of . In October 2006 he was again appointed Director of the Czech Institute of Applied Economics . Until the start of the year 2014 he was Chairman of FONTES RERUM , a cooperative for economic , political and social studies . Jan Mladek speaks fluent English , Russian and Polish . Bibliography ( selection ) . - Mládek , J . ( 1987 ) : Shortage – the Barrier of Modeling Consumption in Centrally Planned Economy . Ekonomicko-matematický obzor 23 , ISSN 0013-3027 , nr . 2 , pages 156 - 170 - Mládek , J . ( 1989 ) : Selected Problems of Modeling Consumption in a CPE : the Case of Czechoslovakia 1955–1986 . Jahrbuch der Wirtschaft Osteuropas 13 , nr . 2 , Munich , pages 195 - 205 - Mládek , J . ( 1993 ) : The Different Paths of Privatization ( Czechoslovakia 1990 - ? ) in : Earle , J. ; Frydman , R. ; Rapacyznski , A . ( eds. ) : Privatization in the Transition to a Market Economy ; Pinter Publishers , London , United Kingdom , 1993 , pages 121 - 146 - Hashi I. , Mládek , J . ( 1993 ) : Voucher Privatization , Investment Funds and Corporate Governance in Czechoslovakia , British Review of Economic Issues 15 , nr . 37 , October 1993 , pages 67 – 96 - Mládek , J . ( 1994 ) : Voucher Privatization in the Czech Republic and Slovakia , in : Mass Privatization – An Initial Assessment , OECD , Paris , 1994 - Mládek , J . ( 1994 ) : Czech Privatization Process : Time for Corporate Governance , Forschungsbericht 9410 , Ludwig Boltzmann Institute , Germany , 18 pages - Dlouhý , V. , Mládek , J . ( 1994 ) : Privatization and Corporate Control in the Czech Republic , Economic Policy , Lundy , December 1994 , pages 155 - 170 - Mládek , J . ( 1997 ) : Is Czech Voucher Privatization a Success ? Transitions , pages 92 – 95 - Mejstřík , M. , Mládek , J . ( 1997 ) : The Privatization Process in East-Central Europe – Evolutionary Process . Kluwer Academic Publishers , USA - Hashi , I. , Mládek , J . ( 2000 ) : Fiscal and Regulatory Impediments to the Entry of New Firms in Five TR , Journal of East-West Business , Haworth Press , Binghamton NY , USA , pages 59 – 94 - Mládek , J . ( 2001 ) : Hospodářský růst a veřejné rozpočty ( Economic growth and public budgets ) , Trend no . 3 , Volume 8 , July 2001 - Mládek , J . ( 2001 ) : Národní kapitalismus v Čechách a co sním dál ? ( National capitalism in the Czech Republic and what am I dreaming of now? ) Respekt , 10 . 9 . 2001 - Mládek , J . ( 2002 ) : Kupónová privatizace : politický úspěch , ekonomické selhání ( Coupon privatisation : political success , economic failure ) , Symposium of the Centre for Economics and Politics - Mládek , J . ( 2003 ) : Kdo neodjel , volil komunisty ( If they did not leave , they voted Communist ) , Respekt 28 . 1 . 2003 , p . 8 - Mládek , J . ( 2003 ) : Kousnutí do kyselého jablka ( Grasping the nettle ) , Literární noviny , July 2003 - Mládek , J . ( 2003 ) : Reforma veřejných financí : těžká zkouška pro ČSSD ( Public finance reform : tough test for the ČSSD ) , Trend no . 5 , Volume 10 October 2003 , p . 9 - Mládek , J . ( 2004 ) : Nalejme si čistého vína aneb o hospodářské politice ČR v 21 . století ( Coming clean , or the economic policy of the Czech Republic in the 21st century ) , Trend no . 4 , Volume 11 , page 3 - Mládek , J . ( 2005 ) : Rovná daň – pohled domácí – český ( Equal taxation – a domestic view – Czech ) , Právo , 21 . 5 . 2005 , page 23 - Mládek , J . ( 2006 ) : Budoucnost českého venkova je EAFRD ( The future of the Czech countryside lies with the EAFRD ) , Právo , 31 . 1 . 2006 , page 13 - Mládek , J . ( 2007 ) : Přijměme euro už v roce 2012 ( We will adopt the euro as early as 2012 ) , Hospodářské noviny 22 . 2 . 2007 |
[
"Goal Stadium"
] | easy | What was the home venue of AC Omonia from 1952 to 1953? | /wiki/AC_Omonia#P115#0 | AC Omonia Athletic Club Omonoia Nicosia ( , ΑΣΟΛ ; Athlitikos Sillogos Omonoias Lefkosias , ASOL ; Omonia is Greek for amity ) is a Cypriot professional football club based in Nicosia . The club was established on 4 June 1948 . The football team of AC Omonia joined the Cyprus Football Association in 1953 . On 14 June 2018 the football team of AC Omonoia became a professional for-profit football company . Omonoia is the most popular and the most historically successful football clubs in Cyprus , having won 21 national championships , 14 cups and 16 super cups . Omonia holds an outstanding record of 14 championships in two decades ( between 1970–1989 ) , a record of being either champion or runner-up 14 times in a row in the championship ( between 1973-1986 ) , and the record of having won the Cypriot Cup four times in a row ( between 1980 and 1983 ) . The AC Omonia also operates basketball , volleyball , cycling and futsal . The latter one is being particularly successful , having won the league and cup in three consecutive years since 2011 . History . Creation and early years ( 1948–1953 ) . On 23 May 1948 , the governing board of APOEL football club sent a telegram to the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletics ( Greek : Σ.Ε.Γ.Α.Σ. ) , with the opportunity of the annual Panhellenic Track and Field Competition . In its telegram , the board stated its wish for what it described as the communist mutiny to be ended . Club players considering this action as a specifically political comment on the Greek Civil War distanced themselves from the board and were duly expelled from APOEL . On 4 June 1948 , Dr . Mattheos Papapetrou organized a meeting in Nicosia that led to the creation of Omonia . Many players expelled from APOEL were present at the meeting and joined the new club . Along with other left-wing teams such as Nea Salamina , Alki Larnaca and Orfeas Nicosia , Omonia helped create in December 1948 the Cyprus Amateur Football Federation . Omonia took part in the CAFF league until 1953 , having won four out of five played championships and five out of five played cups . Omonia was then accepted by the Cyprus Football Association to participate in the Cypriot First Division Beginnings in the Cypriot First Division ( 1953–1969 ) . After joining the Cypriot First Division in 1953 , Omonia only placed seventh out of nine teams in the 1953–54 season , barely avoiding relegation . During that decade , the clubs best placing came during the 1956–57 season when the club finished in the third position . The team would make its closest push for the title during the 1959–60 season after finishing second , one point behind Anorthosis Famagusta . The following year , after seven seasons in the First Division , the club would win its first title in 1960–61 season . Omonia , in that season , would score 91 goals in 24 matches on their way to their first ever Cyprus First Division title . Omonia won their second title during the 1965–66 season . Golden era ( 1970s–1980s ) . Omonia won its first trophies of the decade in 1972 , when the club won both the league and the cup . Led by a young Sotiris Kaiafas , Omonia won seven league titles in the 1970s , six of them were consecutive ( 1974–1979 ) . At the end of the decade , Omonia had a total of nine championship titles and three cups . At the end of the 1979 season , Omonia trailed its arch-rival APOEL by two championships . In 1976 , Sotiris Kaiafas would go on and win the European Golden Shoe for his single-season 39-goal performance . In 2003 , he was awarded the UEFA Jubilee Awards for the Best Cypriot Footballer of the 20th century . The 1980s was a successful decade for the club as it won an additional seven Cypriot League Championship titles including another five consecutive in 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , and in 1987 and in 1989 . As the 1980s came to an end , Omonia had won 14 Cypriot championship titles , becoming the most successful team on the island at the time . General decline ( 1990s ) . The 1990s would prove to be less successful than the previous two decades . During this time , Omonia only mustered one Cypriot League title during the 1992–93 season . It would be eight years before Omonia would see its next title . In 1997 , Omonia signed the German Rainer Rauffmann , who would later become the second top goalscorer ever for the club . With the help of other Omonia great and then captain , Costas Malekkos , and a young Costas Kaiafas ( the son of Sotiris Kaiafas ) , Rauffmann would become top scorer of the Cypriot First Division in 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–00 and 2000–01 seasons and led Omonia to two titles . Revival ( 2000s ) . After a disappointing eight seasons , the 2000s decade began with a trophy . Omonia celebrated its 18th Cypriot league championship title in 2001 . Now captained by Costas Kaiafas , Omonia would win its 19th Cypriot League Championship again in 2003 . Since 2003 , however , the team would stumble and be without a title for the next several years . After numerous seasons of poor signings and underachieving , Omonias reigns would be taken over by new chairman and team president , Miltiadis Neophytou in 2008 . The team would soon be put back on track starting in 2006 , beginning with the signing of Cyprus international goalkeeper Antonis Georgallides . Omonia would continue its star-studded signings by acquiring Cypriot stars that had been playing abroad , such as Elias Charalambous and Stathis Aloneftis . Omonia would then make headlines with the shocking signing of all-time leading scorer for Cyprus , Michalis Konstantinou . In 2009 , Omonia would also sign another Cypriot star , Konstantinos Makrides . En route , Omonia would also acquire young Cypriot hopefuls , 21-year-old Dimitris Christofi and 20-year-old Georgios Efrem . Efrem , who had been playing on the youth team of Arsenal and later Scottish side Rangers , would be the final piece to the puzzle needed to win its 20th Cypriot league championship . After putting the proper pieces in place , Omonia did just that . During the 2009–10 season , led by the new captain , Elias Charalambous , Omonia would not lose a single derby , including play-offs matches against either , APOEL , Anorthosis Famagusta nor Apollon . Head coach Takis Lemonis left the club after disappointing results and Dušan Bajević became the new coach in October 2010 , but was fired in April 2011 . He was replaced by Neophytos Larkou . Omonia would not be able to repeat as Champion during the 2010–11 regular season , and instead had to settle with finishing second , despite the addition of yet another young Cypriot rising star , Andreas Avraam . The club , however , was to end on a positive note : under interim coach Neophytos Larkou , Omonia defeated Apollon Limassol in the Cyprus Cup final to win their 13th cup title . Omonia spent a difficult year but won their 14th cup starring André Alves , who scored the winning goal against AEL Limassol . Under the guidance of newly-appointed director of football Nickolas Danskalou , Omonia finished second in the Championship and third after the playoff rounds , all but assuring they would qualify for the second round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League . Financial crisis ( 2012–2018 ) . Head coach Neophytos Larkou left the club in September 2012 and Toni Savevski was then appointed as coach . The team began the season with a great win but found its second success after several games . A disappointing first round proved enough to exclude the club from contesting for the championship or the cup . The team managed better results in the second round , finishing the season in third place . Thousands of fans answered the presidents call to donate as much as they could and the financial issues of the club improved . Omonias final match ended in a 3–1 victory over AEK Larnaca . Omonia was knocked out in the semi-finals of the cup by AEL Limassol . In 2013 , Omonia began the new season with Savevski as manager , but he was sacked halfway beside positive results . Miguel Ángel Lotina was hired as the replacer but was sacked just 37 days later . Kostas Kaiafas , ex-player was then appointed as the new coach . The clubs financial difficulties returned despite the massive fundraiser organized the previous season . Omonia ended fifth in the league , finishing its worst season in 56 years since 1957–58 . In August 2014 , Omonia was knocked out of the Europa League playoff stages by Dynamo Moscow . The club issued a complaint to UEFA regarding the refereeing of the match by Alexandru Tudor . In early September , the club stopped supplying the fans group Gate-9 with tickets resulting in the groups abstention from matches . Two weeks later , after a meeting between the president and the coach , it was decided that tickets were to be supplied again to Gate-9 . Omonia finished fourth in the league . The team was eliminated from the Cypriot Cup semi-finals by APOEL . The team ended the 2015–16 campaign in 4th place . During this season it reached the final of the Cypriot Cup but lost to Apollon Limassol . The 2016–17 season saw the club finish 5th . This meant that for the 1st time in 15 years the club would not be able to play in European qualification matches . Following a general assembly at the end of the season Antonis Tzionis was elected as the new club president . While the 2017–18 campaign began with high expectations Omonia ended the season in 6th place . The season was the worst in the clubs history in terms of defeats and goals conceded . Despite this the club sold a total of 95,222 tickets during the season , more than any other team in the league . Papastavrou era ( 2018–present ) . The decline of the clubs football department and the financial difficulties it faced convinced many that a change in the way the club was being run was needed . In May 2018 a general assembly was called and members voted to hand the football department over to Stavros Papastavrou , an American-based Cypriot businessman . Papastavrou plans to invest 5 million euros into the club over the next few years and will invest more over the 20-year period that he will be in charge . He has stated that he will provide funds for the development of the clubs academies and training grounds and that the potential creation of a new stadium will be considered . The club finished the 2018–19 campaign in 6th place and was knocked out of the Cypriot Cup by Apollon Limassol in the second round . Manager Yannis Anastasiou was replaced by Henning Berg in June 2019 . The 2019–20 Cypriot season was abandoned in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . At the time of its abandonment Omonoia was tied with Anorthosis Famagusta on points , but was ranked first due to a better head to head record and thus qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season . The club would go on to win their 21st league title the following season to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the second successive season . Name . Omonia is the Greek word for amity , showing the contrast of the club for discord and disruption . Colours and badge . Omonias club colours are green , white and red . Their current alternate kit is red . This is because of the Clubs close association with AKEL , the popular left-wing party of the island . Omonias badge has a green shamrock in a white circle . Green colour symbolises hope and white colour happiness Stadium . Since 23 October 1999 , Omonia has been using the 22,859-seat New GSP Stadium , the largest stadium in Cyprus . They share the stadium with local rival APOEL . Omonia played in the Makario Stadium from 1978 until 1999 and in Old GSP Stadium from 1953 to 1978 . When the club was first created , it used the Goal Stadium ( 1948–1953 ) . Supporters . Omonia supporters are known for their left-leaning , socialist character , expressing Cypriotism with over 80% stating in a survey that they associate themselves with the Progressive Party of Working People.However , its followers recognize their nation which is Greek . They love Cyprus and the Cypriots but they consider that they are Greeks of Cyprus and they are proud of it . In addition , they believe that the Greeks who live in Greece are their brothers and that they are the same since they all have the same mentality , religion and language . Omonia is also traditionally regarded as the club of Cypruss working-class . Many of Omonias supporters can be seen waving banners bearing Che Guevaras image . Gate-9 , the teams ultras group , was established in 1992 . The group occupies the North stand at the GSP stadium during home games . Gate 9 has established relations with other left wing supporters such as those of Hapoel Tel Aviv and Standard Liège . Omonia holds the record for the most league tickets sold by a Cypriot team in a single season ( 162,061 during the 2009–10 campaign ) . The club also holds the Cypriot record for the highest average attendance in a season ( 11,003 during the 2003–04 campaign ) . Financial crisis and 2013 Pan-Cypriot fundraiser . By the end of February 2013 , Omonia was struggling to meet the UEFA criteria due to the economic crisis that had engulfed the club . The clubs president then decided to start a fundraiser and called for the supporters of the club to donate as much as they could . Hundreds of events were organised island wide with the motto ; ΕΙΜΑΙ ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ ΔΗΛΩΝΩ ΠΑΡΩΝ meaning , IM WITH OMONIA , I DECLARE MYSELF PRESENT . Current and former players contributed by signing autographs and selling club merchandise . Although the situation at the beginning was described as grim , money poured in from all over the island and from abroad including England and the United States . In about a month-and-a-half , €3.5 million was collected from the clubs supporters . Honours . - Cypriot Championship - Cypriot Cup - Cypriot Super Cup - CAFF Championship - CAFF Cup Omonia in European competitions . UEFA Club ranking . Last update : 15 May 2020 Players . Former players . For details of former players , see Retired number . 12 – The club supporters ( the 12th man ) Management . AC Omonoia . Source : Omonoia FC . Source : omonoiafc.com.cy Managerial history . - Dikran Missirian ( 1948–52 ) - John Johnson ( 1952–53 ) - Pambos Avraamides ( 1953–55 ) - Hans Hungehuisen ( 1955–57 ) - Karl Vogler ( 1957–59 ) - Eli Fuchs ( 1959–60 ) - Nako Chakmakov ( 1960–62 ) - Tourai ( 1962–63 ) - Stoyan Petrov ( 1963–64 ) - Andreas Keremezos ( 1964–65 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1965–66 ) , ( first term ) - Igor Netto ( 1966–67 ) - Georgi Barka ( 1967–68 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1968–70 ) , ( second term ) - Khrustyo Chakarov ( 1970–71 ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1971–72 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1972–74 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Constantinou ( Esso ) ( 1974–75 ) - Iltziev ( 1975–76 ) - Gabriel Stoyanov ( 1976–77 ) - Petar Argirov ( 1977–79 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1979–80 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1980–82 ) , ( second term ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1982–83 ) , ( second term ) - Atanas Dramov ( 1983–85 ) - Yanko Dinkov ( 1985–86 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1986–89 ) , ( second term ) - Bozhil Kolev ( 1989–90 ) - Helmut Senekowitsch ( 1990–91 ) - Graziano Zakarel ( 1991–92 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1992–94 ) , ( third term ) - Gerhard Prokop ( 1994–96 ) - Walter Skocik ( 1995–96 ) - Angel Kolev ( 1996–97 ) - Andreas Michaelides ( 1997–99 ) - Dušan Galis ( 1999 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1999–00 ) , ( fourth term ) - Asparuh Nikodimov ( 2000 ) - Arie Haan ( 14 Nov 2000 – 30 Nov 2000 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 Oct 2000 – 30 Nov 2001 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Mouskallis ( 2002 ) - Toni Savevski ( 2002–04 ) , ( first term ) - Franciszek Smuda ( 2004 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 July 2004 – 21 Dec 2005 ) , ( second term ) - Ioan Andone ( 28 Dec 2005 – 25 May 2007 ) - Dragan Okuka ( 23 May 2007 – 26 Nov 2007 ) - Ioannis Matzourakis ( 2007 ) - Giorgos Savvidis ( 2007–2008 ) - Nedim Tutić ( 2008–09 ) - Takis Lemonis ( 17 March 2009 – 4 Oct 2010 ) - Dušan Bajević ( 13 Oct 2010 – 14 April 2011 ) - Neophytos Larkou ( 15 April 2011 – Sept 18 , 2012 ) - Toni Savevski ( Sept 26 , 2012–18 Dec 2013 ) , ( second term ) - Miguel Ángel Lotina ( 1 Jan 2014 – 6 Feb 2014 ) - Kostas Kaiafas ( 12 Mar 2014 – 2 Nov 2015 ) - Vladan Milojević ( 11 Nov 2015 – 18 May 2016 ) - John Carver ( 4 June 2016 – 23 February 2017 ) - Akis Ioakim ( 23 February 2017 – 26 May 2017 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( 26 May 2017 – 5 December 2017 ) - Ivaylo Petev ( 14 December 2017 – 21 March 2018 ) - Juan Carlos Oliva ( 17 June 2018 – 22 October 2018 ) - Yannis Anastasiou ( 1 November 2018 – 21 May 2019 ) - Henning Berg ( 6 June 2019 – present ) Source : trifylli.net Presidential history . Here is the list of the previous presidents of Omonia : External links . - Official website - Omonoia news website - Gate9 official website - Kifines fan page - national-football-teams - on Wikimedia Commons |
[
"Old GSP Stadium"
] | easy | What was the home venue of AC Omonia from 1953 to 1978? | /wiki/AC_Omonia#P115#1 | AC Omonia Athletic Club Omonoia Nicosia ( , ΑΣΟΛ ; Athlitikos Sillogos Omonoias Lefkosias , ASOL ; Omonia is Greek for amity ) is a Cypriot professional football club based in Nicosia . The club was established on 4 June 1948 . The football team of AC Omonia joined the Cyprus Football Association in 1953 . On 14 June 2018 the football team of AC Omonoia became a professional for-profit football company . Omonoia is the most popular and the most historically successful football clubs in Cyprus , having won 21 national championships , 14 cups and 16 super cups . Omonia holds an outstanding record of 14 championships in two decades ( between 1970–1989 ) , a record of being either champion or runner-up 14 times in a row in the championship ( between 1973-1986 ) , and the record of having won the Cypriot Cup four times in a row ( between 1980 and 1983 ) . The AC Omonia also operates basketball , volleyball , cycling and futsal . The latter one is being particularly successful , having won the league and cup in three consecutive years since 2011 . History . Creation and early years ( 1948–1953 ) . On 23 May 1948 , the governing board of APOEL football club sent a telegram to the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletics ( Greek : Σ.Ε.Γ.Α.Σ. ) , with the opportunity of the annual Panhellenic Track and Field Competition . In its telegram , the board stated its wish for what it described as the communist mutiny to be ended . Club players considering this action as a specifically political comment on the Greek Civil War distanced themselves from the board and were duly expelled from APOEL . On 4 June 1948 , Dr . Mattheos Papapetrou organized a meeting in Nicosia that led to the creation of Omonia . Many players expelled from APOEL were present at the meeting and joined the new club . Along with other left-wing teams such as Nea Salamina , Alki Larnaca and Orfeas Nicosia , Omonia helped create in December 1948 the Cyprus Amateur Football Federation . Omonia took part in the CAFF league until 1953 , having won four out of five played championships and five out of five played cups . Omonia was then accepted by the Cyprus Football Association to participate in the Cypriot First Division Beginnings in the Cypriot First Division ( 1953–1969 ) . After joining the Cypriot First Division in 1953 , Omonia only placed seventh out of nine teams in the 1953–54 season , barely avoiding relegation . During that decade , the clubs best placing came during the 1956–57 season when the club finished in the third position . The team would make its closest push for the title during the 1959–60 season after finishing second , one point behind Anorthosis Famagusta . The following year , after seven seasons in the First Division , the club would win its first title in 1960–61 season . Omonia , in that season , would score 91 goals in 24 matches on their way to their first ever Cyprus First Division title . Omonia won their second title during the 1965–66 season . Golden era ( 1970s–1980s ) . Omonia won its first trophies of the decade in 1972 , when the club won both the league and the cup . Led by a young Sotiris Kaiafas , Omonia won seven league titles in the 1970s , six of them were consecutive ( 1974–1979 ) . At the end of the decade , Omonia had a total of nine championship titles and three cups . At the end of the 1979 season , Omonia trailed its arch-rival APOEL by two championships . In 1976 , Sotiris Kaiafas would go on and win the European Golden Shoe for his single-season 39-goal performance . In 2003 , he was awarded the UEFA Jubilee Awards for the Best Cypriot Footballer of the 20th century . The 1980s was a successful decade for the club as it won an additional seven Cypriot League Championship titles including another five consecutive in 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , and in 1987 and in 1989 . As the 1980s came to an end , Omonia had won 14 Cypriot championship titles , becoming the most successful team on the island at the time . General decline ( 1990s ) . The 1990s would prove to be less successful than the previous two decades . During this time , Omonia only mustered one Cypriot League title during the 1992–93 season . It would be eight years before Omonia would see its next title . In 1997 , Omonia signed the German Rainer Rauffmann , who would later become the second top goalscorer ever for the club . With the help of other Omonia great and then captain , Costas Malekkos , and a young Costas Kaiafas ( the son of Sotiris Kaiafas ) , Rauffmann would become top scorer of the Cypriot First Division in 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–00 and 2000–01 seasons and led Omonia to two titles . Revival ( 2000s ) . After a disappointing eight seasons , the 2000s decade began with a trophy . Omonia celebrated its 18th Cypriot league championship title in 2001 . Now captained by Costas Kaiafas , Omonia would win its 19th Cypriot League Championship again in 2003 . Since 2003 , however , the team would stumble and be without a title for the next several years . After numerous seasons of poor signings and underachieving , Omonias reigns would be taken over by new chairman and team president , Miltiadis Neophytou in 2008 . The team would soon be put back on track starting in 2006 , beginning with the signing of Cyprus international goalkeeper Antonis Georgallides . Omonia would continue its star-studded signings by acquiring Cypriot stars that had been playing abroad , such as Elias Charalambous and Stathis Aloneftis . Omonia would then make headlines with the shocking signing of all-time leading scorer for Cyprus , Michalis Konstantinou . In 2009 , Omonia would also sign another Cypriot star , Konstantinos Makrides . En route , Omonia would also acquire young Cypriot hopefuls , 21-year-old Dimitris Christofi and 20-year-old Georgios Efrem . Efrem , who had been playing on the youth team of Arsenal and later Scottish side Rangers , would be the final piece to the puzzle needed to win its 20th Cypriot league championship . After putting the proper pieces in place , Omonia did just that . During the 2009–10 season , led by the new captain , Elias Charalambous , Omonia would not lose a single derby , including play-offs matches against either , APOEL , Anorthosis Famagusta nor Apollon . Head coach Takis Lemonis left the club after disappointing results and Dušan Bajević became the new coach in October 2010 , but was fired in April 2011 . He was replaced by Neophytos Larkou . Omonia would not be able to repeat as Champion during the 2010–11 regular season , and instead had to settle with finishing second , despite the addition of yet another young Cypriot rising star , Andreas Avraam . The club , however , was to end on a positive note : under interim coach Neophytos Larkou , Omonia defeated Apollon Limassol in the Cyprus Cup final to win their 13th cup title . Omonia spent a difficult year but won their 14th cup starring André Alves , who scored the winning goal against AEL Limassol . Under the guidance of newly-appointed director of football Nickolas Danskalou , Omonia finished second in the Championship and third after the playoff rounds , all but assuring they would qualify for the second round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League . Financial crisis ( 2012–2018 ) . Head coach Neophytos Larkou left the club in September 2012 and Toni Savevski was then appointed as coach . The team began the season with a great win but found its second success after several games . A disappointing first round proved enough to exclude the club from contesting for the championship or the cup . The team managed better results in the second round , finishing the season in third place . Thousands of fans answered the presidents call to donate as much as they could and the financial issues of the club improved . Omonias final match ended in a 3–1 victory over AEK Larnaca . Omonia was knocked out in the semi-finals of the cup by AEL Limassol . In 2013 , Omonia began the new season with Savevski as manager , but he was sacked halfway beside positive results . Miguel Ángel Lotina was hired as the replacer but was sacked just 37 days later . Kostas Kaiafas , ex-player was then appointed as the new coach . The clubs financial difficulties returned despite the massive fundraiser organized the previous season . Omonia ended fifth in the league , finishing its worst season in 56 years since 1957–58 . In August 2014 , Omonia was knocked out of the Europa League playoff stages by Dynamo Moscow . The club issued a complaint to UEFA regarding the refereeing of the match by Alexandru Tudor . In early September , the club stopped supplying the fans group Gate-9 with tickets resulting in the groups abstention from matches . Two weeks later , after a meeting between the president and the coach , it was decided that tickets were to be supplied again to Gate-9 . Omonia finished fourth in the league . The team was eliminated from the Cypriot Cup semi-finals by APOEL . The team ended the 2015–16 campaign in 4th place . During this season it reached the final of the Cypriot Cup but lost to Apollon Limassol . The 2016–17 season saw the club finish 5th . This meant that for the 1st time in 15 years the club would not be able to play in European qualification matches . Following a general assembly at the end of the season Antonis Tzionis was elected as the new club president . While the 2017–18 campaign began with high expectations Omonia ended the season in 6th place . The season was the worst in the clubs history in terms of defeats and goals conceded . Despite this the club sold a total of 95,222 tickets during the season , more than any other team in the league . Papastavrou era ( 2018–present ) . The decline of the clubs football department and the financial difficulties it faced convinced many that a change in the way the club was being run was needed . In May 2018 a general assembly was called and members voted to hand the football department over to Stavros Papastavrou , an American-based Cypriot businessman . Papastavrou plans to invest 5 million euros into the club over the next few years and will invest more over the 20-year period that he will be in charge . He has stated that he will provide funds for the development of the clubs academies and training grounds and that the potential creation of a new stadium will be considered . The club finished the 2018–19 campaign in 6th place and was knocked out of the Cypriot Cup by Apollon Limassol in the second round . Manager Yannis Anastasiou was replaced by Henning Berg in June 2019 . The 2019–20 Cypriot season was abandoned in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . At the time of its abandonment Omonoia was tied with Anorthosis Famagusta on points , but was ranked first due to a better head to head record and thus qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season . The club would go on to win their 21st league title the following season to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the second successive season . Name . Omonia is the Greek word for amity , showing the contrast of the club for discord and disruption . Colours and badge . Omonias club colours are green , white and red . Their current alternate kit is red . This is because of the Clubs close association with AKEL , the popular left-wing party of the island . Omonias badge has a green shamrock in a white circle . Green colour symbolises hope and white colour happiness Stadium . Since 23 October 1999 , Omonia has been using the 22,859-seat New GSP Stadium , the largest stadium in Cyprus . They share the stadium with local rival APOEL . Omonia played in the Makario Stadium from 1978 until 1999 and in Old GSP Stadium from 1953 to 1978 . When the club was first created , it used the Goal Stadium ( 1948–1953 ) . Supporters . Omonia supporters are known for their left-leaning , socialist character , expressing Cypriotism with over 80% stating in a survey that they associate themselves with the Progressive Party of Working People.However , its followers recognize their nation which is Greek . They love Cyprus and the Cypriots but they consider that they are Greeks of Cyprus and they are proud of it . In addition , they believe that the Greeks who live in Greece are their brothers and that they are the same since they all have the same mentality , religion and language . Omonia is also traditionally regarded as the club of Cypruss working-class . Many of Omonias supporters can be seen waving banners bearing Che Guevaras image . Gate-9 , the teams ultras group , was established in 1992 . The group occupies the North stand at the GSP stadium during home games . Gate 9 has established relations with other left wing supporters such as those of Hapoel Tel Aviv and Standard Liège . Omonia holds the record for the most league tickets sold by a Cypriot team in a single season ( 162,061 during the 2009–10 campaign ) . The club also holds the Cypriot record for the highest average attendance in a season ( 11,003 during the 2003–04 campaign ) . Financial crisis and 2013 Pan-Cypriot fundraiser . By the end of February 2013 , Omonia was struggling to meet the UEFA criteria due to the economic crisis that had engulfed the club . The clubs president then decided to start a fundraiser and called for the supporters of the club to donate as much as they could . Hundreds of events were organised island wide with the motto ; ΕΙΜΑΙ ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ ΔΗΛΩΝΩ ΠΑΡΩΝ meaning , IM WITH OMONIA , I DECLARE MYSELF PRESENT . Current and former players contributed by signing autographs and selling club merchandise . Although the situation at the beginning was described as grim , money poured in from all over the island and from abroad including England and the United States . In about a month-and-a-half , €3.5 million was collected from the clubs supporters . Honours . - Cypriot Championship - Cypriot Cup - Cypriot Super Cup - CAFF Championship - CAFF Cup Omonia in European competitions . UEFA Club ranking . Last update : 15 May 2020 Players . Former players . For details of former players , see Retired number . 12 – The club supporters ( the 12th man ) Management . AC Omonoia . Source : Omonoia FC . Source : omonoiafc.com.cy Managerial history . - Dikran Missirian ( 1948–52 ) - John Johnson ( 1952–53 ) - Pambos Avraamides ( 1953–55 ) - Hans Hungehuisen ( 1955–57 ) - Karl Vogler ( 1957–59 ) - Eli Fuchs ( 1959–60 ) - Nako Chakmakov ( 1960–62 ) - Tourai ( 1962–63 ) - Stoyan Petrov ( 1963–64 ) - Andreas Keremezos ( 1964–65 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1965–66 ) , ( first term ) - Igor Netto ( 1966–67 ) - Georgi Barka ( 1967–68 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1968–70 ) , ( second term ) - Khrustyo Chakarov ( 1970–71 ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1971–72 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1972–74 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Constantinou ( Esso ) ( 1974–75 ) - Iltziev ( 1975–76 ) - Gabriel Stoyanov ( 1976–77 ) - Petar Argirov ( 1977–79 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1979–80 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1980–82 ) , ( second term ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1982–83 ) , ( second term ) - Atanas Dramov ( 1983–85 ) - Yanko Dinkov ( 1985–86 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1986–89 ) , ( second term ) - Bozhil Kolev ( 1989–90 ) - Helmut Senekowitsch ( 1990–91 ) - Graziano Zakarel ( 1991–92 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1992–94 ) , ( third term ) - Gerhard Prokop ( 1994–96 ) - Walter Skocik ( 1995–96 ) - Angel Kolev ( 1996–97 ) - Andreas Michaelides ( 1997–99 ) - Dušan Galis ( 1999 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1999–00 ) , ( fourth term ) - Asparuh Nikodimov ( 2000 ) - Arie Haan ( 14 Nov 2000 – 30 Nov 2000 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 Oct 2000 – 30 Nov 2001 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Mouskallis ( 2002 ) - Toni Savevski ( 2002–04 ) , ( first term ) - Franciszek Smuda ( 2004 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 July 2004 – 21 Dec 2005 ) , ( second term ) - Ioan Andone ( 28 Dec 2005 – 25 May 2007 ) - Dragan Okuka ( 23 May 2007 – 26 Nov 2007 ) - Ioannis Matzourakis ( 2007 ) - Giorgos Savvidis ( 2007–2008 ) - Nedim Tutić ( 2008–09 ) - Takis Lemonis ( 17 March 2009 – 4 Oct 2010 ) - Dušan Bajević ( 13 Oct 2010 – 14 April 2011 ) - Neophytos Larkou ( 15 April 2011 – Sept 18 , 2012 ) - Toni Savevski ( Sept 26 , 2012–18 Dec 2013 ) , ( second term ) - Miguel Ángel Lotina ( 1 Jan 2014 – 6 Feb 2014 ) - Kostas Kaiafas ( 12 Mar 2014 – 2 Nov 2015 ) - Vladan Milojević ( 11 Nov 2015 – 18 May 2016 ) - John Carver ( 4 June 2016 – 23 February 2017 ) - Akis Ioakim ( 23 February 2017 – 26 May 2017 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( 26 May 2017 – 5 December 2017 ) - Ivaylo Petev ( 14 December 2017 – 21 March 2018 ) - Juan Carlos Oliva ( 17 June 2018 – 22 October 2018 ) - Yannis Anastasiou ( 1 November 2018 – 21 May 2019 ) - Henning Berg ( 6 June 2019 – present ) Source : trifylli.net Presidential history . Here is the list of the previous presidents of Omonia : External links . - Official website - Omonoia news website - Gate9 official website - Kifines fan page - national-football-teams - on Wikimedia Commons |
[
"Makario Stadium"
] | easy | What was the home venue of AC Omonia from 1978 to 1999? | /wiki/AC_Omonia#P115#2 | AC Omonia Athletic Club Omonoia Nicosia ( , ΑΣΟΛ ; Athlitikos Sillogos Omonoias Lefkosias , ASOL ; Omonia is Greek for amity ) is a Cypriot professional football club based in Nicosia . The club was established on 4 June 1948 . The football team of AC Omonia joined the Cyprus Football Association in 1953 . On 14 June 2018 the football team of AC Omonoia became a professional for-profit football company . Omonoia is the most popular and the most historically successful football clubs in Cyprus , having won 21 national championships , 14 cups and 16 super cups . Omonia holds an outstanding record of 14 championships in two decades ( between 1970–1989 ) , a record of being either champion or runner-up 14 times in a row in the championship ( between 1973-1986 ) , and the record of having won the Cypriot Cup four times in a row ( between 1980 and 1983 ) . The AC Omonia also operates basketball , volleyball , cycling and futsal . The latter one is being particularly successful , having won the league and cup in three consecutive years since 2011 . History . Creation and early years ( 1948–1953 ) . On 23 May 1948 , the governing board of APOEL football club sent a telegram to the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletics ( Greek : Σ.Ε.Γ.Α.Σ. ) , with the opportunity of the annual Panhellenic Track and Field Competition . In its telegram , the board stated its wish for what it described as the communist mutiny to be ended . Club players considering this action as a specifically political comment on the Greek Civil War distanced themselves from the board and were duly expelled from APOEL . On 4 June 1948 , Dr . Mattheos Papapetrou organized a meeting in Nicosia that led to the creation of Omonia . Many players expelled from APOEL were present at the meeting and joined the new club . Along with other left-wing teams such as Nea Salamina , Alki Larnaca and Orfeas Nicosia , Omonia helped create in December 1948 the Cyprus Amateur Football Federation . Omonia took part in the CAFF league until 1953 , having won four out of five played championships and five out of five played cups . Omonia was then accepted by the Cyprus Football Association to participate in the Cypriot First Division Beginnings in the Cypriot First Division ( 1953–1969 ) . After joining the Cypriot First Division in 1953 , Omonia only placed seventh out of nine teams in the 1953–54 season , barely avoiding relegation . During that decade , the clubs best placing came during the 1956–57 season when the club finished in the third position . The team would make its closest push for the title during the 1959–60 season after finishing second , one point behind Anorthosis Famagusta . The following year , after seven seasons in the First Division , the club would win its first title in 1960–61 season . Omonia , in that season , would score 91 goals in 24 matches on their way to their first ever Cyprus First Division title . Omonia won their second title during the 1965–66 season . Golden era ( 1970s–1980s ) . Omonia won its first trophies of the decade in 1972 , when the club won both the league and the cup . Led by a young Sotiris Kaiafas , Omonia won seven league titles in the 1970s , six of them were consecutive ( 1974–1979 ) . At the end of the decade , Omonia had a total of nine championship titles and three cups . At the end of the 1979 season , Omonia trailed its arch-rival APOEL by two championships . In 1976 , Sotiris Kaiafas would go on and win the European Golden Shoe for his single-season 39-goal performance . In 2003 , he was awarded the UEFA Jubilee Awards for the Best Cypriot Footballer of the 20th century . The 1980s was a successful decade for the club as it won an additional seven Cypriot League Championship titles including another five consecutive in 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , and in 1987 and in 1989 . As the 1980s came to an end , Omonia had won 14 Cypriot championship titles , becoming the most successful team on the island at the time . General decline ( 1990s ) . The 1990s would prove to be less successful than the previous two decades . During this time , Omonia only mustered one Cypriot League title during the 1992–93 season . It would be eight years before Omonia would see its next title . In 1997 , Omonia signed the German Rainer Rauffmann , who would later become the second top goalscorer ever for the club . With the help of other Omonia great and then captain , Costas Malekkos , and a young Costas Kaiafas ( the son of Sotiris Kaiafas ) , Rauffmann would become top scorer of the Cypriot First Division in 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–00 and 2000–01 seasons and led Omonia to two titles . Revival ( 2000s ) . After a disappointing eight seasons , the 2000s decade began with a trophy . Omonia celebrated its 18th Cypriot league championship title in 2001 . Now captained by Costas Kaiafas , Omonia would win its 19th Cypriot League Championship again in 2003 . Since 2003 , however , the team would stumble and be without a title for the next several years . After numerous seasons of poor signings and underachieving , Omonias reigns would be taken over by new chairman and team president , Miltiadis Neophytou in 2008 . The team would soon be put back on track starting in 2006 , beginning with the signing of Cyprus international goalkeeper Antonis Georgallides . Omonia would continue its star-studded signings by acquiring Cypriot stars that had been playing abroad , such as Elias Charalambous and Stathis Aloneftis . Omonia would then make headlines with the shocking signing of all-time leading scorer for Cyprus , Michalis Konstantinou . In 2009 , Omonia would also sign another Cypriot star , Konstantinos Makrides . En route , Omonia would also acquire young Cypriot hopefuls , 21-year-old Dimitris Christofi and 20-year-old Georgios Efrem . Efrem , who had been playing on the youth team of Arsenal and later Scottish side Rangers , would be the final piece to the puzzle needed to win its 20th Cypriot league championship . After putting the proper pieces in place , Omonia did just that . During the 2009–10 season , led by the new captain , Elias Charalambous , Omonia would not lose a single derby , including play-offs matches against either , APOEL , Anorthosis Famagusta nor Apollon . Head coach Takis Lemonis left the club after disappointing results and Dušan Bajević became the new coach in October 2010 , but was fired in April 2011 . He was replaced by Neophytos Larkou . Omonia would not be able to repeat as Champion during the 2010–11 regular season , and instead had to settle with finishing second , despite the addition of yet another young Cypriot rising star , Andreas Avraam . The club , however , was to end on a positive note : under interim coach Neophytos Larkou , Omonia defeated Apollon Limassol in the Cyprus Cup final to win their 13th cup title . Omonia spent a difficult year but won their 14th cup starring André Alves , who scored the winning goal against AEL Limassol . Under the guidance of newly-appointed director of football Nickolas Danskalou , Omonia finished second in the Championship and third after the playoff rounds , all but assuring they would qualify for the second round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League . Financial crisis ( 2012–2018 ) . Head coach Neophytos Larkou left the club in September 2012 and Toni Savevski was then appointed as coach . The team began the season with a great win but found its second success after several games . A disappointing first round proved enough to exclude the club from contesting for the championship or the cup . The team managed better results in the second round , finishing the season in third place . Thousands of fans answered the presidents call to donate as much as they could and the financial issues of the club improved . Omonias final match ended in a 3–1 victory over AEK Larnaca . Omonia was knocked out in the semi-finals of the cup by AEL Limassol . In 2013 , Omonia began the new season with Savevski as manager , but he was sacked halfway beside positive results . Miguel Ángel Lotina was hired as the replacer but was sacked just 37 days later . Kostas Kaiafas , ex-player was then appointed as the new coach . The clubs financial difficulties returned despite the massive fundraiser organized the previous season . Omonia ended fifth in the league , finishing its worst season in 56 years since 1957–58 . In August 2014 , Omonia was knocked out of the Europa League playoff stages by Dynamo Moscow . The club issued a complaint to UEFA regarding the refereeing of the match by Alexandru Tudor . In early September , the club stopped supplying the fans group Gate-9 with tickets resulting in the groups abstention from matches . Two weeks later , after a meeting between the president and the coach , it was decided that tickets were to be supplied again to Gate-9 . Omonia finished fourth in the league . The team was eliminated from the Cypriot Cup semi-finals by APOEL . The team ended the 2015–16 campaign in 4th place . During this season it reached the final of the Cypriot Cup but lost to Apollon Limassol . The 2016–17 season saw the club finish 5th . This meant that for the 1st time in 15 years the club would not be able to play in European qualification matches . Following a general assembly at the end of the season Antonis Tzionis was elected as the new club president . While the 2017–18 campaign began with high expectations Omonia ended the season in 6th place . The season was the worst in the clubs history in terms of defeats and goals conceded . Despite this the club sold a total of 95,222 tickets during the season , more than any other team in the league . Papastavrou era ( 2018–present ) . The decline of the clubs football department and the financial difficulties it faced convinced many that a change in the way the club was being run was needed . In May 2018 a general assembly was called and members voted to hand the football department over to Stavros Papastavrou , an American-based Cypriot businessman . Papastavrou plans to invest 5 million euros into the club over the next few years and will invest more over the 20-year period that he will be in charge . He has stated that he will provide funds for the development of the clubs academies and training grounds and that the potential creation of a new stadium will be considered . The club finished the 2018–19 campaign in 6th place and was knocked out of the Cypriot Cup by Apollon Limassol in the second round . Manager Yannis Anastasiou was replaced by Henning Berg in June 2019 . The 2019–20 Cypriot season was abandoned in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . At the time of its abandonment Omonoia was tied with Anorthosis Famagusta on points , but was ranked first due to a better head to head record and thus qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season . The club would go on to win their 21st league title the following season to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the second successive season . Name . Omonia is the Greek word for amity , showing the contrast of the club for discord and disruption . Colours and badge . Omonias club colours are green , white and red . Their current alternate kit is red . This is because of the Clubs close association with AKEL , the popular left-wing party of the island . Omonias badge has a green shamrock in a white circle . Green colour symbolises hope and white colour happiness Stadium . Since 23 October 1999 , Omonia has been using the 22,859-seat New GSP Stadium , the largest stadium in Cyprus . They share the stadium with local rival APOEL . Omonia played in the Makario Stadium from 1978 until 1999 and in Old GSP Stadium from 1953 to 1978 . When the club was first created , it used the Goal Stadium ( 1948–1953 ) . Supporters . Omonia supporters are known for their left-leaning , socialist character , expressing Cypriotism with over 80% stating in a survey that they associate themselves with the Progressive Party of Working People.However , its followers recognize their nation which is Greek . They love Cyprus and the Cypriots but they consider that they are Greeks of Cyprus and they are proud of it . In addition , they believe that the Greeks who live in Greece are their brothers and that they are the same since they all have the same mentality , religion and language . Omonia is also traditionally regarded as the club of Cypruss working-class . Many of Omonias supporters can be seen waving banners bearing Che Guevaras image . Gate-9 , the teams ultras group , was established in 1992 . The group occupies the North stand at the GSP stadium during home games . Gate 9 has established relations with other left wing supporters such as those of Hapoel Tel Aviv and Standard Liège . Omonia holds the record for the most league tickets sold by a Cypriot team in a single season ( 162,061 during the 2009–10 campaign ) . The club also holds the Cypriot record for the highest average attendance in a season ( 11,003 during the 2003–04 campaign ) . Financial crisis and 2013 Pan-Cypriot fundraiser . By the end of February 2013 , Omonia was struggling to meet the UEFA criteria due to the economic crisis that had engulfed the club . The clubs president then decided to start a fundraiser and called for the supporters of the club to donate as much as they could . Hundreds of events were organised island wide with the motto ; ΕΙΜΑΙ ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ ΔΗΛΩΝΩ ΠΑΡΩΝ meaning , IM WITH OMONIA , I DECLARE MYSELF PRESENT . Current and former players contributed by signing autographs and selling club merchandise . Although the situation at the beginning was described as grim , money poured in from all over the island and from abroad including England and the United States . In about a month-and-a-half , €3.5 million was collected from the clubs supporters . Honours . - Cypriot Championship - Cypriot Cup - Cypriot Super Cup - CAFF Championship - CAFF Cup Omonia in European competitions . UEFA Club ranking . Last update : 15 May 2020 Players . Former players . For details of former players , see Retired number . 12 – The club supporters ( the 12th man ) Management . AC Omonoia . Source : Omonoia FC . Source : omonoiafc.com.cy Managerial history . - Dikran Missirian ( 1948–52 ) - John Johnson ( 1952–53 ) - Pambos Avraamides ( 1953–55 ) - Hans Hungehuisen ( 1955–57 ) - Karl Vogler ( 1957–59 ) - Eli Fuchs ( 1959–60 ) - Nako Chakmakov ( 1960–62 ) - Tourai ( 1962–63 ) - Stoyan Petrov ( 1963–64 ) - Andreas Keremezos ( 1964–65 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1965–66 ) , ( first term ) - Igor Netto ( 1966–67 ) - Georgi Barka ( 1967–68 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1968–70 ) , ( second term ) - Khrustyo Chakarov ( 1970–71 ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1971–72 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1972–74 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Constantinou ( Esso ) ( 1974–75 ) - Iltziev ( 1975–76 ) - Gabriel Stoyanov ( 1976–77 ) - Petar Argirov ( 1977–79 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1979–80 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1980–82 ) , ( second term ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1982–83 ) , ( second term ) - Atanas Dramov ( 1983–85 ) - Yanko Dinkov ( 1985–86 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1986–89 ) , ( second term ) - Bozhil Kolev ( 1989–90 ) - Helmut Senekowitsch ( 1990–91 ) - Graziano Zakarel ( 1991–92 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1992–94 ) , ( third term ) - Gerhard Prokop ( 1994–96 ) - Walter Skocik ( 1995–96 ) - Angel Kolev ( 1996–97 ) - Andreas Michaelides ( 1997–99 ) - Dušan Galis ( 1999 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1999–00 ) , ( fourth term ) - Asparuh Nikodimov ( 2000 ) - Arie Haan ( 14 Nov 2000 – 30 Nov 2000 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 Oct 2000 – 30 Nov 2001 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Mouskallis ( 2002 ) - Toni Savevski ( 2002–04 ) , ( first term ) - Franciszek Smuda ( 2004 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 July 2004 – 21 Dec 2005 ) , ( second term ) - Ioan Andone ( 28 Dec 2005 – 25 May 2007 ) - Dragan Okuka ( 23 May 2007 – 26 Nov 2007 ) - Ioannis Matzourakis ( 2007 ) - Giorgos Savvidis ( 2007–2008 ) - Nedim Tutić ( 2008–09 ) - Takis Lemonis ( 17 March 2009 – 4 Oct 2010 ) - Dušan Bajević ( 13 Oct 2010 – 14 April 2011 ) - Neophytos Larkou ( 15 April 2011 – Sept 18 , 2012 ) - Toni Savevski ( Sept 26 , 2012–18 Dec 2013 ) , ( second term ) - Miguel Ángel Lotina ( 1 Jan 2014 – 6 Feb 2014 ) - Kostas Kaiafas ( 12 Mar 2014 – 2 Nov 2015 ) - Vladan Milojević ( 11 Nov 2015 – 18 May 2016 ) - John Carver ( 4 June 2016 – 23 February 2017 ) - Akis Ioakim ( 23 February 2017 – 26 May 2017 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( 26 May 2017 – 5 December 2017 ) - Ivaylo Petev ( 14 December 2017 – 21 March 2018 ) - Juan Carlos Oliva ( 17 June 2018 – 22 October 2018 ) - Yannis Anastasiou ( 1 November 2018 – 21 May 2019 ) - Henning Berg ( 6 June 2019 – present ) Source : trifylli.net Presidential history . Here is the list of the previous presidents of Omonia : External links . - Official website - Omonoia news website - Gate9 official website - Kifines fan page - national-football-teams - on Wikimedia Commons |
[
""
] | easy | Who was the owner of Georgetown Car Barn from 1875 to 1956? | /wiki/Georgetown_Car_Barn#P127#0 | Georgetown Car Barn The Georgetown Car Barn , historically known as the Capital Traction Company Union Station , is a building in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington , D.C. , in the United States . Designed by the architect Waddy Butler Wood , it was built between 1895 and 1897 by the Capital Traction Company as a union terminal for several Washington and Virginia streetcar lines . The adjacent Exorcist steps , later named after their appearance in William Friedkins 1973 horror film The Exorcist , were built during the initial construction to connect M Street with Prospect Street . Intended for dual use as a passenger station and as a storage house for the streetcars , the Car Barn began Washingtons only cable car system . Almost immediately after the building opened , the system was electrified , and the Car Barn was converted to accommodate electric streetcars . Throughout its history as a terminal and storage facility , the Car Barn was never utilized to the extent anticipated by its construction . The building has undergone several renovations , the most extensive in 1911 , when the original Romanesque Revival façade was significantly modified , and the interior was almost completely gutted . Not long after its opening , the building fell into disrepair . Changing ownership over time , it maintained its original function of housing streetcars until 1950 , when it was redeveloped as office space . Among its occupants was the International Police Academy , an arm of the Central Intelligence Agency , which operated out of the Car Barn in the 1960s and 1970s . Today , it is used as an academic building by Georgetown University . In 2019 , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . History . The Car Barns original foundation supported a warehouse constructed in 1761 to store tobacco for auction unloaded from ships docked at the location of the present-day Key Bridge . The warehouse was converted to keep horses and their trolleys around 1861 . On August 23 , 1894 , Congress authorized the extension of an existing trolley line terminating at the intersection of Bridge and High Streets ( now Wisconsin Avenue and M Street respectively ) to the intersection of M and 36th Streets . With the authorization , Congress required that a union station be erected at the site . Thereafter , the site was used to store horse-drawn trolley cars . Construction . Construction on the building then known as Union Station began in early 1895 under the architectural direction of Waddy Butler Wood . The superintendent and chief engineer of the Capital Traction Company , D.S . Carll , was in charge of the construction . Before construction of the Car Barn , the two streets were joined by a steep hillside that carried 36th Street . Large amounts of earth were excavated— in total—resulting in the sharp cliff that exists today . Adjacent to the Car Barn are a set of stairs commonly known as the Exorcist steps and a large retaining wall , which were built at the time the Car Barn was constructed , to connect M and Prospect Streets . The steps are so named as they provided the location for the scene in the 1973 horror film The Exorcist where the priest is thrown down the stairs to his death . The buildings construction was opposed by the next-door resident of the Prospect House , who furnished affidavits by prominent architects stating that blasting from the construction was damaging her house ; this led to court-ordered supervision of the blasting in 1894 . After the Car Barns construction , the large edifice obstructed the view of the Potomac River and Virginia from homes on Prospect Street , including the well-known cottage of E . D . E . N . Southworth . For this reason , some considered it a desecration of the local scenery . The three-story , building was opened on May 27 , 1897 , containing offices for the several tenant trolley companies and waiting rooms that were decorated with red oak wainscot panelling , ornate iron stair railings , and stuccoed ceilings . The exterior was designed in the Romanesque Revival style . Its tower , which reached a height of , contained an elevator that shuttled passengers between the terminals . Many of the buildings decorations reflect its original function . The pediment facing M Street reads Capital Traction Company and contains three decorative flywheels . The M Street-facing first floor served the Washington and Georgetown Railroad . The second and third floors were connected with steel trestles to allow for trolleys coming across the Potomac River from Rosslyn , which served Washington , Arlington , Falls Church , and were projected to serve the Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad . The roof , which was level with Prospect Street , was used by the Metropolitan Railroad and had a covered walkway for passengers to get from the elevator to Prospect street . The station operated as Washingtons only cable car trolley terminal for less than a year . Almost immediately after opening , the Car Barn was converted to operate the new electric streetcars . The Virginia lines never made use of the terminal , and the Metropolitan Railroad did not use the station to the extent intended . It intended to place storage tracks on the roof of the building but never did . Re-design . Although regarded as well-designed before 1900 , the Car Barn began a period of deterioration and neglect lasting for 50 years . The first stage of the transition from a trolley station to an office building was carried out between 1906 and 1908 when portions of the second floor were converted into office space . The electrification of streetcars necessitated a large-scale re-design of the Barn , which began in 1910 . The entrances to the building were extended to accommodate the larger cars , and a new elevator was installed to lift streetcars to the roof . This transition required a near-complete reconstruction of the building . The steel support beams were replaced , and the entire façade was changed to extend toward M Street and increase its height to allow more office space . These modifications were complete in 1911 . Further conversions of track space to office space occurred between 1921 and 1922 . Extensive remodeling occurred again in 1933 with the designation of the Car Barn as the headquarters of the new Capital Transit Company , as a result of the merger between the Capital Traction Company and the Washington Railway and Electric Company , which increased the number of office workers at the building . These changes involved removing the roof in the center of the building , creating a lightwell on the third floor , converting the third floor into office space , and removing the covered passageway on the roof . Later uses . The last streetcar operations at the Car Barn ended with the closure of the Rosslyn–Benning Line on April 30 , 1949 . The building continued to store streetcars until May 1950 . Toward the end of 1952 , the first floor was converted into office space . When the Capital Transit Company merged with its competitors , the building came under the ownership of its new corporate successor , the DC Transit System , in 1956 . By then , the building had fallen into such a state of disrepair that the company deliberated over whether to demolish it entirely . Seeking to preserve the historic structure , it elected to redevelop it . The building underwent considerable interior renovations between 1957 and 1960 , intended to turn the structure entirely into an office building . This involved lowering the ceilings , which were previously designed to accommodate the height of the streetcars . The building was included in the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1967 . Beginning in late 1963 , the Car Barn was home to the International Police Academy , operated by the Central Intelligence Agency ( though officially part of the Agency for International Development ) that trained Latin American police forces ; members of these forces met at the Car Barn until the program was shut down in 1975 . In 1992 , the owner of the DC Transit System , O . Roy Chalk , was subject to foreclosure , and the building came under the ownership of the Lutheran Brotherhood . The Car Barn was purchased in 1997 by Douglas Development Corporation—which continues to own the building—and it was renovated the following year . The primary tenant is Georgetown University , which first began leasing space in the 1950s . After two years of renovation by the university that ended in 2017 , the first floor garage was converted to house the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and the Georgetown University Press . The building today has four floors and has a floor area of . The Car Barn was listed on the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites on January 24 , 2019 , and the National Register of Historic Places as part of a multiple property submission named Streetcar and Bus Resources of Washington , DC on August 9 , 2019 . |
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] | easy | Who was the owner of Georgetown Car Barn from 1997 to 1998? | /wiki/Georgetown_Car_Barn#P127#1 | Georgetown Car Barn The Georgetown Car Barn , historically known as the Capital Traction Company Union Station , is a building in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington , D.C. , in the United States . Designed by the architect Waddy Butler Wood , it was built between 1895 and 1897 by the Capital Traction Company as a union terminal for several Washington and Virginia streetcar lines . The adjacent Exorcist steps , later named after their appearance in William Friedkins 1973 horror film The Exorcist , were built during the initial construction to connect M Street with Prospect Street . Intended for dual use as a passenger station and as a storage house for the streetcars , the Car Barn began Washingtons only cable car system . Almost immediately after the building opened , the system was electrified , and the Car Barn was converted to accommodate electric streetcars . Throughout its history as a terminal and storage facility , the Car Barn was never utilized to the extent anticipated by its construction . The building has undergone several renovations , the most extensive in 1911 , when the original Romanesque Revival façade was significantly modified , and the interior was almost completely gutted . Not long after its opening , the building fell into disrepair . Changing ownership over time , it maintained its original function of housing streetcars until 1950 , when it was redeveloped as office space . Among its occupants was the International Police Academy , an arm of the Central Intelligence Agency , which operated out of the Car Barn in the 1960s and 1970s . Today , it is used as an academic building by Georgetown University . In 2019 , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . History . The Car Barns original foundation supported a warehouse constructed in 1761 to store tobacco for auction unloaded from ships docked at the location of the present-day Key Bridge . The warehouse was converted to keep horses and their trolleys around 1861 . On August 23 , 1894 , Congress authorized the extension of an existing trolley line terminating at the intersection of Bridge and High Streets ( now Wisconsin Avenue and M Street respectively ) to the intersection of M and 36th Streets . With the authorization , Congress required that a union station be erected at the site . Thereafter , the site was used to store horse-drawn trolley cars . Construction . Construction on the building then known as Union Station began in early 1895 under the architectural direction of Waddy Butler Wood . The superintendent and chief engineer of the Capital Traction Company , D.S . Carll , was in charge of the construction . Before construction of the Car Barn , the two streets were joined by a steep hillside that carried 36th Street . Large amounts of earth were excavated— in total—resulting in the sharp cliff that exists today . Adjacent to the Car Barn are a set of stairs commonly known as the Exorcist steps and a large retaining wall , which were built at the time the Car Barn was constructed , to connect M and Prospect Streets . The steps are so named as they provided the location for the scene in the 1973 horror film The Exorcist where the priest is thrown down the stairs to his death . The buildings construction was opposed by the next-door resident of the Prospect House , who furnished affidavits by prominent architects stating that blasting from the construction was damaging her house ; this led to court-ordered supervision of the blasting in 1894 . After the Car Barns construction , the large edifice obstructed the view of the Potomac River and Virginia from homes on Prospect Street , including the well-known cottage of E . D . E . N . Southworth . For this reason , some considered it a desecration of the local scenery . The three-story , building was opened on May 27 , 1897 , containing offices for the several tenant trolley companies and waiting rooms that were decorated with red oak wainscot panelling , ornate iron stair railings , and stuccoed ceilings . The exterior was designed in the Romanesque Revival style . Its tower , which reached a height of , contained an elevator that shuttled passengers between the terminals . Many of the buildings decorations reflect its original function . The pediment facing M Street reads Capital Traction Company and contains three decorative flywheels . The M Street-facing first floor served the Washington and Georgetown Railroad . The second and third floors were connected with steel trestles to allow for trolleys coming across the Potomac River from Rosslyn , which served Washington , Arlington , Falls Church , and were projected to serve the Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad . The roof , which was level with Prospect Street , was used by the Metropolitan Railroad and had a covered walkway for passengers to get from the elevator to Prospect street . The station operated as Washingtons only cable car trolley terminal for less than a year . Almost immediately after opening , the Car Barn was converted to operate the new electric streetcars . The Virginia lines never made use of the terminal , and the Metropolitan Railroad did not use the station to the extent intended . It intended to place storage tracks on the roof of the building but never did . Re-design . Although regarded as well-designed before 1900 , the Car Barn began a period of deterioration and neglect lasting for 50 years . The first stage of the transition from a trolley station to an office building was carried out between 1906 and 1908 when portions of the second floor were converted into office space . The electrification of streetcars necessitated a large-scale re-design of the Barn , which began in 1910 . The entrances to the building were extended to accommodate the larger cars , and a new elevator was installed to lift streetcars to the roof . This transition required a near-complete reconstruction of the building . The steel support beams were replaced , and the entire façade was changed to extend toward M Street and increase its height to allow more office space . These modifications were complete in 1911 . Further conversions of track space to office space occurred between 1921 and 1922 . Extensive remodeling occurred again in 1933 with the designation of the Car Barn as the headquarters of the new Capital Transit Company , as a result of the merger between the Capital Traction Company and the Washington Railway and Electric Company , which increased the number of office workers at the building . These changes involved removing the roof in the center of the building , creating a lightwell on the third floor , converting the third floor into office space , and removing the covered passageway on the roof . Later uses . The last streetcar operations at the Car Barn ended with the closure of the Rosslyn–Benning Line on April 30 , 1949 . The building continued to store streetcars until May 1950 . Toward the end of 1952 , the first floor was converted into office space . When the Capital Transit Company merged with its competitors , the building came under the ownership of its new corporate successor , the DC Transit System , in 1956 . By then , the building had fallen into such a state of disrepair that the company deliberated over whether to demolish it entirely . Seeking to preserve the historic structure , it elected to redevelop it . The building underwent considerable interior renovations between 1957 and 1960 , intended to turn the structure entirely into an office building . This involved lowering the ceilings , which were previously designed to accommodate the height of the streetcars . The building was included in the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1967 . Beginning in late 1963 , the Car Barn was home to the International Police Academy , operated by the Central Intelligence Agency ( though officially part of the Agency for International Development ) that trained Latin American police forces ; members of these forces met at the Car Barn until the program was shut down in 1975 . In 1992 , the owner of the DC Transit System , O . Roy Chalk , was subject to foreclosure , and the building came under the ownership of the Lutheran Brotherhood . The Car Barn was purchased in 1997 by Douglas Development Corporation—which continues to own the building—and it was renovated the following year . The primary tenant is Georgetown University , which first began leasing space in the 1950s . After two years of renovation by the university that ended in 2017 , the first floor garage was converted to house the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and the Georgetown University Press . The building today has four floors and has a floor area of . The Car Barn was listed on the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites on January 24 , 2019 , and the National Register of Historic Places as part of a multiple property submission named Streetcar and Bus Resources of Washington , DC on August 9 , 2019 . |
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] | easy | Pembroke Castle was owned by whom from 1189 to 1245? | /wiki/Pembroke_Castle#P127#0 | Pembroke Castle Pembroke Castle ( ) is a medieval castle in the centre of Pembroke , Pembrokeshire in Wales . The castle was the original family seat of the Earldom of Pembroke . A Grade I listed building since 1951 , it underwent major restoration during the early 20th century . In 1093 , Arnulf of Montgomery built the first castle at the site when he fortified the promontory beside the Pembroke River during the Norman invasion of Wales . A century later , the castle was given by Richard I to William Marshal , who became one of the most powerful men in 12th-century Britain . He rebuilt Pembroke Castle in stone , creating most of the structure that remains today . The castle is open to the public and is the largest privately-owned castle in Wales . Construction . The castle is sited on a strategic rocky promontory by the Milford Haven Waterway . The first fortification on the site was a Norman motte-and-bailey . It had earthen ramparts and a timber palisade . In 1189 , Pembroke Castle was acquired by William Marshal . He soon became Lord Marshal of England , and set about turning the earth and wood fort into an impressive Norman stone castle . The inner ward , which was constructed first , contains the huge round keep with its domed roof . Its original first-floor entrance was through an external stairwell . Inside , a spiral staircase connected its four stories . The keeps domed roof also has several putlog holes that supported a wooden fighting-platform . If the castle was attacked , the hoarding allowed defenders to go out beyond the keeps massive walls above the heads of the attackers . The inner wards curtain wall had a large horseshoe-shaped gateway . But only a thin wall was required along the promontory . This section of the wall has a small observation turret and a square stone platform . Domestic buildings including William Marshals Great Hall and private apartments were within the inner ward . The 13th century keep is tall with walls up to thick at its base . In the late 13th century , additional buildings were added to the inner ward , including a new Great Hall . A 55-step spiral staircase was also created that led down to a large limestone cave , known as Wogan Cavern , beneath the castle . The cave , which was created by natural water erosion , was fortified with a wall , a barred gateway and arrowslits . It may have served as a boathouse or a sallyport to the river where cargo or people could have been transferred . The outer ward was defended by a large twin-towered gatehouse , a barbican and several round towers . The outer wall is thick in places and constructed from Siltstone ashlar . Although Pembroke Castle is a Norman-style enclosure castle with great keep , it can be more accurately described as a linear fortification because , like the later 13th-century castles at Caernarfon and Conwy , it was built on a rocky promontory surrounded by water . This meant that attacking forces could only assault on a narrow front . Architecturally , Pembrokes thickest walls and towers are all concentrated on its landward side facing the town , with Pembroke River providing a natural defense around the rest of its perimeter . History . Pembroke Castle stands on a site that has been occupied at least since the Roman period . Roger de Montgomerie , 1st Earl of Shrewsbury founded the first castle here in the 11th century . Although only made from earth and wood , Pembroke Castle resisted several Welsh attacks and sieges over the next 30 years . The castle was established at the heart of the Norman-controlled lands of southwest Wales . Arnulf de Montgomery appointed Gerald de Windsor as his castellan at Pembroke . When William Rufus died , Arnulf de Montgomery joined his elder brother , Robert of Bellême , in rebellion against Henry I , Williams brother and successor as king ; when the rebellion failed , he was forced to forfeit all his British lands and titles . Henry appointed his castellan , but when the chosen ally turned out to be incompetent , the King reappointed Gerald in 1102 . By 1138 King Stephen had given Pembroke Castle to Gilbert de Clare who used it as an important base in the Norman invasion of Ireland . In August 1189 Richard I arranged the marriage of Isabel , de Clares granddaughter , to William Marshal who received both the castle and the title , Earl of Pembroke . He had the castle rebuilt in stone and established the great keep at the same time . Marshal was succeeded in turn by each of his five sons . His third son , Gilbert Marshal , was responsible for enlarging and further strengthening the castle between 1234 and 1241 . All of Marshals sons died childless . In 1247 , the castle was inherited by William de Valence ( a half-brother of Henry III ) , who had become Earl of Pembroke through his marriage to Joan de Munchensi , William Marshals granddaughter . The de Valence family held Pembroke for 70 years . During this time , the town was fortified with defensive walls , three main gates and a postern . Pembroke Castle became de Valences military base for fighting the Welsh princes during the conquest of North Wales by Edward I between 1277 and 1295 . On the death of Aymer de Valence , 2nd Earl of Pembroke , William de Valences son , the castle passed through marriage to the Hastings family . In 1389 , 17-year-old John Hastings died in a jousting accident , ending a line of inheritance stretching back 250 years . Pembroke Castle then reverted to Richard II . Short tenancies were then granted by The Crown for its ownership . By 1400 Owain Glyndŵr had begun a rebellion in Wales . However , Pembroke escaped attack because the castles Constable , Francis а Court , paid off Glyndŵr in gold . Then in 1452 , the castle and the earldom were presented to Jasper Tudor by his half-brother Henry VI . Tudor brought his widowed sister-in-law , Margaret Beaufort , to Pembroke where , in 1457 , she gave birth to her only child , who was to become King Henry VII of England . In the 15th and 16th centuries , the castle was a place of peace until the outbreak of the English Civil War . Although most of South Wales sided with the King , Pembroke declared for Parliament . It was besieged by Royalist troops but was saved after Parliamentary reinforcements arrived by sea from nearby Milford Haven . Parliamentary forces then went on to capture the Royalist castles of Tenby , Haverfordwest and Carew . In 1648 , at the beginning of the Second Civil War , Pembrokes commander Colonel John Poyer led a Royalist uprising alongside Colonel Powell , Tenby Castle , and Sir Nicholas Kemoys , Chepstow Castle . Oliver Cromwell came to Pembroke on 24 May 1648 and took the castle after a seven-week siege . Its three leaders were found guilty of treason and Cromwell ordered the castle to be destroyed . Townspeople were even encouraged to disassemble the fortress and re-use its stone for their purposes . The castle was then abandoned and allowed to decay . It remained in ruins until 1880 , when a three-year restoration project was undertaken . Nothing further was done until 1928 , when Major-General Sir Ivor Philipps acquired the castle and began an extensive restoration of the castles walls , gatehouses , and towers . After his death , a trust was set up for the castle , jointly managed by the Philipps family and Pembroke town council . Film location . Pembroke has appeared in numerous feature films . These include the 1968 film The Lion in Winter , the 1976 film Jabberwocky , the BBC adaptation of C.S . Lewiss Prince Caspian , the film of Shakespeares Richard II , and the 2016 Anglo-American romantic film Me Before You . It features as the fictional Penleven Castle in Cornwall in the 2015 comedy film The Bad Education Movie . External links . - Pembroke Castle website - Castles of Wales website with pictures of the castle - Great Castle of Wales website with more pictures - www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Pembroke Castle - Pembroke Castle : description and sources - Pembroke Castle on NetWales - Information and photos of the castle |
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] | easy | Who was the owner of Pembroke Castle from 1265 to 1296? | /wiki/Pembroke_Castle#P127#1 | Pembroke Castle Pembroke Castle ( ) is a medieval castle in the centre of Pembroke , Pembrokeshire in Wales . The castle was the original family seat of the Earldom of Pembroke . A Grade I listed building since 1951 , it underwent major restoration during the early 20th century . In 1093 , Arnulf of Montgomery built the first castle at the site when he fortified the promontory beside the Pembroke River during the Norman invasion of Wales . A century later , the castle was given by Richard I to William Marshal , who became one of the most powerful men in 12th-century Britain . He rebuilt Pembroke Castle in stone , creating most of the structure that remains today . The castle is open to the public and is the largest privately-owned castle in Wales . Construction . The castle is sited on a strategic rocky promontory by the Milford Haven Waterway . The first fortification on the site was a Norman motte-and-bailey . It had earthen ramparts and a timber palisade . In 1189 , Pembroke Castle was acquired by William Marshal . He soon became Lord Marshal of England , and set about turning the earth and wood fort into an impressive Norman stone castle . The inner ward , which was constructed first , contains the huge round keep with its domed roof . Its original first-floor entrance was through an external stairwell . Inside , a spiral staircase connected its four stories . The keeps domed roof also has several putlog holes that supported a wooden fighting-platform . If the castle was attacked , the hoarding allowed defenders to go out beyond the keeps massive walls above the heads of the attackers . The inner wards curtain wall had a large horseshoe-shaped gateway . But only a thin wall was required along the promontory . This section of the wall has a small observation turret and a square stone platform . Domestic buildings including William Marshals Great Hall and private apartments were within the inner ward . The 13th century keep is tall with walls up to thick at its base . In the late 13th century , additional buildings were added to the inner ward , including a new Great Hall . A 55-step spiral staircase was also created that led down to a large limestone cave , known as Wogan Cavern , beneath the castle . The cave , which was created by natural water erosion , was fortified with a wall , a barred gateway and arrowslits . It may have served as a boathouse or a sallyport to the river where cargo or people could have been transferred . The outer ward was defended by a large twin-towered gatehouse , a barbican and several round towers . The outer wall is thick in places and constructed from Siltstone ashlar . Although Pembroke Castle is a Norman-style enclosure castle with great keep , it can be more accurately described as a linear fortification because , like the later 13th-century castles at Caernarfon and Conwy , it was built on a rocky promontory surrounded by water . This meant that attacking forces could only assault on a narrow front . Architecturally , Pembrokes thickest walls and towers are all concentrated on its landward side facing the town , with Pembroke River providing a natural defense around the rest of its perimeter . History . Pembroke Castle stands on a site that has been occupied at least since the Roman period . Roger de Montgomerie , 1st Earl of Shrewsbury founded the first castle here in the 11th century . Although only made from earth and wood , Pembroke Castle resisted several Welsh attacks and sieges over the next 30 years . The castle was established at the heart of the Norman-controlled lands of southwest Wales . Arnulf de Montgomery appointed Gerald de Windsor as his castellan at Pembroke . When William Rufus died , Arnulf de Montgomery joined his elder brother , Robert of Bellême , in rebellion against Henry I , Williams brother and successor as king ; when the rebellion failed , he was forced to forfeit all his British lands and titles . Henry appointed his castellan , but when the chosen ally turned out to be incompetent , the King reappointed Gerald in 1102 . By 1138 King Stephen had given Pembroke Castle to Gilbert de Clare who used it as an important base in the Norman invasion of Ireland . In August 1189 Richard I arranged the marriage of Isabel , de Clares granddaughter , to William Marshal who received both the castle and the title , Earl of Pembroke . He had the castle rebuilt in stone and established the great keep at the same time . Marshal was succeeded in turn by each of his five sons . His third son , Gilbert Marshal , was responsible for enlarging and further strengthening the castle between 1234 and 1241 . All of Marshals sons died childless . In 1247 , the castle was inherited by William de Valence ( a half-brother of Henry III ) , who had become Earl of Pembroke through his marriage to Joan de Munchensi , William Marshals granddaughter . The de Valence family held Pembroke for 70 years . During this time , the town was fortified with defensive walls , three main gates and a postern . Pembroke Castle became de Valences military base for fighting the Welsh princes during the conquest of North Wales by Edward I between 1277 and 1295 . On the death of Aymer de Valence , 2nd Earl of Pembroke , William de Valences son , the castle passed through marriage to the Hastings family . In 1389 , 17-year-old John Hastings died in a jousting accident , ending a line of inheritance stretching back 250 years . Pembroke Castle then reverted to Richard II . Short tenancies were then granted by The Crown for its ownership . By 1400 Owain Glyndŵr had begun a rebellion in Wales . However , Pembroke escaped attack because the castles Constable , Francis а Court , paid off Glyndŵr in gold . Then in 1452 , the castle and the earldom were presented to Jasper Tudor by his half-brother Henry VI . Tudor brought his widowed sister-in-law , Margaret Beaufort , to Pembroke where , in 1457 , she gave birth to her only child , who was to become King Henry VII of England . In the 15th and 16th centuries , the castle was a place of peace until the outbreak of the English Civil War . Although most of South Wales sided with the King , Pembroke declared for Parliament . It was besieged by Royalist troops but was saved after Parliamentary reinforcements arrived by sea from nearby Milford Haven . Parliamentary forces then went on to capture the Royalist castles of Tenby , Haverfordwest and Carew . In 1648 , at the beginning of the Second Civil War , Pembrokes commander Colonel John Poyer led a Royalist uprising alongside Colonel Powell , Tenby Castle , and Sir Nicholas Kemoys , Chepstow Castle . Oliver Cromwell came to Pembroke on 24 May 1648 and took the castle after a seven-week siege . Its three leaders were found guilty of treason and Cromwell ordered the castle to be destroyed . Townspeople were even encouraged to disassemble the fortress and re-use its stone for their purposes . The castle was then abandoned and allowed to decay . It remained in ruins until 1880 , when a three-year restoration project was undertaken . Nothing further was done until 1928 , when Major-General Sir Ivor Philipps acquired the castle and began an extensive restoration of the castles walls , gatehouses , and towers . After his death , a trust was set up for the castle , jointly managed by the Philipps family and Pembroke town council . Film location . Pembroke has appeared in numerous feature films . These include the 1968 film The Lion in Winter , the 1976 film Jabberwocky , the BBC adaptation of C.S . Lewiss Prince Caspian , the film of Shakespeares Richard II , and the 2016 Anglo-American romantic film Me Before You . It features as the fictional Penleven Castle in Cornwall in the 2015 comedy film The Bad Education Movie . External links . - Pembroke Castle website - Castles of Wales website with pictures of the castle - Great Castle of Wales website with more pictures - www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Pembroke Castle - Pembroke Castle : description and sources - Pembroke Castle on NetWales - Information and photos of the castle |
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] | easy | Who owned Pembroke Castle from 1335 to 1389? | /wiki/Pembroke_Castle#P127#2 | Pembroke Castle Pembroke Castle ( ) is a medieval castle in the centre of Pembroke , Pembrokeshire in Wales . The castle was the original family seat of the Earldom of Pembroke . A Grade I listed building since 1951 , it underwent major restoration during the early 20th century . In 1093 , Arnulf of Montgomery built the first castle at the site when he fortified the promontory beside the Pembroke River during the Norman invasion of Wales . A century later , the castle was given by Richard I to William Marshal , who became one of the most powerful men in 12th-century Britain . He rebuilt Pembroke Castle in stone , creating most of the structure that remains today . The castle is open to the public and is the largest privately-owned castle in Wales . Construction . The castle is sited on a strategic rocky promontory by the Milford Haven Waterway . The first fortification on the site was a Norman motte-and-bailey . It had earthen ramparts and a timber palisade . In 1189 , Pembroke Castle was acquired by William Marshal . He soon became Lord Marshal of England , and set about turning the earth and wood fort into an impressive Norman stone castle . The inner ward , which was constructed first , contains the huge round keep with its domed roof . Its original first-floor entrance was through an external stairwell . Inside , a spiral staircase connected its four stories . The keeps domed roof also has several putlog holes that supported a wooden fighting-platform . If the castle was attacked , the hoarding allowed defenders to go out beyond the keeps massive walls above the heads of the attackers . The inner wards curtain wall had a large horseshoe-shaped gateway . But only a thin wall was required along the promontory . This section of the wall has a small observation turret and a square stone platform . Domestic buildings including William Marshals Great Hall and private apartments were within the inner ward . The 13th century keep is tall with walls up to thick at its base . In the late 13th century , additional buildings were added to the inner ward , including a new Great Hall . A 55-step spiral staircase was also created that led down to a large limestone cave , known as Wogan Cavern , beneath the castle . The cave , which was created by natural water erosion , was fortified with a wall , a barred gateway and arrowslits . It may have served as a boathouse or a sallyport to the river where cargo or people could have been transferred . The outer ward was defended by a large twin-towered gatehouse , a barbican and several round towers . The outer wall is thick in places and constructed from Siltstone ashlar . Although Pembroke Castle is a Norman-style enclosure castle with great keep , it can be more accurately described as a linear fortification because , like the later 13th-century castles at Caernarfon and Conwy , it was built on a rocky promontory surrounded by water . This meant that attacking forces could only assault on a narrow front . Architecturally , Pembrokes thickest walls and towers are all concentrated on its landward side facing the town , with Pembroke River providing a natural defense around the rest of its perimeter . History . Pembroke Castle stands on a site that has been occupied at least since the Roman period . Roger de Montgomerie , 1st Earl of Shrewsbury founded the first castle here in the 11th century . Although only made from earth and wood , Pembroke Castle resisted several Welsh attacks and sieges over the next 30 years . The castle was established at the heart of the Norman-controlled lands of southwest Wales . Arnulf de Montgomery appointed Gerald de Windsor as his castellan at Pembroke . When William Rufus died , Arnulf de Montgomery joined his elder brother , Robert of Bellême , in rebellion against Henry I , Williams brother and successor as king ; when the rebellion failed , he was forced to forfeit all his British lands and titles . Henry appointed his castellan , but when the chosen ally turned out to be incompetent , the King reappointed Gerald in 1102 . By 1138 King Stephen had given Pembroke Castle to Gilbert de Clare who used it as an important base in the Norman invasion of Ireland . In August 1189 Richard I arranged the marriage of Isabel , de Clares granddaughter , to William Marshal who received both the castle and the title , Earl of Pembroke . He had the castle rebuilt in stone and established the great keep at the same time . Marshal was succeeded in turn by each of his five sons . His third son , Gilbert Marshal , was responsible for enlarging and further strengthening the castle between 1234 and 1241 . All of Marshals sons died childless . In 1247 , the castle was inherited by William de Valence ( a half-brother of Henry III ) , who had become Earl of Pembroke through his marriage to Joan de Munchensi , William Marshals granddaughter . The de Valence family held Pembroke for 70 years . During this time , the town was fortified with defensive walls , three main gates and a postern . Pembroke Castle became de Valences military base for fighting the Welsh princes during the conquest of North Wales by Edward I between 1277 and 1295 . On the death of Aymer de Valence , 2nd Earl of Pembroke , William de Valences son , the castle passed through marriage to the Hastings family . In 1389 , 17-year-old John Hastings died in a jousting accident , ending a line of inheritance stretching back 250 years . Pembroke Castle then reverted to Richard II . Short tenancies were then granted by The Crown for its ownership . By 1400 Owain Glyndŵr had begun a rebellion in Wales . However , Pembroke escaped attack because the castles Constable , Francis а Court , paid off Glyndŵr in gold . Then in 1452 , the castle and the earldom were presented to Jasper Tudor by his half-brother Henry VI . Tudor brought his widowed sister-in-law , Margaret Beaufort , to Pembroke where , in 1457 , she gave birth to her only child , who was to become King Henry VII of England . In the 15th and 16th centuries , the castle was a place of peace until the outbreak of the English Civil War . Although most of South Wales sided with the King , Pembroke declared for Parliament . It was besieged by Royalist troops but was saved after Parliamentary reinforcements arrived by sea from nearby Milford Haven . Parliamentary forces then went on to capture the Royalist castles of Tenby , Haverfordwest and Carew . In 1648 , at the beginning of the Second Civil War , Pembrokes commander Colonel John Poyer led a Royalist uprising alongside Colonel Powell , Tenby Castle , and Sir Nicholas Kemoys , Chepstow Castle . Oliver Cromwell came to Pembroke on 24 May 1648 and took the castle after a seven-week siege . Its three leaders were found guilty of treason and Cromwell ordered the castle to be destroyed . Townspeople were even encouraged to disassemble the fortress and re-use its stone for their purposes . The castle was then abandoned and allowed to decay . It remained in ruins until 1880 , when a three-year restoration project was undertaken . Nothing further was done until 1928 , when Major-General Sir Ivor Philipps acquired the castle and began an extensive restoration of the castles walls , gatehouses , and towers . After his death , a trust was set up for the castle , jointly managed by the Philipps family and Pembroke town council . Film location . Pembroke has appeared in numerous feature films . These include the 1968 film The Lion in Winter , the 1976 film Jabberwocky , the BBC adaptation of C.S . Lewiss Prince Caspian , the film of Shakespeares Richard II , and the 2016 Anglo-American romantic film Me Before You . It features as the fictional Penleven Castle in Cornwall in the 2015 comedy film The Bad Education Movie . External links . - Pembroke Castle website - Castles of Wales website with pictures of the castle - Great Castle of Wales website with more pictures - www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Pembroke Castle - Pembroke Castle : description and sources - Pembroke Castle on NetWales - Information and photos of the castle |
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""
] | easy | Which position did Nino Burjanadze hold from Jun 1999 to Sep 1999? | /wiki/Nino_Burjanadze#P39#0 | Nino Burjanadze Nino Burjanadze ( Georgian : ნინო ბურჯანაძე , also romanized Burdzhanadze or Burdjanadze , born 16 July 1964 ) is a Georgian politician and lawyer who served as Chairperson of the Parliament of Georgia from November 2001 to June 2008 . As the first woman she has served as the acting head of state of Georgia twice ; the first time from 23 November 2003 to 25 January 2004 in the wake of Eduard Shevardnadzes resignation during the Rose Revolution , and again from 25 November 2007 to 20 January 2008 , when Mikheil Saakashvili stepped down to rerun in the early presidential elections . She withdrew into opposition to Saakashvili as the leader of the Democratic Movement-United Georgia party in 2008 . In October 2013 , she ran in the presidential election , competing against 22 candidates . She ended third with 10 percent of the vote . Early life and career . Nino Burjanadze was born in Kutaisi , then-Soviet Georgia . She graduated in 1986 from the Faculty of Law of the Tbilisi State University ( TSU ) and afterwards pursued education at the Moscow State University from which she graduated with a doctorate in International Law in 1990 . In 1991 , she became a docent ( Associate Professor ) of the Faculty of International Law at the Tbilisi State University . At the same time , she worked as an expert-consultant in international law for the Parliament of Georgia and the Ministry for Environment Protection and Natural Resources . Political career . In 1995 , Burjanadze was elected to the Parliament of Georgia for the Union of Citizens of Georgia ( UCG ) then chaired by the President of Georgia Eduard Shevardnadze and supported financially by her father Anzor Burjanadze , a wealthy businessman . She first chaired the Parliamentary Committee for Constitutional Law from 1998 to 1999 , and the Parliamentary Committee for International Relations from 2000 to 2001 . During the years , she became known as a supporter of pro-Western values and proponent of Georgias integration with NATO and the European Union . She was closely allied with the reformist wing within the UCG led by Mikheil Saakashvili and Zurab Zhvania whom she succeeded on November 9 as the parliamentary chairperson after Zhvania resigned on November 1 , 2001 . Although she gave Shevardnadze strong support in his dealings with foreign countries ( in particular with Russia ) , she spoke out forcefully against the corruption and inefficiency of his governments domestic policy , declaring it to be absolutely incompetent . She left the UCG in 2002 , forming an opposition party called the Burjanadze-Democrats to fight the November 2003 parliamentary elections . After the rigged parliamentary elections of 2 November 2003 , she joined other opposition leaders in denouncing the election results and urging mass demonstrations against Shevardnadze . The terms of the Georgian constitution automatically made her the acting president when Shevardnadze resigned on 23 November . One of Burjanadzes first actions was to appeal for national unity and repeal the state of emergency declared by Shevardnadze , in an effort to restore stability to a country with a long history of political violence . She was an obvious candidate for the post , as she is widely respected by her compatriots - opinion polling in 2003 showed her to be one of s three most popular political figures . On 4 January 2004 , Mikhail Saakashvili won the pre-term presidential elections in with an overwhelming majority . He was inaugurated on 25 January . A new was elected on 28 March , with Burjanadze resuming her old post as Speaker on 22 April . Following a political crisis in late 2007 , Saakashvili called new parliamentary and presidential elections for January 2008 . In order to contest the presidential election , Saakashvili announced his resignation effective 25 November 2007 , with Burjanadze becoming acting president for a second time ( until the election returned Saakashvili to office on 20 January 2008 ) . Burjanadze was designated to lead the United National Movement party list for the parliamentary elections scheduled on 21 May 2008 , but on 21 April she announced , in a surprise move , that she would not seek reelection due to a lack of consensus in the compilation of the National Movements party list . Burjanadzes term as a parliamentary chairperson expired with the new legislatures inaugural session on 7 June 2008 , when she was succeeded by David Bakradze . In June 2008 , Burjanadze announced she would set up a think tank that would serve as a new form of being in politics . The organization — the Foundation for Democracy and Development ( FDD ) — was inaugurated in Tbilisi on 7 July 2008 . On 27 October 2008 , in the aftermath of the 2008 South Ossetia war between Russia and Georgia , Burjanadze announced the establishment of a clear-cut opposition party called Democratic Movement–United Georgia . On 28 November 2008 , in an interview with Russias Vesti news channel , Russias NATO envoy Dmitry Rogozin accused the United States of planning to replace Mikheil Saakashvili with Burjanadze as president of Georgia . On March 23 , 2009 , the Georgian interior ministry confirmed , that 10 of the activists from Burdzhanadzes party , Democratic Movement–United Georgia had been arrested . Burdzhanadze accused Mikheil Saakashvili of arranging the arrests to intimidate the opposition . Burdzhanadze said the arrests marked the start of a punitive campaign by the government against the opposition , ahead of the mass protest planned for April 9 to demand Saakashvilis resignation . 2011 protests . The protests led by Burzhanadze began on May 21 , 2011 when over 10,000 Georgians attended a demonstration in Tbilisi demanding Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvilis resignation . In the southwestern town of Batumi some demonstrations also occurred with some protesters attempting to break into the television building . Nino Burjanadze has been a lead figure in the demonstrations . The protesters in Batumi briefly clashed with police . On 26 May at about 00:15 , Georgian police began to suppress the protests with tear gas and rubber bullets . The following year , the ruling party lost parliamentary elections . Political positions . - Burjanadzes position as it relates to Soviet symbols is that they should not be banned . According to her , it is because Georgian soldiers in the Red Army fought under Soviet symbols during World War II . Half the world fought against the Nazis with Soviet symbols . Instead of banning them , the state should concentrate on today’s problems and stop acting like fools Burjanadze stated in 2018 . Personal life . Burjanadze is married to Badri Bitsadze , the former head of the Department of Georgian State Border Defence , who stood down shortly after Burdjanadzes political transformation . They have two sons . Aside from the Georgian language , she is fluent in the Russian and English languages . External links . - Nino Burjanadze ( official biography ) . Parliament of Georgia . |
[
"parliamentary chairperson"
] | easy | Which position did Nino Burjanadze hold from Nov 2001 to Nov 2003? | /wiki/Nino_Burjanadze#P39#1 | Nino Burjanadze Nino Burjanadze ( Georgian : ნინო ბურჯანაძე , also romanized Burdzhanadze or Burdjanadze , born 16 July 1964 ) is a Georgian politician and lawyer who served as Chairperson of the Parliament of Georgia from November 2001 to June 2008 . As the first woman she has served as the acting head of state of Georgia twice ; the first time from 23 November 2003 to 25 January 2004 in the wake of Eduard Shevardnadzes resignation during the Rose Revolution , and again from 25 November 2007 to 20 January 2008 , when Mikheil Saakashvili stepped down to rerun in the early presidential elections . She withdrew into opposition to Saakashvili as the leader of the Democratic Movement-United Georgia party in 2008 . In October 2013 , she ran in the presidential election , competing against 22 candidates . She ended third with 10 percent of the vote . Early life and career . Nino Burjanadze was born in Kutaisi , then-Soviet Georgia . She graduated in 1986 from the Faculty of Law of the Tbilisi State University ( TSU ) and afterwards pursued education at the Moscow State University from which she graduated with a doctorate in International Law in 1990 . In 1991 , she became a docent ( Associate Professor ) of the Faculty of International Law at the Tbilisi State University . At the same time , she worked as an expert-consultant in international law for the Parliament of Georgia and the Ministry for Environment Protection and Natural Resources . Political career . In 1995 , Burjanadze was elected to the Parliament of Georgia for the Union of Citizens of Georgia ( UCG ) then chaired by the President of Georgia Eduard Shevardnadze and supported financially by her father Anzor Burjanadze , a wealthy businessman . She first chaired the Parliamentary Committee for Constitutional Law from 1998 to 1999 , and the Parliamentary Committee for International Relations from 2000 to 2001 . During the years , she became known as a supporter of pro-Western values and proponent of Georgias integration with NATO and the European Union . She was closely allied with the reformist wing within the UCG led by Mikheil Saakashvili and Zurab Zhvania whom she succeeded on November 9 as the parliamentary chairperson after Zhvania resigned on November 1 , 2001 . Although she gave Shevardnadze strong support in his dealings with foreign countries ( in particular with Russia ) , she spoke out forcefully against the corruption and inefficiency of his governments domestic policy , declaring it to be absolutely incompetent . She left the UCG in 2002 , forming an opposition party called the Burjanadze-Democrats to fight the November 2003 parliamentary elections . After the rigged parliamentary elections of 2 November 2003 , she joined other opposition leaders in denouncing the election results and urging mass demonstrations against Shevardnadze . The terms of the Georgian constitution automatically made her the acting president when Shevardnadze resigned on 23 November . One of Burjanadzes first actions was to appeal for national unity and repeal the state of emergency declared by Shevardnadze , in an effort to restore stability to a country with a long history of political violence . She was an obvious candidate for the post , as she is widely respected by her compatriots - opinion polling in 2003 showed her to be one of s three most popular political figures . On 4 January 2004 , Mikhail Saakashvili won the pre-term presidential elections in with an overwhelming majority . He was inaugurated on 25 January . A new was elected on 28 March , with Burjanadze resuming her old post as Speaker on 22 April . Following a political crisis in late 2007 , Saakashvili called new parliamentary and presidential elections for January 2008 . In order to contest the presidential election , Saakashvili announced his resignation effective 25 November 2007 , with Burjanadze becoming acting president for a second time ( until the election returned Saakashvili to office on 20 January 2008 ) . Burjanadze was designated to lead the United National Movement party list for the parliamentary elections scheduled on 21 May 2008 , but on 21 April she announced , in a surprise move , that she would not seek reelection due to a lack of consensus in the compilation of the National Movements party list . Burjanadzes term as a parliamentary chairperson expired with the new legislatures inaugural session on 7 June 2008 , when she was succeeded by David Bakradze . In June 2008 , Burjanadze announced she would set up a think tank that would serve as a new form of being in politics . The organization — the Foundation for Democracy and Development ( FDD ) — was inaugurated in Tbilisi on 7 July 2008 . On 27 October 2008 , in the aftermath of the 2008 South Ossetia war between Russia and Georgia , Burjanadze announced the establishment of a clear-cut opposition party called Democratic Movement–United Georgia . On 28 November 2008 , in an interview with Russias Vesti news channel , Russias NATO envoy Dmitry Rogozin accused the United States of planning to replace Mikheil Saakashvili with Burjanadze as president of Georgia . On March 23 , 2009 , the Georgian interior ministry confirmed , that 10 of the activists from Burdzhanadzes party , Democratic Movement–United Georgia had been arrested . Burdzhanadze accused Mikheil Saakashvili of arranging the arrests to intimidate the opposition . Burdzhanadze said the arrests marked the start of a punitive campaign by the government against the opposition , ahead of the mass protest planned for April 9 to demand Saakashvilis resignation . 2011 protests . The protests led by Burzhanadze began on May 21 , 2011 when over 10,000 Georgians attended a demonstration in Tbilisi demanding Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvilis resignation . In the southwestern town of Batumi some demonstrations also occurred with some protesters attempting to break into the television building . Nino Burjanadze has been a lead figure in the demonstrations . The protesters in Batumi briefly clashed with police . On 26 May at about 00:15 , Georgian police began to suppress the protests with tear gas and rubber bullets . The following year , the ruling party lost parliamentary elections . Political positions . - Burjanadzes position as it relates to Soviet symbols is that they should not be banned . According to her , it is because Georgian soldiers in the Red Army fought under Soviet symbols during World War II . Half the world fought against the Nazis with Soviet symbols . Instead of banning them , the state should concentrate on today’s problems and stop acting like fools Burjanadze stated in 2018 . Personal life . Burjanadze is married to Badri Bitsadze , the former head of the Department of Georgian State Border Defence , who stood down shortly after Burdjanadzes political transformation . They have two sons . Aside from the Georgian language , she is fluent in the Russian and English languages . External links . - Nino Burjanadze ( official biography ) . Parliament of Georgia . |
[
"acting president"
] | easy | Nino Burjanadze took which position in Nov 2003? | /wiki/Nino_Burjanadze#P39#2 | Nino Burjanadze Nino Burjanadze ( Georgian : ნინო ბურჯანაძე , also romanized Burdzhanadze or Burdjanadze , born 16 July 1964 ) is a Georgian politician and lawyer who served as Chairperson of the Parliament of Georgia from November 2001 to June 2008 . As the first woman she has served as the acting head of state of Georgia twice ; the first time from 23 November 2003 to 25 January 2004 in the wake of Eduard Shevardnadzes resignation during the Rose Revolution , and again from 25 November 2007 to 20 January 2008 , when Mikheil Saakashvili stepped down to rerun in the early presidential elections . She withdrew into opposition to Saakashvili as the leader of the Democratic Movement-United Georgia party in 2008 . In October 2013 , she ran in the presidential election , competing against 22 candidates . She ended third with 10 percent of the vote . Early life and career . Nino Burjanadze was born in Kutaisi , then-Soviet Georgia . She graduated in 1986 from the Faculty of Law of the Tbilisi State University ( TSU ) and afterwards pursued education at the Moscow State University from which she graduated with a doctorate in International Law in 1990 . In 1991 , she became a docent ( Associate Professor ) of the Faculty of International Law at the Tbilisi State University . At the same time , she worked as an expert-consultant in international law for the Parliament of Georgia and the Ministry for Environment Protection and Natural Resources . Political career . In 1995 , Burjanadze was elected to the Parliament of Georgia for the Union of Citizens of Georgia ( UCG ) then chaired by the President of Georgia Eduard Shevardnadze and supported financially by her father Anzor Burjanadze , a wealthy businessman . She first chaired the Parliamentary Committee for Constitutional Law from 1998 to 1999 , and the Parliamentary Committee for International Relations from 2000 to 2001 . During the years , she became known as a supporter of pro-Western values and proponent of Georgias integration with NATO and the European Union . She was closely allied with the reformist wing within the UCG led by Mikheil Saakashvili and Zurab Zhvania whom she succeeded on November 9 as the parliamentary chairperson after Zhvania resigned on November 1 , 2001 . Although she gave Shevardnadze strong support in his dealings with foreign countries ( in particular with Russia ) , she spoke out forcefully against the corruption and inefficiency of his governments domestic policy , declaring it to be absolutely incompetent . She left the UCG in 2002 , forming an opposition party called the Burjanadze-Democrats to fight the November 2003 parliamentary elections . After the rigged parliamentary elections of 2 November 2003 , she joined other opposition leaders in denouncing the election results and urging mass demonstrations against Shevardnadze . The terms of the Georgian constitution automatically made her the acting president when Shevardnadze resigned on 23 November . One of Burjanadzes first actions was to appeal for national unity and repeal the state of emergency declared by Shevardnadze , in an effort to restore stability to a country with a long history of political violence . She was an obvious candidate for the post , as she is widely respected by her compatriots - opinion polling in 2003 showed her to be one of s three most popular political figures . On 4 January 2004 , Mikhail Saakashvili won the pre-term presidential elections in with an overwhelming majority . He was inaugurated on 25 January . A new was elected on 28 March , with Burjanadze resuming her old post as Speaker on 22 April . Following a political crisis in late 2007 , Saakashvili called new parliamentary and presidential elections for January 2008 . In order to contest the presidential election , Saakashvili announced his resignation effective 25 November 2007 , with Burjanadze becoming acting president for a second time ( until the election returned Saakashvili to office on 20 January 2008 ) . Burjanadze was designated to lead the United National Movement party list for the parliamentary elections scheduled on 21 May 2008 , but on 21 April she announced , in a surprise move , that she would not seek reelection due to a lack of consensus in the compilation of the National Movements party list . Burjanadzes term as a parliamentary chairperson expired with the new legislatures inaugural session on 7 June 2008 , when she was succeeded by David Bakradze . In June 2008 , Burjanadze announced she would set up a think tank that would serve as a new form of being in politics . The organization — the Foundation for Democracy and Development ( FDD ) — was inaugurated in Tbilisi on 7 July 2008 . On 27 October 2008 , in the aftermath of the 2008 South Ossetia war between Russia and Georgia , Burjanadze announced the establishment of a clear-cut opposition party called Democratic Movement–United Georgia . On 28 November 2008 , in an interview with Russias Vesti news channel , Russias NATO envoy Dmitry Rogozin accused the United States of planning to replace Mikheil Saakashvili with Burjanadze as president of Georgia . On March 23 , 2009 , the Georgian interior ministry confirmed , that 10 of the activists from Burdzhanadzes party , Democratic Movement–United Georgia had been arrested . Burdzhanadze accused Mikheil Saakashvili of arranging the arrests to intimidate the opposition . Burdzhanadze said the arrests marked the start of a punitive campaign by the government against the opposition , ahead of the mass protest planned for April 9 to demand Saakashvilis resignation . 2011 protests . The protests led by Burzhanadze began on May 21 , 2011 when over 10,000 Georgians attended a demonstration in Tbilisi demanding Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvilis resignation . In the southwestern town of Batumi some demonstrations also occurred with some protesters attempting to break into the television building . Nino Burjanadze has been a lead figure in the demonstrations . The protesters in Batumi briefly clashed with police . On 26 May at about 00:15 , Georgian police began to suppress the protests with tear gas and rubber bullets . The following year , the ruling party lost parliamentary elections . Political positions . - Burjanadzes position as it relates to Soviet symbols is that they should not be banned . According to her , it is because Georgian soldiers in the Red Army fought under Soviet symbols during World War II . Half the world fought against the Nazis with Soviet symbols . Instead of banning them , the state should concentrate on today’s problems and stop acting like fools Burjanadze stated in 2018 . Personal life . Burjanadze is married to Badri Bitsadze , the former head of the Department of Georgian State Border Defence , who stood down shortly after Burdjanadzes political transformation . They have two sons . Aside from the Georgian language , she is fluent in the Russian and English languages . External links . - Nino Burjanadze ( official biography ) . Parliament of Georgia . |
[
"acting president"
] | easy | Nino Burjanadze took which position in Nov 2007? | /wiki/Nino_Burjanadze#P39#3 | Nino Burjanadze Nino Burjanadze ( Georgian : ნინო ბურჯანაძე , also romanized Burdzhanadze or Burdjanadze , born 16 July 1964 ) is a Georgian politician and lawyer who served as Chairperson of the Parliament of Georgia from November 2001 to June 2008 . As the first woman she has served as the acting head of state of Georgia twice ; the first time from 23 November 2003 to 25 January 2004 in the wake of Eduard Shevardnadzes resignation during the Rose Revolution , and again from 25 November 2007 to 20 January 2008 , when Mikheil Saakashvili stepped down to rerun in the early presidential elections . She withdrew into opposition to Saakashvili as the leader of the Democratic Movement-United Georgia party in 2008 . In October 2013 , she ran in the presidential election , competing against 22 candidates . She ended third with 10 percent of the vote . Early life and career . Nino Burjanadze was born in Kutaisi , then-Soviet Georgia . She graduated in 1986 from the Faculty of Law of the Tbilisi State University ( TSU ) and afterwards pursued education at the Moscow State University from which she graduated with a doctorate in International Law in 1990 . In 1991 , she became a docent ( Associate Professor ) of the Faculty of International Law at the Tbilisi State University . At the same time , she worked as an expert-consultant in international law for the Parliament of Georgia and the Ministry for Environment Protection and Natural Resources . Political career . In 1995 , Burjanadze was elected to the Parliament of Georgia for the Union of Citizens of Georgia ( UCG ) then chaired by the President of Georgia Eduard Shevardnadze and supported financially by her father Anzor Burjanadze , a wealthy businessman . She first chaired the Parliamentary Committee for Constitutional Law from 1998 to 1999 , and the Parliamentary Committee for International Relations from 2000 to 2001 . During the years , she became known as a supporter of pro-Western values and proponent of Georgias integration with NATO and the European Union . She was closely allied with the reformist wing within the UCG led by Mikheil Saakashvili and Zurab Zhvania whom she succeeded on November 9 as the parliamentary chairperson after Zhvania resigned on November 1 , 2001 . Although she gave Shevardnadze strong support in his dealings with foreign countries ( in particular with Russia ) , she spoke out forcefully against the corruption and inefficiency of his governments domestic policy , declaring it to be absolutely incompetent . She left the UCG in 2002 , forming an opposition party called the Burjanadze-Democrats to fight the November 2003 parliamentary elections . After the rigged parliamentary elections of 2 November 2003 , she joined other opposition leaders in denouncing the election results and urging mass demonstrations against Shevardnadze . The terms of the Georgian constitution automatically made her the acting president when Shevardnadze resigned on 23 November . One of Burjanadzes first actions was to appeal for national unity and repeal the state of emergency declared by Shevardnadze , in an effort to restore stability to a country with a long history of political violence . She was an obvious candidate for the post , as she is widely respected by her compatriots - opinion polling in 2003 showed her to be one of s three most popular political figures . On 4 January 2004 , Mikhail Saakashvili won the pre-term presidential elections in with an overwhelming majority . He was inaugurated on 25 January . A new was elected on 28 March , with Burjanadze resuming her old post as Speaker on 22 April . Following a political crisis in late 2007 , Saakashvili called new parliamentary and presidential elections for January 2008 . In order to contest the presidential election , Saakashvili announced his resignation effective 25 November 2007 , with Burjanadze becoming acting president for a second time ( until the election returned Saakashvili to office on 20 January 2008 ) . Burjanadze was designated to lead the United National Movement party list for the parliamentary elections scheduled on 21 May 2008 , but on 21 April she announced , in a surprise move , that she would not seek reelection due to a lack of consensus in the compilation of the National Movements party list . Burjanadzes term as a parliamentary chairperson expired with the new legislatures inaugural session on 7 June 2008 , when she was succeeded by David Bakradze . In June 2008 , Burjanadze announced she would set up a think tank that would serve as a new form of being in politics . The organization — the Foundation for Democracy and Development ( FDD ) — was inaugurated in Tbilisi on 7 July 2008 . On 27 October 2008 , in the aftermath of the 2008 South Ossetia war between Russia and Georgia , Burjanadze announced the establishment of a clear-cut opposition party called Democratic Movement–United Georgia . On 28 November 2008 , in an interview with Russias Vesti news channel , Russias NATO envoy Dmitry Rogozin accused the United States of planning to replace Mikheil Saakashvili with Burjanadze as president of Georgia . On March 23 , 2009 , the Georgian interior ministry confirmed , that 10 of the activists from Burdzhanadzes party , Democratic Movement–United Georgia had been arrested . Burdzhanadze accused Mikheil Saakashvili of arranging the arrests to intimidate the opposition . Burdzhanadze said the arrests marked the start of a punitive campaign by the government against the opposition , ahead of the mass protest planned for April 9 to demand Saakashvilis resignation . 2011 protests . The protests led by Burzhanadze began on May 21 , 2011 when over 10,000 Georgians attended a demonstration in Tbilisi demanding Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvilis resignation . In the southwestern town of Batumi some demonstrations also occurred with some protesters attempting to break into the television building . Nino Burjanadze has been a lead figure in the demonstrations . The protesters in Batumi briefly clashed with police . On 26 May at about 00:15 , Georgian police began to suppress the protests with tear gas and rubber bullets . The following year , the ruling party lost parliamentary elections . Political positions . - Burjanadzes position as it relates to Soviet symbols is that they should not be banned . According to her , it is because Georgian soldiers in the Red Army fought under Soviet symbols during World War II . Half the world fought against the Nazis with Soviet symbols . Instead of banning them , the state should concentrate on today’s problems and stop acting like fools Burjanadze stated in 2018 . Personal life . Burjanadze is married to Badri Bitsadze , the former head of the Department of Georgian State Border Defence , who stood down shortly after Burdjanadzes political transformation . They have two sons . Aside from the Georgian language , she is fluent in the Russian and English languages . External links . - Nino Burjanadze ( official biography ) . Parliament of Georgia . |
[
"Fear Factory"
] | easy | Mike Heller became a member of what organization or association in 2012? | /wiki/Mike_Heller#P463#0 | Mike Heller Mike Heller ( born January 17 , 1982 ) originally from Brooklyn , New York , is a drummer in bands including the industrial metal group Fear Factory , the technical death metal band Malignancy , and the British heavy metal band Raven . Heller also formed the band System Divide and is a session drummer with credits in many genres . Biography . Heller traces his musical and drumming influences across many genres , including gospel , Latin jazz and funk . He has been known to incorporate these styles into his death metal compositions , although they can be difficult to recognize when played at death metal tempos . Heller teaches current and aspiring extreme metal drummers and writes columns for Sick Drummer magazine . He is known as a talented linear player , a style which involves the use of two or more limbs , with no two limbs playing at the same time . Heller plays session drums and has collaborated with artists in disparate styles . He joined the Yonkers , New York-based technical death metal band Malignancy in 2003 , replacing Roger J . Beaujard . In 2008 , he started the band System Divide with the Aborted vocalist Sven de Caluwé and the ex-Distorted vocalist Miri Milman . Heller joined Fear Factory in 2012 after the departure of Gene Hoglan . Discography . - Fear Factory - Genexus ( 2015 ) - Aggression Continuum ( 2021 ) - Malignancy - Inhuman Grotesqueries ( 2007 ) - Eugenics ( 2012 ) - Epilogue ( 2014 ) - Malignant Future EP ( 2016 ) - Intrauterine Cannibalism Re-Recording ( 2019 ) - Raven - Screaming Murder Death From Above : Live In Aalborg ( 2019 ) - Metal City ( 2020 ) - Abigail Williams - Walk Beyond the Dark ( 2019 ) - Amahiru - Amahiru ( 2020 ) - Ol Drake - Old Rake ( 2015 ) - Gorepunch - Give Em Hell ( 2015 ) - Control/Resist - Gods By Design ( EP ) ( 2014 ) - System Divide - The Collapse ( EP ) ( 2009 ) - The Conscious Sedation ( 2010 ) - Ephemera ( 2012 ) - Success Will Write Apocalypse Across the Sky - The Grand Partition , and the Abrogation of Idolatry ( 2009 ) - Secrets She Kept - Le Fin Absolue du Monde ( 2011 ) - Azure Emote - The Gravity of Impermanence ( 2013 ) - The Third Perspective ( 2020 ) - The Cosmos - Imbecile ( 2013 ) - In the Fire - The Living Horror Show ( 2020 ) - Beneath - Ephemeris ( 2017 ) - Excommunicated - Death Devout ( 2018 ) - Kalopsia - Death Starts the Horror ( 2011 ) - Amongst the Ruins ( 2012 ) - Zillah - Not All of Me Shall Die / Man Son of Swine ( 2011 ) Heller has also recorded with bands and artists including Edei , Ryann , 208 Talks of Angels , Measure , Control/Resist , Razorcult , Chikatillo , Pseudo Supremacy , Hollow , Death Dealer and Cryosaur . |
[
"Malignancy"
] | easy | Mike Heller became a member of what organization or association in 2003? | /wiki/Mike_Heller#P463#1 | Mike Heller Mike Heller ( born January 17 , 1982 ) originally from Brooklyn , New York , is a drummer in bands including the industrial metal group Fear Factory , the technical death metal band Malignancy , and the British heavy metal band Raven . Heller also formed the band System Divide and is a session drummer with credits in many genres . Biography . Heller traces his musical and drumming influences across many genres , including gospel , Latin jazz and funk . He has been known to incorporate these styles into his death metal compositions , although they can be difficult to recognize when played at death metal tempos . Heller teaches current and aspiring extreme metal drummers and writes columns for Sick Drummer magazine . He is known as a talented linear player , a style which involves the use of two or more limbs , with no two limbs playing at the same time . Heller plays session drums and has collaborated with artists in disparate styles . He joined the Yonkers , New York-based technical death metal band Malignancy in 2003 , replacing Roger J . Beaujard . In 2008 , he started the band System Divide with the Aborted vocalist Sven de Caluwé and the ex-Distorted vocalist Miri Milman . Heller joined Fear Factory in 2012 after the departure of Gene Hoglan . Discography . - Fear Factory - Genexus ( 2015 ) - Aggression Continuum ( 2021 ) - Malignancy - Inhuman Grotesqueries ( 2007 ) - Eugenics ( 2012 ) - Epilogue ( 2014 ) - Malignant Future EP ( 2016 ) - Intrauterine Cannibalism Re-Recording ( 2019 ) - Raven - Screaming Murder Death From Above : Live In Aalborg ( 2019 ) - Metal City ( 2020 ) - Abigail Williams - Walk Beyond the Dark ( 2019 ) - Amahiru - Amahiru ( 2020 ) - Ol Drake - Old Rake ( 2015 ) - Gorepunch - Give Em Hell ( 2015 ) - Control/Resist - Gods By Design ( EP ) ( 2014 ) - System Divide - The Collapse ( EP ) ( 2009 ) - The Conscious Sedation ( 2010 ) - Ephemera ( 2012 ) - Success Will Write Apocalypse Across the Sky - The Grand Partition , and the Abrogation of Idolatry ( 2009 ) - Secrets She Kept - Le Fin Absolue du Monde ( 2011 ) - Azure Emote - The Gravity of Impermanence ( 2013 ) - The Third Perspective ( 2020 ) - The Cosmos - Imbecile ( 2013 ) - In the Fire - The Living Horror Show ( 2020 ) - Beneath - Ephemeris ( 2017 ) - Excommunicated - Death Devout ( 2018 ) - Kalopsia - Death Starts the Horror ( 2011 ) - Amongst the Ruins ( 2012 ) - Zillah - Not All of Me Shall Die / Man Son of Swine ( 2011 ) Heller has also recorded with bands and artists including Edei , Ryann , 208 Talks of Angels , Measure , Control/Resist , Razorcult , Chikatillo , Pseudo Supremacy , Hollow , Death Dealer and Cryosaur . |
[
""
] | easy | What organization did Mike Heller join in 2015? | /wiki/Mike_Heller#P463#2 | Mike Heller Mike Heller ( born January 17 , 1982 ) originally from Brooklyn , New York , is a drummer in bands including the industrial metal group Fear Factory , the technical death metal band Malignancy , and the British heavy metal band Raven . Heller also formed the band System Divide and is a session drummer with credits in many genres . Biography . Heller traces his musical and drumming influences across many genres , including gospel , Latin jazz and funk . He has been known to incorporate these styles into his death metal compositions , although they can be difficult to recognize when played at death metal tempos . Heller teaches current and aspiring extreme metal drummers and writes columns for Sick Drummer magazine . He is known as a talented linear player , a style which involves the use of two or more limbs , with no two limbs playing at the same time . Heller plays session drums and has collaborated with artists in disparate styles . He joined the Yonkers , New York-based technical death metal band Malignancy in 2003 , replacing Roger J . Beaujard . In 2008 , he started the band System Divide with the Aborted vocalist Sven de Caluwé and the ex-Distorted vocalist Miri Milman . Heller joined Fear Factory in 2012 after the departure of Gene Hoglan . Discography . - Fear Factory - Genexus ( 2015 ) - Aggression Continuum ( 2021 ) - Malignancy - Inhuman Grotesqueries ( 2007 ) - Eugenics ( 2012 ) - Epilogue ( 2014 ) - Malignant Future EP ( 2016 ) - Intrauterine Cannibalism Re-Recording ( 2019 ) - Raven - Screaming Murder Death From Above : Live In Aalborg ( 2019 ) - Metal City ( 2020 ) - Abigail Williams - Walk Beyond the Dark ( 2019 ) - Amahiru - Amahiru ( 2020 ) - Ol Drake - Old Rake ( 2015 ) - Gorepunch - Give Em Hell ( 2015 ) - Control/Resist - Gods By Design ( EP ) ( 2014 ) - System Divide - The Collapse ( EP ) ( 2009 ) - The Conscious Sedation ( 2010 ) - Ephemera ( 2012 ) - Success Will Write Apocalypse Across the Sky - The Grand Partition , and the Abrogation of Idolatry ( 2009 ) - Secrets She Kept - Le Fin Absolue du Monde ( 2011 ) - Azure Emote - The Gravity of Impermanence ( 2013 ) - The Third Perspective ( 2020 ) - The Cosmos - Imbecile ( 2013 ) - In the Fire - The Living Horror Show ( 2020 ) - Beneath - Ephemeris ( 2017 ) - Excommunicated - Death Devout ( 2018 ) - Kalopsia - Death Starts the Horror ( 2011 ) - Amongst the Ruins ( 2012 ) - Zillah - Not All of Me Shall Die / Man Son of Swine ( 2011 ) Heller has also recorded with bands and artists including Edei , Ryann , 208 Talks of Angels , Measure , Control/Resist , Razorcult , Chikatillo , Pseudo Supremacy , Hollow , Death Dealer and Cryosaur . |
[
"Raven"
] | easy | What organization did Mike Heller join in 2017? | /wiki/Mike_Heller#P463#3 | Mike Heller Mike Heller ( born January 17 , 1982 ) originally from Brooklyn , New York , is a drummer in bands including the industrial metal group Fear Factory , the technical death metal band Malignancy , and the British heavy metal band Raven . Heller also formed the band System Divide and is a session drummer with credits in many genres . Biography . Heller traces his musical and drumming influences across many genres , including gospel , Latin jazz and funk . He has been known to incorporate these styles into his death metal compositions , although they can be difficult to recognize when played at death metal tempos . Heller teaches current and aspiring extreme metal drummers and writes columns for Sick Drummer magazine . He is known as a talented linear player , a style which involves the use of two or more limbs , with no two limbs playing at the same time . Heller plays session drums and has collaborated with artists in disparate styles . He joined the Yonkers , New York-based technical death metal band Malignancy in 2003 , replacing Roger J . Beaujard . In 2008 , he started the band System Divide with the Aborted vocalist Sven de Caluwé and the ex-Distorted vocalist Miri Milman . Heller joined Fear Factory in 2012 after the departure of Gene Hoglan . Discography . - Fear Factory - Genexus ( 2015 ) - Aggression Continuum ( 2021 ) - Malignancy - Inhuman Grotesqueries ( 2007 ) - Eugenics ( 2012 ) - Epilogue ( 2014 ) - Malignant Future EP ( 2016 ) - Intrauterine Cannibalism Re-Recording ( 2019 ) - Raven - Screaming Murder Death From Above : Live In Aalborg ( 2019 ) - Metal City ( 2020 ) - Abigail Williams - Walk Beyond the Dark ( 2019 ) - Amahiru - Amahiru ( 2020 ) - Ol Drake - Old Rake ( 2015 ) - Gorepunch - Give Em Hell ( 2015 ) - Control/Resist - Gods By Design ( EP ) ( 2014 ) - System Divide - The Collapse ( EP ) ( 2009 ) - The Conscious Sedation ( 2010 ) - Ephemera ( 2012 ) - Success Will Write Apocalypse Across the Sky - The Grand Partition , and the Abrogation of Idolatry ( 2009 ) - Secrets She Kept - Le Fin Absolue du Monde ( 2011 ) - Azure Emote - The Gravity of Impermanence ( 2013 ) - The Third Perspective ( 2020 ) - The Cosmos - Imbecile ( 2013 ) - In the Fire - The Living Horror Show ( 2020 ) - Beneath - Ephemeris ( 2017 ) - Excommunicated - Death Devout ( 2018 ) - Kalopsia - Death Starts the Horror ( 2011 ) - Amongst the Ruins ( 2012 ) - Zillah - Not All of Me Shall Die / Man Son of Swine ( 2011 ) Heller has also recorded with bands and artists including Edei , Ryann , 208 Talks of Angels , Measure , Control/Resist , Razorcult , Chikatillo , Pseudo Supremacy , Hollow , Death Dealer and Cryosaur . |
[
"Champcommunal"
] | easy | Who was the editor of British Vogue from 1916 to 1922? | /wiki/British_Vogue#P98#0 | British Vogue British Vogue is a British fashion magazine published based in London since autumn 1916 . It is the British edition of the American magazine Vogue and is owned and distributed by Condé Nast . British Vogue editor in 2012 claimed that , Vogue power is universally acknowledged . Its the place everybody wants to be if they want to be in the world of fashion and 85% of the magazines readers agree that Vogue is the Fashion Bible . The magazine is considered to be one that links fashion to high society and class , teaching its readers how to assume a distinctively chic and modern appearance . British Vogue is a magazine whose success is based upon its advertising rather than its sales revenue . In 2007 , it ran 2,020 pages of advertising at an average of £16,000 a page . It is deemed to be more commercial than other editions of Vogue . British Vogue is the most profitable British magazine as well as the most profitable edition of Vogue besides the US and China editions . History . During the First World War , Condé Nast , Vogues publisher , had to deal with restrictions on overseas shipping as well as paper shortages in America . The British edition of Vogue was the answer to this problem , providing Vogue fashion coverage in the British Isles when it was not practicable to receive it in the usual way . Under the London editions second editor , Elspeth Champcommunal , the magazine was essentially the same as the American edition , except for its British English spellings . However , Champcommunal thought it important that Vogue be more than a fashion magazine . It featured articles on society and sporting news.. . Health and beauty advice.. . travelogues.. . and editorials , making it a skillfully mixed cocktail . Champcommunal held her editorial position until 1922 . Under its next editor , Dorothy Todd , a renowned Vogue editor due to her boldness , especially in her movement to blend the arts and fashion , the magazine shifted its focus from fashion to literature , featuring articles from Clive Bell about art exhibitions in Paris . There were also notable features from noted English writers such as Virginia Woolf and Aldous Huxley . Due to Todds changes , the magazine lost much of its audience , and she spent only four years as editor . British Vogue is not believed to have really taken off until after its third editor , Alison Settle , was appointed in 1926 . Under Audrey Withers ( editor from 1940 to 1960 ) , the magazine again took a literary direction , and during the Second World War it even took part in reporting the war . In 1944 , the American photographer Lee Miller persuaded Withers to send her to Normandy to produce an article on wartime nursing ; Miller then followed the Allied advance through Europe , reporting the liberation of Paris and sending a story from Buchenwald . Dame Anna Wintour edited the British edition from 1985 to 1987 , before taking over Vogue in New York City . Alexandra Shulman was Editor-in-Chief of the magazine from 1992 to 2017 . When Shulman was editor , the magazine drew more than a million readers . Shulman was known for developing collectors issues of British Vogue , such as the Gold Millennium Issue where celebrities and supermodels such as Kate Moss featured on the cover . Shulman was also praised for her use of up and coming photographers like Mario Testino . Shulman became known for her attempt to change the face of fashion . She pushed designers to stop using size-zero models . In 2016 , Shulman collaborated with photographer Josh Olins to shoot Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge on the cover of Vogues centenary issue . The photographs were subsequently featured in the National Portrait Gallery , London The magazine under Shulman was the subject of Richard Macers behind-the-scenes BBC documentary , Absolutely Fashion : Inside British Vogue ( 2016 ) . Edward Enninful was confirmed as the new editor-in-chief of British Vogue on 10 April 2017 . Condé Nast International Chairman and CEO Jonathan Newhouse announced him as the successor to Alexandra Shulman , calling Enninful an influential figure in the communities of fashion , Hollywood and music which shape the cultural zeitgeist , adding that by virtue of his talent and experience , Edward is supremely prepared to assume the responsibility of British Vogue . Enninfuls first issue as editor-in-chief was 2017s December issue , featuring British model and activist Adwoa Aboah on the cover . In September 2019 , Enninful collaborated with Meghan , Duchess of Sussex on the September issue . The issue highlights Forces for Change , and features on the cover 15 activists including actress Salma Hayek and interviews with former US First Lady Michelle Obama . The magazines September 2020 triple gatefold cover featured pictures of 20 activists often associated with the Black Lives Matter movement , including Marcus Rashford and Adwoa Aboah . The Activism Now edition was photographed by Misan Harriman and was the first British Vogue cover taken by a black man in the magazines 104-year history ( Nadine Ijewere was the first black female to take a cover photograph ) . Criticism . There has been an ongoing debate about whether or not the fashion industry is racist , and with the arrest of British designer John Galliano , who was found guilty of making racist and anti-Semitic comments in a public setting , as well as the news the hairdresser James Brown , who has worked closely with Kate Moss , went on a rant where he used the N word , more attention has been brought to the issue . British Vogue also faces some criticisms for fashion blunders . In 2011 , the magazine was criticised for a spread in the December 2011 issue which featured a rosy-cheeked model sitting atop a yak , sporting a pair of £5,820 trousers said to make the model look like the animal . |
[
"Dorothy Todd"
] | easy | Who was the editor of British Vogue from 1923 to 1926? | /wiki/British_Vogue#P98#1 | British Vogue British Vogue is a British fashion magazine published based in London since autumn 1916 . It is the British edition of the American magazine Vogue and is owned and distributed by Condé Nast . British Vogue editor in 2012 claimed that , Vogue power is universally acknowledged . Its the place everybody wants to be if they want to be in the world of fashion and 85% of the magazines readers agree that Vogue is the Fashion Bible . The magazine is considered to be one that links fashion to high society and class , teaching its readers how to assume a distinctively chic and modern appearance . British Vogue is a magazine whose success is based upon its advertising rather than its sales revenue . In 2007 , it ran 2,020 pages of advertising at an average of £16,000 a page . It is deemed to be more commercial than other editions of Vogue . British Vogue is the most profitable British magazine as well as the most profitable edition of Vogue besides the US and China editions . History . During the First World War , Condé Nast , Vogues publisher , had to deal with restrictions on overseas shipping as well as paper shortages in America . The British edition of Vogue was the answer to this problem , providing Vogue fashion coverage in the British Isles when it was not practicable to receive it in the usual way . Under the London editions second editor , Elspeth Champcommunal , the magazine was essentially the same as the American edition , except for its British English spellings . However , Champcommunal thought it important that Vogue be more than a fashion magazine . It featured articles on society and sporting news.. . Health and beauty advice.. . travelogues.. . and editorials , making it a skillfully mixed cocktail . Champcommunal held her editorial position until 1922 . Under its next editor , Dorothy Todd , a renowned Vogue editor due to her boldness , especially in her movement to blend the arts and fashion , the magazine shifted its focus from fashion to literature , featuring articles from Clive Bell about art exhibitions in Paris . There were also notable features from noted English writers such as Virginia Woolf and Aldous Huxley . Due to Todds changes , the magazine lost much of its audience , and she spent only four years as editor . British Vogue is not believed to have really taken off until after its third editor , Alison Settle , was appointed in 1926 . Under Audrey Withers ( editor from 1940 to 1960 ) , the magazine again took a literary direction , and during the Second World War it even took part in reporting the war . In 1944 , the American photographer Lee Miller persuaded Withers to send her to Normandy to produce an article on wartime nursing ; Miller then followed the Allied advance through Europe , reporting the liberation of Paris and sending a story from Buchenwald . Dame Anna Wintour edited the British edition from 1985 to 1987 , before taking over Vogue in New York City . Alexandra Shulman was Editor-in-Chief of the magazine from 1992 to 2017 . When Shulman was editor , the magazine drew more than a million readers . Shulman was known for developing collectors issues of British Vogue , such as the Gold Millennium Issue where celebrities and supermodels such as Kate Moss featured on the cover . Shulman was also praised for her use of up and coming photographers like Mario Testino . Shulman became known for her attempt to change the face of fashion . She pushed designers to stop using size-zero models . In 2016 , Shulman collaborated with photographer Josh Olins to shoot Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge on the cover of Vogues centenary issue . The photographs were subsequently featured in the National Portrait Gallery , London The magazine under Shulman was the subject of Richard Macers behind-the-scenes BBC documentary , Absolutely Fashion : Inside British Vogue ( 2016 ) . Edward Enninful was confirmed as the new editor-in-chief of British Vogue on 10 April 2017 . Condé Nast International Chairman and CEO Jonathan Newhouse announced him as the successor to Alexandra Shulman , calling Enninful an influential figure in the communities of fashion , Hollywood and music which shape the cultural zeitgeist , adding that by virtue of his talent and experience , Edward is supremely prepared to assume the responsibility of British Vogue . Enninfuls first issue as editor-in-chief was 2017s December issue , featuring British model and activist Adwoa Aboah on the cover . In September 2019 , Enninful collaborated with Meghan , Duchess of Sussex on the September issue . The issue highlights Forces for Change , and features on the cover 15 activists including actress Salma Hayek and interviews with former US First Lady Michelle Obama . The magazines September 2020 triple gatefold cover featured pictures of 20 activists often associated with the Black Lives Matter movement , including Marcus Rashford and Adwoa Aboah . The Activism Now edition was photographed by Misan Harriman and was the first British Vogue cover taken by a black man in the magazines 104-year history ( Nadine Ijewere was the first black female to take a cover photograph ) . Criticism . There has been an ongoing debate about whether or not the fashion industry is racist , and with the arrest of British designer John Galliano , who was found guilty of making racist and anti-Semitic comments in a public setting , as well as the news the hairdresser James Brown , who has worked closely with Kate Moss , went on a rant where he used the N word , more attention has been brought to the issue . British Vogue also faces some criticisms for fashion blunders . In 2011 , the magazine was criticised for a spread in the December 2011 issue which featured a rosy-cheeked model sitting atop a yak , sporting a pair of £5,820 trousers said to make the model look like the animal . |
[
"Alison Settle"
] | easy | British Vogue was edited by whom from 1926 to 1935? | /wiki/British_Vogue#P98#2 | British Vogue British Vogue is a British fashion magazine published based in London since autumn 1916 . It is the British edition of the American magazine Vogue and is owned and distributed by Condé Nast . British Vogue editor in 2012 claimed that , Vogue power is universally acknowledged . Its the place everybody wants to be if they want to be in the world of fashion and 85% of the magazines readers agree that Vogue is the Fashion Bible . The magazine is considered to be one that links fashion to high society and class , teaching its readers how to assume a distinctively chic and modern appearance . British Vogue is a magazine whose success is based upon its advertising rather than its sales revenue . In 2007 , it ran 2,020 pages of advertising at an average of £16,000 a page . It is deemed to be more commercial than other editions of Vogue . British Vogue is the most profitable British magazine as well as the most profitable edition of Vogue besides the US and China editions . History . During the First World War , Condé Nast , Vogues publisher , had to deal with restrictions on overseas shipping as well as paper shortages in America . The British edition of Vogue was the answer to this problem , providing Vogue fashion coverage in the British Isles when it was not practicable to receive it in the usual way . Under the London editions second editor , Elspeth Champcommunal , the magazine was essentially the same as the American edition , except for its British English spellings . However , Champcommunal thought it important that Vogue be more than a fashion magazine . It featured articles on society and sporting news.. . Health and beauty advice.. . travelogues.. . and editorials , making it a skillfully mixed cocktail . Champcommunal held her editorial position until 1922 . Under its next editor , Dorothy Todd , a renowned Vogue editor due to her boldness , especially in her movement to blend the arts and fashion , the magazine shifted its focus from fashion to literature , featuring articles from Clive Bell about art exhibitions in Paris . There were also notable features from noted English writers such as Virginia Woolf and Aldous Huxley . Due to Todds changes , the magazine lost much of its audience , and she spent only four years as editor . British Vogue is not believed to have really taken off until after its third editor , Alison Settle , was appointed in 1926 . Under Audrey Withers ( editor from 1940 to 1960 ) , the magazine again took a literary direction , and during the Second World War it even took part in reporting the war . In 1944 , the American photographer Lee Miller persuaded Withers to send her to Normandy to produce an article on wartime nursing ; Miller then followed the Allied advance through Europe , reporting the liberation of Paris and sending a story from Buchenwald . Dame Anna Wintour edited the British edition from 1985 to 1987 , before taking over Vogue in New York City . Alexandra Shulman was Editor-in-Chief of the magazine from 1992 to 2017 . When Shulman was editor , the magazine drew more than a million readers . Shulman was known for developing collectors issues of British Vogue , such as the Gold Millennium Issue where celebrities and supermodels such as Kate Moss featured on the cover . Shulman was also praised for her use of up and coming photographers like Mario Testino . Shulman became known for her attempt to change the face of fashion . She pushed designers to stop using size-zero models . In 2016 , Shulman collaborated with photographer Josh Olins to shoot Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge on the cover of Vogues centenary issue . The photographs were subsequently featured in the National Portrait Gallery , London The magazine under Shulman was the subject of Richard Macers behind-the-scenes BBC documentary , Absolutely Fashion : Inside British Vogue ( 2016 ) . Edward Enninful was confirmed as the new editor-in-chief of British Vogue on 10 April 2017 . Condé Nast International Chairman and CEO Jonathan Newhouse announced him as the successor to Alexandra Shulman , calling Enninful an influential figure in the communities of fashion , Hollywood and music which shape the cultural zeitgeist , adding that by virtue of his talent and experience , Edward is supremely prepared to assume the responsibility of British Vogue . Enninfuls first issue as editor-in-chief was 2017s December issue , featuring British model and activist Adwoa Aboah on the cover . In September 2019 , Enninful collaborated with Meghan , Duchess of Sussex on the September issue . The issue highlights Forces for Change , and features on the cover 15 activists including actress Salma Hayek and interviews with former US First Lady Michelle Obama . The magazines September 2020 triple gatefold cover featured pictures of 20 activists often associated with the Black Lives Matter movement , including Marcus Rashford and Adwoa Aboah . The Activism Now edition was photographed by Misan Harriman and was the first British Vogue cover taken by a black man in the magazines 104-year history ( Nadine Ijewere was the first black female to take a cover photograph ) . Criticism . There has been an ongoing debate about whether or not the fashion industry is racist , and with the arrest of British designer John Galliano , who was found guilty of making racist and anti-Semitic comments in a public setting , as well as the news the hairdresser James Brown , who has worked closely with Kate Moss , went on a rant where he used the N word , more attention has been brought to the issue . British Vogue also faces some criticisms for fashion blunders . In 2011 , the magazine was criticised for a spread in the December 2011 issue which featured a rosy-cheeked model sitting atop a yak , sporting a pair of £5,820 trousers said to make the model look like the animal . |
[
""
] | easy | British Vogue was edited by whom from 1936 to 1939? | /wiki/British_Vogue#P98#3 | British Vogue British Vogue is a British fashion magazine published based in London since autumn 1916 . It is the British edition of the American magazine Vogue and is owned and distributed by Condé Nast . British Vogue editor in 2012 claimed that , Vogue power is universally acknowledged . Its the place everybody wants to be if they want to be in the world of fashion and 85% of the magazines readers agree that Vogue is the Fashion Bible . The magazine is considered to be one that links fashion to high society and class , teaching its readers how to assume a distinctively chic and modern appearance . British Vogue is a magazine whose success is based upon its advertising rather than its sales revenue . In 2007 , it ran 2,020 pages of advertising at an average of £16,000 a page . It is deemed to be more commercial than other editions of Vogue . British Vogue is the most profitable British magazine as well as the most profitable edition of Vogue besides the US and China editions . History . During the First World War , Condé Nast , Vogues publisher , had to deal with restrictions on overseas shipping as well as paper shortages in America . The British edition of Vogue was the answer to this problem , providing Vogue fashion coverage in the British Isles when it was not practicable to receive it in the usual way . Under the London editions second editor , Elspeth Champcommunal , the magazine was essentially the same as the American edition , except for its British English spellings . However , Champcommunal thought it important that Vogue be more than a fashion magazine . It featured articles on society and sporting news.. . Health and beauty advice.. . travelogues.. . and editorials , making it a skillfully mixed cocktail . Champcommunal held her editorial position until 1922 . Under its next editor , Dorothy Todd , a renowned Vogue editor due to her boldness , especially in her movement to blend the arts and fashion , the magazine shifted its focus from fashion to literature , featuring articles from Clive Bell about art exhibitions in Paris . There were also notable features from noted English writers such as Virginia Woolf and Aldous Huxley . Due to Todds changes , the magazine lost much of its audience , and she spent only four years as editor . British Vogue is not believed to have really taken off until after its third editor , Alison Settle , was appointed in 1926 . Under Audrey Withers ( editor from 1940 to 1960 ) , the magazine again took a literary direction , and during the Second World War it even took part in reporting the war . In 1944 , the American photographer Lee Miller persuaded Withers to send her to Normandy to produce an article on wartime nursing ; Miller then followed the Allied advance through Europe , reporting the liberation of Paris and sending a story from Buchenwald . Dame Anna Wintour edited the British edition from 1985 to 1987 , before taking over Vogue in New York City . Alexandra Shulman was Editor-in-Chief of the magazine from 1992 to 2017 . When Shulman was editor , the magazine drew more than a million readers . Shulman was known for developing collectors issues of British Vogue , such as the Gold Millennium Issue where celebrities and supermodels such as Kate Moss featured on the cover . Shulman was also praised for her use of up and coming photographers like Mario Testino . Shulman became known for her attempt to change the face of fashion . She pushed designers to stop using size-zero models . In 2016 , Shulman collaborated with photographer Josh Olins to shoot Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge on the cover of Vogues centenary issue . The photographs were subsequently featured in the National Portrait Gallery , London The magazine under Shulman was the subject of Richard Macers behind-the-scenes BBC documentary , Absolutely Fashion : Inside British Vogue ( 2016 ) . Edward Enninful was confirmed as the new editor-in-chief of British Vogue on 10 April 2017 . Condé Nast International Chairman and CEO Jonathan Newhouse announced him as the successor to Alexandra Shulman , calling Enninful an influential figure in the communities of fashion , Hollywood and music which shape the cultural zeitgeist , adding that by virtue of his talent and experience , Edward is supremely prepared to assume the responsibility of British Vogue . Enninfuls first issue as editor-in-chief was 2017s December issue , featuring British model and activist Adwoa Aboah on the cover . In September 2019 , Enninful collaborated with Meghan , Duchess of Sussex on the September issue . The issue highlights Forces for Change , and features on the cover 15 activists including actress Salma Hayek and interviews with former US First Lady Michelle Obama . The magazines September 2020 triple gatefold cover featured pictures of 20 activists often associated with the Black Lives Matter movement , including Marcus Rashford and Adwoa Aboah . The Activism Now edition was photographed by Misan Harriman and was the first British Vogue cover taken by a black man in the magazines 104-year history ( Nadine Ijewere was the first black female to take a cover photograph ) . Criticism . There has been an ongoing debate about whether or not the fashion industry is racist , and with the arrest of British designer John Galliano , who was found guilty of making racist and anti-Semitic comments in a public setting , as well as the news the hairdresser James Brown , who has worked closely with Kate Moss , went on a rant where he used the N word , more attention has been brought to the issue . British Vogue also faces some criticisms for fashion blunders . In 2011 , the magazine was criticised for a spread in the December 2011 issue which featured a rosy-cheeked model sitting atop a yak , sporting a pair of £5,820 trousers said to make the model look like the animal . |
[
"Audrey Withers"
] | easy | British Vogue was edited by whom from 1940 to 1960? | /wiki/British_Vogue#P98#4 | British Vogue British Vogue is a British fashion magazine published based in London since autumn 1916 . It is the British edition of the American magazine Vogue and is owned and distributed by Condé Nast . British Vogue editor in 2012 claimed that , Vogue power is universally acknowledged . Its the place everybody wants to be if they want to be in the world of fashion and 85% of the magazines readers agree that Vogue is the Fashion Bible . The magazine is considered to be one that links fashion to high society and class , teaching its readers how to assume a distinctively chic and modern appearance . British Vogue is a magazine whose success is based upon its advertising rather than its sales revenue . In 2007 , it ran 2,020 pages of advertising at an average of £16,000 a page . It is deemed to be more commercial than other editions of Vogue . British Vogue is the most profitable British magazine as well as the most profitable edition of Vogue besides the US and China editions . History . During the First World War , Condé Nast , Vogues publisher , had to deal with restrictions on overseas shipping as well as paper shortages in America . The British edition of Vogue was the answer to this problem , providing Vogue fashion coverage in the British Isles when it was not practicable to receive it in the usual way . Under the London editions second editor , Elspeth Champcommunal , the magazine was essentially the same as the American edition , except for its British English spellings . However , Champcommunal thought it important that Vogue be more than a fashion magazine . It featured articles on society and sporting news.. . Health and beauty advice.. . travelogues.. . and editorials , making it a skillfully mixed cocktail . Champcommunal held her editorial position until 1922 . Under its next editor , Dorothy Todd , a renowned Vogue editor due to her boldness , especially in her movement to blend the arts and fashion , the magazine shifted its focus from fashion to literature , featuring articles from Clive Bell about art exhibitions in Paris . There were also notable features from noted English writers such as Virginia Woolf and Aldous Huxley . Due to Todds changes , the magazine lost much of its audience , and she spent only four years as editor . British Vogue is not believed to have really taken off until after its third editor , Alison Settle , was appointed in 1926 . Under Audrey Withers ( editor from 1940 to 1960 ) , the magazine again took a literary direction , and during the Second World War it even took part in reporting the war . In 1944 , the American photographer Lee Miller persuaded Withers to send her to Normandy to produce an article on wartime nursing ; Miller then followed the Allied advance through Europe , reporting the liberation of Paris and sending a story from Buchenwald . Dame Anna Wintour edited the British edition from 1985 to 1987 , before taking over Vogue in New York City . Alexandra Shulman was Editor-in-Chief of the magazine from 1992 to 2017 . When Shulman was editor , the magazine drew more than a million readers . Shulman was known for developing collectors issues of British Vogue , such as the Gold Millennium Issue where celebrities and supermodels such as Kate Moss featured on the cover . Shulman was also praised for her use of up and coming photographers like Mario Testino . Shulman became known for her attempt to change the face of fashion . She pushed designers to stop using size-zero models . In 2016 , Shulman collaborated with photographer Josh Olins to shoot Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge on the cover of Vogues centenary issue . The photographs were subsequently featured in the National Portrait Gallery , London The magazine under Shulman was the subject of Richard Macers behind-the-scenes BBC documentary , Absolutely Fashion : Inside British Vogue ( 2016 ) . Edward Enninful was confirmed as the new editor-in-chief of British Vogue on 10 April 2017 . Condé Nast International Chairman and CEO Jonathan Newhouse announced him as the successor to Alexandra Shulman , calling Enninful an influential figure in the communities of fashion , Hollywood and music which shape the cultural zeitgeist , adding that by virtue of his talent and experience , Edward is supremely prepared to assume the responsibility of British Vogue . Enninfuls first issue as editor-in-chief was 2017s December issue , featuring British model and activist Adwoa Aboah on the cover . In September 2019 , Enninful collaborated with Meghan , Duchess of Sussex on the September issue . The issue highlights Forces for Change , and features on the cover 15 activists including actress Salma Hayek and interviews with former US First Lady Michelle Obama . The magazines September 2020 triple gatefold cover featured pictures of 20 activists often associated with the Black Lives Matter movement , including Marcus Rashford and Adwoa Aboah . The Activism Now edition was photographed by Misan Harriman and was the first British Vogue cover taken by a black man in the magazines 104-year history ( Nadine Ijewere was the first black female to take a cover photograph ) . Criticism . There has been an ongoing debate about whether or not the fashion industry is racist , and with the arrest of British designer John Galliano , who was found guilty of making racist and anti-Semitic comments in a public setting , as well as the news the hairdresser James Brown , who has worked closely with Kate Moss , went on a rant where he used the N word , more attention has been brought to the issue . British Vogue also faces some criticisms for fashion blunders . In 2011 , the magazine was criticised for a spread in the December 2011 issue which featured a rosy-cheeked model sitting atop a yak , sporting a pair of £5,820 trousers said to make the model look like the animal . |
[
""
] | easy | Who was the editor of British Vogue from 1960 to 1964? | /wiki/British_Vogue#P98#5 | British Vogue British Vogue is a British fashion magazine published based in London since autumn 1916 . It is the British edition of the American magazine Vogue and is owned and distributed by Condé Nast . British Vogue editor in 2012 claimed that , Vogue power is universally acknowledged . Its the place everybody wants to be if they want to be in the world of fashion and 85% of the magazines readers agree that Vogue is the Fashion Bible . The magazine is considered to be one that links fashion to high society and class , teaching its readers how to assume a distinctively chic and modern appearance . British Vogue is a magazine whose success is based upon its advertising rather than its sales revenue . In 2007 , it ran 2,020 pages of advertising at an average of £16,000 a page . It is deemed to be more commercial than other editions of Vogue . British Vogue is the most profitable British magazine as well as the most profitable edition of Vogue besides the US and China editions . History . During the First World War , Condé Nast , Vogues publisher , had to deal with restrictions on overseas shipping as well as paper shortages in America . The British edition of Vogue was the answer to this problem , providing Vogue fashion coverage in the British Isles when it was not practicable to receive it in the usual way . Under the London editions second editor , Elspeth Champcommunal , the magazine was essentially the same as the American edition , except for its British English spellings . However , Champcommunal thought it important that Vogue be more than a fashion magazine . It featured articles on society and sporting news.. . Health and beauty advice.. . travelogues.. . and editorials , making it a skillfully mixed cocktail . Champcommunal held her editorial position until 1922 . Under its next editor , Dorothy Todd , a renowned Vogue editor due to her boldness , especially in her movement to blend the arts and fashion , the magazine shifted its focus from fashion to literature , featuring articles from Clive Bell about art exhibitions in Paris . There were also notable features from noted English writers such as Virginia Woolf and Aldous Huxley . Due to Todds changes , the magazine lost much of its audience , and she spent only four years as editor . British Vogue is not believed to have really taken off until after its third editor , Alison Settle , was appointed in 1926 . Under Audrey Withers ( editor from 1940 to 1960 ) , the magazine again took a literary direction , and during the Second World War it even took part in reporting the war . In 1944 , the American photographer Lee Miller persuaded Withers to send her to Normandy to produce an article on wartime nursing ; Miller then followed the Allied advance through Europe , reporting the liberation of Paris and sending a story from Buchenwald . Dame Anna Wintour edited the British edition from 1985 to 1987 , before taking over Vogue in New York City . Alexandra Shulman was Editor-in-Chief of the magazine from 1992 to 2017 . When Shulman was editor , the magazine drew more than a million readers . Shulman was known for developing collectors issues of British Vogue , such as the Gold Millennium Issue where celebrities and supermodels such as Kate Moss featured on the cover . Shulman was also praised for her use of up and coming photographers like Mario Testino . Shulman became known for her attempt to change the face of fashion . She pushed designers to stop using size-zero models . In 2016 , Shulman collaborated with photographer Josh Olins to shoot Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge on the cover of Vogues centenary issue . The photographs were subsequently featured in the National Portrait Gallery , London The magazine under Shulman was the subject of Richard Macers behind-the-scenes BBC documentary , Absolutely Fashion : Inside British Vogue ( 2016 ) . Edward Enninful was confirmed as the new editor-in-chief of British Vogue on 10 April 2017 . Condé Nast International Chairman and CEO Jonathan Newhouse announced him as the successor to Alexandra Shulman , calling Enninful an influential figure in the communities of fashion , Hollywood and music which shape the cultural zeitgeist , adding that by virtue of his talent and experience , Edward is supremely prepared to assume the responsibility of British Vogue . Enninfuls first issue as editor-in-chief was 2017s December issue , featuring British model and activist Adwoa Aboah on the cover . In September 2019 , Enninful collaborated with Meghan , Duchess of Sussex on the September issue . The issue highlights Forces for Change , and features on the cover 15 activists including actress Salma Hayek and interviews with former US First Lady Michelle Obama . The magazines September 2020 triple gatefold cover featured pictures of 20 activists often associated with the Black Lives Matter movement , including Marcus Rashford and Adwoa Aboah . The Activism Now edition was photographed by Misan Harriman and was the first British Vogue cover taken by a black man in the magazines 104-year history ( Nadine Ijewere was the first black female to take a cover photograph ) . Criticism . There has been an ongoing debate about whether or not the fashion industry is racist , and with the arrest of British designer John Galliano , who was found guilty of making racist and anti-Semitic comments in a public setting , as well as the news the hairdresser James Brown , who has worked closely with Kate Moss , went on a rant where he used the N word , more attention has been brought to the issue . British Vogue also faces some criticisms for fashion blunders . In 2011 , the magazine was criticised for a spread in the December 2011 issue which featured a rosy-cheeked model sitting atop a yak , sporting a pair of £5,820 trousers said to make the model look like the animal . |
[
"Dame Anna Wintour"
] | easy | British Vogue was edited by whom from 1985 to 1987? | /wiki/British_Vogue#P98#6 | British Vogue British Vogue is a British fashion magazine published based in London since autumn 1916 . It is the British edition of the American magazine Vogue and is owned and distributed by Condé Nast . British Vogue editor in 2012 claimed that , Vogue power is universally acknowledged . Its the place everybody wants to be if they want to be in the world of fashion and 85% of the magazines readers agree that Vogue is the Fashion Bible . The magazine is considered to be one that links fashion to high society and class , teaching its readers how to assume a distinctively chic and modern appearance . British Vogue is a magazine whose success is based upon its advertising rather than its sales revenue . In 2007 , it ran 2,020 pages of advertising at an average of £16,000 a page . It is deemed to be more commercial than other editions of Vogue . British Vogue is the most profitable British magazine as well as the most profitable edition of Vogue besides the US and China editions . History . During the First World War , Condé Nast , Vogues publisher , had to deal with restrictions on overseas shipping as well as paper shortages in America . The British edition of Vogue was the answer to this problem , providing Vogue fashion coverage in the British Isles when it was not practicable to receive it in the usual way . Under the London editions second editor , Elspeth Champcommunal , the magazine was essentially the same as the American edition , except for its British English spellings . However , Champcommunal thought it important that Vogue be more than a fashion magazine . It featured articles on society and sporting news.. . Health and beauty advice.. . travelogues.. . and editorials , making it a skillfully mixed cocktail . Champcommunal held her editorial position until 1922 . Under its next editor , Dorothy Todd , a renowned Vogue editor due to her boldness , especially in her movement to blend the arts and fashion , the magazine shifted its focus from fashion to literature , featuring articles from Clive Bell about art exhibitions in Paris . There were also notable features from noted English writers such as Virginia Woolf and Aldous Huxley . Due to Todds changes , the magazine lost much of its audience , and she spent only four years as editor . British Vogue is not believed to have really taken off until after its third editor , Alison Settle , was appointed in 1926 . Under Audrey Withers ( editor from 1940 to 1960 ) , the magazine again took a literary direction , and during the Second World War it even took part in reporting the war . In 1944 , the American photographer Lee Miller persuaded Withers to send her to Normandy to produce an article on wartime nursing ; Miller then followed the Allied advance through Europe , reporting the liberation of Paris and sending a story from Buchenwald . Dame Anna Wintour edited the British edition from 1985 to 1987 , before taking over Vogue in New York City . Alexandra Shulman was Editor-in-Chief of the magazine from 1992 to 2017 . When Shulman was editor , the magazine drew more than a million readers . Shulman was known for developing collectors issues of British Vogue , such as the Gold Millennium Issue where celebrities and supermodels such as Kate Moss featured on the cover . Shulman was also praised for her use of up and coming photographers like Mario Testino . Shulman became known for her attempt to change the face of fashion . She pushed designers to stop using size-zero models . In 2016 , Shulman collaborated with photographer Josh Olins to shoot Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge on the cover of Vogues centenary issue . The photographs were subsequently featured in the National Portrait Gallery , London The magazine under Shulman was the subject of Richard Macers behind-the-scenes BBC documentary , Absolutely Fashion : Inside British Vogue ( 2016 ) . Edward Enninful was confirmed as the new editor-in-chief of British Vogue on 10 April 2017 . Condé Nast International Chairman and CEO Jonathan Newhouse announced him as the successor to Alexandra Shulman , calling Enninful an influential figure in the communities of fashion , Hollywood and music which shape the cultural zeitgeist , adding that by virtue of his talent and experience , Edward is supremely prepared to assume the responsibility of British Vogue . Enninfuls first issue as editor-in-chief was 2017s December issue , featuring British model and activist Adwoa Aboah on the cover . In September 2019 , Enninful collaborated with Meghan , Duchess of Sussex on the September issue . The issue highlights Forces for Change , and features on the cover 15 activists including actress Salma Hayek and interviews with former US First Lady Michelle Obama . The magazines September 2020 triple gatefold cover featured pictures of 20 activists often associated with the Black Lives Matter movement , including Marcus Rashford and Adwoa Aboah . The Activism Now edition was photographed by Misan Harriman and was the first British Vogue cover taken by a black man in the magazines 104-year history ( Nadine Ijewere was the first black female to take a cover photograph ) . Criticism . There has been an ongoing debate about whether or not the fashion industry is racist , and with the arrest of British designer John Galliano , who was found guilty of making racist and anti-Semitic comments in a public setting , as well as the news the hairdresser James Brown , who has worked closely with Kate Moss , went on a rant where he used the N word , more attention has been brought to the issue . British Vogue also faces some criticisms for fashion blunders . In 2011 , the magazine was criticised for a spread in the December 2011 issue which featured a rosy-cheeked model sitting atop a yak , sporting a pair of £5,820 trousers said to make the model look like the animal . |
[
"Alexandra Shulman"
] | easy | Who was the editor of British Vogue from 1992 to 2016? | /wiki/British_Vogue#P98#7 | British Vogue British Vogue is a British fashion magazine published based in London since autumn 1916 . It is the British edition of the American magazine Vogue and is owned and distributed by Condé Nast . British Vogue editor in 2012 claimed that , Vogue power is universally acknowledged . Its the place everybody wants to be if they want to be in the world of fashion and 85% of the magazines readers agree that Vogue is the Fashion Bible . The magazine is considered to be one that links fashion to high society and class , teaching its readers how to assume a distinctively chic and modern appearance . British Vogue is a magazine whose success is based upon its advertising rather than its sales revenue . In 2007 , it ran 2,020 pages of advertising at an average of £16,000 a page . It is deemed to be more commercial than other editions of Vogue . British Vogue is the most profitable British magazine as well as the most profitable edition of Vogue besides the US and China editions . History . During the First World War , Condé Nast , Vogues publisher , had to deal with restrictions on overseas shipping as well as paper shortages in America . The British edition of Vogue was the answer to this problem , providing Vogue fashion coverage in the British Isles when it was not practicable to receive it in the usual way . Under the London editions second editor , Elspeth Champcommunal , the magazine was essentially the same as the American edition , except for its British English spellings . However , Champcommunal thought it important that Vogue be more than a fashion magazine . It featured articles on society and sporting news.. . Health and beauty advice.. . travelogues.. . and editorials , making it a skillfully mixed cocktail . Champcommunal held her editorial position until 1922 . Under its next editor , Dorothy Todd , a renowned Vogue editor due to her boldness , especially in her movement to blend the arts and fashion , the magazine shifted its focus from fashion to literature , featuring articles from Clive Bell about art exhibitions in Paris . There were also notable features from noted English writers such as Virginia Woolf and Aldous Huxley . Due to Todds changes , the magazine lost much of its audience , and she spent only four years as editor . British Vogue is not believed to have really taken off until after its third editor , Alison Settle , was appointed in 1926 . Under Audrey Withers ( editor from 1940 to 1960 ) , the magazine again took a literary direction , and during the Second World War it even took part in reporting the war . In 1944 , the American photographer Lee Miller persuaded Withers to send her to Normandy to produce an article on wartime nursing ; Miller then followed the Allied advance through Europe , reporting the liberation of Paris and sending a story from Buchenwald . Dame Anna Wintour edited the British edition from 1985 to 1987 , before taking over Vogue in New York City . Alexandra Shulman was Editor-in-Chief of the magazine from 1992 to 2017 . When Shulman was editor , the magazine drew more than a million readers . Shulman was known for developing collectors issues of British Vogue , such as the Gold Millennium Issue where celebrities and supermodels such as Kate Moss featured on the cover . Shulman was also praised for her use of up and coming photographers like Mario Testino . Shulman became known for her attempt to change the face of fashion . She pushed designers to stop using size-zero models . In 2016 , Shulman collaborated with photographer Josh Olins to shoot Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge on the cover of Vogues centenary issue . The photographs were subsequently featured in the National Portrait Gallery , London The magazine under Shulman was the subject of Richard Macers behind-the-scenes BBC documentary , Absolutely Fashion : Inside British Vogue ( 2016 ) . Edward Enninful was confirmed as the new editor-in-chief of British Vogue on 10 April 2017 . Condé Nast International Chairman and CEO Jonathan Newhouse announced him as the successor to Alexandra Shulman , calling Enninful an influential figure in the communities of fashion , Hollywood and music which shape the cultural zeitgeist , adding that by virtue of his talent and experience , Edward is supremely prepared to assume the responsibility of British Vogue . Enninfuls first issue as editor-in-chief was 2017s December issue , featuring British model and activist Adwoa Aboah on the cover . In September 2019 , Enninful collaborated with Meghan , Duchess of Sussex on the September issue . The issue highlights Forces for Change , and features on the cover 15 activists including actress Salma Hayek and interviews with former US First Lady Michelle Obama . The magazines September 2020 triple gatefold cover featured pictures of 20 activists often associated with the Black Lives Matter movement , including Marcus Rashford and Adwoa Aboah . The Activism Now edition was photographed by Misan Harriman and was the first British Vogue cover taken by a black man in the magazines 104-year history ( Nadine Ijewere was the first black female to take a cover photograph ) . Criticism . There has been an ongoing debate about whether or not the fashion industry is racist , and with the arrest of British designer John Galliano , who was found guilty of making racist and anti-Semitic comments in a public setting , as well as the news the hairdresser James Brown , who has worked closely with Kate Moss , went on a rant where he used the N word , more attention has been brought to the issue . British Vogue also faces some criticisms for fashion blunders . In 2011 , the magazine was criticised for a spread in the December 2011 issue which featured a rosy-cheeked model sitting atop a yak , sporting a pair of £5,820 trousers said to make the model look like the animal . |
[
"Motherwell"
] | easy | Which team did the player Adam Coakley belong to from 2004 to 2007? | /wiki/Adam_Coakley#P54#0 | Adam Coakley Adam Thomas Coakley ( born 19 October 1987 in Glasgow ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a striker . He is the son of property tycoon Tom Coakley , who in 2007 expressed an interest in buying Motherwell where his son was a player . Coakley quit football at the age of 22 , but has since has returned to play junior football with Glenafton Athletic and Kirkintilloch Rob Roy . Career . Motherwell . Coakley started his career at Motherwell , becoming a regular scorer for the reserves and made his debut as a late substitute for Jim Hamilton in the 2005 Boxing Day 3–1 victory against Aberdeen . This was not to lead to an immediate breakthrough into the first team and he did not feature again for Motherwell until the following season when he appeared as a substitute in home games against Inverness Caledonian Thistle and St Mirren . In January 2007 he joined Scottish Third Division side Stenhousemuir for a month on loan , making a single appearance . Toward the end of the 2006/07 season there was speculation that Coakleys father was interested in buying the club , however this came to nothing and Coakley was released at the end of the season when his contract expired . In total he played around 40 minutes during his 3 substitute appearances . After being released he had a trial with Partick Thistle of the Scottish First Division . Morton . However the trial with Partick was unsuccessful and a trial with Scottish First Division side Greenock Morton followed . Failed attempts to sign Paul McGowan from Celtic and Jani Šturm . left them short upfront and Coakley was offered a six-month contract following him scoring in a friendly victory at Raydale Park over Gretna . Having only made a handful of appearances for Morton , in September 2007 Coakley stepped down a division , going on loan to Alloa Athletic , scoring his first goal for the team in a win against Peterhead . Coakley then went on loan to Stranraer in the Scottish Third Division , and made his debut against Montrose . His loan spell finished after 5 games , with no goals . Alloa . He was released by Morton in January 2008 and then played 3 games for Alloa as a trialist before signing a permanent deal with the club until May 2008 . He was released at the end of his contract and in June 2008 was signed by Queens Park manager Gardner Speirs . Queens Park . He made his first appearance for Queens Park as they lost 2–1 to Partick Thistle in the Challenge Cup . He scored his first goal in a 2–1 win over East Fife on 16 August . Coakley scored a famous goal against Celtic in Queens Parks 2–1 Scottish Cup loss in February 2009 , but failed to build on the goal at Celtic Park and only made two more appearances for the Queens Park first team before being released in May 2009 . Clyde . Coakley undertook pre-season training with former team Alloa , however they were unable to meet his wage demands , and in August 2009 he signed a one-year contract with Clyde in the Scottish Second Division . Coakley left the club by mutual consent in October 2009 , after only making 5 appearances , deciding to end his football career in the process . Junior Football . He returned to football in September 2010 when he signed for Ayrshire junior club Glenafton Athletic . International . Coakley has been capped at least three times for Scotland under 18s , against Belgium , Northern Ireland and Malta . |
[
"Greenock Morton"
] | easy | Which team did Adam Coakley play for from 2007 to 2008? | /wiki/Adam_Coakley#P54#1 | Adam Coakley Adam Thomas Coakley ( born 19 October 1987 in Glasgow ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a striker . He is the son of property tycoon Tom Coakley , who in 2007 expressed an interest in buying Motherwell where his son was a player . Coakley quit football at the age of 22 , but has since has returned to play junior football with Glenafton Athletic and Kirkintilloch Rob Roy . Career . Motherwell . Coakley started his career at Motherwell , becoming a regular scorer for the reserves and made his debut as a late substitute for Jim Hamilton in the 2005 Boxing Day 3–1 victory against Aberdeen . This was not to lead to an immediate breakthrough into the first team and he did not feature again for Motherwell until the following season when he appeared as a substitute in home games against Inverness Caledonian Thistle and St Mirren . In January 2007 he joined Scottish Third Division side Stenhousemuir for a month on loan , making a single appearance . Toward the end of the 2006/07 season there was speculation that Coakleys father was interested in buying the club , however this came to nothing and Coakley was released at the end of the season when his contract expired . In total he played around 40 minutes during his 3 substitute appearances . After being released he had a trial with Partick Thistle of the Scottish First Division . Morton . However the trial with Partick was unsuccessful and a trial with Scottish First Division side Greenock Morton followed . Failed attempts to sign Paul McGowan from Celtic and Jani Šturm . left them short upfront and Coakley was offered a six-month contract following him scoring in a friendly victory at Raydale Park over Gretna . Having only made a handful of appearances for Morton , in September 2007 Coakley stepped down a division , going on loan to Alloa Athletic , scoring his first goal for the team in a win against Peterhead . Coakley then went on loan to Stranraer in the Scottish Third Division , and made his debut against Montrose . His loan spell finished after 5 games , with no goals . Alloa . He was released by Morton in January 2008 and then played 3 games for Alloa as a trialist before signing a permanent deal with the club until May 2008 . He was released at the end of his contract and in June 2008 was signed by Queens Park manager Gardner Speirs . Queens Park . He made his first appearance for Queens Park as they lost 2–1 to Partick Thistle in the Challenge Cup . He scored his first goal in a 2–1 win over East Fife on 16 August . Coakley scored a famous goal against Celtic in Queens Parks 2–1 Scottish Cup loss in February 2009 , but failed to build on the goal at Celtic Park and only made two more appearances for the Queens Park first team before being released in May 2009 . Clyde . Coakley undertook pre-season training with former team Alloa , however they were unable to meet his wage demands , and in August 2009 he signed a one-year contract with Clyde in the Scottish Second Division . Coakley left the club by mutual consent in October 2009 , after only making 5 appearances , deciding to end his football career in the process . Junior Football . He returned to football in September 2010 when he signed for Ayrshire junior club Glenafton Athletic . International . Coakley has been capped at least three times for Scotland under 18s , against Belgium , Northern Ireland and Malta . |
[
"Queens Park"
] | easy | Which team did Adam Coakley play for from 2008 to 2009? | /wiki/Adam_Coakley#P54#2 | Adam Coakley Adam Thomas Coakley ( born 19 October 1987 in Glasgow ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a striker . He is the son of property tycoon Tom Coakley , who in 2007 expressed an interest in buying Motherwell where his son was a player . Coakley quit football at the age of 22 , but has since has returned to play junior football with Glenafton Athletic and Kirkintilloch Rob Roy . Career . Motherwell . Coakley started his career at Motherwell , becoming a regular scorer for the reserves and made his debut as a late substitute for Jim Hamilton in the 2005 Boxing Day 3–1 victory against Aberdeen . This was not to lead to an immediate breakthrough into the first team and he did not feature again for Motherwell until the following season when he appeared as a substitute in home games against Inverness Caledonian Thistle and St Mirren . In January 2007 he joined Scottish Third Division side Stenhousemuir for a month on loan , making a single appearance . Toward the end of the 2006/07 season there was speculation that Coakleys father was interested in buying the club , however this came to nothing and Coakley was released at the end of the season when his contract expired . In total he played around 40 minutes during his 3 substitute appearances . After being released he had a trial with Partick Thistle of the Scottish First Division . Morton . However the trial with Partick was unsuccessful and a trial with Scottish First Division side Greenock Morton followed . Failed attempts to sign Paul McGowan from Celtic and Jani Šturm . left them short upfront and Coakley was offered a six-month contract following him scoring in a friendly victory at Raydale Park over Gretna . Having only made a handful of appearances for Morton , in September 2007 Coakley stepped down a division , going on loan to Alloa Athletic , scoring his first goal for the team in a win against Peterhead . Coakley then went on loan to Stranraer in the Scottish Third Division , and made his debut against Montrose . His loan spell finished after 5 games , with no goals . Alloa . He was released by Morton in January 2008 and then played 3 games for Alloa as a trialist before signing a permanent deal with the club until May 2008 . He was released at the end of his contract and in June 2008 was signed by Queens Park manager Gardner Speirs . Queens Park . He made his first appearance for Queens Park as they lost 2–1 to Partick Thistle in the Challenge Cup . He scored his first goal in a 2–1 win over East Fife on 16 August . Coakley scored a famous goal against Celtic in Queens Parks 2–1 Scottish Cup loss in February 2009 , but failed to build on the goal at Celtic Park and only made two more appearances for the Queens Park first team before being released in May 2009 . Clyde . Coakley undertook pre-season training with former team Alloa , however they were unable to meet his wage demands , and in August 2009 he signed a one-year contract with Clyde in the Scottish Second Division . Coakley left the club by mutual consent in October 2009 , after only making 5 appearances , deciding to end his football career in the process . Junior Football . He returned to football in September 2010 when he signed for Ayrshire junior club Glenafton Athletic . International . Coakley has been capped at least three times for Scotland under 18s , against Belgium , Northern Ireland and Malta . |
[
"Glenafton Athletic"
] | easy | Adam Coakley played for which team from 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/Adam_Coakley#P54#3 | Adam Coakley Adam Thomas Coakley ( born 19 October 1987 in Glasgow ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a striker . He is the son of property tycoon Tom Coakley , who in 2007 expressed an interest in buying Motherwell where his son was a player . Coakley quit football at the age of 22 , but has since has returned to play junior football with Glenafton Athletic and Kirkintilloch Rob Roy . Career . Motherwell . Coakley started his career at Motherwell , becoming a regular scorer for the reserves and made his debut as a late substitute for Jim Hamilton in the 2005 Boxing Day 3–1 victory against Aberdeen . This was not to lead to an immediate breakthrough into the first team and he did not feature again for Motherwell until the following season when he appeared as a substitute in home games against Inverness Caledonian Thistle and St Mirren . In January 2007 he joined Scottish Third Division side Stenhousemuir for a month on loan , making a single appearance . Toward the end of the 2006/07 season there was speculation that Coakleys father was interested in buying the club , however this came to nothing and Coakley was released at the end of the season when his contract expired . In total he played around 40 minutes during his 3 substitute appearances . After being released he had a trial with Partick Thistle of the Scottish First Division . Morton . However the trial with Partick was unsuccessful and a trial with Scottish First Division side Greenock Morton followed . Failed attempts to sign Paul McGowan from Celtic and Jani Šturm . left them short upfront and Coakley was offered a six-month contract following him scoring in a friendly victory at Raydale Park over Gretna . Having only made a handful of appearances for Morton , in September 2007 Coakley stepped down a division , going on loan to Alloa Athletic , scoring his first goal for the team in a win against Peterhead . Coakley then went on loan to Stranraer in the Scottish Third Division , and made his debut against Montrose . His loan spell finished after 5 games , with no goals . Alloa . He was released by Morton in January 2008 and then played 3 games for Alloa as a trialist before signing a permanent deal with the club until May 2008 . He was released at the end of his contract and in June 2008 was signed by Queens Park manager Gardner Speirs . Queens Park . He made his first appearance for Queens Park as they lost 2–1 to Partick Thistle in the Challenge Cup . He scored his first goal in a 2–1 win over East Fife on 16 August . Coakley scored a famous goal against Celtic in Queens Parks 2–1 Scottish Cup loss in February 2009 , but failed to build on the goal at Celtic Park and only made two more appearances for the Queens Park first team before being released in May 2009 . Clyde . Coakley undertook pre-season training with former team Alloa , however they were unable to meet his wage demands , and in August 2009 he signed a one-year contract with Clyde in the Scottish Second Division . Coakley left the club by mutual consent in October 2009 , after only making 5 appearances , deciding to end his football career in the process . Junior Football . He returned to football in September 2010 when he signed for Ayrshire junior club Glenafton Athletic . International . Coakley has been capped at least three times for Scotland under 18s , against Belgium , Northern Ireland and Malta . |
[
"Kirkintilloch Rob Roy"
] | easy | Adam Coakley played for which team from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Adam_Coakley#P54#4 | Adam Coakley Adam Thomas Coakley ( born 19 October 1987 in Glasgow ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a striker . He is the son of property tycoon Tom Coakley , who in 2007 expressed an interest in buying Motherwell where his son was a player . Coakley quit football at the age of 22 , but has since has returned to play junior football with Glenafton Athletic and Kirkintilloch Rob Roy . Career . Motherwell . Coakley started his career at Motherwell , becoming a regular scorer for the reserves and made his debut as a late substitute for Jim Hamilton in the 2005 Boxing Day 3–1 victory against Aberdeen . This was not to lead to an immediate breakthrough into the first team and he did not feature again for Motherwell until the following season when he appeared as a substitute in home games against Inverness Caledonian Thistle and St Mirren . In January 2007 he joined Scottish Third Division side Stenhousemuir for a month on loan , making a single appearance . Toward the end of the 2006/07 season there was speculation that Coakleys father was interested in buying the club , however this came to nothing and Coakley was released at the end of the season when his contract expired . In total he played around 40 minutes during his 3 substitute appearances . After being released he had a trial with Partick Thistle of the Scottish First Division . Morton . However the trial with Partick was unsuccessful and a trial with Scottish First Division side Greenock Morton followed . Failed attempts to sign Paul McGowan from Celtic and Jani Šturm . left them short upfront and Coakley was offered a six-month contract following him scoring in a friendly victory at Raydale Park over Gretna . Having only made a handful of appearances for Morton , in September 2007 Coakley stepped down a division , going on loan to Alloa Athletic , scoring his first goal for the team in a win against Peterhead . Coakley then went on loan to Stranraer in the Scottish Third Division , and made his debut against Montrose . His loan spell finished after 5 games , with no goals . Alloa . He was released by Morton in January 2008 and then played 3 games for Alloa as a trialist before signing a permanent deal with the club until May 2008 . He was released at the end of his contract and in June 2008 was signed by Queens Park manager Gardner Speirs . Queens Park . He made his first appearance for Queens Park as they lost 2–1 to Partick Thistle in the Challenge Cup . He scored his first goal in a 2–1 win over East Fife on 16 August . Coakley scored a famous goal against Celtic in Queens Parks 2–1 Scottish Cup loss in February 2009 , but failed to build on the goal at Celtic Park and only made two more appearances for the Queens Park first team before being released in May 2009 . Clyde . Coakley undertook pre-season training with former team Alloa , however they were unable to meet his wage demands , and in August 2009 he signed a one-year contract with Clyde in the Scottish Second Division . Coakley left the club by mutual consent in October 2009 , after only making 5 appearances , deciding to end his football career in the process . Junior Football . He returned to football in September 2010 when he signed for Ayrshire junior club Glenafton Athletic . International . Coakley has been capped at least three times for Scotland under 18s , against Belgium , Northern Ireland and Malta . |
[
"Missouris 8th Congressional District in the House of Representatives as a Democrat"
] | easy | A. S. J. Carnahan took which position from 1945 to 1947? | /wiki/A._S._J._Carnahan#P39#0 | A . S . J . Carnahan Albert Sidney Johnson Carnahan ( January 9 , 1897 – March 24 , 1968 ) was an American diplomat and politician from Southeast Missouri . He began his career as a teacher and school administrator . He then served as a member of the United States House of Representatives for southeastern Missouri for 14 years , becoming the first member of the prominent Carnahan Family to serve in public office . Early life . Albert Carnahan was born on a farm near Ellsinore , Missouri , the youngest of 10 children and named after the Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston . He attended Crommertown school , a one-room schoolhouse in Carter County . In 1914 , at the age of 17 , Carnahan began a career as an educator . He taught at Crommertown , Hogan Hollow and Ellsinore , Missouri . For a year during World War I , he served in an aviation unit of the Navy at a station in Ireland . Upon returning home , he completed his high school education at the College High School in Cape Girardeau , Missouri . He earned a bachelors degree in education in 1926 from the Missouri State Teachers College in Cape Girardeau , now called Southeast Missouri State University . Carnahan taught in southeastern Missouri for several years before enrolling at the University of Missouri in Columbia , Missouri , from which earned his masters degree in 1932 . For the next several years , Carnahan was a high school administrator serving Carter , Reynolds , and Shannon counties , rising to the post of superintendent of schools in Ellsinore . Mr . Carnahan married Kathel Schupp , with whom he raised two sons , Robert E . and Melvin E . Political career . In 1944 , Carnahan was elected to represent Missouris 8th Congressional District in the House of Representatives as a Democrat . He served only one term before being defeated in 1946 , but ran again in 1948 and won . Carnahan served in the House for another six consecutive terms , but failed to win the Democratic Partys nomination for his own seat in 1960 . As a Member of Congress , Mr . Carnahan served on the House Committee on Foreign Affairs , beginning with his first term , and at the time of his retirement was the ranking member of that Committee . For several years , he served as Chairman of the Subcommittee on International Organizations and Movements and the Subcommittee on Africa . He helped write such major legislation as the GI Bill , the Marshall Plan , the Area Development Act , and a revision of the Social Security statutes , was a delegate to the 12th General Assembly of the United Nations in 1957 , and served as Congressional Advisor to the U . S . Delegation to the Second International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva in 1958 . Carnahan did not sign the 1956 Southern Manifesto , and voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 . In 1961 , Carnahan was appointed by President John F . Kennedy as the first United States Ambassador to Sierra Leone . He retired from this post in 1963 . Later life . After retiring from the political life , Carnahan returned to Ellsinore , Missouri . He continued his interest in international service as a member of the Rotary Club of Poplar Bluff . He became Rotary District World Service Chairman , and inaugurated a program to aid in the education of children in Sierra Leone . Albert Carnahan died at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester , Minnesota on March 24 , 1968 . He was buried at Carson Hill Cemetery in Ellsinore . Legacy . A.S.J . Carnahan was the first of three generations of the family to be elected to public office . The Carnahans have become one of the best known and most enduring families in Missouri politics . He was the father of Mel Carnahan , who went on to become the Governor of Missouri from 1993 to 2000 . His daughter-in-law , Jean Carnahan , was appointed a United States Senator in 2001 following the death of her husband Mel , just before his election to that body . His grandson Russ Carnahan served in the U.S . House of Representatives from 2005 to 2013 , and his granddaughter Robin Carnahan was the Missouri Secretary of State from 2005 to 2013 . Carnahan Hall on the campus of Southeast Missouri State University , which houses the classes and offices of the Department of Political Science , was rededicated to him in 2004 . External sources . - Congressional biography - Legislative Profile |
[
"Member of Congress"
] | easy | What was the position of A. S. J. Carnahan from 1949 to 1961? | /wiki/A._S._J._Carnahan#P39#1 | A . S . J . Carnahan Albert Sidney Johnson Carnahan ( January 9 , 1897 – March 24 , 1968 ) was an American diplomat and politician from Southeast Missouri . He began his career as a teacher and school administrator . He then served as a member of the United States House of Representatives for southeastern Missouri for 14 years , becoming the first member of the prominent Carnahan Family to serve in public office . Early life . Albert Carnahan was born on a farm near Ellsinore , Missouri , the youngest of 10 children and named after the Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston . He attended Crommertown school , a one-room schoolhouse in Carter County . In 1914 , at the age of 17 , Carnahan began a career as an educator . He taught at Crommertown , Hogan Hollow and Ellsinore , Missouri . For a year during World War I , he served in an aviation unit of the Navy at a station in Ireland . Upon returning home , he completed his high school education at the College High School in Cape Girardeau , Missouri . He earned a bachelors degree in education in 1926 from the Missouri State Teachers College in Cape Girardeau , now called Southeast Missouri State University . Carnahan taught in southeastern Missouri for several years before enrolling at the University of Missouri in Columbia , Missouri , from which earned his masters degree in 1932 . For the next several years , Carnahan was a high school administrator serving Carter , Reynolds , and Shannon counties , rising to the post of superintendent of schools in Ellsinore . Mr . Carnahan married Kathel Schupp , with whom he raised two sons , Robert E . and Melvin E . Political career . In 1944 , Carnahan was elected to represent Missouris 8th Congressional District in the House of Representatives as a Democrat . He served only one term before being defeated in 1946 , but ran again in 1948 and won . Carnahan served in the House for another six consecutive terms , but failed to win the Democratic Partys nomination for his own seat in 1960 . As a Member of Congress , Mr . Carnahan served on the House Committee on Foreign Affairs , beginning with his first term , and at the time of his retirement was the ranking member of that Committee . For several years , he served as Chairman of the Subcommittee on International Organizations and Movements and the Subcommittee on Africa . He helped write such major legislation as the GI Bill , the Marshall Plan , the Area Development Act , and a revision of the Social Security statutes , was a delegate to the 12th General Assembly of the United Nations in 1957 , and served as Congressional Advisor to the U . S . Delegation to the Second International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva in 1958 . Carnahan did not sign the 1956 Southern Manifesto , and voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 . In 1961 , Carnahan was appointed by President John F . Kennedy as the first United States Ambassador to Sierra Leone . He retired from this post in 1963 . Later life . After retiring from the political life , Carnahan returned to Ellsinore , Missouri . He continued his interest in international service as a member of the Rotary Club of Poplar Bluff . He became Rotary District World Service Chairman , and inaugurated a program to aid in the education of children in Sierra Leone . Albert Carnahan died at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester , Minnesota on March 24 , 1968 . He was buried at Carson Hill Cemetery in Ellsinore . Legacy . A.S.J . Carnahan was the first of three generations of the family to be elected to public office . The Carnahans have become one of the best known and most enduring families in Missouri politics . He was the father of Mel Carnahan , who went on to become the Governor of Missouri from 1993 to 2000 . His daughter-in-law , Jean Carnahan , was appointed a United States Senator in 2001 following the death of her husband Mel , just before his election to that body . His grandson Russ Carnahan served in the U.S . House of Representatives from 2005 to 2013 , and his granddaughter Robin Carnahan was the Missouri Secretary of State from 2005 to 2013 . Carnahan Hall on the campus of Southeast Missouri State University , which houses the classes and offices of the Department of Political Science , was rededicated to him in 2004 . External sources . - Congressional biography - Legislative Profile |
[
"United States Ambassador"
] | easy | What was the position of A. S. J. Carnahan from 1961 to 1963? | /wiki/A._S._J._Carnahan#P39#2 | A . S . J . Carnahan Albert Sidney Johnson Carnahan ( January 9 , 1897 – March 24 , 1968 ) was an American diplomat and politician from Southeast Missouri . He began his career as a teacher and school administrator . He then served as a member of the United States House of Representatives for southeastern Missouri for 14 years , becoming the first member of the prominent Carnahan Family to serve in public office . Early life . Albert Carnahan was born on a farm near Ellsinore , Missouri , the youngest of 10 children and named after the Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston . He attended Crommertown school , a one-room schoolhouse in Carter County . In 1914 , at the age of 17 , Carnahan began a career as an educator . He taught at Crommertown , Hogan Hollow and Ellsinore , Missouri . For a year during World War I , he served in an aviation unit of the Navy at a station in Ireland . Upon returning home , he completed his high school education at the College High School in Cape Girardeau , Missouri . He earned a bachelors degree in education in 1926 from the Missouri State Teachers College in Cape Girardeau , now called Southeast Missouri State University . Carnahan taught in southeastern Missouri for several years before enrolling at the University of Missouri in Columbia , Missouri , from which earned his masters degree in 1932 . For the next several years , Carnahan was a high school administrator serving Carter , Reynolds , and Shannon counties , rising to the post of superintendent of schools in Ellsinore . Mr . Carnahan married Kathel Schupp , with whom he raised two sons , Robert E . and Melvin E . Political career . In 1944 , Carnahan was elected to represent Missouris 8th Congressional District in the House of Representatives as a Democrat . He served only one term before being defeated in 1946 , but ran again in 1948 and won . Carnahan served in the House for another six consecutive terms , but failed to win the Democratic Partys nomination for his own seat in 1960 . As a Member of Congress , Mr . Carnahan served on the House Committee on Foreign Affairs , beginning with his first term , and at the time of his retirement was the ranking member of that Committee . For several years , he served as Chairman of the Subcommittee on International Organizations and Movements and the Subcommittee on Africa . He helped write such major legislation as the GI Bill , the Marshall Plan , the Area Development Act , and a revision of the Social Security statutes , was a delegate to the 12th General Assembly of the United Nations in 1957 , and served as Congressional Advisor to the U . S . Delegation to the Second International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva in 1958 . Carnahan did not sign the 1956 Southern Manifesto , and voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 . In 1961 , Carnahan was appointed by President John F . Kennedy as the first United States Ambassador to Sierra Leone . He retired from this post in 1963 . Later life . After retiring from the political life , Carnahan returned to Ellsinore , Missouri . He continued his interest in international service as a member of the Rotary Club of Poplar Bluff . He became Rotary District World Service Chairman , and inaugurated a program to aid in the education of children in Sierra Leone . Albert Carnahan died at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester , Minnesota on March 24 , 1968 . He was buried at Carson Hill Cemetery in Ellsinore . Legacy . A.S.J . Carnahan was the first of three generations of the family to be elected to public office . The Carnahans have become one of the best known and most enduring families in Missouri politics . He was the father of Mel Carnahan , who went on to become the Governor of Missouri from 1993 to 2000 . His daughter-in-law , Jean Carnahan , was appointed a United States Senator in 2001 following the death of her husband Mel , just before his election to that body . His grandson Russ Carnahan served in the U.S . House of Representatives from 2005 to 2013 , and his granddaughter Robin Carnahan was the Missouri Secretary of State from 2005 to 2013 . Carnahan Hall on the campus of Southeast Missouri State University , which houses the classes and offices of the Department of Political Science , was rededicated to him in 2004 . External sources . - Congressional biography - Legislative Profile |
[
""
] | easy | Where was Gregg Harper educated from 1973 to 1974? | /wiki/Gregg_Harper#P69#0 | Gregg Harper Gregory Livingston Harper ( born June 1 , 1956 ) is a former American politician who served as the U.S . Representative for from 2009 to 2019 . He is a member of the Republican Party . The district includes the wealthier portions of the state capital , Jackson , along with most of that citys suburbs . Other cities in the district include Meridian , Natchez , Starkville , and Brookhaven . In January 2018 , Harper announced he would retire from Congress and not run for re-election . Early life , education and career . Harper was born in Jackson , Mississippi . He spent eight years working as Chairman of the Rankin County , Mississippi Republican Party , and served as a delegate to the 2000 Republican National Convention . He was appointed by the party as an observer during the controversial 2000 Florida presidential recount . Harper graduated from Mississippi College in 1978 with a degree in Chemistry and from the University of Mississippi School of Law in 1981 . He has worked as a private practice attorney since receiving this degree . He was the prosecuting attorney for the cities of Brandon , Mississippi and Richland , Mississippi . U.S . House of Representatives . Committee assignments . - Joint Committee of Congress on the Library ( Chairman ) - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Digital Commerce and Consumer Protection ( Vice Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Environment and Economy - Committee on Ethics - Committee on House Administration ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Elections Caucus memberships . - Republican Study Committee - Congressional Arts Caucus - Veterinary Medicine Caucus - U.S.-Japan Caucus Tenure . Harper introduced the Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act ( H.R . 2019 ; 113th Congress ) into the House on May 16 , 2013 . The bill , which passed in both the House and the Senate , would end taxpayer contributions to the Presidential Election Campaign Fund and divert the money in that fund to pay for research into pediatric cancer through the National Institutes of Health . The total funding for research would come to $126 million over 10 years . As of 2014 , the national conventions got about 23% of their funding from the Presidential Election Campaign Fund . Harper was ranked as the 89th most bipartisan member of the U.S . House of Representatives during the 114th United States Congress ( and the most bipartisan member of the U.S . House of Representatives from Mississippi ) in the Bipartisan Index created by The Lugar Center and the McCourt School of Public Policy . In December 2017 , as chairman of the House Committee on Administration , Harper supported a review of overhauling the Congressional Accountability Act which makes it harder for victims of sexual harassment to come forward with allegations than victims in the private sector . Harper said a review was long overdue . Elections . Gregg Harper won the Republican nomination in Mississippis 3rd congressional district on April 1 , 2008 with 57% of the vote . This was tantamount to election in this heavily Republican district . He defeated his Democratic opponent , Joel Gill in the November General Election winning 63% of the vote . Personal life . He is a deacon of Crossgates Baptist Church in Brandon , Mississippi , where he had also been a Sunday School teacher . He has a 31-year old son with Fragile X syndrome ; as a Congressman , Harper started a congressional internship program for students with developmental disabilities through the Mason Life Program at George Mason University . |
[
"the University of Mississippi"
] | easy | Which school did Gregg Harper go to in 1974? | /wiki/Gregg_Harper#P69#1 | Gregg Harper Gregory Livingston Harper ( born June 1 , 1956 ) is a former American politician who served as the U.S . Representative for from 2009 to 2019 . He is a member of the Republican Party . The district includes the wealthier portions of the state capital , Jackson , along with most of that citys suburbs . Other cities in the district include Meridian , Natchez , Starkville , and Brookhaven . In January 2018 , Harper announced he would retire from Congress and not run for re-election . Early life , education and career . Harper was born in Jackson , Mississippi . He spent eight years working as Chairman of the Rankin County , Mississippi Republican Party , and served as a delegate to the 2000 Republican National Convention . He was appointed by the party as an observer during the controversial 2000 Florida presidential recount . Harper graduated from Mississippi College in 1978 with a degree in Chemistry and from the University of Mississippi School of Law in 1981 . He has worked as a private practice attorney since receiving this degree . He was the prosecuting attorney for the cities of Brandon , Mississippi and Richland , Mississippi . U.S . House of Representatives . Committee assignments . - Joint Committee of Congress on the Library ( Chairman ) - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Digital Commerce and Consumer Protection ( Vice Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Environment and Economy - Committee on Ethics - Committee on House Administration ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Elections Caucus memberships . - Republican Study Committee - Congressional Arts Caucus - Veterinary Medicine Caucus - U.S.-Japan Caucus Tenure . Harper introduced the Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act ( H.R . 2019 ; 113th Congress ) into the House on May 16 , 2013 . The bill , which passed in both the House and the Senate , would end taxpayer contributions to the Presidential Election Campaign Fund and divert the money in that fund to pay for research into pediatric cancer through the National Institutes of Health . The total funding for research would come to $126 million over 10 years . As of 2014 , the national conventions got about 23% of their funding from the Presidential Election Campaign Fund . Harper was ranked as the 89th most bipartisan member of the U.S . House of Representatives during the 114th United States Congress ( and the most bipartisan member of the U.S . House of Representatives from Mississippi ) in the Bipartisan Index created by The Lugar Center and the McCourt School of Public Policy . In December 2017 , as chairman of the House Committee on Administration , Harper supported a review of overhauling the Congressional Accountability Act which makes it harder for victims of sexual harassment to come forward with allegations than victims in the private sector . Harper said a review was long overdue . Elections . Gregg Harper won the Republican nomination in Mississippis 3rd congressional district on April 1 , 2008 with 57% of the vote . This was tantamount to election in this heavily Republican district . He defeated his Democratic opponent , Joel Gill in the November General Election winning 63% of the vote . Personal life . He is a deacon of Crossgates Baptist Church in Brandon , Mississippi , where he had also been a Sunday School teacher . He has a 31-year old son with Fragile X syndrome ; as a Congressman , Harper started a congressional internship program for students with developmental disabilities through the Mason Life Program at George Mason University . |
[
"Ipswich Town"
] | easy | Kieron Dyer played for which team from 1996 to 1999? | /wiki/Kieron_Dyer#P54#0 | Kieron Dyer Kieron Courtney Dyer ( born 29 December 1978 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . He is currently the U23s manager at Ipswich Town . Born in Ipswich , Dyer played youth football for his home club Ipswich Town before going on to make nearly 100 league appearances for the clubs first team . He was sold to Newcastle United for £6 million , at the time the highest fee paid for an Ipswich player , and made nearly 200 appearances for Newcastle between 1999 and 2007 . A move for the same fee to West Ham United followed , but Dyer suffered from various injuries , restricting him to 30 league appearances in four seasons . After a short loan back to Ipswich in March 2011 , he signed for newly promoted club Queens Park Rangers ahead of their 2011–12 Premier League season . However , his time at QPR was again blighted by injuries and he made just eight appearances for the club before being released in January 2013 , spending the rest of the season at Middlesbrough before retiring . Dyer represented England on 33 occasions between 1999 and 2007 . He was a member of the England squads which reached the quarter-finals at the 2002 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2004 . Club career . Ipswich Town . Dyer was born in Ipswich , to an Antiguan father and English mother . Dyers career began with his hometown team , Ipswich Town , whom he signed for as a 17-year-old trainee in 1996 . He broke into the Ipswich first team during his first season at the club , and quickly established a reputation as one of the top youngsters in English football outside of the Premier League . He had spent three years at Portman Road when he requested a transfer in order to further his international prospects following Ipswichs failure to gain promotion to the Premier League through the play-offs in 1999 . Newcastle United . Dyer was sold to Newcastle United in July 1999 for a fee of £6 million , which stood as the record transfer fee received by Ipswich Town until Connor Wickham was sold to Sunderland . He was the only English player signed by Ruud Gullit during his spell as Newcastles manager . Dyer opened his Newcastle goalscoring account at home to local rivals Sunderland , but the match ended in a 2–1 defeat , which saw Gullit resign shortly afterwards . Under Gullits replacement , Bobby Robson , Dyer was a key player in the Newcastle team which finished fourth , third and fifth in the 2001–02 , 2002–03 and 2003–04 Premier League seasons respectively . On 2 April 2005 , Dyer was involved in an on-pitch brawl with teammate Lee Bowyer in Newcastles Premier League match with Aston Villa , and both had to be pulled apart and separated by their teammates and Villa players . This resulted in Dyer and Bowyer receiving red cards , leaving Newcastle with eight men as Steven Taylor had already been sent-off for a deliberate handball . Dyer was handed a three-match ban by the FA for the sending-off ; Bowyer received a four-match ban from the FA and was fined more than six weeks wages – about £200,000 – by Newcastle . Later in April , The FA increased Bowyers ban by three more matches and fined him £30,000 . In 2006 the Newcastle Magistrates court fined Bowyer £600 and ordered him to pay £1,000 costs after he pleaded guilty to sparking the brawl . At the start of the 2005–06 season , Dyer was once again on the injured list , this time with a hamstring injury , preventing his selection for club or country . This followed a close-season in which Newcastle manager Graeme Souness signed a number of other midfield players , including Emre Belözoğlu , Scott Parker , Albert Luque and Nolberto Solano . Dyer returned to first-team action on 4 February 2006 against Portsmouth , Newcastles first match following the departure of Souness . Dyer marked his first start of the season since the opening day against Arsenal with a goal in a FA Cup fifth round match against Southampton on 18 February 2006 . Dyer became the first Newcastle United player to score at the Emirates Stadium in a 1–1 draw with Arsenal on 18 November 2006 . In what was his first start in seven months , Dyer opened the matchs scoring after 30 minutes with his first league goal for Newcastle in over 20 months . He continued his rich vein of form , also scoring against Tottenham Hotspur , Bolton Wanderers , Birmingham City , Aston Villa , AZ and Watford . Following his return from injury , Dyer showed his versatility by playing in central midfield , right midfield and as an attacking midfielder , supporting Obafemi Martins . Dyer was given permission to speak to West Ham United in August 2007 after both clubs agreed an undisclosed transfer fee . On 4 August , West Ham confirmed the deal had fallen through due to Newcastles pulling out of the deal . However , the deal was rectified with Dyer finalising a move to Upton Park . West Ham United . Dyer completed a move to West Ham on 16 August 2007 for £6 million , signing a four-year deal . He made his debut for West Ham in a 1–0 away win at Birmingham City on 18 August 2007 . However , this was one of the few positives in Dyers time at West Ham as he was thereafter blighted by injury . Just ten days after his debut , he was stretchered off after a tackle by Joe Jacobson in a League Cup match against Bristol Rovers that resulted in his right leg being broken in two places . Dyer subsequently missed the rest of the 2007–08 season . His injury was re-assessed in August 2008 , when it was decided that a six-week specialist rehabilitation programme was required before he began pre-season training . During this time , Dyers slow recovery from his injury sparked widespread speculation that his career may be over . On 3 January 2009 , Dyer made his comeback for West Ham after 17 months out , coming on as a second-half substitute against Barnsley in the FA Cup third round tie at the Boleyn Ground . Dyers injuries continued in May 2009 when he was ruled out with a hamstring injury . He played in West Hams first match of the 2009–10 season against Wolverhampton Wanderers , but had problems with injuries after the match . He managed only one more match , away to Blackburn Rovers , before hamstring problems hit again . He returned for two further matches before another injury in September kept him out until returning in a reserve match against Stoke City in November when he scored two goals . After taking over West Ham in January 2010 , David Sullivan revealed the full extent of the clubs debts , which totalled £110 million . Shortly afterwards , in addition to the swingeing cuts being made by vice-chairman Karren Brady , Sullivan suggested that Dyer should follow Dean Ashton into retirement ; Sullivan expressed the clubs frustration that Dyer , who was earning £60,000 per week , had only played 18 matches in three years . Dyers hometown club Ipswich Town had expressed an interest in re-signing Dyer , but the move stalled amid reports Dyer had demanded a £1 million pay-off from West Ham ; the media had also speculated about whether Dyer could actually pass a medical . In May 2010 , figures in The Daily Telegraph stated that Dyer , who had made only 22 appearances and had never played a full 90 minutes for West Ham , was the clubs top earner on £83,000-a-week . His deal included £424,000-a-season for image rights and £100,000 in loyalty fees . Dyer was released by West Ham at the end of the 2010–11 season , after costing the club around £450,000 for every match he played in . Return to Ipswich Town ( loan ) . On 11 March 2011 , Dyer returned to his first club , Ipswich Town , on a month-long loan . He was handed the number 30 shirt . He made his second debut for Ipswich at Elland Road against Leeds United on 12 March before being substituted in the second half in a 0–0 draw . In April 2011 , West Ham manager Avram Grant refused a request by Ipswich to retain Dyer until the end of the 2010–11 season , and he returned to West Ham after having made four appearances for Ipswich . Queens Park Rangers . In July 2011 , Dyer signed a one-year contract with Queens Park Rangers . He made his debut on 13 August 2011 , the opening day of the Premier League season , against Bolton Wanderers , but after just three minutes , he was stretchered off with an injured foot . During his recovery , he sustained ligament damage to his foot in a reserve match . This injury required surgery and he was ruled out for the remainder of the season . Because of his injury , Dyer was omitted from QPRs 25-man squad for the second half of the 2011–12 Premier League season . Despite only playing seven minutes of the 2011–12 season , Dyer signed a one-year contract extension with QPR to keep him at the club until the end of the 2012–13 season . Dyer scored his only goal for the club , in stoppage time , on 5 January 2013 , in an FA Cup third round tie against West Bromwich Albion to finish the match 1–1 , his first goal in almost six years . Just three days later , he was released from QPR by manager Harry Redknapp , who said , [ Dyer ] wasnt in my plans . In January 2013 , after his release , Dyer began training with Ipswich Town to maintain fitness while looking for a new club . Middlesbrough and retirement . Dyer had returned to Ipswich following his release from QPR and had returned to training with the Championship side in January 2013 . On 31 January 2013 , Dyer signed a short-term contract with Championship club Middlesbrough . Dyers Middlesbrough debut came on 2 February away at one of his previous clubs , Ipswich Town , with Boro losing 4–0 . On 2 March , Dyer scored his first goal in a 2–1 home win over league leaders Cardiff City , his first league goal since 2007 . On 16 April , in a 1–0 home win over Nottingham Forest , Dyer lasted the 90 minutes for the first time since he joined QPR back in 2010 . At the end of his contract , Dyer was not offered an extension , and he left the club . Dyer returned to Ipswich as an academy coach following his departure from Middlesbrough . He confirmed he had been back training with the first team during the close of the 2012–13 season . There was speculation in the local press at the time that he would soon rejoin for Ipswich , however he was not offered a contract and subsequently retired from playing - but remained at the club as an academy coach . International career . After representing England at Youth , Under 21 and B level , Dyers debut for the senior team came on 4 September 1999 when he started in Englands 6–0 win against Luxembourg . He was deployed out of position at right back , and was replaced by Gary Neville at half-time after injuring himself while setting up Alan Shearers third goal of the match . The injury was not serious and he was able to make his second England appearance four days later , coming on as a late substitute for Steve McManaman in a 0–0 draw with Poland . England qualified for the Euro 2000 competition but Dyer was not selected for the squad for the tournament , though he had recovered from injury and taken part in pre-tournament friendlies against Argentina and Ukraine . Along with a number of other young players who failed to make the squad – including Rio Ferdinand , Frank Lampard , Michael Duberry , Jody Morris and Jonathan Woodgate – Dyer took a drunken holiday to the Cypriot resort of Ayia Napa . The holiday hit the headlines when a video of Dyer , Ferdinand and Lampard having sex with a number of women was leaked to The News of the World . Shortly after the story broke , it was revealed that Dyer had spent a night in hospital after being glassed in the face during a fight in an Ipswich night club . Dyer returned to the England squad for the first game after Euro 2000 for the first qualifier for the 2002 FIFA World Cup , against Germany , the last football match at the original Wembley Stadium . England lost 1–0 , after which manager Kevin Keegan resigned . Despite having played only 45 minutes of football under new manager Sven-Göran Eriksson , Dyer was named in the squad for the 2002 World Cup . Two days after the squad was announced , Dyer suffered knee ligament damage after being tackled by Tahar El Khalej in a league game against Southampton . However , he recovered just in time to remain in the squad . He made three appearances , all as a substitute , in the tournament until England were eliminated in the quarter-finals by eventual champions Brazil . Dyer played in several of Euro 2004 qualifiers but only had seven minutes on the pitch at Euro 2004 , coming on as a late replacement for Wayne Rooney in Englands second group match , against Switzerland . After making some appearances during Englands FIFA World Cup 2006 qualifying Dyers run in the England squad was ended by the recurrence of a hamstring injury while playing against Middlesbrough . After almost two years without making an appearance for England , Dyers form for Newcastle earned him a call up to Steve McClarens England starting line-up for a friendly against Spain in February 2007 . His most recent , and subsequently final , appearance for England came in a 2–1 friendly defeat to Germany in August 2007 , Dyer replacing Alan Smith in the second half . Coaching career . Ipswich Town . Following his retirement from playing , Dyer took up a role as an academy coach at his first club Ipswich Town in 2014 , becoming assistant manager of the under-18 youth team in August 2018 . He departed the club in August 2019 , outlining his intentions to move into first team management . On 26 October 2020 , Ipswich confirmed that Dyer would be returning to the club to become the head coach of the clubs under-23 team . Dyer has since also become more actively involved in first-team affairs since the appointment of new manager Paul Cook in March 2021 , often assisting with coaching and being present in the dugout . Television work . In November 2015 , Dyer was named as a contestant on the fifteenth series of Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! . He came fourth on the show after lasting 21 days . He donated his entire fee to the Jude Brady Foundation . Personal life . In February 2018 , Dyer told the public that at the age of 11 he had been sexually abused by his great uncle Kenny , by then deceased . Honours . Individual - PFA Team of the Year : 1997–98 First Division , 1998–99 First Division , 2002–03 Premier League |
[
"Ipswich Town",
"Newcastle United",
"West Ham United"
] | easy | Which team did Kieron Dyer play for from 1999 to 2007? | /wiki/Kieron_Dyer#P54#1 | Kieron Dyer Kieron Courtney Dyer ( born 29 December 1978 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . He is currently the U23s manager at Ipswich Town . Born in Ipswich , Dyer played youth football for his home club Ipswich Town before going on to make nearly 100 league appearances for the clubs first team . He was sold to Newcastle United for £6 million , at the time the highest fee paid for an Ipswich player , and made nearly 200 appearances for Newcastle between 1999 and 2007 . A move for the same fee to West Ham United followed , but Dyer suffered from various injuries , restricting him to 30 league appearances in four seasons . After a short loan back to Ipswich in March 2011 , he signed for newly promoted club Queens Park Rangers ahead of their 2011–12 Premier League season . However , his time at QPR was again blighted by injuries and he made just eight appearances for the club before being released in January 2013 , spending the rest of the season at Middlesbrough before retiring . Dyer represented England on 33 occasions between 1999 and 2007 . He was a member of the England squads which reached the quarter-finals at the 2002 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2004 . Club career . Ipswich Town . Dyer was born in Ipswich , to an Antiguan father and English mother . Dyers career began with his hometown team , Ipswich Town , whom he signed for as a 17-year-old trainee in 1996 . He broke into the Ipswich first team during his first season at the club , and quickly established a reputation as one of the top youngsters in English football outside of the Premier League . He had spent three years at Portman Road when he requested a transfer in order to further his international prospects following Ipswichs failure to gain promotion to the Premier League through the play-offs in 1999 . Newcastle United . Dyer was sold to Newcastle United in July 1999 for a fee of £6 million , which stood as the record transfer fee received by Ipswich Town until Connor Wickham was sold to Sunderland . He was the only English player signed by Ruud Gullit during his spell as Newcastles manager . Dyer opened his Newcastle goalscoring account at home to local rivals Sunderland , but the match ended in a 2–1 defeat , which saw Gullit resign shortly afterwards . Under Gullits replacement , Bobby Robson , Dyer was a key player in the Newcastle team which finished fourth , third and fifth in the 2001–02 , 2002–03 and 2003–04 Premier League seasons respectively . On 2 April 2005 , Dyer was involved in an on-pitch brawl with teammate Lee Bowyer in Newcastles Premier League match with Aston Villa , and both had to be pulled apart and separated by their teammates and Villa players . This resulted in Dyer and Bowyer receiving red cards , leaving Newcastle with eight men as Steven Taylor had already been sent-off for a deliberate handball . Dyer was handed a three-match ban by the FA for the sending-off ; Bowyer received a four-match ban from the FA and was fined more than six weeks wages – about £200,000 – by Newcastle . Later in April , The FA increased Bowyers ban by three more matches and fined him £30,000 . In 2006 the Newcastle Magistrates court fined Bowyer £600 and ordered him to pay £1,000 costs after he pleaded guilty to sparking the brawl . At the start of the 2005–06 season , Dyer was once again on the injured list , this time with a hamstring injury , preventing his selection for club or country . This followed a close-season in which Newcastle manager Graeme Souness signed a number of other midfield players , including Emre Belözoğlu , Scott Parker , Albert Luque and Nolberto Solano . Dyer returned to first-team action on 4 February 2006 against Portsmouth , Newcastles first match following the departure of Souness . Dyer marked his first start of the season since the opening day against Arsenal with a goal in a FA Cup fifth round match against Southampton on 18 February 2006 . Dyer became the first Newcastle United player to score at the Emirates Stadium in a 1–1 draw with Arsenal on 18 November 2006 . In what was his first start in seven months , Dyer opened the matchs scoring after 30 minutes with his first league goal for Newcastle in over 20 months . He continued his rich vein of form , also scoring against Tottenham Hotspur , Bolton Wanderers , Birmingham City , Aston Villa , AZ and Watford . Following his return from injury , Dyer showed his versatility by playing in central midfield , right midfield and as an attacking midfielder , supporting Obafemi Martins . Dyer was given permission to speak to West Ham United in August 2007 after both clubs agreed an undisclosed transfer fee . On 4 August , West Ham confirmed the deal had fallen through due to Newcastles pulling out of the deal . However , the deal was rectified with Dyer finalising a move to Upton Park . West Ham United . Dyer completed a move to West Ham on 16 August 2007 for £6 million , signing a four-year deal . He made his debut for West Ham in a 1–0 away win at Birmingham City on 18 August 2007 . However , this was one of the few positives in Dyers time at West Ham as he was thereafter blighted by injury . Just ten days after his debut , he was stretchered off after a tackle by Joe Jacobson in a League Cup match against Bristol Rovers that resulted in his right leg being broken in two places . Dyer subsequently missed the rest of the 2007–08 season . His injury was re-assessed in August 2008 , when it was decided that a six-week specialist rehabilitation programme was required before he began pre-season training . During this time , Dyers slow recovery from his injury sparked widespread speculation that his career may be over . On 3 January 2009 , Dyer made his comeback for West Ham after 17 months out , coming on as a second-half substitute against Barnsley in the FA Cup third round tie at the Boleyn Ground . Dyers injuries continued in May 2009 when he was ruled out with a hamstring injury . He played in West Hams first match of the 2009–10 season against Wolverhampton Wanderers , but had problems with injuries after the match . He managed only one more match , away to Blackburn Rovers , before hamstring problems hit again . He returned for two further matches before another injury in September kept him out until returning in a reserve match against Stoke City in November when he scored two goals . After taking over West Ham in January 2010 , David Sullivan revealed the full extent of the clubs debts , which totalled £110 million . Shortly afterwards , in addition to the swingeing cuts being made by vice-chairman Karren Brady , Sullivan suggested that Dyer should follow Dean Ashton into retirement ; Sullivan expressed the clubs frustration that Dyer , who was earning £60,000 per week , had only played 18 matches in three years . Dyers hometown club Ipswich Town had expressed an interest in re-signing Dyer , but the move stalled amid reports Dyer had demanded a £1 million pay-off from West Ham ; the media had also speculated about whether Dyer could actually pass a medical . In May 2010 , figures in The Daily Telegraph stated that Dyer , who had made only 22 appearances and had never played a full 90 minutes for West Ham , was the clubs top earner on £83,000-a-week . His deal included £424,000-a-season for image rights and £100,000 in loyalty fees . Dyer was released by West Ham at the end of the 2010–11 season , after costing the club around £450,000 for every match he played in . Return to Ipswich Town ( loan ) . On 11 March 2011 , Dyer returned to his first club , Ipswich Town , on a month-long loan . He was handed the number 30 shirt . He made his second debut for Ipswich at Elland Road against Leeds United on 12 March before being substituted in the second half in a 0–0 draw . In April 2011 , West Ham manager Avram Grant refused a request by Ipswich to retain Dyer until the end of the 2010–11 season , and he returned to West Ham after having made four appearances for Ipswich . Queens Park Rangers . In July 2011 , Dyer signed a one-year contract with Queens Park Rangers . He made his debut on 13 August 2011 , the opening day of the Premier League season , against Bolton Wanderers , but after just three minutes , he was stretchered off with an injured foot . During his recovery , he sustained ligament damage to his foot in a reserve match . This injury required surgery and he was ruled out for the remainder of the season . Because of his injury , Dyer was omitted from QPRs 25-man squad for the second half of the 2011–12 Premier League season . Despite only playing seven minutes of the 2011–12 season , Dyer signed a one-year contract extension with QPR to keep him at the club until the end of the 2012–13 season . Dyer scored his only goal for the club , in stoppage time , on 5 January 2013 , in an FA Cup third round tie against West Bromwich Albion to finish the match 1–1 , his first goal in almost six years . Just three days later , he was released from QPR by manager Harry Redknapp , who said , [ Dyer ] wasnt in my plans . In January 2013 , after his release , Dyer began training with Ipswich Town to maintain fitness while looking for a new club . Middlesbrough and retirement . Dyer had returned to Ipswich following his release from QPR and had returned to training with the Championship side in January 2013 . On 31 January 2013 , Dyer signed a short-term contract with Championship club Middlesbrough . Dyers Middlesbrough debut came on 2 February away at one of his previous clubs , Ipswich Town , with Boro losing 4–0 . On 2 March , Dyer scored his first goal in a 2–1 home win over league leaders Cardiff City , his first league goal since 2007 . On 16 April , in a 1–0 home win over Nottingham Forest , Dyer lasted the 90 minutes for the first time since he joined QPR back in 2010 . At the end of his contract , Dyer was not offered an extension , and he left the club . Dyer returned to Ipswich as an academy coach following his departure from Middlesbrough . He confirmed he had been back training with the first team during the close of the 2012–13 season . There was speculation in the local press at the time that he would soon rejoin for Ipswich , however he was not offered a contract and subsequently retired from playing - but remained at the club as an academy coach . International career . After representing England at Youth , Under 21 and B level , Dyers debut for the senior team came on 4 September 1999 when he started in Englands 6–0 win against Luxembourg . He was deployed out of position at right back , and was replaced by Gary Neville at half-time after injuring himself while setting up Alan Shearers third goal of the match . The injury was not serious and he was able to make his second England appearance four days later , coming on as a late substitute for Steve McManaman in a 0–0 draw with Poland . England qualified for the Euro 2000 competition but Dyer was not selected for the squad for the tournament , though he had recovered from injury and taken part in pre-tournament friendlies against Argentina and Ukraine . Along with a number of other young players who failed to make the squad – including Rio Ferdinand , Frank Lampard , Michael Duberry , Jody Morris and Jonathan Woodgate – Dyer took a drunken holiday to the Cypriot resort of Ayia Napa . The holiday hit the headlines when a video of Dyer , Ferdinand and Lampard having sex with a number of women was leaked to The News of the World . Shortly after the story broke , it was revealed that Dyer had spent a night in hospital after being glassed in the face during a fight in an Ipswich night club . Dyer returned to the England squad for the first game after Euro 2000 for the first qualifier for the 2002 FIFA World Cup , against Germany , the last football match at the original Wembley Stadium . England lost 1–0 , after which manager Kevin Keegan resigned . Despite having played only 45 minutes of football under new manager Sven-Göran Eriksson , Dyer was named in the squad for the 2002 World Cup . Two days after the squad was announced , Dyer suffered knee ligament damage after being tackled by Tahar El Khalej in a league game against Southampton . However , he recovered just in time to remain in the squad . He made three appearances , all as a substitute , in the tournament until England were eliminated in the quarter-finals by eventual champions Brazil . Dyer played in several of Euro 2004 qualifiers but only had seven minutes on the pitch at Euro 2004 , coming on as a late replacement for Wayne Rooney in Englands second group match , against Switzerland . After making some appearances during Englands FIFA World Cup 2006 qualifying Dyers run in the England squad was ended by the recurrence of a hamstring injury while playing against Middlesbrough . After almost two years without making an appearance for England , Dyers form for Newcastle earned him a call up to Steve McClarens England starting line-up for a friendly against Spain in February 2007 . His most recent , and subsequently final , appearance for England came in a 2–1 friendly defeat to Germany in August 2007 , Dyer replacing Alan Smith in the second half . Coaching career . Ipswich Town . Following his retirement from playing , Dyer took up a role as an academy coach at his first club Ipswich Town in 2014 , becoming assistant manager of the under-18 youth team in August 2018 . He departed the club in August 2019 , outlining his intentions to move into first team management . On 26 October 2020 , Ipswich confirmed that Dyer would be returning to the club to become the head coach of the clubs under-23 team . Dyer has since also become more actively involved in first-team affairs since the appointment of new manager Paul Cook in March 2021 , often assisting with coaching and being present in the dugout . Television work . In November 2015 , Dyer was named as a contestant on the fifteenth series of Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! . He came fourth on the show after lasting 21 days . He donated his entire fee to the Jude Brady Foundation . Personal life . In February 2018 , Dyer told the public that at the age of 11 he had been sexually abused by his great uncle Kenny , by then deceased . Honours . Individual - PFA Team of the Year : 1997–98 First Division , 1998–99 First Division , 2002–03 Premier League |
[
"West Ham United",
"Ipswich Town",
"Queens Park Rangers"
] | easy | Which team did the player Kieron Dyer belong to from 2007 to 2013? | /wiki/Kieron_Dyer#P54#2 | Kieron Dyer Kieron Courtney Dyer ( born 29 December 1978 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . He is currently the U23s manager at Ipswich Town . Born in Ipswich , Dyer played youth football for his home club Ipswich Town before going on to make nearly 100 league appearances for the clubs first team . He was sold to Newcastle United for £6 million , at the time the highest fee paid for an Ipswich player , and made nearly 200 appearances for Newcastle between 1999 and 2007 . A move for the same fee to West Ham United followed , but Dyer suffered from various injuries , restricting him to 30 league appearances in four seasons . After a short loan back to Ipswich in March 2011 , he signed for newly promoted club Queens Park Rangers ahead of their 2011–12 Premier League season . However , his time at QPR was again blighted by injuries and he made just eight appearances for the club before being released in January 2013 , spending the rest of the season at Middlesbrough before retiring . Dyer represented England on 33 occasions between 1999 and 2007 . He was a member of the England squads which reached the quarter-finals at the 2002 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2004 . Club career . Ipswich Town . Dyer was born in Ipswich , to an Antiguan father and English mother . Dyers career began with his hometown team , Ipswich Town , whom he signed for as a 17-year-old trainee in 1996 . He broke into the Ipswich first team during his first season at the club , and quickly established a reputation as one of the top youngsters in English football outside of the Premier League . He had spent three years at Portman Road when he requested a transfer in order to further his international prospects following Ipswichs failure to gain promotion to the Premier League through the play-offs in 1999 . Newcastle United . Dyer was sold to Newcastle United in July 1999 for a fee of £6 million , which stood as the record transfer fee received by Ipswich Town until Connor Wickham was sold to Sunderland . He was the only English player signed by Ruud Gullit during his spell as Newcastles manager . Dyer opened his Newcastle goalscoring account at home to local rivals Sunderland , but the match ended in a 2–1 defeat , which saw Gullit resign shortly afterwards . Under Gullits replacement , Bobby Robson , Dyer was a key player in the Newcastle team which finished fourth , third and fifth in the 2001–02 , 2002–03 and 2003–04 Premier League seasons respectively . On 2 April 2005 , Dyer was involved in an on-pitch brawl with teammate Lee Bowyer in Newcastles Premier League match with Aston Villa , and both had to be pulled apart and separated by their teammates and Villa players . This resulted in Dyer and Bowyer receiving red cards , leaving Newcastle with eight men as Steven Taylor had already been sent-off for a deliberate handball . Dyer was handed a three-match ban by the FA for the sending-off ; Bowyer received a four-match ban from the FA and was fined more than six weeks wages – about £200,000 – by Newcastle . Later in April , The FA increased Bowyers ban by three more matches and fined him £30,000 . In 2006 the Newcastle Magistrates court fined Bowyer £600 and ordered him to pay £1,000 costs after he pleaded guilty to sparking the brawl . At the start of the 2005–06 season , Dyer was once again on the injured list , this time with a hamstring injury , preventing his selection for club or country . This followed a close-season in which Newcastle manager Graeme Souness signed a number of other midfield players , including Emre Belözoğlu , Scott Parker , Albert Luque and Nolberto Solano . Dyer returned to first-team action on 4 February 2006 against Portsmouth , Newcastles first match following the departure of Souness . Dyer marked his first start of the season since the opening day against Arsenal with a goal in a FA Cup fifth round match against Southampton on 18 February 2006 . Dyer became the first Newcastle United player to score at the Emirates Stadium in a 1–1 draw with Arsenal on 18 November 2006 . In what was his first start in seven months , Dyer opened the matchs scoring after 30 minutes with his first league goal for Newcastle in over 20 months . He continued his rich vein of form , also scoring against Tottenham Hotspur , Bolton Wanderers , Birmingham City , Aston Villa , AZ and Watford . Following his return from injury , Dyer showed his versatility by playing in central midfield , right midfield and as an attacking midfielder , supporting Obafemi Martins . Dyer was given permission to speak to West Ham United in August 2007 after both clubs agreed an undisclosed transfer fee . On 4 August , West Ham confirmed the deal had fallen through due to Newcastles pulling out of the deal . However , the deal was rectified with Dyer finalising a move to Upton Park . West Ham United . Dyer completed a move to West Ham on 16 August 2007 for £6 million , signing a four-year deal . He made his debut for West Ham in a 1–0 away win at Birmingham City on 18 August 2007 . However , this was one of the few positives in Dyers time at West Ham as he was thereafter blighted by injury . Just ten days after his debut , he was stretchered off after a tackle by Joe Jacobson in a League Cup match against Bristol Rovers that resulted in his right leg being broken in two places . Dyer subsequently missed the rest of the 2007–08 season . His injury was re-assessed in August 2008 , when it was decided that a six-week specialist rehabilitation programme was required before he began pre-season training . During this time , Dyers slow recovery from his injury sparked widespread speculation that his career may be over . On 3 January 2009 , Dyer made his comeback for West Ham after 17 months out , coming on as a second-half substitute against Barnsley in the FA Cup third round tie at the Boleyn Ground . Dyers injuries continued in May 2009 when he was ruled out with a hamstring injury . He played in West Hams first match of the 2009–10 season against Wolverhampton Wanderers , but had problems with injuries after the match . He managed only one more match , away to Blackburn Rovers , before hamstring problems hit again . He returned for two further matches before another injury in September kept him out until returning in a reserve match against Stoke City in November when he scored two goals . After taking over West Ham in January 2010 , David Sullivan revealed the full extent of the clubs debts , which totalled £110 million . Shortly afterwards , in addition to the swingeing cuts being made by vice-chairman Karren Brady , Sullivan suggested that Dyer should follow Dean Ashton into retirement ; Sullivan expressed the clubs frustration that Dyer , who was earning £60,000 per week , had only played 18 matches in three years . Dyers hometown club Ipswich Town had expressed an interest in re-signing Dyer , but the move stalled amid reports Dyer had demanded a £1 million pay-off from West Ham ; the media had also speculated about whether Dyer could actually pass a medical . In May 2010 , figures in The Daily Telegraph stated that Dyer , who had made only 22 appearances and had never played a full 90 minutes for West Ham , was the clubs top earner on £83,000-a-week . His deal included £424,000-a-season for image rights and £100,000 in loyalty fees . Dyer was released by West Ham at the end of the 2010–11 season , after costing the club around £450,000 for every match he played in . Return to Ipswich Town ( loan ) . On 11 March 2011 , Dyer returned to his first club , Ipswich Town , on a month-long loan . He was handed the number 30 shirt . He made his second debut for Ipswich at Elland Road against Leeds United on 12 March before being substituted in the second half in a 0–0 draw . In April 2011 , West Ham manager Avram Grant refused a request by Ipswich to retain Dyer until the end of the 2010–11 season , and he returned to West Ham after having made four appearances for Ipswich . Queens Park Rangers . In July 2011 , Dyer signed a one-year contract with Queens Park Rangers . He made his debut on 13 August 2011 , the opening day of the Premier League season , against Bolton Wanderers , but after just three minutes , he was stretchered off with an injured foot . During his recovery , he sustained ligament damage to his foot in a reserve match . This injury required surgery and he was ruled out for the remainder of the season . Because of his injury , Dyer was omitted from QPRs 25-man squad for the second half of the 2011–12 Premier League season . Despite only playing seven minutes of the 2011–12 season , Dyer signed a one-year contract extension with QPR to keep him at the club until the end of the 2012–13 season . Dyer scored his only goal for the club , in stoppage time , on 5 January 2013 , in an FA Cup third round tie against West Bromwich Albion to finish the match 1–1 , his first goal in almost six years . Just three days later , he was released from QPR by manager Harry Redknapp , who said , [ Dyer ] wasnt in my plans . In January 2013 , after his release , Dyer began training with Ipswich Town to maintain fitness while looking for a new club . Middlesbrough and retirement . Dyer had returned to Ipswich following his release from QPR and had returned to training with the Championship side in January 2013 . On 31 January 2013 , Dyer signed a short-term contract with Championship club Middlesbrough . Dyers Middlesbrough debut came on 2 February away at one of his previous clubs , Ipswich Town , with Boro losing 4–0 . On 2 March , Dyer scored his first goal in a 2–1 home win over league leaders Cardiff City , his first league goal since 2007 . On 16 April , in a 1–0 home win over Nottingham Forest , Dyer lasted the 90 minutes for the first time since he joined QPR back in 2010 . At the end of his contract , Dyer was not offered an extension , and he left the club . Dyer returned to Ipswich as an academy coach following his departure from Middlesbrough . He confirmed he had been back training with the first team during the close of the 2012–13 season . There was speculation in the local press at the time that he would soon rejoin for Ipswich , however he was not offered a contract and subsequently retired from playing - but remained at the club as an academy coach . International career . After representing England at Youth , Under 21 and B level , Dyers debut for the senior team came on 4 September 1999 when he started in Englands 6–0 win against Luxembourg . He was deployed out of position at right back , and was replaced by Gary Neville at half-time after injuring himself while setting up Alan Shearers third goal of the match . The injury was not serious and he was able to make his second England appearance four days later , coming on as a late substitute for Steve McManaman in a 0–0 draw with Poland . England qualified for the Euro 2000 competition but Dyer was not selected for the squad for the tournament , though he had recovered from injury and taken part in pre-tournament friendlies against Argentina and Ukraine . Along with a number of other young players who failed to make the squad – including Rio Ferdinand , Frank Lampard , Michael Duberry , Jody Morris and Jonathan Woodgate – Dyer took a drunken holiday to the Cypriot resort of Ayia Napa . The holiday hit the headlines when a video of Dyer , Ferdinand and Lampard having sex with a number of women was leaked to The News of the World . Shortly after the story broke , it was revealed that Dyer had spent a night in hospital after being glassed in the face during a fight in an Ipswich night club . Dyer returned to the England squad for the first game after Euro 2000 for the first qualifier for the 2002 FIFA World Cup , against Germany , the last football match at the original Wembley Stadium . England lost 1–0 , after which manager Kevin Keegan resigned . Despite having played only 45 minutes of football under new manager Sven-Göran Eriksson , Dyer was named in the squad for the 2002 World Cup . Two days after the squad was announced , Dyer suffered knee ligament damage after being tackled by Tahar El Khalej in a league game against Southampton . However , he recovered just in time to remain in the squad . He made three appearances , all as a substitute , in the tournament until England were eliminated in the quarter-finals by eventual champions Brazil . Dyer played in several of Euro 2004 qualifiers but only had seven minutes on the pitch at Euro 2004 , coming on as a late replacement for Wayne Rooney in Englands second group match , against Switzerland . After making some appearances during Englands FIFA World Cup 2006 qualifying Dyers run in the England squad was ended by the recurrence of a hamstring injury while playing against Middlesbrough . After almost two years without making an appearance for England , Dyers form for Newcastle earned him a call up to Steve McClarens England starting line-up for a friendly against Spain in February 2007 . His most recent , and subsequently final , appearance for England came in a 2–1 friendly defeat to Germany in August 2007 , Dyer replacing Alan Smith in the second half . Coaching career . Ipswich Town . Following his retirement from playing , Dyer took up a role as an academy coach at his first club Ipswich Town in 2014 , becoming assistant manager of the under-18 youth team in August 2018 . He departed the club in August 2019 , outlining his intentions to move into first team management . On 26 October 2020 , Ipswich confirmed that Dyer would be returning to the club to become the head coach of the clubs under-23 team . Dyer has since also become more actively involved in first-team affairs since the appointment of new manager Paul Cook in March 2021 , often assisting with coaching and being present in the dugout . Television work . In November 2015 , Dyer was named as a contestant on the fifteenth series of Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! . He came fourth on the show after lasting 21 days . He donated his entire fee to the Jude Brady Foundation . Personal life . In February 2018 , Dyer told the public that at the age of 11 he had been sexually abused by his great uncle Kenny , by then deceased . Honours . Individual - PFA Team of the Year : 1997–98 First Division , 1998–99 First Division , 2002–03 Premier League |
[
"Bombing Squadron 144 ( VB-144 )"
] | easy | Patrol Squadron 4 (United States Navy) was officially named what from Jul 1943 to Oct 1944? | /wiki/Patrol_Squadron_4_(United_States_Navy)#P1448#0 | Patrol Squadron 4 ( United States Navy ) Patrol Squadron Four ( VP-4 ) is a U.S . Navy land-based patrol squadron based at the Naval Air Station Whidbey Island , Oak Harbor , Washington , which is tasked to undertake maritime patrol , anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) , and intelligence , surveillance and reconnaissance ( ISR ) missions flying the Boeing P-8 Poseidon . The squadron was originally established as Bombing Squadron 144 ( VB-144 ) on 1 July 1943 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 144 ( VPB-144 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 144 ( VP-144 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Medium Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) 4 ( VP-ML-4 ) on 15 November 1946 and redesignated Patrol Squadron FOUR ( VP-4 ) on 1 September 1948 . It is the second squadron to be designated VP-4 , the first VP-4 was redesignated VP-22 on 1 July 1939 . History . VB-144 was established at NAS Alameda , California on 1 July 1943 , as a squadron flying the PV-1 Ventura , by 14 August The squadron completed training and boarded for transport to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . Upon arrival the squadron began an intensive period of combat training and operational patrols over the ocean near the Hawaiian Islands . On 9 January 1944 VB-144 was transferred to Hawkins Field , Tarawa , where combat patrols commenced as soon as the squadron was checked in and assigned space for the crews and aircraft . On 1 February 1944 , the squadron was relocated to Dyess Field , Roi Island , from which bombing missions were carried out against Japanese installations in the Gilbert , Marshall and Eastern Caroline island chains . On 30 March 1944 VB-144 was transferred back to Tarawa , leaving a three-aircraft detachment at Dyess Field , which was engaged in strikes on 1 April 1944 against enemy positions at Wotje Atoll and Jaluit Atoll that continued through June . On 4 April 1944 , the increasing tempo of operations at Dyess Field resulted in the deployment of a second detachment of VB-144 aircraft to Roi Island and by 1 September the remainder of the squadron was transferred to Dyess . On 30 September 1944 VB-144 was transferred to NAS Kaneohe Bay and was redesignated VPB-144 while preparing for return to the continental United States . On 1 November 1944 VPB-144 was reformed for training at NAS Whidbey Island , Washington . The squadron was reequipped with the newer PV-2 Harpoon . On 3 March 1945 , the squadron commenced training in air-to-ground attack continued at NAS Moffett Field , California . From 8–15 April 1945 VPB-144 squadron personnel and equipment were loaded aboard for transport to Naval Base Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , arriving on 15 April . Upon arrival , the squadron was based at NAS Kaneohe Bay , where a combat training syllabus of several weeks was undertaken . From 11–23 May 1945 a detachment of squadron aircraft and crews was flown to Midway Island to provide combat air patrol coverage . On 23 May 1944 , the detachment was increased to nine aircraft . On 24 May 1945 two of the crews sent to Midway earlier returned to NAS Kaneohe Bay . The remainder of the detachment followed , rejoining the rest of the squadron on 12 June 1944 . On 27 June 1945 VPB-144 was transferred to Eniwetok , via Johnston Atoll and Majuro . The squadron was placed under the operational control of TF 96.1 . Sector and photographic reconnaissance patrols were conducted over Wake and Ponape islands . By 12 September 1945 , problems with malaria on Wake Island became so severe that the aircraft of VPB-144 were fitted with sprayers to cover the island with DDT . On 15 September 1945 flights were conducted over Kusaie , Ponape and the Caroline Islands as a show of force to the remaining Japanese troops who had not yet surrendered . By 15 May 1946 : Squadron assets remained at NAB Tinian but all personnel were rotated back to the U.S. , leaving the squadron in a caretaker status . In September 1946 the squadron was retained on the Navy roster , but was placed in an inactive status at NAS North Island , California , under FAW-14 . In Nov 1947 the squadron was reactivated as VP-ML-4 at NAS Miramar , California , with a complement of 14 officers and 59 enlisted men . An SNB-5 was utilized for flight training until the arrival of the squadrons first operational aircraft , the P2V-1 Neptune , in mid-December 1947 . VP-4 conducted an aerial photographic survey of Southeastern Alaska from Annette Island and began regular rotation tours to NAS Kodiak , Alaska from NAS Whidbey Island . Following the start of the Korean War , the squadron was deployed to NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii . in July , 1950 , developing aerial mining capabilities and remained there until its return to Whidbey Island in January , 1951 . During this deployment , Aircraft BuNo 39340 , SC-3 was lost with five crewmen during a rocket firing training exercise off Kaena Point . The squadron was redeployed to NAS Barbers Point in mid 1951 and from there to NAS Kodiak in September , returning to NAS Whidbey Island in late December of that year . In April 1952 , VP-4 again was deployed to NAS Barbers Point and from there to NAS Agana , Guam in September . The squadron returned to NAS Whidbey Island in January 1953 , having turned in its P2V-2s and receiving P2V-5s in February . VP-4 remained in NAS Whidbey Island until November 1953 and was then transferred to Kadena Air Base and subsequently to NAF Naha , Okinawa , where the squadron flew shipping patrols in the vicinity of Taiwan . The squadron returned to NAS Whidbey Islandin mid-1954 . In 1956 , VP-4 was relocated to NAF Naha , from this base , the squadron flew reconnaissance and Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) missions to counter the Communist Chinese threat to the islands of Matsu and Quemoy . In 1964 , the squadron marked its fourth year of operational excellence with three Commander , Naval Air Forces Pacific ( COMNAVAIRPAC ) Navy Battle E Awards , three Chief of Naval Operations ( CNO ) Safety Awards , and four Arnold J . Isbell ASW Awards . In April 1964 , VP-4 returned to NAS Barbers Point , from there , the squadron made numerous deployments to Southeast Asia in support of the Vietnam War . It was on one of these deployments in 1965 when the squadron logo was changed from the Okinawa-era Neptune design to a Hawaiian-inspired Black Griffin . The logo caused some confusion on the part of waitresses in the local Officers Club , who remarked that it more closely resembled a Skinny Dragon and the new nickname was quickly adopted . In 1966 , the VP-4 began transitioning from the SP-2H Neptune to the P-3A Orion . Following completion of the transition , VP-4 became the first Hawaii-based squadron to deploy P-3As to NAS Adak , Alaska in 1969 . In 1972 , VP-4 was awarded the Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation for its efforts during Operations Market Time and Yankee Team . During the 1975 deployment to NAS Cubi Point , Philippines VP-4 participated in the Operation Frequent Wind , the evacuation of South Vietnam and the Mayaguez recovery operation , and in 1976 saw detachment operations to NAS Agana , Guam during which the squadron participated in Australias Kangaroo II fleet exercise . In July 1978 , VP-4 assumed the Guam Detachment and simultaneously conducted operations that stretched around the world including locations as distant as : NAS Cubi Point ; NAS Barbers Point ; NAS Moffett Field , California ; NAS Brunswick , Maine and NAS Sigonella , Italy . VP-4 finished transitioning to the P-3B ( MOD ) , or SUPER BEE in May 1979 . The squadron then started a work up period for its next NAS Cubi Point deployment , which began in November 1979 . While assigned to COMNAVAIRPAC , VP-4 was awarded the Navy Battle E Award for operational excellence for the cycle from 1 January 1979 to 30 June 1980 . During the height of the Cold War , VP-4 fought on the front lines . Making numerous deployments to NAS Cubi Point ; Diego Garcia ; Kadena Air Base and Misawa Air Base , Japan ; NAS Adak , Alaska and numerous other remote detachment sites , the squadron located , tracked and collected vital intelligence on Soviet ballistic missile and attack submarines . This era in VP-4s history is marked by a number of firsts including becoming the first squadron at NAS Barbers Point to transition to the P-3C , the first NAS Barbers Point squadron to deploy to Diego Garcia ( May 1980 ) , and the first Hawaii squadron to deploy with P-3Cs to NAS Adak . VP-4s operational excellence and contributions to the Cold War were recognized in 1987 in once again earning the Navy Battle E Award . Additionally , during this time , the squadrons concern for the safety and welfare of its Sailors was marked by surpassing 100,000 hours of mishap-free flying and earning back-to-back Golden Anchor Retention Excellence awards in 1987 and 1988 . In 1988 VP-4 returned to Hawaii where they participated in numerous exercises , including Exercise RIMPAC . In 1989 VP-4 completed a highly deployment to NAS Adak , conducting numerous ASW operations and participating in PACIFIC EXERCISE-89 , the largest Naval exercise since World War II . Deploying to Diego Garcia in November 1990 , VP-4 quickly established a detachment at RAFO Masirah , Oman to enforce the United Nations Embargo against Iraq during Operation Desert Shield . By early January 1991 , 179 missions had challenged 3,669 merchant vessels . The embargo gave way to Battle Force Protection as war was declared on 17 January 1991 . Flying 279 combat missions and 2,779 flight hours in the Persian Gulf in support of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm , VP-4 provided detection and targeting , resulting in the total destruction of the Iraqi Navy . Upon returning home to Hawaii , VP-4 learned that it had again received the Chief of Naval Operations Golden Anchor and the Commander , Patrol Wings Pacific ( COMPATWINGSPAC ) Golden Orion for retention excellence . In November 1993 , VP-4 deployed to Misawa AB , Japan , and established a permanent detachment at Kadena AB , Okinawa . While on deployment , VP-4 received the 1993 Chief of Naval Operations Aviation Safety Award for a Pacific Fleet Maritime Patrol Squadron , the Commander , US 7th Fleet Award and the Captain Arnold Jay Isbell Trophy , both for Anti-Submarine Warfare ( ASW ) excellence . After completing a home training cycle , VP-4 conducted a split-site deployment to Misawa AB and Kadena AB in 1995 . During this deployment the squadron flew around the clock for seventeen straight days during the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis , providing intelligence support and protection against anti-surface and subsurface threats to both the and carrier battle groups . In early 1997 , VP-4 completed a quad-site deployment to Diego Garcia ; Masirah , Oman ; Manama , Bahrain , and Kadena AB , Japan . While on deployment , VP-4 aircrew and maintenance personnel conducted the first permanent detachment in the Persian Gulf . In addition , VP-4 acted as the armed patrol aircraft detachment from Doha , Qatar , flying 21 straight days with weapons and exercised the first 24-hour armed ready alert Maritime Patrol Aviation ( MPA ) posture in the Persian Gulf . VP-4 acted as the fleets eyes in the sky in support of Maritime Interdiction Operations ( MIO ) , enforcing United Nations Security Council Resolutions ( UNSCRs ) and the Iraqi Oil for Food program . In 1998 , pursuant to the BRAC decision to close NAS Barbers Point , VP-4 relocated to NAS Kaneohe Bay , now known as Marine Corps Base Hawaii . In December 1998 , VP-4 again deployed to six sites around the Middle East , during their deployment , the squadron participated in three combat operations : Operation Desert Fox , where they were awarded the Navy Unit Commendation ; Operation Southern Watch , where VP-4 triggered the initial strike and delivered pre and post-strike imagery ; and Operations Allied Force/Noble Anvil in Kosovo , which resulted in VP-4s Combat Air Crew 10 being awarded eleven ( 11 ) Air Medals . In home waters that same year , VP-4 also hosted 35 countries during RIMPAC 98 . VP-4 was the first VP squadron to introduce the P-3C Anti-Surface Warfare Improvement Program ( P-3C AIP ) aircraft to the Fleet . VP-4 proved AIPs power during deployment by supporting three aircraft carrier battle groups in the Persian Gulf and becoming the first squadron to achieve reliable AIP imagery transfer . VP-4 was also the first squadron in the US 7th Fleet to fire the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-surface missile from a P-3C AIP aircraft . In November 1999 , VP-4 flew to NAS North Island , California to participate in Joint Fleet Exercise ( JTFEX/FLEETEX ) . While at JTFEX/FLEETEX , the squadron participated in 23 events , including AIP and AGM-84 Standoff Land Attack Missile ( SLAM ) demo flights . In June 2000 , VP-4 conducted a WESTPAC deployment with detachments in 13 countries and participating in 27 multi-national exercises . The squadron also saved 22 lives in various Search and Rescue ( SAR ) operations within the Seventh Fleet’s Area of Responsibility ( AOR ) . The squadron was again honored with the Navy Battle E Award in 2000 , the third such award in five years . Following the September 11 attacks , VP-4 deployed to the US Central Command ( USCENTCOM ) AOR under Commander , Task Force 57 ( CTF 57 ) , a subordinate element of US Naval Forces Central Command ( USNAVCENT ) /US 5th Fleet . VP-4 conducted overland operations above Afghanistan flying armed reconnaissance missions and over the waters of the Middle East conducting Leadership Interdiction Operations in the first days of Operation Enduring Freedom . Over Afghanistan , VP-4 aircraft provided commanders a birds eye view of the terrain where US special operations forces ( SOF ) were operating to dislodge Taliban and Al-Qaeda fighters from their mountainous hideouts . VP-4 also played a pivotal role in Operation Anaconda , the largest land battle in Afghanistan to that date . Over water , aircrews were instrumental in operations to intercept and cut-off fleeing Taliban and Al-Qaeda fighters . For their efforts , VP-4 was once again recognized with the 2002 Commander , Naval Air Force Pacific Battle E Award as the top P-3 squadron in the Pacific Fleet . During their 2003 deployment , VP-4 continued to support Operation Enduring Freedom against terrorist factions in the Philippines , providing critical real-time intelligence . These missions highlighted the expanse of Coalition operations against Al-Qaeda and Al-Qaeda backed terrorists . VP-4 also had the opportunity to conduct the P-3Cs primary mission , ASW , against diesel and nuclear powered submarines , completing this deployment by flying over 4,000 mishap-free flight hours and completing over 800 missions . In 2005 , VP-4 successfully completed a wartime deployment to the Middle East and Western Pacific , carrying out a wide variety of missions ranging from humanitarian assistance and disaster relief support missions to the Indian Ocean tsunami victims , to direct support of ground combat operations in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan . In December 2006 , the squadron deployed to Misawa AB and Kadena AB , and to the Philippines , in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in the Philippines . This was followed by a return to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in November 2008 . On this deployment , VP-4 supplied detachments in support of numerous joint and multinational exercises at RAF Lakenheath , United Kingdom ; RAF Kinloss , Scotland ; and NAS Sigonella , Sicily . This experience proved invaluable during the ensuing interdeployment readiness cycle , when VP-4 successfully planned , hosted , and executed the worlds largest joint , multinational military exercise , RIMPAC 2010 . Following completion of a series of detachment operations , VP-4 departed MCB Kaneohe Bay for a split site deployment in November 2010 , supporting assets in both the US 5th Fleet and US 7th Fleet AORs . Following the catastrophic 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami of 11 March 2011 , VP-4 forward-deployed to Misawa AB in fewer than 24 hours and re-established CTG 72.4 as an operational entity and the first US aviation unit on station for Operation Tomodachi , with VP-4 subsequently providing 254 flight hours of humanitarian and disaster relief support to the Japanese people . In November 2012 , VP-4 was deployed to the US 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean , operating from NAS Sigonella , NS Rota , Spain and numerous other locations in support of US Naval Forces Europe , US Naval Forces Africa , NATO and Unified Combatant Commanders . As of 2013 , the squadron has surpassed over 40 years of mishap-free flying , with over 254,000 flight hours . VP-4 deployed in the Fifth and Sixth fleet from June 2014 to February 2015 . The squadron began deployment with an operational detachment to Keflavik , Iceland , in support of emergent Theater ASW tasking . Additionally , VP-4 provided support to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons , enabling the safe destruction of chemical weapons in the international waters of the Mediterranean Sea . VP-4 simultaneously took part in 5 exercises located in Bulgaria , Finland , Spain and Turkey . VP-4 returned home in February 2015 to prepare for what would be their final P-3C Orion deployment . In March 2016 , VP-4 departed Oahu for the last time as a Hawaii squadron . Their Aloha Deployment was a busy one that saw personnel spread across three continents and twelve different countries . While on deployment , VP-4 executed a Permanent Duty Station Change ( PDSC ) to Naval Air Station Whidbey Island , returning home in September . VP-4 become the first squadron at NAS Whidbey Island to covert to the P-8 Poseidon in October 2016 . On April 2 , 2018 the squadron departed for Kadena Air Base , Okinawa , Japan for its inaugural deployment . Operations . Vietnam War . Starting 26 March 1965 , the squadron began a split-site deployment to MCAS Iwakuni , Japan , with detachments at various dates located at Naval Air Facility Tan Son Nhut Air Base , South Vietnam ; Naval Station Sangley Point and NAS Cubi Point , Philippines . 31 January 1967 : The squadron again deployed to WestPac at Iwakuni , Japan , and provided support to Task Force 72 during Operation Market Time ( coastal patrols off the coasts of South Vietnam ) . Detachments were maintained at NS Sangley Point and NAF Naha , Okinawa . Upon completion of deployment , Commander Patrol Forces , Seventh Fleet presented the squadron a letter of commendation for its support of operations and assistance in the destruction of an enemy trawler carrying arms destined for the Viet Cong . 17 April 1967 : A VP-4 P-3A Orion flying patrol off the coast of Korea was fired upon by an infiltrating North Korean speedboat . The damaged aircraft landed safely after reporting the vessels location . South Korean forces sank the intruder shortly thereafter . Lieutenant Commander C . W . Larzelere III , the PPC , received a Navy Commendation Medal for his handling of the emergency while under fire . 28 April 1967 : A VP-4 P-3A Orion ( BuNo . 151365 ) flown by Lieutenant C . D . Burton was lost at sea with all hands off the coast of Tsushima Island , Japan . 1 August 1968 : VP-4 was deployed to WestPac under FAW-6 at Iwakuni , Japan . Patrols were conducted in the South China Sea , Sea of Japan , Korea , the Philippine Islands and Guam . Detachments were sent to Cam Ranh Bay , in support of Yankee Team and Market Time operations . Yankee Team was a joint U.S . Air Force and U.S . Navy operation begun in 1963 that provided low-level aerial reconnaissance of suspected Communist infiltration routes in eastern and southern Laos . Desert Shield/Desert Storm . On 10 November 1990 , as a normal rotation , NAS Barbers Point based VP-4 ( with P-3C Update Is ) relieved VP-1 at Diego Garcia and RAFO Al Masirah . VP-4 C.O . Commander Bob Cunningham , took over CTG 72.8 and his X.O . Commander Carlos Badger , assumed the detachment ( det ) . at RAFO Al Masirah . During one 34-hour period , P-3s provided the detection and target locating information that resulted in a substantial reduction in the Iraqi Navys offense of capability . A group of 15 Iraqi vessels heading for Maridim Island , an outpost in Kuwaiti hands was detected by VP-4s Crew Five , who vectored strike aircraft against the force , resulting in five ships sunk and seven more damaged . This effort ended what would be Iraqis last seaborne assault . Hours later , VP-4s Crew 2 detected a group of Iraqi vessels attempting a rapid transit from Iraqi ports around Bubiyan Island , apparently trying to reach the safety of Iranian territorial waters . P-3s from VPs 4 , 19 , and 45 provided the target locations for the strike aircraft which destroyed 11 Iraqi vessels in what has been named the Battle of Bubiyan . Between 25–27 March 2006 , a series of anti-submarine warfare exercises were held in Hawaiian waters that included Carrier Strike Group Nine , the nuclear-powered attack submarines , , , , and , as well as land-based P-3 Orions from patrol squadrons VP-9 , and VP-47 , and VP-4 . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - PV-1 – July 1943 - PV-2 – July 1945 - P2V-1 – September 1947 - P2V-2 – January 1948 - P2V-5 – March 1953 - P2V-5F – March 1956 - P2V-7/SP-2H – September 1962 - P-3A – October 1966 - P-3B-MOD ( Super Bee ) – February 1979 - P-3C – March 1984 - P-3C UI – November 1989 - P-3C UIIIR – 1992 - P-8A – October 2016 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Alameda , California – 1 July 1943 - Naval Air Station Whidbey Island , Washington – 1 November 1944 - NAB Eniwetok – 27 June 1945 - NAB Tinian – 1946 - NAS North Island , California – September 1946 - NAS Miramar , California – November 1947 - Naval Air Station Whidbey Island – January 1948 - NAF Naha , Okinawa – 13 August 1956 - NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii – November 1963 - Marine Corps Base Hawaii – 1998 - Naval Air Station Whidbey Island – September 2016 |
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"Patrol Bombing Squadron 144 ( VPB-144 )"
] | easy | What was the official name of Patrol Squadron 4 (United States Navy) from Oct 1944 to May 1946? | /wiki/Patrol_Squadron_4_(United_States_Navy)#P1448#1 | Patrol Squadron 4 ( United States Navy ) Patrol Squadron Four ( VP-4 ) is a U.S . Navy land-based patrol squadron based at the Naval Air Station Whidbey Island , Oak Harbor , Washington , which is tasked to undertake maritime patrol , anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) , and intelligence , surveillance and reconnaissance ( ISR ) missions flying the Boeing P-8 Poseidon . The squadron was originally established as Bombing Squadron 144 ( VB-144 ) on 1 July 1943 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 144 ( VPB-144 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 144 ( VP-144 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Medium Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) 4 ( VP-ML-4 ) on 15 November 1946 and redesignated Patrol Squadron FOUR ( VP-4 ) on 1 September 1948 . It is the second squadron to be designated VP-4 , the first VP-4 was redesignated VP-22 on 1 July 1939 . History . VB-144 was established at NAS Alameda , California on 1 July 1943 , as a squadron flying the PV-1 Ventura , by 14 August The squadron completed training and boarded for transport to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . Upon arrival the squadron began an intensive period of combat training and operational patrols over the ocean near the Hawaiian Islands . On 9 January 1944 VB-144 was transferred to Hawkins Field , Tarawa , where combat patrols commenced as soon as the squadron was checked in and assigned space for the crews and aircraft . On 1 February 1944 , the squadron was relocated to Dyess Field , Roi Island , from which bombing missions were carried out against Japanese installations in the Gilbert , Marshall and Eastern Caroline island chains . On 30 March 1944 VB-144 was transferred back to Tarawa , leaving a three-aircraft detachment at Dyess Field , which was engaged in strikes on 1 April 1944 against enemy positions at Wotje Atoll and Jaluit Atoll that continued through June . On 4 April 1944 , the increasing tempo of operations at Dyess Field resulted in the deployment of a second detachment of VB-144 aircraft to Roi Island and by 1 September the remainder of the squadron was transferred to Dyess . On 30 September 1944 VB-144 was transferred to NAS Kaneohe Bay and was redesignated VPB-144 while preparing for return to the continental United States . On 1 November 1944 VPB-144 was reformed for training at NAS Whidbey Island , Washington . The squadron was reequipped with the newer PV-2 Harpoon . On 3 March 1945 , the squadron commenced training in air-to-ground attack continued at NAS Moffett Field , California . From 8–15 April 1945 VPB-144 squadron personnel and equipment were loaded aboard for transport to Naval Base Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , arriving on 15 April . Upon arrival , the squadron was based at NAS Kaneohe Bay , where a combat training syllabus of several weeks was undertaken . From 11–23 May 1945 a detachment of squadron aircraft and crews was flown to Midway Island to provide combat air patrol coverage . On 23 May 1944 , the detachment was increased to nine aircraft . On 24 May 1945 two of the crews sent to Midway earlier returned to NAS Kaneohe Bay . The remainder of the detachment followed , rejoining the rest of the squadron on 12 June 1944 . On 27 June 1945 VPB-144 was transferred to Eniwetok , via Johnston Atoll and Majuro . The squadron was placed under the operational control of TF 96.1 . Sector and photographic reconnaissance patrols were conducted over Wake and Ponape islands . By 12 September 1945 , problems with malaria on Wake Island became so severe that the aircraft of VPB-144 were fitted with sprayers to cover the island with DDT . On 15 September 1945 flights were conducted over Kusaie , Ponape and the Caroline Islands as a show of force to the remaining Japanese troops who had not yet surrendered . By 15 May 1946 : Squadron assets remained at NAB Tinian but all personnel were rotated back to the U.S. , leaving the squadron in a caretaker status . In September 1946 the squadron was retained on the Navy roster , but was placed in an inactive status at NAS North Island , California , under FAW-14 . In Nov 1947 the squadron was reactivated as VP-ML-4 at NAS Miramar , California , with a complement of 14 officers and 59 enlisted men . An SNB-5 was utilized for flight training until the arrival of the squadrons first operational aircraft , the P2V-1 Neptune , in mid-December 1947 . VP-4 conducted an aerial photographic survey of Southeastern Alaska from Annette Island and began regular rotation tours to NAS Kodiak , Alaska from NAS Whidbey Island . Following the start of the Korean War , the squadron was deployed to NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii . in July , 1950 , developing aerial mining capabilities and remained there until its return to Whidbey Island in January , 1951 . During this deployment , Aircraft BuNo 39340 , SC-3 was lost with five crewmen during a rocket firing training exercise off Kaena Point . The squadron was redeployed to NAS Barbers Point in mid 1951 and from there to NAS Kodiak in September , returning to NAS Whidbey Island in late December of that year . In April 1952 , VP-4 again was deployed to NAS Barbers Point and from there to NAS Agana , Guam in September . The squadron returned to NAS Whidbey Island in January 1953 , having turned in its P2V-2s and receiving P2V-5s in February . VP-4 remained in NAS Whidbey Island until November 1953 and was then transferred to Kadena Air Base and subsequently to NAF Naha , Okinawa , where the squadron flew shipping patrols in the vicinity of Taiwan . The squadron returned to NAS Whidbey Islandin mid-1954 . In 1956 , VP-4 was relocated to NAF Naha , from this base , the squadron flew reconnaissance and Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) missions to counter the Communist Chinese threat to the islands of Matsu and Quemoy . In 1964 , the squadron marked its fourth year of operational excellence with three Commander , Naval Air Forces Pacific ( COMNAVAIRPAC ) Navy Battle E Awards , three Chief of Naval Operations ( CNO ) Safety Awards , and four Arnold J . Isbell ASW Awards . In April 1964 , VP-4 returned to NAS Barbers Point , from there , the squadron made numerous deployments to Southeast Asia in support of the Vietnam War . It was on one of these deployments in 1965 when the squadron logo was changed from the Okinawa-era Neptune design to a Hawaiian-inspired Black Griffin . The logo caused some confusion on the part of waitresses in the local Officers Club , who remarked that it more closely resembled a Skinny Dragon and the new nickname was quickly adopted . In 1966 , the VP-4 began transitioning from the SP-2H Neptune to the P-3A Orion . Following completion of the transition , VP-4 became the first Hawaii-based squadron to deploy P-3As to NAS Adak , Alaska in 1969 . In 1972 , VP-4 was awarded the Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation for its efforts during Operations Market Time and Yankee Team . During the 1975 deployment to NAS Cubi Point , Philippines VP-4 participated in the Operation Frequent Wind , the evacuation of South Vietnam and the Mayaguez recovery operation , and in 1976 saw detachment operations to NAS Agana , Guam during which the squadron participated in Australias Kangaroo II fleet exercise . In July 1978 , VP-4 assumed the Guam Detachment and simultaneously conducted operations that stretched around the world including locations as distant as : NAS Cubi Point ; NAS Barbers Point ; NAS Moffett Field , California ; NAS Brunswick , Maine and NAS Sigonella , Italy . VP-4 finished transitioning to the P-3B ( MOD ) , or SUPER BEE in May 1979 . The squadron then started a work up period for its next NAS Cubi Point deployment , which began in November 1979 . While assigned to COMNAVAIRPAC , VP-4 was awarded the Navy Battle E Award for operational excellence for the cycle from 1 January 1979 to 30 June 1980 . During the height of the Cold War , VP-4 fought on the front lines . Making numerous deployments to NAS Cubi Point ; Diego Garcia ; Kadena Air Base and Misawa Air Base , Japan ; NAS Adak , Alaska and numerous other remote detachment sites , the squadron located , tracked and collected vital intelligence on Soviet ballistic missile and attack submarines . This era in VP-4s history is marked by a number of firsts including becoming the first squadron at NAS Barbers Point to transition to the P-3C , the first NAS Barbers Point squadron to deploy to Diego Garcia ( May 1980 ) , and the first Hawaii squadron to deploy with P-3Cs to NAS Adak . VP-4s operational excellence and contributions to the Cold War were recognized in 1987 in once again earning the Navy Battle E Award . Additionally , during this time , the squadrons concern for the safety and welfare of its Sailors was marked by surpassing 100,000 hours of mishap-free flying and earning back-to-back Golden Anchor Retention Excellence awards in 1987 and 1988 . In 1988 VP-4 returned to Hawaii where they participated in numerous exercises , including Exercise RIMPAC . In 1989 VP-4 completed a highly deployment to NAS Adak , conducting numerous ASW operations and participating in PACIFIC EXERCISE-89 , the largest Naval exercise since World War II . Deploying to Diego Garcia in November 1990 , VP-4 quickly established a detachment at RAFO Masirah , Oman to enforce the United Nations Embargo against Iraq during Operation Desert Shield . By early January 1991 , 179 missions had challenged 3,669 merchant vessels . The embargo gave way to Battle Force Protection as war was declared on 17 January 1991 . Flying 279 combat missions and 2,779 flight hours in the Persian Gulf in support of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm , VP-4 provided detection and targeting , resulting in the total destruction of the Iraqi Navy . Upon returning home to Hawaii , VP-4 learned that it had again received the Chief of Naval Operations Golden Anchor and the Commander , Patrol Wings Pacific ( COMPATWINGSPAC ) Golden Orion for retention excellence . In November 1993 , VP-4 deployed to Misawa AB , Japan , and established a permanent detachment at Kadena AB , Okinawa . While on deployment , VP-4 received the 1993 Chief of Naval Operations Aviation Safety Award for a Pacific Fleet Maritime Patrol Squadron , the Commander , US 7th Fleet Award and the Captain Arnold Jay Isbell Trophy , both for Anti-Submarine Warfare ( ASW ) excellence . After completing a home training cycle , VP-4 conducted a split-site deployment to Misawa AB and Kadena AB in 1995 . During this deployment the squadron flew around the clock for seventeen straight days during the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis , providing intelligence support and protection against anti-surface and subsurface threats to both the and carrier battle groups . In early 1997 , VP-4 completed a quad-site deployment to Diego Garcia ; Masirah , Oman ; Manama , Bahrain , and Kadena AB , Japan . While on deployment , VP-4 aircrew and maintenance personnel conducted the first permanent detachment in the Persian Gulf . In addition , VP-4 acted as the armed patrol aircraft detachment from Doha , Qatar , flying 21 straight days with weapons and exercised the first 24-hour armed ready alert Maritime Patrol Aviation ( MPA ) posture in the Persian Gulf . VP-4 acted as the fleets eyes in the sky in support of Maritime Interdiction Operations ( MIO ) , enforcing United Nations Security Council Resolutions ( UNSCRs ) and the Iraqi Oil for Food program . In 1998 , pursuant to the BRAC decision to close NAS Barbers Point , VP-4 relocated to NAS Kaneohe Bay , now known as Marine Corps Base Hawaii . In December 1998 , VP-4 again deployed to six sites around the Middle East , during their deployment , the squadron participated in three combat operations : Operation Desert Fox , where they were awarded the Navy Unit Commendation ; Operation Southern Watch , where VP-4 triggered the initial strike and delivered pre and post-strike imagery ; and Operations Allied Force/Noble Anvil in Kosovo , which resulted in VP-4s Combat Air Crew 10 being awarded eleven ( 11 ) Air Medals . In home waters that same year , VP-4 also hosted 35 countries during RIMPAC 98 . VP-4 was the first VP squadron to introduce the P-3C Anti-Surface Warfare Improvement Program ( P-3C AIP ) aircraft to the Fleet . VP-4 proved AIPs power during deployment by supporting three aircraft carrier battle groups in the Persian Gulf and becoming the first squadron to achieve reliable AIP imagery transfer . VP-4 was also the first squadron in the US 7th Fleet to fire the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-surface missile from a P-3C AIP aircraft . In November 1999 , VP-4 flew to NAS North Island , California to participate in Joint Fleet Exercise ( JTFEX/FLEETEX ) . While at JTFEX/FLEETEX , the squadron participated in 23 events , including AIP and AGM-84 Standoff Land Attack Missile ( SLAM ) demo flights . In June 2000 , VP-4 conducted a WESTPAC deployment with detachments in 13 countries and participating in 27 multi-national exercises . The squadron also saved 22 lives in various Search and Rescue ( SAR ) operations within the Seventh Fleet’s Area of Responsibility ( AOR ) . The squadron was again honored with the Navy Battle E Award in 2000 , the third such award in five years . Following the September 11 attacks , VP-4 deployed to the US Central Command ( USCENTCOM ) AOR under Commander , Task Force 57 ( CTF 57 ) , a subordinate element of US Naval Forces Central Command ( USNAVCENT ) /US 5th Fleet . VP-4 conducted overland operations above Afghanistan flying armed reconnaissance missions and over the waters of the Middle East conducting Leadership Interdiction Operations in the first days of Operation Enduring Freedom . Over Afghanistan , VP-4 aircraft provided commanders a birds eye view of the terrain where US special operations forces ( SOF ) were operating to dislodge Taliban and Al-Qaeda fighters from their mountainous hideouts . VP-4 also played a pivotal role in Operation Anaconda , the largest land battle in Afghanistan to that date . Over water , aircrews were instrumental in operations to intercept and cut-off fleeing Taliban and Al-Qaeda fighters . For their efforts , VP-4 was once again recognized with the 2002 Commander , Naval Air Force Pacific Battle E Award as the top P-3 squadron in the Pacific Fleet . During their 2003 deployment , VP-4 continued to support Operation Enduring Freedom against terrorist factions in the Philippines , providing critical real-time intelligence . These missions highlighted the expanse of Coalition operations against Al-Qaeda and Al-Qaeda backed terrorists . VP-4 also had the opportunity to conduct the P-3Cs primary mission , ASW , against diesel and nuclear powered submarines , completing this deployment by flying over 4,000 mishap-free flight hours and completing over 800 missions . In 2005 , VP-4 successfully completed a wartime deployment to the Middle East and Western Pacific , carrying out a wide variety of missions ranging from humanitarian assistance and disaster relief support missions to the Indian Ocean tsunami victims , to direct support of ground combat operations in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan . In December 2006 , the squadron deployed to Misawa AB and Kadena AB , and to the Philippines , in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in the Philippines . This was followed by a return to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in November 2008 . On this deployment , VP-4 supplied detachments in support of numerous joint and multinational exercises at RAF Lakenheath , United Kingdom ; RAF Kinloss , Scotland ; and NAS Sigonella , Sicily . This experience proved invaluable during the ensuing interdeployment readiness cycle , when VP-4 successfully planned , hosted , and executed the worlds largest joint , multinational military exercise , RIMPAC 2010 . Following completion of a series of detachment operations , VP-4 departed MCB Kaneohe Bay for a split site deployment in November 2010 , supporting assets in both the US 5th Fleet and US 7th Fleet AORs . Following the catastrophic 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami of 11 March 2011 , VP-4 forward-deployed to Misawa AB in fewer than 24 hours and re-established CTG 72.4 as an operational entity and the first US aviation unit on station for Operation Tomodachi , with VP-4 subsequently providing 254 flight hours of humanitarian and disaster relief support to the Japanese people . In November 2012 , VP-4 was deployed to the US 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean , operating from NAS Sigonella , NS Rota , Spain and numerous other locations in support of US Naval Forces Europe , US Naval Forces Africa , NATO and Unified Combatant Commanders . As of 2013 , the squadron has surpassed over 40 years of mishap-free flying , with over 254,000 flight hours . VP-4 deployed in the Fifth and Sixth fleet from June 2014 to February 2015 . The squadron began deployment with an operational detachment to Keflavik , Iceland , in support of emergent Theater ASW tasking . Additionally , VP-4 provided support to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons , enabling the safe destruction of chemical weapons in the international waters of the Mediterranean Sea . VP-4 simultaneously took part in 5 exercises located in Bulgaria , Finland , Spain and Turkey . VP-4 returned home in February 2015 to prepare for what would be their final P-3C Orion deployment . In March 2016 , VP-4 departed Oahu for the last time as a Hawaii squadron . Their Aloha Deployment was a busy one that saw personnel spread across three continents and twelve different countries . While on deployment , VP-4 executed a Permanent Duty Station Change ( PDSC ) to Naval Air Station Whidbey Island , returning home in September . VP-4 become the first squadron at NAS Whidbey Island to covert to the P-8 Poseidon in October 2016 . On April 2 , 2018 the squadron departed for Kadena Air Base , Okinawa , Japan for its inaugural deployment . Operations . Vietnam War . Starting 26 March 1965 , the squadron began a split-site deployment to MCAS Iwakuni , Japan , with detachments at various dates located at Naval Air Facility Tan Son Nhut Air Base , South Vietnam ; Naval Station Sangley Point and NAS Cubi Point , Philippines . 31 January 1967 : The squadron again deployed to WestPac at Iwakuni , Japan , and provided support to Task Force 72 during Operation Market Time ( coastal patrols off the coasts of South Vietnam ) . Detachments were maintained at NS Sangley Point and NAF Naha , Okinawa . Upon completion of deployment , Commander Patrol Forces , Seventh Fleet presented the squadron a letter of commendation for its support of operations and assistance in the destruction of an enemy trawler carrying arms destined for the Viet Cong . 17 April 1967 : A VP-4 P-3A Orion flying patrol off the coast of Korea was fired upon by an infiltrating North Korean speedboat . The damaged aircraft landed safely after reporting the vessels location . South Korean forces sank the intruder shortly thereafter . Lieutenant Commander C . W . Larzelere III , the PPC , received a Navy Commendation Medal for his handling of the emergency while under fire . 28 April 1967 : A VP-4 P-3A Orion ( BuNo . 151365 ) flown by Lieutenant C . D . Burton was lost at sea with all hands off the coast of Tsushima Island , Japan . 1 August 1968 : VP-4 was deployed to WestPac under FAW-6 at Iwakuni , Japan . Patrols were conducted in the South China Sea , Sea of Japan , Korea , the Philippine Islands and Guam . Detachments were sent to Cam Ranh Bay , in support of Yankee Team and Market Time operations . Yankee Team was a joint U.S . Air Force and U.S . Navy operation begun in 1963 that provided low-level aerial reconnaissance of suspected Communist infiltration routes in eastern and southern Laos . Desert Shield/Desert Storm . On 10 November 1990 , as a normal rotation , NAS Barbers Point based VP-4 ( with P-3C Update Is ) relieved VP-1 at Diego Garcia and RAFO Al Masirah . VP-4 C.O . Commander Bob Cunningham , took over CTG 72.8 and his X.O . Commander Carlos Badger , assumed the detachment ( det ) . at RAFO Al Masirah . During one 34-hour period , P-3s provided the detection and target locating information that resulted in a substantial reduction in the Iraqi Navys offense of capability . A group of 15 Iraqi vessels heading for Maridim Island , an outpost in Kuwaiti hands was detected by VP-4s Crew Five , who vectored strike aircraft against the force , resulting in five ships sunk and seven more damaged . This effort ended what would be Iraqis last seaborne assault . Hours later , VP-4s Crew 2 detected a group of Iraqi vessels attempting a rapid transit from Iraqi ports around Bubiyan Island , apparently trying to reach the safety of Iranian territorial waters . P-3s from VPs 4 , 19 , and 45 provided the target locations for the strike aircraft which destroyed 11 Iraqi vessels in what has been named the Battle of Bubiyan . Between 25–27 March 2006 , a series of anti-submarine warfare exercises were held in Hawaiian waters that included Carrier Strike Group Nine , the nuclear-powered attack submarines , , , , and , as well as land-based P-3 Orions from patrol squadrons VP-9 , and VP-47 , and VP-4 . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - PV-1 – July 1943 - PV-2 – July 1945 - P2V-1 – September 1947 - P2V-2 – January 1948 - P2V-5 – March 1953 - P2V-5F – March 1956 - P2V-7/SP-2H – September 1962 - P-3A – October 1966 - P-3B-MOD ( Super Bee ) – February 1979 - P-3C – March 1984 - P-3C UI – November 1989 - P-3C UIIIR – 1992 - P-8A – October 2016 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Alameda , California – 1 July 1943 - Naval Air Station Whidbey Island , Washington – 1 November 1944 - NAB Eniwetok – 27 June 1945 - NAB Tinian – 1946 - NAS North Island , California – September 1946 - NAS Miramar , California – November 1947 - Naval Air Station Whidbey Island – January 1948 - NAF Naha , Okinawa – 13 August 1956 - NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii – November 1963 - Marine Corps Base Hawaii – 1998 - Naval Air Station Whidbey Island – September 2016 |
[
"Patrol Squadron 144 ( VP-144 )"
] | easy | Patrol Squadron 4 (United States Navy) was officially named what from May 1946 to Nov 1946? | /wiki/Patrol_Squadron_4_(United_States_Navy)#P1448#2 | Patrol Squadron 4 ( United States Navy ) Patrol Squadron Four ( VP-4 ) is a U.S . Navy land-based patrol squadron based at the Naval Air Station Whidbey Island , Oak Harbor , Washington , which is tasked to undertake maritime patrol , anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) , and intelligence , surveillance and reconnaissance ( ISR ) missions flying the Boeing P-8 Poseidon . The squadron was originally established as Bombing Squadron 144 ( VB-144 ) on 1 July 1943 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 144 ( VPB-144 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 144 ( VP-144 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Medium Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) 4 ( VP-ML-4 ) on 15 November 1946 and redesignated Patrol Squadron FOUR ( VP-4 ) on 1 September 1948 . It is the second squadron to be designated VP-4 , the first VP-4 was redesignated VP-22 on 1 July 1939 . History . VB-144 was established at NAS Alameda , California on 1 July 1943 , as a squadron flying the PV-1 Ventura , by 14 August The squadron completed training and boarded for transport to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . Upon arrival the squadron began an intensive period of combat training and operational patrols over the ocean near the Hawaiian Islands . On 9 January 1944 VB-144 was transferred to Hawkins Field , Tarawa , where combat patrols commenced as soon as the squadron was checked in and assigned space for the crews and aircraft . On 1 February 1944 , the squadron was relocated to Dyess Field , Roi Island , from which bombing missions were carried out against Japanese installations in the Gilbert , Marshall and Eastern Caroline island chains . On 30 March 1944 VB-144 was transferred back to Tarawa , leaving a three-aircraft detachment at Dyess Field , which was engaged in strikes on 1 April 1944 against enemy positions at Wotje Atoll and Jaluit Atoll that continued through June . On 4 April 1944 , the increasing tempo of operations at Dyess Field resulted in the deployment of a second detachment of VB-144 aircraft to Roi Island and by 1 September the remainder of the squadron was transferred to Dyess . On 30 September 1944 VB-144 was transferred to NAS Kaneohe Bay and was redesignated VPB-144 while preparing for return to the continental United States . On 1 November 1944 VPB-144 was reformed for training at NAS Whidbey Island , Washington . The squadron was reequipped with the newer PV-2 Harpoon . On 3 March 1945 , the squadron commenced training in air-to-ground attack continued at NAS Moffett Field , California . From 8–15 April 1945 VPB-144 squadron personnel and equipment were loaded aboard for transport to Naval Base Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , arriving on 15 April . Upon arrival , the squadron was based at NAS Kaneohe Bay , where a combat training syllabus of several weeks was undertaken . From 11–23 May 1945 a detachment of squadron aircraft and crews was flown to Midway Island to provide combat air patrol coverage . On 23 May 1944 , the detachment was increased to nine aircraft . On 24 May 1945 two of the crews sent to Midway earlier returned to NAS Kaneohe Bay . The remainder of the detachment followed , rejoining the rest of the squadron on 12 June 1944 . On 27 June 1945 VPB-144 was transferred to Eniwetok , via Johnston Atoll and Majuro . The squadron was placed under the operational control of TF 96.1 . Sector and photographic reconnaissance patrols were conducted over Wake and Ponape islands . By 12 September 1945 , problems with malaria on Wake Island became so severe that the aircraft of VPB-144 were fitted with sprayers to cover the island with DDT . On 15 September 1945 flights were conducted over Kusaie , Ponape and the Caroline Islands as a show of force to the remaining Japanese troops who had not yet surrendered . By 15 May 1946 : Squadron assets remained at NAB Tinian but all personnel were rotated back to the U.S. , leaving the squadron in a caretaker status . In September 1946 the squadron was retained on the Navy roster , but was placed in an inactive status at NAS North Island , California , under FAW-14 . In Nov 1947 the squadron was reactivated as VP-ML-4 at NAS Miramar , California , with a complement of 14 officers and 59 enlisted men . An SNB-5 was utilized for flight training until the arrival of the squadrons first operational aircraft , the P2V-1 Neptune , in mid-December 1947 . VP-4 conducted an aerial photographic survey of Southeastern Alaska from Annette Island and began regular rotation tours to NAS Kodiak , Alaska from NAS Whidbey Island . Following the start of the Korean War , the squadron was deployed to NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii . in July , 1950 , developing aerial mining capabilities and remained there until its return to Whidbey Island in January , 1951 . During this deployment , Aircraft BuNo 39340 , SC-3 was lost with five crewmen during a rocket firing training exercise off Kaena Point . The squadron was redeployed to NAS Barbers Point in mid 1951 and from there to NAS Kodiak in September , returning to NAS Whidbey Island in late December of that year . In April 1952 , VP-4 again was deployed to NAS Barbers Point and from there to NAS Agana , Guam in September . The squadron returned to NAS Whidbey Island in January 1953 , having turned in its P2V-2s and receiving P2V-5s in February . VP-4 remained in NAS Whidbey Island until November 1953 and was then transferred to Kadena Air Base and subsequently to NAF Naha , Okinawa , where the squadron flew shipping patrols in the vicinity of Taiwan . The squadron returned to NAS Whidbey Islandin mid-1954 . In 1956 , VP-4 was relocated to NAF Naha , from this base , the squadron flew reconnaissance and Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) missions to counter the Communist Chinese threat to the islands of Matsu and Quemoy . In 1964 , the squadron marked its fourth year of operational excellence with three Commander , Naval Air Forces Pacific ( COMNAVAIRPAC ) Navy Battle E Awards , three Chief of Naval Operations ( CNO ) Safety Awards , and four Arnold J . Isbell ASW Awards . In April 1964 , VP-4 returned to NAS Barbers Point , from there , the squadron made numerous deployments to Southeast Asia in support of the Vietnam War . It was on one of these deployments in 1965 when the squadron logo was changed from the Okinawa-era Neptune design to a Hawaiian-inspired Black Griffin . The logo caused some confusion on the part of waitresses in the local Officers Club , who remarked that it more closely resembled a Skinny Dragon and the new nickname was quickly adopted . In 1966 , the VP-4 began transitioning from the SP-2H Neptune to the P-3A Orion . Following completion of the transition , VP-4 became the first Hawaii-based squadron to deploy P-3As to NAS Adak , Alaska in 1969 . In 1972 , VP-4 was awarded the Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation for its efforts during Operations Market Time and Yankee Team . During the 1975 deployment to NAS Cubi Point , Philippines VP-4 participated in the Operation Frequent Wind , the evacuation of South Vietnam and the Mayaguez recovery operation , and in 1976 saw detachment operations to NAS Agana , Guam during which the squadron participated in Australias Kangaroo II fleet exercise . In July 1978 , VP-4 assumed the Guam Detachment and simultaneously conducted operations that stretched around the world including locations as distant as : NAS Cubi Point ; NAS Barbers Point ; NAS Moffett Field , California ; NAS Brunswick , Maine and NAS Sigonella , Italy . VP-4 finished transitioning to the P-3B ( MOD ) , or SUPER BEE in May 1979 . The squadron then started a work up period for its next NAS Cubi Point deployment , which began in November 1979 . While assigned to COMNAVAIRPAC , VP-4 was awarded the Navy Battle E Award for operational excellence for the cycle from 1 January 1979 to 30 June 1980 . During the height of the Cold War , VP-4 fought on the front lines . Making numerous deployments to NAS Cubi Point ; Diego Garcia ; Kadena Air Base and Misawa Air Base , Japan ; NAS Adak , Alaska and numerous other remote detachment sites , the squadron located , tracked and collected vital intelligence on Soviet ballistic missile and attack submarines . This era in VP-4s history is marked by a number of firsts including becoming the first squadron at NAS Barbers Point to transition to the P-3C , the first NAS Barbers Point squadron to deploy to Diego Garcia ( May 1980 ) , and the first Hawaii squadron to deploy with P-3Cs to NAS Adak . VP-4s operational excellence and contributions to the Cold War were recognized in 1987 in once again earning the Navy Battle E Award . Additionally , during this time , the squadrons concern for the safety and welfare of its Sailors was marked by surpassing 100,000 hours of mishap-free flying and earning back-to-back Golden Anchor Retention Excellence awards in 1987 and 1988 . In 1988 VP-4 returned to Hawaii where they participated in numerous exercises , including Exercise RIMPAC . In 1989 VP-4 completed a highly deployment to NAS Adak , conducting numerous ASW operations and participating in PACIFIC EXERCISE-89 , the largest Naval exercise since World War II . Deploying to Diego Garcia in November 1990 , VP-4 quickly established a detachment at RAFO Masirah , Oman to enforce the United Nations Embargo against Iraq during Operation Desert Shield . By early January 1991 , 179 missions had challenged 3,669 merchant vessels . The embargo gave way to Battle Force Protection as war was declared on 17 January 1991 . Flying 279 combat missions and 2,779 flight hours in the Persian Gulf in support of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm , VP-4 provided detection and targeting , resulting in the total destruction of the Iraqi Navy . Upon returning home to Hawaii , VP-4 learned that it had again received the Chief of Naval Operations Golden Anchor and the Commander , Patrol Wings Pacific ( COMPATWINGSPAC ) Golden Orion for retention excellence . In November 1993 , VP-4 deployed to Misawa AB , Japan , and established a permanent detachment at Kadena AB , Okinawa . While on deployment , VP-4 received the 1993 Chief of Naval Operations Aviation Safety Award for a Pacific Fleet Maritime Patrol Squadron , the Commander , US 7th Fleet Award and the Captain Arnold Jay Isbell Trophy , both for Anti-Submarine Warfare ( ASW ) excellence . After completing a home training cycle , VP-4 conducted a split-site deployment to Misawa AB and Kadena AB in 1995 . During this deployment the squadron flew around the clock for seventeen straight days during the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis , providing intelligence support and protection against anti-surface and subsurface threats to both the and carrier battle groups . In early 1997 , VP-4 completed a quad-site deployment to Diego Garcia ; Masirah , Oman ; Manama , Bahrain , and Kadena AB , Japan . While on deployment , VP-4 aircrew and maintenance personnel conducted the first permanent detachment in the Persian Gulf . In addition , VP-4 acted as the armed patrol aircraft detachment from Doha , Qatar , flying 21 straight days with weapons and exercised the first 24-hour armed ready alert Maritime Patrol Aviation ( MPA ) posture in the Persian Gulf . VP-4 acted as the fleets eyes in the sky in support of Maritime Interdiction Operations ( MIO ) , enforcing United Nations Security Council Resolutions ( UNSCRs ) and the Iraqi Oil for Food program . In 1998 , pursuant to the BRAC decision to close NAS Barbers Point , VP-4 relocated to NAS Kaneohe Bay , now known as Marine Corps Base Hawaii . In December 1998 , VP-4 again deployed to six sites around the Middle East , during their deployment , the squadron participated in three combat operations : Operation Desert Fox , where they were awarded the Navy Unit Commendation ; Operation Southern Watch , where VP-4 triggered the initial strike and delivered pre and post-strike imagery ; and Operations Allied Force/Noble Anvil in Kosovo , which resulted in VP-4s Combat Air Crew 10 being awarded eleven ( 11 ) Air Medals . In home waters that same year , VP-4 also hosted 35 countries during RIMPAC 98 . VP-4 was the first VP squadron to introduce the P-3C Anti-Surface Warfare Improvement Program ( P-3C AIP ) aircraft to the Fleet . VP-4 proved AIPs power during deployment by supporting three aircraft carrier battle groups in the Persian Gulf and becoming the first squadron to achieve reliable AIP imagery transfer . VP-4 was also the first squadron in the US 7th Fleet to fire the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-surface missile from a P-3C AIP aircraft . In November 1999 , VP-4 flew to NAS North Island , California to participate in Joint Fleet Exercise ( JTFEX/FLEETEX ) . While at JTFEX/FLEETEX , the squadron participated in 23 events , including AIP and AGM-84 Standoff Land Attack Missile ( SLAM ) demo flights . In June 2000 , VP-4 conducted a WESTPAC deployment with detachments in 13 countries and participating in 27 multi-national exercises . The squadron also saved 22 lives in various Search and Rescue ( SAR ) operations within the Seventh Fleet’s Area of Responsibility ( AOR ) . The squadron was again honored with the Navy Battle E Award in 2000 , the third such award in five years . Following the September 11 attacks , VP-4 deployed to the US Central Command ( USCENTCOM ) AOR under Commander , Task Force 57 ( CTF 57 ) , a subordinate element of US Naval Forces Central Command ( USNAVCENT ) /US 5th Fleet . VP-4 conducted overland operations above Afghanistan flying armed reconnaissance missions and over the waters of the Middle East conducting Leadership Interdiction Operations in the first days of Operation Enduring Freedom . Over Afghanistan , VP-4 aircraft provided commanders a birds eye view of the terrain where US special operations forces ( SOF ) were operating to dislodge Taliban and Al-Qaeda fighters from their mountainous hideouts . VP-4 also played a pivotal role in Operation Anaconda , the largest land battle in Afghanistan to that date . Over water , aircrews were instrumental in operations to intercept and cut-off fleeing Taliban and Al-Qaeda fighters . For their efforts , VP-4 was once again recognized with the 2002 Commander , Naval Air Force Pacific Battle E Award as the top P-3 squadron in the Pacific Fleet . During their 2003 deployment , VP-4 continued to support Operation Enduring Freedom against terrorist factions in the Philippines , providing critical real-time intelligence . These missions highlighted the expanse of Coalition operations against Al-Qaeda and Al-Qaeda backed terrorists . VP-4 also had the opportunity to conduct the P-3Cs primary mission , ASW , against diesel and nuclear powered submarines , completing this deployment by flying over 4,000 mishap-free flight hours and completing over 800 missions . In 2005 , VP-4 successfully completed a wartime deployment to the Middle East and Western Pacific , carrying out a wide variety of missions ranging from humanitarian assistance and disaster relief support missions to the Indian Ocean tsunami victims , to direct support of ground combat operations in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan . In December 2006 , the squadron deployed to Misawa AB and Kadena AB , and to the Philippines , in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in the Philippines . This was followed by a return to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in November 2008 . On this deployment , VP-4 supplied detachments in support of numerous joint and multinational exercises at RAF Lakenheath , United Kingdom ; RAF Kinloss , Scotland ; and NAS Sigonella , Sicily . This experience proved invaluable during the ensuing interdeployment readiness cycle , when VP-4 successfully planned , hosted , and executed the worlds largest joint , multinational military exercise , RIMPAC 2010 . Following completion of a series of detachment operations , VP-4 departed MCB Kaneohe Bay for a split site deployment in November 2010 , supporting assets in both the US 5th Fleet and US 7th Fleet AORs . Following the catastrophic 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami of 11 March 2011 , VP-4 forward-deployed to Misawa AB in fewer than 24 hours and re-established CTG 72.4 as an operational entity and the first US aviation unit on station for Operation Tomodachi , with VP-4 subsequently providing 254 flight hours of humanitarian and disaster relief support to the Japanese people . In November 2012 , VP-4 was deployed to the US 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean , operating from NAS Sigonella , NS Rota , Spain and numerous other locations in support of US Naval Forces Europe , US Naval Forces Africa , NATO and Unified Combatant Commanders . As of 2013 , the squadron has surpassed over 40 years of mishap-free flying , with over 254,000 flight hours . VP-4 deployed in the Fifth and Sixth fleet from June 2014 to February 2015 . The squadron began deployment with an operational detachment to Keflavik , Iceland , in support of emergent Theater ASW tasking . Additionally , VP-4 provided support to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons , enabling the safe destruction of chemical weapons in the international waters of the Mediterranean Sea . VP-4 simultaneously took part in 5 exercises located in Bulgaria , Finland , Spain and Turkey . VP-4 returned home in February 2015 to prepare for what would be their final P-3C Orion deployment . In March 2016 , VP-4 departed Oahu for the last time as a Hawaii squadron . Their Aloha Deployment was a busy one that saw personnel spread across three continents and twelve different countries . While on deployment , VP-4 executed a Permanent Duty Station Change ( PDSC ) to Naval Air Station Whidbey Island , returning home in September . VP-4 become the first squadron at NAS Whidbey Island to covert to the P-8 Poseidon in October 2016 . On April 2 , 2018 the squadron departed for Kadena Air Base , Okinawa , Japan for its inaugural deployment . Operations . Vietnam War . Starting 26 March 1965 , the squadron began a split-site deployment to MCAS Iwakuni , Japan , with detachments at various dates located at Naval Air Facility Tan Son Nhut Air Base , South Vietnam ; Naval Station Sangley Point and NAS Cubi Point , Philippines . 31 January 1967 : The squadron again deployed to WestPac at Iwakuni , Japan , and provided support to Task Force 72 during Operation Market Time ( coastal patrols off the coasts of South Vietnam ) . Detachments were maintained at NS Sangley Point and NAF Naha , Okinawa . Upon completion of deployment , Commander Patrol Forces , Seventh Fleet presented the squadron a letter of commendation for its support of operations and assistance in the destruction of an enemy trawler carrying arms destined for the Viet Cong . 17 April 1967 : A VP-4 P-3A Orion flying patrol off the coast of Korea was fired upon by an infiltrating North Korean speedboat . The damaged aircraft landed safely after reporting the vessels location . South Korean forces sank the intruder shortly thereafter . Lieutenant Commander C . W . Larzelere III , the PPC , received a Navy Commendation Medal for his handling of the emergency while under fire . 28 April 1967 : A VP-4 P-3A Orion ( BuNo . 151365 ) flown by Lieutenant C . D . Burton was lost at sea with all hands off the coast of Tsushima Island , Japan . 1 August 1968 : VP-4 was deployed to WestPac under FAW-6 at Iwakuni , Japan . Patrols were conducted in the South China Sea , Sea of Japan , Korea , the Philippine Islands and Guam . Detachments were sent to Cam Ranh Bay , in support of Yankee Team and Market Time operations . Yankee Team was a joint U.S . Air Force and U.S . Navy operation begun in 1963 that provided low-level aerial reconnaissance of suspected Communist infiltration routes in eastern and southern Laos . Desert Shield/Desert Storm . On 10 November 1990 , as a normal rotation , NAS Barbers Point based VP-4 ( with P-3C Update Is ) relieved VP-1 at Diego Garcia and RAFO Al Masirah . VP-4 C.O . Commander Bob Cunningham , took over CTG 72.8 and his X.O . Commander Carlos Badger , assumed the detachment ( det ) . at RAFO Al Masirah . During one 34-hour period , P-3s provided the detection and target locating information that resulted in a substantial reduction in the Iraqi Navys offense of capability . A group of 15 Iraqi vessels heading for Maridim Island , an outpost in Kuwaiti hands was detected by VP-4s Crew Five , who vectored strike aircraft against the force , resulting in five ships sunk and seven more damaged . This effort ended what would be Iraqis last seaborne assault . Hours later , VP-4s Crew 2 detected a group of Iraqi vessels attempting a rapid transit from Iraqi ports around Bubiyan Island , apparently trying to reach the safety of Iranian territorial waters . P-3s from VPs 4 , 19 , and 45 provided the target locations for the strike aircraft which destroyed 11 Iraqi vessels in what has been named the Battle of Bubiyan . Between 25–27 March 2006 , a series of anti-submarine warfare exercises were held in Hawaiian waters that included Carrier Strike Group Nine , the nuclear-powered attack submarines , , , , and , as well as land-based P-3 Orions from patrol squadrons VP-9 , and VP-47 , and VP-4 . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - PV-1 – July 1943 - PV-2 – July 1945 - P2V-1 – September 1947 - P2V-2 – January 1948 - P2V-5 – March 1953 - P2V-5F – March 1956 - P2V-7/SP-2H – September 1962 - P-3A – October 1966 - P-3B-MOD ( Super Bee ) – February 1979 - P-3C – March 1984 - P-3C UI – November 1989 - P-3C UIIIR – 1992 - P-8A – October 2016 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Alameda , California – 1 July 1943 - Naval Air Station Whidbey Island , Washington – 1 November 1944 - NAB Eniwetok – 27 June 1945 - NAB Tinian – 1946 - NAS North Island , California – September 1946 - NAS Miramar , California – November 1947 - Naval Air Station Whidbey Island – January 1948 - NAF Naha , Okinawa – 13 August 1956 - NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii – November 1963 - Marine Corps Base Hawaii – 1998 - Naval Air Station Whidbey Island – September 2016 |
[
"Medium Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) 4 ( VP-ML-4 )"
] | easy | Patrol Squadron 4 (United States Navy) was officially named what from Nov 1946 to Sep 1948? | /wiki/Patrol_Squadron_4_(United_States_Navy)#P1448#3 | Patrol Squadron 4 ( United States Navy ) Patrol Squadron Four ( VP-4 ) is a U.S . Navy land-based patrol squadron based at the Naval Air Station Whidbey Island , Oak Harbor , Washington , which is tasked to undertake maritime patrol , anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) , and intelligence , surveillance and reconnaissance ( ISR ) missions flying the Boeing P-8 Poseidon . The squadron was originally established as Bombing Squadron 144 ( VB-144 ) on 1 July 1943 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 144 ( VPB-144 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 144 ( VP-144 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Medium Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) 4 ( VP-ML-4 ) on 15 November 1946 and redesignated Patrol Squadron FOUR ( VP-4 ) on 1 September 1948 . It is the second squadron to be designated VP-4 , the first VP-4 was redesignated VP-22 on 1 July 1939 . History . VB-144 was established at NAS Alameda , California on 1 July 1943 , as a squadron flying the PV-1 Ventura , by 14 August The squadron completed training and boarded for transport to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . Upon arrival the squadron began an intensive period of combat training and operational patrols over the ocean near the Hawaiian Islands . On 9 January 1944 VB-144 was transferred to Hawkins Field , Tarawa , where combat patrols commenced as soon as the squadron was checked in and assigned space for the crews and aircraft . On 1 February 1944 , the squadron was relocated to Dyess Field , Roi Island , from which bombing missions were carried out against Japanese installations in the Gilbert , Marshall and Eastern Caroline island chains . On 30 March 1944 VB-144 was transferred back to Tarawa , leaving a three-aircraft detachment at Dyess Field , which was engaged in strikes on 1 April 1944 against enemy positions at Wotje Atoll and Jaluit Atoll that continued through June . On 4 April 1944 , the increasing tempo of operations at Dyess Field resulted in the deployment of a second detachment of VB-144 aircraft to Roi Island and by 1 September the remainder of the squadron was transferred to Dyess . On 30 September 1944 VB-144 was transferred to NAS Kaneohe Bay and was redesignated VPB-144 while preparing for return to the continental United States . On 1 November 1944 VPB-144 was reformed for training at NAS Whidbey Island , Washington . The squadron was reequipped with the newer PV-2 Harpoon . On 3 March 1945 , the squadron commenced training in air-to-ground attack continued at NAS Moffett Field , California . From 8–15 April 1945 VPB-144 squadron personnel and equipment were loaded aboard for transport to Naval Base Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , arriving on 15 April . Upon arrival , the squadron was based at NAS Kaneohe Bay , where a combat training syllabus of several weeks was undertaken . From 11–23 May 1945 a detachment of squadron aircraft and crews was flown to Midway Island to provide combat air patrol coverage . On 23 May 1944 , the detachment was increased to nine aircraft . On 24 May 1945 two of the crews sent to Midway earlier returned to NAS Kaneohe Bay . The remainder of the detachment followed , rejoining the rest of the squadron on 12 June 1944 . On 27 June 1945 VPB-144 was transferred to Eniwetok , via Johnston Atoll and Majuro . The squadron was placed under the operational control of TF 96.1 . Sector and photographic reconnaissance patrols were conducted over Wake and Ponape islands . By 12 September 1945 , problems with malaria on Wake Island became so severe that the aircraft of VPB-144 were fitted with sprayers to cover the island with DDT . On 15 September 1945 flights were conducted over Kusaie , Ponape and the Caroline Islands as a show of force to the remaining Japanese troops who had not yet surrendered . By 15 May 1946 : Squadron assets remained at NAB Tinian but all personnel were rotated back to the U.S. , leaving the squadron in a caretaker status . In September 1946 the squadron was retained on the Navy roster , but was placed in an inactive status at NAS North Island , California , under FAW-14 . In Nov 1947 the squadron was reactivated as VP-ML-4 at NAS Miramar , California , with a complement of 14 officers and 59 enlisted men . An SNB-5 was utilized for flight training until the arrival of the squadrons first operational aircraft , the P2V-1 Neptune , in mid-December 1947 . VP-4 conducted an aerial photographic survey of Southeastern Alaska from Annette Island and began regular rotation tours to NAS Kodiak , Alaska from NAS Whidbey Island . Following the start of the Korean War , the squadron was deployed to NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii . in July , 1950 , developing aerial mining capabilities and remained there until its return to Whidbey Island in January , 1951 . During this deployment , Aircraft BuNo 39340 , SC-3 was lost with five crewmen during a rocket firing training exercise off Kaena Point . The squadron was redeployed to NAS Barbers Point in mid 1951 and from there to NAS Kodiak in September , returning to NAS Whidbey Island in late December of that year . In April 1952 , VP-4 again was deployed to NAS Barbers Point and from there to NAS Agana , Guam in September . The squadron returned to NAS Whidbey Island in January 1953 , having turned in its P2V-2s and receiving P2V-5s in February . VP-4 remained in NAS Whidbey Island until November 1953 and was then transferred to Kadena Air Base and subsequently to NAF Naha , Okinawa , where the squadron flew shipping patrols in the vicinity of Taiwan . The squadron returned to NAS Whidbey Islandin mid-1954 . In 1956 , VP-4 was relocated to NAF Naha , from this base , the squadron flew reconnaissance and Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) missions to counter the Communist Chinese threat to the islands of Matsu and Quemoy . In 1964 , the squadron marked its fourth year of operational excellence with three Commander , Naval Air Forces Pacific ( COMNAVAIRPAC ) Navy Battle E Awards , three Chief of Naval Operations ( CNO ) Safety Awards , and four Arnold J . Isbell ASW Awards . In April 1964 , VP-4 returned to NAS Barbers Point , from there , the squadron made numerous deployments to Southeast Asia in support of the Vietnam War . It was on one of these deployments in 1965 when the squadron logo was changed from the Okinawa-era Neptune design to a Hawaiian-inspired Black Griffin . The logo caused some confusion on the part of waitresses in the local Officers Club , who remarked that it more closely resembled a Skinny Dragon and the new nickname was quickly adopted . In 1966 , the VP-4 began transitioning from the SP-2H Neptune to the P-3A Orion . Following completion of the transition , VP-4 became the first Hawaii-based squadron to deploy P-3As to NAS Adak , Alaska in 1969 . In 1972 , VP-4 was awarded the Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation for its efforts during Operations Market Time and Yankee Team . During the 1975 deployment to NAS Cubi Point , Philippines VP-4 participated in the Operation Frequent Wind , the evacuation of South Vietnam and the Mayaguez recovery operation , and in 1976 saw detachment operations to NAS Agana , Guam during which the squadron participated in Australias Kangaroo II fleet exercise . In July 1978 , VP-4 assumed the Guam Detachment and simultaneously conducted operations that stretched around the world including locations as distant as : NAS Cubi Point ; NAS Barbers Point ; NAS Moffett Field , California ; NAS Brunswick , Maine and NAS Sigonella , Italy . VP-4 finished transitioning to the P-3B ( MOD ) , or SUPER BEE in May 1979 . The squadron then started a work up period for its next NAS Cubi Point deployment , which began in November 1979 . While assigned to COMNAVAIRPAC , VP-4 was awarded the Navy Battle E Award for operational excellence for the cycle from 1 January 1979 to 30 June 1980 . During the height of the Cold War , VP-4 fought on the front lines . Making numerous deployments to NAS Cubi Point ; Diego Garcia ; Kadena Air Base and Misawa Air Base , Japan ; NAS Adak , Alaska and numerous other remote detachment sites , the squadron located , tracked and collected vital intelligence on Soviet ballistic missile and attack submarines . This era in VP-4s history is marked by a number of firsts including becoming the first squadron at NAS Barbers Point to transition to the P-3C , the first NAS Barbers Point squadron to deploy to Diego Garcia ( May 1980 ) , and the first Hawaii squadron to deploy with P-3Cs to NAS Adak . VP-4s operational excellence and contributions to the Cold War were recognized in 1987 in once again earning the Navy Battle E Award . Additionally , during this time , the squadrons concern for the safety and welfare of its Sailors was marked by surpassing 100,000 hours of mishap-free flying and earning back-to-back Golden Anchor Retention Excellence awards in 1987 and 1988 . In 1988 VP-4 returned to Hawaii where they participated in numerous exercises , including Exercise RIMPAC . In 1989 VP-4 completed a highly deployment to NAS Adak , conducting numerous ASW operations and participating in PACIFIC EXERCISE-89 , the largest Naval exercise since World War II . Deploying to Diego Garcia in November 1990 , VP-4 quickly established a detachment at RAFO Masirah , Oman to enforce the United Nations Embargo against Iraq during Operation Desert Shield . By early January 1991 , 179 missions had challenged 3,669 merchant vessels . The embargo gave way to Battle Force Protection as war was declared on 17 January 1991 . Flying 279 combat missions and 2,779 flight hours in the Persian Gulf in support of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm , VP-4 provided detection and targeting , resulting in the total destruction of the Iraqi Navy . Upon returning home to Hawaii , VP-4 learned that it had again received the Chief of Naval Operations Golden Anchor and the Commander , Patrol Wings Pacific ( COMPATWINGSPAC ) Golden Orion for retention excellence . In November 1993 , VP-4 deployed to Misawa AB , Japan , and established a permanent detachment at Kadena AB , Okinawa . While on deployment , VP-4 received the 1993 Chief of Naval Operations Aviation Safety Award for a Pacific Fleet Maritime Patrol Squadron , the Commander , US 7th Fleet Award and the Captain Arnold Jay Isbell Trophy , both for Anti-Submarine Warfare ( ASW ) excellence . After completing a home training cycle , VP-4 conducted a split-site deployment to Misawa AB and Kadena AB in 1995 . During this deployment the squadron flew around the clock for seventeen straight days during the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis , providing intelligence support and protection against anti-surface and subsurface threats to both the and carrier battle groups . In early 1997 , VP-4 completed a quad-site deployment to Diego Garcia ; Masirah , Oman ; Manama , Bahrain , and Kadena AB , Japan . While on deployment , VP-4 aircrew and maintenance personnel conducted the first permanent detachment in the Persian Gulf . In addition , VP-4 acted as the armed patrol aircraft detachment from Doha , Qatar , flying 21 straight days with weapons and exercised the first 24-hour armed ready alert Maritime Patrol Aviation ( MPA ) posture in the Persian Gulf . VP-4 acted as the fleets eyes in the sky in support of Maritime Interdiction Operations ( MIO ) , enforcing United Nations Security Council Resolutions ( UNSCRs ) and the Iraqi Oil for Food program . In 1998 , pursuant to the BRAC decision to close NAS Barbers Point , VP-4 relocated to NAS Kaneohe Bay , now known as Marine Corps Base Hawaii . In December 1998 , VP-4 again deployed to six sites around the Middle East , during their deployment , the squadron participated in three combat operations : Operation Desert Fox , where they were awarded the Navy Unit Commendation ; Operation Southern Watch , where VP-4 triggered the initial strike and delivered pre and post-strike imagery ; and Operations Allied Force/Noble Anvil in Kosovo , which resulted in VP-4s Combat Air Crew 10 being awarded eleven ( 11 ) Air Medals . In home waters that same year , VP-4 also hosted 35 countries during RIMPAC 98 . VP-4 was the first VP squadron to introduce the P-3C Anti-Surface Warfare Improvement Program ( P-3C AIP ) aircraft to the Fleet . VP-4 proved AIPs power during deployment by supporting three aircraft carrier battle groups in the Persian Gulf and becoming the first squadron to achieve reliable AIP imagery transfer . VP-4 was also the first squadron in the US 7th Fleet to fire the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-surface missile from a P-3C AIP aircraft . In November 1999 , VP-4 flew to NAS North Island , California to participate in Joint Fleet Exercise ( JTFEX/FLEETEX ) . While at JTFEX/FLEETEX , the squadron participated in 23 events , including AIP and AGM-84 Standoff Land Attack Missile ( SLAM ) demo flights . In June 2000 , VP-4 conducted a WESTPAC deployment with detachments in 13 countries and participating in 27 multi-national exercises . The squadron also saved 22 lives in various Search and Rescue ( SAR ) operations within the Seventh Fleet’s Area of Responsibility ( AOR ) . The squadron was again honored with the Navy Battle E Award in 2000 , the third such award in five years . Following the September 11 attacks , VP-4 deployed to the US Central Command ( USCENTCOM ) AOR under Commander , Task Force 57 ( CTF 57 ) , a subordinate element of US Naval Forces Central Command ( USNAVCENT ) /US 5th Fleet . VP-4 conducted overland operations above Afghanistan flying armed reconnaissance missions and over the waters of the Middle East conducting Leadership Interdiction Operations in the first days of Operation Enduring Freedom . Over Afghanistan , VP-4 aircraft provided commanders a birds eye view of the terrain where US special operations forces ( SOF ) were operating to dislodge Taliban and Al-Qaeda fighters from their mountainous hideouts . VP-4 also played a pivotal role in Operation Anaconda , the largest land battle in Afghanistan to that date . Over water , aircrews were instrumental in operations to intercept and cut-off fleeing Taliban and Al-Qaeda fighters . For their efforts , VP-4 was once again recognized with the 2002 Commander , Naval Air Force Pacific Battle E Award as the top P-3 squadron in the Pacific Fleet . During their 2003 deployment , VP-4 continued to support Operation Enduring Freedom against terrorist factions in the Philippines , providing critical real-time intelligence . These missions highlighted the expanse of Coalition operations against Al-Qaeda and Al-Qaeda backed terrorists . VP-4 also had the opportunity to conduct the P-3Cs primary mission , ASW , against diesel and nuclear powered submarines , completing this deployment by flying over 4,000 mishap-free flight hours and completing over 800 missions . In 2005 , VP-4 successfully completed a wartime deployment to the Middle East and Western Pacific , carrying out a wide variety of missions ranging from humanitarian assistance and disaster relief support missions to the Indian Ocean tsunami victims , to direct support of ground combat operations in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan . In December 2006 , the squadron deployed to Misawa AB and Kadena AB , and to the Philippines , in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in the Philippines . This was followed by a return to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in November 2008 . On this deployment , VP-4 supplied detachments in support of numerous joint and multinational exercises at RAF Lakenheath , United Kingdom ; RAF Kinloss , Scotland ; and NAS Sigonella , Sicily . This experience proved invaluable during the ensuing interdeployment readiness cycle , when VP-4 successfully planned , hosted , and executed the worlds largest joint , multinational military exercise , RIMPAC 2010 . Following completion of a series of detachment operations , VP-4 departed MCB Kaneohe Bay for a split site deployment in November 2010 , supporting assets in both the US 5th Fleet and US 7th Fleet AORs . Following the catastrophic 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami of 11 March 2011 , VP-4 forward-deployed to Misawa AB in fewer than 24 hours and re-established CTG 72.4 as an operational entity and the first US aviation unit on station for Operation Tomodachi , with VP-4 subsequently providing 254 flight hours of humanitarian and disaster relief support to the Japanese people . In November 2012 , VP-4 was deployed to the US 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean , operating from NAS Sigonella , NS Rota , Spain and numerous other locations in support of US Naval Forces Europe , US Naval Forces Africa , NATO and Unified Combatant Commanders . As of 2013 , the squadron has surpassed over 40 years of mishap-free flying , with over 254,000 flight hours . VP-4 deployed in the Fifth and Sixth fleet from June 2014 to February 2015 . The squadron began deployment with an operational detachment to Keflavik , Iceland , in support of emergent Theater ASW tasking . Additionally , VP-4 provided support to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons , enabling the safe destruction of chemical weapons in the international waters of the Mediterranean Sea . VP-4 simultaneously took part in 5 exercises located in Bulgaria , Finland , Spain and Turkey . VP-4 returned home in February 2015 to prepare for what would be their final P-3C Orion deployment . In March 2016 , VP-4 departed Oahu for the last time as a Hawaii squadron . Their Aloha Deployment was a busy one that saw personnel spread across three continents and twelve different countries . While on deployment , VP-4 executed a Permanent Duty Station Change ( PDSC ) to Naval Air Station Whidbey Island , returning home in September . VP-4 become the first squadron at NAS Whidbey Island to covert to the P-8 Poseidon in October 2016 . On April 2 , 2018 the squadron departed for Kadena Air Base , Okinawa , Japan for its inaugural deployment . Operations . Vietnam War . Starting 26 March 1965 , the squadron began a split-site deployment to MCAS Iwakuni , Japan , with detachments at various dates located at Naval Air Facility Tan Son Nhut Air Base , South Vietnam ; Naval Station Sangley Point and NAS Cubi Point , Philippines . 31 January 1967 : The squadron again deployed to WestPac at Iwakuni , Japan , and provided support to Task Force 72 during Operation Market Time ( coastal patrols off the coasts of South Vietnam ) . Detachments were maintained at NS Sangley Point and NAF Naha , Okinawa . Upon completion of deployment , Commander Patrol Forces , Seventh Fleet presented the squadron a letter of commendation for its support of operations and assistance in the destruction of an enemy trawler carrying arms destined for the Viet Cong . 17 April 1967 : A VP-4 P-3A Orion flying patrol off the coast of Korea was fired upon by an infiltrating North Korean speedboat . The damaged aircraft landed safely after reporting the vessels location . South Korean forces sank the intruder shortly thereafter . Lieutenant Commander C . W . Larzelere III , the PPC , received a Navy Commendation Medal for his handling of the emergency while under fire . 28 April 1967 : A VP-4 P-3A Orion ( BuNo . 151365 ) flown by Lieutenant C . D . Burton was lost at sea with all hands off the coast of Tsushima Island , Japan . 1 August 1968 : VP-4 was deployed to WestPac under FAW-6 at Iwakuni , Japan . Patrols were conducted in the South China Sea , Sea of Japan , Korea , the Philippine Islands and Guam . Detachments were sent to Cam Ranh Bay , in support of Yankee Team and Market Time operations . Yankee Team was a joint U.S . Air Force and U.S . Navy operation begun in 1963 that provided low-level aerial reconnaissance of suspected Communist infiltration routes in eastern and southern Laos . Desert Shield/Desert Storm . On 10 November 1990 , as a normal rotation , NAS Barbers Point based VP-4 ( with P-3C Update Is ) relieved VP-1 at Diego Garcia and RAFO Al Masirah . VP-4 C.O . Commander Bob Cunningham , took over CTG 72.8 and his X.O . Commander Carlos Badger , assumed the detachment ( det ) . at RAFO Al Masirah . During one 34-hour period , P-3s provided the detection and target locating information that resulted in a substantial reduction in the Iraqi Navys offense of capability . A group of 15 Iraqi vessels heading for Maridim Island , an outpost in Kuwaiti hands was detected by VP-4s Crew Five , who vectored strike aircraft against the force , resulting in five ships sunk and seven more damaged . This effort ended what would be Iraqis last seaborne assault . Hours later , VP-4s Crew 2 detected a group of Iraqi vessels attempting a rapid transit from Iraqi ports around Bubiyan Island , apparently trying to reach the safety of Iranian territorial waters . P-3s from VPs 4 , 19 , and 45 provided the target locations for the strike aircraft which destroyed 11 Iraqi vessels in what has been named the Battle of Bubiyan . Between 25–27 March 2006 , a series of anti-submarine warfare exercises were held in Hawaiian waters that included Carrier Strike Group Nine , the nuclear-powered attack submarines , , , , and , as well as land-based P-3 Orions from patrol squadrons VP-9 , and VP-47 , and VP-4 . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - PV-1 – July 1943 - PV-2 – July 1945 - P2V-1 – September 1947 - P2V-2 – January 1948 - P2V-5 – March 1953 - P2V-5F – March 1956 - P2V-7/SP-2H – September 1962 - P-3A – October 1966 - P-3B-MOD ( Super Bee ) – February 1979 - P-3C – March 1984 - P-3C UI – November 1989 - P-3C UIIIR – 1992 - P-8A – October 2016 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Alameda , California – 1 July 1943 - Naval Air Station Whidbey Island , Washington – 1 November 1944 - NAB Eniwetok – 27 June 1945 - NAB Tinian – 1946 - NAS North Island , California – September 1946 - NAS Miramar , California – November 1947 - Naval Air Station Whidbey Island – January 1948 - NAF Naha , Okinawa – 13 August 1956 - NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii – November 1963 - Marine Corps Base Hawaii – 1998 - Naval Air Station Whidbey Island – September 2016 |
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"Patrol Squadron FOUR ( VP-4 )"
] | easy | Patrol Squadron 4 (United States Navy) was officially named what from Sep 1948 to Sep 1949? | /wiki/Patrol_Squadron_4_(United_States_Navy)#P1448#4 | Patrol Squadron 4 ( United States Navy ) Patrol Squadron Four ( VP-4 ) is a U.S . Navy land-based patrol squadron based at the Naval Air Station Whidbey Island , Oak Harbor , Washington , which is tasked to undertake maritime patrol , anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) , and intelligence , surveillance and reconnaissance ( ISR ) missions flying the Boeing P-8 Poseidon . The squadron was originally established as Bombing Squadron 144 ( VB-144 ) on 1 July 1943 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 144 ( VPB-144 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 144 ( VP-144 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Medium Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) 4 ( VP-ML-4 ) on 15 November 1946 and redesignated Patrol Squadron FOUR ( VP-4 ) on 1 September 1948 . It is the second squadron to be designated VP-4 , the first VP-4 was redesignated VP-22 on 1 July 1939 . History . VB-144 was established at NAS Alameda , California on 1 July 1943 , as a squadron flying the PV-1 Ventura , by 14 August The squadron completed training and boarded for transport to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . Upon arrival the squadron began an intensive period of combat training and operational patrols over the ocean near the Hawaiian Islands . On 9 January 1944 VB-144 was transferred to Hawkins Field , Tarawa , where combat patrols commenced as soon as the squadron was checked in and assigned space for the crews and aircraft . On 1 February 1944 , the squadron was relocated to Dyess Field , Roi Island , from which bombing missions were carried out against Japanese installations in the Gilbert , Marshall and Eastern Caroline island chains . On 30 March 1944 VB-144 was transferred back to Tarawa , leaving a three-aircraft detachment at Dyess Field , which was engaged in strikes on 1 April 1944 against enemy positions at Wotje Atoll and Jaluit Atoll that continued through June . On 4 April 1944 , the increasing tempo of operations at Dyess Field resulted in the deployment of a second detachment of VB-144 aircraft to Roi Island and by 1 September the remainder of the squadron was transferred to Dyess . On 30 September 1944 VB-144 was transferred to NAS Kaneohe Bay and was redesignated VPB-144 while preparing for return to the continental United States . On 1 November 1944 VPB-144 was reformed for training at NAS Whidbey Island , Washington . The squadron was reequipped with the newer PV-2 Harpoon . On 3 March 1945 , the squadron commenced training in air-to-ground attack continued at NAS Moffett Field , California . From 8–15 April 1945 VPB-144 squadron personnel and equipment were loaded aboard for transport to Naval Base Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , arriving on 15 April . Upon arrival , the squadron was based at NAS Kaneohe Bay , where a combat training syllabus of several weeks was undertaken . From 11–23 May 1945 a detachment of squadron aircraft and crews was flown to Midway Island to provide combat air patrol coverage . On 23 May 1944 , the detachment was increased to nine aircraft . On 24 May 1945 two of the crews sent to Midway earlier returned to NAS Kaneohe Bay . The remainder of the detachment followed , rejoining the rest of the squadron on 12 June 1944 . On 27 June 1945 VPB-144 was transferred to Eniwetok , via Johnston Atoll and Majuro . The squadron was placed under the operational control of TF 96.1 . Sector and photographic reconnaissance patrols were conducted over Wake and Ponape islands . By 12 September 1945 , problems with malaria on Wake Island became so severe that the aircraft of VPB-144 were fitted with sprayers to cover the island with DDT . On 15 September 1945 flights were conducted over Kusaie , Ponape and the Caroline Islands as a show of force to the remaining Japanese troops who had not yet surrendered . By 15 May 1946 : Squadron assets remained at NAB Tinian but all personnel were rotated back to the U.S. , leaving the squadron in a caretaker status . In September 1946 the squadron was retained on the Navy roster , but was placed in an inactive status at NAS North Island , California , under FAW-14 . In Nov 1947 the squadron was reactivated as VP-ML-4 at NAS Miramar , California , with a complement of 14 officers and 59 enlisted men . An SNB-5 was utilized for flight training until the arrival of the squadrons first operational aircraft , the P2V-1 Neptune , in mid-December 1947 . VP-4 conducted an aerial photographic survey of Southeastern Alaska from Annette Island and began regular rotation tours to NAS Kodiak , Alaska from NAS Whidbey Island . Following the start of the Korean War , the squadron was deployed to NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii . in July , 1950 , developing aerial mining capabilities and remained there until its return to Whidbey Island in January , 1951 . During this deployment , Aircraft BuNo 39340 , SC-3 was lost with five crewmen during a rocket firing training exercise off Kaena Point . The squadron was redeployed to NAS Barbers Point in mid 1951 and from there to NAS Kodiak in September , returning to NAS Whidbey Island in late December of that year . In April 1952 , VP-4 again was deployed to NAS Barbers Point and from there to NAS Agana , Guam in September . The squadron returned to NAS Whidbey Island in January 1953 , having turned in its P2V-2s and receiving P2V-5s in February . VP-4 remained in NAS Whidbey Island until November 1953 and was then transferred to Kadena Air Base and subsequently to NAF Naha , Okinawa , where the squadron flew shipping patrols in the vicinity of Taiwan . The squadron returned to NAS Whidbey Islandin mid-1954 . In 1956 , VP-4 was relocated to NAF Naha , from this base , the squadron flew reconnaissance and Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) missions to counter the Communist Chinese threat to the islands of Matsu and Quemoy . In 1964 , the squadron marked its fourth year of operational excellence with three Commander , Naval Air Forces Pacific ( COMNAVAIRPAC ) Navy Battle E Awards , three Chief of Naval Operations ( CNO ) Safety Awards , and four Arnold J . Isbell ASW Awards . In April 1964 , VP-4 returned to NAS Barbers Point , from there , the squadron made numerous deployments to Southeast Asia in support of the Vietnam War . It was on one of these deployments in 1965 when the squadron logo was changed from the Okinawa-era Neptune design to a Hawaiian-inspired Black Griffin . The logo caused some confusion on the part of waitresses in the local Officers Club , who remarked that it more closely resembled a Skinny Dragon and the new nickname was quickly adopted . In 1966 , the VP-4 began transitioning from the SP-2H Neptune to the P-3A Orion . Following completion of the transition , VP-4 became the first Hawaii-based squadron to deploy P-3As to NAS Adak , Alaska in 1969 . In 1972 , VP-4 was awarded the Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation for its efforts during Operations Market Time and Yankee Team . During the 1975 deployment to NAS Cubi Point , Philippines VP-4 participated in the Operation Frequent Wind , the evacuation of South Vietnam and the Mayaguez recovery operation , and in 1976 saw detachment operations to NAS Agana , Guam during which the squadron participated in Australias Kangaroo II fleet exercise . In July 1978 , VP-4 assumed the Guam Detachment and simultaneously conducted operations that stretched around the world including locations as distant as : NAS Cubi Point ; NAS Barbers Point ; NAS Moffett Field , California ; NAS Brunswick , Maine and NAS Sigonella , Italy . VP-4 finished transitioning to the P-3B ( MOD ) , or SUPER BEE in May 1979 . The squadron then started a work up period for its next NAS Cubi Point deployment , which began in November 1979 . While assigned to COMNAVAIRPAC , VP-4 was awarded the Navy Battle E Award for operational excellence for the cycle from 1 January 1979 to 30 June 1980 . During the height of the Cold War , VP-4 fought on the front lines . Making numerous deployments to NAS Cubi Point ; Diego Garcia ; Kadena Air Base and Misawa Air Base , Japan ; NAS Adak , Alaska and numerous other remote detachment sites , the squadron located , tracked and collected vital intelligence on Soviet ballistic missile and attack submarines . This era in VP-4s history is marked by a number of firsts including becoming the first squadron at NAS Barbers Point to transition to the P-3C , the first NAS Barbers Point squadron to deploy to Diego Garcia ( May 1980 ) , and the first Hawaii squadron to deploy with P-3Cs to NAS Adak . VP-4s operational excellence and contributions to the Cold War were recognized in 1987 in once again earning the Navy Battle E Award . Additionally , during this time , the squadrons concern for the safety and welfare of its Sailors was marked by surpassing 100,000 hours of mishap-free flying and earning back-to-back Golden Anchor Retention Excellence awards in 1987 and 1988 . In 1988 VP-4 returned to Hawaii where they participated in numerous exercises , including Exercise RIMPAC . In 1989 VP-4 completed a highly deployment to NAS Adak , conducting numerous ASW operations and participating in PACIFIC EXERCISE-89 , the largest Naval exercise since World War II . Deploying to Diego Garcia in November 1990 , VP-4 quickly established a detachment at RAFO Masirah , Oman to enforce the United Nations Embargo against Iraq during Operation Desert Shield . By early January 1991 , 179 missions had challenged 3,669 merchant vessels . The embargo gave way to Battle Force Protection as war was declared on 17 January 1991 . Flying 279 combat missions and 2,779 flight hours in the Persian Gulf in support of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm , VP-4 provided detection and targeting , resulting in the total destruction of the Iraqi Navy . Upon returning home to Hawaii , VP-4 learned that it had again received the Chief of Naval Operations Golden Anchor and the Commander , Patrol Wings Pacific ( COMPATWINGSPAC ) Golden Orion for retention excellence . In November 1993 , VP-4 deployed to Misawa AB , Japan , and established a permanent detachment at Kadena AB , Okinawa . While on deployment , VP-4 received the 1993 Chief of Naval Operations Aviation Safety Award for a Pacific Fleet Maritime Patrol Squadron , the Commander , US 7th Fleet Award and the Captain Arnold Jay Isbell Trophy , both for Anti-Submarine Warfare ( ASW ) excellence . After completing a home training cycle , VP-4 conducted a split-site deployment to Misawa AB and Kadena AB in 1995 . During this deployment the squadron flew around the clock for seventeen straight days during the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis , providing intelligence support and protection against anti-surface and subsurface threats to both the and carrier battle groups . In early 1997 , VP-4 completed a quad-site deployment to Diego Garcia ; Masirah , Oman ; Manama , Bahrain , and Kadena AB , Japan . While on deployment , VP-4 aircrew and maintenance personnel conducted the first permanent detachment in the Persian Gulf . In addition , VP-4 acted as the armed patrol aircraft detachment from Doha , Qatar , flying 21 straight days with weapons and exercised the first 24-hour armed ready alert Maritime Patrol Aviation ( MPA ) posture in the Persian Gulf . VP-4 acted as the fleets eyes in the sky in support of Maritime Interdiction Operations ( MIO ) , enforcing United Nations Security Council Resolutions ( UNSCRs ) and the Iraqi Oil for Food program . In 1998 , pursuant to the BRAC decision to close NAS Barbers Point , VP-4 relocated to NAS Kaneohe Bay , now known as Marine Corps Base Hawaii . In December 1998 , VP-4 again deployed to six sites around the Middle East , during their deployment , the squadron participated in three combat operations : Operation Desert Fox , where they were awarded the Navy Unit Commendation ; Operation Southern Watch , where VP-4 triggered the initial strike and delivered pre and post-strike imagery ; and Operations Allied Force/Noble Anvil in Kosovo , which resulted in VP-4s Combat Air Crew 10 being awarded eleven ( 11 ) Air Medals . In home waters that same year , VP-4 also hosted 35 countries during RIMPAC 98 . VP-4 was the first VP squadron to introduce the P-3C Anti-Surface Warfare Improvement Program ( P-3C AIP ) aircraft to the Fleet . VP-4 proved AIPs power during deployment by supporting three aircraft carrier battle groups in the Persian Gulf and becoming the first squadron to achieve reliable AIP imagery transfer . VP-4 was also the first squadron in the US 7th Fleet to fire the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-surface missile from a P-3C AIP aircraft . In November 1999 , VP-4 flew to NAS North Island , California to participate in Joint Fleet Exercise ( JTFEX/FLEETEX ) . While at JTFEX/FLEETEX , the squadron participated in 23 events , including AIP and AGM-84 Standoff Land Attack Missile ( SLAM ) demo flights . In June 2000 , VP-4 conducted a WESTPAC deployment with detachments in 13 countries and participating in 27 multi-national exercises . The squadron also saved 22 lives in various Search and Rescue ( SAR ) operations within the Seventh Fleet’s Area of Responsibility ( AOR ) . The squadron was again honored with the Navy Battle E Award in 2000 , the third such award in five years . Following the September 11 attacks , VP-4 deployed to the US Central Command ( USCENTCOM ) AOR under Commander , Task Force 57 ( CTF 57 ) , a subordinate element of US Naval Forces Central Command ( USNAVCENT ) /US 5th Fleet . VP-4 conducted overland operations above Afghanistan flying armed reconnaissance missions and over the waters of the Middle East conducting Leadership Interdiction Operations in the first days of Operation Enduring Freedom . Over Afghanistan , VP-4 aircraft provided commanders a birds eye view of the terrain where US special operations forces ( SOF ) were operating to dislodge Taliban and Al-Qaeda fighters from their mountainous hideouts . VP-4 also played a pivotal role in Operation Anaconda , the largest land battle in Afghanistan to that date . Over water , aircrews were instrumental in operations to intercept and cut-off fleeing Taliban and Al-Qaeda fighters . For their efforts , VP-4 was once again recognized with the 2002 Commander , Naval Air Force Pacific Battle E Award as the top P-3 squadron in the Pacific Fleet . During their 2003 deployment , VP-4 continued to support Operation Enduring Freedom against terrorist factions in the Philippines , providing critical real-time intelligence . These missions highlighted the expanse of Coalition operations against Al-Qaeda and Al-Qaeda backed terrorists . VP-4 also had the opportunity to conduct the P-3Cs primary mission , ASW , against diesel and nuclear powered submarines , completing this deployment by flying over 4,000 mishap-free flight hours and completing over 800 missions . In 2005 , VP-4 successfully completed a wartime deployment to the Middle East and Western Pacific , carrying out a wide variety of missions ranging from humanitarian assistance and disaster relief support missions to the Indian Ocean tsunami victims , to direct support of ground combat operations in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan . In December 2006 , the squadron deployed to Misawa AB and Kadena AB , and to the Philippines , in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in the Philippines . This was followed by a return to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in November 2008 . On this deployment , VP-4 supplied detachments in support of numerous joint and multinational exercises at RAF Lakenheath , United Kingdom ; RAF Kinloss , Scotland ; and NAS Sigonella , Sicily . This experience proved invaluable during the ensuing interdeployment readiness cycle , when VP-4 successfully planned , hosted , and executed the worlds largest joint , multinational military exercise , RIMPAC 2010 . Following completion of a series of detachment operations , VP-4 departed MCB Kaneohe Bay for a split site deployment in November 2010 , supporting assets in both the US 5th Fleet and US 7th Fleet AORs . Following the catastrophic 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami of 11 March 2011 , VP-4 forward-deployed to Misawa AB in fewer than 24 hours and re-established CTG 72.4 as an operational entity and the first US aviation unit on station for Operation Tomodachi , with VP-4 subsequently providing 254 flight hours of humanitarian and disaster relief support to the Japanese people . In November 2012 , VP-4 was deployed to the US 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean , operating from NAS Sigonella , NS Rota , Spain and numerous other locations in support of US Naval Forces Europe , US Naval Forces Africa , NATO and Unified Combatant Commanders . As of 2013 , the squadron has surpassed over 40 years of mishap-free flying , with over 254,000 flight hours . VP-4 deployed in the Fifth and Sixth fleet from June 2014 to February 2015 . The squadron began deployment with an operational detachment to Keflavik , Iceland , in support of emergent Theater ASW tasking . Additionally , VP-4 provided support to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons , enabling the safe destruction of chemical weapons in the international waters of the Mediterranean Sea . VP-4 simultaneously took part in 5 exercises located in Bulgaria , Finland , Spain and Turkey . VP-4 returned home in February 2015 to prepare for what would be their final P-3C Orion deployment . In March 2016 , VP-4 departed Oahu for the last time as a Hawaii squadron . Their Aloha Deployment was a busy one that saw personnel spread across three continents and twelve different countries . While on deployment , VP-4 executed a Permanent Duty Station Change ( PDSC ) to Naval Air Station Whidbey Island , returning home in September . VP-4 become the first squadron at NAS Whidbey Island to covert to the P-8 Poseidon in October 2016 . On April 2 , 2018 the squadron departed for Kadena Air Base , Okinawa , Japan for its inaugural deployment . Operations . Vietnam War . Starting 26 March 1965 , the squadron began a split-site deployment to MCAS Iwakuni , Japan , with detachments at various dates located at Naval Air Facility Tan Son Nhut Air Base , South Vietnam ; Naval Station Sangley Point and NAS Cubi Point , Philippines . 31 January 1967 : The squadron again deployed to WestPac at Iwakuni , Japan , and provided support to Task Force 72 during Operation Market Time ( coastal patrols off the coasts of South Vietnam ) . Detachments were maintained at NS Sangley Point and NAF Naha , Okinawa . Upon completion of deployment , Commander Patrol Forces , Seventh Fleet presented the squadron a letter of commendation for its support of operations and assistance in the destruction of an enemy trawler carrying arms destined for the Viet Cong . 17 April 1967 : A VP-4 P-3A Orion flying patrol off the coast of Korea was fired upon by an infiltrating North Korean speedboat . The damaged aircraft landed safely after reporting the vessels location . South Korean forces sank the intruder shortly thereafter . Lieutenant Commander C . W . Larzelere III , the PPC , received a Navy Commendation Medal for his handling of the emergency while under fire . 28 April 1967 : A VP-4 P-3A Orion ( BuNo . 151365 ) flown by Lieutenant C . D . Burton was lost at sea with all hands off the coast of Tsushima Island , Japan . 1 August 1968 : VP-4 was deployed to WestPac under FAW-6 at Iwakuni , Japan . Patrols were conducted in the South China Sea , Sea of Japan , Korea , the Philippine Islands and Guam . Detachments were sent to Cam Ranh Bay , in support of Yankee Team and Market Time operations . Yankee Team was a joint U.S . Air Force and U.S . Navy operation begun in 1963 that provided low-level aerial reconnaissance of suspected Communist infiltration routes in eastern and southern Laos . Desert Shield/Desert Storm . On 10 November 1990 , as a normal rotation , NAS Barbers Point based VP-4 ( with P-3C Update Is ) relieved VP-1 at Diego Garcia and RAFO Al Masirah . VP-4 C.O . Commander Bob Cunningham , took over CTG 72.8 and his X.O . Commander Carlos Badger , assumed the detachment ( det ) . at RAFO Al Masirah . During one 34-hour period , P-3s provided the detection and target locating information that resulted in a substantial reduction in the Iraqi Navys offense of capability . A group of 15 Iraqi vessels heading for Maridim Island , an outpost in Kuwaiti hands was detected by VP-4s Crew Five , who vectored strike aircraft against the force , resulting in five ships sunk and seven more damaged . This effort ended what would be Iraqis last seaborne assault . Hours later , VP-4s Crew 2 detected a group of Iraqi vessels attempting a rapid transit from Iraqi ports around Bubiyan Island , apparently trying to reach the safety of Iranian territorial waters . P-3s from VPs 4 , 19 , and 45 provided the target locations for the strike aircraft which destroyed 11 Iraqi vessels in what has been named the Battle of Bubiyan . Between 25–27 March 2006 , a series of anti-submarine warfare exercises were held in Hawaiian waters that included Carrier Strike Group Nine , the nuclear-powered attack submarines , , , , and , as well as land-based P-3 Orions from patrol squadrons VP-9 , and VP-47 , and VP-4 . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - PV-1 – July 1943 - PV-2 – July 1945 - P2V-1 – September 1947 - P2V-2 – January 1948 - P2V-5 – March 1953 - P2V-5F – March 1956 - P2V-7/SP-2H – September 1962 - P-3A – October 1966 - P-3B-MOD ( Super Bee ) – February 1979 - P-3C – March 1984 - P-3C UI – November 1989 - P-3C UIIIR – 1992 - P-8A – October 2016 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Alameda , California – 1 July 1943 - Naval Air Station Whidbey Island , Washington – 1 November 1944 - NAB Eniwetok – 27 June 1945 - NAB Tinian – 1946 - NAS North Island , California – September 1946 - NAS Miramar , California – November 1947 - Naval Air Station Whidbey Island – January 1948 - NAF Naha , Okinawa – 13 August 1956 - NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii – November 1963 - Marine Corps Base Hawaii – 1998 - Naval Air Station Whidbey Island – September 2016 |
[
"Calcutta Women’s College",
"Scottish Church College"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Khudiram Das work for from 1941 to 1944? | /wiki/Khudiram_Das#P108#0 | Khudiram Das Khudiram Das ( 9 October 1916 – 28 April 2002 ) was an Indian scholar , educationist , critic , litterateur , an authority on Rabindra literature and linguistic expert . Early life and family . Khudiram Das was born in Beliatore situated in Bankura District , West Bengal to Satish Chandra Das and Kaminibala Devi . He studied in Middle English School in Bankura till Sixth standard and passed the Matric Examination in 1933 with Letter marks in Bengali and Sanskrit and I.A . Examination in 1935 from Bankura Zilla School , achieving 1st Division in both examinations . He graduated in Sanskrit with Honours from Bankura Christian College attaining 1st Class Third position in the year 1937 . He then moved to Kolkata ( then Calcutta ) for higher studies . He completed his Master’s ( M.A. ) in Bengali from University of Calcutta attaining 1st Class 1st position with the then record marks of 72.6% . He was endowed with the Calcutta University Gold Medal and 5 endowment Gold Medals and Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee Silver Medal for standing First in Class in M.A Bengali . He was also awarded with Kavya Tirtha and Kavya Ratna for his excellence in Sanskrit . He passed B.T . examination in 1941 . Research degree . He was awarded the D.Litt . degree of Calcutta University in 1962 which was the first Doctor of Literature awarded in Bengali Literature . Rabindra Pratibhar Parichay , his first book on Tagores poetical genius , won him this award . Career . He started his career as a School Inspector in 1941 and continued in that post for a few months . He taught at the Calcutta Women’s College and Scottish Church College from 1941 to 1944 , Presidency College from 1945 to 1955 , Cooch Behar Raj College in 1955 , Krishnagar Government College from 1955 to 1959 , Maulana Azad College ( then Central Calcutta College ) from 1959 to 1973 , Hooghly Mohsin College in 1973 , and as a Part Time Lecturer at Rabindra Bharati University from 1969 to 1973 . He taught at the University of Calcutta as Ramtanu Lahiri Professor of Bengali & Head of the Department of Modern Indian Languages from 1973 to 1981 . He retired from government service in the rank of West Bengal Government Senior Education Service . He was engaged with many organizations and held important positions . He was the President of Bangiya Sanskrita Siksha Parishad , Govt . of West Bengal , Member of Calcutta University Senate Arts Faculty and Ph . D committee , Bangiya Sahitya Parishad , Paschimbanga Bangla Academy , Rabindra Sadan Committee , and Editorial Board of Rabindra Rachanabali Publication Committee ( Govt . Of W.B. ) . After his retirement from active career , he was the Chief Editor of a project of West Bengal State Book Board on a linguistic dictionary of current Bengali words , titled Bengali Linguistic Dictionary for both Bengalis and Non-Bengalis , from 1982 to 1994 . Lectures . He was invited by the University of Calcutta to deliver the D.L . Roy Lecture and the Vidyasagar Lecture . Works . - Rabindra Pratibhar Parichay ( রবীন্দ্র প্রতিভার পরিচয় ) ( 1953 ) - Bangla Kavyer Rup o Riti ( বাংলা কাব্যের রূপ ও রীতি ) ( 1958 ) - Chitra Gitamayi Rabindra Vani ( চিত্র গীতময় রবীন্দ্র বানী ) ( 1966 ) - Vaishnava Rasa Prokash ( বৈষ্ণব রস প্রকাশ ) ( 1972 ) - Samaj Pragati Rabindranath ( সমাজ প্রগতি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) ( 1973 ) - Rabindra Kalpanay Bigyaner Adhikar ( রবীন্দ্র কল্পনায় বিজ্ঞানের অধিকার ) ( 1984 ) - Bangla Sahityer Adya Madhya - A History of Bengali Literature ( বাংলা সাহিত্যের আদ্য মধ্য ) ( 1985 ) - Banan Bananor Bondore ( বানান বানানোর বন্দরে ) ( 1993 ) - Choddosho Sal O Choloman Rabi ( চদ্দোশো সাল ও চলমান রবি ) ( 1993 ) - Desh Kal Sahitya ( দেশ কাল সাহিত্য ) ( 1995 ) - Santhali Bangla Samashabda Abhidhan ( সাঁওতালি বাংলা সমশব্দ অভিধান ) ( 1998 ) - Bachai Prabandha ( বাছাই প্রবন্ধ ) ( A collection of 14 essays , edited by Manas Majumdar ) ( 2000 ) - Pather Chhayachabite Adhyapak Khudiram Das ( পথের ছায়াছবিতে অধ্যাপক ক্ষুদিরাম দাস ) ( edited by Manas Majumdar ) ( 1996 ) He edited the Kavikankan Chandi by Mukundaram Chakrabarty in 1976 . He also edited Rabindra Prasanga Bodh , a book published by Govt . of West Bengal . He was the Chief Editor of a project of West Bengal State Book Board on a linguistic dictionary of current Bengali words , titled Bengali Linguistic Dictionary for both Bengalis and Non-Bengalis , from 1982 to 1994 . Some of his books are available in ebook format in his website the link to which is http://professorkhudiramdas.com/ebooks-by-professor-khudiram-das . মনীষয়া দীপ্যতি ( Manishoya Dipyoti ) was published by Deys Publishing in 2016 commemorating 100 Years of Birth Anniversary of Dr . Das . Ebooks - - Shikkha Bhabna ( শিক্ষা ভাবনা ) - Samaj Bhabna ( সমাজ ভাবনা ) - Banan Bananor Bondore ( বানান বানানোর বন্দরে ) - Amar Rabindranath ( আমার রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) - Choloman Khudiram Das ( চলমান ক্ষুদিরাম দাস ) - Bangla Sahityer Adyo-Modhyo ( বাঙলা সাহিত্যের আদ্য-মধ্য ) - Prosongo Khudiram Das ( ্প্রসঙ্গ ক্ষুদিরাম দাস ) - Rabindranather Bigyan Boron ( রবীন্দ্রনাথের বিজ্ঞান বরণ ) - Pratibadi Kobi Rabindranath ( প্রতিবাদী কবি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) Honors . He was conferred the title of Kavya Tirtha and Kavya Ratna for his expertise in Sanskrit Language and the title of Adya Madhya in Sanskrit Grammar . He was endowed with the Calcutta University Gold Medal and 5 endowment Gold Medals and Sir Ashutosh Silver Medal for standing First in Class in M.A Bengali . He was bestowed with many honors including . Pranotosh Ghatak Smriti Puraskar ( 1973 ) Vidyasagar Smriti Puraskar ( Govt . Of West Bengal ) ( 1984 ) Sarojini Basu Gold Medal ( University of Calcutta ) ( 1987 ) Sahitya Ratna ( Howrah Pandit Samaj ) ( 1987 ) Rabindra Tattwacharya ( Tagore Research Institute ) ( 1992 ) Rabindra Smriti Puraskar ( Govt . Of West Bengal ) ( 1994 ) Narayan Ganguli Smarak Puraskar ( 1995 ) Rabi Tirthankar ( Sanskrit College ) ( 1998 ) Khudiram Das Memorial Lecture is held every year in Department of Bengali Language and Literature , University of Calcutta in his memory . A bust of him was erected beside Rabindra Bhawan , Krishnagar on 9 October 2018 in association with Krishnagar Municipality as a part of his birth centenary programme . Memorial Prize . Kshudiram Das Memorial Prize is awarded for highest proficiency in Bengali Honours in B.A.Examination from Bethune College under University of Calcutta . Death . He died on 28 April 2002 in Krishnagar , Nadia at the age of 85 . External links . - Official site - WordPress Blog : https://kshudiramdas.wordpress.com/ - Google Plus Profile : https://plus.google.com/104884317612450679370 - Google Books : - Vaishnava Rasa Prokash ( বৈষ্ণব রস প্রকাশ ) - Kavikankan Chandi ( কবি কঙ্কন চণ্ডী ) - Samaj Pragati Rabindranath ( সমাজ প্রগতি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) ( 1973 ) - Chitra Gitamayi Rabindra Vani ( চিত্র গীতময় রবীন্দ্র বানী ) - Bangla Kavyer Rup o Riti ( বাংলা কাব্যের রূপ ও রীতি ) - Rabindra Pratibhar Parichay ( রবীন্দ্র প্রতিভার পরিচয় ) - Facebook Page - Youtube - Open Library Page |
[
"Presidency College"
] | easy | Which employer did Khudiram Das work for from 1945 to 1955? | /wiki/Khudiram_Das#P108#1 | Khudiram Das Khudiram Das ( 9 October 1916 – 28 April 2002 ) was an Indian scholar , educationist , critic , litterateur , an authority on Rabindra literature and linguistic expert . Early life and family . Khudiram Das was born in Beliatore situated in Bankura District , West Bengal to Satish Chandra Das and Kaminibala Devi . He studied in Middle English School in Bankura till Sixth standard and passed the Matric Examination in 1933 with Letter marks in Bengali and Sanskrit and I.A . Examination in 1935 from Bankura Zilla School , achieving 1st Division in both examinations . He graduated in Sanskrit with Honours from Bankura Christian College attaining 1st Class Third position in the year 1937 . He then moved to Kolkata ( then Calcutta ) for higher studies . He completed his Master’s ( M.A. ) in Bengali from University of Calcutta attaining 1st Class 1st position with the then record marks of 72.6% . He was endowed with the Calcutta University Gold Medal and 5 endowment Gold Medals and Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee Silver Medal for standing First in Class in M.A Bengali . He was also awarded with Kavya Tirtha and Kavya Ratna for his excellence in Sanskrit . He passed B.T . examination in 1941 . Research degree . He was awarded the D.Litt . degree of Calcutta University in 1962 which was the first Doctor of Literature awarded in Bengali Literature . Rabindra Pratibhar Parichay , his first book on Tagores poetical genius , won him this award . Career . He started his career as a School Inspector in 1941 and continued in that post for a few months . He taught at the Calcutta Women’s College and Scottish Church College from 1941 to 1944 , Presidency College from 1945 to 1955 , Cooch Behar Raj College in 1955 , Krishnagar Government College from 1955 to 1959 , Maulana Azad College ( then Central Calcutta College ) from 1959 to 1973 , Hooghly Mohsin College in 1973 , and as a Part Time Lecturer at Rabindra Bharati University from 1969 to 1973 . He taught at the University of Calcutta as Ramtanu Lahiri Professor of Bengali & Head of the Department of Modern Indian Languages from 1973 to 1981 . He retired from government service in the rank of West Bengal Government Senior Education Service . He was engaged with many organizations and held important positions . He was the President of Bangiya Sanskrita Siksha Parishad , Govt . of West Bengal , Member of Calcutta University Senate Arts Faculty and Ph . D committee , Bangiya Sahitya Parishad , Paschimbanga Bangla Academy , Rabindra Sadan Committee , and Editorial Board of Rabindra Rachanabali Publication Committee ( Govt . Of W.B. ) . After his retirement from active career , he was the Chief Editor of a project of West Bengal State Book Board on a linguistic dictionary of current Bengali words , titled Bengali Linguistic Dictionary for both Bengalis and Non-Bengalis , from 1982 to 1994 . Lectures . He was invited by the University of Calcutta to deliver the D.L . Roy Lecture and the Vidyasagar Lecture . Works . - Rabindra Pratibhar Parichay ( রবীন্দ্র প্রতিভার পরিচয় ) ( 1953 ) - Bangla Kavyer Rup o Riti ( বাংলা কাব্যের রূপ ও রীতি ) ( 1958 ) - Chitra Gitamayi Rabindra Vani ( চিত্র গীতময় রবীন্দ্র বানী ) ( 1966 ) - Vaishnava Rasa Prokash ( বৈষ্ণব রস প্রকাশ ) ( 1972 ) - Samaj Pragati Rabindranath ( সমাজ প্রগতি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) ( 1973 ) - Rabindra Kalpanay Bigyaner Adhikar ( রবীন্দ্র কল্পনায় বিজ্ঞানের অধিকার ) ( 1984 ) - Bangla Sahityer Adya Madhya - A History of Bengali Literature ( বাংলা সাহিত্যের আদ্য মধ্য ) ( 1985 ) - Banan Bananor Bondore ( বানান বানানোর বন্দরে ) ( 1993 ) - Choddosho Sal O Choloman Rabi ( চদ্দোশো সাল ও চলমান রবি ) ( 1993 ) - Desh Kal Sahitya ( দেশ কাল সাহিত্য ) ( 1995 ) - Santhali Bangla Samashabda Abhidhan ( সাঁওতালি বাংলা সমশব্দ অভিধান ) ( 1998 ) - Bachai Prabandha ( বাছাই প্রবন্ধ ) ( A collection of 14 essays , edited by Manas Majumdar ) ( 2000 ) - Pather Chhayachabite Adhyapak Khudiram Das ( পথের ছায়াছবিতে অধ্যাপক ক্ষুদিরাম দাস ) ( edited by Manas Majumdar ) ( 1996 ) He edited the Kavikankan Chandi by Mukundaram Chakrabarty in 1976 . He also edited Rabindra Prasanga Bodh , a book published by Govt . of West Bengal . He was the Chief Editor of a project of West Bengal State Book Board on a linguistic dictionary of current Bengali words , titled Bengali Linguistic Dictionary for both Bengalis and Non-Bengalis , from 1982 to 1994 . Some of his books are available in ebook format in his website the link to which is http://professorkhudiramdas.com/ebooks-by-professor-khudiram-das . মনীষয়া দীপ্যতি ( Manishoya Dipyoti ) was published by Deys Publishing in 2016 commemorating 100 Years of Birth Anniversary of Dr . Das . Ebooks - - Shikkha Bhabna ( শিক্ষা ভাবনা ) - Samaj Bhabna ( সমাজ ভাবনা ) - Banan Bananor Bondore ( বানান বানানোর বন্দরে ) - Amar Rabindranath ( আমার রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) - Choloman Khudiram Das ( চলমান ক্ষুদিরাম দাস ) - Bangla Sahityer Adyo-Modhyo ( বাঙলা সাহিত্যের আদ্য-মধ্য ) - Prosongo Khudiram Das ( ্প্রসঙ্গ ক্ষুদিরাম দাস ) - Rabindranather Bigyan Boron ( রবীন্দ্রনাথের বিজ্ঞান বরণ ) - Pratibadi Kobi Rabindranath ( প্রতিবাদী কবি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) Honors . He was conferred the title of Kavya Tirtha and Kavya Ratna for his expertise in Sanskrit Language and the title of Adya Madhya in Sanskrit Grammar . He was endowed with the Calcutta University Gold Medal and 5 endowment Gold Medals and Sir Ashutosh Silver Medal for standing First in Class in M.A Bengali . He was bestowed with many honors including . Pranotosh Ghatak Smriti Puraskar ( 1973 ) Vidyasagar Smriti Puraskar ( Govt . Of West Bengal ) ( 1984 ) Sarojini Basu Gold Medal ( University of Calcutta ) ( 1987 ) Sahitya Ratna ( Howrah Pandit Samaj ) ( 1987 ) Rabindra Tattwacharya ( Tagore Research Institute ) ( 1992 ) Rabindra Smriti Puraskar ( Govt . Of West Bengal ) ( 1994 ) Narayan Ganguli Smarak Puraskar ( 1995 ) Rabi Tirthankar ( Sanskrit College ) ( 1998 ) Khudiram Das Memorial Lecture is held every year in Department of Bengali Language and Literature , University of Calcutta in his memory . A bust of him was erected beside Rabindra Bhawan , Krishnagar on 9 October 2018 in association with Krishnagar Municipality as a part of his birth centenary programme . Memorial Prize . Kshudiram Das Memorial Prize is awarded for highest proficiency in Bengali Honours in B.A.Examination from Bethune College under University of Calcutta . Death . He died on 28 April 2002 in Krishnagar , Nadia at the age of 85 . External links . - Official site - WordPress Blog : https://kshudiramdas.wordpress.com/ - Google Plus Profile : https://plus.google.com/104884317612450679370 - Google Books : - Vaishnava Rasa Prokash ( বৈষ্ণব রস প্রকাশ ) - Kavikankan Chandi ( কবি কঙ্কন চণ্ডী ) - Samaj Pragati Rabindranath ( সমাজ প্রগতি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) ( 1973 ) - Chitra Gitamayi Rabindra Vani ( চিত্র গীতময় রবীন্দ্র বানী ) - Bangla Kavyer Rup o Riti ( বাংলা কাব্যের রূপ ও রীতি ) - Rabindra Pratibhar Parichay ( রবীন্দ্র প্রতিভার পরিচয় ) - Facebook Page - Youtube - Open Library Page |
[
"Krishnagar Government College"
] | easy | Who did Khudiram Das work for from 1955 to 1959? | /wiki/Khudiram_Das#P108#2 | Khudiram Das Khudiram Das ( 9 October 1916 – 28 April 2002 ) was an Indian scholar , educationist , critic , litterateur , an authority on Rabindra literature and linguistic expert . Early life and family . Khudiram Das was born in Beliatore situated in Bankura District , West Bengal to Satish Chandra Das and Kaminibala Devi . He studied in Middle English School in Bankura till Sixth standard and passed the Matric Examination in 1933 with Letter marks in Bengali and Sanskrit and I.A . Examination in 1935 from Bankura Zilla School , achieving 1st Division in both examinations . He graduated in Sanskrit with Honours from Bankura Christian College attaining 1st Class Third position in the year 1937 . He then moved to Kolkata ( then Calcutta ) for higher studies . He completed his Master’s ( M.A. ) in Bengali from University of Calcutta attaining 1st Class 1st position with the then record marks of 72.6% . He was endowed with the Calcutta University Gold Medal and 5 endowment Gold Medals and Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee Silver Medal for standing First in Class in M.A Bengali . He was also awarded with Kavya Tirtha and Kavya Ratna for his excellence in Sanskrit . He passed B.T . examination in 1941 . Research degree . He was awarded the D.Litt . degree of Calcutta University in 1962 which was the first Doctor of Literature awarded in Bengali Literature . Rabindra Pratibhar Parichay , his first book on Tagores poetical genius , won him this award . Career . He started his career as a School Inspector in 1941 and continued in that post for a few months . He taught at the Calcutta Women’s College and Scottish Church College from 1941 to 1944 , Presidency College from 1945 to 1955 , Cooch Behar Raj College in 1955 , Krishnagar Government College from 1955 to 1959 , Maulana Azad College ( then Central Calcutta College ) from 1959 to 1973 , Hooghly Mohsin College in 1973 , and as a Part Time Lecturer at Rabindra Bharati University from 1969 to 1973 . He taught at the University of Calcutta as Ramtanu Lahiri Professor of Bengali & Head of the Department of Modern Indian Languages from 1973 to 1981 . He retired from government service in the rank of West Bengal Government Senior Education Service . He was engaged with many organizations and held important positions . He was the President of Bangiya Sanskrita Siksha Parishad , Govt . of West Bengal , Member of Calcutta University Senate Arts Faculty and Ph . D committee , Bangiya Sahitya Parishad , Paschimbanga Bangla Academy , Rabindra Sadan Committee , and Editorial Board of Rabindra Rachanabali Publication Committee ( Govt . Of W.B. ) . After his retirement from active career , he was the Chief Editor of a project of West Bengal State Book Board on a linguistic dictionary of current Bengali words , titled Bengali Linguistic Dictionary for both Bengalis and Non-Bengalis , from 1982 to 1994 . Lectures . He was invited by the University of Calcutta to deliver the D.L . Roy Lecture and the Vidyasagar Lecture . Works . - Rabindra Pratibhar Parichay ( রবীন্দ্র প্রতিভার পরিচয় ) ( 1953 ) - Bangla Kavyer Rup o Riti ( বাংলা কাব্যের রূপ ও রীতি ) ( 1958 ) - Chitra Gitamayi Rabindra Vani ( চিত্র গীতময় রবীন্দ্র বানী ) ( 1966 ) - Vaishnava Rasa Prokash ( বৈষ্ণব রস প্রকাশ ) ( 1972 ) - Samaj Pragati Rabindranath ( সমাজ প্রগতি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) ( 1973 ) - Rabindra Kalpanay Bigyaner Adhikar ( রবীন্দ্র কল্পনায় বিজ্ঞানের অধিকার ) ( 1984 ) - Bangla Sahityer Adya Madhya - A History of Bengali Literature ( বাংলা সাহিত্যের আদ্য মধ্য ) ( 1985 ) - Banan Bananor Bondore ( বানান বানানোর বন্দরে ) ( 1993 ) - Choddosho Sal O Choloman Rabi ( চদ্দোশো সাল ও চলমান রবি ) ( 1993 ) - Desh Kal Sahitya ( দেশ কাল সাহিত্য ) ( 1995 ) - Santhali Bangla Samashabda Abhidhan ( সাঁওতালি বাংলা সমশব্দ অভিধান ) ( 1998 ) - Bachai Prabandha ( বাছাই প্রবন্ধ ) ( A collection of 14 essays , edited by Manas Majumdar ) ( 2000 ) - Pather Chhayachabite Adhyapak Khudiram Das ( পথের ছায়াছবিতে অধ্যাপক ক্ষুদিরাম দাস ) ( edited by Manas Majumdar ) ( 1996 ) He edited the Kavikankan Chandi by Mukundaram Chakrabarty in 1976 . He also edited Rabindra Prasanga Bodh , a book published by Govt . of West Bengal . He was the Chief Editor of a project of West Bengal State Book Board on a linguistic dictionary of current Bengali words , titled Bengali Linguistic Dictionary for both Bengalis and Non-Bengalis , from 1982 to 1994 . Some of his books are available in ebook format in his website the link to which is http://professorkhudiramdas.com/ebooks-by-professor-khudiram-das . মনীষয়া দীপ্যতি ( Manishoya Dipyoti ) was published by Deys Publishing in 2016 commemorating 100 Years of Birth Anniversary of Dr . Das . Ebooks - - Shikkha Bhabna ( শিক্ষা ভাবনা ) - Samaj Bhabna ( সমাজ ভাবনা ) - Banan Bananor Bondore ( বানান বানানোর বন্দরে ) - Amar Rabindranath ( আমার রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) - Choloman Khudiram Das ( চলমান ক্ষুদিরাম দাস ) - Bangla Sahityer Adyo-Modhyo ( বাঙলা সাহিত্যের আদ্য-মধ্য ) - Prosongo Khudiram Das ( ্প্রসঙ্গ ক্ষুদিরাম দাস ) - Rabindranather Bigyan Boron ( রবীন্দ্রনাথের বিজ্ঞান বরণ ) - Pratibadi Kobi Rabindranath ( প্রতিবাদী কবি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) Honors . He was conferred the title of Kavya Tirtha and Kavya Ratna for his expertise in Sanskrit Language and the title of Adya Madhya in Sanskrit Grammar . He was endowed with the Calcutta University Gold Medal and 5 endowment Gold Medals and Sir Ashutosh Silver Medal for standing First in Class in M.A Bengali . He was bestowed with many honors including . Pranotosh Ghatak Smriti Puraskar ( 1973 ) Vidyasagar Smriti Puraskar ( Govt . Of West Bengal ) ( 1984 ) Sarojini Basu Gold Medal ( University of Calcutta ) ( 1987 ) Sahitya Ratna ( Howrah Pandit Samaj ) ( 1987 ) Rabindra Tattwacharya ( Tagore Research Institute ) ( 1992 ) Rabindra Smriti Puraskar ( Govt . Of West Bengal ) ( 1994 ) Narayan Ganguli Smarak Puraskar ( 1995 ) Rabi Tirthankar ( Sanskrit College ) ( 1998 ) Khudiram Das Memorial Lecture is held every year in Department of Bengali Language and Literature , University of Calcutta in his memory . A bust of him was erected beside Rabindra Bhawan , Krishnagar on 9 October 2018 in association with Krishnagar Municipality as a part of his birth centenary programme . Memorial Prize . Kshudiram Das Memorial Prize is awarded for highest proficiency in Bengali Honours in B.A.Examination from Bethune College under University of Calcutta . Death . He died on 28 April 2002 in Krishnagar , Nadia at the age of 85 . External links . - Official site - WordPress Blog : https://kshudiramdas.wordpress.com/ - Google Plus Profile : https://plus.google.com/104884317612450679370 - Google Books : - Vaishnava Rasa Prokash ( বৈষ্ণব রস প্রকাশ ) - Kavikankan Chandi ( কবি কঙ্কন চণ্ডী ) - Samaj Pragati Rabindranath ( সমাজ প্রগতি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) ( 1973 ) - Chitra Gitamayi Rabindra Vani ( চিত্র গীতময় রবীন্দ্র বানী ) - Bangla Kavyer Rup o Riti ( বাংলা কাব্যের রূপ ও রীতি ) - Rabindra Pratibhar Parichay ( রবীন্দ্র প্রতিভার পরিচয় ) - Facebook Page - Youtube - Open Library Page |
[
"Maulana Azad College"
] | easy | Who did Khudiram Das work for from 1959 to 1969? | /wiki/Khudiram_Das#P108#3 | Khudiram Das Khudiram Das ( 9 October 1916 – 28 April 2002 ) was an Indian scholar , educationist , critic , litterateur , an authority on Rabindra literature and linguistic expert . Early life and family . Khudiram Das was born in Beliatore situated in Bankura District , West Bengal to Satish Chandra Das and Kaminibala Devi . He studied in Middle English School in Bankura till Sixth standard and passed the Matric Examination in 1933 with Letter marks in Bengali and Sanskrit and I.A . Examination in 1935 from Bankura Zilla School , achieving 1st Division in both examinations . He graduated in Sanskrit with Honours from Bankura Christian College attaining 1st Class Third position in the year 1937 . He then moved to Kolkata ( then Calcutta ) for higher studies . He completed his Master’s ( M.A. ) in Bengali from University of Calcutta attaining 1st Class 1st position with the then record marks of 72.6% . He was endowed with the Calcutta University Gold Medal and 5 endowment Gold Medals and Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee Silver Medal for standing First in Class in M.A Bengali . He was also awarded with Kavya Tirtha and Kavya Ratna for his excellence in Sanskrit . He passed B.T . examination in 1941 . Research degree . He was awarded the D.Litt . degree of Calcutta University in 1962 which was the first Doctor of Literature awarded in Bengali Literature . Rabindra Pratibhar Parichay , his first book on Tagores poetical genius , won him this award . Career . He started his career as a School Inspector in 1941 and continued in that post for a few months . He taught at the Calcutta Women’s College and Scottish Church College from 1941 to 1944 , Presidency College from 1945 to 1955 , Cooch Behar Raj College in 1955 , Krishnagar Government College from 1955 to 1959 , Maulana Azad College ( then Central Calcutta College ) from 1959 to 1973 , Hooghly Mohsin College in 1973 , and as a Part Time Lecturer at Rabindra Bharati University from 1969 to 1973 . He taught at the University of Calcutta as Ramtanu Lahiri Professor of Bengali & Head of the Department of Modern Indian Languages from 1973 to 1981 . He retired from government service in the rank of West Bengal Government Senior Education Service . He was engaged with many organizations and held important positions . He was the President of Bangiya Sanskrita Siksha Parishad , Govt . of West Bengal , Member of Calcutta University Senate Arts Faculty and Ph . D committee , Bangiya Sahitya Parishad , Paschimbanga Bangla Academy , Rabindra Sadan Committee , and Editorial Board of Rabindra Rachanabali Publication Committee ( Govt . Of W.B. ) . After his retirement from active career , he was the Chief Editor of a project of West Bengal State Book Board on a linguistic dictionary of current Bengali words , titled Bengali Linguistic Dictionary for both Bengalis and Non-Bengalis , from 1982 to 1994 . Lectures . He was invited by the University of Calcutta to deliver the D.L . Roy Lecture and the Vidyasagar Lecture . Works . - Rabindra Pratibhar Parichay ( রবীন্দ্র প্রতিভার পরিচয় ) ( 1953 ) - Bangla Kavyer Rup o Riti ( বাংলা কাব্যের রূপ ও রীতি ) ( 1958 ) - Chitra Gitamayi Rabindra Vani ( চিত্র গীতময় রবীন্দ্র বানী ) ( 1966 ) - Vaishnava Rasa Prokash ( বৈষ্ণব রস প্রকাশ ) ( 1972 ) - Samaj Pragati Rabindranath ( সমাজ প্রগতি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) ( 1973 ) - Rabindra Kalpanay Bigyaner Adhikar ( রবীন্দ্র কল্পনায় বিজ্ঞানের অধিকার ) ( 1984 ) - Bangla Sahityer Adya Madhya - A History of Bengali Literature ( বাংলা সাহিত্যের আদ্য মধ্য ) ( 1985 ) - Banan Bananor Bondore ( বানান বানানোর বন্দরে ) ( 1993 ) - Choddosho Sal O Choloman Rabi ( চদ্দোশো সাল ও চলমান রবি ) ( 1993 ) - Desh Kal Sahitya ( দেশ কাল সাহিত্য ) ( 1995 ) - Santhali Bangla Samashabda Abhidhan ( সাঁওতালি বাংলা সমশব্দ অভিধান ) ( 1998 ) - Bachai Prabandha ( বাছাই প্রবন্ধ ) ( A collection of 14 essays , edited by Manas Majumdar ) ( 2000 ) - Pather Chhayachabite Adhyapak Khudiram Das ( পথের ছায়াছবিতে অধ্যাপক ক্ষুদিরাম দাস ) ( edited by Manas Majumdar ) ( 1996 ) He edited the Kavikankan Chandi by Mukundaram Chakrabarty in 1976 . He also edited Rabindra Prasanga Bodh , a book published by Govt . of West Bengal . He was the Chief Editor of a project of West Bengal State Book Board on a linguistic dictionary of current Bengali words , titled Bengali Linguistic Dictionary for both Bengalis and Non-Bengalis , from 1982 to 1994 . Some of his books are available in ebook format in his website the link to which is http://professorkhudiramdas.com/ebooks-by-professor-khudiram-das . মনীষয়া দীপ্যতি ( Manishoya Dipyoti ) was published by Deys Publishing in 2016 commemorating 100 Years of Birth Anniversary of Dr . Das . Ebooks - - Shikkha Bhabna ( শিক্ষা ভাবনা ) - Samaj Bhabna ( সমাজ ভাবনা ) - Banan Bananor Bondore ( বানান বানানোর বন্দরে ) - Amar Rabindranath ( আমার রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) - Choloman Khudiram Das ( চলমান ক্ষুদিরাম দাস ) - Bangla Sahityer Adyo-Modhyo ( বাঙলা সাহিত্যের আদ্য-মধ্য ) - Prosongo Khudiram Das ( ্প্রসঙ্গ ক্ষুদিরাম দাস ) - Rabindranather Bigyan Boron ( রবীন্দ্রনাথের বিজ্ঞান বরণ ) - Pratibadi Kobi Rabindranath ( প্রতিবাদী কবি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) Honors . He was conferred the title of Kavya Tirtha and Kavya Ratna for his expertise in Sanskrit Language and the title of Adya Madhya in Sanskrit Grammar . He was endowed with the Calcutta University Gold Medal and 5 endowment Gold Medals and Sir Ashutosh Silver Medal for standing First in Class in M.A Bengali . He was bestowed with many honors including . Pranotosh Ghatak Smriti Puraskar ( 1973 ) Vidyasagar Smriti Puraskar ( Govt . Of West Bengal ) ( 1984 ) Sarojini Basu Gold Medal ( University of Calcutta ) ( 1987 ) Sahitya Ratna ( Howrah Pandit Samaj ) ( 1987 ) Rabindra Tattwacharya ( Tagore Research Institute ) ( 1992 ) Rabindra Smriti Puraskar ( Govt . Of West Bengal ) ( 1994 ) Narayan Ganguli Smarak Puraskar ( 1995 ) Rabi Tirthankar ( Sanskrit College ) ( 1998 ) Khudiram Das Memorial Lecture is held every year in Department of Bengali Language and Literature , University of Calcutta in his memory . A bust of him was erected beside Rabindra Bhawan , Krishnagar on 9 October 2018 in association with Krishnagar Municipality as a part of his birth centenary programme . Memorial Prize . Kshudiram Das Memorial Prize is awarded for highest proficiency in Bengali Honours in B.A.Examination from Bethune College under University of Calcutta . Death . He died on 28 April 2002 in Krishnagar , Nadia at the age of 85 . External links . - Official site - WordPress Blog : https://kshudiramdas.wordpress.com/ - Google Plus Profile : https://plus.google.com/104884317612450679370 - Google Books : - Vaishnava Rasa Prokash ( বৈষ্ণব রস প্রকাশ ) - Kavikankan Chandi ( কবি কঙ্কন চণ্ডী ) - Samaj Pragati Rabindranath ( সমাজ প্রগতি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) ( 1973 ) - Chitra Gitamayi Rabindra Vani ( চিত্র গীতময় রবীন্দ্র বানী ) - Bangla Kavyer Rup o Riti ( বাংলা কাব্যের রূপ ও রীতি ) - Rabindra Pratibhar Parichay ( রবীন্দ্র প্রতিভার পরিচয় ) - Facebook Page - Youtube - Open Library Page |
[
"Rabindra Bharati University"
] | easy | Which employer did Khudiram Das work for from 1969 to 1973? | /wiki/Khudiram_Das#P108#4 | Khudiram Das Khudiram Das ( 9 October 1916 – 28 April 2002 ) was an Indian scholar , educationist , critic , litterateur , an authority on Rabindra literature and linguistic expert . Early life and family . Khudiram Das was born in Beliatore situated in Bankura District , West Bengal to Satish Chandra Das and Kaminibala Devi . He studied in Middle English School in Bankura till Sixth standard and passed the Matric Examination in 1933 with Letter marks in Bengali and Sanskrit and I.A . Examination in 1935 from Bankura Zilla School , achieving 1st Division in both examinations . He graduated in Sanskrit with Honours from Bankura Christian College attaining 1st Class Third position in the year 1937 . He then moved to Kolkata ( then Calcutta ) for higher studies . He completed his Master’s ( M.A. ) in Bengali from University of Calcutta attaining 1st Class 1st position with the then record marks of 72.6% . He was endowed with the Calcutta University Gold Medal and 5 endowment Gold Medals and Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee Silver Medal for standing First in Class in M.A Bengali . He was also awarded with Kavya Tirtha and Kavya Ratna for his excellence in Sanskrit . He passed B.T . examination in 1941 . Research degree . He was awarded the D.Litt . degree of Calcutta University in 1962 which was the first Doctor of Literature awarded in Bengali Literature . Rabindra Pratibhar Parichay , his first book on Tagores poetical genius , won him this award . Career . He started his career as a School Inspector in 1941 and continued in that post for a few months . He taught at the Calcutta Women’s College and Scottish Church College from 1941 to 1944 , Presidency College from 1945 to 1955 , Cooch Behar Raj College in 1955 , Krishnagar Government College from 1955 to 1959 , Maulana Azad College ( then Central Calcutta College ) from 1959 to 1973 , Hooghly Mohsin College in 1973 , and as a Part Time Lecturer at Rabindra Bharati University from 1969 to 1973 . He taught at the University of Calcutta as Ramtanu Lahiri Professor of Bengali & Head of the Department of Modern Indian Languages from 1973 to 1981 . He retired from government service in the rank of West Bengal Government Senior Education Service . He was engaged with many organizations and held important positions . He was the President of Bangiya Sanskrita Siksha Parishad , Govt . of West Bengal , Member of Calcutta University Senate Arts Faculty and Ph . D committee , Bangiya Sahitya Parishad , Paschimbanga Bangla Academy , Rabindra Sadan Committee , and Editorial Board of Rabindra Rachanabali Publication Committee ( Govt . Of W.B. ) . After his retirement from active career , he was the Chief Editor of a project of West Bengal State Book Board on a linguistic dictionary of current Bengali words , titled Bengali Linguistic Dictionary for both Bengalis and Non-Bengalis , from 1982 to 1994 . Lectures . He was invited by the University of Calcutta to deliver the D.L . Roy Lecture and the Vidyasagar Lecture . Works . - Rabindra Pratibhar Parichay ( রবীন্দ্র প্রতিভার পরিচয় ) ( 1953 ) - Bangla Kavyer Rup o Riti ( বাংলা কাব্যের রূপ ও রীতি ) ( 1958 ) - Chitra Gitamayi Rabindra Vani ( চিত্র গীতময় রবীন্দ্র বানী ) ( 1966 ) - Vaishnava Rasa Prokash ( বৈষ্ণব রস প্রকাশ ) ( 1972 ) - Samaj Pragati Rabindranath ( সমাজ প্রগতি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) ( 1973 ) - Rabindra Kalpanay Bigyaner Adhikar ( রবীন্দ্র কল্পনায় বিজ্ঞানের অধিকার ) ( 1984 ) - Bangla Sahityer Adya Madhya - A History of Bengali Literature ( বাংলা সাহিত্যের আদ্য মধ্য ) ( 1985 ) - Banan Bananor Bondore ( বানান বানানোর বন্দরে ) ( 1993 ) - Choddosho Sal O Choloman Rabi ( চদ্দোশো সাল ও চলমান রবি ) ( 1993 ) - Desh Kal Sahitya ( দেশ কাল সাহিত্য ) ( 1995 ) - Santhali Bangla Samashabda Abhidhan ( সাঁওতালি বাংলা সমশব্দ অভিধান ) ( 1998 ) - Bachai Prabandha ( বাছাই প্রবন্ধ ) ( A collection of 14 essays , edited by Manas Majumdar ) ( 2000 ) - Pather Chhayachabite Adhyapak Khudiram Das ( পথের ছায়াছবিতে অধ্যাপক ক্ষুদিরাম দাস ) ( edited by Manas Majumdar ) ( 1996 ) He edited the Kavikankan Chandi by Mukundaram Chakrabarty in 1976 . He also edited Rabindra Prasanga Bodh , a book published by Govt . of West Bengal . He was the Chief Editor of a project of West Bengal State Book Board on a linguistic dictionary of current Bengali words , titled Bengali Linguistic Dictionary for both Bengalis and Non-Bengalis , from 1982 to 1994 . Some of his books are available in ebook format in his website the link to which is http://professorkhudiramdas.com/ebooks-by-professor-khudiram-das . মনীষয়া দীপ্যতি ( Manishoya Dipyoti ) was published by Deys Publishing in 2016 commemorating 100 Years of Birth Anniversary of Dr . Das . Ebooks - - Shikkha Bhabna ( শিক্ষা ভাবনা ) - Samaj Bhabna ( সমাজ ভাবনা ) - Banan Bananor Bondore ( বানান বানানোর বন্দরে ) - Amar Rabindranath ( আমার রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) - Choloman Khudiram Das ( চলমান ক্ষুদিরাম দাস ) - Bangla Sahityer Adyo-Modhyo ( বাঙলা সাহিত্যের আদ্য-মধ্য ) - Prosongo Khudiram Das ( ্প্রসঙ্গ ক্ষুদিরাম দাস ) - Rabindranather Bigyan Boron ( রবীন্দ্রনাথের বিজ্ঞান বরণ ) - Pratibadi Kobi Rabindranath ( প্রতিবাদী কবি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) Honors . He was conferred the title of Kavya Tirtha and Kavya Ratna for his expertise in Sanskrit Language and the title of Adya Madhya in Sanskrit Grammar . He was endowed with the Calcutta University Gold Medal and 5 endowment Gold Medals and Sir Ashutosh Silver Medal for standing First in Class in M.A Bengali . He was bestowed with many honors including . Pranotosh Ghatak Smriti Puraskar ( 1973 ) Vidyasagar Smriti Puraskar ( Govt . Of West Bengal ) ( 1984 ) Sarojini Basu Gold Medal ( University of Calcutta ) ( 1987 ) Sahitya Ratna ( Howrah Pandit Samaj ) ( 1987 ) Rabindra Tattwacharya ( Tagore Research Institute ) ( 1992 ) Rabindra Smriti Puraskar ( Govt . Of West Bengal ) ( 1994 ) Narayan Ganguli Smarak Puraskar ( 1995 ) Rabi Tirthankar ( Sanskrit College ) ( 1998 ) Khudiram Das Memorial Lecture is held every year in Department of Bengali Language and Literature , University of Calcutta in his memory . A bust of him was erected beside Rabindra Bhawan , Krishnagar on 9 October 2018 in association with Krishnagar Municipality as a part of his birth centenary programme . Memorial Prize . Kshudiram Das Memorial Prize is awarded for highest proficiency in Bengali Honours in B.A.Examination from Bethune College under University of Calcutta . Death . He died on 28 April 2002 in Krishnagar , Nadia at the age of 85 . External links . - Official site - WordPress Blog : https://kshudiramdas.wordpress.com/ - Google Plus Profile : https://plus.google.com/104884317612450679370 - Google Books : - Vaishnava Rasa Prokash ( বৈষ্ণব রস প্রকাশ ) - Kavikankan Chandi ( কবি কঙ্কন চণ্ডী ) - Samaj Pragati Rabindranath ( সমাজ প্রগতি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) ( 1973 ) - Chitra Gitamayi Rabindra Vani ( চিত্র গীতময় রবীন্দ্র বানী ) - Bangla Kavyer Rup o Riti ( বাংলা কাব্যের রূপ ও রীতি ) - Rabindra Pratibhar Parichay ( রবীন্দ্র প্রতিভার পরিচয় ) - Facebook Page - Youtube - Open Library Page |
[
"University of Calcutta as Ramtanu Lahiri"
] | easy | Which employer did Khudiram Das work for from 1973 to 1981? | /wiki/Khudiram_Das#P108#5 | Khudiram Das Khudiram Das ( 9 October 1916 – 28 April 2002 ) was an Indian scholar , educationist , critic , litterateur , an authority on Rabindra literature and linguistic expert . Early life and family . Khudiram Das was born in Beliatore situated in Bankura District , West Bengal to Satish Chandra Das and Kaminibala Devi . He studied in Middle English School in Bankura till Sixth standard and passed the Matric Examination in 1933 with Letter marks in Bengali and Sanskrit and I.A . Examination in 1935 from Bankura Zilla School , achieving 1st Division in both examinations . He graduated in Sanskrit with Honours from Bankura Christian College attaining 1st Class Third position in the year 1937 . He then moved to Kolkata ( then Calcutta ) for higher studies . He completed his Master’s ( M.A. ) in Bengali from University of Calcutta attaining 1st Class 1st position with the then record marks of 72.6% . He was endowed with the Calcutta University Gold Medal and 5 endowment Gold Medals and Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee Silver Medal for standing First in Class in M.A Bengali . He was also awarded with Kavya Tirtha and Kavya Ratna for his excellence in Sanskrit . He passed B.T . examination in 1941 . Research degree . He was awarded the D.Litt . degree of Calcutta University in 1962 which was the first Doctor of Literature awarded in Bengali Literature . Rabindra Pratibhar Parichay , his first book on Tagores poetical genius , won him this award . Career . He started his career as a School Inspector in 1941 and continued in that post for a few months . He taught at the Calcutta Women’s College and Scottish Church College from 1941 to 1944 , Presidency College from 1945 to 1955 , Cooch Behar Raj College in 1955 , Krishnagar Government College from 1955 to 1959 , Maulana Azad College ( then Central Calcutta College ) from 1959 to 1973 , Hooghly Mohsin College in 1973 , and as a Part Time Lecturer at Rabindra Bharati University from 1969 to 1973 . He taught at the University of Calcutta as Ramtanu Lahiri Professor of Bengali & Head of the Department of Modern Indian Languages from 1973 to 1981 . He retired from government service in the rank of West Bengal Government Senior Education Service . He was engaged with many organizations and held important positions . He was the President of Bangiya Sanskrita Siksha Parishad , Govt . of West Bengal , Member of Calcutta University Senate Arts Faculty and Ph . D committee , Bangiya Sahitya Parishad , Paschimbanga Bangla Academy , Rabindra Sadan Committee , and Editorial Board of Rabindra Rachanabali Publication Committee ( Govt . Of W.B. ) . After his retirement from active career , he was the Chief Editor of a project of West Bengal State Book Board on a linguistic dictionary of current Bengali words , titled Bengali Linguistic Dictionary for both Bengalis and Non-Bengalis , from 1982 to 1994 . Lectures . He was invited by the University of Calcutta to deliver the D.L . Roy Lecture and the Vidyasagar Lecture . Works . - Rabindra Pratibhar Parichay ( রবীন্দ্র প্রতিভার পরিচয় ) ( 1953 ) - Bangla Kavyer Rup o Riti ( বাংলা কাব্যের রূপ ও রীতি ) ( 1958 ) - Chitra Gitamayi Rabindra Vani ( চিত্র গীতময় রবীন্দ্র বানী ) ( 1966 ) - Vaishnava Rasa Prokash ( বৈষ্ণব রস প্রকাশ ) ( 1972 ) - Samaj Pragati Rabindranath ( সমাজ প্রগতি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) ( 1973 ) - Rabindra Kalpanay Bigyaner Adhikar ( রবীন্দ্র কল্পনায় বিজ্ঞানের অধিকার ) ( 1984 ) - Bangla Sahityer Adya Madhya - A History of Bengali Literature ( বাংলা সাহিত্যের আদ্য মধ্য ) ( 1985 ) - Banan Bananor Bondore ( বানান বানানোর বন্দরে ) ( 1993 ) - Choddosho Sal O Choloman Rabi ( চদ্দোশো সাল ও চলমান রবি ) ( 1993 ) - Desh Kal Sahitya ( দেশ কাল সাহিত্য ) ( 1995 ) - Santhali Bangla Samashabda Abhidhan ( সাঁওতালি বাংলা সমশব্দ অভিধান ) ( 1998 ) - Bachai Prabandha ( বাছাই প্রবন্ধ ) ( A collection of 14 essays , edited by Manas Majumdar ) ( 2000 ) - Pather Chhayachabite Adhyapak Khudiram Das ( পথের ছায়াছবিতে অধ্যাপক ক্ষুদিরাম দাস ) ( edited by Manas Majumdar ) ( 1996 ) He edited the Kavikankan Chandi by Mukundaram Chakrabarty in 1976 . He also edited Rabindra Prasanga Bodh , a book published by Govt . of West Bengal . He was the Chief Editor of a project of West Bengal State Book Board on a linguistic dictionary of current Bengali words , titled Bengali Linguistic Dictionary for both Bengalis and Non-Bengalis , from 1982 to 1994 . Some of his books are available in ebook format in his website the link to which is http://professorkhudiramdas.com/ebooks-by-professor-khudiram-das . মনীষয়া দীপ্যতি ( Manishoya Dipyoti ) was published by Deys Publishing in 2016 commemorating 100 Years of Birth Anniversary of Dr . Das . Ebooks - - Shikkha Bhabna ( শিক্ষা ভাবনা ) - Samaj Bhabna ( সমাজ ভাবনা ) - Banan Bananor Bondore ( বানান বানানোর বন্দরে ) - Amar Rabindranath ( আমার রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) - Choloman Khudiram Das ( চলমান ক্ষুদিরাম দাস ) - Bangla Sahityer Adyo-Modhyo ( বাঙলা সাহিত্যের আদ্য-মধ্য ) - Prosongo Khudiram Das ( ্প্রসঙ্গ ক্ষুদিরাম দাস ) - Rabindranather Bigyan Boron ( রবীন্দ্রনাথের বিজ্ঞান বরণ ) - Pratibadi Kobi Rabindranath ( প্রতিবাদী কবি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) Honors . He was conferred the title of Kavya Tirtha and Kavya Ratna for his expertise in Sanskrit Language and the title of Adya Madhya in Sanskrit Grammar . He was endowed with the Calcutta University Gold Medal and 5 endowment Gold Medals and Sir Ashutosh Silver Medal for standing First in Class in M.A Bengali . He was bestowed with many honors including . Pranotosh Ghatak Smriti Puraskar ( 1973 ) Vidyasagar Smriti Puraskar ( Govt . Of West Bengal ) ( 1984 ) Sarojini Basu Gold Medal ( University of Calcutta ) ( 1987 ) Sahitya Ratna ( Howrah Pandit Samaj ) ( 1987 ) Rabindra Tattwacharya ( Tagore Research Institute ) ( 1992 ) Rabindra Smriti Puraskar ( Govt . Of West Bengal ) ( 1994 ) Narayan Ganguli Smarak Puraskar ( 1995 ) Rabi Tirthankar ( Sanskrit College ) ( 1998 ) Khudiram Das Memorial Lecture is held every year in Department of Bengali Language and Literature , University of Calcutta in his memory . A bust of him was erected beside Rabindra Bhawan , Krishnagar on 9 October 2018 in association with Krishnagar Municipality as a part of his birth centenary programme . Memorial Prize . Kshudiram Das Memorial Prize is awarded for highest proficiency in Bengali Honours in B.A.Examination from Bethune College under University of Calcutta . Death . He died on 28 April 2002 in Krishnagar , Nadia at the age of 85 . External links . - Official site - WordPress Blog : https://kshudiramdas.wordpress.com/ - Google Plus Profile : https://plus.google.com/104884317612450679370 - Google Books : - Vaishnava Rasa Prokash ( বৈষ্ণব রস প্রকাশ ) - Kavikankan Chandi ( কবি কঙ্কন চণ্ডী ) - Samaj Pragati Rabindranath ( সমাজ প্রগতি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ) ( 1973 ) - Chitra Gitamayi Rabindra Vani ( চিত্র গীতময় রবীন্দ্র বানী ) - Bangla Kavyer Rup o Riti ( বাংলা কাব্যের রূপ ও রীতি ) - Rabindra Pratibhar Parichay ( রবীন্দ্র প্রতিভার পরিচয় ) - Facebook Page - Youtube - Open Library Page |
[
"MP for North Durham"
] | easy | Kevan Jones took which position from Jun 2001 to Apr 2005? | /wiki/Kevan_Jones#P39#0 | Kevan Jones Kevan David Jones ( born 25 April 1964 ) is a British Labour Party politician , who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Durham since 2001 . He resigned as a shadow defence minister in January 2016 in protest against a front bench reshuffle by Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn . Early life . Jones was born in Nottinghamshire and is the son of a coal miner . He attended Portland Comprehensive School in Worksop and Newcastle Polytechnic and the University of Southern Maine , gaining a BA ( Hons ) in Government and Public Policy . Before becoming an MP , he was a Newcastle upon Tyne councillor from 1990 to 2001 and Chairman of the Development Committee as well as an elected officer of the GMB Union . Parliamentary career . Jones was first elected as MP for North Durham in 2001 with a majority of 18,681 . After becoming member of Parliament , Jones became a member of the influential Defence Select Committee , and also a member of the Labour Partys Parliamentary Committee . His Private Members Bill , the Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 , successfully passed Parliament , and came into force in December 2004 . The Act makes it illegal for large shops to open on Christmas Day . He was re-elected to the North Durham seat in the 2005 general election , with a majority of 16,781 . He polled 64.1% of the vote . His campaigning on behalf of people who had coal health compensation payments deducted by unscrupulous claims handlers influenced the Compensation Act 2006 . Ministerial career . Jones was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State and Minister for Veterans at the Ministry of Defence in October 2008 . In August 2009 he was accused of briefing against the Chief of the General Staff , General Sir Richard Dannatt , who had been an outspoken critic of the governments record on equipping troops . A series of Freedom of Information requests had been made concerning Dannats expenses , and blogger Guido Fawkes outed Jones as the culprit , although he did not provide any evidence that directly connected Jones to the requests . Jones , who had tabled Parliamentary questions on Army officials spending before becoming a minister , denied the allegations and said he had a good working relationship with Dannatt . Jones publicly apologised to Joanna Lumley in March 2010 after he had accused her of deathly silence over misleading advice being given to some Gurkhas following Lumleys successful campaign to allow more Gurkhas to settle in the UK . In opposition . In May 2010 Harriet Harman appointed Jones Shadow Minister for the Armed Forces , outside the Shadow Cabinet . He retained this position under Labour leader Ed Miliband and in Jeremy Corbyns first appointment of shadow ministers in 2015 . He became a member of the special Select Committee set up to scrutinise the Bill that became the Armed Forces Act 2011 . He was also a member of the Public Bill Committee for the Defence Reform Act 2014 . In December 2015 Jones made public his strong criticism of the new Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn , in particular after Corbyn opposed military intervention in the Syrian Civil War . Jones stated because of [ Corbyns ] incompetence , the Tories are getting away with things that are not being properly scrutinised and the people who are suffering are the ones that we represent . Jones supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . He is Treasurer of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Industrial Heritage . He is a member of Labour Friends of Israel . Resignation as shadow Defence Minister . In January 2016 , Jones resigned as a Shadow Minister for the Armed Forces , following a reshuffle in which Jeremy Corbyn had promoted Emily Thornberry , who opposes the replacement of the Trident nuclear weapon system , to shadow Defence Secretary . In his resignation letter , Jones said he believed that the country had to maintain a credible nuclear deterrent , while working to advance global nuclear disarmament . He later supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . Mental health . In 2012 , in a debate in Parliament on mental health issues and their taboo , Jones spoke about his own battles with depression , alongside Conservative back-bencher Charles Walker , who spoke about his own 30-year battle with obsessive–compulsive disorder . Jones stated that he had suffered with depression since 1996 . Jones and Walker were both later praised for their speeches by Time to Change , a mental health anti-stigma campaign run by charities Mind and Rethink Mental Illness . In November 2015 , after the appointment of the former Mayor of London Ken Livingstone to co-chair the Labour Partys review of whether to replace the Trident nuclear missile system , Jones , a Shadow Junior Defence Minister , told the PoliticsHome website he was not sure Livingstone knew anything about defence and his appointment would only damage credibility among those who care about defence . In response , Livingstone told the Daily Mirror and others that Jones was obviously depressed and disturbed and should see a GP . Jones responded that the remarks belong in the dark ages and that mental health should not be used to attack political differences . Livingstone eventually apologised , only doing so unreservedly via Twitter after intervention by Labour Leader Jeremy Corbyn . It was later noted in passing that Jones had himself in 2010 ridiculed a political viewpoint by reference to the nearest lunatic asylum . Post Office Ltd . Kevan Jones has been one of the MPs very critical of the way in which many sub-post office franchisees were treated by Post Office Ltd during and after the Horizon IT accounting scandal . On 19 March 2020 , he criticized both the organization and its former CEO , Paula Vennells , in a House of Commons debate . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Kevan Jones MP - BBC Politics page Video clips . - Keeping Christmas Day special News items . - Opposing shops opening on Christmas Day in 2004 |
[
"MP for North Durham"
] | easy | What position did Kevan Jones take from May 2005 to Apr 2010? | /wiki/Kevan_Jones#P39#1 | Kevan Jones Kevan David Jones ( born 25 April 1964 ) is a British Labour Party politician , who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Durham since 2001 . He resigned as a shadow defence minister in January 2016 in protest against a front bench reshuffle by Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn . Early life . Jones was born in Nottinghamshire and is the son of a coal miner . He attended Portland Comprehensive School in Worksop and Newcastle Polytechnic and the University of Southern Maine , gaining a BA ( Hons ) in Government and Public Policy . Before becoming an MP , he was a Newcastle upon Tyne councillor from 1990 to 2001 and Chairman of the Development Committee as well as an elected officer of the GMB Union . Parliamentary career . Jones was first elected as MP for North Durham in 2001 with a majority of 18,681 . After becoming member of Parliament , Jones became a member of the influential Defence Select Committee , and also a member of the Labour Partys Parliamentary Committee . His Private Members Bill , the Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 , successfully passed Parliament , and came into force in December 2004 . The Act makes it illegal for large shops to open on Christmas Day . He was re-elected to the North Durham seat in the 2005 general election , with a majority of 16,781 . He polled 64.1% of the vote . His campaigning on behalf of people who had coal health compensation payments deducted by unscrupulous claims handlers influenced the Compensation Act 2006 . Ministerial career . Jones was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State and Minister for Veterans at the Ministry of Defence in October 2008 . In August 2009 he was accused of briefing against the Chief of the General Staff , General Sir Richard Dannatt , who had been an outspoken critic of the governments record on equipping troops . A series of Freedom of Information requests had been made concerning Dannats expenses , and blogger Guido Fawkes outed Jones as the culprit , although he did not provide any evidence that directly connected Jones to the requests . Jones , who had tabled Parliamentary questions on Army officials spending before becoming a minister , denied the allegations and said he had a good working relationship with Dannatt . Jones publicly apologised to Joanna Lumley in March 2010 after he had accused her of deathly silence over misleading advice being given to some Gurkhas following Lumleys successful campaign to allow more Gurkhas to settle in the UK . In opposition . In May 2010 Harriet Harman appointed Jones Shadow Minister for the Armed Forces , outside the Shadow Cabinet . He retained this position under Labour leader Ed Miliband and in Jeremy Corbyns first appointment of shadow ministers in 2015 . He became a member of the special Select Committee set up to scrutinise the Bill that became the Armed Forces Act 2011 . He was also a member of the Public Bill Committee for the Defence Reform Act 2014 . In December 2015 Jones made public his strong criticism of the new Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn , in particular after Corbyn opposed military intervention in the Syrian Civil War . Jones stated because of [ Corbyns ] incompetence , the Tories are getting away with things that are not being properly scrutinised and the people who are suffering are the ones that we represent . Jones supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . He is Treasurer of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Industrial Heritage . He is a member of Labour Friends of Israel . Resignation as shadow Defence Minister . In January 2016 , Jones resigned as a Shadow Minister for the Armed Forces , following a reshuffle in which Jeremy Corbyn had promoted Emily Thornberry , who opposes the replacement of the Trident nuclear weapon system , to shadow Defence Secretary . In his resignation letter , Jones said he believed that the country had to maintain a credible nuclear deterrent , while working to advance global nuclear disarmament . He later supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . Mental health . In 2012 , in a debate in Parliament on mental health issues and their taboo , Jones spoke about his own battles with depression , alongside Conservative back-bencher Charles Walker , who spoke about his own 30-year battle with obsessive–compulsive disorder . Jones stated that he had suffered with depression since 1996 . Jones and Walker were both later praised for their speeches by Time to Change , a mental health anti-stigma campaign run by charities Mind and Rethink Mental Illness . In November 2015 , after the appointment of the former Mayor of London Ken Livingstone to co-chair the Labour Partys review of whether to replace the Trident nuclear missile system , Jones , a Shadow Junior Defence Minister , told the PoliticsHome website he was not sure Livingstone knew anything about defence and his appointment would only damage credibility among those who care about defence . In response , Livingstone told the Daily Mirror and others that Jones was obviously depressed and disturbed and should see a GP . Jones responded that the remarks belong in the dark ages and that mental health should not be used to attack political differences . Livingstone eventually apologised , only doing so unreservedly via Twitter after intervention by Labour Leader Jeremy Corbyn . It was later noted in passing that Jones had himself in 2010 ridiculed a political viewpoint by reference to the nearest lunatic asylum . Post Office Ltd . Kevan Jones has been one of the MPs very critical of the way in which many sub-post office franchisees were treated by Post Office Ltd during and after the Horizon IT accounting scandal . On 19 March 2020 , he criticized both the organization and its former CEO , Paula Vennells , in a House of Commons debate . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Kevan Jones MP - BBC Politics page Video clips . - Keeping Christmas Day special News items . - Opposing shops opening on Christmas Day in 2004 |
[
"Shadow Cabinet"
] | easy | Kevan Jones took which position from May 2010 to Mar 2015? | /wiki/Kevan_Jones#P39#2 | Kevan Jones Kevan David Jones ( born 25 April 1964 ) is a British Labour Party politician , who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Durham since 2001 . He resigned as a shadow defence minister in January 2016 in protest against a front bench reshuffle by Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn . Early life . Jones was born in Nottinghamshire and is the son of a coal miner . He attended Portland Comprehensive School in Worksop and Newcastle Polytechnic and the University of Southern Maine , gaining a BA ( Hons ) in Government and Public Policy . Before becoming an MP , he was a Newcastle upon Tyne councillor from 1990 to 2001 and Chairman of the Development Committee as well as an elected officer of the GMB Union . Parliamentary career . Jones was first elected as MP for North Durham in 2001 with a majority of 18,681 . After becoming member of Parliament , Jones became a member of the influential Defence Select Committee , and also a member of the Labour Partys Parliamentary Committee . His Private Members Bill , the Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 , successfully passed Parliament , and came into force in December 2004 . The Act makes it illegal for large shops to open on Christmas Day . He was re-elected to the North Durham seat in the 2005 general election , with a majority of 16,781 . He polled 64.1% of the vote . His campaigning on behalf of people who had coal health compensation payments deducted by unscrupulous claims handlers influenced the Compensation Act 2006 . Ministerial career . Jones was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State and Minister for Veterans at the Ministry of Defence in October 2008 . In August 2009 he was accused of briefing against the Chief of the General Staff , General Sir Richard Dannatt , who had been an outspoken critic of the governments record on equipping troops . A series of Freedom of Information requests had been made concerning Dannats expenses , and blogger Guido Fawkes outed Jones as the culprit , although he did not provide any evidence that directly connected Jones to the requests . Jones , who had tabled Parliamentary questions on Army officials spending before becoming a minister , denied the allegations and said he had a good working relationship with Dannatt . Jones publicly apologised to Joanna Lumley in March 2010 after he had accused her of deathly silence over misleading advice being given to some Gurkhas following Lumleys successful campaign to allow more Gurkhas to settle in the UK . In opposition . In May 2010 Harriet Harman appointed Jones Shadow Minister for the Armed Forces , outside the Shadow Cabinet . He retained this position under Labour leader Ed Miliband and in Jeremy Corbyns first appointment of shadow ministers in 2015 . He became a member of the special Select Committee set up to scrutinise the Bill that became the Armed Forces Act 2011 . He was also a member of the Public Bill Committee for the Defence Reform Act 2014 . In December 2015 Jones made public his strong criticism of the new Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn , in particular after Corbyn opposed military intervention in the Syrian Civil War . Jones stated because of [ Corbyns ] incompetence , the Tories are getting away with things that are not being properly scrutinised and the people who are suffering are the ones that we represent . Jones supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . He is Treasurer of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Industrial Heritage . He is a member of Labour Friends of Israel . Resignation as shadow Defence Minister . In January 2016 , Jones resigned as a Shadow Minister for the Armed Forces , following a reshuffle in which Jeremy Corbyn had promoted Emily Thornberry , who opposes the replacement of the Trident nuclear weapon system , to shadow Defence Secretary . In his resignation letter , Jones said he believed that the country had to maintain a credible nuclear deterrent , while working to advance global nuclear disarmament . He later supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . Mental health . In 2012 , in a debate in Parliament on mental health issues and their taboo , Jones spoke about his own battles with depression , alongside Conservative back-bencher Charles Walker , who spoke about his own 30-year battle with obsessive–compulsive disorder . Jones stated that he had suffered with depression since 1996 . Jones and Walker were both later praised for their speeches by Time to Change , a mental health anti-stigma campaign run by charities Mind and Rethink Mental Illness . In November 2015 , after the appointment of the former Mayor of London Ken Livingstone to co-chair the Labour Partys review of whether to replace the Trident nuclear missile system , Jones , a Shadow Junior Defence Minister , told the PoliticsHome website he was not sure Livingstone knew anything about defence and his appointment would only damage credibility among those who care about defence . In response , Livingstone told the Daily Mirror and others that Jones was obviously depressed and disturbed and should see a GP . Jones responded that the remarks belong in the dark ages and that mental health should not be used to attack political differences . Livingstone eventually apologised , only doing so unreservedly via Twitter after intervention by Labour Leader Jeremy Corbyn . It was later noted in passing that Jones had himself in 2010 ridiculed a political viewpoint by reference to the nearest lunatic asylum . Post Office Ltd . Kevan Jones has been one of the MPs very critical of the way in which many sub-post office franchisees were treated by Post Office Ltd during and after the Horizon IT accounting scandal . On 19 March 2020 , he criticized both the organization and its former CEO , Paula Vennells , in a House of Commons debate . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Kevan Jones MP - BBC Politics page Video clips . - Keeping Christmas Day special News items . - Opposing shops opening on Christmas Day in 2004 |
[
"Treasurer of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Industrial Heritage",
"He is a member of Labour Friends of Israel"
] | easy | What was the position of Kevan Jones from May 2015 to May 2017? | /wiki/Kevan_Jones#P39#3 | Kevan Jones Kevan David Jones ( born 25 April 1964 ) is a British Labour Party politician , who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Durham since 2001 . He resigned as a shadow defence minister in January 2016 in protest against a front bench reshuffle by Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn . Early life . Jones was born in Nottinghamshire and is the son of a coal miner . He attended Portland Comprehensive School in Worksop and Newcastle Polytechnic and the University of Southern Maine , gaining a BA ( Hons ) in Government and Public Policy . Before becoming an MP , he was a Newcastle upon Tyne councillor from 1990 to 2001 and Chairman of the Development Committee as well as an elected officer of the GMB Union . Parliamentary career . Jones was first elected as MP for North Durham in 2001 with a majority of 18,681 . After becoming member of Parliament , Jones became a member of the influential Defence Select Committee , and also a member of the Labour Partys Parliamentary Committee . His Private Members Bill , the Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 , successfully passed Parliament , and came into force in December 2004 . The Act makes it illegal for large shops to open on Christmas Day . He was re-elected to the North Durham seat in the 2005 general election , with a majority of 16,781 . He polled 64.1% of the vote . His campaigning on behalf of people who had coal health compensation payments deducted by unscrupulous claims handlers influenced the Compensation Act 2006 . Ministerial career . Jones was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State and Minister for Veterans at the Ministry of Defence in October 2008 . In August 2009 he was accused of briefing against the Chief of the General Staff , General Sir Richard Dannatt , who had been an outspoken critic of the governments record on equipping troops . A series of Freedom of Information requests had been made concerning Dannats expenses , and blogger Guido Fawkes outed Jones as the culprit , although he did not provide any evidence that directly connected Jones to the requests . Jones , who had tabled Parliamentary questions on Army officials spending before becoming a minister , denied the allegations and said he had a good working relationship with Dannatt . Jones publicly apologised to Joanna Lumley in March 2010 after he had accused her of deathly silence over misleading advice being given to some Gurkhas following Lumleys successful campaign to allow more Gurkhas to settle in the UK . In opposition . In May 2010 Harriet Harman appointed Jones Shadow Minister for the Armed Forces , outside the Shadow Cabinet . He retained this position under Labour leader Ed Miliband and in Jeremy Corbyns first appointment of shadow ministers in 2015 . He became a member of the special Select Committee set up to scrutinise the Bill that became the Armed Forces Act 2011 . He was also a member of the Public Bill Committee for the Defence Reform Act 2014 . In December 2015 Jones made public his strong criticism of the new Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn , in particular after Corbyn opposed military intervention in the Syrian Civil War . Jones stated because of [ Corbyns ] incompetence , the Tories are getting away with things that are not being properly scrutinised and the people who are suffering are the ones that we represent . Jones supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . He is Treasurer of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Industrial Heritage . He is a member of Labour Friends of Israel . Resignation as shadow Defence Minister . In January 2016 , Jones resigned as a Shadow Minister for the Armed Forces , following a reshuffle in which Jeremy Corbyn had promoted Emily Thornberry , who opposes the replacement of the Trident nuclear weapon system , to shadow Defence Secretary . In his resignation letter , Jones said he believed that the country had to maintain a credible nuclear deterrent , while working to advance global nuclear disarmament . He later supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . Mental health . In 2012 , in a debate in Parliament on mental health issues and their taboo , Jones spoke about his own battles with depression , alongside Conservative back-bencher Charles Walker , who spoke about his own 30-year battle with obsessive–compulsive disorder . Jones stated that he had suffered with depression since 1996 . Jones and Walker were both later praised for their speeches by Time to Change , a mental health anti-stigma campaign run by charities Mind and Rethink Mental Illness . In November 2015 , after the appointment of the former Mayor of London Ken Livingstone to co-chair the Labour Partys review of whether to replace the Trident nuclear missile system , Jones , a Shadow Junior Defence Minister , told the PoliticsHome website he was not sure Livingstone knew anything about defence and his appointment would only damage credibility among those who care about defence . In response , Livingstone told the Daily Mirror and others that Jones was obviously depressed and disturbed and should see a GP . Jones responded that the remarks belong in the dark ages and that mental health should not be used to attack political differences . Livingstone eventually apologised , only doing so unreservedly via Twitter after intervention by Labour Leader Jeremy Corbyn . It was later noted in passing that Jones had himself in 2010 ridiculed a political viewpoint by reference to the nearest lunatic asylum . Post Office Ltd . Kevan Jones has been one of the MPs very critical of the way in which many sub-post office franchisees were treated by Post Office Ltd during and after the Horizon IT accounting scandal . On 19 March 2020 , he criticized both the organization and its former CEO , Paula Vennells , in a House of Commons debate . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Kevan Jones MP - BBC Politics page Video clips . - Keeping Christmas Day special News items . - Opposing shops opening on Christmas Day in 2004 |
[
""
] | easy | What was the position of Kevan Jones from Jun 2017 to Nov 2019? | /wiki/Kevan_Jones#P39#4 | Kevan Jones Kevan David Jones ( born 25 April 1964 ) is a British Labour Party politician , who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Durham since 2001 . He resigned as a shadow defence minister in January 2016 in protest against a front bench reshuffle by Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn . Early life . Jones was born in Nottinghamshire and is the son of a coal miner . He attended Portland Comprehensive School in Worksop and Newcastle Polytechnic and the University of Southern Maine , gaining a BA ( Hons ) in Government and Public Policy . Before becoming an MP , he was a Newcastle upon Tyne councillor from 1990 to 2001 and Chairman of the Development Committee as well as an elected officer of the GMB Union . Parliamentary career . Jones was first elected as MP for North Durham in 2001 with a majority of 18,681 . After becoming member of Parliament , Jones became a member of the influential Defence Select Committee , and also a member of the Labour Partys Parliamentary Committee . His Private Members Bill , the Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 , successfully passed Parliament , and came into force in December 2004 . The Act makes it illegal for large shops to open on Christmas Day . He was re-elected to the North Durham seat in the 2005 general election , with a majority of 16,781 . He polled 64.1% of the vote . His campaigning on behalf of people who had coal health compensation payments deducted by unscrupulous claims handlers influenced the Compensation Act 2006 . Ministerial career . Jones was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State and Minister for Veterans at the Ministry of Defence in October 2008 . In August 2009 he was accused of briefing against the Chief of the General Staff , General Sir Richard Dannatt , who had been an outspoken critic of the governments record on equipping troops . A series of Freedom of Information requests had been made concerning Dannats expenses , and blogger Guido Fawkes outed Jones as the culprit , although he did not provide any evidence that directly connected Jones to the requests . Jones , who had tabled Parliamentary questions on Army officials spending before becoming a minister , denied the allegations and said he had a good working relationship with Dannatt . Jones publicly apologised to Joanna Lumley in March 2010 after he had accused her of deathly silence over misleading advice being given to some Gurkhas following Lumleys successful campaign to allow more Gurkhas to settle in the UK . In opposition . In May 2010 Harriet Harman appointed Jones Shadow Minister for the Armed Forces , outside the Shadow Cabinet . He retained this position under Labour leader Ed Miliband and in Jeremy Corbyns first appointment of shadow ministers in 2015 . He became a member of the special Select Committee set up to scrutinise the Bill that became the Armed Forces Act 2011 . He was also a member of the Public Bill Committee for the Defence Reform Act 2014 . In December 2015 Jones made public his strong criticism of the new Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn , in particular after Corbyn opposed military intervention in the Syrian Civil War . Jones stated because of [ Corbyns ] incompetence , the Tories are getting away with things that are not being properly scrutinised and the people who are suffering are the ones that we represent . Jones supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . He is Treasurer of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Industrial Heritage . He is a member of Labour Friends of Israel . Resignation as shadow Defence Minister . In January 2016 , Jones resigned as a Shadow Minister for the Armed Forces , following a reshuffle in which Jeremy Corbyn had promoted Emily Thornberry , who opposes the replacement of the Trident nuclear weapon system , to shadow Defence Secretary . In his resignation letter , Jones said he believed that the country had to maintain a credible nuclear deterrent , while working to advance global nuclear disarmament . He later supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . Mental health . In 2012 , in a debate in Parliament on mental health issues and their taboo , Jones spoke about his own battles with depression , alongside Conservative back-bencher Charles Walker , who spoke about his own 30-year battle with obsessive–compulsive disorder . Jones stated that he had suffered with depression since 1996 . Jones and Walker were both later praised for their speeches by Time to Change , a mental health anti-stigma campaign run by charities Mind and Rethink Mental Illness . In November 2015 , after the appointment of the former Mayor of London Ken Livingstone to co-chair the Labour Partys review of whether to replace the Trident nuclear missile system , Jones , a Shadow Junior Defence Minister , told the PoliticsHome website he was not sure Livingstone knew anything about defence and his appointment would only damage credibility among those who care about defence . In response , Livingstone told the Daily Mirror and others that Jones was obviously depressed and disturbed and should see a GP . Jones responded that the remarks belong in the dark ages and that mental health should not be used to attack political differences . Livingstone eventually apologised , only doing so unreservedly via Twitter after intervention by Labour Leader Jeremy Corbyn . It was later noted in passing that Jones had himself in 2010 ridiculed a political viewpoint by reference to the nearest lunatic asylum . Post Office Ltd . Kevan Jones has been one of the MPs very critical of the way in which many sub-post office franchisees were treated by Post Office Ltd during and after the Horizon IT accounting scandal . On 19 March 2020 , he criticized both the organization and its former CEO , Paula Vennells , in a House of Commons debate . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Kevan Jones MP - BBC Politics page Video clips . - Keeping Christmas Day special News items . - Opposing shops opening on Christmas Day in 2004 |
[
""
] | easy | What was the position of Kevan Jones from Dec 2019 to Dec 2020? | /wiki/Kevan_Jones#P39#5 | Kevan Jones Kevan David Jones ( born 25 April 1964 ) is a British Labour Party politician , who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Durham since 2001 . He resigned as a shadow defence minister in January 2016 in protest against a front bench reshuffle by Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn . Early life . Jones was born in Nottinghamshire and is the son of a coal miner . He attended Portland Comprehensive School in Worksop and Newcastle Polytechnic and the University of Southern Maine , gaining a BA ( Hons ) in Government and Public Policy . Before becoming an MP , he was a Newcastle upon Tyne councillor from 1990 to 2001 and Chairman of the Development Committee as well as an elected officer of the GMB Union . Parliamentary career . Jones was first elected as MP for North Durham in 2001 with a majority of 18,681 . After becoming member of Parliament , Jones became a member of the influential Defence Select Committee , and also a member of the Labour Partys Parliamentary Committee . His Private Members Bill , the Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 , successfully passed Parliament , and came into force in December 2004 . The Act makes it illegal for large shops to open on Christmas Day . He was re-elected to the North Durham seat in the 2005 general election , with a majority of 16,781 . He polled 64.1% of the vote . His campaigning on behalf of people who had coal health compensation payments deducted by unscrupulous claims handlers influenced the Compensation Act 2006 . Ministerial career . Jones was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State and Minister for Veterans at the Ministry of Defence in October 2008 . In August 2009 he was accused of briefing against the Chief of the General Staff , General Sir Richard Dannatt , who had been an outspoken critic of the governments record on equipping troops . A series of Freedom of Information requests had been made concerning Dannats expenses , and blogger Guido Fawkes outed Jones as the culprit , although he did not provide any evidence that directly connected Jones to the requests . Jones , who had tabled Parliamentary questions on Army officials spending before becoming a minister , denied the allegations and said he had a good working relationship with Dannatt . Jones publicly apologised to Joanna Lumley in March 2010 after he had accused her of deathly silence over misleading advice being given to some Gurkhas following Lumleys successful campaign to allow more Gurkhas to settle in the UK . In opposition . In May 2010 Harriet Harman appointed Jones Shadow Minister for the Armed Forces , outside the Shadow Cabinet . He retained this position under Labour leader Ed Miliband and in Jeremy Corbyns first appointment of shadow ministers in 2015 . He became a member of the special Select Committee set up to scrutinise the Bill that became the Armed Forces Act 2011 . He was also a member of the Public Bill Committee for the Defence Reform Act 2014 . In December 2015 Jones made public his strong criticism of the new Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn , in particular after Corbyn opposed military intervention in the Syrian Civil War . Jones stated because of [ Corbyns ] incompetence , the Tories are getting away with things that are not being properly scrutinised and the people who are suffering are the ones that we represent . Jones supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . He is Treasurer of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Industrial Heritage . He is a member of Labour Friends of Israel . Resignation as shadow Defence Minister . In January 2016 , Jones resigned as a Shadow Minister for the Armed Forces , following a reshuffle in which Jeremy Corbyn had promoted Emily Thornberry , who opposes the replacement of the Trident nuclear weapon system , to shadow Defence Secretary . In his resignation letter , Jones said he believed that the country had to maintain a credible nuclear deterrent , while working to advance global nuclear disarmament . He later supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . Mental health . In 2012 , in a debate in Parliament on mental health issues and their taboo , Jones spoke about his own battles with depression , alongside Conservative back-bencher Charles Walker , who spoke about his own 30-year battle with obsessive–compulsive disorder . Jones stated that he had suffered with depression since 1996 . Jones and Walker were both later praised for their speeches by Time to Change , a mental health anti-stigma campaign run by charities Mind and Rethink Mental Illness . In November 2015 , after the appointment of the former Mayor of London Ken Livingstone to co-chair the Labour Partys review of whether to replace the Trident nuclear missile system , Jones , a Shadow Junior Defence Minister , told the PoliticsHome website he was not sure Livingstone knew anything about defence and his appointment would only damage credibility among those who care about defence . In response , Livingstone told the Daily Mirror and others that Jones was obviously depressed and disturbed and should see a GP . Jones responded that the remarks belong in the dark ages and that mental health should not be used to attack political differences . Livingstone eventually apologised , only doing so unreservedly via Twitter after intervention by Labour Leader Jeremy Corbyn . It was later noted in passing that Jones had himself in 2010 ridiculed a political viewpoint by reference to the nearest lunatic asylum . Post Office Ltd . Kevan Jones has been one of the MPs very critical of the way in which many sub-post office franchisees were treated by Post Office Ltd during and after the Horizon IT accounting scandal . On 19 March 2020 , he criticized both the organization and its former CEO , Paula Vennells , in a House of Commons debate . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Kevan Jones MP - BBC Politics page Video clips . - Keeping Christmas Day special News items . - Opposing shops opening on Christmas Day in 2004 |
[
"Pennsylvania Railroad"
] | easy | What operated Pennsylvania Railroad 4800 from 1934 to 1968? | /wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad_4800#P137#0 | Pennsylvania Railroad 4800 Pennsylvania Railroad 4800 , nicknamed Old Rivets , is a GG1-class electric locomotive located at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania , outside of Strasburg , Pennsylvania in the United States . It is the prototype GG1 and was originally numbered 4899 . Built by General Electric in 1934 , the locomotive competed against a prototype , the R1 , built by rival company Westinghouse . 4800 was kept in service by the Pennsylvania Railroad and its successors , Penn Central and Conrail , until 1979 . It was sold the next year to a local chapter of the National Railway Historical Society . 4800 was dedicated in 1982 at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania and was designated a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark in 1983 . Construction and testing . In 1933 , the Pennsylvania Railroad decided to replace the P5 , and instructed General Electric and Westinghouse to design an electric locomotive that was more powerful than the P5 , capable of speeds of , have a lighter axle load and to be double-ended with a cab in the center of the carbody . Westinghouse designed the R1 #4800 , and General Electric submitted the GG1 , then numbered 4899 . The frames , running gear and riveted body for the prototype GG1 were built by Baldwin Locomotive Works . The partially built locomotive was then shipped to the General Electric factory in Erie , Pennsylvania for the installation of its electrical components . Twelve traction motors , two on each of the GG1s six powered axles , produced that was transmitted to the driving wheels by a quill drive . Unlike other GG1s , access steps were installed at each end of the locomotive to ease maintenance of the pantographs ; the pantographs were mechanically linked to a safety plate that blocked access to the steps when the pantographs were raised . The finished locomotive was long and tall , with both of its pantographs lowered . GG1 4899 was extensively tested against the R1 from August to November 1934 ; both locomotives were substituted on regular passenger service between New York City and Philadelphia . Both locomotives were found to be capable of rapid acceleration with short-term power outputs of up to . The GG1 , however , did not exert as much lateral force on the rails as the R1 , because it was articulated , which allowed for a smaller turning radius than the rigid R1 . The Pennsylvania chose the GG1 over the R1 and immediately ordered another 57 locomotives . As the number scheme used by the Pennsylvania prevented the first locomotive in the class from being 4899 , the R1 and GG1 prototypes , essentially , swapped numbers . The Pennsylvania also enlisted the assistance of Raymond Loewy to refine the aesthetics of the GG1s . Loewy recommended that all subsequent models of the class should have a welded body rather than the riveted body on the prototype . This led to the nickname Old Rivets being given to 4800 . Operation and preservation . On January 28 , 1935 , 4800 inaugurated electric passenger service between Washington , D.C . and Philadelphia by pulling a charter train for railroad and government officials ; 4800 set a speed record of outside of Landover , Maryland on the return trip . Regular passenger service began on February 10 , 1935 . 4800 remained in regular passenger service with the Pennsylvania , until it joined production GG1s 4801–4857 in the pool of geared freight locomotives . It had its steam generator removed in June 1960 , about a year after hauling a National Railway Historical Society-charted excursion to commemorate its 25th birthday.4800 continued to haul freight for the Pennsylvania and its successors Penn Central and Conrail . In 1976 , Conrail gave 4800 a red , white and blue paint scheme to commemorate the United States Bicentennial . It was also the only GG1 to wear Conrail blue paint ; all the other Conrail GG1s remained in black . 4800 was eventually retired by Conrail in October 1979 after the locomotives main transformer failed , which was deemed too expensive to repair . 4800 was sold by Conrail in 1980 to the Lancaster-chapter of the National Railway Historical Society for the scrap-value price of $30,000 . The locomotive was given a cosmetic restoration back to its 1935 appearance by the nearby Strasburg Rail Road and volunteers . 4800 was dedicated and put on display at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania on November 20 , 1982 . It was designated a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( ASME ) on April 23 , 1983 . In 2012 , PRR 4800 was inducted into the North America Railway Hall of Fame for its contribution to the railway industry . |
[
"Penn Central"
] | easy | What operated Pennsylvania Railroad 4800 from Feb 1968 to Mar 1976? | /wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad_4800#P137#1 | Pennsylvania Railroad 4800 Pennsylvania Railroad 4800 , nicknamed Old Rivets , is a GG1-class electric locomotive located at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania , outside of Strasburg , Pennsylvania in the United States . It is the prototype GG1 and was originally numbered 4899 . Built by General Electric in 1934 , the locomotive competed against a prototype , the R1 , built by rival company Westinghouse . 4800 was kept in service by the Pennsylvania Railroad and its successors , Penn Central and Conrail , until 1979 . It was sold the next year to a local chapter of the National Railway Historical Society . 4800 was dedicated in 1982 at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania and was designated a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark in 1983 . Construction and testing . In 1933 , the Pennsylvania Railroad decided to replace the P5 , and instructed General Electric and Westinghouse to design an electric locomotive that was more powerful than the P5 , capable of speeds of , have a lighter axle load and to be double-ended with a cab in the center of the carbody . Westinghouse designed the R1 #4800 , and General Electric submitted the GG1 , then numbered 4899 . The frames , running gear and riveted body for the prototype GG1 were built by Baldwin Locomotive Works . The partially built locomotive was then shipped to the General Electric factory in Erie , Pennsylvania for the installation of its electrical components . Twelve traction motors , two on each of the GG1s six powered axles , produced that was transmitted to the driving wheels by a quill drive . Unlike other GG1s , access steps were installed at each end of the locomotive to ease maintenance of the pantographs ; the pantographs were mechanically linked to a safety plate that blocked access to the steps when the pantographs were raised . The finished locomotive was long and tall , with both of its pantographs lowered . GG1 4899 was extensively tested against the R1 from August to November 1934 ; both locomotives were substituted on regular passenger service between New York City and Philadelphia . Both locomotives were found to be capable of rapid acceleration with short-term power outputs of up to . The GG1 , however , did not exert as much lateral force on the rails as the R1 , because it was articulated , which allowed for a smaller turning radius than the rigid R1 . The Pennsylvania chose the GG1 over the R1 and immediately ordered another 57 locomotives . As the number scheme used by the Pennsylvania prevented the first locomotive in the class from being 4899 , the R1 and GG1 prototypes , essentially , swapped numbers . The Pennsylvania also enlisted the assistance of Raymond Loewy to refine the aesthetics of the GG1s . Loewy recommended that all subsequent models of the class should have a welded body rather than the riveted body on the prototype . This led to the nickname Old Rivets being given to 4800 . Operation and preservation . On January 28 , 1935 , 4800 inaugurated electric passenger service between Washington , D.C . and Philadelphia by pulling a charter train for railroad and government officials ; 4800 set a speed record of outside of Landover , Maryland on the return trip . Regular passenger service began on February 10 , 1935 . 4800 remained in regular passenger service with the Pennsylvania , until it joined production GG1s 4801–4857 in the pool of geared freight locomotives . It had its steam generator removed in June 1960 , about a year after hauling a National Railway Historical Society-charted excursion to commemorate its 25th birthday.4800 continued to haul freight for the Pennsylvania and its successors Penn Central and Conrail . In 1976 , Conrail gave 4800 a red , white and blue paint scheme to commemorate the United States Bicentennial . It was also the only GG1 to wear Conrail blue paint ; all the other Conrail GG1s remained in black . 4800 was eventually retired by Conrail in October 1979 after the locomotives main transformer failed , which was deemed too expensive to repair . 4800 was sold by Conrail in 1980 to the Lancaster-chapter of the National Railway Historical Society for the scrap-value price of $30,000 . The locomotive was given a cosmetic restoration back to its 1935 appearance by the nearby Strasburg Rail Road and volunteers . 4800 was dedicated and put on display at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania on November 20 , 1982 . It was designated a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( ASME ) on April 23 , 1983 . In 2012 , PRR 4800 was inducted into the North America Railway Hall of Fame for its contribution to the railway industry . |
[
"Conrail"
] | easy | What operated Pennsylvania Railroad 4800 from Apr 1976 to 1980? | /wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad_4800#P137#2 | Pennsylvania Railroad 4800 Pennsylvania Railroad 4800 , nicknamed Old Rivets , is a GG1-class electric locomotive located at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania , outside of Strasburg , Pennsylvania in the United States . It is the prototype GG1 and was originally numbered 4899 . Built by General Electric in 1934 , the locomotive competed against a prototype , the R1 , built by rival company Westinghouse . 4800 was kept in service by the Pennsylvania Railroad and its successors , Penn Central and Conrail , until 1979 . It was sold the next year to a local chapter of the National Railway Historical Society . 4800 was dedicated in 1982 at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania and was designated a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark in 1983 . Construction and testing . In 1933 , the Pennsylvania Railroad decided to replace the P5 , and instructed General Electric and Westinghouse to design an electric locomotive that was more powerful than the P5 , capable of speeds of , have a lighter axle load and to be double-ended with a cab in the center of the carbody . Westinghouse designed the R1 #4800 , and General Electric submitted the GG1 , then numbered 4899 . The frames , running gear and riveted body for the prototype GG1 were built by Baldwin Locomotive Works . The partially built locomotive was then shipped to the General Electric factory in Erie , Pennsylvania for the installation of its electrical components . Twelve traction motors , two on each of the GG1s six powered axles , produced that was transmitted to the driving wheels by a quill drive . Unlike other GG1s , access steps were installed at each end of the locomotive to ease maintenance of the pantographs ; the pantographs were mechanically linked to a safety plate that blocked access to the steps when the pantographs were raised . The finished locomotive was long and tall , with both of its pantographs lowered . GG1 4899 was extensively tested against the R1 from August to November 1934 ; both locomotives were substituted on regular passenger service between New York City and Philadelphia . Both locomotives were found to be capable of rapid acceleration with short-term power outputs of up to . The GG1 , however , did not exert as much lateral force on the rails as the R1 , because it was articulated , which allowed for a smaller turning radius than the rigid R1 . The Pennsylvania chose the GG1 over the R1 and immediately ordered another 57 locomotives . As the number scheme used by the Pennsylvania prevented the first locomotive in the class from being 4899 , the R1 and GG1 prototypes , essentially , swapped numbers . The Pennsylvania also enlisted the assistance of Raymond Loewy to refine the aesthetics of the GG1s . Loewy recommended that all subsequent models of the class should have a welded body rather than the riveted body on the prototype . This led to the nickname Old Rivets being given to 4800 . Operation and preservation . On January 28 , 1935 , 4800 inaugurated electric passenger service between Washington , D.C . and Philadelphia by pulling a charter train for railroad and government officials ; 4800 set a speed record of outside of Landover , Maryland on the return trip . Regular passenger service began on February 10 , 1935 . 4800 remained in regular passenger service with the Pennsylvania , until it joined production GG1s 4801–4857 in the pool of geared freight locomotives . It had its steam generator removed in June 1960 , about a year after hauling a National Railway Historical Society-charted excursion to commemorate its 25th birthday.4800 continued to haul freight for the Pennsylvania and its successors Penn Central and Conrail . In 1976 , Conrail gave 4800 a red , white and blue paint scheme to commemorate the United States Bicentennial . It was also the only GG1 to wear Conrail blue paint ; all the other Conrail GG1s remained in black . 4800 was eventually retired by Conrail in October 1979 after the locomotives main transformer failed , which was deemed too expensive to repair . 4800 was sold by Conrail in 1980 to the Lancaster-chapter of the National Railway Historical Society for the scrap-value price of $30,000 . The locomotive was given a cosmetic restoration back to its 1935 appearance by the nearby Strasburg Rail Road and volunteers . 4800 was dedicated and put on display at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania on November 20 , 1982 . It was designated a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( ASME ) on April 23 , 1983 . In 2012 , PRR 4800 was inducted into the North America Railway Hall of Fame for its contribution to the railway industry . |
[
"Wabash College",
"Greensburg Community High School"
] | easy | Luke Messer went to which school from 1986 to 1987? | /wiki/Luke_Messer#P69#0 | Luke Messer Allen Lucas Messer ( born February 27 , 1969 ) is an American politician and lobbyist who represented Indianas 6th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 2013 to 2019 . He is a member of the Republican Party . Born in Evansville , Indiana , Messer is a graduate of Wabash College and Vanderbilt University Law School . After an unsuccessful run for the U.S . House in 2000 , Messer served as the first executive director of the Indiana Republican Party from 2001 to 2005 . Messer was appointed to serve in the Indiana House of Representatives in 2003 , after State Representative W . Roland Stine was killed in a car accident . He represented Indianas 57th District from 2003 to 2006 , when he opted not to run for reelection and instead joined Ice Miller LLPs lobbying division . From 2006 to 2012 , Messer was a registered lobbyist . He ran for the U.S . House again in 2010 , but was unsuccessful in his primary challenge to Republican Dan Burton . When Mike Pence decided in 2012 to run for Governor of Indiana , Messer was elected to replace him , defeating Democratic nominee Brad Bookout . On July 26 , 2017 , Messer announced that he would run for the U.S . Senate in 2018 . He was unsuccessful in the May 8 primary election , losing to Mike Braun . Early life and career . Messer graduated from Greensburg Community High School in 1987 . Messer attended Wabash College where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity and majored in speech . He graduated in 1991 . He received a Juris Doctor from Vanderbilt University Law School in 1994 . Shortly after graduating from Vanderbilt , he served as an Associate Counsel at Koch Industries from 1995 to 1996 . Messer started his political career in 1997 as the press secretary for Tennessee Representative Ed Bryant . He was the legal counsel on the House Subcommittee for Government Reform for Indiana Representatives David McIntosh and Dan Burton from 1998 to 1999 , and the legal counsel to U.S . Representative Jim Duncan later in 1999 . In 1998 , he was the campaign manager for Virginia Murphy Blankenbakers unsuccessful congressional campaign . In 1999 , Messer returned to Indiana and practiced law at the Barnes & Thornburg law firm in Indianapolis . In 2000 , Messer ran for the United States House of Representatives in Indianas 2nd congressional district , where incumbent David M . McIntosh was retiring to run for governor of Indiana in the 2000 election . Messer received the endorsement of The Indianapolis Star . He received 21 percent of the vote in the Republican Partys primary election , finishing behind conservative talk show host Mike Pence , who won with 44 percent of the vote , and Jeff Linder , who received 24 percent of the vote . In 2001 , Messer was chosen as the executive director of the Indiana Republican Party . Indiana House of Representatives . On May 23 , 2003 , Messer was selected to succeed W . Roland Stine , who died in a traffic collision , in the Indiana House of Representatives for the 57th district . From 2003 to 2006 , Messer represented District 57 in the Indiana House of Representatives , which contained parts of Shelby County and Bartholomew County . During the 2005-06 legislative session , Messer was Assistant Majority Floor Leader . His legislation aimed at curbing high school dropout rates received national attention after Shelbyville High School became a symbol of a national dropout crisis . He did not run for reelection as State Representative in 2006 , and was succeeded by Sean Eberhart . Lobbying work . Messer was a registered lobbyist from 2006 to 2012 . In 2006 , Messer joined Ice Miller LLPs lobbying division as a partner of their public affairs group . His decision to join Ice Miller came a month after voting in favor of Indiana leasing the Indiana Toll Road to Cintra-Macquarie , an international consortium , for 75 years at a cost of $3.85 billion . Ice Miller , Indianas largest law firm , represented Cintra-Macquarie in the deal . Messer said he did not know they represented anyone in connection with the Toll Road . Messer served as the Indiana co-chair of John McCains 2008 presidential campaign . In 2010 , Messer ran for the House of Representatives in Indianas 5th congressional district . He challenged Dan Burton , the incumbent representative , in the Republican primary . Burton narrowly defeated Messer . Messer then became president and CEO of School Choice Indiana , a lobbying group that supported Indianas private school voucher law . Since being elected to Congress in 2012 , Ice Miller LLP has been Messers top source of campaign contributions , having given him $82,238 . United States House of Representatives . Elections . In May 2011 , Mike Pence announced his intention to run for Governor of Indiana . Messer subsequently declared his candidacy for the Republican nomination in the district , which had been renumbered as the 6th District after the 2000 census . His home in Shelbyville had been drawn back into the district after the 2010 census after being drawn into the neighboring 5th after the 2000 census . On May 8 , 2012 , Messer defeated a crowded field of Republican candidates seeking the partys nomination , including Columbus real estate investor Travis Hankins , winning with 71% of the vote . He faced Democrat Brad Bookout , a Delaware County councilman , in the general election . On November 6 , 2012 , Messer defeated Bookout with roughly 59% of the vote . After the election , Messer moved to the Washington metropolitan area . Committee assignments . - United States House Republican Policy Committee , Chairman - Committee on Education and the Workforce - Subcommittee on Higher Education and Workforce Training - Committee on Financial Services Caucus memberships . - United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus Tenure . In November 2014 , Messer was elected by his colleagues to Republican House Leadership as the House Republican Policy Committee Chairman , succeeding James Lankford , who had been elected to the United States Senate . Messer defeated Tom Reed and Rob Woodall . In 2017 , Messer founded the Congressional School Choice caucus to promote the expansion of school voucher programs . In May 2018 , Messer led a group of 18 House Republicans unofficially nominating President Trump for the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to denuclearize the Korean Peninsula and end the 68-year-old war between North and South Korea . Political views and legislation . Messer , like Pence , is an ardent conservative . During his initial run for Congress , Messer told NPR member WFIU , If you like Congressman Mike Pence , we’re going to have very similar philosophy in the way we approach the job . Social issues . Messer opposes abortion rights . He has a 100% rating from Indiana Right to Life for his abortion-related voting record . He opposes the federal government funding organizations that offer abortions , unless the abortions are the result of rape or incest or the womans life is threatened . On January 4 , 2013 , Messer voted for the Title X Abortion Provider Prohibition Act , which prohibits distribution of federal family planning funds to organizations that offer abortions unless the abortion is the result of pregnancy from incest or rape or the womans life is at risk . Messer opposes same-sex marriage . Economic issues . On May 9 , 2013 , Messer voted for the Full Faith and Credit Act , which prioritized spending if the debt limit is reached . Messer voted for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and has stated his support for reforming the tax code to simplify it and reduce tax rates . In 2013 , he signed a pledge sponsored by conservative advocacy group Americans for Prosperity promising to vote against any global warming legislation that would raise taxes . Messer supports a balanced budget amendment . He opposes federal stimulus spending and supports limiting federal spending growth to per-capita inflation rate . Education . In August 2013 , Messer worked to pass bipartisan legislation to prevent student loan interest rates from doubling in 2013 and to link student loan interest rates to market rates . In July 2017 , Messer authored legislation to upend the way American students pay for college . His legislation lays the framework for income share agreements , which have several advantages over traditional student loans . Messer has introduced legislation to require annual debt letters to be sent to student loan borrowers , which is based on an Indiana University program that reduced borrowing at the institution by 10 percent . Messer worked with Sen . Patty Murray to restore Pell Grant eligibility to students who were attending ITT Tech when the institution closed , by convincing the Education Department to restore these benefits using an existing statute . Messer supports the expansion of school voucher programs . Health care . Messer is in favor of repealing the Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare ) and replacing it with something better . In May 2017 , Messer voted for the House bill American Health Care Act of 2017 , to partially repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . Immigration . In July 2017 , Messer authored legislation that would prevent undocumented immigrants from claiming the child tax credit . President Donald Trump included the same proposal in his 2018 budget request to Congress . Messer commented on the work of a 2013 bipartisan House working group on immigration reform , saying that a pathway to citizenship and a deal on metrics to measure border security would be the biggest challenges to final passage of immigration reform . Messer told Indianas Biz Voice Magazine , Those who came here unlawfully will have to pay penalties and back fees . Messer supported President Donald Trumps 2017 executive order to impose a temporary ban on entry to the U.S . to citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries , describing it as a measure to protect Americans from terrorist threats and saying that President Trump is right to prioritize American safety . Veterans . Messer supported a GI Bill reform package passed by the House on June 25 , 2017 and signed into law by President Trump , which included a provision he authored that would retroactively restore education benefits to veterans attending schools that close mid-semester , like ITT Technical Institute . Crime . In February 2013 , Messer voted in favor of reauthorizing the Violence Against Women Act . Messer has a 62% rating from the National Association of Police Organizations for his voting record on issues importance to police and crime . Messer has a D rating from NORML for his voting history regarding cannabis-related causes . Messer opposes veterans having access to medical marijuana if recommended by their Veterans Health Administration doctor and if it is legal for medicinal purposes in their state of residence . Gun rights . In 2012 , the National Rifle Association gave Messer an A rating for his gun-related voting record . Messer opposes restrictions on gun purchases . Personal life . Messer and his wife Jennifer have two daughters and one son . Luke and Jennifer Messer are the authors of a childrens book , Hoosier Heart . Messer was cited for driving under the influence ( DUI ) in 1990 and 1996 . Following Messers election to Congress , he sold his house in Shelbyville , Indiana and moved to McLean , Virginia , a Washington , D.C . suburb . He is now listed as a registered voter at his mothers address in Greensburg , Indiana . Messer has clarified that he owns the home with his mother and lives there when he is in the state . He faced criticism from his opponents in the 2018 Republican primary election for the United States Senate for moving his family to the Washington , D.C . area . Fishers , an Indianapolis suburb , has paid Jennifer Messer $580,000 since 2015 in legal consulting she primarily does from the familys Washington , D.C . area home . She is paid $20,000 a month as a part-time contract attorney for the city . Jennifer Messer began the work for the City of Fishers two years before her husband was elected to Congress . Fishers Mayor Scott Fadness said the arrangement helped usher in an era of unprecedented economic success in the growing suburb of about 85,000 people . Messer has defended his wifes work , calling her the brains of the Messer outfit , and Jennifer defended her work in an op-ed for The Indianapolis Star , calling an Associated Press story about her unfair , intellectually dishonest and straight-up sexist . |
[
"Vanderbilt University Law School"
] | easy | Luke Messer went to which school in 1987? | /wiki/Luke_Messer#P69#1 | Luke Messer Allen Lucas Messer ( born February 27 , 1969 ) is an American politician and lobbyist who represented Indianas 6th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 2013 to 2019 . He is a member of the Republican Party . Born in Evansville , Indiana , Messer is a graduate of Wabash College and Vanderbilt University Law School . After an unsuccessful run for the U.S . House in 2000 , Messer served as the first executive director of the Indiana Republican Party from 2001 to 2005 . Messer was appointed to serve in the Indiana House of Representatives in 2003 , after State Representative W . Roland Stine was killed in a car accident . He represented Indianas 57th District from 2003 to 2006 , when he opted not to run for reelection and instead joined Ice Miller LLPs lobbying division . From 2006 to 2012 , Messer was a registered lobbyist . He ran for the U.S . House again in 2010 , but was unsuccessful in his primary challenge to Republican Dan Burton . When Mike Pence decided in 2012 to run for Governor of Indiana , Messer was elected to replace him , defeating Democratic nominee Brad Bookout . On July 26 , 2017 , Messer announced that he would run for the U.S . Senate in 2018 . He was unsuccessful in the May 8 primary election , losing to Mike Braun . Early life and career . Messer graduated from Greensburg Community High School in 1987 . Messer attended Wabash College where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity and majored in speech . He graduated in 1991 . He received a Juris Doctor from Vanderbilt University Law School in 1994 . Shortly after graduating from Vanderbilt , he served as an Associate Counsel at Koch Industries from 1995 to 1996 . Messer started his political career in 1997 as the press secretary for Tennessee Representative Ed Bryant . He was the legal counsel on the House Subcommittee for Government Reform for Indiana Representatives David McIntosh and Dan Burton from 1998 to 1999 , and the legal counsel to U.S . Representative Jim Duncan later in 1999 . In 1998 , he was the campaign manager for Virginia Murphy Blankenbakers unsuccessful congressional campaign . In 1999 , Messer returned to Indiana and practiced law at the Barnes & Thornburg law firm in Indianapolis . In 2000 , Messer ran for the United States House of Representatives in Indianas 2nd congressional district , where incumbent David M . McIntosh was retiring to run for governor of Indiana in the 2000 election . Messer received the endorsement of The Indianapolis Star . He received 21 percent of the vote in the Republican Partys primary election , finishing behind conservative talk show host Mike Pence , who won with 44 percent of the vote , and Jeff Linder , who received 24 percent of the vote . In 2001 , Messer was chosen as the executive director of the Indiana Republican Party . Indiana House of Representatives . On May 23 , 2003 , Messer was selected to succeed W . Roland Stine , who died in a traffic collision , in the Indiana House of Representatives for the 57th district . From 2003 to 2006 , Messer represented District 57 in the Indiana House of Representatives , which contained parts of Shelby County and Bartholomew County . During the 2005-06 legislative session , Messer was Assistant Majority Floor Leader . His legislation aimed at curbing high school dropout rates received national attention after Shelbyville High School became a symbol of a national dropout crisis . He did not run for reelection as State Representative in 2006 , and was succeeded by Sean Eberhart . Lobbying work . Messer was a registered lobbyist from 2006 to 2012 . In 2006 , Messer joined Ice Miller LLPs lobbying division as a partner of their public affairs group . His decision to join Ice Miller came a month after voting in favor of Indiana leasing the Indiana Toll Road to Cintra-Macquarie , an international consortium , for 75 years at a cost of $3.85 billion . Ice Miller , Indianas largest law firm , represented Cintra-Macquarie in the deal . Messer said he did not know they represented anyone in connection with the Toll Road . Messer served as the Indiana co-chair of John McCains 2008 presidential campaign . In 2010 , Messer ran for the House of Representatives in Indianas 5th congressional district . He challenged Dan Burton , the incumbent representative , in the Republican primary . Burton narrowly defeated Messer . Messer then became president and CEO of School Choice Indiana , a lobbying group that supported Indianas private school voucher law . Since being elected to Congress in 2012 , Ice Miller LLP has been Messers top source of campaign contributions , having given him $82,238 . United States House of Representatives . Elections . In May 2011 , Mike Pence announced his intention to run for Governor of Indiana . Messer subsequently declared his candidacy for the Republican nomination in the district , which had been renumbered as the 6th District after the 2000 census . His home in Shelbyville had been drawn back into the district after the 2010 census after being drawn into the neighboring 5th after the 2000 census . On May 8 , 2012 , Messer defeated a crowded field of Republican candidates seeking the partys nomination , including Columbus real estate investor Travis Hankins , winning with 71% of the vote . He faced Democrat Brad Bookout , a Delaware County councilman , in the general election . On November 6 , 2012 , Messer defeated Bookout with roughly 59% of the vote . After the election , Messer moved to the Washington metropolitan area . Committee assignments . - United States House Republican Policy Committee , Chairman - Committee on Education and the Workforce - Subcommittee on Higher Education and Workforce Training - Committee on Financial Services Caucus memberships . - United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus Tenure . In November 2014 , Messer was elected by his colleagues to Republican House Leadership as the House Republican Policy Committee Chairman , succeeding James Lankford , who had been elected to the United States Senate . Messer defeated Tom Reed and Rob Woodall . In 2017 , Messer founded the Congressional School Choice caucus to promote the expansion of school voucher programs . In May 2018 , Messer led a group of 18 House Republicans unofficially nominating President Trump for the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to denuclearize the Korean Peninsula and end the 68-year-old war between North and South Korea . Political views and legislation . Messer , like Pence , is an ardent conservative . During his initial run for Congress , Messer told NPR member WFIU , If you like Congressman Mike Pence , we’re going to have very similar philosophy in the way we approach the job . Social issues . Messer opposes abortion rights . He has a 100% rating from Indiana Right to Life for his abortion-related voting record . He opposes the federal government funding organizations that offer abortions , unless the abortions are the result of rape or incest or the womans life is threatened . On January 4 , 2013 , Messer voted for the Title X Abortion Provider Prohibition Act , which prohibits distribution of federal family planning funds to organizations that offer abortions unless the abortion is the result of pregnancy from incest or rape or the womans life is at risk . Messer opposes same-sex marriage . Economic issues . On May 9 , 2013 , Messer voted for the Full Faith and Credit Act , which prioritized spending if the debt limit is reached . Messer voted for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and has stated his support for reforming the tax code to simplify it and reduce tax rates . In 2013 , he signed a pledge sponsored by conservative advocacy group Americans for Prosperity promising to vote against any global warming legislation that would raise taxes . Messer supports a balanced budget amendment . He opposes federal stimulus spending and supports limiting federal spending growth to per-capita inflation rate . Education . In August 2013 , Messer worked to pass bipartisan legislation to prevent student loan interest rates from doubling in 2013 and to link student loan interest rates to market rates . In July 2017 , Messer authored legislation to upend the way American students pay for college . His legislation lays the framework for income share agreements , which have several advantages over traditional student loans . Messer has introduced legislation to require annual debt letters to be sent to student loan borrowers , which is based on an Indiana University program that reduced borrowing at the institution by 10 percent . Messer worked with Sen . Patty Murray to restore Pell Grant eligibility to students who were attending ITT Tech when the institution closed , by convincing the Education Department to restore these benefits using an existing statute . Messer supports the expansion of school voucher programs . Health care . Messer is in favor of repealing the Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare ) and replacing it with something better . In May 2017 , Messer voted for the House bill American Health Care Act of 2017 , to partially repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . Immigration . In July 2017 , Messer authored legislation that would prevent undocumented immigrants from claiming the child tax credit . President Donald Trump included the same proposal in his 2018 budget request to Congress . Messer commented on the work of a 2013 bipartisan House working group on immigration reform , saying that a pathway to citizenship and a deal on metrics to measure border security would be the biggest challenges to final passage of immigration reform . Messer told Indianas Biz Voice Magazine , Those who came here unlawfully will have to pay penalties and back fees . Messer supported President Donald Trumps 2017 executive order to impose a temporary ban on entry to the U.S . to citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries , describing it as a measure to protect Americans from terrorist threats and saying that President Trump is right to prioritize American safety . Veterans . Messer supported a GI Bill reform package passed by the House on June 25 , 2017 and signed into law by President Trump , which included a provision he authored that would retroactively restore education benefits to veterans attending schools that close mid-semester , like ITT Technical Institute . Crime . In February 2013 , Messer voted in favor of reauthorizing the Violence Against Women Act . Messer has a 62% rating from the National Association of Police Organizations for his voting record on issues importance to police and crime . Messer has a D rating from NORML for his voting history regarding cannabis-related causes . Messer opposes veterans having access to medical marijuana if recommended by their Veterans Health Administration doctor and if it is legal for medicinal purposes in their state of residence . Gun rights . In 2012 , the National Rifle Association gave Messer an A rating for his gun-related voting record . Messer opposes restrictions on gun purchases . Personal life . Messer and his wife Jennifer have two daughters and one son . Luke and Jennifer Messer are the authors of a childrens book , Hoosier Heart . Messer was cited for driving under the influence ( DUI ) in 1990 and 1996 . Following Messers election to Congress , he sold his house in Shelbyville , Indiana and moved to McLean , Virginia , a Washington , D.C . suburb . He is now listed as a registered voter at his mothers address in Greensburg , Indiana . Messer has clarified that he owns the home with his mother and lives there when he is in the state . He faced criticism from his opponents in the 2018 Republican primary election for the United States Senate for moving his family to the Washington , D.C . area . Fishers , an Indianapolis suburb , has paid Jennifer Messer $580,000 since 2015 in legal consulting she primarily does from the familys Washington , D.C . area home . She is paid $20,000 a month as a part-time contract attorney for the city . Jennifer Messer began the work for the City of Fishers two years before her husband was elected to Congress . Fishers Mayor Scott Fadness said the arrangement helped usher in an era of unprecedented economic success in the growing suburb of about 85,000 people . Messer has defended his wifes work , calling her the brains of the Messer outfit , and Jennifer defended her work in an op-ed for The Indianapolis Star , calling an Associated Press story about her unfair , intellectually dishonest and straight-up sexist . |
[
"Skonto"
] | easy | Which team did the player Andrejs Rubins belong to from 1998 to 2000? | /wiki/Andrejs_Rubins#P54#0 | Andrejs Rubins Andrejs Rubins ( born 26 November 1978 ) is a Latvian former professional football midfielder . He was a member of Latvia national football team . Currently , Rubins is the assistant manager of the Latvian First League club FK Ogre . Club career . Born in Riga , Rubins started his career in 1996 at FK Auda in the Latvian 2nd Division . The following year he moved to Sweden with Östers IF , where he made 11 league appearances before moving back to Latvia in 1998 to play for Skonto Riga . He played there for the next three seasons and managed to win three consecutive league titles in a row and also won the Latvian Cup twice . All in all , over those three seasons he helped his team , scoring 14 goals in 67 league matches . In 2000 Rubins moved to England , joining English Football League First Division club Crystal Palace . He made just 31 appearances in three seasons at the club but still managed to impress , scoring twice in the League Cup against Leicester City and Liverpool . In December 2002 Rubins moved to Russia initially to play Spartak Moscow in the Russian Premier League on a free transfer . However , three months later , without playing a game , he was sold to Shinnik Yaroslavl , where he played 51 games in two seasons , scoring 4 times . In January 2005 Rubins signed a four-year contract with Spartak Moscow , who were then managed by Latvian manager Aleksandrs Starkovs . After struggling to settle he made just five appearances , and the club sent him on loan back to Shinnik Yaroslavl in January 2006 for 12 months . In June 2007 he was linked with another loan move , this time with English Football League Championship club , Blackpool , He started the 2010–11 season in another Azerbaijan Premier League club FK Qarabağ from Agdam , joining on a two-year contract on a free transfer . Andrejs suffered several injuries that caused limited game time and he only managed to appear in 12 league games and was released at the end of the season . In 2011 , he was signed by Azerbaijan Premier League club Simurq PFC . Rubins scored 1 goal in 18 matches for the club , and in July 2012 he was released . Struggling with a long-term hip injury , Rubins announced his retirement from professional football on 13 March 2013 , saying : If I cannot play for 100% , thats not worth it . After his retirement Rubins started coaching kids and youngsters in Ikšķile . Prior to the 2014 Latvian First League season Rubins was appointed as the assistant manager of FK Ogre . International career . Rubins made his international debut for Latvia on 10 November 1998 in a friendly match 3–0 loss against Tunisia . With 117 international caps he is the second most capped player in the history of Latvian national team , 50 matches short to Vitālijs Astafjevs . Rubins also participated at the EURO 2004 in Portugal . Honours . Club . Skonto - Virslīga ( 3 ) : 1998 , 1999 , 2000 - Latvian Cup ( 2 ) : 1998 , 2000 ; runners-up 1999 Spartak Moscow - Russian Premier League runners-up : 2005 Liepājas Metalurgs - Virslīga runners-up : 2007 - Baltic League : 2007 Inter Baku - Azerbaijan Premier League 2009–10 ; runners-up 2008–09 International . Lithuania - Baltic Cup : 2001 , 2003 External links . - Andrejs Rubins at Latvian Football Federation |
[
"Crystal Palace"
] | easy | Which team did the player Andrejs Rubins belong to from 2000 to 2003? | /wiki/Andrejs_Rubins#P54#1 | Andrejs Rubins Andrejs Rubins ( born 26 November 1978 ) is a Latvian former professional football midfielder . He was a member of Latvia national football team . Currently , Rubins is the assistant manager of the Latvian First League club FK Ogre . Club career . Born in Riga , Rubins started his career in 1996 at FK Auda in the Latvian 2nd Division . The following year he moved to Sweden with Östers IF , where he made 11 league appearances before moving back to Latvia in 1998 to play for Skonto Riga . He played there for the next three seasons and managed to win three consecutive league titles in a row and also won the Latvian Cup twice . All in all , over those three seasons he helped his team , scoring 14 goals in 67 league matches . In 2000 Rubins moved to England , joining English Football League First Division club Crystal Palace . He made just 31 appearances in three seasons at the club but still managed to impress , scoring twice in the League Cup against Leicester City and Liverpool . In December 2002 Rubins moved to Russia initially to play Spartak Moscow in the Russian Premier League on a free transfer . However , three months later , without playing a game , he was sold to Shinnik Yaroslavl , where he played 51 games in two seasons , scoring 4 times . In January 2005 Rubins signed a four-year contract with Spartak Moscow , who were then managed by Latvian manager Aleksandrs Starkovs . After struggling to settle he made just five appearances , and the club sent him on loan back to Shinnik Yaroslavl in January 2006 for 12 months . In June 2007 he was linked with another loan move , this time with English Football League Championship club , Blackpool , He started the 2010–11 season in another Azerbaijan Premier League club FK Qarabağ from Agdam , joining on a two-year contract on a free transfer . Andrejs suffered several injuries that caused limited game time and he only managed to appear in 12 league games and was released at the end of the season . In 2011 , he was signed by Azerbaijan Premier League club Simurq PFC . Rubins scored 1 goal in 18 matches for the club , and in July 2012 he was released . Struggling with a long-term hip injury , Rubins announced his retirement from professional football on 13 March 2013 , saying : If I cannot play for 100% , thats not worth it . After his retirement Rubins started coaching kids and youngsters in Ikšķile . Prior to the 2014 Latvian First League season Rubins was appointed as the assistant manager of FK Ogre . International career . Rubins made his international debut for Latvia on 10 November 1998 in a friendly match 3–0 loss against Tunisia . With 117 international caps he is the second most capped player in the history of Latvian national team , 50 matches short to Vitālijs Astafjevs . Rubins also participated at the EURO 2004 in Portugal . Honours . Club . Skonto - Virslīga ( 3 ) : 1998 , 1999 , 2000 - Latvian Cup ( 2 ) : 1998 , 2000 ; runners-up 1999 Spartak Moscow - Russian Premier League runners-up : 2005 Liepājas Metalurgs - Virslīga runners-up : 2007 - Baltic League : 2007 Inter Baku - Azerbaijan Premier League 2009–10 ; runners-up 2008–09 International . Lithuania - Baltic Cup : 2001 , 2003 External links . - Andrejs Rubins at Latvian Football Federation |
[
"Shinnik Yaroslavl"
] | easy | Which team did Andrejs Rubins play for from 2003 to 2004? | /wiki/Andrejs_Rubins#P54#2 | Andrejs Rubins Andrejs Rubins ( born 26 November 1978 ) is a Latvian former professional football midfielder . He was a member of Latvia national football team . Currently , Rubins is the assistant manager of the Latvian First League club FK Ogre . Club career . Born in Riga , Rubins started his career in 1996 at FK Auda in the Latvian 2nd Division . The following year he moved to Sweden with Östers IF , where he made 11 league appearances before moving back to Latvia in 1998 to play for Skonto Riga . He played there for the next three seasons and managed to win three consecutive league titles in a row and also won the Latvian Cup twice . All in all , over those three seasons he helped his team , scoring 14 goals in 67 league matches . In 2000 Rubins moved to England , joining English Football League First Division club Crystal Palace . He made just 31 appearances in three seasons at the club but still managed to impress , scoring twice in the League Cup against Leicester City and Liverpool . In December 2002 Rubins moved to Russia initially to play Spartak Moscow in the Russian Premier League on a free transfer . However , three months later , without playing a game , he was sold to Shinnik Yaroslavl , where he played 51 games in two seasons , scoring 4 times . In January 2005 Rubins signed a four-year contract with Spartak Moscow , who were then managed by Latvian manager Aleksandrs Starkovs . After struggling to settle he made just five appearances , and the club sent him on loan back to Shinnik Yaroslavl in January 2006 for 12 months . In June 2007 he was linked with another loan move , this time with English Football League Championship club , Blackpool , He started the 2010–11 season in another Azerbaijan Premier League club FK Qarabağ from Agdam , joining on a two-year contract on a free transfer . Andrejs suffered several injuries that caused limited game time and he only managed to appear in 12 league games and was released at the end of the season . In 2011 , he was signed by Azerbaijan Premier League club Simurq PFC . Rubins scored 1 goal in 18 matches for the club , and in July 2012 he was released . Struggling with a long-term hip injury , Rubins announced his retirement from professional football on 13 March 2013 , saying : If I cannot play for 100% , thats not worth it . After his retirement Rubins started coaching kids and youngsters in Ikšķile . Prior to the 2014 Latvian First League season Rubins was appointed as the assistant manager of FK Ogre . International career . Rubins made his international debut for Latvia on 10 November 1998 in a friendly match 3–0 loss against Tunisia . With 117 international caps he is the second most capped player in the history of Latvian national team , 50 matches short to Vitālijs Astafjevs . Rubins also participated at the EURO 2004 in Portugal . Honours . Club . Skonto - Virslīga ( 3 ) : 1998 , 1999 , 2000 - Latvian Cup ( 2 ) : 1998 , 2000 ; runners-up 1999 Spartak Moscow - Russian Premier League runners-up : 2005 Liepājas Metalurgs - Virslīga runners-up : 2007 - Baltic League : 2007 Inter Baku - Azerbaijan Premier League 2009–10 ; runners-up 2008–09 International . Lithuania - Baltic Cup : 2001 , 2003 External links . - Andrejs Rubins at Latvian Football Federation |
[
"Inter Baku"
] | easy | Which team did the player Andrejs Rubins belong to from 2008 to 2010? | /wiki/Andrejs_Rubins#P54#3 | Andrejs Rubins Andrejs Rubins ( born 26 November 1978 ) is a Latvian former professional football midfielder . He was a member of Latvia national football team . Currently , Rubins is the assistant manager of the Latvian First League club FK Ogre . Club career . Born in Riga , Rubins started his career in 1996 at FK Auda in the Latvian 2nd Division . The following year he moved to Sweden with Östers IF , where he made 11 league appearances before moving back to Latvia in 1998 to play for Skonto Riga . He played there for the next three seasons and managed to win three consecutive league titles in a row and also won the Latvian Cup twice . All in all , over those three seasons he helped his team , scoring 14 goals in 67 league matches . In 2000 Rubins moved to England , joining English Football League First Division club Crystal Palace . He made just 31 appearances in three seasons at the club but still managed to impress , scoring twice in the League Cup against Leicester City and Liverpool . In December 2002 Rubins moved to Russia initially to play Spartak Moscow in the Russian Premier League on a free transfer . However , three months later , without playing a game , he was sold to Shinnik Yaroslavl , where he played 51 games in two seasons , scoring 4 times . In January 2005 Rubins signed a four-year contract with Spartak Moscow , who were then managed by Latvian manager Aleksandrs Starkovs . After struggling to settle he made just five appearances , and the club sent him on loan back to Shinnik Yaroslavl in January 2006 for 12 months . In June 2007 he was linked with another loan move , this time with English Football League Championship club , Blackpool , He started the 2010–11 season in another Azerbaijan Premier League club FK Qarabağ from Agdam , joining on a two-year contract on a free transfer . Andrejs suffered several injuries that caused limited game time and he only managed to appear in 12 league games and was released at the end of the season . In 2011 , he was signed by Azerbaijan Premier League club Simurq PFC . Rubins scored 1 goal in 18 matches for the club , and in July 2012 he was released . Struggling with a long-term hip injury , Rubins announced his retirement from professional football on 13 March 2013 , saying : If I cannot play for 100% , thats not worth it . After his retirement Rubins started coaching kids and youngsters in Ikšķile . Prior to the 2014 Latvian First League season Rubins was appointed as the assistant manager of FK Ogre . International career . Rubins made his international debut for Latvia on 10 November 1998 in a friendly match 3–0 loss against Tunisia . With 117 international caps he is the second most capped player in the history of Latvian national team , 50 matches short to Vitālijs Astafjevs . Rubins also participated at the EURO 2004 in Portugal . Honours . Club . Skonto - Virslīga ( 3 ) : 1998 , 1999 , 2000 - Latvian Cup ( 2 ) : 1998 , 2000 ; runners-up 1999 Spartak Moscow - Russian Premier League runners-up : 2005 Liepājas Metalurgs - Virslīga runners-up : 2007 - Baltic League : 2007 Inter Baku - Azerbaijan Premier League 2009–10 ; runners-up 2008–09 International . Lithuania - Baltic Cup : 2001 , 2003 External links . - Andrejs Rubins at Latvian Football Federation |
[
"Qarabağ"
] | easy | Which team did Andrejs Rubins play for from 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/Andrejs_Rubins#P54#4 | Andrejs Rubins Andrejs Rubins ( born 26 November 1978 ) is a Latvian former professional football midfielder . He was a member of Latvia national football team . Currently , Rubins is the assistant manager of the Latvian First League club FK Ogre . Club career . Born in Riga , Rubins started his career in 1996 at FK Auda in the Latvian 2nd Division . The following year he moved to Sweden with Östers IF , where he made 11 league appearances before moving back to Latvia in 1998 to play for Skonto Riga . He played there for the next three seasons and managed to win three consecutive league titles in a row and also won the Latvian Cup twice . All in all , over those three seasons he helped his team , scoring 14 goals in 67 league matches . In 2000 Rubins moved to England , joining English Football League First Division club Crystal Palace . He made just 31 appearances in three seasons at the club but still managed to impress , scoring twice in the League Cup against Leicester City and Liverpool . In December 2002 Rubins moved to Russia initially to play Spartak Moscow in the Russian Premier League on a free transfer . However , three months later , without playing a game , he was sold to Shinnik Yaroslavl , where he played 51 games in two seasons , scoring 4 times . In January 2005 Rubins signed a four-year contract with Spartak Moscow , who were then managed by Latvian manager Aleksandrs Starkovs . After struggling to settle he made just five appearances , and the club sent him on loan back to Shinnik Yaroslavl in January 2006 for 12 months . In June 2007 he was linked with another loan move , this time with English Football League Championship club , Blackpool , He started the 2010–11 season in another Azerbaijan Premier League club FK Qarabağ from Agdam , joining on a two-year contract on a free transfer . Andrejs suffered several injuries that caused limited game time and he only managed to appear in 12 league games and was released at the end of the season . In 2011 , he was signed by Azerbaijan Premier League club Simurq PFC . Rubins scored 1 goal in 18 matches for the club , and in July 2012 he was released . Struggling with a long-term hip injury , Rubins announced his retirement from professional football on 13 March 2013 , saying : If I cannot play for 100% , thats not worth it . After his retirement Rubins started coaching kids and youngsters in Ikšķile . Prior to the 2014 Latvian First League season Rubins was appointed as the assistant manager of FK Ogre . International career . Rubins made his international debut for Latvia on 10 November 1998 in a friendly match 3–0 loss against Tunisia . With 117 international caps he is the second most capped player in the history of Latvian national team , 50 matches short to Vitālijs Astafjevs . Rubins also participated at the EURO 2004 in Portugal . Honours . Club . Skonto - Virslīga ( 3 ) : 1998 , 1999 , 2000 - Latvian Cup ( 2 ) : 1998 , 2000 ; runners-up 1999 Spartak Moscow - Russian Premier League runners-up : 2005 Liepājas Metalurgs - Virslīga runners-up : 2007 - Baltic League : 2007 Inter Baku - Azerbaijan Premier League 2009–10 ; runners-up 2008–09 International . Lithuania - Baltic Cup : 2001 , 2003 External links . - Andrejs Rubins at Latvian Football Federation |
[
"Simurq PFC"
] | easy | Which team did the player Andrejs Rubins belong to from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Andrejs_Rubins#P54#5 | Andrejs Rubins Andrejs Rubins ( born 26 November 1978 ) is a Latvian former professional football midfielder . He was a member of Latvia national football team . Currently , Rubins is the assistant manager of the Latvian First League club FK Ogre . Club career . Born in Riga , Rubins started his career in 1996 at FK Auda in the Latvian 2nd Division . The following year he moved to Sweden with Östers IF , where he made 11 league appearances before moving back to Latvia in 1998 to play for Skonto Riga . He played there for the next three seasons and managed to win three consecutive league titles in a row and also won the Latvian Cup twice . All in all , over those three seasons he helped his team , scoring 14 goals in 67 league matches . In 2000 Rubins moved to England , joining English Football League First Division club Crystal Palace . He made just 31 appearances in three seasons at the club but still managed to impress , scoring twice in the League Cup against Leicester City and Liverpool . In December 2002 Rubins moved to Russia initially to play Spartak Moscow in the Russian Premier League on a free transfer . However , three months later , without playing a game , he was sold to Shinnik Yaroslavl , where he played 51 games in two seasons , scoring 4 times . In January 2005 Rubins signed a four-year contract with Spartak Moscow , who were then managed by Latvian manager Aleksandrs Starkovs . After struggling to settle he made just five appearances , and the club sent him on loan back to Shinnik Yaroslavl in January 2006 for 12 months . In June 2007 he was linked with another loan move , this time with English Football League Championship club , Blackpool , He started the 2010–11 season in another Azerbaijan Premier League club FK Qarabağ from Agdam , joining on a two-year contract on a free transfer . Andrejs suffered several injuries that caused limited game time and he only managed to appear in 12 league games and was released at the end of the season . In 2011 , he was signed by Azerbaijan Premier League club Simurq PFC . Rubins scored 1 goal in 18 matches for the club , and in July 2012 he was released . Struggling with a long-term hip injury , Rubins announced his retirement from professional football on 13 March 2013 , saying : If I cannot play for 100% , thats not worth it . After his retirement Rubins started coaching kids and youngsters in Ikšķile . Prior to the 2014 Latvian First League season Rubins was appointed as the assistant manager of FK Ogre . International career . Rubins made his international debut for Latvia on 10 November 1998 in a friendly match 3–0 loss against Tunisia . With 117 international caps he is the second most capped player in the history of Latvian national team , 50 matches short to Vitālijs Astafjevs . Rubins also participated at the EURO 2004 in Portugal . Honours . Club . Skonto - Virslīga ( 3 ) : 1998 , 1999 , 2000 - Latvian Cup ( 2 ) : 1998 , 2000 ; runners-up 1999 Spartak Moscow - Russian Premier League runners-up : 2005 Liepājas Metalurgs - Virslīga runners-up : 2007 - Baltic League : 2007 Inter Baku - Azerbaijan Premier League 2009–10 ; runners-up 2008–09 International . Lithuania - Baltic Cup : 2001 , 2003 External links . - Andrejs Rubins at Latvian Football Federation |
[
"CalMac"
] | easy | What operated PS Waverley from 1945 to 1948? | /wiki/PS_Waverley#P137#0 | PS Waverley PS Waverley is the last seagoing passenger-carrying paddle steamer in the world . Built in 1946 , she sailed from Craigendoran on the Firth of Clyde to Arrochar on Loch Long until 1973 . Bought by the Paddle Steamer Preservation Society ( PSPS ) , she has been restored to her 1947 appearance and now operates passenger excursions around the British coast . Since 2003 , Waverley has been listed in the National Historic Fleet by National Historic Ships UK as a vessel of pre-eminent national importance . In 2019 , Waverley was withdrawn from service due to boiler problems . An appeal was subsequently launched with a target of £2.3 million to recommission Waverley . It was announced on 11 July 2019 that new boilers had been ordered from Cochran Ltd . Following the boiler replacement , Waverley returned to sea on 13 August 2020 for sea-trials , and resumed service for a short COVID-19-affected season starting on 22 August . This was cut short after she struck the pier at Brodick on 3 September , damaging her bow . History . PS Waverley is named after Sir Walter Scotts first novel . She was built in 1946 to replace a PS Waverley that was built in 1899 , served in the Second World War as a minesweeper and was sunk in 1940 while helping to evacuate troops from Dunkirk . Shipbuilders A . & J . Inglis of Glasgow launched the new 693 tonne steamer in October 1946 . She entered service with the London and North Eastern Railway in June 1947 , working the LNERs Firth of Clyde steamer route from Craigendoran Pier , near Helensburgh , up Loch Long to Arrochar . In her first year in service , she wore that companys red , white and black funnel colours . The 1948 nationalisation of Britains railways brought their Scottish steamers into the Caledonian Steam Packet Company ( CSP ) , a subsidiary of the Railway Executive , and the funnels were repainted yellow with a black top . In 1965 , a Scottish red lion rampant was fixed to each side of both funnels . Waverleys hull was painted monastral blue until 1970 . After a revival of fortunes in the 1950s , the 1960s saw a gradual change in holiday habits that led to a decline in passenger numbers and the closure of many of the small piers . Since 1969 , and the formation of the Scottish Transport Group , the CSP had been gradually merging with the West Highland shipping and ferry company David MacBrayne Ltd . In 1973 , the company became Caledonian MacBrayne Ltd ( CalMac ) . Restoration . CalMac withdrew Waverley after the 1973 season as she was too costly to operate and needed significant expenditure . By then , the Paddle Steamer Preservation Society had been set up as a registered UK charity and had bought the near-derelict small River Dart paddler . CalMac , keen to ensure that the ship was preserved , sold Waverley to the PSPS for the token sum of one pound . Neither side really believed that the vessel would return to steam but , just in case , Caledonian MacBrayne stipulated that she should not sail in competition with their remaining cruise vessel , . A public appeal was launched to secure funding for the return of the Waverley to service and the fund-raising operation was successful . The PSPS found itself running a cruise ship operation , Waverley Excursions . Since then , Waverley has been joined in the PSPS fleet by and and has had a series of extensive refits and much restoration work , including a new boiler and improvements to meet modern safety standards . She has circumnavigated Great Britain and every year makes extensive sailings around the country . Listed as part of the National Historic Fleet , between 2000 and 2003 the ship underwent a substantial rebuild and reboilering at the shipyard of George Prior at Great Yarmouth , funded principally by the Heritage Lottery Fund . The work , done in two stages , has added many 21st century safety and technological improvements and returned the ship to her original 1947 livery . In 2009 , the ship was affiliated with , having hosted the official dignitary party at Defenders launch on the River Clyde . And in 2011 the ship was awarded the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 65th Engineering Heritage Award . Engines . Waverley is powered by a three-crank diagonal triple-expansion marine steam engine built by Rankin & Blackmore , Engineers , Eagle Foundry , Greenock , Scotland . It is rated at 2,100 IHP and achieved a trial speed of at 57.8 rpm . Passengers can watch these engines from passageways on either side of the engine room . The main crank is solidly attached to both paddle wheels so they cannot turn independently . The Waverley therefore has a much larger turning circle than modern ferries . Appearance . Waverley has had several colour schemes in her life . At launch the paddle boxes were painted black , in 1959 they were changed to white , then returned to black but with white edges in 1972 , then to all black in 1977 . The two gold stripes along the hull were removed in 1954 but restored during the 2000 rebuild . Today , Waverley has the LNER 1947 livery of red , white and black funnels , traditional brown-grained ( or scumbled ) superstructure and black paddle-wheel boxes , decorated with gold lettering on each side . When launched Waverley had square windows on her sponsons , instead of the current portholes . For most of her life , the upper passenger cabins were painted white and had wooden doors ; all have had layout improvements at some time in the ships life . Sailing in all weathers in salt water can cause pale brown rust streaks to appear by the end of each season , so cosmetic painting and improvements are done annually as the ship is drydocked and inspected by the Department for Transport . Since 1962 , when PS Waverleys original funnels were renewed , replacement items had been slightly out of parallel due to their heavier welded steel construction . The problem was resolved in the 2000–03 refit and her two funnels are now parallel . Lifeboat arrangements have varied depending on the legislation at the time . Between 1975 and 1980 , there was only one traditional lifeboat on the rear deck . Service . Waverley makes passenger excursions from various British ports . She regularly sails from Glasgow and other towns on the Firth of Clyde , the Thames , the South Coast of England and the Bristol Channel . She also undertakes private charters and has provided a period setting for television documentaries and movies , such as ( 2011 ) . Primarily during the summer she is based on the Clyde , operating excursions from Glasgow , Greenock , Largs or Ayr . Typically her Clyde timetable ends at the end of August and Waverley spends 6 weeks between September and October cruising the Bristol Channel , the Solent and the Thames before returning to the Clyde for two sailings in October . On 3 September 2020 , Waverley collided with the Brodick Pier on the Isle of Arran , causing damage to the bow . Twenty-four people were injured . The ship was carrying 213 passengers and 26 crew , who were temporarily stranded on Arran . A Caledonian MacBrayne ferry , , made an unscheduled sailing to return them to the Scottish mainland later that evening . |
[
"Caledonian Steam Packet Company",
"CalMac"
] | easy | What was the operator of PS Waverley from 1948 to 1973? | /wiki/PS_Waverley#P137#1 | PS Waverley PS Waverley is the last seagoing passenger-carrying paddle steamer in the world . Built in 1946 , she sailed from Craigendoran on the Firth of Clyde to Arrochar on Loch Long until 1973 . Bought by the Paddle Steamer Preservation Society ( PSPS ) , she has been restored to her 1947 appearance and now operates passenger excursions around the British coast . Since 2003 , Waverley has been listed in the National Historic Fleet by National Historic Ships UK as a vessel of pre-eminent national importance . In 2019 , Waverley was withdrawn from service due to boiler problems . An appeal was subsequently launched with a target of £2.3 million to recommission Waverley . It was announced on 11 July 2019 that new boilers had been ordered from Cochran Ltd . Following the boiler replacement , Waverley returned to sea on 13 August 2020 for sea-trials , and resumed service for a short COVID-19-affected season starting on 22 August . This was cut short after she struck the pier at Brodick on 3 September , damaging her bow . History . PS Waverley is named after Sir Walter Scotts first novel . She was built in 1946 to replace a PS Waverley that was built in 1899 , served in the Second World War as a minesweeper and was sunk in 1940 while helping to evacuate troops from Dunkirk . Shipbuilders A . & J . Inglis of Glasgow launched the new 693 tonne steamer in October 1946 . She entered service with the London and North Eastern Railway in June 1947 , working the LNERs Firth of Clyde steamer route from Craigendoran Pier , near Helensburgh , up Loch Long to Arrochar . In her first year in service , she wore that companys red , white and black funnel colours . The 1948 nationalisation of Britains railways brought their Scottish steamers into the Caledonian Steam Packet Company ( CSP ) , a subsidiary of the Railway Executive , and the funnels were repainted yellow with a black top . In 1965 , a Scottish red lion rampant was fixed to each side of both funnels . Waverleys hull was painted monastral blue until 1970 . After a revival of fortunes in the 1950s , the 1960s saw a gradual change in holiday habits that led to a decline in passenger numbers and the closure of many of the small piers . Since 1969 , and the formation of the Scottish Transport Group , the CSP had been gradually merging with the West Highland shipping and ferry company David MacBrayne Ltd . In 1973 , the company became Caledonian MacBrayne Ltd ( CalMac ) . Restoration . CalMac withdrew Waverley after the 1973 season as she was too costly to operate and needed significant expenditure . By then , the Paddle Steamer Preservation Society had been set up as a registered UK charity and had bought the near-derelict small River Dart paddler . CalMac , keen to ensure that the ship was preserved , sold Waverley to the PSPS for the token sum of one pound . Neither side really believed that the vessel would return to steam but , just in case , Caledonian MacBrayne stipulated that she should not sail in competition with their remaining cruise vessel , . A public appeal was launched to secure funding for the return of the Waverley to service and the fund-raising operation was successful . The PSPS found itself running a cruise ship operation , Waverley Excursions . Since then , Waverley has been joined in the PSPS fleet by and and has had a series of extensive refits and much restoration work , including a new boiler and improvements to meet modern safety standards . She has circumnavigated Great Britain and every year makes extensive sailings around the country . Listed as part of the National Historic Fleet , between 2000 and 2003 the ship underwent a substantial rebuild and reboilering at the shipyard of George Prior at Great Yarmouth , funded principally by the Heritage Lottery Fund . The work , done in two stages , has added many 21st century safety and technological improvements and returned the ship to her original 1947 livery . In 2009 , the ship was affiliated with , having hosted the official dignitary party at Defenders launch on the River Clyde . And in 2011 the ship was awarded the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 65th Engineering Heritage Award . Engines . Waverley is powered by a three-crank diagonal triple-expansion marine steam engine built by Rankin & Blackmore , Engineers , Eagle Foundry , Greenock , Scotland . It is rated at 2,100 IHP and achieved a trial speed of at 57.8 rpm . Passengers can watch these engines from passageways on either side of the engine room . The main crank is solidly attached to both paddle wheels so they cannot turn independently . The Waverley therefore has a much larger turning circle than modern ferries . Appearance . Waverley has had several colour schemes in her life . At launch the paddle boxes were painted black , in 1959 they were changed to white , then returned to black but with white edges in 1972 , then to all black in 1977 . The two gold stripes along the hull were removed in 1954 but restored during the 2000 rebuild . Today , Waverley has the LNER 1947 livery of red , white and black funnels , traditional brown-grained ( or scumbled ) superstructure and black paddle-wheel boxes , decorated with gold lettering on each side . When launched Waverley had square windows on her sponsons , instead of the current portholes . For most of her life , the upper passenger cabins were painted white and had wooden doors ; all have had layout improvements at some time in the ships life . Sailing in all weathers in salt water can cause pale brown rust streaks to appear by the end of each season , so cosmetic painting and improvements are done annually as the ship is drydocked and inspected by the Department for Transport . Since 1962 , when PS Waverleys original funnels were renewed , replacement items had been slightly out of parallel due to their heavier welded steel construction . The problem was resolved in the 2000–03 refit and her two funnels are now parallel . Lifeboat arrangements have varied depending on the legislation at the time . Between 1975 and 1980 , there was only one traditional lifeboat on the rear deck . Service . Waverley makes passenger excursions from various British ports . She regularly sails from Glasgow and other towns on the Firth of Clyde , the Thames , the South Coast of England and the Bristol Channel . She also undertakes private charters and has provided a period setting for television documentaries and movies , such as ( 2011 ) . Primarily during the summer she is based on the Clyde , operating excursions from Glasgow , Greenock , Largs or Ayr . Typically her Clyde timetable ends at the end of August and Waverley spends 6 weeks between September and October cruising the Bristol Channel , the Solent and the Thames before returning to the Clyde for two sailings in October . On 3 September 2020 , Waverley collided with the Brodick Pier on the Isle of Arran , causing damage to the bow . Twenty-four people were injured . The ship was carrying 213 passengers and 26 crew , who were temporarily stranded on Arran . A Caledonian MacBrayne ferry , , made an unscheduled sailing to return them to the Scottish mainland later that evening . |
[
"the National Trust for Historic Preservation"
] | easy | Who occupied Andrew Mellon Building from 1921 to 1922? | /wiki/Andrew_Mellon_Building#P466#0 | Andrew Mellon Building McCormick Apartments , also known as Andrew Mellon Building , Mellon Apartment , or 1785 Massachusetts Avenue Northwest , is a landmark apartment building on Embassy Row in Washington , D.C. , whose inhabitants once included Andrew W . Mellon . It is the home of the American Enterprise Institute . History . The Andrew Mellon Building was built by Stanley McCormick , heir to the International Harvester fortune , in 1915 and completed in 1917 . Washington-based Jules Henri de Sibour was architect of the building . This was one of the first Washington apartment buildings for luxury living . The structure was meant to fit in with other Beaux-Arts buildings in the Dupont Circle neighborhood . The buildings composition is three principal elevations , to serve as a pivot point for a residential boulevard and two street intersections . The six units it originally contained had quarters for more than forty servants . Some of the Capitals most distinguished personalities once lived here . A partial listing of these residents , from the Historic American Buildings Survey , includes : - Thomas F . Ryan , 1920–1922 - Robert Woods Bliss , 1920–1923 - Edwin T . Meredith , 1921 - Andrew W . Mellon , 1922–1937 - Sumner Welles , 1921–1927 - Alanson B . Houghton , 1930–1934 The millionaire industrialist Andrew Mellon is perhaps most significant of these past occupants . He was Secretary of the Treasury from 1921 to 1932 . This was the longest tenure since Albert Gallatin . Mellon made this his residence shortly after taking on that role , occupying the top floor from 1922 until his death in 1937 . Among his accomplishments include authoring the Mellon Plan which stimulated the economic boom of the 1920s , and founding the National Gallery of Art . In 1936 Mellon paid $21 million for paintings and sculptures owned by Sir Joseph Duveen , an art dealer leasing the apartment below . At the time this was the largest art transaction on record . After 1941 , the building was used for offices and eventually partitioned . The property was conveyed by deed from Katherine Dexter McCormick to the American Council on Education on March 31 , 1950 . Later the property was conveyed to The Brookings Institution on January 2 , 1970 . Finally , the building was sold to the National Trust for Historic Preservation on October 28 , 1976 . The Andrew Mellon Building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 . 2013 sale . The National Trust put the building up for sale in mid-2009 . The organization said it had outgrown the building , and needed about of space . Real estate experts believed the structure would sell for $1,000 a square foot , or $60 million . Potential buyers considered turning it into a museum or luxury apartments again , but there were no offers at any price . After Trust president Richard Moe stepped down in early 2010 and was replaced by Stephanie Meeks , the organizations board of directors decided to pull the building off the market so that Meeks would not have to devote all her time to finding the National Trust a new home . Instead , National Trust officials said they would rehabilitate some of the structures windows , HVAC , and mechanical systems and possibly add a green roof . In late June 2013 , the National Trust sold the Mellon Building to the American Enterprise Institute for $36.5 million . The Trust said it will lease space on the top two floors of the Watergate Office Building . The National Trust holds a permanent historic preservation easement that protects both the interior and exterior of the Mellon Building . External links . - Andrew Mellon Building -Historic Marker Database |
[
"Andrew Mellon",
"the National Trust for Historic Preservation"
] | easy | Who was the occupant of Andrew Mellon Building from 1922 to 1937? | /wiki/Andrew_Mellon_Building#P466#1 | Andrew Mellon Building McCormick Apartments , also known as Andrew Mellon Building , Mellon Apartment , or 1785 Massachusetts Avenue Northwest , is a landmark apartment building on Embassy Row in Washington , D.C. , whose inhabitants once included Andrew W . Mellon . It is the home of the American Enterprise Institute . History . The Andrew Mellon Building was built by Stanley McCormick , heir to the International Harvester fortune , in 1915 and completed in 1917 . Washington-based Jules Henri de Sibour was architect of the building . This was one of the first Washington apartment buildings for luxury living . The structure was meant to fit in with other Beaux-Arts buildings in the Dupont Circle neighborhood . The buildings composition is three principal elevations , to serve as a pivot point for a residential boulevard and two street intersections . The six units it originally contained had quarters for more than forty servants . Some of the Capitals most distinguished personalities once lived here . A partial listing of these residents , from the Historic American Buildings Survey , includes : - Thomas F . Ryan , 1920–1922 - Robert Woods Bliss , 1920–1923 - Edwin T . Meredith , 1921 - Andrew W . Mellon , 1922–1937 - Sumner Welles , 1921–1927 - Alanson B . Houghton , 1930–1934 The millionaire industrialist Andrew Mellon is perhaps most significant of these past occupants . He was Secretary of the Treasury from 1921 to 1932 . This was the longest tenure since Albert Gallatin . Mellon made this his residence shortly after taking on that role , occupying the top floor from 1922 until his death in 1937 . Among his accomplishments include authoring the Mellon Plan which stimulated the economic boom of the 1920s , and founding the National Gallery of Art . In 1936 Mellon paid $21 million for paintings and sculptures owned by Sir Joseph Duveen , an art dealer leasing the apartment below . At the time this was the largest art transaction on record . After 1941 , the building was used for offices and eventually partitioned . The property was conveyed by deed from Katherine Dexter McCormick to the American Council on Education on March 31 , 1950 . Later the property was conveyed to The Brookings Institution on January 2 , 1970 . Finally , the building was sold to the National Trust for Historic Preservation on October 28 , 1976 . The Andrew Mellon Building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 . 2013 sale . The National Trust put the building up for sale in mid-2009 . The organization said it had outgrown the building , and needed about of space . Real estate experts believed the structure would sell for $1,000 a square foot , or $60 million . Potential buyers considered turning it into a museum or luxury apartments again , but there were no offers at any price . After Trust president Richard Moe stepped down in early 2010 and was replaced by Stephanie Meeks , the organizations board of directors decided to pull the building off the market so that Meeks would not have to devote all her time to finding the National Trust a new home . Instead , National Trust officials said they would rehabilitate some of the structures windows , HVAC , and mechanical systems and possibly add a green roof . In late June 2013 , the National Trust sold the Mellon Building to the American Enterprise Institute for $36.5 million . The Trust said it will lease space on the top two floors of the Watergate Office Building . The National Trust holds a permanent historic preservation easement that protects both the interior and exterior of the Mellon Building . External links . - Andrew Mellon Building -Historic Marker Database |
[
"the National Trust for Historic Preservation"
] | easy | Who occupied Andrew Mellon Building from 1937 to 2013? | /wiki/Andrew_Mellon_Building#P466#2 | Andrew Mellon Building McCormick Apartments , also known as Andrew Mellon Building , Mellon Apartment , or 1785 Massachusetts Avenue Northwest , is a landmark apartment building on Embassy Row in Washington , D.C. , whose inhabitants once included Andrew W . Mellon . It is the home of the American Enterprise Institute . History . The Andrew Mellon Building was built by Stanley McCormick , heir to the International Harvester fortune , in 1915 and completed in 1917 . Washington-based Jules Henri de Sibour was architect of the building . This was one of the first Washington apartment buildings for luxury living . The structure was meant to fit in with other Beaux-Arts buildings in the Dupont Circle neighborhood . The buildings composition is three principal elevations , to serve as a pivot point for a residential boulevard and two street intersections . The six units it originally contained had quarters for more than forty servants . Some of the Capitals most distinguished personalities once lived here . A partial listing of these residents , from the Historic American Buildings Survey , includes : - Thomas F . Ryan , 1920–1922 - Robert Woods Bliss , 1920–1923 - Edwin T . Meredith , 1921 - Andrew W . Mellon , 1922–1937 - Sumner Welles , 1921–1927 - Alanson B . Houghton , 1930–1934 The millionaire industrialist Andrew Mellon is perhaps most significant of these past occupants . He was Secretary of the Treasury from 1921 to 1932 . This was the longest tenure since Albert Gallatin . Mellon made this his residence shortly after taking on that role , occupying the top floor from 1922 until his death in 1937 . Among his accomplishments include authoring the Mellon Plan which stimulated the economic boom of the 1920s , and founding the National Gallery of Art . In 1936 Mellon paid $21 million for paintings and sculptures owned by Sir Joseph Duveen , an art dealer leasing the apartment below . At the time this was the largest art transaction on record . After 1941 , the building was used for offices and eventually partitioned . The property was conveyed by deed from Katherine Dexter McCormick to the American Council on Education on March 31 , 1950 . Later the property was conveyed to The Brookings Institution on January 2 , 1970 . Finally , the building was sold to the National Trust for Historic Preservation on October 28 , 1976 . The Andrew Mellon Building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 . 2013 sale . The National Trust put the building up for sale in mid-2009 . The organization said it had outgrown the building , and needed about of space . Real estate experts believed the structure would sell for $1,000 a square foot , or $60 million . Potential buyers considered turning it into a museum or luxury apartments again , but there were no offers at any price . After Trust president Richard Moe stepped down in early 2010 and was replaced by Stephanie Meeks , the organizations board of directors decided to pull the building off the market so that Meeks would not have to devote all her time to finding the National Trust a new home . Instead , National Trust officials said they would rehabilitate some of the structures windows , HVAC , and mechanical systems and possibly add a green roof . In late June 2013 , the National Trust sold the Mellon Building to the American Enterprise Institute for $36.5 million . The Trust said it will lease space on the top two floors of the Watergate Office Building . The National Trust holds a permanent historic preservation easement that protects both the interior and exterior of the Mellon Building . External links . - Andrew Mellon Building -Historic Marker Database |
[
"American Enterprise Institute"
] | easy | Who was the occupant of Andrew Mellon Building from 2016 to 2017? | /wiki/Andrew_Mellon_Building#P466#3 | Andrew Mellon Building McCormick Apartments , also known as Andrew Mellon Building , Mellon Apartment , or 1785 Massachusetts Avenue Northwest , is a landmark apartment building on Embassy Row in Washington , D.C. , whose inhabitants once included Andrew W . Mellon . It is the home of the American Enterprise Institute . History . The Andrew Mellon Building was built by Stanley McCormick , heir to the International Harvester fortune , in 1915 and completed in 1917 . Washington-based Jules Henri de Sibour was architect of the building . This was one of the first Washington apartment buildings for luxury living . The structure was meant to fit in with other Beaux-Arts buildings in the Dupont Circle neighborhood . The buildings composition is three principal elevations , to serve as a pivot point for a residential boulevard and two street intersections . The six units it originally contained had quarters for more than forty servants . Some of the Capitals most distinguished personalities once lived here . A partial listing of these residents , from the Historic American Buildings Survey , includes : - Thomas F . Ryan , 1920–1922 - Robert Woods Bliss , 1920–1923 - Edwin T . Meredith , 1921 - Andrew W . Mellon , 1922–1937 - Sumner Welles , 1921–1927 - Alanson B . Houghton , 1930–1934 The millionaire industrialist Andrew Mellon is perhaps most significant of these past occupants . He was Secretary of the Treasury from 1921 to 1932 . This was the longest tenure since Albert Gallatin . Mellon made this his residence shortly after taking on that role , occupying the top floor from 1922 until his death in 1937 . Among his accomplishments include authoring the Mellon Plan which stimulated the economic boom of the 1920s , and founding the National Gallery of Art . In 1936 Mellon paid $21 million for paintings and sculptures owned by Sir Joseph Duveen , an art dealer leasing the apartment below . At the time this was the largest art transaction on record . After 1941 , the building was used for offices and eventually partitioned . The property was conveyed by deed from Katherine Dexter McCormick to the American Council on Education on March 31 , 1950 . Later the property was conveyed to The Brookings Institution on January 2 , 1970 . Finally , the building was sold to the National Trust for Historic Preservation on October 28 , 1976 . The Andrew Mellon Building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 . 2013 sale . The National Trust put the building up for sale in mid-2009 . The organization said it had outgrown the building , and needed about of space . Real estate experts believed the structure would sell for $1,000 a square foot , or $60 million . Potential buyers considered turning it into a museum or luxury apartments again , but there were no offers at any price . After Trust president Richard Moe stepped down in early 2010 and was replaced by Stephanie Meeks , the organizations board of directors decided to pull the building off the market so that Meeks would not have to devote all her time to finding the National Trust a new home . Instead , National Trust officials said they would rehabilitate some of the structures windows , HVAC , and mechanical systems and possibly add a green roof . In late June 2013 , the National Trust sold the Mellon Building to the American Enterprise Institute for $36.5 million . The Trust said it will lease space on the top two floors of the Watergate Office Building . The National Trust holds a permanent historic preservation easement that protects both the interior and exterior of the Mellon Building . External links . - Andrew Mellon Building -Historic Marker Database |
Subsets and Splits